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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution
+       Volume 7.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Jared Sparks
+
+Release Date: November 1, 2011 [EBook #37898]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DIPLOMATIC ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Frank van Drogen, Melissa McDaniel and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France
+(BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF THE
+
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+VOL. VII.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF THE
+
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION;
+
+BEING
+
+THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN ADAMS, JOHN JAY,
+ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM
+CARMICHAEL, HENRY LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M. DUMAS,
+AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
+DURING THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;
+
+TOGETHER WITH
+
+THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, AND THE
+SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+ALSO,
+
+THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS, GERARD AND LUZERNE,
+WITH CONGRESS.
+
+Published under the Direction of the President of the United States,
+from the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably
+to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818.
+
+EDITED
+
+BY JARED SPARKS.
+
+
+VOL. VII.
+
+
+BOSTON:
+
+NATHAN HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN;
+
+G. & C. & H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.
+
+
+1830.
+
+
+
+
+Steam Power Press--W. L. Lewis' Print.,
+
+No. 6, Congress Street, Boston.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+OF THE
+
+SEVENTH VOLUME.
+
+
+JOHN ADAMS'S CORRESPONDENCE,
+
+CONTINUED.
+
+                                                                 Page.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, December 14th, 1782,             3
+
+        The King of Sweden's compliment to the United
+        States.--The signing of the preliminaries announced to
+        Parliament.--Quotes a note from the Courier de
+        l'Europe.--Requests leave to return.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to John Adams. Philadelphia, December
+    19th, 1782,                                                      4
+
+        Mr Jefferson accepts his appointment.--Financial
+        arrangements for raising a revenue.
+
+    To Charles W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 1st, 1783,                6
+
+        M. Brantzen.--Conversation with Mr Oswald on freedom of
+        navigation.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, January 22d, 1783,               8
+
+        Preliminaries and armistice between England, and Spain,
+        and France, signed and sealed.--Terms England offers to
+        the Dutch.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, January 23d, 1783,              10
+
+        Grounds of Mr Adams's opinions of European politics.--Mr
+        Laurens's services.--The northern powers friendly to
+        America.--America has suffered by reposing confidence in
+        a certain minister.
+
+    To C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 29th, 1783,                   13
+
+        Proceedings of Congress in reference to the armed
+        neutrality.--America is ready to accede to its
+        principles.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, February 5th, 1783,             14
+
+        Causes of the revocation of his commission for
+        negotiating a treaty of commerce with Great
+        Britain.--Recommends the appointment of a Minister to
+        England for negotiating a treaty of commerce.--Mr
+        Adams's idea of the qualifications necessary for an
+        American Minister, particularly at the English
+        Court.--Address and fluency in speaking French of little
+        importance.--Mr Jay's services and qualifications.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to John Adams. Philadelphia, February
+    13th, 1783,                                                     23
+
+        Financial embarrassments of the country.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, March 2d, 1783,                 25
+
+        Transmitting an application from a French house at
+        Leghorn to be appointed consul or commercial agent of
+        the United States.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to John Adams. Philadelphia, April 14th,
+    1783,                                                           26
+
+        Ambiguous expressions in the declaration of the
+        cessation of hostilities.--Affairs of the Dutch.--Mr
+        Adams's accounts.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, April 14th, 1783,               28
+
+        Mr Hartley succeeds Mr Oswald.--Prospect of a general
+        congress at Paris.
+
+    To Robert Morris. Paris, May 21st, 1783,                        30
+
+        The Dutch loan; perplexities and embarrassments.--Wishes
+        to be at home to persuade the Americans to pay taxes and
+        build ships.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, May 24th, 1783,                 31
+
+        A temporary regulation of commerce with England will be
+        necessary.--The American ministers invited to London
+        with a promise that they should be treated as the
+        ministers of other sovereign states.--The English court
+        wishes to interchange ministers with America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, May 30th, 1783,                 34
+
+        Receives the ratification by Congress of the treaty with
+        Holland.--Delay in the negotiations of the definitive
+        treaty.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 9th, 1783,                 35
+
+        "Letters from a Distinguished American," written by Mr
+        Adams.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 16th, 1783,                36
+
+        Ambiguities in the articles of the provisional treaty
+        occasioned by the critical state of affairs.--The Dutch
+        have been of important service in bringing about the
+        termination of the war.--Expresses a wish to return; is
+        unwilling to remain in Europe if the embassy to England
+        is given to any other person.--Policy to be pursued in
+        raising a loan in Holland.--Conduct of General
+        Washington during the discontent in the army.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 23d, 1783,                 41
+
+        Obstacles in the way of agreeing upon a regulation of
+        commerce.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 23d, 1783,                 42
+
+        Embarrassments of the English Ministry.--A party in
+        England in favor of restricting the commerce of the
+        Americans.--America and the West Indies are mutually
+        necessary to each other.--Thinks it politic to revive
+        the trade on the former footing, if necessary.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 24th, 1783,                45
+
+        Fictions of the European Gazetteers.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 27th, 1783,                46
+
+        Progress of the negotiations of the other
+        powers.--Expects to obtain nothing more favorable than
+        the terms of the provisional treaty.--Conduct,
+        character, and materials of the British Ministry.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 27th, 1783,                48
+
+        American ships arrive in England.--Dubious policy of
+        the Ministry.--The American Ministers would effect more
+        in England.--France does not desire a reconciliation
+        between England and the United States.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 3d, 1783,                  51
+
+        The American Ministers make visits to the Ministers of
+        all the powers.--The coalition.--The commerce with the
+        West Indies.--Receives a visit from the Ambassador of
+        the Emperor of Germany.--The other Ministers return his
+        visit.
+
+    To Robert Morris. Paris, July 5th, 1783,                        56
+
+        State of affairs in Europe at the moment of signing the
+        peace.--Expediency of signing it without consulting the
+        French Minister.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 7th, 1783,                 59
+
+        The British Ministry avoid any definitive
+        propositions.--The West India commerce in regard to the
+        different powers.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 9th, 1783,                 63
+
+        Mediation of the Imperial Courts.--Explains the
+        necessity for concealing the separate article from
+        France; and for signing the treaty without a previous
+        communication of it to the French Court.--The foreign
+        Ministers cease to treat the American Ministers with
+        reserve.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 10th, 1783,                67
+
+        French policy in regard to the fisheries.--Letter of M.
+        Marbois.--M. de Rayneval's correspondence with Mr
+        Jay.--France wishes the exclusion of the Americans from
+        the West Indies.
+
+    To Robert Morris. Paris, July 10th, 1783,                       70
+
+        Means of raising a loan in Holland.
+
+    To Robert Morris. Paris, July 11th, 1783,                       72
+
+        Necessity of sustaining the credit of the United States
+        by providing for the prompt settlement of all claims.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 11th, 1783,                74
+
+        Obligations of America to France.--Reasons for
+        maintaining a close connexion with France.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 12th, 1783,                75
+
+        Algiers.--Negotiations with Portugal.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 13th, 1783,                77
+
+        Reasons for forming a treaty of commerce with the
+        Emperor of Germany.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 14th, 1783,                81
+
+        Jealousy of American ships and trade in France and
+        England.--Proclamation of the English court permitting
+        intercourse between America and the West Indies in
+        British vessels.--Fish, potash and pearlash not
+        admitted.--This measure is the result of French
+        policy--Remedies to be applied by America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 14th, 1783,                85
+
+        Exclusive policy of the European powers in regard to
+        commerce.--Views of Austria and Russia towards the Black
+        Sea, the Danube, the Archipelago and Turkey.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 15th, 1783,                88
+
+        Mr Hartley offers no definitive
+        propositions.--"Observations on the American States."
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 16th, 1783,                89
+
+        Visit to the Count de Vergennes.--Conversation relative
+        to the West India commerce.--Means of retaliating the
+        British restrictions on the commerce with their
+        islands.--The Americans ought to send ships to
+        China.--Doubtful complexion of British politics.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 17th, 1783,                94
+
+        Conversation with Mr Hartley on the English trade and
+        policy in the East.--Importance of forming commercial
+        connexions with the Dutch.--Conversation with the Duc de
+        la Vauguyon relative to the French and English policy in
+        Eastern Europe; on the colonial commerce.--The British
+        restrictive policy will produce wars.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 18th, 1783,                99
+
+        The United States must counteract French and British
+        policy by forming connexions with other
+        nations.--Necessity of a common authority in America for
+        managing foreign affairs, regulating commerce, raising a
+        revenue, &c.--The friendship of the Dutch must be
+        secured.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 23d, 1783,            103
+
+        Sugar trade, and sugar refineries may be carried on by
+        Americans as well as by the Dutch.--Conversation with M.
+        Visscher and M. Van Berckel on the trade with the Dutch
+        Colonies.--M. Van Berckel's remarks on a loan in
+        Holland.--Conversation with the Prince of Orange on the
+        ranks of foreign Ministers.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 25th, 1783,           109
+
+        Intrigues of the English to restore their former
+        connexions with Holland.--The Dutch complain of having
+        been deceived by the French Ministers.--No progress in
+        the negotiations between England and Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783,           112
+
+        Sugar trade.--American loan in Holland.--Loans of the
+        other powers there.
+
+    To Robert Morris. Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783,                  115
+
+        The loan in Holland.--Suggests the expediency of sending
+        out ships loaded by the States with their respective
+        staples.--Probability of obtaining a loan in England.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 30th, 1783,           117
+
+        Trade with the Dutch Colonies.--Account of the limits,
+        &c. of the Dutch West India Company received from the
+        secretary.--General commerce with the European West
+        India Colonies.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 31st, 1783,           122
+
+        Conversation with the Sardinian Minister, who advises
+        the sending of a circular by Congress to the European
+        powers, giving an account of the Declaration of
+        Independence, of the acknowledgment by other powers,
+        &c.; recommends commercial connexions with Italy;
+        remarks on the Austrian policy towards Turkey.--Efforts
+        to detach Holland from her connexion with France.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 1st, 1783,          127
+
+        Conversation with the Portuguese Minister on commercial
+        matters.--Dr Franklin's treaty with Portugal.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 2d, 1783,           131
+
+        Conversation with M. Berenger on the European politics
+        of the day.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 3d, 1783,           133
+
+        Necessity of securing reciprocity in the commercial
+        treaties.--Dissatisfaction in Holland with France.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 10th, 1783,             136
+
+        Interview with the Spanish and Portuguese Ministers on
+        commercial subjects.--Extraordinary increase of the
+        commerce of the neutrals.--No progress in the
+        negotiation.--Causes of the delay.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 13th, 1783,             140
+
+        Exchange ratifications of the provisional treaty with Mr
+        Hartley.--The project of a definitive treaty produced by
+        Mr Hartley in the words of the provisional treaty.--Mr
+        Hartley objects to the mediation of the Imperial Courts.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 13th, 1783,             143
+
+        Probable policy of France in regard to
+        Turkey.--Situation of the Count de Vergennes considered
+        precarious.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 13th, 1783,             145
+
+        Expresses his discontent with Dr Franklin's negotiating
+        treaties with several powers without communicating with
+        other Ministers.--Remarks on the treaty with Denmark.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 15th, 1783,             149
+
+        The belligerent powers except Holland are
+        agreed.--Remarks of M. Brantzen on the conduct, policy,
+        and situation of the Count de Vergennes.--The Queen and
+        some of the council are opposed to him.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Paris, September 5th, 1783,      152
+
+        The definitive treaty signed, sealed, and delivered.--A
+        new commission necessary for negotiating a treaty of
+        commerce.--The Count de Vergennes was not desirous of
+        admitting the mediation of the Imperial Courts.--Mr
+        Adams regrets not having admitted the mediation.--Policy
+        of forming commercial connexions with the European
+        powers.
+
+    To Elias Boudinot, President of Congress. Paris, September
+    8th, 1783,                                                     156
+
+        Accepts the joint commission for negotiating a treaty of
+        commerce with England.--Advises that it be extended to
+        the other powers.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Paris, September 8th, 1783,      158
+
+        Management of the European Journals.--Courier de
+        l'Europe.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Paris, September 10th, 1783,     160
+
+        Advises the opening of negotiations with all the Courts
+        of Europe, and with the Barbary powers.
+
+
+JOHN JAY'S CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 20th, 1779,                                           171
+
+        Action at sea between the French and English.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 22d, 1779,                                            172
+
+        Repairs of the ship.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 24th, 1779,                                           174
+
+        An account of the condition of the ship, and the causes
+        of his favoring the steering for Martinique.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 25th, 1779,                                           190
+
+        Recommends Mrs Smith to the attention of Congress.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 25th, 1779,                                           191
+
+        Draws on the fund for the payment of his salary for a
+        hundred guineas, to be distributed among the officers of
+        the Confederacy.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 26th, 1779,                                           192
+
+        M. Gerard proposes to send home the Confederacy to
+        refit.--She is permitted to refit in Martinique, and a
+        French frigate is ordered to carry Mr Jay and M. Gerard
+        to France.--Mr Bingham's services.
+
+    To Arthur Lee. Cadiz, January 26th, 1780,                      194
+
+        Requests of Mr Lee information.
+
+    To the Count de Vergennes. Cadiz, January 27th, 1780,          195
+
+        Recapitulation of former proceedings relative to
+        Spain.--Requests the interposition of the King in favor
+        of America.
+
+    To Don Joseph Galvez, Minister of the Spanish Court. January
+    27th, 1780,                                                    199
+
+        Stipulation in the treaty between France and the United
+        States providing for the accession of Spain.--Mr Jay
+        appointed to carry it into effect.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Cadiz, January 27th, 1780,       202
+
+        Reasons for his landing in Cadiz.
+
+    Instructions to William Carmichael. Cadiz, January 27th,
+    1780,                                                          203
+
+        Directions as to his conduct towards M. Galvez, the
+        Spanish Minister, and the French Ambassador, for
+        procuring information.
+
+    William Carmichael to John Jay. Madrid, February 15th, 1780,   207
+
+        Cordial reception by the French Ambassador.--Should have
+        been addressed to the Count de Florida Blanca.--Prospect
+        of reception by the Spanish Ministry.--M. Miralles has
+        been instructed to assist in the conquest of
+        Florida.--There is no coldness between the French and
+        Spanish Courts.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Cadiz, February 20th, 1780,      209
+
+        Mr Bingham advanced the hundred guineas distributed
+        among the officers of the Confederacy.
+
+    Count de Florida Blanca to John Jay. Pardo, February 24th,
+    1780,                                                          210
+
+        Expresses his Majesty's satisfaction with Mr Jay's
+        arrival, and declares there is no obstacle to his coming
+        to Court in an informal character.
+
+    To William Carmichael. Cadiz, February 25th, 1780,             211
+
+        Was informed by M. Gerard that M. Galvez was the
+        Minister with whom all business with the United States
+        was to be transacted.--Wished to have discovered the
+        sentiments of Spain towards America, independently of
+        French influence.--Requests further information as to
+        the instructions to M. Miralles.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Cadiz, February 29th, 1780,      215
+
+        Transmitting papers.--Generally believed that the
+        American islands will be the theatre of the next
+        campaign.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Cadiz, March 3d, 1780,           216
+
+        M. Guatier of Barcelona desires to be American consul
+        there.--Necessity for consuls in Spain.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Cadiz, March 3d, 1780,           217
+
+        Reason for not making personal application to the
+        Ministry at first.--Policy of France.--M. Gerard's
+        opinion.--Spain is already at war with England.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, April 6th, 1780,    219
+
+        Congratulations on his arrival.
+
+    Answer to De Neufville & Son. Madrid, April 27th, 1780,        219
+
+        Their letters to Congress were received before his
+        departure.--The success of America important to Holland.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 26th, 1780,          220
+
+        Arrival at Cadiz.--Draws on Dr Franklin.--Extract of a
+        letter from Dr Franklin (April 7th, 1780), contradicting
+        the report that the Loan Office bills payable in France
+        were not honored.--Certificate of Mr Grand to the same
+        effect.--Correspondence with Mr Lee.--Letter of the
+        Count de Vergennes in reply to that of Mr Jay announcing
+        his arrival.--Reply of Mr Jay (Aranjues, May 9th, 1780),
+        to the Count de Vergennes assuring him of his confidence
+        in M. de Montmorin.--M. Gerard informs him that he
+        should address himself to M. Galvez.--Writes to that
+        Minister.--Answered by the Count de Florida
+        Blanca.--Letter of Mr Jay (Cadiz, March 6th, 1780), to
+        the Count, expressing the confidence of the United
+        States in the King's favorable disposition, and
+        declaring his intention of setting out for
+        Madrid.--Arrives at Madrid.--Questions from the Count de
+        Florida Blanca (dated March 9th, 1780), requesting
+        information on the civil and military state of the
+        American Provinces.--Reply of Mr Jay (Madrid, April
+        25th, 1780), to the preceding questions, comprising his
+        commission and that of Mr Carmichael, with details in
+        reply to the questions; the democratic nature of the
+        American governments renders a knowledge of their
+        affairs easily attainable. 1. THE CIVIL STATE;
+        population of each State; government of each State and
+        the Articles of the Confederation; disposition of the
+        people, who were at first only desirous of a redress of
+        grievances; but now determined on independence, with the
+        grounds of this opinion; there is no British party in
+        America; revenues; public debts; resources; possibility
+        of supporting their credit in the operations of
+        Government, in commerce, in the protection of the
+        national industry; advantages to result to Spain from
+        the independence of American States, in the reduction of
+        the British power, and in the commerce with America;
+        ability of the United States to furnish naval stores.
+        2. THE MILITARY STATE; number of the troops; the
+        commander in chief; means of recruiting by the militia;
+        deficiency of arms, of clothing; means of subsistence;
+        naval forces; the people will not submit; their
+        disposition towards the Kings of France and of Spain;
+        financial embarrassments; sending supplies to America
+        would be the surest means of humiliating Great
+        Britain.--Receives the resolutions of Congress drawing
+        on Mr Laurens and himself for £100,000 sterling
+        each.--Letter of Mr Jay (Aranjues, April 29th, 1780), to
+        the Count de Florida Blanca in consequence of the
+        foregoing resolution, giving an account of the financial
+        operations of Congress, and requesting aid from his
+        Majesty.--Conference with the Count on the subject of
+        the preceding letter; the Count states that Spain has
+        been subject to heavy expenses during the preceding
+        year, but that his Majesty intends to give America all
+        assistance in his power, and has directed him to confer
+        with his colleagues in the Ministry on this point;
+        wishes Mr Jay to contract to furnish Spain with frigates
+        and light vessels; promises to engage in the King's name
+        to pay the bills of exchange if presented; the
+        pretensions of America to the navigation of the
+        Mississippi an obstacle to a treaty.--Letter of Mr Jay
+        (Aranjues, May 12th, 1780), to the Count de Florida
+        Blanca stating his confidential connexion with the
+        French Ambassador, and wishing to know if he may
+        communicate to him the subject of the conference.--Reply
+        of the Count de Florida Blanca (Aranjues, May 14th,
+        1780).--Mr Jay's note to the French Ambassador informing
+        him of Sir J. Dalrymple's arrival at Madrid.--Note of M.
+        de Montmorin in reply, declaring his entire confidence
+        in the Spanish Ministry.--Extract of a letter from Mr
+        Jay (April 26th 1780), to Mr Adams informing him of Sir
+        J. Dalrymple's arrival at Aranjues.--Sir J. Dalrymple
+        requests permission to go through Spain, and a passport
+        through France.--Sir J. Dalrymple presents to the Count
+        de Florida Blanca Lord Rochford's project to prevent the
+        war by a confederation between France, Spain, Portugal
+        and England; the confederates to guaranty mutually their
+        Colonial possessions; to participate in the commerce of
+        the English Colonies under certain limitations, to be
+        settled by five persons, one from each country; to
+        settle the contested privileges of the Americans on just
+        principles; disadvantages resulting to Spain from the
+        independence of the English American Colonies, first by
+        promoting a contraband trade between the American States
+        and the Spanish Colonies, and secondly by exposing the
+        Spanish Colonies to the attacks of the Americans, who
+        will soon form establishments in the South Seas; all
+        Europe is interested in preventing the independence of
+        America.--The Gardoquis; Mr Jay is destitute of
+        resources; difficulty of conveying intelligence;
+        expenses of a Minister at the Spanish Court; coldly
+        treated by the Ministers of the Northern powers;
+        ignorance of American affairs in Spain; the secrets of
+        Congress well known to the Spanish and French Courts.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, May 27th, 1780,   282
+
+        Mr Laurens is not arrived.
+
+    To James Lovell. Madrid, May 27th, 1780,                       283
+
+        Want of intelligence from America.
+
+    William Carmichael to John Jay. Aranjues, May 27th, 1780,      283
+
+        Destination of the Spanish fleet.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 28th, 1780,          284
+
+        Enclosing the preceding, the information in which he
+        considers authentic.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 30th, 1780,          285
+
+        Receives the resolution of Congress, desiring the
+        Ex-Presidents of Congress to lodge their public
+        correspondence in the Secretary's office.--Mr Jay did
+        this at the time of his retirement from the office.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 30th, 1780,          285
+
+        Bills drawn upon him are arrived.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Without date,                  286
+
+        Bills drawn on Mr Laurens, who is not arrived.--Have
+        promised the holders to accept them.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, June 1st, 1780,     287
+
+        Are willing to accept the bills drawn on Mr Laurens,
+        provided they are permitted to draw on Dr Franklin at
+        seven or eight months.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, June 8th, 1780,     288
+
+        Have accepted the bills on Mr Laurens, and request that
+        some method of reimbursing them may be adopted.
+
+    Committee of Foreign Affairs to John Jay. Philadelphia, June
+    16th, 1780,                                                    288
+
+        Reasons for drawing on him.--Have drawn for an
+        additional sum.
+
+    To De Neufville & Son, at Amsterdam. Madrid, June 18th, 1780,  290
+
+        Thanking them for their offer to accept the bills drawn
+        on Mr Laurens.
+
+    To De Neufville & Son. Madrid, June 25th, 1780,                291
+
+        Is uncertain whether he shall be able to reimburse them
+        for their advances.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, July 10th, 1780,         292
+
+        Remittances from America are necessary.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, July 13th, 1780,    293
+
+        Cannot accept any more bills.--Would undertake a loan if
+        authorised.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, July 28th, 1780,    295
+
+        Dr Franklin has offered to accept further bills drawn on
+        Mr Laurens; they will therefore continue to accept those
+        presented.
+
+    To De Neufville & Son. Madrid, July 29th, 1780,                296
+
+        Has not power to authorise them to raise a loan.--The
+        capture of Charleston will have no effect on the
+        determination of the Americans.
+
+    To De Neufville & Son. Madrid, August 16th, 1780,              298
+
+        Expresses his sense of their friendly conduct towards
+        America.
+
+    To Silas Deane. St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1780,             299
+
+        Desires to correspond with him.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Ildefonso, September 16th,
+    1780,                                                          299
+
+        It is necessary to cease drawing bills on him.--The King
+        of Spain has offered his responsibility to facilitate a
+        loan.
+
+    Instructions to John Jay. In Congress, October 4th. 1780,      300
+
+        Directing him to insist on the navigation of the
+        Mississippi.--The boundary.--Florida.
+
+    To De Neufville & Son. Madrid, October 4th, 1780,              302
+
+        Connexion between Holland and the United States.--Shall
+        recommend their house to Congress.--Spanish ordinance
+        establishing a paper currency.--Effect of this measure
+        on the bills drawn on him; wishes to know if money could
+        be raised in Holland for Congress on the joint credit of
+        Spain and the United States.
+
+    To James Lovell. Madrid, October 27th, 1780,                   304
+
+        Difficulties of finding a safe conveyance for his
+        letters.--Receives little information from the
+        committee.--M. Dohrmer.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, November 6th, 1780,      306
+
+        The Abbé Hussey arrives at Madrid with Mr
+        Cumberland.--Notes of Mr Jay's conference with the Count
+        de Florida Blanca.--Conference of Mr Carmichael with the
+        Minister.--Note from the Count de Florida Blanca
+        (Aranjues, June 9, 1780); to Mr Jay on the subject of
+        aids; his Majesty is willing to become responsible at the
+        expiration of two years to the holders of the bills drawn
+        on Mr Jay, provided Congress will build four frigates and
+        some light vessels for the King; the Americans may send
+        for stores to the Spanish ports for this purpose; the
+        squadron manned by Americans and under Spanish colors to
+        intercept the English East India vessels.--Reply of Mr
+        Jay (Aranjues, June 9th, 1780); expectations of the
+        Americans from Spain; the holders of the bills will
+        prefer recovering the amount on protest, to waiting for
+        the payment two years; the Spanish treasure from America
+        may arrive before the bills become payable; Mr Jay is
+        authorised to pledge the faith of the United States for
+        the repayment of any sums his Majesty may lend; former
+        aids; Congress has not the resources necessary for
+        building ships; difficulty of manning them with American
+        sailors, who prefer sailing in privateers; the country is
+        not in a condition to undertake foreign enterprises; the
+        Americans will always be ready to cooperate with Spain
+        against the Floridas or elsewhere; unfavorable
+        conclusions will be drawn as to the condition of Spain,
+        if she cannot supply such aid to men in arms against her
+        enemy.--Mr Jay's reasons for not touching on other points
+        of the proposition.--Note from Mr Jay to the Count,
+        informing him of a new draft.--Reply of the Count,
+        promising to pay the bill, and declaring that no more can
+        be paid without consulting the King; the proposition of
+        the Count having been rejected, it becomes necessary for
+        Mr Jay to devise other means.--Reply of Mr Jay to the
+        preceding (Madrid, June 22d, 1780), proposing as a means
+        of paying the bills the advance of the £25,000 to £40,000
+        sterling promised; the sum necessary for building the
+        ships cannot be raised by Congress; America cannot pay
+        the debts occasioned by the war till peace; advantages
+        resulting to Spain by the furnishing of aid to
+        America.--Reasons for not pushing the treaty at this
+        time.--Letter from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida Blanca
+        (Madrid, June 28th, 1780), transmitting the resolutions
+        of Congress, directing that bills be issued redeemable in
+        specie in six years; this plan may enable the United
+        States to supply the vessels, his Majesty becoming
+        responsible for a certain part of the sum so
+        issued.--Note from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida Blanca,
+        stating that he has been called on to accept new
+        bills.--Reply of the Count de Florida Blanca, declaring
+        nothing can be done in regard to the new drafts without
+        consulting the King and the other Ministers; requests
+        further explanations of Mr Jay's plan for furnishing the
+        ships and engaging the responsibility of the King.--Note
+        from the Count de Florida Blanca to Mr Jay, requesting to
+        know when the bills lately arrived will become due.--News
+        of the capture of Charleston.--Mr Jay's notes of a
+        conference with the Count de Florida Blanca, July 5th;
+        capture of Charleston; death of M. Miralles; the Count
+        advises Mr Jay to be cautious of Messrs Joyce, who hold
+        the bills; regrets the precipitancy of Congress in
+        drawing; specie might have been remitted from the Spanish
+        Colonies directly to the United States; remarks on the
+        deranged state of the finances of the United States; the
+        difficulty of raising money in Europe; wishes to wait the
+        arrival of a certain person; Mr Jay observes, that
+        Congress have adopted measures for restoring the
+        finances; suggests that Spain might furnish aid by bills
+        on Havana; states in reply to a question of the Count,
+        that ship timber may be furnished from America; urges the
+        importance of accepting the bills; reminds the Minister
+        of the promise of clothing; evasive and uncertain nature
+        of this conference.--Note from Mr Jay to the Count de
+        Florida Blanca (Madrid, July 11th, 1780), informing him
+        that new bills have been presented; the Messrs Joyce
+        consent to have their bills payable at Bilboa.--Answer of
+        the Count to the preceding, desiring a delay till the
+        arrival of a certain person.--Mr Jay requests that Mr
+        Harrison be allowed to remain at Cadiz.--Note from the
+        Count de Florida Blanca (July 29th), granting Mr Harrison
+        permission to remain at Cadiz; still waits the arrival of
+        the person above mentioned.--Note from Mr Jay to the
+        Count de Florida Blanca (August 11th), announcing the
+        presentation of more bills.--Reply of the Count de
+        Florida Blanca, regretting that he must still wait the
+        arrival of a certain person.--Letter of Mr Jay (Madrid,
+        August 16th, 1780), to the Count de Florida Blanca,
+        stating that the holders of the bills grow
+        impatient.--Letter of Mr Jay to the Count de Florida
+        Blanca (Madrid, August 18th, 1780), informing him that
+        bills have been received by the Gardoquis, which will be
+        immediately presented.--Letter from Mr Jay to the Count
+        de Florida Blanca (St Ildefonso, August 25th, 1780),
+        urging the necessity of providing for the acceptance of
+        the bills.--Mr Jay's notes of a conference with the
+        French Ambassador, August 27th; Mr Jay gives an account
+        of his proceedings since his arrival, and requests the
+        Ambassador to obtain an answer for him from the Spanish
+        Minister; Mr Jay was encouraged to expect that he should
+        be supplied with money to meet the bills; the Ambassador
+        thinks that the Spanish Minister will pay the bills, and
+        promises to speak to him on the subject.--Subsequent
+        coolness of the French Ambassador.--Second visit to him;
+        he advises Mr Jay to write again to the Count de Florida
+        Blanca, praying an audience; Mr Jay declines making any
+        supplications, or purchasing by concessions the
+        acknowledgment of independence; declares his
+        determination to write on the subject of the treaty, and
+        if treated with the same neglect to return; conduct of
+        France.--Mr Jay consents to send Mr Carmichael to the
+        Minister.--Note from the Count de Florida Blanca
+        introducing M. Gardoqui.--Conversation with M. Gardoqui
+        on the subject of the bills; second conversation with M.
+        Gardoqui, who proposes the surrender of the navigation of
+        the Mississippi.--Objections to this
+        measure.--Conversation with M. Del Campo on the same
+        subjects.--Conversation with the Secretary of the French
+        Ambassador.--M. Gardoqui informs him from the Count de
+        Florida Blanca that no more bills can be paid by
+        Spain.--Letter of Mr Jay (St Ildefonso, September 14th,
+        1780), to the Count de Florida Blanca, requesting to know
+        if any aid is to be expected from Spain.--Answer to the
+        preceding, dictated by M. Del Campo, in the name of the
+        Count de Florida Blanca, to M. Gardoqui, declaring the
+        readiness of his Majesty to assist the States.--Letter
+        from Mr Jay to Count de Vergennes (St Ildefonso,
+        September 22d, 1780), giving an account of his
+        proceedings in Spain; requesting the aid of France in
+        meeting the bills.--Letter of Mr Jay to Dr Franklin (same
+        date), on the same subject.--Notes of a conference
+        between Mr Jay and the Count de Florida Blanca (September
+        23d); satisfaction of the King with the measures of
+        Congress for supplying the Spanish forces in the West
+        Indies; plan of the English Court to attempt an
+        accommodation with America; Mr Jay enters upon the points
+        mentioned in the paper dictated to M. Gardoqui; on the
+        manner of making known the King's responsibility; on the
+        King's being disgusted with the drawing of bills without
+        his consent, and without terms of recompense; the bills
+        were drawn on Mr Jay, and the faith of the United States
+        was pledged for the payment of any sum advanced; Mr Jay
+        wishes the evidence of an understanding between America
+        and England; Congress had given proofs of friendship by
+        sending a Minister to negotiate treaties of amity and
+        alliance; the delaying of the negotiations owing to the
+        Minister not sending the promised notes on the subject;
+        terms of such a treaty; Spain ought not to expect the
+        expenses of the war will be refunded; America will be
+        ready to render every assistance possible.--Mr Jay
+        returns to Madrid and accepts the bills.--Equivocal
+        nature of the Spanish policy.--Extract of a letter from
+        the Count de Vergennes to the French Ambassador, stating
+        that it will be difficult to make advances to Mr
+        Jay.--Letter from Messrs Couteulx and Co. to Mr Jay
+        (Cadiz, October 3d, 1780), complaining of the expenses
+        and difficulty of supplying and sending home American
+        seamen.--Mr Jay to Messrs Couteulx and Co. (Madrid,
+        October 15th, 1780), directing them to settle accounts
+        with Mr Harrison.--Difficulties in the conveyance of
+        correspondence.--A copy of the correspondence of the
+        Commissioners in France in the hands of a certain
+        foreigner.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, November 30th, 1780,     389
+
+        Enclosing copies of papers from Morocco.--Delays of the
+        Spanish Court.--Remarks on the enclosed account of the
+        revenues and expenditures of Spain for 1778.
+
+    From D'Audibert Caille to John Jay. Aranjues, April 21st,
+    1780,                                                          392
+
+        Is authorised to declare the pacific intentions of the
+        Emperor of Morocco towards the United States.
+
+    To D'Audibert Caille,                                          393
+
+        Expresses his satisfaction with the disposition of the
+        Emperor of Morocco.
+
+    Copy of M. D'Audibert Caille's Appointment,                    394
+
+        Copy of M. D'Audibert Caille's appointment to officiate
+        as consul of all nations who have no consul in Morocco.
+
+    Copy of the Declaration by the Emperor of Morocco, February
+    20th 1778,                                                     396
+
+        Certificate of Pedro Umbert, that the above is
+        conformable to the truth.
+
+    Certificate of M. D'Audibert Caille. December 1st, 1779,       397
+
+        Certificate of M. D'Audibert Caille that Don Pedro
+        Umbert is employed for foreign affairs at the Court of
+        Morocco.
+
+    D'Audibert Caille to Congress. Salé, September 6th, 1779,      397
+
+        The Emperor of Morocco intends to be at peace with the
+        United States.
+
+    General State of the Revenues of Spain in the Year 1778,       399
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, November 30th,
+    1780,                                                          401
+
+        Necessity of providing means for the safe conveyance of
+        the public correspondence.--His letters are opened and
+        many kept back both in Spain and the United States.
+
+    Instructions to John Jay. In Congress, February 15th, 1781,    403
+
+        Instructing him to recede from the demand of a free
+        navigation of the Mississippi below 31°.
+
+    James Lovell to John Jay. February 20th, 1781,                 404
+
+        Has received no letters from him of late.
+
+    James Lovell to John Jay. March 9th, 1781,                     405
+
+        Ratification of the articles of the Confederacy.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, March 22d, 1781,         405
+
+        Supplies from Spain.--Russian mediation.--M. Necker's
+        report.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, April 25th, 1781,        406
+
+        Spain insists on the exclusive navigation of the
+        Mississippi.--Letter from Mr Jay to De Neufville and Son
+        (Madrid, January 8th, 1781), renouncing the idea of a
+        loan in Holland separate from that negotiated by Mr
+        Adams.--Mr Jay's proceedings in regard to the payment of
+        the bills.--Advises that the unfinished ships be sold to
+        Spain.--Disposition of Portugal.--Dr Franklin.--Mr
+        Cumberland's mission.--Disposition of Spain.
+
+    The President of Congress to John Jay. In Congress, May 28th,
+    1781,                                                          415
+
+        Expressing the satisfaction of Congress with his
+        conduct.--Instructs him to disavow any understanding
+        between the United States and Great Britain; to avoid
+        referring to the treaty with France in his negotiations
+        with Spain; to declare that facilities will be granted
+        for the exportation of naval stores for the Spanish
+        marine; to continue to provide as far as possible for
+        American seamen in Spain; to open a correspondence with
+        M. D'Audibert Caille.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Aranjues, May 29th, 1781,        419
+
+        Conversation with the Count de Florida Blanca on the
+        admission of letters.
+
+    James Lovell to John Jay. Philadelphia, June 4th, 1781,        420
+
+        The affair of the Dover cutter.
+
+    James Lovell to John Jay. Philadelphia, June 15th, 1781,       421
+
+        Case of Dumain and Lyon.
+
+    Robert Morris to John Jay. Philadelphia, July 4th, 1781,       421
+
+        Mr Morris is appointed Superintendent of
+        Finance.--Objects to be accomplished by this
+        office.--Expectations of aid from Spain.--State of the
+        finances.--Disposition of the nation.--State of the
+        army.--Advantages that will result to Spain by aiding
+        America.--The United States cannot be dangerous to
+        Spain.--Amount desired.
+
+    Robert Morris to John Jay. Philadelphia, July 7th, 1781,       435
+
+        Necessity of immediate aids.
+
+    Robert Morris to John Jay. Office of Finance, July 9th, 1781,  436
+
+        Proposes a plan for sending home American seaman.
+
+    Robert Morris to John Jay. Philadelphia, July 13th, 1781,      438
+
+        Reasons which induced him to adopt the enclosed plan of
+        a national bank.--Wants aid from Spain.--Suggests that
+        an attempt should be made to obtain money from Portugal.
+
+    Robert Morris to John Jay. Office of Finance, August 15th,
+    1781,                                                          449
+
+        Directing to protest certain bills, assigning as a
+        reason his instructions.
+
+    James Lovell to John Jay. Philadelphia, August 15th, 1781,     450
+
+        Surrender of Pensacola.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Ildefonso, September 20th,
+    1781,                                                          451
+
+        Regrets that instructions should have been given the
+        American Ministers to concur in any terms to which
+        France should accede.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Ildefonso, October 3d, 1781,  454
+
+        Conversation with the Count de Florida Blanca, who
+        complains that Congress has not shown any disposition to
+        oblige the King; remarks relative to M. Gardoqui.--Mr
+        Jay regrets that the instructions concerning the
+        Mississippi had not been kept secret; use that might
+        have been made of the claim.--Has another interview with
+        the Minister; stoppage of the letters from America; the
+        affair of the Dover cutter; cession of the claims of the
+        United States to the navigation of the Mississippi; the
+        Count remarks that these affairs can be settled at a
+        general peace.--Letter from Mr Jay (Madrid, July 2d,
+        1781), to the Count de Florida Blanca, declaring that he
+        has been instructed to cede the exclusive navigation of
+        the Mississippi.--Letter from Mr Jay (Madrid, July 2d,
+        1781), to the Count de Montmorin, communicating the
+        above.--Receiving no answer from the Minister, Mr Jay
+        calls upon him, and is informed that he cannot attend to
+        the matter.--Letters from Mr Jay (Madrid, July 13th,
+        1781), to the Count de Florida Blanca communicating his
+        instructions.--Note from the Count de Florida Blanca (St
+        Ildefonso, July 1st, 1781), to Mr Jay proposing to
+        attend to American affairs.--Mr Jay visits the Minister
+        with Major Franks; general conversation.--Renewed
+        delays.--Letter from Mr Jay (St. Ildefonso, September
+        16th, 1781), to the Count de Montmorin, enclosing the
+        draft of a letter to the Count de Florida Blanca, and
+        requesting the advice of the Ambassador.--Note from the
+        Count de Florida Blanca to Mr Jay requesting him to call
+        upon him.--Notes of the conference between Mr Jay and
+        the Count de Florida Blanca (September 19th, 1781); the
+        Count requests Mr Jay to draw up an outline of the
+        proposed treaties; aids; commercial connexion; treaty of
+        alliance; the Count observes that Congress has done
+        nothing to gratify the King; a person will be appointed
+        to confer further with Mr Jay.--Letter from Mr Jay (St
+        Ildefonso, September 22d, 1781), to the Count de Florida
+        Blanca requesting that some decisive measure be taken in
+        regard to American affairs.--Propositions toward a plan
+        of a treaty, with remarks; the subject of aids will
+        require a separate convention; also the regulation of
+        the mutual conduct of the parties during the war.--Mr
+        Jay's reason for limiting the duration of the offer
+        contained in the sixth proposition, relating to the
+        navigation of the Mississippi; arts of Spain.--Note from
+        the Count de Florida Blanca to Mr Jay, expressing a hope
+        that some progress will soon be made in the
+        consideration of the propositions.--Embarrassments in
+        providing for the payment of the bills.--Mr Harrison's
+        services.--Proposes the sending of an agent to Portugal.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, October 18th, 1781,      506
+
+        Has protested some of the bills.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, November 1st,
+    1781,                                                          507
+
+        Organization of the new executive departments.--The debt
+        of the United States not so large as might have been
+        expected.--British American recruits.--Proposes that
+        Spain should furnish a convoy between Havana and the
+        United States.--Plan for paying the French troops in
+        specie from Havana.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, November
+    28th, 1781,                                                    511
+
+        State of military affairs.--The Marquis de la Fayette.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN ADAMS,
+
+ONE OF THE COMMISSIONERS TO FRANCE, MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY TO
+HOLLAND, AND ONE OF THE COMMISSIONERS FOR NEGOTIATING THE TREATY OF
+PEACE.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN ADAMS.
+
+CORRESPONDENCE CONTINUED.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           Paris, December 14th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+There is more matter than time to write at present. The King of Sweden
+has done the United States great honor in his commission to his
+Minister here, to treat with them, by inserting, that he had a great
+desire to form a connexion with States, which had so fully established
+their independence, and by their wise and gallant conduct so well
+deserved it; and his Minister desired it might be remembered, that his
+sovereign was the first who had voluntarily proposed a treaty with
+us.[1]
+
+Mr Secretary Townshend announced, on the 3d of December, in a letter
+to the Lord Mayor, the signature of our preliminaries. On the 5th, his
+Majesty announced it in his speech to both Houses. Addresses of
+thanks, in both Houses, passed without a division.
+
+There is a note in the _Courier de l'Europe_, of the 6th instant,
+worth transcribing, viz. "We mark these three lines in italics, to
+notice at present the assertion, which we shall consider more fully
+hereafter, that we do not owe to any of the causes assigned at
+present, even in the two Houses of Parliament, the peace, the
+blessings of which we consider as certain, but to the armed
+neutrality. This peace will be durable."
+
+I have transcribed this note, because it falls in with an opinion,
+that I have long entertained. The armed neutrality, and even Mr Dana's
+mission to it, have had greater effects, than the world is yet
+informed of, and would have had much greater, if his hands had not
+been tied.
+
+On the 4th instant, I wrote a resignation of all my employments in
+Europe, which I have now the honor to confirm, and to request, that
+the acceptance of it may be transmitted to me several ways, by the
+first ships.
+
+  I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[1] See Dr Franklin's letter on this subject, dated June the 25th,
+1782. _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. III. p. 371.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, December 19th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The enclosed letter for Mr Dana you will open and peruse. It may
+possibly contain information, that may be useful to you, which it will
+be unnecessary to repeat here.
+
+I mentioned in my last, Mr Jefferson's appointment; I have the
+pleasure of adding now, that I have received an account from him of
+his acceptance of the place. He will be here in the course of ten or
+twelve days, and sail with Count de Rochambeau, who proposes to return
+to France. The French troops have embarked with the Marquis de
+Vaudreuil, and are to sail for the West Indies, unless they should
+receive counter orders, by a frigate, which is now in the river. Her
+letters are not yet come up, as she unfortunately ran ashore at Dover;
+it is yet uncertain whether she will be saved.
+
+The great political question, which at present engages the attention
+of Congress, is the means of providing for the payment of the public
+debts, or at least establishing such funds for the regular discharge
+of the interest, as may set their creditors at ease as to their
+capitals. It was imagined, that a duty of five per cent upon all
+imposts would afford a fund adequate to this. Congress accordingly
+recommended it to the several States to impose the duty. They have all
+complied, except Rhode Island. Her refusal renders the other laws
+nugatory, as they contain clauses suspending their operation until the
+measure is generally adopted. Congress are about to send down a
+committee to endeavor to persuade Rhode Island to comply with a
+measure, that they deem so essential to public credit. It is extremely
+difficult in a country, so little used to taxes as ours is, to lay
+them directly, and almost impossible to impose them so equally as not
+to render them too oppressive on some members of the community, while
+others contribute little or nothing. This difficulty is increased by
+the continued change of property in this country, and by the small
+proportion the income bears to the value of lands.
+
+By a short letter just received from Mr Jay, it appears, that England
+has at length swallowed the bitter pill, and agreed to treat with the
+"Thirteen United States of America." I am still at a loss to account
+for this commission's being directed to Mr Oswald, while Mr
+Fitzherbert's continues in force; or is that revoked?[2] I will not
+trouble myself with guesses, as I must receive despatches today, that
+will explain the mystery, if either Dr Franklin or Mr Jay have kept
+their words with me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[2] The two commissions were for distinct purposes; Mr Oswald's to
+treat with the American Commissioners alone; and Mr Fitzherbert's to
+treat for a general peace with the European powers, then at war with
+England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO CHARLES W.F. DUMAS.
+
+                                             Paris, January 1st, 1783.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Returning this evening from Versailles, where I had been to make the
+compliments of the season, I found your favors of the 26th and 27th of
+December. The letters enclosed shall be forwarded, as you desire.
+
+The Dutch Ministers here have no occasion for my assistance. _Non tali
+auxilio._ I have the honor to be more particularly acquainted with M.
+Brantzen, who is certainly a very able man, and universally
+acknowledged to be so by all who know him. The arguments, which I know
+he has used with the British Minister, are such as can never be
+answered, both upon the liberty of navigation, and the compensation
+for damages. He is an entire master of his subject, and has urged it
+with a degree of perspicuity and eloquence, that I know has much
+struck his antagonists.
+
+Unnecessary, however, as any exertions of mine have been, I have not
+omitted any opportunity of throwing in any friendly suggestions in my
+power, where there was a possibility of doing any good to our good
+friends, the Dutch. I have made such suggestions to Mr Fitzherbert.
+But with Mr Oswald, I have had several very serious conversations upon
+the subject. So I have also with Mr Vaughan and Mr Whiteford.
+
+To Mr Oswald I urged the necessity of Great Britain's agreeing with
+the Dutch upon the unlimited freedom of navigation, from a variety of
+topics, some of which I may explain to you more particularly
+hereafter. Thus much I may say at present, that I told him, that it
+was impossible for Great Britain to avoid it; it would probably be
+insisted upon by all the other powers. France and Spain, as well as
+Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, the Emperor, and Portugal, as well
+as Holland, had already signed the armed neutrality. The United States
+of America had declared themselves ready to sign, and were ready. The
+combination being thus powerful, Great Britain could not resist it.
+But if she should refuse to agree to it with Holland, and the other
+powers should acquiesce, and Holland should make peace without it
+(which would never, however, be the case,) yet all would be
+ineffectual, for Holland would forever be able to make use of other
+neutral bottoms, and would thus enjoy the benefit of this liberty and
+reality, though denied it by treaty, and in appearance. It would,
+therefore, be more for the honor and interest of Great Britain to
+agree to it with a good grace, in the treaty with Holland. Nay, the
+wisest part she could act would be to set on foot a negotiation
+immediately for signing herself the Treaty of Armed Neutrality, and
+then admitting it into the treaty with Holland would be a thing of
+course. At one of these conversations Dr Franklin was present, who
+supported me with all his weight; at another, Mr Jay seconded me with
+all his abilities and ingenuity. Mr Oswald has several times assured
+me, that he had written these arguments and his own opinion, in
+conformity with them, to the King's Ministers in London, and I doubt
+not they will be adopted.
+
+With respect to the compensation for damages, it is impossible to add
+anything to the arrangements M. Brantzen has urged to show the justice
+of it, and if Britain is really wise, she will think it her policy to
+do everything in her power to soften the resentment of the Dutch, and
+regain their good will and good humor.
+
+The rage of Great Britain, however, has carried her to such
+extravagant lengths, in a cause unjust from beginning to end, that she
+is scarcely able to repair the injuries she has done. America has a
+just claim to compensation for all her burnt towns and plundered
+property, and indeed for all her slaughtered sons, if that were
+possible. I shall continue to embrace every opportunity that presents,
+of doing all the little service in my power to our good friends the
+Dutch, whose friendship for us I shall not soon forget. This must be
+communicated with great discretion, if at all.
+
+My best respects to all.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, January 22d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Upon a sudden notification from the Count de Vergennes, Dr Franklin
+and myself, in the absence of Mr Jay and Mr Laurens, went to
+Versailles, and arrived at the Count's office at ten o'clock on
+Monday, the 20th of this month. At eleven, arrived the Count d'Aranda
+and Mr Fitzherbert. The Ministers of the three Crowns, signed and
+sealed the preliminaries of peace and an armistice, in presence of
+Doctor Franklin and myself, who also signed and sealed a declaration
+of an armistice between the Crown of Great Britain and the United
+States of America, and received a counter declaration from Mr
+Fitzherbert. Copies of these declarations are enclosed.[3]
+
+The King of Great Britain has made a declaration concerning the terms,
+that he will allow to the Dutch; but they are not such as will give
+satisfaction to that unfortunate nation, for whom, on account of their
+friendship for us, and the important benefits we have received from
+it, I feel very sensibly and sincerely. Yesterday we went to
+Versailles again to make our court to the King and royal family upon
+the occasion, and received the compliments of the Foreign Ministers.
+
+The Count d'Aranda invited me to dine with him on Sunday next, and
+said he hoped that the affairs of Spain and the United States would be
+soon adjusted _à l'aimable_. I answered, that I wished it with all my
+heart. The two Floridas and Minorca are more than a _quantum meruit_
+for what this Power has done, and the Dutch unfortunately are to
+suffer for it. It is not in my power to say when the definitive treaty
+will be signed. I hope not before the Dutch are ready, in six weeks or
+two months at farthest I suppose.
+
+It is no longer necessary for Congress to appoint another person in my
+place in the commission for peace, because it will be executed before
+this reaches America. But I beg leave to renew the resignation of the
+credence to the States-General, and the commission for borrowing money
+in Holland, and to request, that no time may be lost in transmitting
+the acceptance of this resignation, and another person to take that
+station, that I may be able to go home in the spring ships.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[3] Contained in the Correspondence of the Ministers for negotiating
+peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, January 23d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The letters you did me the honor to write on the 6th, and 18th of
+November, came safe to hand.
+
+You do me honor, Sir, in applauding the judgment I have formed from
+time to time of the Court of Britain, and future ages will give me
+credit for the judgment I have formed of some other Courts. The true
+designs of a Minister of State are not difficult to be penetrated by
+an honest man of common sense, who is in a situation to know anything
+of the secret of affairs, and to observe constantly the chain of
+public events; for whatever ostensible appearances may be put on,
+whatever obliquities may be imagined, however the web may be woven, or
+the thread doubled and twisted, enough will be seen to unravel the
+whole.
+
+My opinions, as you observe, sometimes run counter to those generally
+received; but the reason of this has generally been, that I have had
+earlier evidence than the generality, and I have had the satisfaction
+to find, that others have formed the same judgment, when they have
+had the same intelligence. I do not affect singularity, nor love to be
+in a minority, though truth and justice have sometimes obliged me to
+be so. You say, that nothing can be more conformable to your wishes
+than the instructions I transmitted. I am not surprised at this; it is
+very natural. Had I never been on this side of the Atlantic, I believe
+I should have been of your mind in this particular. At present I
+cannot be, and I believe, by this time, the Dutch regret having given
+them. You will hear enough of the reason of it. I have lived long
+enough, and had experience enough of the conduct of governments, and
+people, nations, and courts, to be convinced, that gratitude,
+friendship, unsuspecting confidence, and all the most amiable passions
+in human nature, are the most dangerous guides in politics. I assure
+you, Sir, if we had not been more cautious than the Dutch, we should
+have been worse off than they, and our country would have suffered
+much more.
+
+Mr Laurens has been here, and has behaved with great caution,
+firmness, and wisdom. He arrived so late, as only to attend the two
+last days of the conferences, the 29th and 30th of November. But the
+short time he was with us, he was of great service to the cause. He
+has done great service to America in England, where his conversation
+has been such as the purest and firmest American could wish it, and
+has made many converts. He is gone again to Bath, and his journey will
+do as much good to his country as to his health. He will return to the
+signature of the definitive treaty.
+
+The ratifications of my contracts have been received.
+
+The release of Captain Asgill was so exquisite a relief to my
+feelings, that I have not much cared what interposition it was owing
+to. It would have been a horrid damp to the joys of peace, if we had
+received a disagreeable account of him.
+
+The difference between Denmark and Holland is of no serious nature.
+The clue to the whole is, the Queen Dowager is sister to the Duke of
+Brunswick; but there is nothing to fear from Denmark. As to the
+northern powers, we have nothing to fear from any of them. All of
+them, and all the neutral powers, would have acknowledged our
+independence before now, by receiving Mr Dana to sign the principles
+of the armed neutrality, if he had not been restrained from acting.
+The unlimited confidence of Congress has been grossly abused, and we
+should have been irreparably injured, if we had not been upon our
+guard. As our liberties and most important interests are now secured,
+as far as they can be, against Great Britain, it would be my wish to
+say as little as possible of the policy of any Minister of our first
+ally, which has not been as we could desire, and to retain forever a
+grateful remembrance of the friendly assistance we have received. But
+we have evidence enough to warn us against unlimited confidence in any
+European Minister of State.
+
+I have never drawn upon Dr Franklin for any money, since the end of my
+two and a half years' salary; and he tells me he has made no use of
+the bills. I had received money for my subsistence of Messieurs
+Willinks, and as it will be but a few months more, at farthest, that I
+shall have to subsist in Europe, I beg leave to proceed to the end in
+the same way. I shall receive only the amount of my salary, and settle
+the account with Congress on my return.
+
+I hope to be safely landed on my native shore in the month of June;
+and to this end, I beg that an appointment may be made to the Dutch
+mission, and the acceptance of my resignation be transmitted to me by
+the first ships.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                          TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Paris, January 29th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Upon receiving the letter, which you did me the honor to write me on
+the 24th, late last evening, I went immediately to consult with my
+colleague, Mr Jay, and we agreed to go this morning to Dr Franklin.
+Accordingly today we went together to Passy, and communicated your
+letter to him, and after recollecting the powers we have received, we
+all agreed that I should make you the following answer.
+
+You will readily recollect the resolutions of Congress, which I did
+myself the honor two years ago to communicate to the President of
+their High Mightinesses, and to the Ministers of Russia, Sweden, and
+Denmark, at the Hague. The letter to the President was sent "_au
+greffe_," and there may, perhaps, be now found. These resolutions
+contained the approbation of Congress, of the principles of the
+declaration of the Empress of Russia, and authorised any of the
+American Ministers in Europe, if invited thereto, to pledge the faith
+of the United States to the observance of them.
+
+Sometime after this, Congress sent Mr Dana a commission with full
+power to accede to the principles of the Marine Treaty between the
+neutral powers, and he is now at Petersburg, vested with these powers,
+and, according to late intelligence received from him, has well
+founded expectations of being soon admitted.
+
+It is the opinion of my colleagues, as well as my own, that no
+commission of mine to their High Mightinesses contains authority to
+negotiate this business, and we are all of opinion, that it is most
+proper that Mr Dana should negotiate it.
+
+But as there has been no express revocation of the power given to all
+or any of us, by the first resolutions, and if the case should happen,
+that Mr Dana could not attend in season, on account of the distance,
+for the sake of accelerating the signature of the definitive treaty of
+peace, we should not hesitate to pledge the faith of the United States
+to the observance of the principles of the armed neutrality. I wish it
+were in my power to give you a more satisfactory answer, but candor
+will warrant no other.
+
+With great respect to the gentlemen, as well as to you,
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            Paris, February 5th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The resolution of Congress of the 12th of July, 1781, "That the
+commission and instructions, for negotiating a Treaty of Commerce
+between these United States and Great Britain, given to the Honorable
+John Adams, on the 29th day of September, 1779, be, and they are
+hereby revoked," was duly received by me in Holland; but no
+explanation of the motives to it, or the reasons on which it was
+founded, was ever transmitted to me by Congress, or the Committee of
+Foreign Affairs, or any individual member, nor has anybody in Europe,
+or America, ever once attempted, that I know of, to guess at the
+reason. Whether it was intended as a punishment to me, or with a
+charitable design not to lead me into temptation; whether it was
+intended as a punishment to the English for their insolence and
+barbarity; whether it was intended to prevent or remove suspicions of
+allies, or the envy and green eyed jealousy of copatriots, I know not.
+Of one thing, however, I am fully satisfied, that Congress had
+reasons, and meant well; but whether those reasons were founded on
+true or mistaken information, I know not.
+
+When I recollect the instructions, which were given and revoked with
+that commission, I can guess, and only guess, at some considerations,
+which might, or might not, operate with Congress. In these
+instructions, Congress determined,
+
+1st. That the common right of fishing should in no case be given up.
+
+2dly. That it is essential to the welfare of all these United States,
+that the inhabitants thereof, at the expiration of the war, should
+continue to enjoy the free and undisturbed exercise of their common
+right to fish on the Banks of Newfoundland, and the other fishing
+banks and seas of North America, preserving inviolate the treaties
+between France and the said States, &c. &c.
+
+3dly. "That our faith be pledged to the several States, that without
+their unanimous consent no Treaty of Commerce shall be entered into,
+nor any trade or commerce whatever carried on with Great Britain,
+without the explicit stipulation hereinafter mentioned. You are,
+therefore, not to consent to any Treaty of Commerce with Great
+Britain, without an explicit stipulation on her part, not to molest or
+disturb the inhabitants of the United States of America, in taking
+fish on the Banks of Newfoundland, and other fisheries in the American
+seas, anywhere, excepting within the distance of three leagues of the
+shores of the territories remaining to Great Britain at the close of
+the war, if a nearer distance cannot be obtained by negotiation. And
+in the negotiation you are to exert your most strenuous endeavors to
+obtain a nearer distance in the Gulf of St Lawrence, and particularly
+along the shores of Nova Scotia; as to which latter we are desirous,
+that even the shores may be occasionally used for the purpose of
+carrying on the fisheries by the inhabitants of these States."
+
+These instructions are very decisive in favor of our indubitable right
+to the fisheries; and it is possible, that Congress might be of
+opinion, that commerce would be the strongest inducement to the
+English to make peace, and at the same time, that there was something
+so naval in the fisheries, that the dread of acknowledging our right
+to them would be the strongest obstacle in the way of peace. They
+might think, too, that peace was of more importance to the United
+States, than a British acknowledgment of our right to the fisheries,
+which, to be sure, would have been enjoyed by our people in a good
+degree without it.
+
+Reasonings like these might influence Congress to revoke the
+commission and instructions in question. But whatever probability
+there might appear in them at that time, experience has since shown,
+that they were not well founded. On the contrary, arguments have been
+found to convince the British Ministers themselves, that it was the
+interest of their King and country, not only to acknowledge the
+American right to the fisheries, but to encourage the unrestrained
+exercise of it. These considerations, therefore, can be no longer of
+any weight against a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, or against
+accrediting a Minister to the Court of St James. Nor can I conceive of
+any motive now existing against this measure. On the contrary, so many
+advantages present themselves to view, that I think it my duty to
+recommend them to Congress as proper to be adopted without loss of
+time. If there are in Congress any of those gentlemen, with whom I had
+the honor to serve in the years 1775 and 1776, they may possibly
+remember, that in arguing in favor of sending Ministers to Versailles,
+to propose a connexion with that Court, I laid it down as a first
+principle, that we should calculate all our measures and foreign
+negotiations in such a manner, as to avoid a too great dependence upon
+any one power of Europe; to avoid all obligations and temptations to
+take any part in future European wars. That the business of America
+with Europe was commerce, not politics or war. And above all, that it
+never could be our interest to ruin Great Britain, or injure or weaken
+her any further than should be necessary to support our independence,
+and our alliances; and that as soon as Great Britain should be brought
+to a temper to acknowledge our sovereignty and our alliances, and
+consent that we should maintain the one, and fulfil the others, it
+would be our interest and duty to be her friends, as well as the
+friends of all the other powers of Europe, and enemies to none.
+
+We are now happily arrived, through many tremendous tempests, at that
+period. Great Britain respects us as sovereign States, and respects
+all our political engagements with foreign nations, and as long as she
+continues in this temper of wisdom, it is our duty to respect her. We
+have accordingly made a treaty with her and mutually sworn to be
+friends. Through the whole period of our warfare and negotiations, I
+confess I have never lost sight of the principles and the system, with
+which I set out, which appeared to me to be the sentiments of Congress
+with great unanimity, and I have no reason to believe that any change
+of opinion has taken place; if there has not, every one will agree
+with me, that no measure we can pursue will have such a tendency to
+preserve the government and people of England in the right system for
+their own and our interest, and the interest of our allies too, well
+understood, as sending a Minister to reside at the Court of London.
+
+In the next place, the Court of London is the best station to collect
+intelligence from every part, and by means of the freedom of the press
+to communicate information for the benefit of our country, to every
+part of the world. In time of peace, there is so frequent travelling
+between Paris, London, and the Hague, that the correspondence of our
+Ministers at those Courts may be carried on by private hands, without
+hazarding anything from the infidelity of the posts, and Congress may
+reasonably expect advantages from this circumstance.
+
+In the third place, a treaty of commerce with Great Britain is an
+affair of great importance to both countries. Upon this occasion I
+hope I shall be excused if I venture to advise, that Congress should
+instruct their Minister not to conclude such a treaty, without sending
+the project to them for their observations and fresh instructions, and
+I think it would not be improper, on this occasion, to imitate the
+Dutch method, and take the project, _ad referendum_, and transmit it
+to the Legislatures of all the States for their remarks, before
+Congress finally resolve. Their Minister may be authorised and
+instructed, in the mean time, to enter into a temporary convention for
+regulating the present trade, for a limited number of months or years,
+or until the treaty of commerce shall be completed.
+
+In the fourth place, it is our part to be the first to send a Minister
+to Great Britain, which is the older, and as yet the superior State.
+It becomes us to send a Minister first, and I doubt not the King of
+Great Britain will very soon return the compliment. Whereas if we do
+not begin, I believe there will be many delicacies at St James',
+about being the first to send. I confess I wish a British Minister at
+Philadelphia, and think we should derive many benefits from his
+residence there. While we have any foreign Ministers among us, I wish
+to have them from all the great powers with whom we are much
+connected. The _Corps Diplomatique_ at every Court is, or ought to be,
+a system representing at least that part of the system of Europe, with
+which that Court is most conversant.
+
+In the same manner, or at least from similar reasons, as long as we
+have any one Minister abroad at any European Court, I think we ought
+to have one at every one to which we are most essentially related,
+whether in commerce or policy, and therefore while we have any
+Minister at Versailles, the Hague, or London, I think it clear we
+ought to have one at each, though I confess I have sometimes thought,
+that after a very few years, it will be the best thing we can do to
+recall every Minister from Europe, and send embassies only on special
+occasions.
+
+If, however, any members of Congress should have any delicacies, lest
+an American Minister should not be received with a dignity becoming
+his rank and character at London, they may send a commission to make
+a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, to their Minister at Madrid,
+or Versailles, or the Hague, or St Petersburg, and instruct him to
+carry on the negotiation from the Court where he may be, until he
+shall be invited to London, or a letter of credence may be sent to one
+of these, with instructions to go to London, as soon as the King shall
+appoint a Minister to go to Philadelphia.
+
+After all, however, my opinion is, that none of these manoeuvres are
+necessary, but that the best way will be to send a Minister directly
+to St James', with a letter of credence to the King, as a Minister
+Plenipotentiary, and a commission to treat of a treaty of commerce,
+but with instructions not to come to any irrevocable conclusion, until
+Congress and all the States have an opportunity to consider of the
+project, and suggest their amendments.
+
+There is one more argument in favor of sending a Minister forthwith;
+it is this, while this mission lies open, it will be a source of
+jealousy among present Ministers, and such as are or may be candidates
+to be foreign Ministers, a source of intrigue and faction among their
+partisans and adherents, and a source of animosity and division among
+the people of the States. For this reason, it is a pity, that the
+first choice had not been such as Congress could have continued to
+approve, and the first measure such as Congress could have constantly
+persevered in. If this had been the case, the door of faction would
+have been kept shut. As this, however, was once my department, by the
+voice of eleven States, in twelve present, and as I will be answerable
+at any hazard, it will never be the department of any one by a greater
+majority, there seems to be a propriety in my giving my advice
+concerning it, on taking leave of it, if such is the will of
+Congress, as I have before done in this letter, according to the best
+of my judgment. And if it should not be thought too presumptuous, I
+would beg leave to add, what is my idea of the qualifications
+necessary for an American foreign Minister in general, and
+particularly and above all to the Court of St James'.
+
+In the first place, he should have had an education in classical
+learning, and in the knowledge of general history, ancient and modern,
+and particularly the history of France, England, Holland, and America.
+He should be well versed in the principles of ethics, of the law of
+nature and nations, of legislation and government, of the civil Roman
+law, of the laws of England, and the United States, of the public law
+of Europe, and in the letters, memoirs, and histories of those great
+men, who have heretofore shone in the diplomatic order, and conducted
+the affairs of nations, and the world. He should be of an age to
+possess a maturity of judgment, arising from experience in business.
+He should be active, attentive, and industrious, and above all, he
+should possess an upright heart, and an independent spirit, and should
+be one, who decidedly makes the interest of his country, not the
+policy of any other nation, nor his own private ambition or interest,
+or those of his family, friends, and connexions, the rule of his
+conduct.
+
+We hear so much said about a genteel address, and a facility in
+speaking the French language, that one would think a dancing master
+and a French master the only tutors necessary to educate a statesman.
+Be it remembered, the present revolution, neither in America nor
+Europe, has been accomplished by elegant bows, nor by fluency in
+French, nor will any great thing ever be effected by such
+accomplishments alone. A man must have something in his head to say,
+before he can speak to effect, how ready soever he may be at
+utterance. And if the knowledge is in his head, and the virtue in his
+heart, he will never fail to find a way of communicating his
+sentiments to good purpose. He will always have excellent translators
+ready, if he wants them, to turn his thoughts into any language he
+desires.
+
+As to what is called a fine address, it is seldom attended to after a
+first or second conversation, and even in these, it is regarded no
+more by men of sense of any country, than another thing, which I heard
+disputed with great vivacity among the officers of the French frigate,
+the Sensible. The question was, what were the several departments of
+an Ambassador and a Secretary of Legation. After a long and shrewd
+discussion, it was decided by a majority of votes, "that the
+Secretary's part was to do the business, and that of an Ambassador to
+keep a mistress." This decision produced a laugh among the company,
+and no ideas of the kind will ever produce anything else, among men of
+understanding.
+
+It is very true, that it is possible, that a case may happen, that a
+man may serve his country by a bribe well placed, or an intrigue of
+pleasure with a woman. But it is equally true, that a man's country
+will be sold and betrayed a thousand times by this infamous commerce,
+where it will be once served. It is very certain, that we shall never
+be a match for European statesmen in such accomplishments for
+negotiation, any more than, I must and will add, they will equal us in
+any solid abilities, virtues, and application to business, if we
+choose wisely among the excellent characters, with which our country
+abounds.
+
+Among the Ministers, who have already crossed the Atlantic to Europe,
+there have been none exceeding Mr Jay and Mr Dana, in all the
+qualifications I have presumed to enumerate, and I must say, that if I
+had the honor to give my vote in Congress, for a Minister at the Court
+of Great Britain, provided that injustice must be finally done to him,
+who was the first object of his country's choice, such have been the
+activity, intelligence, address, and fortitude of Mr Jay, as well as
+his sufferings in his voyage, journeys, and past services, that I
+should think of no other object of my choice than that gentleman. If
+Congress should neglect all their old Ministers, and send a fresh one
+from America, they cannot be at a loss, for there are in that country
+great numbers of men well qualified for the service. These are most
+certainly better known by name to Congress than to me, and, therefore,
+I shall venture no further, but conclude, by wishing this arduous
+business well settled, and by assurances to Congress, and to you, Sir,
+of my warmest attachment and respect.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, February 13th, 1783.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+On my return, the night before last, from a journey to the State of
+New York, I found your favors of the 6th, the 7th, the 17th, the 19th,
+and the 23d of September. They contain important and useful
+information; and that particularly of the 6th is replete with matter,
+which deserves an attention, that I lament not having it in my power
+to give it at this moment, as the express, by which this goes to
+Baltimore, is on the wing.
+
+I congratulate you most sincerely upon having surmounted all the
+obstacles, that opposed themselves to the completion of our important
+connexion with the United States [of Holland]. It has, I think, given
+the last blow to the pride of Britain. Its power, so far as it could
+endanger us, was past recovery before, except as it derived force from
+its pride, which, like the last struggles of a dying man, gave an
+appearance of vigor to the body, which it was about to destroy.
+
+This covers a ratification of the treaty. The first copy sent by Mr
+Jefferson has not been signed by me, owing to my absence. That
+gentleman has not yet sailed from Baltimore, having been delayed by a
+number of the enemy's cruisers, which infest the Bay.
+
+We this day received the speech of his Britannic Majesty. It breathes
+so much the language of peace, that I begin to think it will be
+unnecessary to give Mr Jefferson the trouble of going over at all. The
+delays he has met with leave you longer without intelligence from
+hence, than I would ever wish you to be, though no important event has
+taken place, except the evacuation of Charleston. Our distress for
+want of money has rather increased, than diminished. This object will
+demand your attention, full as much if the war should be terminated,
+as if it should continue. The army, and the other public creditors,
+begin to grow very uneasy, and our present exhausted situation will
+not admit of internal loans, or such taxes as will suffice to give
+them relief.
+
+I have sent you three different sets of cyphers, not thinking it
+advisable to send duplicates. Be pleased to let me know whether any
+and which have arrived safe.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, March 2d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I am very much of your opinion, that all places in general, in foreign
+countries, under the United States, should be filled with Americans,
+but am sometimes requested to transmit to Congress applications and
+recommendations in so pressing a manner, and by persons of
+distinction, that it would be scarcely civil to refuse.
+
+Such an instance is the following, and if Congress should depart from
+the general rule, I suppose, that no person at Leghorn has so good
+pretensions.
+
+The application to me is this,--"Messrs Touissaint, Doutremont & Co.,
+merchants of great credit at Leghorn, who obtained, fortyfive years
+ago, letters of nobility from the Court of France, pray the gentlemen,
+the deputies of the United States of America, to grant them the place
+of Consul, or of Agent of their commerce at Leghorn."
+
+At least, if Congress, or their Ministers, have occasion for a
+correspondent in that city, they will not be at a loss.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                       Philadelphia, April 14th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I received two days ago your favors of the 22d and 23d of January,
+with the declarations for the cessation of hostilities, on which a
+doubt of much importance to the people of this country is started, to
+wit, to know at what period hostilities ceased on this coast, that is,
+what is meant by "as far as the Canaries." If it means in the same
+_latitude_, hostilities ceased here the 3d of March, and a great
+number of vessels must be restored. If it does not mean a latitudinal
+line, what does it mean, which carries any certainty with it? The
+terms of the provisional treaty also occasion much debate. A variety
+of questions have been started, but these I shall speak of in my
+letter to you in conjunction with your colleagues, that you may, if
+opportunity should offer before the Definitive Treaty is concluded,
+find some means to rid them of their ambiguity.
+
+It would give me pain to find, that the Dutch do not attain their
+objects in the close of the war, and still more to impute their
+misfortunes to any desertion of their interests by France, since I
+confess freely to you, that her conduct, as far as I have observed it,
+has appeared to me in the highest degree generous and disinterested.
+The extreme langour of the Dutch, their divisions, and the less than
+nothing that they have done for themselves, entitle them to little.
+Without the uncommon exertions of France, they would not have had a
+single settlement left, either in the East or West Indies. So that
+they lay absolutely at her mercy, and, therefore, I was pleased to
+find their instructions to their Ministers so expressed as to leave no
+room to fear, that they would obstruct the peace, when they
+contributed so little to the prosecution of the war. But I rather
+pitied, than blamed their weakness; they were torn by factions, and
+clogged by an executive, which strove to find reasons for having no
+execution.
+
+Congress, the day before yesterday, agreed to ratify the Provisional
+Articles as such, and to release their prisoners, in which the British
+took the lead. The tories have little reliance upon the effect of the
+recommendations of Congress; great numbers of them have sailed, and
+are daily sailing for Nova Scotia.
+
+With respect to your salary, I must pray you to settle with Dr
+Franklin the amount of bills drawn in your favor. You will, with those
+that go by this conveyance, receive the amount of three quarters'
+salary, at two thousand seven hundred and seventyseven dollars and
+sixtyeight ninetieths per quarter, which were laid out in bills at six
+shillings three pence, this money, for five livres, which was a very
+advantageous exchange for you. This, however, Congress have directed,
+by the enclosed resolution, to be altered, and your salaries to be
+paid in bills at the rate of five livres, five sous per dollar. As
+this resolution retrospects you will have, with the bills transmitted
+to you, livres more than is due for three quarters' salary. This will
+be deducted from the last quarter, for which I will get a warrant, and
+leave it with the Treasury here for you or your order. By settling
+this matter with Dr Franklin, and redrawing upon your banker in
+Holland, you will leave my accounts unembarrassed, which is of
+consequence to me, as I have determined to quit the place I now hold,
+in the course of a few weeks, and enjoy in retirement the pleasures of
+peace. I have charged no commissions on these money transactions, nor
+do I propose to charge any.
+
+Your account of contingent expenses is before a committee. Should
+Congress agree to accept your resignation, (which I am sorry to see
+you offer, since the connexions you have formed, and the experience
+you have acquired, might render you particularly serviceable in
+Holland) it will be best that you settle it with them yourself on your
+arrival. The want of permanent funds, and the opposition which some
+States have given to every attempt to establish them, the demands of
+the public creditors, and particularly of the army, have excited much
+uneasiness here. Satisfactory measures will, I hope, be adopted to
+calm it, and do ample justice. The army, whose proceedings I transmit,
+have done themselves honor by their conduct on this occasion. Too much
+praise could not be given to the commander-in-chief, for the share he
+had in the transaction, if he was not above all praise.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                              Paris, April 14th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+You may easily imagine our anxiety to hear from America, when you know
+that we have no news to this hour, either of your reception of the
+news of peace, or that of the treaty with Holland, four copies of
+which I put on board different vessels at Amsterdam, in October.
+
+We have been in equal uncertainty about the turn, which affairs might
+take in England. But by letters from Mr Laurens we expect him every
+day, and Mr David Hartley with him, in order to complete the
+definitive treaty. It would have been more agreeable to have finished
+with Mr Oswald. But the present Ministry are so dissatisfied with what
+is past, as they say, though nobody believes them, that they choose to
+change hands.
+
+It will be proposed, I believe, to make a temporary arrangement of
+commercial matters, as our powers are not competent to a durable one,
+if to any. Congress will, no doubt, soon send a Minister with full
+powers, as the treaty of commerce with Great Britain is of great
+importance, and our affairs in that country require an overseer.
+
+It is confidently asserted, in letters from Holland, that M. Markow,
+the Minister Plenipotentiary from the Empress of Russia, has received
+from his mistress a full power to come to Paris, to the assistance of
+the Prince Bariatinski at a Congress for a general pacification. There
+is, as yet, no answer received from the Emperor. If the two Imperial
+Courts accept of the mediation, there will be a Congress; but I
+suppose it will relate chiefly to the affairs of Holland, which are
+not yet arranged, and to the liberty of neutral navigation, which is
+their principal point. I wish success to that Republic in this
+negotiation, which will help to compose their interior disorders,
+which are alarming.
+
+I know not whether it will be insisted or expected, that we should
+join in the Congress, nor do I know what we have to do in it, unless
+it be to settle that point as far as it relates to us. There is
+nothing in difference between us and Great Britain, which we cannot
+adjust ourselves, without any mediation.
+
+A spring passage to America is so great an object, that I should be
+very sorry to have the negotiations spun out to such a length as to
+oblige me to lose it, and I take it for granted, I shall now receive
+the acceptance of my resignation by the first ships.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                          TO ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+                                                Paris, May 21st, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I am just now honored with yours of the 19th of January, by the way of
+London. We have not yet had the happiness to receive, as we should be
+disposed to do with open arms, our excellent old friend Jefferson, and
+begin to fear that the news of peace has determined him not to come.
+
+I thank you, Sir, for your polite congratulations; when the tide
+turned, it flowed with rapidity, and carried the vessel, as I hope,
+into a safe harbor.
+
+As to the loan in Holland, I have never troubled you, nor any one else
+in America, with details of the vexations of various kinds, which I
+met with in the negotiation of it; indeed, I never thought it prudent
+or safe to do it. If I had told the whole truth, it could have done no
+good, and it might have done infinite mischief. In general, it is now
+sufficient to say, that private interest, party spirit, factions,
+cabals, and slanderers, have obstructed, perplexed, and tortured our
+loan in Holland, as well as all our other affairs, foreign and
+domestic. But as there has been a greater variety of clashing
+interests, English, French, Stadtholderian, Republican, and American,
+mixing in the affair of our loan in Holland, it has been more puzzled
+than anything else. If, in the bitterness of my soul, I had described
+the fermentation, and mentioned names, and drawn characters, I might
+have transmitted a curious tale, but it would have only served to
+inflame old animosities, and excite new ones.
+
+A great many things are said to me, on purpose that they may be
+represented to you or to Congress. Some of these I believe to be
+false, most of them I suspect, and some of them that are true would do
+no good. I think it necessary, therefore, to employ a little
+discretion in such cases.
+
+Messrs Willinks & Co. will write you from time to time, as they tell
+me they have done, the state of the loan. Mr Grand wants all the
+money, but they wait your orders. The loan has been and will be damped
+by transmitting the money to France, but your necessities were so
+urgent, that you could not avoid it.
+
+In my opinion, if you had a Minister at St James's, and he were
+authorised to borrow money generally, in England or elsewhere, it
+would serve you greatly, by causing an emulation even in Holland,
+besides the money you would procure in London, which would not be a
+trifling sum.
+
+I wish I were in Congress, that I might assist you in persuading our
+countrymen to pay taxes and build ships.
+
+With great esteem and respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, May 24th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have the honor to enclose copies, to be laid before Congress, of
+several papers. 1st. Mr Hartley's full powers of May 14th. 2dly. The
+order of the King of Great Britain in Council, for regulating the
+American trade, of May 14th. 3dly. Articles proposed by the American
+Ministers to Mr Hartley, April 29th. 4thly. Mr Hartley's observations
+left with us May 21st. And 5thly. Mr Hartley's proposition of the same
+day.[4]
+
+This proposition, however, upon inquiry, we find Mr Hartley does not
+incline to subscribe to, before he sends it to his Court for their
+orders. So that we have not yet given him our opinion of it. He has
+sent a courier to London, before whose return we hope to have further
+intelligence from Philadelphia.
+
+The present British Ministry discover an indecision and timidity,
+which indicate instability. Some persons from England imagine, that my
+Lord Shelburne will come in again. The change would produce a longer
+delay; but I think would be no disadvantage to America. If he had
+continued in power, I think we should have finished, or been ready to
+finish, before now with Mr Oswald. Mr Hartley's dispositions, however,
+are very good, and if left to his own judgment, would be liberal and
+fair.
+
+The idea of reviving the trade, upon the plan of the laws of Great
+Britain before the war, although those laws were calculated so much
+for the advantage of that country and so little for the advantage of
+ours, might be admissible for a few months, until Ministers could be
+appointed on both sides to frame a treaty of commerce; provided no
+advantage should be ceded by it, in the negotiation of such treaty,
+and provided, that such a temporary convention for trade should
+neither delay nor influence the definitive treaty. It is much to be
+wished, that the definitive treaty of peace, and a permanent treaty of
+commerce, could be signed at the same time. This, however, seems now
+to be impossible; and, therefore, some temporary regulation of
+commerce seems unavoidable. But we are as yet too uncertain of the
+sentiments of the Court of St James, to be able to foresee, whether we
+shall be able to agree with them. Mr Hartley has been here four weeks,
+and nothing has been done, although he was very sanguine before he
+left London, that he should send home a convention in less than half
+of four days.
+
+Congress will see by Mr Hartley's commission, that they are become the
+"good friends" of the King of Great Britain. Mr Hartley on his first
+arrival here communicated to us in form, an invitation from the
+Ministers, with the knowledge and consent of the King, to all the
+American Ministers to go to London, with the assurance, that we should
+be there presented at Court, and treated in all respects like the
+Ministers of any other sovereign State. He also communicated the
+desire of his Court, that the two Powers should interchange Ministers
+as soon as possible. I hope that the first ship will bring a Minister
+for that Court, or a commission to some one to go there, because I
+think it would have been useful to us to have had one there three
+months ago, and that it would not be less useful now. The permanent
+treaty of commerce, nevertheless, should not he hastily concluded, nor
+before Congress shall have had an opportunity to judge of the project,
+suggest their amendments, and transmit their orders.
+
+No preliminaries are yet signed with the Dutch, and I am very anxious
+for their lot.
+
+With great respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[4] These papers will be found in the Correspondence of the
+Commissioners for making peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, May 30th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 28th of this month, the letter which you did me the honor to
+write me on the 13th of February, which arrived at the Hague, I
+received, enclosed with the ratification of the treaty with their High
+Mightinesses, which will be exchanged by M. Dumas, as the conferences
+here for the definitive treaty will not admit of my taking so long a
+journey at this time.[5]
+
+This arrival in season to exchange the ratifications before the
+departure of M. Van Berckel, which is to be in about three weeks, is
+fortunate. I hope that the first ships from America will bring my
+letter of recall from that Republic, and another Minister, or credence
+to some one now in Europe, to take my place.
+
+I am happy to find that any letters of mine in September last
+contained information that you think of consequence, although, not
+having my letter book here, I am not able to recollect the subject.
+The final completion of the negotiation with Holland gives me a
+pleasure, which will not be equalled, but by that of the definitive
+treaty of peace, which languishes at present for want of decisive
+instructions from Mr Hartley, in such a manner, as gives cause to
+suspect that the present Ministry are not firm in their seats.
+
+The presence of a Minister in Holland would encourage your loan of
+money there, but it would be quickened still more, by your sending a
+Minister to London, with powers to borrow money there. Emulation is
+the best spring; or call it rivalry, or jealousy, if you will, it will
+get you money if you put it in motion.
+
+I have received two cyphers from you, Sir, one beginning with No. 1,
+and ending with No. 1011. The other beginning with Amsterdam, and
+ending with Provinces.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[5] The particulars of the ratification will be seen in M. Dumas's
+Correspondence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, June 9th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The enclosed, No. 121 of the _Politique Hollandais_ having translated
+a few sentences of mine, and the author intending to insert more, as
+he has already inserted a good deal of the same correspondence, I
+think it proper to transmit you a short relation of it.
+
+In 1780, at Paris, a number of pamphlets of Mr Galloway's were sent me
+from England. I wrote to a friend an answer to them. He sent it to
+London to be published. But whether the printers were afraid, or from
+what other motive, I know not. I heard nothing of them until the
+spring and summer of 1782, when some of them appeared in print, in
+Parker's General Advertiser, under the title of "_Letters from a
+distinguished American_," &c. but with false dates.
+
+There are in those letters so many of the characteristic features of
+the Provisional Treaty, of the 30th of November, 1782, that the
+publication of them in England, at the time when they appeared, may be
+supposed to have contributed, more or less, to propagate such
+sentiments as the more private circulation of them before had
+suggested to a few. And as they were written by one of your Ministers
+at the conferences for peace, who repeated and extended the same
+arguments to the British Ministers in the course of the negotiation,
+it is proper that you should be informed of them. Whether I have in
+any former letter mentioned this subject, or not, I do not recollect.
+If I have, I pray you to excuse the repetition.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, June 16th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday afternoon, the duplicate of your letter of the 14th of
+April, No. 16, was brought in to me, with the post-mark "Brest" upon
+it. As soon as I had read it, I went out to Passy, in hopes that other
+despatches had arrived there, but I found none. While I was there, a
+packet of newspapers addressed to us all was brought in, with the
+post-mark of Brest on it. I still hope and believe, that other
+despatches, by the same conveyance, will appear in a few days, but
+whether they are still in the post office, or whether the Duc de
+Lauzun intends to bring them in person, is uncertain.
+
+I think, Sir, there is no room to doubt the justice of your opinion,
+that the latitude of the Canaries is meant, and, consequently, that
+hostilities ceased on the whole coast of the United States on the 3d
+of March.
+
+I am well aware, that a variety of questions may be started upon the
+provisional articles. The great points of sovereignty, limits, and
+fisheries, are sufficiently clear. But there are too many other things
+in much obscurity. No one of us alone would ever have put his hand to
+such a writing. Yet there is no one to blame. It must be confessed,
+that it was done in haste, but that haste was inevitable. The peace
+depended absolutely upon the critical moment, when that treaty was
+signed. The meeting of Parliament was so near, and the state of the
+Ministry so critical, that if that opportunity had been lost, there
+would have been at least another campaign. There were never less than
+three of us, and there were finally no less than three to be consulted
+on the other side. These inaccuracies are much to be lamented, but
+they were quite unavoidable. We shall endeavor to explain them in the
+definitive treaty, but I fear without success.
+
+I hope, Sir, you will excuse me, if I think your expressions fall
+short of the real merit of the Dutch. If they had accepted the Russian
+mediation for a separate peace, we should have seen a very formidable
+difference. The vast weight of the Dutch in the East Indies, being
+added to that of France, has influenced the minds of the natives in
+such a manner, as to turn the scale against England. The Cape of Good
+Hope was indispensable to France, and we are not yet informed what
+proportion of the expense of French operations in the East Indies is
+to be borne by the Dutch East India Company, at whose solicitations,
+by their agents, sent early to Versailles, they were undertaken. From
+twelve to fifteen British ships of the line, in the best condition,
+with the best officers and men, have been kept almost constantly in
+the North seas to watch the Dutch, a momentous diversion, which made
+the balance more clear in favor of the allies in the East and West
+Indies, as well as in the Channel; and it may be added, and that with
+strict truth, the battle of Doggerbank imprinted more terror on the
+imaginations of the British navy and nation, than all the other sea
+engagements of the war.
+
+Your observations of their unfortunate situation are, however, very
+just, and their exertions have not been such as they might and ought
+to have been. But this was the fault of the enemies of France in
+Holland, not of their friends, and, unhappily, those enemies are to be
+gratified by the terms of peace prescribed to that power, and those
+friends mortified. And this misfortune probably arises from the
+instructions in question, by which they made themselves of no
+importance, instead of acting the part of a sovereign, independent,
+and respectable power. If they had held their own negotiations in
+their own hands, they would probably have obtained better terms. I
+could mention many facts and anecdotes of much importance; but these
+have been communicated to me in confidence, and as this is a
+discussion that concerns us only indirectly, and as our instructions
+were parallel to theirs, although the execution of them was different,
+and the event different, I shall waive any further observations upon
+the subject.
+
+We are happy to learn, that Congress have ratified the treaty,
+imperfect as it is, and that each side has released its prisoners. Mr
+Hartley communicated to us officially, two days ago, that orders were
+gone to New York to evacuate the United States.
+
+Dr Franklin has never made any use of the bills for my salary, and I
+have never received any part of them. I shall easily settle that
+matter when I get home, which your letter encourages me to hope will
+be very soon. The connexions I have formed in Holland may be of use to
+the public, wherever I may be, in America, or elsewhere, as well as
+even in that country itself. Those connexions will readily become
+those of any Minister Congress may send there. It cost me all my
+happiness, and had very nearly cost me my life, to form them; it cost
+me more; it has left me in an ill state of health, which I never shall
+fully repair. I shall carry Holland in my veins to my grave. It will
+cost no man anything to go there now. His mind will be at ease, and he
+will have spirits necessary to take care to preserve his health. To me
+it has become physically necessary, as well as a moral and religious
+duty, to join my family. This can be done only by going to them, or
+bringing them to me; and to bring them to Holland is what I cannot
+think of, both because, that on account of my own health, as well as
+theirs, and on other considerations, I should not choose to live among
+those putrid lakes, and because I think I can do my country more and
+better service at home than there.
+
+I will not disguise another motive, which would be altogether
+insurmountable, if it were alone. I do not think it consistent with
+the honor of the United States, any more than with my own, for me to
+stay in Holland, after the appointment of any other Minister
+whatsoever to the mission upon which I came to Europe, and which has
+been taken from me without assigning any reason. Congress are the
+sovereign judges for themselves and the public of the persons proper
+for all services, excepting that every citizen is a sovereign judge
+for himself. I have never adopted the principle, that it is a
+citizen's duty to accept of any trust, that is pointed out to him,
+unless he approves of it. On the contrary, I think it a right and a
+duty, that no law of society can take away, for every man to judge
+for himself, whether he can serve consistently with his own honor, and
+the honor and interest of the public.
+
+When the existence of our country and her essential interests were at
+stake, it was a duty to run all risks, to stifle every feeling, to
+sacrifice every interest, and this duty I have discharged with
+patience and perseverance, and with a success, that can be attributed
+only to Providence. But in time of peace, the public in less danger
+abroad than at home, knowing I can do more good at home, I should do a
+very wrong thing to remove my family to stay in Holland, merely for
+the sake of holding an honorable commission, making and receiving
+bows, and compliments, and eating splendid suppers at Court.
+
+There is one piece of advice I beg leave to offer to the Minister who
+may go to Holland, respecting a future loan of money. It is, to
+inquire whether the house of Hope would undertake a loan for us,
+either in conjunction with the houses who have the present one, or
+with any of them, or alone. In my private opinion, which ought to be
+kept as secret as possible, we might obtain a large loan in that way,
+and that we cannot in any other. The people in that interest have the
+money. I am not personally known to that House, nor any one of them to
+me, but I know they are all powerful in money matters, and I believe
+they would engage.
+
+The happy turn given to the discontents of the army, by the General,
+is consistent with his character, which, as you observe, is above all
+praise, as every character is whose rule and object are duty, not
+interest, nor glory, which I think has been strictly true with the
+General from the beginning, and I trust will continue to the end. May
+he long live, and enjoy his reflections, and the confidence and
+affections of a free, grateful, and virtuous people.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, June 23d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 14th of April, No. 16, acknowledged the receipt of
+mine of the 21st and the 22d of January, but took no notice of any
+letters, which went by Captain Barney. Neither Dr Franklin, Mr Jay,
+nor myself have any answer to the despatches, which went by this
+express; although yours to me, No. 16, gave cause to expect letters to
+us all, with instructions concerning the Definitive Treaty. This
+profound silence of Congress, and the total darkness in which we are
+left, concerning their sentiments, is very distressing to us, and very
+dangerous and injurious to the public.
+
+I see no prospect of agreeing upon any regulation of commerce here.
+The present Ministry are afraid of every knot of merchants. A clamor
+of an interested party, more than an evil to their country, is their
+dread. A few West India merchants, in opposition to the sense and
+interest of the West India planters, are endeavoring to excite an
+opposition to our carrying the produce of the West India Islands from
+those islands to Europe, even to Great Britain. There are also secret
+schemes to exclude us, if they can, from the trade of Ireland, to
+possess themselves of the carrying trade of the United States, by
+prohibiting any American vessel to bring to Great Britain any
+commodity but those of the State to which it belongs. Thus, a
+Philadelphia vessel can carry no tobacco, rice, or indigo, nor a
+Carolina vessel wheat or flour, nor a Boston vessel either, unless
+grown in its own State. In this way, a superficial party think they
+can possess themselves of the carriage of almost all the productions
+of the United States, annihilate our navigation and nurseries of
+seamen, and keep all to themselves more effectually than ever. They
+talk too of discouraging the people of the United States, and
+encouraging those of Canada and Nova Scotia, in such a manner as to
+increase the population of those two Provinces, even by migrations
+from the United States. These are dreams, to be sure; but the dreamers
+are so many, as to intimidate the present Ministry, who dare venture
+upon nothing that will make a clamor. I have lately heard, that the
+merchants in America are waiting to hear the regulations of trade made
+here. They will wait, I know not how long. There is no present
+prospect of our agreeing at all upon any regulations of trade.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, June 23d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The British nation and Ministry are in a very unsettled state; they
+find themselves in a new situation, and have not digested any plan.
+Ireland is in a new situation; she is independent of Parliament, and
+the English know not how to manage her. To what an extent she will
+claim a right of trading with the United States, is unknown. Canada
+too, and Nova Scotia, are in a new situation; the former, they say,
+must have a new government. But what form to give them, and, indeed,
+what kind of government they are capable of, or would be agreeable to
+them, is uncertain. Nothing is digested.
+
+There is a party, composed probably of refugees, friends of the old
+hostile system, and fomented by emissaries of several foreign nations,
+who do not wish a cordial reconciliation and sincere friendship
+between Great Britain and the United States, who clamor for the
+conservation of the navigation act, and the carrying trade. If these
+should succeed so far as to excite Parliament or the Ministry to adopt
+a contracted principle, to exclude us from the West India trade, and
+from trading with Canada and Nova Scotia, and from carrying freely, in
+vessels belonging to any one of the Thirteen States, the production of
+any other to Great Britain, the consequences may be to perplex us for
+a time, may bind us closer to France, Spain, Holland, Germany, Italy,
+and the northern nations, and thus be fatal to Great Britain, without
+being finally very hurtful to us.
+
+The nations of Europe, who have islands in the West Indies, have, at
+this moment, a delicate part to take. Upon their present decisions,
+great things will depend. The commerce of the West India Islands, is a
+part of the American system of commerce. They can neither do without
+us, nor we without them. The Creator has placed us upon the globe in
+such a situation, that we have occasion for each other. We have the
+means of assisting each other, and politicians and artful contrivances
+cannot separate us. Wise statesmen, like able artists of every kind,
+study nature, and their works are perfect in proportion as they
+conform to her laws. Obstinate attempts to prevent the islands and the
+continent, by force or policy, from deriving from each other those
+blessings, which nature has enabled them to afford, will only put
+both to thinking of means of coming together. And an injudicious
+regulation at this time may lay a foundation for intimate
+combinations, between the islands and the continent, which otherwise
+would not be wished for, or thought of by either.
+
+If the French, Dutch, and Danes, have common sense, they will profit
+of any blunder Great Britain may commit upon this occasion. The ideas
+of the British cabinet and merchants, at present, are so confused upon
+all these subjects, that we can get them to agree to nothing. I still
+think, that the best policy of the United States is, to send a
+Minister to London to negotiate a treaty of commerce, instructed to
+conclude nothing, not the smallest article, until he has sent it to
+Congress, and received their approbation. In the meantime, Congress
+may admit any British or Irish ships, that have arrived, or may
+arrive, to trade as they please.
+
+For my own part, I confess I would not advise Congress to bind
+themselves to anything, that is not reasonable and just. If we should
+agree to revive the trade upon the old footing, it is the utmost that
+can, with a color of justice or modesty, be requested of us. This is
+not equal, but might be borne. Rather than go further, and deny
+ourselves the freight from the West Indies to Europe, at least, to
+Great Britain, especially rather than give away our own carrying
+trade, by agreeing that the ships of one State should not carry to
+Great Britain the produce of another, I would be for entering into
+still closer connexions with France, Spain, and Holland, and purchase
+of them, at the expense of Great Britain, what she has not wisdom
+enough to allow us for her own good.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, June 24th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The gazettes of Europe still continue to be employed, as the great
+engines of fraud and imposture to the good people of America.
+Stockjobbers are not the only people, who employ a set of scribblers
+to invent and publish falsehoods for their own peculiar purposes.
+British and French, as well as other politicians, entertain these
+fabricators of paragraphs, who are stationed about in the various
+cities of Europe, and take up each other's productions in such a
+manner, that no sooner does a paragraph appear in a French, Dutch, or
+English paper, but it is immediately seized on, and reprinted in all
+the others; this is not all; in looking over the American newspapers,
+I observe, that nothing is seized on with so much avidity by the
+American _nouvellists_, for republication in their gazettes, as these
+political lies. I cannot attribute this merely to the credulity of the
+printers, who have generally more discernment than to be deceived. But
+I verily believe, there are persons in every State employed to select
+out these things, and get them reprinted.
+
+Sometimes the invention is so simple, as really to deceive. Such, I
+doubt not, will be that of a long paragraph in the English papers, all
+importing that Mr Hartley had made a treaty of commerce with us, or
+was upon the point of concluding one. Nothing is further from the
+truth. We have not to this hour agreed upon one proposition, nor do I
+see any probability that we shall at all, respecting commerce.
+
+We have not, indeed, as yet, agreed upon a point respecting the
+definitive treaty. We are waiting for those instructions of yours,
+which you mentioned in yours of the 14th of April, which I have not
+yet received.
+
+Americans should be cautious of European newspapers, as well as of
+their own; more so, indeed, because they have not so much knowledge,
+and so good opportunities to detect the former as the latter. There is
+a great number of persons in Europe, who insert things in the papers
+in order to make impressions in America. Characters are in this way
+built up and pulled down, without the least consideration of justice,
+and merely to answer sinister purposes, sometimes extremely pernicious
+to the United States.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, June 27th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday Dr Franklin, Mr Jay, and myself, met to prepare the
+definitive treaty, and made so much progress in it, that tomorrow we
+shall be ready to communicate to Mr Hartley the result. But I have
+small hopes of obtaining anything more by the definitive treaty.
+
+The Duke of Manchester, and Count d'Aranda have arranged everything
+between England and Spain, and are ready to finish for their two
+Courts. France, I presume, waits only for Holland, or perhaps for some
+other negotiation with the Imperial Courts. If all the other parties
+were now to declare themselves ready, we should be puzzled. In such a
+case, however, I am determined (and I believe, but do not know, that
+my colleagues would join me) to declare myself ready to sign the
+provisional treaty, _totidem verbis_, for a definitive treaty.
+
+From all I can learn, I am persuaded we shall gain nothing by any
+further negotiation. If we obtain anything by way of addition or
+explanation, we shall be obliged to give more for it than it is worth.
+If the British Minister refuses to agree to such changes as we may
+think reasonable, and refuses to sign the provisional articles as
+definitive ones, I take it for granted, France will not sign till we
+do. If they should they are still safe, for the provisional articles
+are to constitute the treaty as soon as France has made peace, and I
+should rather have it on that footing, than make any material
+alteration.
+
+I have put these several cases, because I should be supprised at
+nothing from the present British Ministry. If they have any plan at
+all, it is a much less gracious one towards America, than that of
+their immediate predecessors. If Shelburne, Townshend, Pitt, &c. had
+continued, we should have had everything settled long ago, to our
+entire satisfaction, and to the infinite advantage of Great Britain
+and America, in such a manner as would have restored good humor and
+affection, as far as in the nature of things they can now be restored.
+
+After the great point of acknowledging our independence was got over,
+by issuing Mr Oswald's last commission, this Shelburne administration
+conducted towards us like men of sense and honor. The present
+administration have neither discovered understanding nor sincerity.
+The present British administration is unpopular, and it is in itself
+so heterogeneous a composition, that it seems impossible it should
+last long. Their present design seems to be not to commit themselves
+by agreeing to anything. As soon as anything is done, somebody will
+clamor. While nothing is done, it is not known what to clamor about.
+If there should be a change in favor of the Ministry that made the
+peace, and a dissolution of this profligate league, which they call
+the coalition, it would be much for the good of all who speak the
+English language. If fame says true, the coalition was formed at
+gambling tables, and is conducted as it was formed, upon no other than
+gambling principles.
+
+Such is the fate of a nation, which stands tottering on the brink of a
+precipice, with a debt of two hundred and fiftysix millions sterling
+on its shoulders; the interest of which, added to the peace
+establishment only, exceeds by above a million annually all their
+revenues, enormously and intolerably as they are already taxed. The
+only chance they have for salvation is in a reform, and in recovering
+the affection of America. The last Ministry were sensible of this, and
+acted accordingly. The present Ministry are so far from being sensible
+of it, or caring about it, that they seem to me to be throwing the
+last dice for the destruction of their country.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, June 27th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A few vessels have arrived in England from various parts of America,
+and have probably made the Ministry, merchants, and manufacturers less
+anxious about a present arrangement of commerce. Whether these vessels
+have rashly hazarded these voyages against the laws of their country,
+or whether they have permission from Congress, or their States, we are
+not informed.
+
+It would have been better, no doubt, to have had an agreement made
+before the trade was opened, but the eagerness of both sides may not
+easily be restrained. Whether it is practicable for Congress to stop
+the trade, I know not, or whether it would be expedient if
+practicable, I doubt.
+
+The balance of parties in England is so nicely poised, that the
+smallest weight shifts the scales. In truth nothing can be done
+without changing the Ministry, for whatever is done raises a cry
+sufficient to shake those who do it. In this situation, it is a
+question whether it is best to keep things in suspense, or bring them
+to a decision. If Congress were to prohibit all trade with England,
+until a Treaty of Commerce were made, or some temporary convention at
+least, it might bring on a decision, by exciting a cry against the
+Ministry for not making a convention. But the moment a convention is
+made, a cry will be raised against them for making it. The present
+Ministry, to judge by their motions hitherto, will hazard the clamor
+for not making one, rather than that for making one. They think it
+least dangerous to them, especially since they have seen so many
+American vessels arrive in England, and have heard, that British ships
+are admitted to an entry in the ports of America, particularly
+Philadelphia.
+
+The most difficult thing to adjust in a Treaty of Commerce, will be
+the communications we shall have with the West India Islands. This is
+of great importance to us, and to the islands, and I think to Great
+Britain too. Yet there is a formidable party for excluding us at least
+from carrying the produce of those islands to Great Britain.
+
+Much will depend upon the Minister you first send to London. An
+American Minister would be a formidable person to any British Minister
+whatever. He would converse with all parties, and if he is a prudent,
+cautious man, he would at this moment have more influence there than
+you can imagine.
+
+We are chained here on the only spot in the world, where we can be of
+no use. If my colleagues were of my mind, we would all go together to
+London, where we could negotiate the Definitive Treaty, and talk of
+arrangements of commerce to some purpose. However, one Minister in
+London, with proper instructions, would do better than four. He would
+have the artifices of French emissaries to counteract, as well as
+English partizans; for you may depend upon it, the French see with
+pleasure the improbability of our coming soon and cordially together,
+as they saw with manifest regret, the appearances of cordial
+reconciliation under the former administration. These sentiments are
+not unnatural, but we are under no obligation, from mere complaisance,
+to sacrifice interests of such deep and lasting consequence. For it is
+not merely mercantile profit and convenience, that is at stake; future
+wars, long and bloody wars, may be either avoided or entailed upon our
+posterity, as we conduct wisely or otherwise the present negotiation
+with Great Britain.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                 Paris, July 3d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the last Ambassador's day, which was last Tuesday, Dr Franklin, Mr
+Jay, and myself waited on the Count de Vergennes, who told us, he
+thought he had agreed with the Duke of Manchester, but that his Grace
+had not yet received the positive approbation of his Court. The Count
+advised us to make a visit altogether to the Ambassadors of the two
+Imperial Courts. Accordingly, yesterday morning we went, first to the
+Count de Mercy Argenteau, the Ambassador of the Emperor of Germany,
+and King of Hungary and Bohemia. His Excellency was not at home, so we
+left our card.
+
+We went next to the Prince Bariatinski, Minister Plenipotentiary from
+the Court of Russia; our servant asked if the Prince was at home, and
+received for answer, that he was. We were shown into the Prince's
+apartment, who received us very politely. While we were here, Mr
+Markoff came in. He also is a Minister Plenipotentiary, adjoined to
+the Prince in the affair of the mediation. I told him we proposed to
+do ourselves the honor of calling on him. He answered, "As you are an
+old acquaintance I shall be very happy to see you." Whether this was a
+turn of politeness, or whether it was a political distinction, I know
+not. We shall soon know, by his returning, or not returning, our
+visit. The Prince asked where I lodged, and I told him. This indicates
+an intention to return the visit.
+
+We went next to the Dutch Ambassador's, M. de Berkenrode. He was not
+at home, or not visible. Next to the Baron de Blome, Envoy
+Extraordinary of the King of Denmark; not at home. Next to M.
+Markoff's. The porter answered, that he was at home. We alighted, and
+were going to his apartment, when we were told he was not come in. We
+left a card, and went to the other Dutch Ambassador's, M. Brantzen,
+who was not at home; _en passant_, we left a card at the Swedish
+Minister's, and returned home, the heat being too excessive to pursue
+our visits any further.
+
+Thus, we have made visits to all the Ministers, who are to be present
+at the signature of the definitive treaty. Whether the Ministers of
+the Imperial Courts will be present, I know not. There are many
+appearances of a coldness between France and Russia, and the Emperor
+seems to waver between two opinions, whether to join in the war that
+threatens, or not. Perhaps the Ministers of the Imperial Courts will
+write for instructions whether to return or not our visit.
+
+After I had begun this letter, Captain Barney came in, and delivered
+me your duplicate of No. 12, November the 6th, 1782; duplicate of No.
+14, December the 19th, 1782, and triplicate of No. 16, April the 14th,
+1783, and the original of your letter of the 18th of April, 1783, not
+numbered. The last contained my account. But as I have never received
+any of this money from Dr Franklin, or M. Gerard, but have my salary
+from Messrs Willinks & Co. at Amsterdam, I am extremely sorry you have
+had so much trouble with this affair.
+
+Although in your later letters you say nothing of my resignation, or
+the acceptance of it, I expect to receive it soon, and then I shall
+have an opportunity to settle the affair of my salary at
+Philadelphia.
+
+After reading your letters to me, I went out to Passy to see those
+addressed to us all. Dr Franklin, Mr Jay, and myself, (Mr Laurens
+being still in England) read them all over together. We shall do all
+in our power to procure the advantages in the definitive treaty, you
+mention. The state of parties is such in England, that it is
+impossible to foresee when there will be a Ministry, who will dare to
+take any step at all. The coalition between Lord North and his
+connexions, and Mr Fox and his, is a rope of sand. Mr Fox, by pushing
+the vote in the House of Commons disapproving the peace, and by
+joining so many of the old Ministers in the new administration, has
+justly excited so many jealousies of his sincerity, that no confidence
+can be placed in him by us. I am extremely sorry, that the most
+amiable men in the nation, Portland, and the Cavendishes, should have
+involved themselves in the same reproach.
+
+In short, at present, Shelburne, Pitt, Townshend, and the
+administration of which they were members, seem to have been the only
+ones, who, for a moment, had just notions of their country and ours.
+Whether these men, if now called to power, would pursue their former
+ideas, I know not. The Bible teaches us not to put our trust in
+Princes, and _à fortiori_ in Ministers of State.
+
+The West India commerce now gives us most anxiety. If the former
+British Ministry had stood, we might have secured it from England,
+and, in that case, France would have been obliged to admit us to their
+islands, _se defendendo_. The first maxim of a statesman, as well as
+that of a statuary, or a painter, should be to study nature; to cast
+his eyes round about his country, and see what advantages nature has
+given it. This was well attended to, in the boundary between the
+United States and Canada, and in the fisheries. The commerce of the
+West India Islands, falls necessarily into the natural system of the
+commerce of the United States. We are necessary to them and they to
+us; and there will be a commerce between us. If the government forbid
+it, it will be carried on clandestinely; France can more easily
+connive at a contraband trade than England. But we ought to wish to
+avoid the temptation to this. I believe, that neither France nor
+England will allow us to transport the productions of their Islands to
+other parts of Europe.
+
+The utmost we may hope to obtain would be permission to import the
+productions of the French Islands into France, giving bond to land
+them in some port of that kingdom, and the productions of the English
+Islands into some port of Great Britain, giving bonds to land them
+there. It must, however, be the care of the Minister, who may have to
+negotiate a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, to obtain as ample
+freedom in this trade as possible.
+
+While I was writing the above, my servant announced the Imperial
+Ambassador, whom I rose to receive. He said, that he was happy that
+the circumstances of the times afforded him an opportunity of forming
+an acquaintance with me, which he hoped would be improved into a more
+intimate one. I said, his Excellency did me great honor, and begged
+him to sit, which he did, and fell into a conversation of an hour. We
+ran over a variety of subjects, particularly the commerce which might
+take place between the United States and Germany, by the way of
+Trieste and Fiume, and the Austrian Netherlands, and the great
+disposition in Germany to migration to America. He says he knows the
+country round about Trieste very well, having an estate there; that
+it is a very extensive and a very rich country, which communicates
+with that maritime city, and that the navigation of the Adriatic sea,
+though long, is not dangerous. I asked him what we should do with the
+Barbary powers. He said, he thought all the powers of the world ought
+to unite in the suppression of such a detestable race of pirates, and
+that the Emperor had lately made an insinuation to the Porte upon the
+subject. I asked him if he thought France and England would agree to
+such a project, observing that I had heard that some Englishmen had
+said, "if there were no Algiers, England ought to build one." He said,
+he could not answer for England.
+
+It is unnecessary to repeat any more of the conversation, which turned
+upon the frugal and industrious character of the Germans, the best
+cultivators in Europe, and the dishonorable traffic of some of the
+German Princes in men, a subject he introduced and enlarged on
+himself. I said nothing about it. Rising up to take leave, he repeated
+several compliments he had made when he first came in, and added, "The
+Count de Vergennes will do me the honor to dine with me one of these
+days, and I hope to have that of your company. We will then speak of
+an affair upon which the Count de Vergennes and you have already
+conversed."
+
+This shows there is something in agitation, but what it is I cannot
+conjecture; whether it is to induce us to make the compliment to the
+two Imperial Courts to sign the definitive treaty as mediators,
+whether there is any project of an association for the liberty of
+navigation, or whether it is any other thing, I cannot guess at
+present, but I will write you as soon as I know. Whatever it is, we
+must treat it with respect, but we shall be very careful how we
+engage our country in measures of consequence without being clear of
+our powers, and without the instructions of Congress.
+
+I went out to Passy, and found from Mr Jay, that he had made his visit
+there, in the course of the day, but had said nothing to Dr Franklin
+or him about the dinner with the Count de Vergennes. In the course of
+the day, I had visits from the Prince Bariatinski and M. de Markoff,
+the two Ministers of the Empress of Russia. The porter told these
+gentlemen's servants, that I was at home, but they did not come up,
+but only sent up their cards.
+
+While I was gone to Passy, Monsieur de Blome, Envoy Extraordinary from
+the King of Denmark, called and left his card. Thus the point of
+etiquette seems to be settled, and we are to be treated in character
+by all the Powers of Europe.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+                                                Paris, July 5th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favors of the 12th and 29th of May were delivered to me on the 3d
+of this month by Captain Barney. Every assistance, in my power, shall
+be given to Mr Barclay. Mr Grand will write you the amount of all the
+bills which have been paid in Holland, which were accepted by me. You
+may banish your fears of a double payment of any one bill. I never
+accepted a bill without taking down in writing a very particular
+description of it, nor without examining the book, to see whether it
+had been accepted before. I sent regularly, in the time of it, copies
+of these acceptances to Dr Franklin, and I have now asked him to lend
+them to me, that I may copy them and send them to you. The Doctor has
+promised to look up my letters, and let me have them. The originals
+are at the Hague, with multitudes of other papers, which I want every
+day.
+
+Among the many disagreeable circumstances attending my duty in Europe,
+it is not the least, that instead of being fixed to any one station, I
+have been perpetually danced about from "post to pillar," unable to
+have my books and papers with me, unable to have about me the
+conveniences of a house-keeper for health, pleasure, or business, but
+yet subjected in many articles to double expenses.
+
+Mr Livingston has not informed me of any determination of Congress
+upon my letter to you of the 17th of November, which distresses me
+much on Mr Thaxter's account, who certainly merits more than he has
+received, or can receive, without the favor of Congress.
+
+I thank you, Sir, most affectionately for your kind congratulation on
+the peace. Our late enemies always clamor against a peace, but this
+one is better for them than they had reason to expect after so mad a
+war. Our countrymen too, I suppose, are not quite satisfied. This
+thing and that thing should have been otherwise, no doubt. If any man
+blames us I wish him no other punishment than to have, if that were
+possible, just such another peace to negotiate, exactly in our
+situation. I cannot look back upon this event without the most
+affecting sentiments, when I consider the number of nations concerned,
+the complications of interests, extending all over the globe, the
+characters of actors, the difficulties which attended every step of
+the progress, how everything labored in England, France, Spain, and
+Holland, that the armament at Cadiz was upon the point of sailing,
+which would have rendered another campaign inevitable, that another
+campaign would have probably involved France in a continental war, as
+the Emperor would in that case have joined Russia against the Porte;
+that the British Ministry was then in so critical a situation, that
+its duration for a week or a day depended upon its making peace; that
+if that Ministry had been changed, it could have been succeeded only
+either by North and Company, or by the coalition; that it is certain,
+that neither North and Company, nor the coalition, would have made
+peace upon any terms, that either we or the other Powers would have
+agreed to; and that all these difficulties were dissipated by one
+decided step of the British and American Ministers. I feel too
+strongly a gratitude to Heaven for having been conducted safely
+through the storm, to be very solicitous whether we have the
+approbation of mortals or not.
+
+A delay of one day might, and probably would, have changed the
+Ministry in England, in which case all would have been lost. If, after
+we had agreed with Mr Oswald, we had gone to Versailles to show the
+result to the Count de Vergennes, you would have been this moment at
+war, and God knows how or when you would have got out. What would have
+been the course? The Count de Vergennes would have sprinkled us with
+compliments, the holy water of a Court. He would have told us; "you
+have done, gentlemen, very well for your country. You have gained a
+great deal. I congratulate you upon it, but you must not sign till we
+are ready; we must sign altogether here in this room." What would have
+been our situation? We must have signed against this advice, as Mr
+Laurens says he would have done, and as I believe Mr Jay and I should
+have done, which would have been the most marked affront, that could
+have been offered, or we must have waited for France and Spain, which
+would have changed the Ministry in England, and lost the whole peace,
+as certainly as there is a world in being. When a few frail vessels
+are navigating among innumerable mountains of ice, driven by various
+winds, and drawn by various currents, and a narrow crevice appears to
+one, by which all may escape, if that one improves the moment and sets
+the example, it will not do to stand upon ceremonies, and ask, which
+shall go first, or that all may go together.
+
+I hope you will excuse this little excursion, and believe me to be,
+with great respect and esteem, your most obedient and most humble
+servant,
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, July 7th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+We cannot as yet obtain from Mr Hartley, or his principals, an
+explicit consent to any one proposition whatever. Yet England and
+France, and England and Spain are probably agreed, and Holland, I
+suppose, must comply. Our last resource must be to say, we are ready
+to sign the Provisional Treaty, _totidem verbis_, as the Definitive
+Treaty.
+
+I think it is plain, that the British Ministry do not intend to sign
+any treaty till Parliament rises. There are such dissensions in the
+Cabinet, that they apprehend a treaty laid before Parliament, if it
+did not obtain advantages, of which they have no hope, would furnish
+materials to overthrow them. A new administration is talked of, under
+Lord Temple. The West India commerce is now the object, that interests
+us the most nearly. At dinner with the Duc de la Vauguyon, on Saturday
+last, he told me, that he believed the commerce between the French
+West India Islands and the United States, would be confined to ships
+built in France, and navigated by French seamen.
+
+"So then, M. le Duc," said I, laughing, "you have adopted the ideas of
+the British navigation act. But suppose the United States should adopt
+them too, and make a law, that no commerce should be carried on with
+any West India Islands, French, English, Spanish, Dutch, or Danish,
+but in ships built in America, and navigated with American seamen? We
+can import sugar from Europe. But give me leave to tell you, that this
+trade can never be carried on without a great number of seamen, which
+the French vessels being all large require, and your navigators are
+too slow. The trade itself was only profitable to us as a system, and
+little vessels, with a few hands, run away at any season of the year,
+from any creek or river, with a multitude of little articles,
+collected in haste. Your merchants and mariners have neither the
+patience to content themselves with much and long labor, and dangerous
+voyages for small profits, nor have they the economy, nor can they
+navigate vessels with so few hands." "Aye, but we think," said the
+Duke, "if we do not try, we shall never learn to do these things as
+well and as cheap as you." The Duke told me, some days before, that he
+had had a great deal of conversation with the Count de Vergennes, and
+he found he had a great many good ideas of commerce. The Count
+himself told me a few weeks ago, "in our regulations of the commerce
+between our Islands and you, we must have regard to our shipping, and
+our nurseries of seamen for our marine; for," said he, smiling
+politely enough, "without a marine, we cannot go to your succor."
+
+In short, France begins to grow, for a moment, avaricious of
+navigation and seamen. But it is certain, that neither the form of
+government, nor the national character, can possibly admit of great
+success in it. Navigation is so dangerous a business, and requires so
+much patience, and produces so little profit among nations who
+understand it best, and have the best advantages for it, where
+property is most secure, lawsuits soonest and cheapest ended, (and by
+fixed certain laws,) that the French can never interfere much with the
+Dutch, or Americans, in ship building or carrying trade. If any French
+merchants ever begin to carry on this commerce, between America and
+the Islands, they will break to pieces very soon, and then some new
+plan must be adopted. The English, for aught I know, will make a
+similar law, that the communications between us and their Islands
+shall be carried on in British built ships, or ships built in Canada
+or Nova Scotia, and navigated by British seamen. In this case, we must
+try what we can do with the Dutch and Danes. But the French and
+English will endeavor to persuade them to the same policy, for the Duc
+de la Vauguyon told me, that he thought it a common tie (_lien
+commun_.) In this they will not succeed, and we must make the most we
+can of the Dutch friendship, for luckily, the merchants and Regency of
+Amsterdam had too much wit to exclude us from their Islands by the
+treaty. Happily, Congress will have a Dutch Minister, with whom they
+may consult upon this matter, as well as any others, but I should
+think it would not be convenient to invite an English or French
+Minister to be present at the consultation.
+
+I am at a loss, Sir, to guess what propositions made to us Congress
+have been informed of, which they had not learned from us. None have
+been made to us. The Dutch Ambassadors did once propose a meeting to
+us, and had it at my house. Dr Franklin came, but Mr Jay did not, and
+Mr Laurens was absent. The Ambassadors desired to know, whether we had
+power to enter into any engagements, provided France, Spain, and
+Holland, should agree to any, in support of the armed neutrality. We
+showed them the resolution of Congress, of the 5th of October, 1780,
+and told them, that Mr Dana had been since vested with a particular
+commission to the same effect. We never heard anything further about
+it.
+
+Not seeing, at the time, any probability that anything would come of
+this, nor intending to do anything of any consequence in it, if we
+should hear further of it, without the further orders of Congress, we
+did not think it necessary to write anything about it, at least, till
+it should put on a more serious appearance. If the Count de Mercy's
+dinner, to which we are to be invited, with the Count de Vergennes,
+should produce any insinuations on this subject, (which I do not,
+however, expect) we shall inform you, and request the orders of
+Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, July 9th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since the dangerous fever I had in Amsterdam, two years ago, I have
+never enjoyed my health. Through the whole of the last winter and
+spring, I have suffered under weaknesses and pains, which have
+scarcely permitted me to do business. The excessive heats of the last
+week or two have brought on me a fever again, which exhausts me in
+such a manner, as to be very discouraging, and incapacitates one for
+everything. In short, nothing but a return to America will ever
+restore my health, if even that should do it.
+
+In these circumstances, however, we have negotiations to go through,
+and your despatches to answer. The liberal sentiments in England
+respecting the trade are all lost for the present, and we can get no
+answer to anything. It is the same thing with the Dutch. One of the
+Dutch Ambassadors told me yesterday at Versailles, that now, for five
+weeks, the English had never said one word to them, nor given them any
+answer. These things indicate, that the Ministry do not think
+themselves permanent.
+
+The Count de Vergennes asked Dr Franklin and me, yesterday, if we had
+made our visits. We answered, that we had, and that they had been
+promptly returned. "The thing in agitation," says the Count, "is for
+you to determine whether your definitive treaty shall be signed under
+the mediation of the two Imperial Courts, or not. Ours and the Spanish
+treaty with England are to be so finished, and if you determine in
+favor of it, you have only to write a letter to the Ministers of the
+Imperial Courts, who are here." I told him, in the present case, I
+did not know what a mediation meant. He smiled, but did not seem to
+know any better than I; at least, he did not explain it. We told him
+we would determine upon it soon.
+
+How we shall determine, I cannot say. For my own part, I see no harm
+in accepting the mediation, nor any other good, than a compliment to
+the two empires. In Europe it may be thought an honor to us, and,
+therefore, I shall give my voice, as at present informed, in favor of
+it, as it seems rather to be the inclination of the Count de Vergennes
+that we should.
+
+Your late despatches, Sir, are not well adapted to give spirits to a
+melancholy man, or to cure one sick with a fever. It is not possible
+for me, at present, to enter into a long detail in answer to them. You
+will be answered, I suppose, by all the gentlemen jointly. In the
+meantime, I beg leave to say to you a few words upon two points.
+
+1st. The separate article never appeared to me of any consequence to
+conceal from this Court. It was an agreement we had a right to make;
+it contained no injury to France or Spain. Indeed, I know not what
+France has, or ever had, to do with it. If it had been communicated to
+this Court, it would probably have been communicated to Spain, and she
+might have thought more about it than it was worth. But how you could
+conceive it possible for us to treat at all with the English, upon
+supposition, that we had communicated every, the minutest thing, to
+this Court, when this Court were neither obliged, nor thought proper,
+to communicate anything whatever to us, I know not. We were bound by
+treaty no more than they to communicate. The instructions were found
+to be absolutely impracticable. That they were too suddenly
+published, is very true.
+
+2dly. A communication of the treaty to this Court, after it was agreed
+upon, and before it was signed, would have infallibly prevented the
+whole peace. In the first place, it was very doubtful, or rather, on
+the contrary, it is certain, the English Minister never would have
+consented that we should have communicated it. We might, it is true,
+have done it without his consent or knowledge; but what would have
+been the consequence? The French Minister would have said, the terms
+were very good for us, but we must not sign till they signed; and this
+would have been the continuance of the war for another year, at least.
+It was not so much from an apprehension, that the French would have
+exerted themselves to get away from us terms that were agreed on, that
+they were withheld. It was then too late, and we have reasons to
+apprehend, that all of this kind had been done, which could be done.
+We knew they were often insinuating to the British Ministers things
+against us, respecting the fisheries, tories, &c. during the
+negotiation, and Mr Fitzherbert told me, that the Count de Vergennes
+had "fifty times reproached him for ceding the fisheries, and said it
+was ruining the English and French commerce both." It was not
+suspicion, it was certain knowledge, that they were against us on the
+points of the tories, fisheries, Mississippi, and the western country.
+
+All this knowledge, however, did not influence us to conceal the
+treaty. We did not, in fact, conceal it. Dr Franklin communicated the
+substance of it to the Count and M. de Rayneval. So did I. In a long
+conversation with the Count and M. de Rayneval together, I told them
+the substance of what was agreed upon, and what we further insisted
+on, and the English then disputed. But the signing before them is the
+point. This we could not have done, if we had shown the treaty, and
+told them we were ready. The Count would certainly have said to us,
+you must not sign till we sign. To have signed after this would have
+been more disagreeable to him, and to us too. Yet we must have signed
+or lost the peace. The peace depended on a day.
+
+Parliament had been waiting long, and once prorogued. The Minister was
+so pressed, he could not have met Parliament and kept his place,
+without an agreement upon terms, at least, with America. If we had not
+signed, the Ministry would have been changed, and the coalition come
+in, and the whole world knows the coalition would not have made peace
+upon the present terms, and, consequently, not at all this year. The
+iron was struck in the few critical moments when it was of a proper
+heat, and has been moulded into a handsome vessel. If it had been
+suffered to cool, it would have flown in pieces like glass. Our
+countrymen have great reason to rejoice, that they have obtained so
+good a peace, when, and as they did. With the present threatening
+appearances of a northern war, which will draw in France, if our peace
+was still to be made we might find cause to tremble for many great
+advantages, that are now secured. I believe the Count himself, if he
+were now to speak his real sentiments, would say, he is very glad we
+signed when we did, and that without asking his consent.
+
+The Duc de la Vauguyon told me and M. Brantzen together, last
+Saturday, "if you had not signed when you did, we should not have
+signed when we did." If they had not signed when they did, d'Estaing
+would have sailed from Cadiz, and in that case nobody would have
+signed to this day. It is not possible for men to be in more
+disagreeable circumstances than we were. We are none of us men of
+principles or dispositions to take pleasure in going against your
+sentiments, Sir, much less those of Congress. But in this case, if we
+had not done it, our country would have lost advantages beyond
+computation.
+
+On Monday, Sir, we pursued our visits, and today we finish. Yesterday
+at Court all the foreign Ministers behaved to us without reserve, as
+members of the _Corps Diplomatique_, so that we shall no longer see
+those lowering countenances, solemn looks, distant bows, and other
+peculiarities, which have been sometimes diverting, and sometimes
+provoking, for so many years.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 10th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In the present violent heat of the weather, and feverish state of my
+health, I cannot pretend to sit long at my pen, and must pray you to
+accept of a few short hints only.
+
+To talk in a general style of confidence in the French Court, &c. is
+to use a general language, which may mean almost anything, or almost
+nothing. To a certain degree, and as far as the treaties and
+engagements extend, I have as much confidence in the French Court as
+Congress has, or even as you, Sir, appear to have. But if, by
+confidence in the French Court is meant an opinion, that the French
+Office of Foreign Affairs would be advocates with the English for our
+rights to the fisheries, or to the Mississippi river, or our Western
+Territory, or advocates to persuade the British Ministers to give up
+the cause of the refugees, and make Parliamentary provision for them,
+I own I have no such confidence, and never had. Seeing and hearing
+what I have seen and heard, I must have been an idiot to have
+entertained such confidence, I should be more of a Machiavelian, or a
+Jesuit, than I ever was, or will be, to counterfeit it to you, or to
+Congress.
+
+M. Marbois' letter is to me full proof of the principles of the Count
+de Vergennes. Why? Because I know, (for it was personally communicated
+to me upon my passage home, by M. Marbois himself,) the intimacy and
+confidence there is between these two. And I know further, that letter
+contains sentiments concerning the fisheries, diametrically opposite
+to those, which Marbois repeatedly expressed to me upon the passage,
+viz. "That the Newfoundland fishery was our right, and we ought to
+maintain it." From whence I conclude, M. Marbois' sentiments have been
+changed by the instructions of the Minister. To what purpose is it
+where this letter came from? Is it less genuine, whether it came from
+Philadelphia, Versailles, or London? What if it came through English
+hands? Is there less weight, less evidence in it for that? Are the
+sentiments more just, or more friendly to us for that?
+
+M. de Rayneval's correspondence too with Mr Jay. M. de Rayneval is a
+_Chef de Bureau_. But we must be very ignorant of all Courts not to
+know that an Under Secretary of State dares not carry on such a
+correspondence without the knowledge, consent, and orders of the
+principal.
+
+There is another point now in agitation, in which the French will
+never give us one good word. On the contrary, they will say everything
+they can think of to persuade the English to deprive us of the trade
+of their West India Islands. They have already, with their emissaries,
+been the chief cause of the change of sentiment in London on this head
+against us. In general they see with pain every appearance of
+returning real and cordial friendship, such as may be permanent
+between us and Great Britain. On the contrary, they see with pleasure
+every seed of contention between us. The tories are an excellent
+engine of mischief between us, and are, therefore, very precious.
+
+Exclusion from the West India Islands will be another. I hold it to be
+the indispensable duty of my station, not to conceal from Congress
+these truths. Do not let us be dupes, under the idea of being
+grateful. Innumerable anecdotes happen daily to show, that these
+sentiments are general. In conversation, a few weeks ago, with the Duc
+de la Vauguyon, upon the subject of the West India trade, I endeavored
+to convince him, that France and England both ought to admit us freely
+to their islands. He entered into a long argument to prove, that both
+ought to exclude us. At last, I said, the English were a parcel of
+sots to exclude us, for the consequence would be, that in fifteen or
+twenty years we should have another war with them. _Tant mieux! tant
+mieux! je vous en felicite_," cried the Duke, with great pleasure.
+"_Tant mieux pour nous_," said I, because we shall conquer from the
+English in that case all their islands, the inhabitants of which would
+now declare for us, if they dared. But it will not be the better for
+the English. They will be the dupes, if they lay a foundation for it.
+"Yes," said the Duke, "I believe you will have another war with the
+English." And in this wish he expressed the vows of every Frenchman
+upon the face of the earth. If, therefore, we have it in contemplation
+to avoid a future war with the English, do not let us have too much
+confidence in the French, that they will favor us in this view.[6]
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[6] See a letter from Dr Franklin, containing remarks on Mr Adams's
+opinions of the policy and designs of the French Court, dated July the
+22d, 1783. _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. IV. p. 138. Also a letter
+from Mr Laurens, Vol. II. p. 486.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+                                               Paris, July 10th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Upon the receipt of the despatches by Barney, I sent off your letters
+for Messrs Willinks & Co. and I received last night an answer to the
+letter I wrote them upon the occasion. They have engaged to remit Mr
+Grand a million and a half of livres in a month, which has relieved Mr
+Grand from his anxiety.
+
+This Court has refused to Dr Franklin any more money. They are
+apprehensive of being obliged to take a part in the northern war, and
+their own financiers have not enough of the confidence of the public
+to obtain money for their own purposes.
+
+Your design of sending cargoes of tobacco and other things to
+Amsterdam, to Messrs Willinks & Co. is the best possible to support
+our credit there. The more you send, the more money will be obtained.
+Send a Minister too; residing there, he may promote it much. It is a
+misfortune, that I have not been able to be there, but this post
+cannot be deserted. Instruct your Minister to inquire whether the
+House of Hope could be persuaded to engage with Willinks in a new
+loan. This should be done with secrecy and discretion. If that House
+would undertake it, you would find money enough for your purpose, for
+I rely upon it, the States will adopt a plan immediately for the
+effectual payment of interest. This is indispensable. The foundation
+of a happy government can only be laid in justice; and as soon as the
+public shall see, that provision is made for this, you will no longer
+want money.
+
+It is a maxim among merchants and monied men, that "every man has
+credit who does not want it." It is equally true of States. We shall
+want it but little longer, if the States make provision for the
+payment of interest, and therefore we shall have enough of it. There
+is not a country in the world whose credit ought to be so good,
+because there is none equally able to pay.
+
+Enclosed is a pamphlet of Dr Price's, for your comfort. You will see
+by it, that the only nation we have reason to fear wants credit so
+much, that she is not likely to have it always, and this is our
+security. By some hints from Mr Hartley, he will probably return to
+London, and not be here again. The present Ministry is so undecided
+and feeble, that it is at least doubtful whether they will make the
+definitive treaty of peace.
+
+With great respect, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+                                               Paris, July 11th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In my letter to you of yesterday, I hinted in confidence, at an
+application to the house of Hope. This is a very delicate measure. I
+was induced to think of it merely by a conversation which M. Van
+Berckel, (who will soon be with you, as he sailed the 26th of June
+from the Texel,) had with M. Dumas. It would be better to be steady to
+the three Houses already employed, if that is possible. You will now
+be able to converse freely with that Minister upon the subject. I
+should not advise you to take any decisive resolution at Philadelphia,
+but leave it to your Minister to act as shall appear to him best upon
+the spot. The Houses now employed are well esteemed, and I hope will
+do very well. But no House in the Republic has the force of that of
+Hope.
+
+All depends, however, upon the measures to be taken by Congress and
+the States for ascertaining their debts, and a regular discharge of
+the interest. The ability of the people to make such an establishment
+cannot be doubted; and the inclination of no man who has a proper
+sense of public honor can be called in question. The Thirteen States,
+in relation to the discharge of the debts of Congress, must consider
+themselves as one body animated by one soul. The stability of our
+confederation at home, our reputation abroad, our power of defence,
+the confidence and affection of the people of one State towards those
+of another, all depend upon it. Without a sacred regard to public
+justice no society can exist; it is the only tie which can unite men's
+minds and hearts in pursuit of the common interest.
+
+The commerce of the world is now open to us, and our exports and
+imports are of so large amount, and our connexions will be so large
+and extensive, that the least stain upon our character in this respect
+will lose us in a very short time advantages of greater pecuniary
+value than all our debt amounts to. The moral character of our people
+is of infinitely greater worth than all the sums in question. Every
+hesitation, every uncertainty about paying or receiving a just debt,
+diminishes that sense of moral obligation of public justice, which
+ought to be kept pure, and carefully cultivated in every American
+mind. Creditors at home and abroad, the army, the navy, every man who
+has a well founded claim upon the public, have an unalienable right to
+be satisfied, and this by the fundamental principles of society. Can
+there ever be content and satisfaction? Can there ever be peace and
+order? Can there ever be industry or decency without it? To talk of a
+sponge to wipe out this debt, or of reducing or diminishing it below
+its real value, in a country so abundantly able to pay the last
+farthing, would betray a total ignorance of the first principles of
+national duty and interest.
+
+Let us leave these odious speculations to countries that can plead a
+necessity for them, and where corruption has arrived at its last
+stages; where infamy is scarcely felt, and wrong may as well assume
+one shape as another, since it must prevail in some.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 11th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As there are certain particulars, in which it has appeared to me, that
+the friendship of a French Minister has been problematical, at least,
+or rather, not to exist at all, I have freely mentioned them to
+Congress; because I hold it to be the first duty of a public Minister,
+in my situation, to conceal no important truth of this kind from his
+masters.
+
+But ingratitude is an odious vice, and ought to be held in detestation
+by every American citizen. We ought to distinguish, therefore, between
+those points, for which we are not obliged to our allies, from those
+in which we are.
+
+I think, then, we are under no particular obligations of gratitude to
+them for the fisheries, the boundaries, exemption from the tories, or
+for the progress of our negotiations in Europe.
+
+We are under obligations of gratitude, for making the treaty with us
+when they did; for those sums of money, which they have generously
+given us, and for those, even, which they have lent us, which I hope
+we shall punctually pay, and be thankful still for the loan; for the
+fleet and army they sent to America, and for all the important
+services they did. By other mutual exertions, a dangerous rival to
+them, and I may be almost warranted in saying, an imperious master,
+both to them and us, has been brought to reason, and put out of the
+power to do harm to either. In this respect, however, our allies are
+more secure than we. The House of Bourbon has acquired a great
+accession of strength, while their hereditary enemy has been weakened
+one half, and incurably crippled.
+
+The French are, besides, a good natured and humane nation, very
+respectable in arts, letters, arms, and commerce, and, therefore,
+motives of interest, honor, and convenience, join themselves to those
+of friendship and gratitude, to induce us to wish for the continuance
+of their friendship and alliance. The Provinces of Canada and Nova
+Scotia in the hands of the English are a constant warning to us to
+have a care of ourselves, and, therefore, a continuance of the
+friendship and alliance of France is of importance to our
+tranquillity, and even to our safety. There is nothing, which will
+have a greater effect to overawe the English, and induce them to
+respect us and our rights, than the reputation of a good understanding
+with the French. My voice and advice will, therefore, always be for
+discharging, with the utmost fidelity, gratitude, and exactness, every
+obligation we are under to France, and for cultivating her friendship
+and alliance by all sorts of good offices. But I am sure, that to do
+this effectually, we must reason with them at times, enter into
+particulars, and be sure that we understand one another. We must act a
+manly, honest, independent, as well as a sensible part.
+
+With great respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 12th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Reports have been spread, that the Regency of Algiers has been
+employed in fitting out ships to cruise for American vessels. There
+are reports too, that Spain has an armament prepared to attack their
+town. How much truth there may be in either, I cannot pretend to say.
+
+Whether Congress will take any measures for treating with these
+piratical States, must be submitted to them. The custom of these
+Courts, as well as those of Asia and Africa, is to receive presents
+with Ambassadors. The Grand Pensionary of Holland told me, that the
+Republic paid annually to the Regency of Algiers a hundred thousand
+dollars. I hope a less sum would serve for us; but in the present
+state of our finances, it would be difficult to make any payment. Mr
+Montgomery, of Alicant, has ventured to write a letter to the Emperor
+of Morocco, in consequence of which, his Majesty was pleased to give
+orders to all his vessels to treat American vessels with all
+friendship. Mr Montgomery ventured too far, however, in writing in the
+name of the United States, and what will be the consequences of the
+deception I know not.
+
+Dr Franklin lately mentioned to Mr Jay and me, that he was employed in
+preparing, with the Portuguese Ambassador, a treaty between the United
+States and Portugal. The next Ambassador's day at Versailles, I asked
+him if we could be admitted to the Brazils? He said, no, they admitted
+no nation to the Brazils. I asked, if we were admitted to the Western
+Islands? He said he thought Madeira was mentioned. I told him, I
+thought it would be of much importance to us to secure an admission to
+all the Azores, and to have these Islands, or some of them, made a
+depot for the sugars, coffee, cotton, and cocoa, &c. of the Brazils.
+He liked this idea, and went immediately, and spoke to the Ambassador
+upon it. He said, the Ambassador had told him, that they could furnish
+us with these articles at Lisbon, fifteen per cent cheaper than the
+English could from their West India Islands.
+
+This treaty, I suppose, will be submitted to Congress before it is
+signed, and I hope Congress will give a close attention to it, in
+order to procure an exemption from as many duties as possible, and as
+much freedom and security of trade in all their ports of Europe and
+the Western Islands as possible. If any particular stipulations should
+be necessary, concerning the free admission of all the articles of our
+produce, as rice, wheat, flour, salt-fish, or any other, the members
+of Congress may readily suggest them.
+
+I could wish that the Court of Lisbon had sent a Minister to
+Philadelphia to negotiate a treaty there. I wish that advantages may
+not be lost by this method of preparing treaties here, by Ministers
+who have made no particular study of the objects of them.[7] Benefits
+on both sides may escape attention in this way. A good treaty with
+Portugal is of so much consequence to us, that I should not wonder if
+Congress should think it necessary to send a Minister to Lisbon to
+complete it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[7] See the draft of a Treaty with Portugal, in _Franklin's
+Correspondence_, Vol. IV. p. 150.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 13th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday Colonel Ogden arrived with the originals of what we had
+before received in duplicates by Captain Barney. The ratification of
+the Dutch treaty had been before received and exchanged. The
+ratification of their High Mightinesses is in the safe custody of M.
+Dumas, at present at the Hague.
+
+I believe we shall accept of the mediation of the two Imperial Courts
+at the definitive treaty, as it is a mere formality, a mere
+compliment, consisting wholly in the Imperial Ministers putting their
+names and seals to the parchment, and can have no ill effect. The
+inclination of the Count de Vergennes seems to be, that we should
+accept it, and as he calls upon us to decide in the affirmative or
+negative, I believe we shall give an answer in the affirmative.
+
+The Empress has promised to receive Mr Dana, as soon as the definitive
+treaty shall be signed, and he has prepared a treaty of commerce,
+which will be valuable if he can obtain it.
+
+The Emperor of Germany has caused to be intimated several ways, his
+inclination to have a treaty of commerce with us; but his rank is so
+high, that his House never makes the first formal advance. I should
+think it advisable, that we should have a treaty with that power for
+several reasons.
+
+1st. Because, as Emperor of Germany, and King of Bohemia and Hungary,
+he is at the head of one of the greatest interests and most powerful
+connexions in Europe. It is true it is the greatest weight in the
+scale, which is, and has been, from age to age, opposite to the House
+of Bourbon. But for this very reason, if there were no other, the
+United States ought to have a treaty of commerce with it, in order to
+be in practice with their theory, and to show to all the world, that
+their system of commerce embraces, equally and impartially, all the
+commercial States and countries of Europe.
+
+2dly. Because the present Emperor is one of the greatest men of this
+age. The wisdom and virtue of the man, as well as of the monarch; his
+personal activity, intelligence, and accomplishments; his large and
+liberal principles in matters of religion, government, and commerce,
+are so much of kin to those of our States, (perhaps indeed so much
+borrowed from them, and adopted in imitation of them,) that it seems
+peculiarly proper we should show this respect to them.
+
+3dly. Because, that if England should ever forget herself again so
+much as to attack us, she may not be so likely to obtain the alliance
+or assistance of this Power against us. A friendship once established
+in a treaty of commerce, this power would never be likely to violate,
+because she has no dominions near us, and could have no interest to
+quarrel with us.
+
+4thly. Because the countries belonging to this power upon the Adriatic
+sea, and in the Austrian Flanders, are no inconsiderable sources of
+commerce for America. And if the present negotiations between the two
+Imperial Courts and the Porte shall terminate in a free navigation of
+the Danube, the Black sea, and the Archipelago, the Emperor's
+hereditary dominions will become very respectable commercial
+countries.
+
+5thly. Because, although we have at present a pleasant and joyful
+prospect of friendship and uninterrupted alliance with the House of
+Bourbon, which I wish may never be obscured, yet this friendship and
+alliance will be the more likely to continue unimpaired, for our
+having the friendship and commerce of the House of Austria. And (as in
+the vicissitudes of human affairs all things are possible) if in
+future times, however unlikely at present, the House of Bourbon
+should deal unjustly by us, demand of us things we are not bound to
+perform, or any way injure us we may find in the alliance, of Austria,
+England, and Holland a resource against the storm. Supernumerary
+strings to our bow, and provisions against possible inconveniences,
+however improbable, can do us no harm.
+
+If we were not straitened for money, I should advise Congress to send
+a Minister to Vienna. But as every Mission abroad is a costly article,
+and we find it difficult, at present, to procure money for the most
+necessary purposes, I should think it proper for Congress to send a
+commission to their Minister at Versailles, London, Madrid,
+Petersburg, or the Hague, who might communicate it to the Court of
+Vienna, by means of the Imperial Ambassador. The Emperor in such a
+case would authorize his Ambassador at that Court to prepare and
+conclude a treaty, and in this way the business may be well done,
+without any additional expense.
+
+M. Favi, _Chargé d'Affaires_ of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, the
+Emperor's brother, has called upon me so often to converse with me
+upon this subject, that I doubt not he has been employed, or at least
+knows that it would be agreeable to his Court and their connexions,
+although he has never made any official insinuations about it. This
+gentleman has been employed by the Republic of Ragusa to consult
+American Ministers upon the subject of commerce too. I have told him,
+that the American ports were open to the Ragusan Vessels, as well as
+to all others, and have given him the address, by which they propose
+to write to Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 14th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A jealousy of American ships, seamen, carrying-trade, and naval power,
+appears every day more and more conspicuous. This jealousy, which has
+been all along discovered by the French Minister, is at length
+communicated to the English. The following proclamation, which will
+not increase British ships and seamen in any proportion as it will
+diminish those of the United States, will contribute effectually to
+make America afraid of England, and attach herself more closely to
+France. The English are the dupes, and must take the consequences.
+
+This proclamation is issued in full confidence, that the United States
+have no confidence in one another; that they cannot agree to act in a
+body as one nation; that they cannot agree upon any navigation act,
+which may be common to the Thirteen States. Our proper remedy would be
+to confine our exports to American ships, to make a law, that no
+article should be exported from any of the States in British ships,
+nor in the ships of any nation, which will not allow us reciprocally
+to import their productions in our ships. I am much afraid there is
+too good an understanding upon this subject between Versailles and St
+James's.
+
+Perhaps it may be proper for Congress to be silent upon this head
+until New York, Penobscot, &c. are evacuated. But I should think, that
+Congress would never bind themselves by any treaty built upon such
+principles. They should negotiate, however, without loss of time, by a
+Minister in London. A few weeks' delay may have unalterable effects.
+
+                           PROCLAMATION
+
+         _At the Court of St James, the 2d of July, 1783._
+
+    Present, the King's Most Excellent Majesty in Council.
+
+    "Whereas, by an Act of Parliament, passed this session,
+    entitled an 'Act for preventing certain instruments from
+    being required from ships belonging to the United States of
+    America, and to give his Majesty, for a limited time, certain
+    powers for the better carrying on trade and commerce, between
+    the subjects of his Majesty's dominions, and the inhabitants
+    of the said United States;' it is amongst other things
+    enacted, that, during the continuance of the said act, 'it
+    shall and may be lawful for his Majesty in Council, by order
+    or orders to be issued and published from time to time, to
+    give such directions, and to make such regulations, with
+    respect to duties, drawbacks, or otherwise, for carrying on
+    the trade and commerce between the people and territories
+    belonging to the Crown of Great Britain, and the people and
+    territories of the said United States, as to his Majesty in
+    Council shall appear most expedient and salutary, any law,
+    usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding;' his
+    Majesty doth, therefore, by and with the advice of his Privy
+    Council, hereby order and direct, that pitch, tar,
+    turpentine, hemp and flax, masts, yards, and bowsprits,
+    staves, heading, boards, timber, shingles, and all other
+    species of lumber, horses, neat cattle, sheep, hogs, poultry,
+    and all other species of live stock, and live provisions;
+    peas, beans, potatoes, wheat, flour, bread, biscuit, rice,
+    oats, barley, and all other species of grain, being the
+    growth, or production of any one of the United States of
+    America, may, until further order, be imported by British
+    subjects, in British built ships, owned by his Majesty's
+    subjects, and navigated according to law, from any port of
+    the United States of America, to any of his Majesty's West
+    India Islands; and that rum, sugar, molasses, coffee,
+    cocoa-nuts, ginger, and pimento, may, until further order, be
+    exported by British subjects, in British built ships, owned
+    by his Majesty's subjects, and navigated according to law,
+    from any of his Majesty's West India Islands, and to any port
+    or place within the said United States, upon payment of the
+    same duties on exportation, and subject to the like rules,
+    regulations, securities, and restrictions, as the same
+    articles by law are, or may be, subject and liable to, if
+    exported to any British colony or plantation in America. And
+    the Right Honorable the Lords Commissioners of his Majesty's
+    Treasury, and the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, are
+    to give the necessary directions herein, as to them may
+    respectively appertain.
+
+                                               STEPHEN COTTRELL."
+
+One of the most remarkable things in this proclamation is, the
+omission of salt-fish, an article, which the islands want as much as
+any that is enumerated. This is, no doubt, to encourage their own
+fishery, and that of Nova Scotia, as well as a blow aimed at ours.
+There was, in a former proclamation concerning the trade between the
+United States and Great Britain, an omission of the articles of
+_potash_ and _pearlash_. These omissions discover a _choice love_ for
+New England. France, I am afraid, will exclude fish too, and imitate
+this proclamation but too closely; if, indeed, this proclamation is
+not an imitation of their system adopted, as I believe it is, upon
+their advice and desire.
+
+These, however, are important efforts. Without saying, writing, or
+resolving anything suddenly, let us see what remedies or equivalents
+we can obtain from Holland, Portugal and Denmark. Let us bind
+ourselves to nothing, but reserve a right of making navigation acts
+when we please, if we find them necessary or useful. If we had been
+defeated of our fisheries, we should have been wormed out of all our
+carrying-trade too, and should have been a mere society of
+cultivators, without any but a passive trade. The policy of France has
+succeeded, and laid, in these proclamations, if persisted in, the sure
+source of another war between us and Great Britain.
+
+The English nation is not, however, unanimous in this new system, as
+Congress will see by the enclosed speculations,[8] which I know to
+have been written by a confidential friend of my Lord Shelburne; I
+mean Mr Benjamin Vaughan. This Minister is very strong in the House of
+Lords, and Mr Pitt, in the House of Commons, has attached to him many
+members in the course of this session. If that set should come in
+again, we shall have a chance of making an equitable treaty of
+commerce. To this end a Minister must be ready; and I hope in mercy to
+our country, that such an opportunity will not be lost in delays, in
+compliance to our allies.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[8] This paper is missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
+
+                                               Paris. July 14th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The United States of America have propagated far and wide in Europe
+the ideas of the liberty of navigation and commerce. The powers of
+Europe, however, cannot agree, as yet, in adopting them in their full
+extent. Each one desires to maintain the exclusive dominion of some
+particular sea, or river, and yet to enjoy the liberty of navigating
+all others. Great Britain wishes to preserve the exclusive dominion of
+the British seas, and, at the same time, to obtain of the Dutch a free
+navigation of all the seas in the East Indies. France has contended
+for the free use of the British and American seas; yet she wishes to
+maintain the Turks in their exclusive dominion of the Black sea, and
+of the Danube, which flows into it through some of their Provinces,
+and of the communication between the Black Sea and the Archipelago, by
+the Dardanelles. Russia aims at the free navigation of the Black Sea,
+the Danube, and the passage by the Dardanelles, yet she contends, that
+the nations, which border on the Baltic, have a right to control the
+navigation of it. Denmark claims the command of the passage of the
+Sound, and by the late Marine Treaty between the neutral powers, it
+was agreed, that the privateers of all the belligerent powers should
+be excluded from the Baltic. France and Spain too begin to talk of an
+exclusive dominion of the Mediterranean, and of excluding the Russian
+fleet from it; or, at least, France is said to have menaced Russia
+with a fleet of observation in the Mediterranean, to protect her
+commerce to the trading seaport towns of the Levant. But, as England
+possesses Gibraltar, and the Emperor of Morocco the other side of the
+Straits, France and Spain cannot command the entrance; so that it will
+be difficult for them to support their pretensions to any exclusive
+dominion of the Mediterranean, upon the principle on which the
+northern powers claim that of the Baltic, and the Porte the passage of
+the Dardanelles.
+
+France, at present, enjoys a large share of the trade to the Levant.
+England has enjoyed a share too, and wishes, no doubt, to revive it.
+The Emperor and the Empress, if they succeed in their views of
+throwing open the Danube, Black Sea, and Archipelago, will take away
+from France and England a great part of this trade; but it is not
+likely that England will join with France in any opposition to the
+Emperor and Empress.
+
+In order to judge of the object, which the two Empires have in view,
+we should look a little into the geography of those countries.
+
+The project of setting at liberty the whole country of ancient Greece,
+Macedonia, and Illyricum, and erecting independent Republics in those
+famous seats, however splendid it may appear in speculation, is not
+likely to be seriously entertained by the two Empires, because it is
+impracticable. The Greeks of this day, although they are said to have
+imagination and ingenuity, are corrupted in their morals to such a
+degree, as to be a faithless, perfidious race, destitute of courage,
+as well as of those principles of honor and virtue, without which
+nations can have no confidence in one another, nor be trusted by
+others.
+
+The project of conquering the Provinces of Albania, Romelia,
+Wallachia, Moldavia, and Little Tartary, from the Turks, and dividing
+them between the two Empires, may be more probable; but the Turks, in
+Asia and Europe together, are very powerful, and, if thoroughly
+awakened, might make a great resistance; so that it is most probable,
+the two Imperial Courts would be content, if they could obtain by
+negotiation, or by arms, the free navigation of the Danube, Black Sea,
+and Archipelago. This freedom alone would produce a great revolution
+in the commerce of Europe. The river Don or Tanais, with its branches,
+flows through the Ukraine, and a considerable part of the Russian
+dominions, into the Black Sea. The Danube flows very near Trieste,
+through the Kingdom of Hungary, and then through a Turkish Province
+into the Black Sea. If, therefore, the Black Sea and the Danube only
+were free, a communication would be immediately opened between Russia
+and Hungary quite to Trieste, to the great advantage of both Empires.
+But if, at the same time, the passage of the Dardanelles was laid
+open, all the Levant trade would be opened to the two Empires, and
+might be carried to Trieste, either by the Danube, or through the
+Archipelago and the Gulf of Venice. This would be such an accession of
+wealth, commerce, and naval power to the two Empires, as France is
+jealous of, and may be drawn into a war to prevent.
+
+It is a question how the King of Prussia will act. It is the general
+opinion, that, as he is advanced in years, loves and enjoys his
+laurels and his ease, and cannot hope to gain anything by the war, he
+will be neuter. If he is, the issue cannot be foreseen. The Emperor is
+vastly powerful, and his preparations are immense. Perhaps France may
+not think it prudent to declare war. I should be sorry to see her
+again involved in a war, especially against the principles she has
+lately espoused with so much glory and advantage.
+
+For my own part, I think nature wiser than all the Courts and States
+in the world, and, therefore, I wish all her seas and rivers upon the
+whole globe free, and am not at all surprised at the desire of the two
+Empires to set those near them at liberty.
+
+I think, however, that whatever turn these negotiations may take, they
+cannot directly affect us, although we may be remotely interested in
+the freedom of the Levant trade, and of the seas and rivers in the
+neighborhood of it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 15th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Enclosed are copies of papers, which have passed between Mr Hartley
+and the American Ministers. We have not thought it prudent to enter
+into any written controversy with him, upon any of these papers. We
+have received whatever he has offered us. But he has offered nothing
+in the name of his Court, has signed nothing, and upon inquiry of him
+we have found that he has never had authority to sign officially any
+proposition he has made.
+
+I think it is evident, that his principals, the coalition, do not
+intend to make any agreement with us about trade, but to try
+experiments by their proclamations. I think, too, that they mean to
+postpone the definitive treaty as long as possible. We can get no
+answer, and I believe Mr Hartley gets no decisive answers to anything.
+
+Enclosed also is a pamphlet, entitled, "Observations on the American
+States," said to have been published by Lord Sheffield, and to have
+been composed by four American renegadoes. The spirit of it needs no
+comments. It deserves to be attended to, however, by Congress. It is a
+fatal policy, as it appears to me, to see a British Ambassador at
+Versailles, and a French Ambassador at St James's, and no American
+Minister at the latter. This is admired at Versailles, I doubt not,
+but not because they think it for our interest.
+
+I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 16th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday we waited on the Count de Vergennes at Versailles, and
+showed him the project of a letter to the Ministers of the two
+Imperial Courts, which he read and approved. We told him, that we were
+at a loss what might be the effect of the mediation; possibly we might
+be involved in difficulties by it; possibly the British Ministers
+might persuade the mediators to offer us their advice upon some
+points, respecting the royalists for example, which we could not
+comply with. The Count said, that he had told them, that as soon as he
+had fully agreed with England upon all points, their mediation should
+be accepted, and they should sign the treaty as such; and we might
+agree to it in the same manner. He said we were not obliged to this,
+but as they were to be present and sign one treaty, it would look
+better to sign both. It would be a very notorious, public, and
+respectable acknowledgment of us, as a power, by those Courts. Upon
+this footing we left the letter with him to be shown to the Imperial
+Ministers.
+
+We asked the Count if he had seen the British proclamation of the 2d
+of July. He answered, that he had. I asked him if the King had
+determined anything on the subject of salt provisions, and salt-fish,
+whether we might import them into his islands. He said we might depend
+upon it, they could not supply their islands with fish, that we had
+two free ports in their islands, St Lucia, and a port in Martinique.
+By the thirtysecond article of the Treaty of Commerce, these free
+ports are secured to us; nothing, he said, was determined concerning
+salt beef and pork, but the greatest difficulty would be about flour.
+I told the Count, that I did not think it would be possible either for
+France or England to carry on this commerce between the islands and
+continent; it was profitable to us only as it was a part of a system;
+that it could not be carried on without loss in large vessels,
+navigated by many seamen, which could sail only at certain seasons of
+the year, &c. Upon the whole, I was much pleased with this
+conversation, and conclude from it, that we shall do very well in the
+French West India Islands, perhaps the better in them the worse we are
+treated by the English.
+
+The Dutch and Danes will, I doubt not, avail themselves of every
+error, that may be committed by France or England. It is good to have
+a variety of strings to our bow; and, therefore, I wish we had a
+Treaty of Commerce with Denmark, by which a free admission of our
+ships into their ports in the West Indies might be established. By
+means of the Dutch, Danes, and Portuguese, I think we shall be able to
+obtain finally proper terms of France and England.
+
+The British proclamation of the 2d of this month, is the result of
+refugee politics; it is intended to encourage Canada and Nova Scotia,
+and their fisheries, to support still the ruins of their navigation
+act, and to take from us the carriage even of our own productions. A
+system, which has in it so little respect for us, and is so obviously
+calculated to give a blow to our nurseries of ships and seamen, could
+never have been adopted but from the opinion, that we had no common
+legislature for the government of commerce.
+
+All America from the Chesapeake Bay to St Croix I know love ships and
+sailors, and those ports to the southward of that bay have advantages
+for obtaining them when they will, and therefore I hope the Thirteen
+States will unite in some measures to counteract this policy of
+Britain, so evidently selfish, unsocial, and I had almost said
+hostile. The question is, what is to be done? I answer, perhaps it
+will be most prudent to say little about it at present, and until the
+definitive treaty is signed, and the States evacuated. But after that,
+I think in the negotiation of a treaty of commerce with Great Britain,
+Congress should tell them, that they have the means of doing justice
+to themselves. What are these means? I answer, let every State in the
+Union lay on a duty of five per cent on all West India articles
+imported in British ships, and upon all their own productions exported
+in British ships. Let this impost be limited in duration, until Great
+Britain shall allow our vessels to trade to their West Indies. This
+would effectually defeat their plan, and encourage our own carrying
+trade more than they can discourage it.
+
+Another way of influencing England to a reasonable conduct, is to
+take some measures for encouraging the growth in the United States,
+of West India articles; another is to encourage manufactures,
+especially of wool and iron among ourselves. As tilt-hammers are now
+not unlawful, and wool may be water-borne, much more may be done now
+than could have been done before the war. But the most certain method
+is, to lay duties on exports and imports by British ships. The sense
+of a common interest and common danger, it is to be hoped, will induce
+a perfect unanimity among the States in this respect. There are other
+ways of serving ourselves, and making impressions upon the English to
+bring them to reason. One is to send ships immediately to China. This
+trade is as open to us as to any nation, and if our natural advantages
+at home are envied us, we should compensate ourselves in any honest
+way we can.
+
+Our natural share in the West India trade, is all that is now wanting
+to complete the plan of happiness and prosperity of our country.
+Deprived of it, we shall be straitened and shackled in some degree. We
+cannot enjoy a free use of all our limits without this; with it, I see
+nothing to desire, nothing to vex or chagrin our people, nothing to
+interrupt our repose or keep up a dread of war.
+
+I know not what permission may be expected from Spain to trade to the
+Havana, but should think that this resource ought not to be neglected.
+
+I confess I do not like the complexion of British politics. They are
+mysterious and unintelligible. Mr Hartley appears not to be in the
+secret of his Court. The things which happen appear as unexpected to
+him as to us. Political jealousies and speculations are endless. It is
+possible the British Ministers may be secretly employed, in fomenting
+the quarrel between the two Imperial Courts and the Porte, and in
+secretly stirring up the French to join the Turks in the war. The
+prospect of seeing France engaged in a war may embolden them to adopt
+a system less favorable to us. The possibility of these things should
+stimulate us, I think, to form as soon as possible treaties of
+commerce with the principal powers, especially the Imperial Courts,
+that all our questions may be decided. This will be a great advantage
+to us, even if we should afterwards be involved in a war. I put this
+supposition with great reluctance. But if England should in the course
+of a few years or months have the art to stir up a general war in
+Europe, and get France and Spain seriously involved in it, which is at
+least a possible case, she may assume a tone and conduct towards us,
+which will make it very difficult for us to avoid taking a part in it.
+If such a deplorable circumstance should take place, it will be still
+a great advantage to us, to have our sovereignty explicitly
+acknowledged by these powers, against whom we may be unfortunately
+obliged to act. At present they are all disposed to it, and seem
+desirous of forming connexions with us, that we may be out of the
+question.
+
+The politics of Europe are such a labyrinth of profound mysteries,
+that the more one sees of them, the more causes of uncertainty and
+anxiety he discovers.
+
+The United States will have occasion to brace up their confederation,
+and act as one body with one spirit. If they do not, it is now very
+obvious, that Great Britain will take advantage of it in such a manner
+as will endanger our peace, our safety, and even our very existence.
+
+A change of Ministry may, but it is not certain that it will, give us
+better prospects.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 17th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Last evening Mr Hartley spent two hours with me, and appeared much
+chagrined at the proclamation, which had never been communicated to
+him by his principals. He has too much contempt of the commercial
+abilities of the French, and, consequently said, that the French could
+derive but little benefit from this step of his Court, but he thought
+the Dutch would make a great advantage of it. I endeavored to discover
+from him, whether he suspected that his Court had any hand in stirring
+up the two Imperial Courts to make war upon the Turks. I asked him
+what was the state of their Mediterranean trade, and Levant trade. He
+said, it was dead, and that their Turkey Company was dead, and,
+therefore, he did not think his Court cared much about either, or
+would ever do anything to prevent the Empires. He thought it possible,
+that they might rather encourage them.
+
+I am quite of Mr Hartley's mind, that the Dutch will profit by all the
+English blunders in regulating the West India trade, and am happy that
+M. Van Berckel will be soon with Congress, when its members and
+Ministers may communicate through him anything they wish to their High
+Mightinesses. They may inquire of him what are the rights of the East
+and West India Companies? To what an extent our vessels may be
+admitted to Surinam, Curaçoa, Demerara, Essequibo, Berbice, St
+Eustatia? What we may be allowed to carry there? and what bring from
+thence to the United States, or to Europe? Whether we may carry
+sugars, &c. to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, &c.? There are at Rotterdam and
+Amsterdam one hundred and twentyseven or eight refineries of sugar.
+How far these may be affected, &c.?
+
+I lay it down for a rule, that the nation which shall allow us the
+most perfect liberty to trade with her Colonies, whether it be France,
+England, Spain, or Holland, will see her Colonies flourish above all
+others, and will draw proportionally our trade to themselves; and I
+rely upon it, the Dutch will have sagacity to see it, and as they are
+more attentive to mercantile profit, than to a military marine, I have
+great hopes from their friendship. As there will be an interval before
+the signature of the definitive treaty, I propose a journey of three
+weeks, to Amsterdam and the Hague, in hopes of learning in more detail
+the intentions of the Dutch in this respect. I am in hopes too of
+encouraging the loan to assist our Superintendent of Finance. The
+Dutch may be a great resource to us in finance and commerce. I wish
+that cargoes of produce may be hastened to Amsterdam to Messrs
+Willinks & Co. for this will give vigor to the loan, and all the money
+we can prevent England and the two Empires from obtaining in Holland,
+will not only be nerves for us, but, perhaps, be useful too to France
+in her negotiations.
+
+I have spent the whole forenoon in conversation with the Duc de la
+Vauguyon. He thinks that England wishes to revive her trade to the
+Levant, to Smyrna, Aleppo, &c. and her carrying trade in Italy; and
+although she might be pleased to see France involved in a war with the
+Emperor and Empress, yet he thinks her funds are not in a condition to
+afford subsidies to either, and, therefore, that she will be perfectly
+neutral. Quere, however, whether if by a subsidy or a loan of a
+million or two a year, she could make France spend eight or ten
+millions, she would not strive hard to do it? The Duke thinks, that
+France will proceed softly, and endeavor, if possible, to avert the
+furious storm that threatens, and to compose the disputes of the three
+Empires, if possible; but she will never suffer such a usurpation as
+the conquest of the Turkish Provinces in Europe. France will certainly
+defend Constantinople. He thinks that the Empress of Russia has not
+revenues, and cannot get cash to march and subsist vast armies, and to
+transport great fleets, and that the Emperor has not revenues to
+support a long war.
+
+This is, however, a serious business, and France lays it so much to
+heart, and looks upon the chance of her being obliged to arm, as so
+probable, that I presume this to be the principal motive of her
+refusal to lend us two or three millions of livres more.
+
+As to our West India questions, the Duke assures me, that the French
+Ministry, particularly the Count de Vergennes, are determined to do
+everything they can consistent with their own essential interests, to
+favor and promote the friendship and commerce between their country
+and ours. That they, especially the Count, are declared enemies of the
+French fiscal system, which is certainly the most ruinous to their
+commerce, and intend to do everything they can to make alterations to
+favor commerce; but no change can be made in this, without affecting
+their revenues, and making voids, failures, and deficiencies, which
+they cannot fill up. They must, therefore, proceed softly. That France
+would favor the commerce between Portugal and America, because it
+would tend to draw off that kingdom from her dependence on England.
+That England, by her commercial treaty with the Portuguese, in 1703,
+has turned them into an English Colony, made them entirely dependent,
+and secured a commerce with them of three millions value. France would
+be glad to see this, or as much of it as possible, turned to America.
+
+The Duke agrees fully with me in the maxim, that those Colonies will
+grow the most in wealth, improvement, population, and every sort of
+prosperity, which are allowed the freest communication with us, and
+that we shall be allowed to carry lumber, fish, and live stock, to
+their islands, but that the export of their sugars to us, he thinks,
+must be in their own ships, because they are afraid of our becoming
+the carriers of all their commerce, because they know and say, that we
+can do it cheaper than they can. These sentiments are different from
+those, which he mentioned to me a few days ago, when he said, the West
+India trade with us must be carried on in French bottoms.
+
+The Duke said, the English had been trying to deceive us, but were now
+developing their true sentiments. They pretended, for awhile, to
+abolish the navigation act and all distinctions, to make one people
+with us again, to be friends, brothers, &c. in hopes of drawing us off
+from France, but not finding success, they were now showing their true
+plan. As to the pretended system of Shelburne, of a universal free
+commerce, although he thought it would be for the good of mankind in
+general, yet, for an English Minister, it was the plan of a madman,
+for it would be the ruin of that nation. He did not think Shelburne
+was sincere in it; he only meant an illusion to us. Here I differ from
+the Duke, and believe, that the late Ministry were very sincere
+towards us, and would have made a treaty with us, at least to revive
+the universal trade between us, upon a liberal plan. This doctrine of
+ruin, from that plan, to the English, has been so much preached of
+late in England by the French and the American refugees, who aim at
+establishments in Canada and Nova Scotia, and by the old Butean
+administration and their partisans, that I do not know whether any
+Ministry could now support a generous plan. But if Temple, Thurlow,
+Shelburne, Pitt, &c. should come in, I should not despair of it. It is
+true, the Shelburne administration did encourage the ideas of cordial,
+perfect friendship, of entire reconciliation of affections, of making
+no distinction between their people and ours, especially between the
+inhabitants of Canada and Nova Scotia and us, and this, with the
+professed purpose of destroying all seeds of war between us. These
+sentiments were freely uttered by Fitzherbert, Oswald, Whiteford,
+Vaughan, and all who had the confidence of that Ministry; and in these
+sentiments they were, I believe, very sincere. And they are, indeed,
+the only means of preventing a future war between us and them, and so
+sure as they depart from that plan, so sure, in less than fifteen
+years, perhaps less than seven, there will break out another war.
+Quarrels will arise among fishermen, between inhabitants of Canada and
+Nova Scotia and us, and between their people and ours in the West
+Indies, in our ports, and in the ports of the three kingdoms, which
+will breed a war in spite of all we can do to prevent it. France sees
+this and rejoices in it, and I know not whether we ought to be sorry;
+yet I think we ought to make it a maxim to avoid all wars, if
+possible; and to take care that it is not our fault if we cannot. We
+ought to do everything, which the English will concur in, to remove
+all causes of jealousies, and kill all the seeds of hostility as
+effectually as we can; and to be upon our guard to prevent the French,
+Spaniards, and Dutch, from sowing the seeds of war between us, for we
+may rely upon it they will do it if they can.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 18th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+There is cause to be solicitous about the state of things in England.
+The present Ministry swerve more and more from the true system, for
+the prosperity of their country and ours. Mr Hartley, whose sentiments
+are at bottom just, is probably kept here, if he was not sent at
+first, merely to amuse us, and to keep him out of the way of
+embarrassing the coalition. We need not fear, that France and England
+will make a common cause against us, even in relation to the
+carrying-trade to and from the West Indies. Although they may mutually
+inspire into each other false notions of their interests at times, yet
+there can never be a concert of operations between them. Mutual enmity
+is bred in the blood and bones of both, and rivals and enemies at
+heart they eternally will be.
+
+In order to induce both to allow us our natural right to the
+carrying-trade, we must negotiate with the Dutch, Danes, Portuguese,
+and even with the Empires; for the more friends and resources we have,
+the more we shall be respected by the French and English; and the more
+freedom of trade we enjoy with the Dutch possessions in America, the
+more will France and England find themselves necessitated to allow us.
+
+The present Ministers in England have very bad advisers; the refugees,
+and emissaries of various other sorts, and we have nobody to watch
+and counteract, to correct or prevent anything.
+
+The United States will soon see the necessity of uniting in measures
+to counteract their enemies, and even their friends. What powers
+Congress should have for governing the trade of the whole, for making
+or recommending prohibitions, or imposts, deserves the serious
+consideration of every man in America. If a constitutional legislative
+authority cannot be given them, a sense of common danger and necessity
+should give to their recommendations all the force upon the minds of
+the people, which they had six years ago.
+
+If the union of the States is not preserved, and even their unity, in
+many great points, instead of being the happiest people under the sun,
+I do not know but we may be the most miserable. We shall find our
+foreign affairs the most difficult to manage of any of our interests;
+we shall see and feel them disturbed by invisible agents, and causes,
+by secret intrigues, by dark and mysterious insinuations, by concealed
+corruptions of a thousand sorts. Hypocrisy and simulation will assume
+a million of shapes; we shall feel the evil, without being able to
+prove the cause. Those, whose penetration reaches the true source of
+the evil, will be called suspicious, envious, disappointed, ambitious.
+In short, if there is not an authority sufficiently decisive to draw
+together the minds, affections, and forces of the States, in their
+common foreign concerns, it appears to me we shall be the sport of
+transatlantic politicians of all denominations, who hate liberty in
+every shape, and every man who loves it, and every country that enjoys
+it. If there is no common authority, nor any common sense to secure a
+revenue for the discharge of our engagements abroad for money, what
+is to become of our honor, our justice, our faith, our universal,
+moral, political, and commercial character? If there is no common
+power to fulfil engagements with our citizens, to pay our soldiers,
+and other creditors, can we have any moral character at home? Our
+country will become the region of everlasting discontents, reproaches,
+and animosities, and instead of finding our independence a blessing,
+we shall soon become Cappadocians enough to wish it done away.
+
+I may be thought gloomy, but this ought not to discourage me from
+laying before Congress my apprehensions. The dependence of those who
+have designs upon us, upon our want of affection to each other, and of
+authority over one another, is so great, that in my opinion, if the
+United States do not soon show to the world a proof, that they can
+command a common revenue to satisfy their creditors at home and
+abroad, that they can act as one people, as one nation, as one man, in
+their transactions with foreign nations, we shall be soon so far
+despised, that it will be but a few years, perhaps but a few months
+only, before we are involved in another war.
+
+What can I say in Holland, if a doubt is started, whether we can repay
+the money we wish to borrow? I must assure them in a tone, that will
+exclude all doubt that the money will be repaid. Am I to be hereafter
+reproached with deceiving the money-lenders? I cannot believe there is
+a man in America, who would not disdain the supposition, and therefore
+I shall not scruple to give the strongest assurances in my power. But
+if there is a doubt in Congress, they ought to recall their borrowers
+of money.
+
+I shall set off tomorrow for Holland, in hopes of improving my health,
+at the same time that I shall endeavor to assist the loan, and to
+turn the speculations of the Dutch merchants, capitalists and
+statesmen, towards America. It is of vast importance that the Dutch
+should form just ideas of their interests respecting the communication
+between us and their islands, and other colonies in America. I beg
+that no time may be lost in commencing conferences with M. Van Berckel
+upon this subject, as well as that of money; but this should not be
+communicated to the French nor the English, because we may depend upon
+it, both will endeavor to persuade the Dutch to adopt the same plan
+with themselves. There are jealousies on both sides the Pass of
+Calais, of our connexions and negotiations with the Dutch. But while
+we avoid as much as we can to inflame this jealousy, we must have
+sense and firmness and independence enough not to be intimidated by
+it, from availing ourselves of advantages, that Providence has placed
+in our power. There ever have been, and ever will be, suspicions of
+every honest, active, and intelligent American, and there will be as
+there have been insidious attempts to destroy or lessen your
+confidence in every such character. But if our country does not
+support her own interests, and her own servants, she will assuredly
+fall. Persons, who study to preserve or obtain the confidence of
+America, by the favor of European statesmen, or Courts, must betray
+their own country to preserve their places.
+
+For my own part, I wish Mr Jay and myself almost anywhere else but
+here. There is scarce any other place where we might not do some good.
+Here we are in a state of annihilation.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            The Hague, July 23d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On Saturday last I left Paris, and arrived here last night. This
+morning I sent M. Dumas to M. Van Berckel and M. Gyselaer, to inform
+them of my arrival, and to desire a conversation with them, upon the
+subject of the commerce between the United States and the Dutch
+establishments in the West Indies.
+
+M. Van Berckel told M. Dumas, "that St Eustatia and Curaçoa were open
+to the vessels of all nations, and to the commerce of all the world;
+but that it was not the interest of the West India Company alone, but
+that of the whole State, that obliged them to confine the commerce of
+their sugars to themselves, because of the great number of their
+refineries of sugar. That all their own sugars were not half enough to
+employ their sugar-houses, and that at least one half of the sugars
+refined in Holland were the production of the French West India
+Islands."
+
+I suppose that some of these sugars may have been carried first to St
+Eustatia, and brought from thence to Holland, and some others may have
+been purchased in the ports of France, and imported raw from thence. I
+do not know that Dutch vessels were permitted to purchase sugars in
+the French Islands, and export them from thence. This matter deserves
+to be examined to the bottom. If France has not sugar-houses for the
+refinement of her own sugars, but is obliged to carry them, or to
+permit their being carried, to Amsterdam and Rotterdam for
+manufacture, why should she not be willing, that the same sugars
+should be carried by Americans to Boston, New York, and Philadelphia?
+Surely France has no predilection for Holland rather than America. But
+what is of more weight, all the sugars, which America takes, will be
+paid for in articles more advantageous to the Islands, and to France,
+than the pay that is made by the Dutch. If any sugars refined in
+Holland are afterwards sold in France, surely it would be more for the
+interest of France, or rather less against her interests, to have the
+same sugars refined in America, and afterwards sold in France, because
+the price of them would be laid out by us in France. There is this
+difference between us and the Dutch, and all other nations, we spend
+in Europe all the profits we make and more, the others do not. But if
+the French sugars, refined in Holland, are afterwards sold in other
+parts of Europe, it would be just as well that we should sell them. We
+have sugar-houses as well as the Dutch, and ours ought not to be more
+obnoxious to French policy or commerce than theirs.
+
+Sugars are a great article. There is a great consumption in America.
+It is not the interest of any nation, that has sugars to sell, to
+lessen the consumption there. All such nations should favor that
+consumption, in order to multiply purchasers, and quicken the
+competition, by which the price is raised. None of these nations then
+will wish to prevent our having sugar, provided we offer as high, or a
+higher price. How they will be able to arrange their plans, so that we
+may have enough for our own consumption, without having more, without
+having some for exportation, I do not know.
+
+We have now St Eustatia and Curaçoa, St Lucia and Martinique, St
+Thomas and St Martin's, no less than six free ports in the West
+Indies; and perhaps England may be induced, necessitated indeed, to
+add two more to the number, and make eight. At these free ports, it
+will be hard if we cannot find sugars, when we carry thither all our
+own productions, in our own ships. And if the worst should happen, and
+all the nations, who have sugar Islands, should forbid sugars to be
+carried to America in any other than their own bottoms, we might
+depend upon having enough of this article at the free ports, to be
+brought away in our own ships, if we should lay a prohibition or a
+duty upon it in foreign ships. To do either, the States must be
+united, which the English think cannot be. Perhaps the French think so
+too, and in time, they may persuade the Dutch to be of the same
+opinion. It is to be hoped we shall disappoint them all. In a point so
+just and reasonable, when we are contending only for an equal chance
+for the carriage of our own productions, and the articles of our own
+consumption, when we are willing to allow to all other nations even a
+free competition with us in this carriage, if we cannot unite, it will
+discover an imperfection and weakness in our constitution, which will
+deserve a serious consideration.
+
+M. Visscher, Pensionary of Amsterdam, who came in to visit me, when I
+had written thus far, showed me a list of the Directors of the West
+India Company, and refers me to M. Bicker, of Amsterdam, as one of the
+most intelligent of them. He says, that the Colonists of Surinam,
+Berbice, Essequibo, and Demarara, have been in decay, and obliged to
+borrow money of the merchants at home, and have entered into contracts
+with those merchants, to send them annually all the productions of
+their plantations to pay the interest and principal of their debts;
+that this will make it difficult to open the trade.
+
+Soon after M. Visscher went out, M. Van Berckel came in. I entered
+into a like conversation with him, and told him that I thought the
+decay of their plantations in the West Indies had been owing to the
+rivalry of other nations, especially the English, whose Islands had
+greater advantages from a freer communication with North America; and
+I thought it might be laid down as a rule, that those Islands would
+flourish most in population, culture, commerce, and wealth, which had
+the freest intercourse with us, and that this intercourse would be a
+natural means of attracting the American commerce to the metropolis.
+He thought so too.
+
+I then mentioned to him the loan; and asked him, if he thought that
+the States-General, the States of Holland, or the Regency of
+Amsterdam, would be likely, in any way, to aid us? He said, no; that
+the country was still so much divided, that he could not depend upon
+any assistance in that way. That the Council of Amsterdam was well
+enough disposed; but that the Burgomasters were not so. That M.
+Temmink, M. Huggens, and M. Rendorp, were not to be depended on in
+such an affair. That, therefore, our only resource was, to endeavor to
+gain upon the public opinion and the spirit of the nation, and that,
+in this respect, he would do me all the service in his power. He
+thought that the present uncertainty about the definitive treaty, and
+the fate of the Republic, would be an obstacle; but the definitive
+treaty once signed, he thought our loan would succeed very well. I
+asked him, whether he thought that the junction of three houses in my
+loan was any obstruction to it? and whether any one of them, or
+whether any other house, would do better? I told him what his brother,
+(now I hope in Philadelphia,) had said to M. Dumas, viz. that the
+house of Wilkem and Van Willink alone would succeed sooner than the
+three. I asked him, whether he thought the house of Hope, either
+alone, or in conjunction with that of the Willinks, or any other,
+would undertake it? He said, this might well be, and that if they saw
+their interest in it they would, for those mercantile houses had no
+other object in view. He promised me to make inquiry into this matter,
+and let me know the result.
+
+Upon this occasion, I must inform Congress, that it is absolutely
+necessary they should send another Minister to this Republic, without
+loss of time; because our three present houses, before they would
+undertake the loan, extorted a promise from me, not to open another
+with any other house until the five millions should be full. This
+engagement I took for myself alone, however, and expressly premised
+that Congress should not be bound by it; that Congress should be
+perfectly free, and that any other Minister they might send here
+should be perfectly free to open another loan, when and with whom they
+pleased. A new Minister, therefore, may open a loan when he will, with
+Hope, Willink, or whom he will, and I am persuaded it would succeed to
+a good amount.
+
+I made visits to day, the 25th of July, to the Grand Pensionary, the
+Secretary Fagel, the President of the week, and M. Gyselaer; and
+returned visits to M. Van Berckel and M. Visscher. M. Gyselaer says,
+that at present there is no ready money (_argent comptant_) in the
+Republic, but in two months there will be, and the loan will go very
+well.
+
+At noon I went to the house in the Grove, to make my court to the
+Prince and Princess of Orange.
+
+The Prince either happened to be in a social humor, or has had some
+political speculations lately, for he thought fit to be uncommonly
+gracious and agreeable. He made me sit, and sat down by me, and
+entered into familiar conversation about the negotiations of peace. He
+asked many questions about it, and the probability of a speedy
+conclusion of the definitive treaty. At length, he asked me, if Dr
+Franklin was left alone? I answered, that Mr Jay was with him. He
+asked, if I returned before the signature? I answered, that such was
+my intention. He asked, whether Dr Franklin was an Ambassador? I
+answered, that he was a Minister Plenipotentiary only. He asked, if
+none of us were Ambassadors? I answered, that we all had the same rank
+of Ministers Plenipotentiary, and that Congress had never yet made an
+Ambassador. He said, he was astonished at that; that he had a long
+time expected to hear, that we had displayed the character of
+Ambassadors. I asked his Highness, what reason he had for this, and
+what advantage there was in it? "Why," said he, "I expected that your
+Republic would early assert her right to appoint Ambassadors.
+Republics have been generally fond of appointing Ambassadors, in order
+to be on a footing with crowned heads. Our Republic began very early.
+We had eight Ambassadors at the peace of Munster; one for each
+Province, and one supernumerary. And we always choose to appoint
+Ambassadors, for the sake of being upon an equality with crowned
+heads. There are only crowned heads, Republics, and the Electors of
+the Empire, who have a right to send Ambassadors; all others can only
+send Envoys, and Ministers Plenipotentiary. Princes cannot send
+Ambassadors. I cannot, as Stadtholder, nor as Prince, nor in any other
+quality, send a Minister of any higher order, than an Envoy, or
+Minister Plenipotentiary." He asked me, what was the reason the
+Congress had not made use of their right? I answered his Highness,
+that really I did not know. It was a subject I had never much
+reflected on; perhaps Congress had not. Or they might think it a
+matter of ceremony and of show, rather than substance; or might think
+the expense greater than the advantage. He said, it was very true, the
+dignity of the rank must be supported, but he thought the advantage
+worth more than the expense.
+
+I am utterly at a loss for his Highness' motives for entering so
+minutely into this subject. Whether M. Van Berckel, before his
+departure, had mentioned it; whether he thought he should please me by
+it; whether he thought to please Congress by it; whether he affected
+to interest himself in the honor of the United States; or whether any
+of the politicians of this, or any other country, have put him upon
+it, or whether it is mere accident, I know not. They are the words of
+a Prince, and I have reported them very exactly.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, July 25th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It is the general opinion here both among the members of the States,
+and at the _Hôtel de France_, that the delays of the definitive
+pacification are contrived by the Court of London, in order to set all
+their instruments at work in this Republic, to induce it to renew its
+ancient connexions with Great Britain, particularly their alliance,
+offensive and defensive, by which each power was bound to furnish the
+other, if attacked, a certain number of ships and troops. Against this
+the patriotic party is decided, and they are now very well satisfied
+with the Grand Pensionary, Bleiswick, because he openly and roundly
+takes their side, and the Court is said to be discontented with him
+for the same reason. There is, no doubt, an intelligence and
+correspondence between the two Courts of London and the Hague, to
+bring about this point. The Grand Pensionary told me yesterday, that
+the Court of London desired it, and there were persons here who
+desired it, and he knew very well who they were; but that most
+certainly they would not carry their point. Van Berckel, Visscher, and
+Gyselaer, all assured me of the same, and added, that the fear of this
+had determined them not to send a Minister to London, but to go
+through with the negotiation at Paris, although they were all highly
+dissatisfied with the conduct of France, and particularly with that of
+the Count de Vergennes.
+
+They all say, he has betrayed and deserted them, played them a very
+bad trick, (_tour_) and violated his repeated promises to them. They
+do not in the least spare M. Berenger and M. Merchant, who conduct the
+French affairs here in the absence of the Duc de la Vauguyon, but hold
+this language openly and freely to them. These gentlemen have
+sometimes found it hard to bear, and have winced, and sometimes even
+threatened; but their answer has been more mortifying still; "Do as
+you please, drive the Republic back into the arms of England, if you
+will. Suppress all the friends of France, if you choose it." And some
+of them have said, "we will go to America." They all say, that France
+had the power to have saved them. That the acquisition of Tobago was
+no equivalent to France for the loss of the Republic, &c. &c. &c. They
+are all highly pleased with the conduct of their own Ambassador,
+Brantzen, with his activity, intelligence, and fidelity. They all say,
+that they would send a Minister to London to negotiate there, if they
+were sure of being able to carry an election for a man they could
+depend upon. But the Court here would have so much influence in the
+choice, that they would run a risk of sending a man, who would
+insensibly lead them into a revival of the old ties with England,
+which, they say, is enslaving the Republic to that kingdom.
+
+I learn here from all quarters, a confirmation of what I had learned
+before at Paris from M. Brantzen and the Duc de la Vauguyon, viz. that
+the Duke of Manchester had given them no answer, nor said a word to
+them for six weeks, in answer to the propositions they had made; among
+which was an offer of an equivalent for Negapatnam. They offered some
+establishments in Sumatra and Surat. Lately the Duke of Manchester has
+received a courier, and has given an answer, that a real equivalent
+might be accepted. No answer is given to any other point, and this is
+vague; so that another courier must go to London and return.
+Parliament is now up, and perhaps the Ministers may now be more
+attentive, and less timorous.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I find, upon inquiry, that there are in this Republic, at Amsterdam,
+Rotterdam, and Dort, near one hundred and thirty sugar-houses. The
+whole of the raw sugars produced in Surinam, Berbice, Essequibo, and
+Demarara, are wrought in these houses; and, besides, raw sugars were
+purchased in Bordeaux and Nantes, after being imported from the French
+islands, in French bottoms. Raw sugars were also purchased in London,
+which went under the general name of Barbadoes sugars, although they
+were the growth of all the English Islands, and imported to London in
+British bottoms. I have learnt further, that great quantities of raw
+Brazil sugars were purchased in Lisbon, and that these were cheaper
+than any of the others. All these raw sugars were imported into
+Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Dort, and there manufactured for
+exportation. We must endeavor to obtain a share in this trade,
+especially with Lisbon, or the Western Islands.
+
+Since it is certain, that neither Portugal, France, nor England has
+been able to manufacture all their raw sugars, but each of them sold
+considerable quantities to the Dutch, I suppose that we may
+undoubtedly purchase such sugars in future in Lisbon, Bordeaux,
+Nantes, London, and perhaps Ireland, and carry them where we please,
+either home to America, or to Amsterdam, or to any part of Europe, and
+there sell them, and in this way promote our own carrying-trade, as
+well as enable ourselves to make remittances. I cannot see why the
+English, or French, should be averse to their sugars going to America
+directly; and if they insist upon carrying them in their own ships,
+we may still have enough of them. The Dutch have the most pressing
+commercial motives to bring home their West India produce; yet they
+would really gain the most by opening a free communication with us,
+because they would the most suddenly make their colonies flourish by
+it.
+
+Molasses and rum we shall have, probably, from all the islands,
+English, French, and Dutch, in our own bottoms, unless the three
+nations should agree together to keep the whole trade of their islands
+in their own ships, which is not likely.
+
+I have made all the inquiries I could, and have sown all the seeds I
+could, in order to give a spur to our loan. Three thousand obligations
+have been sold, and the other two thousand are signed; but at this
+time there is a greater scarcity of money than ever was known. The
+scarcity is so great, that the agio of the bank, which is commonly at
+four or five per cent, fell to one and a half. The Directors, at
+length, shut up the bank, and it continues shut. The English omnium,
+which at first was sold for eight or ten per cent profit, fell to one
+and a half. The scarcity of money will continue until the arrival of
+the Spanish flotilla at Cadiz. Seven eighths of the treasures of that
+flotilla will come here, and make money plenty. Then we may expect,
+that my obligations will sell.
+
+In the meantime, I have great pleasure in assuring you, that there is
+not one foreign loan open in this Republic, which is in so good
+credit, or goes so quick as mine. The Empress of Russia opened a loan
+of five millions, about the same time that I opened mine. She is far
+from having obtained three millions of it. Spain opened a loan with
+the House of Hope, at the same time, for two millions only, and you
+may depend upon it, it is very far from being full. Not one quarter
+part of the loan of France upon life-rents, advantageous as it is to
+the lender, is full. In short, there is not one power in Europe, whose
+credit is so good here as ours. Russia and Spain, too, allow of
+facilities to undertakers and others, in disposing of their
+obligations, much more considerable than ours; yet all does not
+succeed. You will see persons and letters in America, that will
+affirm, that the Spanish loan is full, and that France and Spain can
+have what money they please here. Believe me, this is all stockjobbing
+gasconade. I have made very particular inquiries, and find the
+foregoing account to be the truth. Of all the sons of men, I believe
+the stockjobbers are the greatest liars. I know it has been given out,
+that the Spanish loan, which was opened at Hope's, was full the first
+day. This I know has been affirmed in the hearing of Americans, with a
+confidence peculiar, and with a design, I suppose, that it should be
+written or reported to Congress. But I am now assured, that it is so
+far from being true, that it is not near full to this hour. Let me beg
+of you, Sir, to give Mr Morris an extract of this, because I am so
+pressed for time, that I cannot write to him.
+
+Upon further inquiry concerning sugars, I find, that the Dutch were
+used to purchase annually considerable quantities of the raw sugars of
+Spain, as well as of France, England and Portugal. Some of these they
+obtained by a clandestine trade between Curaçoa and Havana, and St
+Domingo; but the greater part were purchased at Cadiz.
+
+I suppose our merchants and musters of vessels will be as adroit at
+inventing and executing projects of illicit trade, as others. But
+this is a resource, that Congress and the States cannot depend on, nor
+take into their calculations. Illicit trade will ever bear but a small
+proportion to that which is permitted. And our governments should take
+their measures for obtaining by legal and honorable means from Spain,
+Portugal, France, England, Holland, and Denmark, all the productions
+which our people may want for consumption, for manufacture, and for
+exportation.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Upon inquiry of those who best know, I see no probability of success
+from any application to authority in this country, for reasons which I
+have explained to our Minister of Foreign Affairs. Our only resource
+is in the public opinion, and the favor of the nation.
+
+I know of nothing which would operate so favorably upon the public, as
+the arrival of a few vessels with cargoes of American produce,
+addressed to your bankers, and appropriated to the payment of
+interest. The report of such an event would greatly augment our
+credit, by spreading the opinion of our ability and disposition to
+pay.
+
+It would be presumption in me, at this distance, to undertake to
+advise you, who are upon the spot, and much better informed. But I beg
+leave to suggest the question, whether an application of Congress to
+the States would not succeed? Suppose Congress should represent to the
+States the necessity of an exertion, in order to obtain a loan at
+present, to enable you to satisfy the most urgent demands of the army,
+and other public creditors, until the States can agree upon some
+permanent establishment, and should recommend to each State to furnish
+a cargo of its produce, in proportion to its rate upon the list. For
+example, South Carolina and Georgia a quantity of rice or indigo;
+Virginia and Maryland, of tobacco; Pennsylvania, of wheat or flour;
+and the Northern States, of fish or any other thing. Suppose these
+cargoes, which need not be expensive for the Thirteen States, should
+be sent to Amsterdam or anywhere else in Europe, the proceeds of sale
+to be remitted to Amsterdam to your bankers. The reputation of this,
+if well planned, adopted, and executed, would give a strong impulsion
+to your loan, if adopted here.
+
+I am but just arrived, and have not yet seen our bankers. Saturday and
+Sunday are usually spent at country seats. But before I leave this
+place, I shall be able to inform you more precisely, whether you may
+depend on anything from hence. No pains of mine shall be spared. The
+British stocks are so low that we may hope for something. If a
+Minister is sent to London, you should give him a commission to borrow
+money. If he conducts the matter with secrecy and caution, he may
+probably obtain a considerable sum there. There are monied men in that
+country who wish us well. There are others who may easily be inspired
+with more faith in our funds, than they can rationally have in their
+own. If upon advising with proper persons, he should not judge it
+prudent to open a loan there, he might easily put things in a train
+for some individuals to purchase obligations in your loan in
+Amsterdam. So dismal are the prospects in England, that many men are
+on the wing to fly, and some would be willing to transfer their
+property across the Atlantic.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, July 30th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have been the more particular in my letters to you concerning that
+extensive manufacture and commerce of refined sugars in this country,
+because the proximity of all the sugar colonies to us renders a share
+in it naturally useful and convenient, both to us and them. Fifty
+thousand hogsheads of raw sugar are annually wrought in this Republic,
+and exported at a great profit to Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Russia,
+Poland, and Italy. At Amsterdam I visited a number of respectable
+merchants, in order to discover their sentiments concerning the
+communication between us and their Islands and sugar colonies. They
+all agree, that St Eustatia and Curaçoa are and will be commercial
+Islands, open and free to all our vessels. St Martin's is divided
+between the French and Danes and the Dutch, whose share of it does not
+flourish. The colonies upon the continent, Surinam, Berbice, Demarara,
+and Essequibo, are at a greater distance from us. But they will be
+open to our vessels and their cargoes, because they all agree, that
+those colonies cannot subsist without our horses, lumber and
+provisions, nor without the sale to us of their molasses. We shall be
+allowed to take in return molasses, with which some quantities of
+sugar, coffee, and other produce are always smuggled, as they say. But
+although nothing has been as yet determined, it is the general
+opinion, that the produce of the colonies must be brought home in
+Dutch ships, as heretofore, molasses excepted.
+
+From the Secretary of the West India Company I have obtained a few
+minutes, in so bad French, that I almost despair of rendering them
+intelligible. I have attempted it, however, in the following
+translation, viz.
+
+    "In the grant of the West India Company, renewed, or more
+    properly newly erected, in the year 1700, continued in 1730,
+    prolonged afterwards in the year 1760 for two years, and in
+    the year 1762, from the first of January to the thirtyfirst
+    of December, 1791, are found the limits fixed, only for the
+    inhabitants of these Seven United Provinces, under the name
+    of the United Company of these Provinces, upon the coasts and
+    country of Africa, computing from the Tropic of Cancer to the
+    southern latitude of the Equinoctial Line, with all the
+    Islands in this district, situated upon the said coast, and
+    particularly the Islands of St Thomas, Annebon, Islands of
+    Principia and Fernando Po, as also the places of Essequibo
+    and Baumenora, situated upon the Continental Coasts of
+    America, as also the Islands of Curaçoa, Amaba and Buen Aire.
+    All the other limits of the ancient grant being open for the
+    commerce of all the inhabitants of the Republic, without
+    exception, upon condition, however, that if the Company,
+    oriental and occidental, should judge proper to navigate to
+    the Islands situated between the coasts of Africa and
+    America, beginning at the Ascension and further south, or any
+    of them, and should occupy it before any other should have a
+    private grant, with exclusion of all others for so long time
+    as it shall occupy its places, and in case they should
+    desist, these places should return under the second class,
+    open for the navigation of every individual of the Republic,
+    paying an acknowledgment, &c. That the said particulars,
+    trading in the said districts, shall be obliged to
+    acknowledge the Western Company, and to pay them for the
+    right of convoy, and consequently in form of acknowledgment,
+    viz. for the productions and merchandises for the West
+    Indies, two per cent, and returning from thence into these
+    Provinces, two per cent more for the commodities in return.
+    And further, the ships navigating to places farther distant
+    in America, contained in the ancient grant, both in going and
+    returning, should pay five florins per last, or more or less
+    as their High Mightinesses shall judge proper to determine
+    hereafter; observing, nevertheless, that these five florins
+    per last shall not be demanded of ships navigating to the
+    Caribee Islands, which shall pay the ordinary duty for convoy
+    to the Colleges of the Admiralty from which they sail, and
+    the said private navigators shall be held, moreover, for the
+    satisfaction of the Western Company, to give sufficient
+    caution, that they will not navigate, nor cause to be
+    navigated, the places contained in the first class, ceded to
+    the Company with exclusion of all others. And if any one is
+    found to act contrary, and to navigate to any place situated
+    in the prescribed limits, and granted to the Company, his
+    ship and cargo shall be confiscated and attacked in force, by
+    the ships belonging to the said Company; and if such ships
+    and merchandises or commodities, shall be sold or entered
+    into any other country or foreign port, the owner and his
+    accomplice shall be liable to execution, for the value of the
+    said ships and merchandises or commodities.
+
+    "The Company has also the right to require an acknowledgment
+    of all those who shall navigate, import or export any
+    merchandise to or from places belonging to the said Company,
+    notwithstanding they may be subject, and may belong to the
+    domination of other Kings or Princes, situated within the
+    limits stipulated in the grant; and especially of every
+    foreign vessel, bringing any commodities or merchandises from
+    the West Indies, or the limits stipulated in the grants into
+    the Provinces, whether upon its own account, or freight, or
+    on commission, whether such foreign vessel shall come
+    directly from the West Indies; and the limits of the grant,
+    into the Provinces, or whether she shall have carried her
+    cargo to other countries or kingdoms, for what reason soever
+    this may be done. Excepting only in case the merchandises of
+    the proprietor should by negotiation be changed in nature,
+    and that the duty of this country fixed to the place should
+    be paid, which any one alleging shall be obliged to prove
+    sufficiently, according to the amount of the merchandises.
+    Declaring, moreover, for the further elucidation of the said
+    grant, that under the name of the New Low Countries, in
+    consequence of the three per cent, which the Company has a
+    right to require for the merchandises sent there, or brought
+    from thence, is understood that part of North America, which
+    extends itself west and south of the northern part of
+    Newfoundland as far as the Cape of Florida, and for what
+    regards the payment of the two per cent under the name of the
+    West Indies, to be computed from the Cape of Florida, to the
+    river Oronoco, and the Islands of Curaçoa. For what concerns
+    the other places of America, contained in the most ancient
+    and precedent grant, in regard to the five florins per last,
+    upon the vessels there navigating, shall be understood all
+    the Carribee Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Porto
+    Rico, as also all the other coasts and countries, computing
+    from the river Oronoco aforesaid, by the straits of Magellan,
+    Le Maire, or other passages or straits, situated under these,
+    as far as the strait of Aryan, both upon the sea of the
+    north, and the Islands situated upon the other side, and
+    between them, as also the southern countries, situated
+    between the two meridians, touching at the east the Cape of
+    Good Hope, and in the west the eastern part of New Guinea,
+    inclusively."
+
+If this paper is not very clear to Congress, it is not more so to me,
+and perhaps to the Dutch themselves. There is a dispute likely to
+arise between the West India Company and the College of the Admiralty
+about it, which will be explained further as it proceeds, by whatever
+Minister you may send here.
+
+Upon the whole matter of our communications with the European
+establishments in the West Indies; we shall carry freely our
+commodities to the French and Dutch, excepting, perhaps, flour to the
+French, which however will be carried, I suppose, to St Lucia and Port
+Royal, as well as St Eustatia and Curaçoa, St Thomas's and St
+Martin's, and there sold to any nation that will purchase it. Molasses
+and rum we shall bring away freely from the French and Dutch. And if
+we can obtain of them the liberty of carrying sugars, coffee, &c. from
+their possessions in the West Indies to their ports in Europe, giving
+bonds with surety to land them in such ports, it will be as much as we
+can expect. If they will allow raw sugars, coffee, cotton, &c. to be
+sent freely to the United States in their own vessels, this would be
+an advantage for us, though not so considerable as to bring them in
+ours. What the English will do is uncertain. We are not to take the
+late proclamation for a law of the Medes. The Ministry who made it
+are not firm in their seats. If Shelburne comes in we shall do better;
+and, to be prepared to take advantage of so probable an event, you
+should have a Minister ready. We have one infallible resource, if we
+can unite in laying a duty or a prohibition. But this measure must not
+be hastily taken, because by negotiation, I apprehend, the point may
+be carried in England. To this end it may be proper to instruct your
+Minister, and authorise him to say, that the States will find
+themselves obliged, against their inclination, to lay a prohibition or
+heavy duty upon all West India goods imported, and all American
+productions exported in British bottoms, if the trade is not regulated
+by treaty upon an equitable footing.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, July 31st, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The last evening at Court in the house in the Grove, where all the
+foreign Ministers supped, the Count Montagnini de Mirabel, the
+Minister Plenipotentiary from the King of Sardinia, took an
+opportunity to enter largely into conversation with me. As he and I
+were at a party of politics, while the greatest part of the company
+were at cards, for two or three hours, we ran over all the world, but
+nothing occurred worth repeating except what follows.
+
+The Count said, that his advice to Congress would be to write a
+circular letter to every power in Europe, as soon as the definitive
+treaty should be signed, and transmit with it a printed copy of the
+treaty. In the letter, Congress should announce, that on the 4th of
+July, 1776, the United States had declared themselves a sovereign
+State, under the style and title of the United States of America; that
+France, on the 6th of February, 1778, had acknowledged them; that the
+States-General had done the same on the 19th of April, 1782; that
+Great Britain, on the 30th of November, 1782, had signed with them a
+treaty of peace, in which she had fully acknowledged their
+sovereignty; that Sweden had entered into a treaty with them, on the
+5th of February, 1783; and that Great Britain had concluded the
+definitive treaty under the mediation of the two Empires, if that
+should be the fact, &c. Such a notification to all the other powers
+would be a regular procedure, a piece of politeness, which would be
+very well received, and the letter would be respectfully answered by
+every power in the world, and these written answers would be explicit,
+and undeniable acknowledgments of our sovereignty.
+
+It might have been proper to make this communication in form,
+immediately after the declaration of independence; it might have been
+more proper to do it after the signature of the provisional treaty;
+but that it was expected it would be done after the definitive treaty.
+That these circular letters might be transmitted to your Ministers for
+peace, or such of them as may remain, or to any of your Ministers in
+Europe, to be by them delivered to the Ministers at the Court where
+they are, or transmitted any other way. That Congress must be very
+exact in the etiquette of titles, as this was indispensable, and the
+letters could not be answered nor received without it. That we might
+have these titles at the Count de Vergennes' office with precision,
+&c.
+
+The Count then proceeded to commerce, and said, that all the cabinets
+of Europe had lately turned their views to commerce, so that we should
+be attended to and respected by all of them. He thought we should find
+our account in a large trade in Italy, every part of which had a
+constant demand for our tobacco, and salt-fish, at least. The
+dominions of the King, his master, could furnish us in exchange,
+oranges, citrons, olives, oil, raisins, figs, anchovies, coral, lead,
+sulphur, alum, salt, marble of the finest quality and gayest colors,
+manufactures of silk, especially silk stockings twenty per cent
+cheaper than France, hemp, and cordage. He said, we might have great
+advantages in Italy in another respect. We had it in our power to
+become the principal carriers for the people of Italy, who have little
+skill or inclination for navigation or commerce. The (_cabotage_)
+carrying-trade of Italy had been carried on by the English, French,
+and Dutch; the English had now lost it, the French had some of it, but
+the Dutch the most, who made an immense profit of it; for to his
+knowledge they sold in the Baltic, and even in Holland, many Italian
+productions, at a profit of five or six for one. That we should have
+the advantage of them all. By bringing our tobacco and fish to Italy,
+we might unload at some of their ports, take in cargoes upon freight
+for other ports of Italy, and thus make coasting voyages, until we had
+made up our cargoes for return, or we might take in cargoes on freight
+for Germany, or the Baltic. The Dutch, he said, would be the greatest
+losers by this rivalry, but as long as the Italians and Americans
+would be honestly gainers, neither need be anxious for that. That
+there was a very good port in his master's dominions, which was
+perfectly free, where we might go in and out at pleasure, without
+being subject to duties, searches, or visits.
+
+We then made a transition to Turkey; the Count could not, for his
+part, blame the Emperor for wishing to open the navigation of the
+Danube; his kingdom of Hungary was one of the finest countries in the
+world; it was one of the most fertile, producing in great abundance
+wines of various sorts, all excellent, though Tokay was the best;
+grains of every sort in great quantities, metals of all sorts, gold,
+silver, copper, iron, quicksilver; yet all these blessings of nature
+were rendered in a manner useless by the slavery of the Danube. The
+Emperor was very unfortunate, in having the Danube enslaved on one
+side, and the Scheldt on the other; and in this age, when the liberty
+of navigation and commerce was the universal cry, he did not wonder at
+his impatience under it. He did not think, that England would meddle
+in the dispute, as her trade to the Levant had declined. The Dutch had
+some still, but France had now the greatest part of it to Smyrna,
+Alexandria, Aleppo, in short, to all the trading towns of Turkey in
+Asia, for this is what is understood by the Levant trade. France, he
+thought, could not venture to engage in the war in earnest, in the
+present state of her finances.
+
+I have learnt, since I came here, that France is desirous that this
+Republic should declare herself concerning this Turkish war. But she
+will avoid it. Unhappily, France has lost much of her influence here.
+Her friends fear, that the odium of losing Negapatnam will fall upon
+them among the people. The English and the Stadtholderians are
+endeavoring to detach the Republic entirely from France, and to revive
+the ancient connexions, particularly the ancient alliance, offensive
+and defensive in the treaty of 1674. A Mr Shirley, at Paris, has
+lately proposed to M. Boers, and M. Van der Pere, two agents of the
+Dutch East India Company, who have been a year or two at Paris, and
+are reputed to be in the Stadtholder's interest, that England had the
+best dispositions towards the Republic, and would give them ample
+satisfaction if they would treat distinctly from France, and renew the
+ancient cordial friendship, and proposed an interview with the Dutch
+Ambassadors upon this subject. The agents proposed it, but Brantzen
+refused, to the great satisfaction of the principal republicans. Yet
+M. Berenger tells me, that some of the republican members begin to be
+afraid, and to think they shall be obliged to fall in with the
+English.
+
+Upon conversing with many people in the government and out of it, in
+Amsterdam as well as the Hague, they all complain to me of the conduct
+of France. They all confess, that the Republic has not done so much in
+the war as she ought, but this is the fault of the friends of England,
+they say, not those of France, and the worst evils of all, that befall
+the latter, are the reproaches of the former, who now say insultingly,
+"this comes of confiding in France, we always told you, that you would
+be cheated," &c. France ought, they say, to have considered this, and
+not have imputed to the Republic the faults of her enemies, because
+the punishment falls wholly on her friends.
+
+I mention these things to you, because, although we are not
+immediately interested in them, they may have consequences which may
+affect us; and, therefore, you ought to know them. I think, however,
+upon the whole, the Republic will stand firm, and refuse to receive
+the alliance, though they sacrifice Negapatnam. France wishes to win
+the Republic into an alliance, but feels an awkwardness about
+proposing it, and, indeed, I doubt whether she would now succeed; she
+might have succeeded heretofore. But, in plain English, Sir, the
+Count de Vergennes has no conception of the right way of negotiating
+with any free people, or with any assembly, aristocratical or
+democratical. He cannot enter into the motives which govern them; he
+never penetrates their real system, and never appears to comprehend
+their constitution. With empires, and monarchs, and their Ministers of
+State, he negotiates aptly enough.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          The Hague, August 1st, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had last evening some conversation with D. Joas Theolonico de
+Almeida, the Envoy Extraordinary of Portugal, who desired to meet me
+today at any hour at his house or mine. I promised to visit him at
+twelve, which I did.
+
+He said, he had heard that the French Minister had proposed to the
+Duke of Manchester, at Versailles, to reduce the duties upon French
+wines in England to the level of those upon Portugal wines, and begged
+of me to inform him if it were true, because, if it were, Portugal
+must endeavor to indemnify herself by opening a trade with America, or
+some other way, for such a project will be ruinous to the sale of
+their wines in England, which was their only market. I answered, that
+I had heard of such a project among multitudes of others in private
+conversation, but knew no authority for it. We have a treaty, says he,
+made in 1703, by which we have stipulated with the English, to permit
+the importation of their cloths, upon condition that they allow the
+importation of Portugal wines upon paying one third of the duty upon
+French wines; if they violate the treaty, says he, we shall be rid of
+it.
+
+I asked him, if his Court permitted the English, or any other nation,
+to go to the Brazils? In the last century, said he, between 1660 and
+1670, we did agree with Charles the Second, who married a daughter of
+Portugal, that the English should go to the Brazils, and after that,
+the Dutch sued for permission to go there too, and we granted it. But
+we found it inconvenient, and in 1714 or 1715, at the treaty of
+Utrecht, we agreed upon an article with Spain, to exclude all nations
+from the Brazils, and as the English Ambassadors were there, we have
+since held that nation bound, and have confiscated their vessels as
+well as the Dutch which venture there. The English have sometimes made
+strong remonstrances, but we have always told them, if we admit you,
+we must admit the Dutch too, and such has been their jealousy of the
+Dutch, and dread of their rivalry, that this has always quieted them,
+choosing rather to be excluded themselves, than that the Dutch should
+be admitted. So that this commerce has been a long time carried on in
+Portuguese ships only, and directly between the Brazils and Lisbon.
+
+I asked him, whether we might not have free communication with all
+their Western Islands, and whether one or all of them might not be
+made a depot for the produce of the Brazils, so that Portuguese ships
+might stop and deposit cargoes there, and American vessels take them?
+He said, he would write about it to his Court by the next post. At
+present, Brazil communicated only with Lisbon, and, perhaps, it might
+be difficult for government to secure the duties at the Western
+Islands. I asked, if there were any refineries of sugar at Lisbon? He
+said, none. Their sugars had all been brought here by the Dutch for
+refining; that all their carrying-trade with other parts of Europe had
+been carried on by the English and Dutch; that their mercantile
+navigation (_marine marchand_) before this war, had been upon a very
+poor footing, but it was now much changed, and they began to carry on
+their trade in their own vessels. I observed, if their trade should
+continue to be carried on by others, it must be indifferent to them
+whether it were done in English, Dutch, or American vessels, provided
+it was done to their equal advantage. But if they should persist in
+the desire to conduct it in their own vessels, they might purchase
+ships ready built in America cheaper than they could build them or buy
+them elsewhere. All this, he said, was true. That they could supply us
+with sugars, coffee, cocoa, Brazil wood, and even with tea, for they
+had an island, called Macao, near China, which was a flourishing
+establishment, and sent them annually a good deal of tea, which the
+Dutch usually bought very cheap at Lisbon to sell again.
+
+He asked, whether Portugal wines had been much used in America. I
+answered, that Port wines, common Lisbon, and Caracavalles, had been
+before the war frequently used, and that Madeira was esteemed above
+all other wine. That it was found equally wholesome and agreeable, in
+the heats of summer and the colds of winter, so that it would probably
+continue to be preferred, though there was no doubt that a variety of
+French wines would now be more commonly used than heretofore. He said,
+they should have occasion for a great deal of our fish, grain, and
+perhaps ships or ship-timber, and naval stores, and other things, and
+he thought there was a prospect of a very beneficial trade with us,
+and he would write largely to his Court upon it. I replied, that I
+wondered his Court had not sent a Minister to Philadelphia, where the
+members and Ministers of Congress, and even the merchants of the city,
+might throw much light upon the subject, and assist in framing a
+treaty to the greatest possible advantage for both countries. He said,
+he would write for a commission and instructions to negotiate a treaty
+with me. I told him, that I believed his Court had already instructed
+their Ambassador at Versailles to treat with Dr Franklin; but that I
+thought that Philadelphia or Lisbon were the proper places to treat,
+and that I feared mutual advantages might be lost by this method of
+striking up a bargain in haste in a distant country, between Ministers
+who could not be supposed to have made of commerce a study.
+
+In a letter from Paris yesterday, I am informed that a project of a
+treaty with Portugal, and another with Denmark, are to go home by
+Captain Barney.[9] These projects have never been communicated to me,
+nor to Mr Jay. I hope that Congress will not be in haste to conclude
+them, but take time to inform themselves of everything which may be
+added to the mutual advantage of the nations and countries concerned.
+I am much mistaken, if we have not lost advantages by a similar piece
+of cunning in the case of Sweden.
+
+With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[9] For these treaties, and some account of them, see _Franklin's
+Correspondence_, Vol. IV. pp. 114, 115, 130, 141, 150.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, August 2d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+M. Berenger, the Secretary of the French Legation, has this moment
+left me. He came in to inform me of the news. The Empress of Russia
+has communicated to the King of Prussia, a treaty of alliance between
+the Emperor of Germany and her, defensive against the Christian powers
+and offensive against the Turks. The King of Prussia has answered her,
+"that he is very sensible, upon this communication, as one is upon the
+communication of things of great importance." Thus wrapped up in an
+impenetrable reserve is this great warrior and statesman. We may
+discern by this answer, what all the world would know without it, viz.
+that his Majesty has no joy in this new alliance. Still he expresses
+no sorrow; and maintains a perfect liberty to take which side he will,
+or neither, at his pleasure, and the same reserve he will probably
+hold to the end of the war.
+
+M. Berenger says, if Prussia is neutral France must be so too, for she
+cannot cope by land with the two Empires; that this Republic is
+desired to declare, but does not choose it; that they are
+dissatisfied, and the republicans murmur a good deal, and are
+wavering, and that the other party will do nothing; that England
+hitherto has favored an accommodation between Russia and the Turks;
+that the British Ambassador, at Constantinople, has co-operated with
+the French to bring about an accommodation; that the Turks have
+offered Russia the free navigation of the Black Sea and passage of the
+Dardanelles, and the same with a free navigation of the Danube to the
+Emperor, but they will not accept it, but are determined to drive the
+Turks from Europe; that France has determined to put her army upon a
+war footing, because it has been much neglected during the late war;
+that he believes France and Spain will shut the Mediterranean against
+a Turkish fleet, as Russia, Sweden, and Denmark excluded warlike
+vessels from the Baltic in the last war; that this state of things
+gives him great pain, and must embarrass the Count de Vergennes. It is
+a great and difficult question, whether France should take a side. If
+she does not, and the Empires should prevail, it will be an immense
+aggrandizement of the House of Austria, which, with Russia, will
+become two great maritime powers; that England will act an insidious
+part; pretend to favor peace, secretly foment war, and join in, at the
+end, if she sees a favorable opportunity to crush France. These are
+sensible observations of M. Berenger, who added, that a new difficulty
+in the way of the definitive treaty had arisen between England and
+Spain, respecting the Musquito shore, so that more couriers must go
+and return.
+
+I confess myself as much in pain at this state of things as M.
+Berenger, and, therefore, I wish most ardently, that we may omit no
+proper means of settling our question with every Court in Europe, and
+especially our plan of commerce with Great Britain. If this is too
+long left in uncertainty, the face of things may soon change, so as to
+involve us in the complicated, extensive, and long war, which seems to
+be now opening.
+
+The prospect of returning to Paris, and living there without my
+family, in absolute idleness, at a time when so many and so great
+things want to be done for our country elsewhere, is very
+disagreeable. If we must live there, waiting for the moving of many
+waters, and treaties are to be there negotiated with the powers of
+Europe, or only with Denmark and Portugal, I pray that we may all be
+joined in the business, as we are in the commission for peace, that,
+at least, we may have the satisfaction of knowing what is done, and of
+giving a hint for the public good, if any one occurs to us, and that
+we may not be made the sport and ridicule of all Europe, as well as of
+those who contrive such humiliations for us.
+
+With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, August 3d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The fiscal systems of the powers of Europe have such an ill influence
+on commerce, that they deserve the serious attention of Congress and
+their Ministers, whenever they have under consideration a treaty with
+any foreign power. In conversation yesterday with M. d'Asp, the
+_Chargé d'Affaires_ of Sweden, I inquired of him what imposts were
+payable in their ports upon the importation and exportation of
+merchandises, and observed to him, that I had lately seen in the
+gazettes, that the King had taken off certain duties upon the
+importation of merchandises from America, in Swedish ships. He agreed
+that such a thing had been done. This ought to alarm us. All the
+powers of Europe, who are called neutral, have felt a sudden increase
+of their navigation in the course of the late war, and the profits
+they have made have excited a desire to augment it still further. If
+they should generally exact duties of our ships, and none of their own
+upon the importation of our produce, this will be as great a
+discouragement to our navigation as it will be an encouragement to
+theirs. Whether this has been attended to in the treaty with Sweden I
+know not, for I have not seen it. But it ought to be carefully
+considered by those who negotiate the treaties with Denmark and
+Portugal, the Emperor and Empress, and all other powers. We have a
+good right to insist, that no distinction shall be made in their ports
+between their ships and ours; that we should pay in their ports no
+higher duties than they pay in ours.
+
+I should think it therefore advisable for Congress to instruct their
+negotiators, to endeavor to obtain equity in this respect. This is the
+time for it, if ever. If we cannot obtain it by negotiation, we must
+think and talk of doing ourselves justice by making similar
+distinctions in our own ports between our vessels and theirs. But here
+again comes in the difficulty of uniting our States in such measures;
+a difficulty which must be surmounted, or our commerce, navigation,
+and marine will still be ruined, notwithstanding the conservation of
+the fisheries. It deserves to be considered by whom this new method of
+huddling up treaties at Paris is contrived, and for what purposes. It
+may well be conjectured, that it is done with the secret intention of
+preventing these things from being attended to; for there are persons
+who had rather that any other people should have navigation than the
+Americans. I have good reason to believe that it was known at
+Versailles, that Mr Dana had well digested his thoughts upon this
+subject, which was reason enough for some people to endeavor to take
+Sweden out of his hands, in whose department it was. Their success is
+much to be lamented.[10]
+
+I had yesterday and the day before long conversations with the Baron
+Van der Capellen de Pal, and M. Gyselaer. They both complain to me, in
+the most pathetic terms, of the cruel situation of the friends of
+America and France in this Republic. They both say, that they are
+looking round every way like drowning men for support. The Province of
+Friesland, their great dependence, wavers, and many of their
+fellow-laborers are discouraged. They both inquired of me very
+earnestly, if closer connexions could not be formed with us; if we
+could not agree to warrant to each other the liberty of navigation, or
+enter into an alliance, offensive and defensive. They see they shall
+be obliged to make a shameful peace, and that the blame of it will
+fall upon them, which will give a triumph to the Court, and put their
+persons even in danger. They say, the King of France, by his
+Ambassador, in July, 1782, gave them a positive assurance that he
+would never separate his cause from theirs. In consequence of this,
+they had instructed their Ambassadors never to separate their cause
+from his. On their part the agreement had been sacredly observed, but
+not on the other. With Great Britain enraged against them, with a
+formidable party in the Republic furious against them, with the King
+of Prussia threatening them, and abandoned by France, their prospects
+are, they say, as disagreeable as can be conceived.
+
+There are many appearances of designs to excite the people to
+seditions, and I think it probable that the Court of London studies
+delays of the Definitive Treaty in this hope. I still believe,
+however, that the people will be wise and the Republic firm, and
+submit to the immense losses of the war, and that of Negapatnam,
+rather than renew their old submission to the Court and to England.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[10] The plan of the treaty with Sweden was sent out to Dr Franklin by
+Congress, and adopted with hardly a verbal alteration. See the plan,
+and the treaty as adopted, in the Secret Journals of Congress, Vol.
+III. pp. 227, 369.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, August 10th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 6th I left the Hague, and last night arrived here. I had
+several interviews, on some of the last days at the Hague, which I had
+not time to give you an account of, as a great part of my time was
+taken up with visits to take leave of the Court, the President, the
+Grand Pensionary, Greffier, &c. ceremonies which must be repeated at
+every coming and going, and upon many other occasions, to the no small
+interruption of business of more importance.
+
+I asked the Count de Sanafeé, the Spanish Minister, with whom I have
+always lived upon very good terms, whether it might not be possible to
+persuade his Court, that it would be good policy for them to allow to
+the citizens of the United States of America a free port, in some of
+their islands at least, if not upon the Continent of South America? He
+said he did not know; that he thought, however, his Court would be
+afraid of the measure, as free ports were nests of smugglers, and
+afforded many facilities of illicit trade, (_le commerce interlope_.)
+
+I asked him further, whether measures might not be taken at Madrid, to
+the end that the sugars, coffee, cocoa, &c. of their Colonies might be
+carried to the free ports of France, Holland, and Denmark, in the West
+Indies or one of them, in Spanish vessels, that they might be there
+purchased by Americans? He said he was not able to foresee any
+objection against this. I asked him again, what objections there
+could be to admitting American vessels to the Spanish Islands of Cuba
+and Hispaniola, to carry their produce and purchase molasses, as they
+did in the French and Dutch Colonies. Such a commerce would be useful
+and profitable both to them and to us. He said that he could not
+pretend to give any opinion upon any of these points. But that we must
+negotiate them at Madrid. I hope Congress will instruct their Minister
+at the Court of Madrid to propose all these things, and endeavor to
+obtain them.
+
+The Portuguese Envoy, Don Almeida, returned my visit, and brought with
+him a copy of the treaty between Spain and Portugal, made at Utrecht
+in 1715. This treaty was signed under the warranty of Great Britain,
+and one article of it is, that each nation shall confine the commerce
+with its possessions in America to its own subjects. I had much
+satisfaction in the conversation of this Minister, who, though a young
+man, appears possessed of more than common intelligence, and a desire
+to inform himself of everything which can affect his nation. He is, as
+he told me, a nephew of the present Prime Minister at the Court of
+Lisbon. He says, that the _King his master_, (a style which they
+continue to use, although the Queen is the sovereign, and her husband
+is but her subject) allows but sixty thousand Dutch guilders a year to
+his Ambassador at Versailles, which not being sufficient for his
+expenses at that Court, he is continued there because he is very rich;
+but that he is not a man of business.
+
+He again enlarged upon the subject of Portuguese navigation, which has
+been prettily increased, (_tres joliment augmenté_) during the late
+war, and would have been still doubled if the war had continued
+another year; that their merchants and mariners had pushed their
+navigation with more spirit than skill; had sent their wines and other
+things in prize vessels purchased in France and Spain, all over
+Europe; but that their seamen not being experienced, many vessels had
+been lost, so that the price of insurance was ten per cent with them,
+when it was not more then three or four with other neutral nations;
+that the profits had nevertheless been so considerable, as to excite a
+strong inclination still to increase their shipping and
+carrying-trade. These observations are worth repeating to Congress,
+because all the other neutral powers have felt a like advantage. The
+commerce of the northern powers was so increased, and had turned the
+course of business that way to such a degree, as occasioned to the
+Danish Minister at Versailles, for example, a loss of forty per cent
+upon his salary. So much was exchange affected.
+
+The late belligerent powers, having observed this sudden increase of
+the commerce of the neutrals, and that it was owing to the sudden
+growth of their navigation, are alarmed. So that the attention of all
+the commercial nations is now turned to navigation, carrying-trade,
+coasting-trade, &c. more than ever. We should be apprised of this, and
+upon our guard. Our navigation and carrying-trade is not to be
+neglected. We have great advantages for many branches of it, and have
+a right to claim our natural share in it.
+
+This morning I went out to Passy, and found from Dr Franklin and Mr
+Jay, that nothing farther had been done since my departure, but to
+deliver to Mr Hartley a fair copy of the project of a definitive
+treaty, which I had left with my colleagues; that Mr Laurens had been
+here in my absence, and returned to England; that he was of opinion,
+the present British Ministry would not remain a fortnight; that Mr
+Hartley had been seven weeks without a letter from his principals, and
+then received only an apology for not having written, a promise to
+write soon, and authority to assure the American Ministers that all
+would go well. These last are words of course. There are but three
+ways in which I can account for this conduct of the British Ministry.
+1st. The fact is, that they foresee a change, and do not choose to
+commit themselves, but wish to reserve everything for the foundation
+of a future opposition, that they may attack the definitive treaty
+which may be made by a future Ministry, as they attacked the
+provisional and preliminary one, made by the last. 2dly. That they are
+exciting secretly and insidiously the troubles in the north, in hopes
+of involving France, and then assuming a higher tone. 3dly. That they
+are in expectation, that seditions may be excited in Holland, and the
+Dutch induced to renounce France, and renew the ancient alliance with
+England.
+
+I see no more appearance of the definitive treaty, than I have done
+these six months. Mr Hartley, I am told by Mr Jay, thinks that the
+French Court wish to delay the signature; that they do not wish to see
+the peace finished between England and America, while matters are
+uncertain in the north. There are so many considerations on both sides
+of the question, whether the French Minister wishes to finish soon or
+not, that it is hard to decide it. Neither Court possibly is very
+zealous to finish, while so great a scene as the northern war lies
+under so much obscurity.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, August 13th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday I went to Court with Dr Franklin, and presented to the Count
+de Vergennes our project of a definitive treaty, who told us he would
+examine it and give us his sentiments upon it.
+
+It was Ambassadors' day, and I had conversations with a number of
+Ministers, of which it is proper I should give you an account.
+
+The Dutch Ambassador, Berkenrode, told me, that last Saturday the
+Count de Vergennes went to Paris, and dined with the Imperial
+Ambassador, the Count de Mercy, in company with the Duke of
+Manchester, the Count d'Aranda, the Prince Bariatinski, and M.
+Markoff, with their Secretaries; that after dinner the Secretaries in
+presence of all the Ministers read over, compared, and corrected the
+definitive treaties between France and Great Britain, and between
+Spain and Great Britain, and finally agreed upon both. So that they
+are now ready for signature by the Ministers of Great Britain, France,
+and Spain as principals, and by those of the two Imperial Courts as
+mediators.
+
+The Duke of Manchester told me, that Mr Hartley's courier, who carried
+our project of a treaty, arrived in London last Saturday, and might be
+expected here on next Saturday on his return.
+
+In the evening, on my return from Versailles, Mr Hartley called upon
+me at my house, and informed me, that he had just received a courier
+from Westminster, who had brought him the ratification of our
+provisional treaty, under the King's own hand, and under the great
+seal of the kingdom, enclosed in a silver box, ornamented with golden
+tassels as usual, which he was ready to exchange tomorrow morning. He
+informed me farther, that he had received very satisfactory letters
+from the Duke of Portland and Mr Fox, and the strongest assurances,
+that the dispositions of his Court were very good to finish
+immediately, and to arrange all things upon the best footing; that he
+had farther received plenary authority to sign the definitive treaty
+tomorrow, or tonight, if we pleased; that he had received a draft
+ready formed, which he would show us.
+
+We agreed to go together in the morning to my colleagues, and this
+morning we went out in Mr Hartley's carriage, exchanged the
+ratifications, and he produced to us his project of a definitive
+treaty. It is the provisional treaty in so many words; without
+addition or diminution. It is only preceded with a preamble, which
+makes it a definitive treaty. And he proposed to us, that all matters
+of discussion respecting commerce or other things should be left to be
+discussed by Ministers, to be mutually appointed to reside in London
+and Philadelphia. We told him, that it had been proposed to us, that
+the Ministers of the two Imperial Courts should sign the treaty as
+mediators, and that we had answered, that we had no objection to it.
+
+He said, he had unanswerable ones. First, he had no authority, and
+could not obtain any certainly under ten days, nor probably ever. For
+secondly, it would, he thought, give great offence to his Court, and
+they never would agree that any nation should interfere between them
+and America. Thirdly, for his part, he was fully against it, and
+should write his opinion to his Court. If he was about to marry his
+daughter, or set up a son in the world, after he was of age, he would
+never admit any of his neighbors to interfere, and sign any contract
+he might make, as mediators. There was no need of it.
+
+We told him there was no need of warmth upon the occasion, or any
+pretence for his Court to take offence; that it had been proposed to
+us, that the Imperial Ministers should sign as mediators. Our answer
+had been, that we had no objections, that we were willing and ready to
+consent to it, or even to request it. His Court had a right to consent
+or dissent, as it thought proper. To be sure, the mediation could not
+take place without their consent. That he might write to his Court the
+proposition, and if he received orders to consent or dissent, it would
+be equally well. In the meantime, we were ready to sign the definitive
+treaty, either with or without the mediation, whenever the other
+parties were ready to sign, according to his project just received
+from his Court, that is, simply a repetition of the provisional
+treaty.
+
+We have agreed to this, because it is plain, that all propositions for
+alterations in the provisional articles will be an endless discussion,
+and that we must give more than we can hope to receive. The critical
+state of things in England, and at the Court of Versailles, and in all
+the rest of Europe, affords pressing motives to get this business
+finished.
+
+Mr Hartley told us from his Court, that they had expected an American
+Minister at St James's these three months, and that all further
+matters might be there discussed.
+
+He also announced to us the birth of another Princess, the fifteenth
+child of the Queen, upon which event he received our congratulations,
+which I hope Congress will approve and repeat by their Minister in
+London; for these personal and family compliments are more attended
+to in Courts, and have greater effects than may be imagined.
+
+I lament very much, that we cannot obtain an explanation of the
+article respecting the refugees, and that respecting debts; but it is
+plain, we must give more than they are worth for such explanations;
+and what is of more decisive importance, we must make a long delay,
+and put infinitely greater things at hazard by this means.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, August 13th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The question before the French cabinet, whether they shall involve
+themselves in a war against two Christian Empires, in order to support
+a Turkish one, is of a serious nature on many accounts. If the Turks
+should be driven out of Europe, France would lose some of the Levant
+trade, and some of the coasting trade of Italy; and these commercial
+and naval considerations are enforced by others, which lie deeper in
+the human heart, the ancient rivalry between the great Houses of
+Bourbon and Austria, and between the vast countries of Germany and
+France, and between all the lesser powers, which depend upon them. To
+these considerations is to be added, that an Austrian Princess is now
+upon the throne of France, to whom it is no doubt a melancholy
+consideration, that there is danger of a war between a husband and a
+brother.
+
+The city politicians are looking out for alliances with Prussia,
+Holland, and even England, but can find none. It cannot be expected
+that either will engage; yet the French Minister has gone far towards
+compromising his master, by augmenting the array to a war
+establishment, and by threatening to shut up the Mediterranean Sea.
+
+In this posture of affairs, it is not surprising, that there should be
+a fermentation at Versailles, and since my return to Paris, I find it
+is the general topic of conversation. Monsieur de Breteuil, late
+Ambassador to the Court of Vienna, who is supposed to be esteemed by
+the Queen, and connected with her friends, is lately, about a
+fortnight ago, called to the King's council, and the Maréschal de
+Castries, who is in the same interest, is said to be new modelling the
+subordinate offices in his department.
+
+From these, and many other considerations, it is generally concluded,
+that Count de Vergennes' continuance in the Ministry is precarious. Mr
+Hartley last night and today began conversation with me upon the
+subject, and is very sanguine that his Minister will continue in place
+but a very short time, and assures me that the Duke of Manchester is
+of the same opinion. I pretend to form no opinion, because I have ever
+carefully avoided conversations and connexions, which might be
+misinterpreted into an attachment to persons or parties in this
+kingdom.
+
+I know, that for the last nine months many sensible people have
+thought this Minister in a tottering situation; others think he will
+weather out the storm, which all people agree is preparing for him.
+Time will discover. One thing is agreed on all hands, that he is not
+in favor with the Queen, and as he has taken up the cause in a pretty
+high tone against the Emperor and Empress, if he should be now
+displaced, Congress, I think, may infer from it, that France will not
+take a part in the war; on the contrary, if he remains, it is probable
+she will.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, August 13th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday at Versailles, the Baron de Walterstorff came to me and told
+me he had delivered to Dr Franklin, a project of a treaty between the
+Court of Denmark and the United States, and asked me if Dr Franklin
+had shown it to me? I answered him, that I knew nothing of it. He
+said, he wondered at that, he presumed it was because of my absence at
+the Hague, for that it had been shown to Mr Jay. There by the way he
+was misinformed, for upon my return from Versailles, I called upon Mr
+Jay on purpose to ask him, and he assured me he had not seen it. I
+asked Walterstorff, if his orders were to propose his project to us
+all. He said no, this Court had been informed, that Dr Franklin was
+the Minister authorised and empowered by Congress to treat with all
+the powers of Europe, and they had for this reason sent him orders to
+deliver the project to Dr Franklin, but he supposed Dr Franklin would
+consult his colleagues. The same information, I doubt not, has been
+given to the Court of Portugal, and every other Court in Europe, viz.
+that Dr Franklin is alone empowered to treat with them; and in
+consequence of it, very probably, propositions have been or will be
+made to him from all of them, and he will keep the whole as secret as
+he can from Mr Jay, Mr Laurens, Mr Dana, and me.[11]
+
+Now I beg to be informed by Congress, whether he has such authority or
+not? Having never been informed of such powers, I do not believe he
+has them. I remember there was seven years ago a resolution of
+Congress, that their Commissioners at Versailles should have power to
+treat with other powers of Europe; but upon the dissolution of that
+commission this authority was dissolved with it; or if not, it still
+resides in Mr Deane, Mr Lee, and myself, who were once in that
+commission, as well as Dr Franklin. And if it is by virtue of this
+power he acts, he ought at least to communicate with me, who alone am
+present. I think, however, that neither he nor I have any legal
+authority, and therefore that he ought to communicate everything of
+this kind to all the Ministers here or hereabout, Mr Jay, Mr Laurens,
+and myself, at least.
+
+It is not from the vain wish of seeing my poor name upon a treaty,
+that I write this. If the business is well done, it is not of much
+importance in itself who does it.
+
+But my duty to my country obliges me to say, that I seriously believe
+this clandestine manner of smuggling treaties is contrived by European
+politicians on purpose, that Mr Jay and I may not have an opportunity
+of suggesting ideas for the preservation of American navigation,
+transport-trade, and nurseries of seamen. But in another point of view
+it is of equal importance. This method reflects contempt and ridicule
+on your other Ministers. When all Europe sees, that a number of your
+Ministers are kept here as a kind of satellites to Dr Franklin in the
+affair of peace, but that they are not to be consulted or asked a
+question, or even permitted to know the important negotiations which
+are here going on with all Europe, they fall into contempt. It cannot
+be supposed that Congress mean to cast this contempt upon us, because
+it cannot be supposed they mean to destroy the reputation, character,
+influence, and usefulness of those to whom in other respects they
+intrust powers of so much consequence; and therefore I am persuaded,
+that Congress is as much imposed on by it as the Courts of Europe are.
+
+I asked the Baron, what was the substance of the treaty. He said his
+Court had taken for a model, my treaty with Holland. I said nothing to
+him in answer to this, but I beg leave to say to Congress, that the
+negotiation with Holland was in very different circumstances. We were
+then in the fiercest rage of the war. A treaty with that Republic was
+at that time of as much weight in the war, as the captivity of
+Burgoyne or Cornwallis. A treaty with any power was worth a battle or
+a siege, and no moments of time were to be lost, especially in a
+country so divided, that unanimity being necessary, every proposition
+was dangerous. At present the case is altered, and we may take time to
+weigh and inquire. The Baron tells me, that St Thomas and St John, two
+of their Islands, are free ports, but that St Croix, which is of more
+importance than both, is not. That foreign vessels, our vessels, are
+permitted to bring our produce, and carry away half the value in
+sugar, &c. The Island produces, _communibus annis_, twenty thousand
+hogsheads of sugar, and their molasses is better than that of the
+French, because they make only "_sucres crutes_." He says, they have
+some sugar-houses at Copenhagen. But notwithstanding this, I think it
+is worth while for Congress to try if they cannot, by the treaty,
+obtain a right to take away cargoes, to the full value of those they
+bring. It is worth while to try too, if we cannot obtain a tariff, to
+ascertain the duties to be paid in exportation and importation. It is
+worth while too, to endeavor to get the duties ascertained in the
+Danish ports in Europe, at least that we may not pay in their ports
+more than they pay in ours; or that our vessels may not be obliged to
+pay more than theirs, especially when we import our own produce. I
+pretend not to be a master of these commercial subjects, but I think
+that Dr Franklin has not studied the subject more than myself, that
+both of us need the advice of Mr Laurens and Mr Jay, and that all of
+us want that of American merchants, and especially of Congress. I am
+therefore against this secret and hasty method of concluding treaties,
+at this time, when they may be more maturely reflected on.
+
+I know very well to what ill-natured remarks these reflections are
+liable, but they shall not hinder me from doing my duty. I do
+sincerely believe, there are clandestine insinuations going about to
+every commercial nation in the world, to excite them to increase their
+own navigation and seamen at the expense of ours, and that this
+smuggling of treaties is one means of accomplishing the design,
+although Dr Franklin may not be let into the secret of it. For, from
+long experience and observation, I am persuaded that one Minister at
+least and his dependants would prefer, that the navigation of any
+nation in the world, even that of the English, should grow, rather
+than ours. In the last _Courier de l'Europe_, it is said, that all the
+commercial powers are concerting measures to clip the wings of the
+eagle, and to prevent us from having a navy. I believe it. That is to
+say, I believe measures are taken with them all to bring them into
+this system, although they are not let into the secret design, and do
+not know from whom the measures come, nor with what views promoted.
+
+With great regard, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[11] Franklin did not assume this authority, but reported to Congress,
+that propositions for treaties had been made, and desired that
+authority to conclude them might be sent to him, or _some other
+person_. See on this subject, _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. IV.
+pp. 74, 97, 99, 110, 114, 141. For the treaty with Sweden he had a
+special authority. _Secret Journals_, Vol. III. p 240.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, August 15th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+France, England, Spain, and America are all agreed; but Mr Hartley is
+sanguine, that the treaty will not be signed, because, he says, the
+Count de Vergennes does not mean to sign it. His reasons for this
+opinion I know not, and I think he is mistaken. It is very certain,
+however, that the French Minister is embarrassed, and would not,
+perhaps, be sorry to find good reasons for postponing the signature
+for some time.
+
+Congress may judge in some degree of the situation of things, by the
+following conversation, which I had this morning with M. Brantzen, the
+Ambassador Extraordinary from the States-General, to whom I returned
+the visit he made me yesterday, when I was abroad.
+
+He told me, "that he was as far, and indeed farther than ever, from an
+agreement with the Duke of Manchester. He had given up, he said, all
+pretensions to a compensation for the unjust damages of the war, and
+he had in a manner waived his claim of the restitution of Negapatnam.
+But the Duke of Manchester now insisted peremptorily upon, not only
+all the ancient salutations from the Dutch flag to the English, but
+upon an unlimited liberty of navigation in all the seas of the East
+Indies. He had despatched an express to the Hague the day before
+yesterday, who would arrive today; but the Grand Pensionary was sick,
+and the States of Holland not sitting; so that there must be some time
+before he could have an answer. Concerning the salutes to the flag,
+there would be different opinions, but they would be all of a mind
+against the liberty of navigation in the Indies. He could not,
+therefore, expect from their High Mightinesses permission to sign, and
+the Count de Vergennes would be embarrassed. All the other powers were
+ready, and to make them wait would raise a cry.
+
+"To sign without Holland would raise a terrible storm in Holland
+against the Count, and no small one in France. And even, if the States
+should authorise him to sign a shameful peace, this would raise no
+less clamor in Holland and France against the Count. He will,
+therefore, not know what to do, and will seek to postpone; for the
+parties of the Marquis de Castries and of M. de Breteuil will take
+advantage of every clamor against the Count, as these parties wish M.
+de Breteuil in his place. I am persuaded, therefore, that the Count
+himself looks upon his own situation as very hazardous. It has been so
+a long time. It was his instability in his place that made him sign
+the preliminaries, for money to carry on the war could not be obtained
+without M. Necker, and M. Necker would not come in with the Count, as
+they were and are sworn enemies to each other. He was, therefore,
+reduced to the dilemma to make peace or go out. I have good reasons to
+believe, that the Maréschal de Castries disapproves of the Count's
+conduct towards our Republic. He certainly deceived me. The
+States-General did very wrong to bind me to leave so much to the
+French Minister; but I thought him an honest man, and that I could
+trust him; so I left things to him, according to my instructions,
+depending on his word, and, at last, I found myself the dupe. No, not
+a dupe, for I am always upon my guard not to be a dupe. But he
+deceived me; and when one, whom I have reason to believe an honest
+man, deceives me, I cannot call myself a dupe, for I can do no other
+than believe an honest man, when he gives me his word."
+
+In several of your letters, Sir, you have insisted on my reciting to
+you my conversations with foreign Ministers. You must not esteem them
+infallible oracles. They are often mistaken in their facts, and
+sometimes wrong in their reasonings. But these sentiments of M.
+Brantzen are of so much importance, that I thought proper to recite
+them. It will, indeed, be necessary for your foreign Ministers to be
+more inquisitive than we have been, and to transmit to Congress more
+information concerning the intrigues of Courts, than we have done. If
+the Maréschal de Castries and M. de Breteuil, who is now in the
+Council, and M. Necker are not friends to the Count de Vergennes, and
+all the world here agree they are not, Congress ought to know it.
+Although I would have so much respect to the Queen, as not to name her
+Majesty upon unnecessary occasions, yet, upon this, when she is sister
+to the Emperor, and the question at Court is, whether there shall be a
+war with her brother, it is obviously a matter of so much importance,
+as to make it a duty to communicate to Congress her sentiments, which
+all men here agree are favorable to de Castries and Breteuil, but not
+partial to the present Minister of foreign Affairs. I said in a former
+letter, if this Minister continues, there will be war; but I am told
+by some, if there is war, he cannot continue; for neither he, nor his
+friends, can raise the money. M. de Rayneval, however, affirmed
+positively to Mr Hartley, that nothing but death could remove the
+Count.[12]
+
+All these things show the critical and uncertain constitution of this
+Court, and the uncertainty when the definitive treaty will be signed,
+notwithstanding that four powers are agreed, and, therefore, I can
+give Congress no clear information upon that head. This is a great
+chagrin to me, both on account of the public and myself, because I am
+as uncertain about my own destiny as that of the public.
+
+With great respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[12] This affirmation was verified. The Count de Vergennes continued
+in the Ministry till his death, which happened, February 13th, 1787.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            Paris, September 5th 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On Wednesday, the 3d day of this month, the American Ministers met the
+British Minister at his lodgings at the _Hôtel de York_, and signed,
+sealed, and delivered the Definitive Treaty of Peace between the
+United States of America and the King of Great Britain. Although it is
+but a confirmation or repetition of the provisional articles, I have
+the honor to congratulate Congress upon it, as it is a completion of
+the work of peace, and the best that we could obtain. Nothing remains
+now to be done but a treaty of commerce; but this in my opinion cannot
+be negotiated without a new commission from Congress to some one or
+more persons. Time, it is easy to foresee, will not be likely to
+render the British nation more disposed to a regulation of commerce
+favorable to us, and therefore my advice is to issue a commission as
+soon as may be.
+
+There is another subject on which I beg leave to represent to Congress
+my sentiments, because they seem to me of importance, and because they
+differ from many sanguine opinions, which will be communicated to the
+members of that assembly from partisans both of England and France.
+
+In the late deliberations concerning an acceptance of the mediation of
+the Imperial Courts, the British Minister refused it, and in the
+conferences we had with the Count de Vergennes upon this subject, it
+was manifest enough to me that he was not fond of our accepting it;
+for although he maintained a perfect impartiality of language, neither
+advising us for, nor against the measure, yet at last, when it was
+observed that Mr Hartley was averse to it, he turned to Dr Franklin
+and said, that we must agree with Mr Hartley about it, with such a
+countenance, air, and tone of voice (for from these you must often
+collect the sentiments of Ministers) as convinced me he did not wish
+the mediation should take place.
+
+It was not a subject which would bear insisting on either way. I
+therefore made no difficulty. But I am, upon recollection, fully of
+opinion that we should have done wisely to have sent our letter to the
+Imperial Ministers, accepting the mediation on our part. The signature
+of these Ministers would have given reputation in Europe and among our
+own citizens. I mention these, because I humbly conceive that Congress
+ought, in all their proceedings, to consider the opinion that the
+United States or the people of America will entertain of themselves.
+We may call this national vanity or national pride, but it is the main
+principle of the national sense of its own dignity, and a passion in
+human nature, without which nations cannot preserve the character of
+man. Let the people lose this sentiment, as in Poland, and a partition
+of their country will soon take place. Our country has but lately been
+a dependent one, and our people although enlightened and virtuous,
+have had their minds and hearts habitually filled with all the
+passions of a dependent and subordinate people; that is to say, with
+fear, with diffidence, and distrust of themselves, with admiration of
+foreigners, &c. Now I say, that it is one of the most necessary and
+one of the most difficult branches of the policy of Congress to
+eradicate from the American mind, every remaining fibre of this fear
+and self-diffidence on one hand, and of this excessive admiration of
+foreigners on the other.
+
+It cannot be doubted one moment, that a solemn acknowledgment of us by
+the signature of the two Imperial Courts would have had such a
+tendency in the minds of our countrymen. But we should also consider,
+upon every occasion, how our reputation will be affected in Europe. We
+shall not find it easy to keep up the respect for us, that has been
+excited by the continual publication of the exploits of this war. In
+the calm of peace, little will be said about us in Europe unless we
+prepare for it, but by those who have designs upon us. We may depend
+upon it, everything will be said in Europe and in the gazettes, which
+anybody in Europe wants to have repeated in America, to make such
+impressions upon the minds of our citizens, as he desires. It will
+become us, therefore, to do everything in our power to make reasonable
+and just impressions upon the public opinion in Europe. The signature
+of the two Imperial Courts would have made a deep and important
+impression in our favor, upon full one half of Europe, as friends to
+those Courts, and upon all the other half as enemies.
+
+I need not explain myself further. I may however add, that Americans
+can scarcely conceive the decisive influence of the governments of
+Europe upon their people. Every nation is a piece of clockwork, every
+wheel is under the absolute direction of the sovereign as its weight
+or spring. In consequence of this, all that moiety of mankind that are
+subject to the two imperial Courts and their allies, would, in
+consequence of their mediation have been openly and decidedly our
+friends at this hour, and the other half of Europe would certainly
+have respected us more for this. But at present, the two Imperial
+Courts not having signed the treaty, all their friends are left in a
+state of doubt and timidity concerning us. From all the conversations
+I have had with the Count de Mercy and M. Markoff, it is certain that
+the two Courts wished, as these Ministers certainly were ambitious to,
+sign our treaty. They and their sovereigns wished that their names
+might be read in America, and there respected as our friends. But this
+is now past. England and France will be most perfectly united in all
+artifices and endeavors to keep down our reputation at home and
+abroad, to mortify our self-conceit, and to lessen us in the opinion
+of the world. If we will not see, we must be the dupes; we need not,
+for we have in our own power, with the common blessing, the means of
+everything we want. There is but one course now left to retrieve the
+error, and that is to send a Minister to Vienna with power to make a
+treaty with both the Imperial Courts. Congress must send a Minister
+first, or it will never be done. The Emperor never sends first, nor
+will England ever send a Minister to America, until Congress shall
+have sent one to London.
+
+To form immediate commercial connexions with that half of Europe,
+which ever has been, and with little variations ever will be, opposite
+to the House of Bourbon, is a fundamental maxim of that system of
+American politics, which I have pursued invariably from the beginning
+of this war. It is the only means of preserving the respect of the
+House of Bourbon itself; it is the only means in conjunction with our
+connexions with the House of Bourbon, already formed, to secure us the
+respect of England for any length of time, and to keep us out of
+another war with that kingdom. It is, in short, the only possible
+means of securing to our country that peace, neutrality, impartiality,
+and indifference in European wars, which, in my opinion, we shall be
+unwise in the last degree, if we do not maintain. It is, besides, the
+only way in which we can improve and extend our commercial connexions
+to the best advantage.
+
+With great respect, I am,
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              TO ELIAS BOUDINOT, PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Paris, September 8th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday morning Mr Jay informed me, that Dr Franklin had received,
+and soon after the Doctor put into my hands, the resolution of
+Congress of the 1st of May,[13] ordering a commission and instructions
+to be prepared to those gentlemen and myself for making a Treaty of
+Commerce with Great Britain. This resolution, with your Excellency's
+letter, arrived very seasonably, as Mr Hartley was setting off for
+London with information from us, that our powers were executed.
+
+I am very sensible of the honor, that is done me by this resolution of
+Congress, and of the great importance of the business committed to our
+care; and shall not, therefore, hesitate to take a part in it. I can
+attend to this business, and at the same time have some care of your
+affairs in Holland; and in case the present loan should be full in the
+course of the next winter, I can open a new one, either by going to
+Amsterdam, or by having the obligation sent to me in Paris to be
+signed. In this way there will be no additional expense to the public,
+as I have informed M. Dumas, that there must be no expense made at the
+Hague on my account, or on account of Congress, but that all his
+expenses must be borne by himself, or he must at least settle them
+with Congress. I have so much regard for this gentleman, and such an
+opinion of his worth and merit, that I cannot but recommend him upon
+this occasion to Congress, for the commission of Secretary of that
+Legation, but as economy is and ought to be carefully attended to, I
+presume not to point out the salary, which will be proper. There are
+so many ways of pillaging public men in Europe, that it will be
+difficult for Congress to conceive the expenses, which are unavoidable
+in these countries.
+
+If the principle of economy should restrain Congress from sending
+Ministers to Vienna, Petersburg, Copenhagen and Lisbon, they will
+probably send a commission to Paris to negotiate treaties there,
+because I think it will appear to be of great importance, both in a
+political and commercial light, to have treaties with these powers. If
+this should be the case, as three of us will be now obliged to attend
+at Paris the tedious negotiation with every Court, we can all at the
+same time and with the same expense attend to the negotiations with
+the other powers; which will afford to all an opportunity of throwing
+in any hints, which may occur for the public good, and will have a
+much better appearance in the eyes of Europe and America. I do not
+hesitate, therefore, to request, that if such a commission or
+commissions should be sent, that all your Ministers in Europe may be
+inserted in it. If the arrangement should make any difficulty in
+America, it will make none with me; for although I think there was
+good reason for the order in which the names stand in the new
+commission for peace, and in the resolution for a new commission for a
+treaty of commerce, that reason will not exist in any future
+commission.
+
+Mr Hartley's powers are sufficient to go through the negotiation with
+us, and I suppose it will be chiefly conducted at Paris, yet we may
+all think it proper to make a tour to London, for a few weeks
+especially, in case any material obstacle should arise. We are told,
+that such a visit would have a good effect at Court and with the
+nation; at least, it seems clear it would do no harm.
+
+With the greatest respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, Sir,
+your most obedient and most humble servant,
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[13] "Ordered, That a commission be prepared to John Adams, Benjamin
+Franklin, and John Jay, authorising them, or either of them in the
+absence of the others, to enter into a treaty of commerce between the
+United States of America and Great Britain, subject to the revisal of
+the contracting parties previous to its final conclusion; and, in the
+meantime, to enter into a commercial convention, to continue in force
+one year."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Paris, September 8th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As the resolution of Congress of the 1st of May has determined it to
+be my duty to remain in Europe, at least another winter, I shall be
+obliged to say many things to your Excellency by letter, which I
+hoped to have had the honor of saying upon the floor of your house.
+Some of these things may be thought at first of little consequence,
+but time, and inquiry, and consideration, will show them to have
+weight. Of this sort, is the subject of this letter.
+
+The views and designs, the intrigues and projects of Courts, are let
+out by insensible degrees, and with infinite art and delicacy in the
+gazettes.
+
+These channels of communication are very numerous; and they are
+artificially complicated in such a manner, that very few persons are
+able to trace the sources from whence insinuations and projects flow.
+The English papers are an engine, by which everything is scattered all
+over the world. They are open and free. The eyes of mankind are fixed
+upon them. They are taken by all Courts and all politicians, and by
+almost all gazetteers. Of these papers, the French emissaries in
+London, even in time of war, but especially in time of peace, make a
+very great use; they insert in them things which they wish to have
+circulated far and wide. Some of the paragraphs inserted in them will
+do to circulate through all Europe, and some will not do in the
+_Courier de l'Europe_. This is the most artful paper in the world; it
+is continually accommodating between the French and English Ministry.
+If it should offend the English essentially, the Ministry would
+prevent its publication; if it should sin against the French
+unpardonably, the Ministry would instantly stop its circulation; it
+is, therefore, continually under the influence of the French
+Ministers, whose under-workers have many things translated into it
+from the English papers, and many others inserted in it originally,
+both to the end, that they may be circulated over the world, and
+particularly that they may be seen by the King of France, who reads
+this paper constantly. From the English papers and the _Courier de
+l'Europe_, many things are transferred into various other gazettes,
+the _Courier du Bas Rhin_, the _Gazette de Deux Ponts_, the _Courier
+d'Avignon_, and the _Gazette des Pays Bas_. The Gazettes of Leyden and
+Amsterdam, are sometimes used for the more grave and solid objects,
+those of Deux Ponts and d'Avignon for popular topics, the small talk
+of coffee-houses, and still smaller and lower circles.
+
+All these papers and many others discover a perpetual complaisance for
+the French Ministry, because they are always in their power so
+entirely, that if an offensive paragraph appears, the entrance and
+distribution of the gazette may be stopped by an order from Court, by
+which the gazetteer loses the sale of his paper in France, which is a
+great pecuniary object. Whoever shall hereafter come to Europe in any
+public employment, and take in the papers above enumerated, will
+acknowledge his obligations to me for mentioning them. He will find
+them a constant source of amusement, and sometimes of useful
+discoveries. I may hereafter possibly entertain Congress with some
+curious speculations from these gazettes, which have all their
+attention fixed upon us, and very often honor us with their
+animadversions, sometimes with their grave counsels, but oftener still
+with very subtle and sly insinuations.
+
+With great respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          Paris, September 10th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As I am to remain in Europe for some time longer, I beg leave to take
+a cursory view of what appears necessary or expedient to be further
+done in Europe; for I conceive it to be not only the right but the
+duty of a Foreign Minister, to advise his Sovereign, according to his
+lights and judgments, although the more extensive information and
+superior wisdom of the Sovereign, may frequently see cause to pursue a
+different conduct.
+
+With Spain no doubt Congress will negotiate by a particular Minister,
+either the present one or another, and perhaps it would be proper that
+the same should treat with Naples. With the two Empires, Prussia,
+Denmark, Portugal, Sardinia and Tuscany, I humbly conceive, it might
+be proper to negotiate, and perhaps with Hamburg; but there are other
+powers with whom it is more necessary to have treaties than it ought
+to be, I mean Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.
+
+I presume that Congress will not think it expedient to be at the
+expense of sending Ministers to all these powers, if to any. Perhaps
+in the present state of our finances it may not be worth while to send
+any. Yet the present time is the best to negotiate with all. I submit
+it to consideration then, whether it is not advisable to send a
+commission to such Minister as you judge proper, with full powers to
+treat with all, to the Ministers now in Paris, or to any others. But I
+humbly conceive, that if powers to treat with all or any of these
+States are sent to any of your Ministers now here, it would be for the
+public good, that they should be sent to all. If Congress can find
+funds to treat with the Barbary Powers, the Ministers here are the
+best situated, for they should apply to the Court of Versailles and
+their High Mightinesses in the first place, that orders should be sent
+to their Consuls according to treaties to assist us. Ministers here
+may carry on this negotiation by letters, or may be empowered to send
+an agent if necessary. I have no private interest in this business. My
+salary will be the same, my expenses more, and labor much increased by
+such a measure. But as it is of public importance, I think, that no
+unnecessary delicacies should restrain me from suggesting these hints
+to Congress. Whatever their determination may be, will be satisfactory
+to me.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, your Excellency's,
+&c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN JAY;
+
+
+MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY TO THE COURT OF SPAIN, AND ONE OF THE
+COMMISSIONERS FOR NEGOTIATING PEACE.
+
+
+
+
+John Jay was a member of the first Congress, which assembled at
+Philadelphia in September, 1774, having been, with four other persons,
+chosen a delegate from the city and county of New York. He was also in
+the Congress of the following year, but after the organization of the
+government of New York he was made Chief Justice of the State, and
+retired from Congress. On the 21st of October, 1778, even while he
+held the office of Chief Justice, he was elected by the Assembly a
+delegate to Congress for a specific object, till the first of March
+following. The Assembly at the same time declared, that by the
+constitution of New York both these stations were consistent with each
+other.
+
+Mr Jay joined the Congress on the 7th of December, and was elected
+President of that body three days afterwards, as the successor of
+Henry Laurens. He discharged this office with great dignity and credit
+to himself till September 27th, 1779, when he was appointed Minister
+Plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty of amity and alliance with
+Spain. He sailed for France about the first of November in the same
+ship with M. Gerard, who had been the late French Minister in the
+United States. Accidents at sea compelled the Captain of the vessel to
+put into Martinique, whence Mr Jay sailed in another vessel for
+Europe, and arrived at Cadiz on the 22d of January, 1780. Here he
+remained between two and three months, and then proceeded to Madrid,
+and entered on the duties of his mission.
+
+The two principal objects, which Mr Jay was instructed to obtain, were
+a grant of aids in money and military supplies from Spain, to assist
+in prosecuting the war against the common enemy, and a treaty between
+Spain and the United States. After encountering for more than two
+years innumerable embarrassments, vexatious delays, cold treatment,
+and a provoking indifference, that would have exhausted the patience,
+if not ruffled the temper of most men, he met with very little success
+in the former object, and none at all in the latter. The Spanish Court
+seemed nowise inclined to recognize the independence of the United
+States, or to show them any substantial marks of friendship, and yet
+there was evidently a willingness to keep on terms, and be prepared to
+act according to the issue of events. Tardy promises of money were
+made by the Minister, which he was reluctant to fulfil, and it was
+with extreme difficulty at last, that Mr Jay succeeded in procuring
+from his Catholic Majesty the pitiful loan of one hundred and fifty
+thousand dollars. In the treaty he made no progress, but was put off
+from time to time, with pretences as frivolous as they were insincere.
+He was never received in his public capacity, nor in any other
+character than that of a private gentleman empowered to act as Agent
+for the United States. In short, it must be confessed, that the
+conduct of Spain, in regard to this country during the revolutionary
+war, was not such as to inspire the gratitude or respect of succeeding
+generations.
+
+Meantime, on the 13th of June, 1781, Mr Jay was chosen one of the
+Commissioners for negotiating a peace, when the parties at war should
+be prepared for such an event. Having already made considerable
+progress with Mr Oswald in the treaty; and being persuaded that the
+British government were in earnest as to their professed desire for
+peace, Dr Franklin wrote to Mr Jay requesting him to repair to Paris,
+and join in the negotiation. He arrived in that city on the 23d of
+June, 1782, and shortly afterwards engaged in the duties of his
+commission with his colleague. Mr Adams did not arrive till the 26th
+of October. The preliminary articles were signed on the 30th of
+November.
+
+Mr Jay continued in Europe the year following, and signed, with the
+other Commissioners, the Definitive Treaty, September 3d, 1783.
+Several months previously he had asked permission to return home, but
+he did not embark till June 1st, 1794. He arrived in New York on the
+24th of July following.
+
+It having been understood that he would soon return, Congress had
+elected him Secretary of Foreign Affairs on the 7th of May, as
+successor to Mr Livingston, who had resigned some time before. He
+accepted this appointment, and took charge of the office, which he
+filled with the same dignity and ability, that had marked his conduct
+in every public station.
+
+
+
+
+THE CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN JAY.
+
+
+          INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN JAY, MINISTER FOR NEGOTIATING
+                         A TREATY WITH SPAIN.
+
+                                    In Congress, September 29th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+By the treaties subsisting between his Most Christian Majesty and the
+United States of America, a power is reserved to his Catholic Majesty
+to accede to the said treaties, and to participate in their
+stipulations, at such time as he shall judge proper, it being well
+understood, nevertheless, that if any of the stipulations of the said
+treaties are not agreeable to the Court of Spain, his Catholic Majesty
+may propose other conditions analogous to the principal aim of the
+alliance, and conformable to the rules of equality, reciprocity, and
+friendship. Congress is sensible of the friendly regard to these
+States manifested by his Most Christian Majesty, in reserving a power
+to his Catholic Majesty of acceding to the alliance entered into
+between his Most Christian Majesty and these United States; and,
+therefore, that nothing may be wanting on their part to facilitate
+the views of his Most Christian Majesty, and to obtain a treaty of
+alliance, and of amity and commerce with his Catholic Majesty, have
+thought proper to anticipate any propositions, which his Catholic
+Majesty might make on that subject, by yielding up to him those
+objects, which they conclude he may have principally in view; and for
+that purpose have come to the following resolution;
+
+That if his Catholic Majesty shall accede to the said treaties, and,
+in concurrence with France and the United States of America, continue
+the present war with Great Britain for the purpose expressed in the
+treaties aforesaid, he shall not thereby be precluded from securing to
+himself the Floridas; on the contrary, if he shall obtain the Floridas
+from Great Britain, these United States will guaranty the same to his
+Catholic Majesty; provided always, that the United States shall enjoy
+the free navigation of the river Mississippi into and from the sea.
+
+You are, therefore, to communicate to his Most Christian Majesty the
+desire of Congress to enter into a treaty of alliance, and of amity
+and commerce with his Catholic Majesty, and to request his favorable
+interposition for that purpose. At the same time, you are to make such
+proposal to his Catholic Majesty, as in your judgment, from
+circumstances, will be proper for obtaining for the United States of
+America equal advantages with those, which are secured to them by the
+treaties with his Most Christian Majesty; observing always the
+resolution aforesaid as the ultimatum of the United States.
+
+You are particularly to endeavor to obtain some convenient port or
+ports below the thirtyfirst degree of north latitude, on the river
+Mississippi, for all merchant vessels, goods, wares, and merchandises,
+belonging to the inhabitants of these States.
+
+The distressed state of our finances, and the great depreciation of
+our paper money, inclined Congress to hope that his Catholic Majesty,
+if he shall conclude a treaty with these States, will be induced to
+lend them money; you are, therefore, to represent to him the great
+distress of these States on that account, and to solicit a loan of
+five millions of dollars upon the best terms in your power, not
+exceeding six per cent per annum, effectually to enable them to
+co-operate with the allies against the common enemy. But before you
+make any propositions to his Catholic Majesty for a loan, you are to
+endeavor to obtain a subsidy in consideration of the guarantee
+aforesaid.[14]
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[14] The above is the form in which the instructions were reported by
+a committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                         St Pierre's, Martinique, December 20th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This is the only opportunity of transmitting a letter to Philadelphia
+since our arrival; and as the route, which this is to take, will be
+very circuitous and doubtful, it will be short and general.
+
+Having lost our bowsprit, all our masts, and many of our sails, as
+well as split our rudder, off the Banks of Newfoundland, we steered
+for this Island, and arrived yesterday afternoon. The Governor and
+Admiral are at Port Royal. They are informed of our being here, and I
+shall see them either at this or that place, according as we shall
+find it to be their intention to come to the one, or remain at the
+other. Till then, it must continue doubtful, whether we shall be able
+to obtain a passage in a French frigate, or speedily refit our own;
+neither of which can be done without the interposition of government.
+
+Two days hence, a vessel will sail for St Eustatia. I shall write more
+particularly by her, and it is more than probable, that those letters
+will come to hand before this.
+
+Yesterday, a fleet of twentyfive merchant-men under the convoy of a
+frigate, bound from France to this place, were attacked on the
+southern coast of Martinique, near Port Royal, by a number of the
+enemy's ships of war from St Lucia. Fourteen merchant-men were
+captured, and two driven on shore. The rest escaped during a very
+severe action between three line of battle ships under Monsieur le
+Motte Piquet, (who went from Port Royal to their relief) and double
+the number of the enemy. This intelligence was communicated to me this
+morning by the commanding officer here.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                          St Pierre's, Martinique, December 22d, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+By a message received yesterday afternoon from the Marquis de Boulliè,
+I find there is no reason to expect him or the Admiral here very soon.
+We shall, therefore, set out for Port Royal early tomorrow morning,
+and endeavor to get our ship refitted as soon as possible. She will
+follow us in a day or two, and, as the enemy's ships of war are
+frequently cruising near the Island, she will go under convoy; four of
+them are now in sight of this town.
+
+It seems agreed on all hands, that the expense of refitting the
+Confederacy will be very considerable. To reduce this matter to
+greater certainty, I have desired the captain to make out an estimate
+of his wants; he promised to prepare it, and give me a copy this
+evening. If I receive it before nine o'clock, it will accompany this
+letter, otherwise it will be transmitted by the next conveyance.
+
+The agent here tells me, he is without cash, and in debt on the public
+account. I fear he has been neglected. I shall, however, defer saying
+anything further on his subject till I shall be better informed.
+Should an opportunity offer of writing to your Excellency from Port
+Royal, I shall embrace it, if not, I shall take the first after my
+return. As the government here will, I hope, advance the money
+necessary for preparing the frigate for sea, I am anxious that you may
+have the earliest intelligence of it, that timely provision may be
+made for the payment.
+
+Of the fleet mentioned in my letter of the 20th instant, only nine
+were taken or destroyed.
+
+_7 o'clock._--I had written thus far, when Captain Harding called upon
+me. He has made out an estimate of the ship's wants, and given it to
+Mr Bingham, without having made a copy for me, which it is now too
+late to do to go by this vessel.
+
+On our return from Port Royal, the captain will transmit particular
+accounts of everything respecting the ship, which he ought to
+communicate. He has been too much engaged to prepare his despatches to
+go by this vessel, and, therefore, postpones writing for the present,
+especially as he would have leisure only to repeat the general account
+of our misfortune contained in my letter.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                         St Pierre's, Martinique, December 24th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My former letters to your Excellency of the 20th and 22d instant, (a
+triplicate of the former, and a duplicate of the latter are herewith
+enclosed) have already informed Congress of the disaster, which
+imposed upon us the necessity of coming hither. But as that necessity
+has been and still continues the subject of much inquiry and
+investigation, it is proper that the facts from which it arose be
+minutely stated.
+
+On the 7th day of November last, between the hours of five and six in
+the morning, in latitude 41 03 N. and longitude 50 39 W. the Captain
+being in bed indisposed, and the master and second lieutenant on deck,
+the ship going nine knots an hour in a brisk breeze and rough sea, but
+by no means hard weather, her bowsprit and all her masts gave way in
+less than three minutes. The day was employed in clearing the ship of
+the wreck, and getting up a little sail; towards evening a heavy gale
+came on. During the night, the tiller was lashed fast, and she lay too
+very well, the wind blowing hard at south east. The next morning the
+shank of the rudder was found to be so much wrenched and split, that
+the Captain then told me he thought it a greater misfortune than the
+loss of the masts. There were two French gentlemen on board, who, it
+was said, and I believe with truth, were well skilled in maritime
+affairs, having been bred to that business from their infancy, viz.
+Monsieur Roche, a Knight of the Order of St Louis, and a Captain
+Remuy, of Marseilles. Either this day or the next, I am not certain
+which, M. Gerard remarked to me, that without any previous counsel,
+it seemed to be the unanimous opinion of all the naval officers on
+board to go to the West Indies, and that he believed it would be best,
+though he said he was at first inclined to oppose it. The first
+expedient to steer the ship was by the cable and a spar; below the
+split in the rudder there was a bolt with two rings, to which it had
+been intended to fix a chain for the purpose of steering the ship in
+case of such accidents, but the fixing the chains had been omitted;
+through this ring the Captain passed a chain, and to each end of it
+fastened a strong rope, which was conducted over the quarters, and
+this was the second mode of steering her; but from the uncommon
+breadth of the rudder by which its power became unusually great, and
+the acuteness of the angle between it and the chains rendering a
+greater force necessary than if it had approached nearer to a right
+angle; the bolt, though to appearance a good one, broke nearly in the
+middle, and came out.
+
+It seems the rudder of this ship was hung after she had been launched,
+and that to do it the more easily an eyebolt had been fixed in each
+side of the rudder below the shank; to these eyebolts two chains were
+then fixed, which crossing the edge of the rudder in opposite
+directions, were fastened to pennants made of cordage, provided for
+the breechings of our twelve pounders. These pennants passed through
+blocks at the end of spars, run out of the ports of the cabin. From
+thence they were led through blocks in opposite ports of the main deck
+to the capstan, by means of which they were very conveniently managed,
+and the ship without much difficulty steered. Such however was the
+force and wear they underwent before our arrival in calmer latitudes
+and smoother seas, that they generally gave way every day or two; and
+the Captain tells me, no less than six hundred weight of that cordage
+has been consumed in that service.
+
+So great was the swell off the Banks, and so high, though not severe
+the winds, that near a fortnight elapsed before the ship was put in
+her present condition for sailing. The same obstacles also retarded
+the repairing of the rudder, which after all was so weak that it was
+not thought advisable to steer by the tiller, and to prevent any
+further injury from its striking against the ship, which it constantly
+did in calm weather, bags stuffed with oakum were placed on each side
+of it, and a man employed night and day to tend them.
+
+Some days before the 23d day of November, the Captain told me, he
+thought it advisable to call a council of his officers, and submit to
+their consideration the propriety of continuing our course towards
+Europe. M. Gerard shortly after mentioned to me the sitting of this
+council, and said, he could assure me that the Chevalier Roche and
+Monsieur Remuy would not give their opinions on the subject but in
+writing, and on being requested to do it in writing by the Captain.
+This intelligence appeared to me extraordinary, but as it was not
+necessary that my sentiments relative to it should be known, I made no
+reply to M. Gerard, but by degrees turned the conversation to another
+subject; nor did I give the least hint of it to the Captain, but
+observed a perfect silence relative to it. It appeared to me that
+those gentlemen either overrated their importance, or entertained
+improper ideas of the merit of our officers, and I confess it gave me
+pleasure to hear that they were not consulted at all.
+
+The council of officers was held the 23d of November last. The
+Captain gave me their report, together with a return of the provisions
+and water on board, and assured me of his readiness to proceed to any
+port whatever, that M. Gerard and myself should direct. I gave these
+papers to M. Gerard, and although I did not think it expedient by
+consulting the French officers to give them reason to suppose, that I
+concurred in sentiments with them as to the importance of their
+opinions, yet I told M. Gerard, I was well satisfied he should
+communicate to them the report of our officers, and obtain their
+sentiments on the question stated in it, and the better to enable him
+to do it, I proposed that we should postpone the discussion of the
+subject till the next day, or longer if necessary. He took the papers,
+said it was very well, and that he would speak to those gentlemen. A
+day or two after, being on deck, M. Gerard took me aside and gave me
+the papers, telling me he had seen these gentlemen, and that they both
+declined giving any opinion about it; that they had always been, and
+still were, ready to do anything for the benefit of the ship; that had
+they been requested to give their opinions while the matter was in
+agitation, they would have done it; that it was now over, and
+determined; that under these circumstances their opinion would be of
+no avail, and that they did not choose, by declaring their sentiments,
+either to confirm the report, or give it ineffectual opposition. M.
+Gerard further intimated, that those gentlemen seemed to think their
+giving their advice in the course of our troubles had given offence to
+the officers of the ship; but I had never reason to think their
+apprehensions well founded. Upon this conduct of those gentlemen, I
+briefly observed to M. Gerard, that as they were passengers, we had
+no right to demand their opinions, and that they had a right to
+withhold them, or not, as they pleased, and for such reasons as they
+might think proper; but that as the Captain of the ship had been
+directed by the marine committee to obey such orders as he should
+receive from us, it was necessary that in the present conjuncture we
+should decide on the report; that the Captain, in my opinion, would
+not be justifiable in further pursuing his course against the solemn
+and unanimous opinion of all the officers, unless by our express
+orders; and he would be culpable in changing it, without a previous
+application to us for direction. M. Gerard observed, that he was
+sensible of the honor done him by the order alluded to, but that it
+was not convenient to him to give any opinion or direction on the
+subject. It did not appear to me prudent to reply to this, and
+therefore I took the first opportunity of turning the conversation to
+another topic. As this circumstance prevented the Captain's receiving
+any positive orders from us on the subject, he was of course left to
+pursue his own judgment, but being desirous of my opinion, I gave it
+to him, in the manner endorsed on the report of the council, of which
+a copy is herewith enclosed.
+
+The reasons on which this opinion was grounded are, in part, contained
+in this report, but there were others not mentioned in it. That
+Congress may the better judge of their force, it is necessary that
+they be informed of some previous circumstances.
+
+The first fair day after losing our masts, I went to the door of M.
+Gerard's room on the deck, which was open, to bid him good morning.
+Chevalier Roche was with him; they were conversing on the course most
+proper for us to steer, and the port most proper to make for. M.
+Gerard was for going to Cadiz; he had an excellent set of charts, and
+he had then one of the Atlantic Ocean, with its American, European,
+and African Coasts, and the intervening islands, before him. By the
+assistance of this map we perfectly understood his reasoning. The
+Chevalier at that time inclined to the West Indies, and I heard him,
+on leaving the room, tell M. Gerard, that to endeavor to get to Europe
+in the present condition of the ship, would be to "_run a very great
+risk of perishing in the ocean_." Some time after this, M. Gerard
+perceiving that I had adopted no decided opinion on the subject, (and
+that was really the case) in the course of an evening he spent with us
+in the cabin, (none of the officers of the ship being present) desired
+me to attend particularly to his several reasons for going to Cadiz,
+and consider them maturely before I made up my judgment. I promised
+him to do it, and was as good as my word. He proceeded to observe;
+
+1st. That the distance to Cadiz and to Martinique differed but little,
+and that no weighty argument could be drawn from this difference.
+
+2dly. That between us and Cadiz lay the Western and Canary Islands,
+into some one or other of which we might run, if necessary.
+
+3dly. That if, on our arrival at either of these Islands, it should
+appear impracticable or imprudent to proceed further, our persons at
+least would be safe, and we might get to Europe in one of the many
+vessels, which frequent those Islands; whereas, on the other hand,
+there were no Islands between us and Martinique, and we should, in
+steering southward, be obliged to run all that distance without
+finding any place by the way, at which we might touch, or, in case of
+danger, find shelter.
+
+4thly. That if calmer seas were our object, we should find them in
+going eastward as well as southward; that we must not expect to meet
+with the trade winds at that season but in a very remote southern
+latitude; that in crossing the latitude of Bermudas, we should meet
+with heavy squalls, and bad weather; that in the latitude between that
+and the trade winds, we must expect variable winds, and particularly
+long calms, which are often more dangerous, and more to be dreaded
+than hard winds.
+
+5thly. That in a voyage to Cadiz, we should have nothing to apprehend
+from the enemy, but to Martinique, everything.
+
+6thly. That if we should arrive safe at Martinique, we should probably
+be detained there until next Spring; that the vessels, which usually
+sail from thence for France every fall, would have departed before the
+time we should reach the Island; that he had reason to believe it
+would be very difficult, if not impracticable, to obtain a frigate,
+and, among other reasons, urged the absence of Count d'Estaing, and
+the improbability that any subordinate officer would undertake without
+his orders to grant us one, even admitting what was very unlikely,
+that one might be spared from the service.
+
+7thly. That the ship might remain long at Martinique without being
+made ready for sea, for want of naval stores, provisions, &c.
+
+These were M. Gerard's reasons for our steering for Cadiz, by the way
+of the Azores, and I do not remember to have afterwards heard an
+additional one. Whether the French officers really thought them
+conclusive, or whether they found it convenient to make a compliment
+of their sentiments to a gentleman very able to serve them, is
+uncertain; but I believe they in appearance inclined to M. Gerard's
+opinion, and gave him implied reasons to think their sentiments
+corresponded with his.
+
+The matter appeared to me in a serious light, and to require caution
+on many accounts. Every consideration called me to Spain; private as
+well as public good forbade a difference with M. Gerard. I had reason
+to believe him well disposed towards me; I perceived, clearly, that he
+could not with any patience admit the idea of being absent from Europe
+at so important a season, and that he could scarcely treat with common
+decency the reasons urged for going to Martinique. Hence it appeared
+obvious, that should I be the means of his losing his objects, or
+should any public inconveniences result from our not being in Europe
+during the winter, I should be censured, not only by him, but by all
+those who judge of the propriety of a measure only by its
+consequences, of which number are the far greater part of mankind.
+Thus circumstanced, I found myself in a very unpleasant situation,
+without any way of extricating myself, but by agreeing to a sort of
+middle proposal; viz. to order the Captain to land us on one of the
+Western Islands, and then leave the ship to shift for herself. This
+would have satisfied M. Gerard, and we should have been as good
+friends as ever. I thought it my duty, however, to form my decision
+carefully, and honestly, and abide by it firmly. It was that we should
+proceed to Martinique. Some of the reasons for it are set forth in the
+report of the council of officers. The whole together were briefly
+these.
+
+1st. That the officers of the ship, including the carpenter, who were
+to be presumed to be better judges than M. Gerard or myself, were of
+opinion, that we ought not to attempt to go to Europe, and had this
+reason stood single and unexplained, I should not readily have
+ventured to reject it, especially as it appeared to me against the
+interest of the officers to come to the West Indies, and I have heard
+them constantly and uniformly regret the necessity of it; but I also
+thought they decided on good grounds; for
+
+2dly. The rudder daily gave us infinite trouble, almost everyday a
+pennant breaking, and on every such occasion the ship for some time
+left to the direction of the wind and waves, a circumstance which
+might be fatal in hard weather, and near land; the quantity of cordage
+consumed in this way of steering; the doubt of our having sufficient
+for the purpose without stripping the guns, which would thereby be
+rendered useless; the rudder irons daily becoming more and more loose,
+and, by the nails drawing out, opening a passage for the water into
+the stem of the ship. By this circumstance our bread had been damaged;
+the danger of our being obliged to get rid of the rudder entirely, and
+steering only by the cable, which in northern seas, and winter season,
+is very inadequate. This event would have arrived in case either of
+the eye bolts in the rudder had given way, as the first mentioned one
+had done, or the upper irons become entirely loose; and for this event
+it was thought necessary to prepare, by removing the obstacles to
+unhanging the rudder. Indeed the upper irons in the course of our
+passage here, with fair winds and no storms, became so loose as to
+render it necessary to lash the head of the rudder with ropes to a
+bolt fixed for the purpose in the cabin floor.
+
+3dly. The sails we had left were bad, having been originally made, as
+Mr Vaughan the second Lieutenant told me, of damaged canvass; they
+frequently split; we had none to replace them, nor a sufficient stock
+of twine to mend them, eight pounds only being left of the twenty odd
+we brought from Philadelphia; nor were we much better supplied with
+cordage, for which there was a daily demand and some of which was very
+bad.
+
+4thly. Our jury masts were not calculated for hard weather, the
+foremast being sprung a few feet below the top, and not able to endure
+a hard storm.
+
+For these reasons the rough weather common in northern latitudes was
+by all means to be avoided, and smooth seas sought.
+
+As to the conveniences to be derived from the Islands laying between
+us and Cadiz, I took some pains to examine into that matter. We had
+maps and descriptions of them all, and our master had been at many of
+them. I found there was not a single harbor in any one of them in
+which a ship could ride at anchor in every wind; on the contrary
+neither of them has anything more than open roads, out of which it is
+necessary for ships to make the best of their way, and put to sea
+whenever certain winds blow, a task which our ship was very far from
+being in condition to perform.
+
+From this and other circumstances it was evident we could not refit in
+either of those Islands, not even so much as get a new rudder; for
+admitting materials for the latter could be had, yet such was the
+difficulty, if not impossibility, of hanging it in an open road, from
+whence the ship was every moment exposed to the necessity of going to
+sea by an unfavorable wind, that we could expect to derive no
+advantage from these Islands, except the prospect of obtaining some
+refreshments, which we could do without, and the value of which would
+not have compensated for the risk of approaching them in our
+condition.
+
+As to the idea of our steering that course with a view of being landed
+on one of those Islands, and from thence going to Europe in another
+vessel, leaving our own to her fate, no earthly consideration could
+ever have reconciled me to it. The reasoning which was insisted on,
+that our being seasonably in Europe was of more importance to the
+United States than a frigate, and that in time of war, and for the
+public good, lives were to be risked by sea as well as by land, was a
+species of reasoning which applied to this case led to conclusions,
+which never have been, and I pray God never may be, among my
+principles of action. Had this plan of being landed on one of the
+Azores or Canaries been adopted, we should have either landed the crew
+with us or not; if the first, the frigate would have been given to
+destruction. This appeared to me inconsistent with the public good,
+because, if we reached Martinique, I had no doubt of a passage, and my
+arrival in France eight weeks sooner or later did not appear to me of
+equal importance to the United States with the frigate. Had the crew
+been left on board, it must have been with a view of saving the ship,
+either by her reaching Europe or the West Indies. The probability of
+her effecting either became then a most important question, as the
+lives of between two and three hundred Americans depended on the
+event. Against it were opposed the dangers of the seas, and the want
+of provisions; the former would have increased with the approach of
+winter, and therefore the longer the ship was detained to the
+northward, the more she had to suffer, and to fear. The frigate after
+having landed us on either of the Islands, must either have gone on
+towards Europe, or endeavored to get to the West Indies.
+
+All the considerations abovementioned opposed the first, and whoever
+compares the time necessary for a voyage for a ship under jury masts,
+and almost without a rudder, from the banks of Newfoundland to the
+Azores or Canaries, and from thence to the West Indies, with our stock
+of provisions, will find them inadequate to the purpose, and be
+convinced of the cruelty of subjecting one's fellow citizens to such
+extremities. For these reasons I positively refused to join in this
+system.
+
+As to the position in favor of going to Europe, that we should find
+the seas calmer as we advanced eastward, equally as we went southward,
+all the officers of the ship testified against it, nor would they
+admit that we had as much to dread from calms as from hard gales. The
+supposed difficulty of obtaining a passage from Martinique made but
+little impression on me. I could not suppose the Islands left
+unprotected by ships of war, or that the commanding officer would
+refuse to order a frigate on this service, if M. Gerard would
+represent it to be of importance, which I was sure he would do. How
+long our ship might be refitting here was not to be ascertained, but I
+could not prevail upon myself to believe, that the King of France
+would keep so considerable a fleet in those seas, without providing
+for the usual accidents they would be exposed to from the sea and the
+enemy. At the worst the ship would be in a safe port, and among a
+people bound by treaties and by interest to afford aid and protection,
+at least until Congress should be informed of her situation, and have
+an opportunity of providing for her wants. As to ourselves, in case we
+meet with the imagined difficulties respecting a passage, it would be
+easy by passing over to St Eustatia to get very safely in a Dutch ship
+to Holland.
+
+On these reasons the advice I gave to the captain to come here was
+founded. I thought them right then, and was daily more and more
+confirmed in an opinion of their propriety. In the course of our run
+here, we had all the way fine, fair breezes; and, except in the
+latitude of Bermuda, smooth seas and scarce any calms. The night
+before we made the land, it was thought proper to lay the ship too,
+after the moon set, which was between twelve and one o'clock, and she
+continued in that position only four hours and a half. Such, however,
+was the effect of it upon the rudder, and so much damage did it
+receive from it, that had the ship continued as much longer in the
+same state, it was agreed on all sides, that the rudder would have
+been rendered useless.
+
+M. Gerard, hurt by being disappointed in his expectation of being
+seasonably in France, and perhaps mortified at my preferring my own
+sentiments to his, ceased to observe that cordiality and frankness,
+which had before attended his conduct towards me. Nay, he once went
+so far as to tell me I had my reasons for coming here. I appeared not
+to understand him, and continued to endeavor to render the
+conversation as light and general as possible. This was a tax imposed
+on my feelings by regard to public good; as a private man, I should
+have acted differently.
+
+Thus matters continued till about ten or twelve days before our
+arrival here, when M. Gerard observed to me in the presence of the
+captain, that it was time to think which side of the island of
+Martinique it would be most prudent for the ship to go, the north or
+south side, and proceeded to state the reasons which ought to induce
+us to prefer the north; particularly, that in the present condition
+of the ship, she would if she went to the south side be in great
+danger of running by the island to the leeward; for that as we might
+expect the wind at northeast, she would not be able to lay
+sufficiently close to the wind, to reach Port Royal or St Pierre's;
+besides, that she would be in danger of calms, and being in sight of
+St Lucia, would be exposed to the enemy's ships of war, without having
+reason to expect succor from any French ships of war; none of which,
+he said, cruised off the eastern part of the island, between
+Martinique and St Lucia. He then showed the advantages of going the
+other side, by an enumeration of many circumstances, of which I have
+notes, but which it would be too tedious to mention. The obvious
+meaning of all this appeared to me to be, that we should direct the
+captain to go to the northward of the island; but as I neither thought
+myself authorised, nor found myself inclined to interfere with the
+particular navigation of the ship, to which I was not competent, I
+only observed to M. Gerard, that his reasoning appeared to me to have
+weight; that it was a subject I did not understand, but that I thought
+his observations merited attention. On this the captain remarked, and
+I thought with propriety, that it was impossible to determine on which
+side of the island it would be best to go, until we were at or near
+the parting point, for that circumstances at present unforeseen might
+render that way rash, which we might now think prudent; for instance,
+an unexpected change in the wind, or the appearance of an enemy. He
+therefore thought a decision on the question improper, till we arrived
+off the eastern part of the island. This appeared to me so perfectly
+reasonable, that I thought no more about the matter, and I did not
+suspect that M. Gerard would have felt any further anxiety about it;
+but it nevertheless so happened, that in the afternoon of the 14th
+instant, there was a conversation in the cabin relative to a wager,
+which of the two we should see first, land or a sail. In the course of
+this conversation, M. Gerard observed, that it would depend on our
+going on the north or south side of the island, and insensibly leaving
+the subject of the wager, proceeded minutely to recapitulate his
+reasons for the one, and his objections to the other. In the progress
+of this disquisition, he grew warmer and warmer, and at length
+addressing himself more particularly on the captain, said, he was
+surprised that those facts and observations should meet with so little
+attention; that he owed it to his conscience and personal safety to
+mention and enforce them, and that he should represent the whole
+matter to his Court, &c. The captain repeated what he had before said
+relative to the impropriety of deciding on which side of the island we
+were to go, until we had made the land, observed whether any vessels
+were on the coast, and knew how the wind would be. He then questioned
+some matters relative to the navigation round the island, on which M.
+Gerard had insisted.
+
+For my own part, as the subject was so serious, I wished to be
+informed of some others, which appeared to me to want explanation. The
+captain had informed me, that the master had been at the taking of
+Martinique last war, and was well acquainted with its bays, harbors,
+and coasts. I desired the captain to send for the master, which was
+immediately done. On this, M. Gerard more animated than usual, said,
+he pretended to no extraordinary knowledge on the subject, but that he
+had made inquiries, and was satisfied with the opinion he had given;
+then repeated what he had before said, about his conscience, personal
+safety, and Court, and was opening the door to go on deck, when I
+asked him if he would not stay, and hear what the master had to say.
+He said, no, he did not want to hear anything farther about it; he had
+done his duty in delivering what he had to us, and we might do as we
+pleased about the matter. I made no reply, but proceeded to examine
+the master, and one of the lieutenants. On the whole it did not appear
+to me necessary, but on the contrary invidious to give the captain any
+positive orders on the subject; nor did I enter into any farther
+conference respecting it with M. Gerard. I knew that no good would
+result from altercation, and that the best way of treating
+unreasonable propositions, cavalierly dictated, was silently to go my
+own way, uninfluenced by them.
+
+This last business rendered M. Gerard still more dissatisfied with me.
+We observed, nevertheless, and still observe great politeness towards
+each other, but it proceeds more from the head than the heart. On
+coming ashore, I flattered myself we should have left all these
+controversies behind us; but this city was soon entertained with them.
+The opinions of French officers were taken by M. Gerard about the
+sufficiency of the rudder to have gone to Europe; the question about
+the northern and southern navigation was stated and agitated. M.
+Gerard claims the merit of having saved the ship, by having, as he
+insinuates, dragged us into the measure of taking the northern
+passage, &c. &c. As we are safe in the harbor, these matters are now
+of no consequence, and therefore I constantly avoid the subject. How
+they may be represented at Philadelphia is of some moment, and
+therefore it appears to me expedient to trouble myself and Congress
+with this narration.
+
+I cannot conclude this letter without expressing my satisfaction with
+the attention and politeness observed by the captain and other
+officers towards the passengers, as far at least as my knowledge
+extends.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                         St Pierre's, Martinique, December 25th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As singular instances of humanity and patriotism always merit, and
+sometimes meet with public notice, I take the liberty of transmitting
+to Congress a copy of the Rev. Mr Keith's narrative of the conduct of
+a Mrs Smith, at New York, to the Americans there, who had been taken
+at Fort Washington.
+
+Conversing, while at sea, with Mr Keith (our chaplain, who had been
+one of those prisoners) respecting the cruelties exercised towards
+them by the enemy, and the manner in which they were treated by the
+inhabitants of the city, he mentioned the behavior of this Mrs Smith;
+whose conduct appeared to me so remarkably liberal, disinterested, and
+christianlike, that I desired him to commit it to paper, with a design
+to enclose it to your Excellency. I know nothing more of this woman
+than what Mr Keith told me; but, as from his profession and character
+I am induced to credit what he says, I transmit this account of her,
+that if, on further inquiry, it be found to be just, Congress may have
+an opportunity of saving from poverty and distress a widow, who
+generously divested herself of a decent maintenance, and applied it to
+the relief of many citizens and servants of the United States, who
+were then gloriously enduring the most extreme cruelties, for their
+faithful attachment to the rights of their country and mankind.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                        St Pierre's, Martinique, December 25th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have done, what perhaps I shall be blamed for, but my pride as an
+American, and my feelings as a man, were not on this occasion to be
+resisted. The officers of the Confederacy were here without money, or
+the means of getting any. The idea of our officers being obliged to
+sneak, as they phrase it, from the company of French officers, for
+fear of running in debt with them for a bottle of wine, or a bowl of
+punch, because not able to pay for their share of the reckoning, was
+too humiliating to be tolerable, and too destructive to that pride and
+opinion of independent equality, which I wish to see influence all our
+officers. Besides, some of them wanted necessaries too much to be
+comfortable, or, in this country, decent. In a word, I have drawn on
+the fund, pointed out for the payment of part of my salary, for one
+hundred guineas in their favor, to be divided among them according to
+their respective ranks. Indeed, it would have given me pleasure to
+have done something towards covering the nakedness of the crew; but
+the expense I have been put to by coming here; and the preparations
+for another voyage, would not admit of it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                         St Pierre's, Martinique, December 26th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On our arrival here, M. Gerard told me that he was about to write to
+the Governor and Admiral at Port Royal, and asked me whether I also
+chose to write, or would leave to him the necessary communication;
+offering to mention to them whatever I might desire. As I was well
+satisfied that he should take the lead in the business, I replied,
+that I was obliged to him, but did not think it necessary for him to
+communicate anything to those gentlemen from me, except our arrival,
+and the confidence I had in their readiness to afford us aid.
+
+I thought it would have been improper to apply for a passage in one of
+their ships, till I know in what time our own could be refitted, and
+on this subject it appeared to me most advisable, that application
+should be made by our agent here; and that I should reserve all
+interference, till it should be rendered necessary by obstacles. Mr
+Bingham accordingly wrote without delay to the Governor, and had
+immediate and full assurances of his readiness to afford us every aid
+in his power. Nothing now remained to be ascertained, but the time in
+which the repairs could be made, and this depended on the state of
+their naval stores.
+
+Mr Bingham went with us to Port Royal, on a visit to the officers of
+government, (a compliment paid them by all strangers.) The Governor
+again assured him, that everything should be done for the ship that
+was possible, and some orders were given for the purpose. This passed,
+I believe, without M. Gerard's knowledge. About two hours after our
+arrival at Port Royal, he took me aside, observed that great
+difficulties and delays would attend the Confederacy's refitting
+there; that there were no masts or spars in store, and the expectation
+of supplies uncertain; that an old mast of a merchant-man had been
+purchased for one of their ships of war, and that a main yard for
+another had been made of four pieces for want of a proper spar, and,
+after some general hints about expenses, provision, &c. proposed, that
+the frigate should be provided with a new rudder, and proceed to
+America to refit. I objected, that, contrary to our expectations, the
+English had an acknowledged superiority in these seas; that three
+French frigates were at that instant flying from four ships of the
+line, which were in full chase of them; that a frigate under jury
+masts would find no safety in flight; that it would be more prudent
+for Captain Harding to remain here without being refitted, till he
+could get materials and supplies from America, or receive orders from
+Congress, than expose his ship to such imminent danger, and,
+therefore, that I could not possibly come into the measure he
+proposed.
+
+M. Gerard replied, that she might be convoyed to sea by the French
+squadron here; but this required no answer. It was not to be supposed,
+that the French squadron, which, in their present state of
+inferiority, choose to keep their eyes constantly on Port Royal, would
+expose themselves to very unequal combat, for no higher object than
+that of convoying the Confederacy seventy or eighty leagues off the
+coast, or, that if they did, she would then be out of that degree of
+danger, to which no ship in her condition ought to be exposed.
+Besides, I could not reconcile it to the wisdom of France long to
+leave their fleet here destitute of naval stores, or to disgust their
+allies by a conduct neither just nor politic. We agreed to leave the
+matter till the next day, when we expected to see the Admiral; but in
+an hour or two afterwards the Admiral came in; and a very little time
+elapsed when the Governor, and shortly after M. Gerard told me, the
+"_whole arrangement_ was completed; that the same attention should be
+paid to the Confederacy as if she had been a French frigate, and that
+the Aurora, of thirty odd guns, should carry us to France." The fact
+is, that the officers of government in general, and the Governor in
+particular, are strongly attached to everything that is American.
+
+Our agent here is in high estimation. I really believe, from
+everything I hear, that he has done his duty faithfully, and that he
+well deserves the notice and approbation of Congress. This leads me to
+take the liberty of remarking, that it would, probably, be much for
+the public interest, if Congress were to pay off all private debts due
+from them to subjects of France, and have none but national
+engagements with that kingdom. The debts unavoidably contracted here,
+for the outfit of the Deane, &c. ought certainly to be paid. Our
+credit and reputation suffer from such delay. We sail tomorrow
+morning, at six o'clock.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO ARTHUR LEE.
+
+                                            Cadiz, January 26th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As a knowledge of the measures you may have taken and the information
+you may have acquired, relative to the objects of your commission
+from the United States of America to conclude treaties with his
+Catholic Majesty, would probably enable me with greater facility and
+advantage to execute the duties of my appointment, permit me, Sir, to
+request the favor of you to communicate the same to me in such manner
+as you may judge most prudent.
+
+I have in my possession some letters directed to you; they are
+voluminous, and probably contain printed papers. They may also be
+confidential and important to you. Under these circumstances I can
+only judge of your inclination by what would be my own in a similar
+situation. I should wish that they might be detained till I could have
+an opportunity of directing the manner of their conveyance. Upon this
+principle they shall remain among my papers till I receive your orders
+what to do with them.[15]
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[15] See the answer to this letter in Arthur Lee's Correspondence,
+Vol. II, p. 276.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES.
+
+                                            Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It is with very sensible pleasure that I commence a correspondence
+with a Minister, of whose disposition and abilities to promote the
+happiness of my country we have received repeated proofs, and on a
+subject that affords His Most Christian Majesty an opportunity of
+perceiving the desire and endeavors of the United States to become
+cordial and steadfast friends and allies to an illustrious branch of
+his royal house.
+
+By the treaties subsisting between His Most Christian Majesty and the
+United States of America, His Most Christian Majesty, in consequence
+of his intimate union with the King of Spain, did expressly reserve to
+his Catholic Majesty the power of acceding to the said treaties, and
+to participate in their stipulations at such time as he should judge
+proper. It being well understood, nevertheless, that if any of the
+said stipulations should not be agreeable to the King of Spain, his
+Catholic Majesty might propose other conditions analogous to the
+principal aim of the alliance, and conformable to the rules of equity,
+reciprocity, and friendship. And the Deputy of the said States,
+empowered to treat with Spain, did promise to sign, _on the first
+requisition_ of his Catholic Majesty, the act or acts necessary to
+communicate to him the stipulations of the treaties abovementioned,
+and to endeavor in good faith the adjustment of the points in which
+the King of Spain might propose any alteration, conformable to the
+principles of equality, reciprocity, and perfect amity.
+
+But as the above reservation has always been no less agreeable to the
+United States than to their great and good ally, both considerations
+conspired in inducing them to make the first advances towards
+attaining the object of it. And, therefore, instead of waiting till
+the requisitions mentioned in the said article should be made, they
+have thought proper to assure his Most Catholic Majesty, not only of
+their readiness to comply with the terms of it, but of their desire to
+obtain his confidence and alliance, by carrying it immediately into
+execution on the most liberal principles. Trusting also that the same
+wise reasons which induced his Most Christian Majesty to give birth
+to the said article, would lead him to facilitate the endeavors of his
+allies to execute it, they resolved that their desire to enter into
+the said treaties should be communicated to his Majesty, and that his
+favorable interposition should be requested.
+
+The more fully to effect these purposes, the Congress were pleased, in
+September last, to do me the honor of appointing me their Minister
+Plenipotentiary, and, in pursuance of this appointment, I sailed from
+America for France on the 26th of October last, with M. Gerard, who
+was so obliging as to wait till I could embark in the frigate assigned
+for his service. After being thirteen days at sea, the frigate was
+dismasted, and her rudder so much damaged that it was thought
+imprudent to proceed on our voyage. We therefore steered for
+Martinique, and arrived there on the 18th of December. I cannot, on
+this occasion, forbear expressing my warmest acknowledgments for the
+very polite attention and hospitality with which we were received and
+treated, both by the officers of government and many respectable
+inhabitants of that island. We left Martinique on the 28th day of the
+same month, in the Aurora, in which I expected to have gone to Toulon,
+but on touching at this place, it appeared that the further
+prosecution of our voyage had become impracticable, without running
+risks that could not be justified.
+
+Thus circumstanced, the respect due to his most Catholic Majesty
+demanded an immediate communication of my appointment and arrival,
+which I had the honor to make in a letter to his Excellency, Don
+Joseph Galvez, of the Council of his Catholic Majesty, and general
+Secretary of State for the Department of the Indies, of which the
+enclosed is a copy.
+
+Will you, therefore, Sir, be so obliging as to lay this circumstance
+before his Most Christian Majesty, and permit me through your
+Excellency to assure him of the desire of Congress to enter into a
+treaty of alliance, and of amity and commerce with his Catholic
+Majesty, and to request his favorable interposition for that purpose?
+
+I am happy in being able to assure you, that the United States
+consider a cordial union between France, Spain and them as a very
+desirable and most important object, and they view the provision,
+which his Most Christian Majesty has made for it by the abovementioned
+article, not only as evinsive of his attention to his royal ally; but
+of his regard to them.
+
+Under these views and these impressions, they are most sincerely
+disposed, by the liberality and candor of their conduct, to render the
+proposed treaties speedy in their accomplishment, and perpetual in
+their duration.
+
+Your Excellency will receive this letter by M. Gerard, who is so
+obliging as to take charge of it, and to whom the Congress have been
+pleased to give such ample testimonies of their esteem and confidence,
+as to enable him to exert his talents with great advantage on every
+occasion interesting to them.
+
+I cannot conclude without indulging myself in the pleasure of
+acknowledging how much we are indebted to the politeness and attention
+of the Marquis de La Flolte and the other officers of the Aurora,
+during the course of our voyage.
+
+With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+       TO DON JOSEPH GALVEZ, MINISTER OF THE SPANISH COURT.
+
+                                            Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Permit me through your Excellency to have the honor of representing to
+his most Catholic Majesty, that on the sixth day of February, 1778,
+the respective Plenipotentiaries of his most Christian Majesty, and
+the United States of America, by whom the treaties now subsisting
+between them were concluded, did make and subscribe a secret article
+in the words following, viz.
+
+"The Most Christian King declares, in consequence of the intimate
+union which subsists between him and the King of Spain, that in
+concluding with the United States of America this treaty of amity and
+commerce, and that of eventual and defensive alliance, his Majesty had
+intended, and intends to reserve expressly, as he reserves by this
+present separate and secret act, to his Catholic Majesty, the power of
+acceding to the said treaties and to participate in their
+stipulations, at such time as he shall judge proper. It being well
+understood, nevertheless, that if any of the stipulations of the said
+treaties are not agreeable to the King of Spain, his Catholic Majesty
+may propose other conditions analagous to the principal aim of the
+alliance, and conformable to the rules of equality, reciprocity and
+friendship. The deputies of the United States, in the name of their
+constituents, accept the present declaration to its full extent; and
+the deputy of the said States, who is fully empowered to treat with
+Spain, promises to sign, on the first requisition of his Catholic
+Majesty, the act or acts necessary to communicate to him the
+stipulations of the treaties above written. And the said deputy shall
+endeavor, in good faith, the adjustment of the points in which the
+King of Spain may propose any alteration, conformable to the
+principles of equality, reciprocity, and perfect amity; he the said
+deputy not doubting but the person or persons, empowered by his
+Catholic Majesty to treat with the United States, will do the same
+with regard to any alterations of the same kind, that may be thought
+necessary by the said Plenipotentiary of the United States."
+
+The Congress willing to manifest their readiness fully to comply with
+an article, which they have reason to believe particularly agreeable
+to their great and good ally, and being desirous of establishing
+perpetual amity and harmony with a Prince and nation whom they greatly
+respect, and with whom various circumstances lead them to wish for the
+most cordial and permanent friendship, have thought proper to request
+his most Catholic Majesty to accede to the said treaties, and thereby
+preclude the necessity of that measure's originating in the manner
+specified in the article. For this purpose they have done me the honor
+to appoint me Minister Plenipotentiary, and directed me to communicate
+to his Most Christian Majesty the desire of Congress on this subject,
+and to request his favorable interposition. They also made it my duty
+to give his Most Catholic Majesty the fullest assurances of their
+sincere disposition to cultivate his friendship and confidence; and
+authorised me, in their behalf, to enter into such treaties of
+alliance, amity, and commerce, as would become the foundations of
+perpetual peace to Spain and the United States, and the source of
+extensive advantages to both.
+
+Thus commissioned I embarked without delay on board the frigate, which
+had been appointed to carry the Sieur Gerard to France, and sailed
+with him for that kingdom, from Pennsylvania, on the 26th day of
+October last.
+
+But after having been thirteen days at sea, the frigate was dismasted,
+and her rudder so greatly injured, as to oblige us to alter our course
+and steer for Martinique. We arrived there on the 18th day of December
+last; and sailed from thence on the 28th day of the same month in a
+French frigate which was bound to Toulon, but had orders to touch at
+this port for intelligence. We arrived here the 22d instant, and
+received information of recent events, which rendered the further
+prosecution of our voyage too hazardous to be prudent.
+
+Providence having thus been pleased to bring me directly to Spain, the
+respect due to his most Catholic Majesty forbids me to postpone
+communicating to him my appointment and arrival; and the same motive
+will induce me to remain here till he shall be pleased to signify to
+me his pleasure. For although nothing would afford me more sensible
+pleasure, than the honor of presenting to his Majesty the despatches,
+which I am charged by Congress to deliver to him, yet on this, as on
+every other occasion, it shall be my study to execute the trust
+reposed in me, in the manner most pleasing to his Majesty, agreeable
+to the true intent and meaning of the article abovementioned.
+
+And that his most Christian Majesty may have the highest evidence of
+the intention and desire of Congress fully and faithfully to execute
+this article, I shall immediately do myself the honor of communicating
+the same, together with my appointment and arrival; and I flatter
+myself, that the request of Congress for his favorable interposition,
+will meet with the same friendly attention, which he has uniformly
+extended to all their concerns, and of which I am too sensible not to
+derive the highest satisfaction from acknowledging it on every
+occasion.
+
+Mr Carmichael, my Secretary, will have the honor of delivering this
+despatch to your Excellency, as well as of giving every information in
+his power to afford. This gentleman was a member of Congress at the
+time of his appointment, and will be able more fully to express the
+ardor with which the United States desire to establish a union with
+France and Spain, on principles productive of such mutual attachment
+and reciprocal benefits, as to secure to each the blessings of
+uninterrupted tranquillity.
+
+I have the honor to be, with great consideration and respect, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+P. S. I do myself the honor of transmitting to your Excellency,
+herewith enclosed, a copy of my letter to his Excellency the Count de
+Vergennes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning M. Gerard set out from this city for France, and Mr
+Carmichael, charged with despatches from me to the Spanish Ministry,
+accompanies him as far as Madrid.
+
+We arrived here the 22d inst. and I have been so much engaged ever
+since in preparing letters, &c. as not to have an opportunity of
+writing circumstantially to your Excellency by Captain Proctor, who I
+am told, is to sail early in the morning for the Delaware or
+Chesapeake.
+
+We left Martinique on the 28th of December, in the Aurora frigate,
+bound to Toulon. On touching here for intelligence we were informed
+that the enemy had acquired a decided superiority in the
+Mediterranean, and that the coast was infested by their cruisers, all
+of whom we had fortunately escaped. Hence it became improper for me to
+proceed to France by water, and it would in my opinion have been
+indelicate, and therefore imprudent to have passed silently through
+this kingdom to that, for the purpose of making a communication to his
+most Christian Majesty, which could be fully conveyed by paper. On
+this subject I shall take the liberty of making a few further remarks
+in a future letter.
+
+Congress will be enabled to judge of the propriety and plan of my
+conduct, from the papers herewith enclosed, viz. a copy of a letter to
+M. Galvez, the Spanish Minister; a copy of a letter to the Count de
+Vergennes; of both these I have sent copies to Dr Franklin; a copy of
+a letter to Mr Arthur Lee; and a copy of my instructions to Mr
+Carmichael.
+
+It is in pursuance of what appears to me to be my duty, that I shall
+render frequent, particular, and confidential accounts of my
+proceedings to Congress. I flatter myself care will be taken to
+prevent the return of them to Europe.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 INSTRUCTIONS TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                            Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.
+
+You will proceed to Madrid with convenient expedition, and, if M.
+Gerard, with whom you set out, should travel too deliberately, I
+advise you to go on before him. The propriety of this, however, will
+depend much on circumstances, and must be determined by your own
+discretion.
+
+On delivering my letter to M. Galvez, it would be proper to intimate,
+that I presumed it would be more agreeable to him to receive my
+despatches from you, who could give him information on many matters
+about which he might choose to inquire, than in the ordinary modes of
+conveyance. And it may not be amiss to let him know, that his not
+receiving notice of our arrival from me by M. Gerard's courier, was
+owing to a mistake between that gentleman and me.
+
+Treat the French Ambassador with great attention and candor, and that
+degree of confidence only, which prudence, and the alliance between us
+may prescribe. In your conversations with people about the Court,
+impress them with an idea of our strong attachment to France; yet, so
+as to avoid permitting them to imbibe an opinion of our being under
+the _direction_ of any counsels but our own. The former will induce
+them to think well of our constancy and good faith, the latter, of our
+independence and self respect.
+
+Discover, if possible, whether the Courts of Madrid and Versailles
+entertain, in any degree, the same mutual disgusts, which we are told
+prevail at present between the two nations, and be cautious when you
+tread on this delicate ground. It would also be useful to know who are
+the King's principal confidants, and the trains leading to each.
+
+To treat prudently with any nation, it is essential to know the state
+of its revenues. Turn your attention, therefore, to this object, and
+endeavor to learn whether the public expenditures consume their
+annual income, or whether there be any, and what overplus or
+deficiency, and the manner in which the former is disposed of or the
+latter supplied.
+
+If an opportunity should offer, inform yourself as to the regulations
+of the press at Madrid, and, indeed, throughout the kingdom; and the
+particular character of the person at the head of that department.
+Endeavor to find some person of adequate abilities and knowledge in
+the two languages, to translate English into Spanish with propriety,
+and, if possible, elegance. I wish also to know, which of the
+religious orders, and the individuals of it, are most esteemed and
+favored at Court.
+
+Mention, as matter of intelligence, rather than in the way of
+argument, the cruelties of the enemy, and the influence of that
+conduct on the passions of Americans. This will be the more necessary,
+as it seems we are suspected of retaining our former attachments to
+Britain.
+
+In speaking of American affairs, remember to do justice to Virginia,
+and the western country near the Mississippi. Recount their
+achievements against the savages, their growing numbers, extensive
+settlements, and aversion to Britain, for attempting to involve them
+in the horrors of an Indian war. Let it appear also from your
+representations, that ages will be necessary to settle those extensive
+regions.
+
+Let it be inferred from your conversation, that the expectations of
+America, as to my reception and success, are sanguine; that they have
+been rendered the more so by the suggestions of persons generally
+supposed to speak from authority, and that a disappointment would be
+no less unwelcome than unexpected.
+
+I am persuaded, that pains will be taken to delay my receiving a
+decided answer as to my reception, until the sentiments of France
+shall be known. Attempts will also be made to suspend the
+acknowledgment of our independence, on the condition of our acceding
+to _certain_ terms of treaty. Do nothing to cherish either of these
+ideas; but, without being explicit, treat the latter in a manner
+expressive of regret and apprehension, and seem to consider my
+reception as a measure, which we hoped would be immediately taken,
+although the business of the negotiation might be postponed till
+France could have an opportunity of taking the steps she might think
+proper on the occasion.
+
+You will offer to transmit to me any despatches, which M. Galvez may
+think proper to confide to you; or to return with them yourself, if
+more agreeable to him.
+
+You will be attentive to all other objects of useful information, such
+as the characters, views, and connexions of important individuals; the
+plan of operations for the next campaign; whether any, and what secret
+overtures have been made by Britain to France, or Spain, or by either
+of them to her, or each other; whether any of the other powers have
+manifested a disposition to take a part in the war; and whether it is
+probable that any, and which of them, will become mediators for a
+general peace, and on what plan. If the war should continue, it would
+be advantageous to know whether Spain means to carry on any serious
+operations for possessing herself of the Floridas, and banks of the
+Mississippi, &c. &c. &c.
+
+Although I have confidence in your prudence, yet permit me to
+recommend to you the greatest circumspection. Command yourself under
+every circumstance; on the one hand, avoid being suspected of
+servility, and on the other, let your temper be always even, and your
+attention unremitted.
+
+You will oblige me by being very regular and circumstantial in your
+correspondence, and commit nothing of a private nature to paper unless
+in cypher.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 15th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I arrived in this city late in the evening of the 11th, after a
+tedious and disagreeable journey. The next day, although much
+indisposed, I waited on the French Ambassador, who had by a message
+over night, requested M. Gerard to engage me to dinner. I was received
+by him and all his family in the most friendly manner, and was offered
+every service in his power, to render us without those personal
+professions, which give birth to many unmeaning words and more
+suspicion. Indeed, I have neither expressions nor time to represent
+the apparent candor and liberality of his sentiments. He entered fully
+into the good disposition of his Court, and informed me, that the
+King, as a further proof of his friendship for us, had agreed to pay
+us annually the additional sum of three millions of livres during the
+continuance of the war, in order to enable us to purchase the
+necessaries for our army, &c. &c. and that his Majesty had also
+determined to send a considerable marine and land force early in the
+year to America, to be at the disposition and under the direction of
+our General. Seventeen sail of the line, and four thousand troops, are
+also to be sent to the West Indies, if they have not already sailed.
+Judge after this, if attention, candor, and apparent unreservedness,
+were not the more necessary on my part.
+
+On inquiring, I found that M. Galvez was at the Pardo, about two
+leagues from Madrid, where the King resides at present, and in the
+course of conversation discovered, that the proper channel of address
+ought to have been through the Count de Florida Blanca.
+
+The Ambassador offered to introduce me, but as this could not be done
+with propriety without previous application, he undertook to make it
+the day following, and to fix the time for my reception by both, and I
+think the manner will be the sole difficulty.
+
+Among other circumstances, which induce this conclusion, is the
+certain knowledge I have obtained, that M. Mirales received
+instructions several months past to enter into engagements with
+Congress, to take into pay a body of troops to assist in the conquest
+of Florida. Your own good sense will point out the use, which may be
+made of this intelligence. It answers to the point of the
+instructions, which I had the honor to receive from you. The short
+time I have been in this city has not hitherto given me an opportunity
+of writing so circumstantially as I could wish, in the matters
+abovementioned, and much less of giving a decided opinion on many
+objects contained in your instructions. I find, however, hitherto no
+difficulty in acquiring in time a knowledge on most of the subjects
+recommended to my attention.
+
+I have reason to believe, that the same disgusts do not subsist
+between the Crowns as between the nations, but the most perfect
+harmony and good understanding.
+
+I have been positively assured, and from good authority, that no
+overtures have been made for peace.
+
+The Dutch are arming, which is a circumstance in our favor, as their
+preparations originate from their discontent with England, on account
+of the late affair of the convoy.
+
+Mr Harrison is here, and proposes to proceed to Cadiz next week, which
+will furnish me a good opportunity of writing to you. I enclose you
+the last paper received from America; the people were in high spirits,
+and everything in a good state in the beginning of January.
+
+I cannot conclude without mentioning the very polite manner in which
+the French Ambassador offered his personal civilities in everything,
+that depended on him, to be useful to you in this place.
+
+M. Gerard will write to you himself, yet I must do him the justice to
+mention his personal kindness to me, and the candid representations he
+has made in every public company here of the prosperous situation of
+our affairs.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Cadiz, February 20th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The papers herewith enclosed are duplicates of those, which I had the
+honor of transmitting to your Excellency by Captain Desaussure. As yet
+I have received no intelligence from Madrid, owing I believe to the
+extreme badness of the roads.
+
+When at Martinique, I informed Congress by letter, dated the 25th of
+December last, that I had drawn a bill in favor of the officers of the
+Confederacy on Dr Franklin, for one hundred guineas. At the time that
+letter was written, I had made the officers that promise, and had
+directed the bills to be made out accordingly, but just as I was
+coming away and closing accounts with Mr Bingham, he, perceiving that
+the money I was about to draw for the officers was to come out of my
+salary, in the first instance, was so obliging as to offer to advance
+that sum on the credit of Congress, and thereby save me the necessity
+of drawing. I accepted his offer, and gave notice of it to the
+officers by Mr Lawrence, the clerk of the frigate.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                           Pardo, February 24th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Having received by the hands of Don Joseph de Galvez, the letter which
+your Excellency sent by Mr Carmichael, and having communicated the
+contents to his Majesty, I have it in command to inform you, that his
+Majesty highly approves the choice, which the American Congress have
+made of you to the trust mentioned in your letter, as well on account
+of the high estimation in which his Majesty holds the members who made
+the choice, as the information he has received of your probity,
+talents, and abilities. His Majesty also received with pleasure the
+information of the desire which the Colonies have to form a connexion
+with Spain, of whose good disposition they have already received
+strong proofs. Nevertheless, his Majesty thinks it necessary in the
+first place, that the manner, the forms, and the mutual correspondence
+should be settled, upon which that Union must be founded, which the
+United States of America desire to establish with this monarchy. For
+this purpose there is no obstacle to your Excellency's coming to this
+Court, in order to explain your intentions and those of the Congress,
+and to hear those of his Majesty, and by that means settling a basis
+upon which a perfect friendship may be established, and also its
+extent and consequences.
+
+His Majesty thinks, that until these points are settled, as he hopes
+they will be, it is not proper for your Excellency to assume a formal
+character, which must depend on a public acknowledgment and future
+treaty. But your Excellency may be assured of the sincerity and good
+dispositions of his Majesty towards the United States, and of his
+earnest desire to remove every difficulty, for the mutual happiness of
+them and of this monarchy. This has been intimated to Mr Carmichael,
+who can communicate the same to your Excellency, to whom I beg leave
+to make a tender of my service, being, &c.
+
+                                              COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                           Cadiz, February 25th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 15th instant was delivered to me last evening. I
+congratulate you on your safe arrival, and hope the agreeable
+circumstances of your present situation will compensate for the
+fatigue and trouble you experienced on the way to it.
+
+It gives me pleasure to hear the French Ambassador has been so
+obliging, and I am glad to find from your letter, that your
+attentions to him at least keep pace with his civilities, especially
+as you are no stranger to the distinction between the candor and
+politeness of a gentleman, and that unbounded confidence which is
+seldom necessary.
+
+The intelligence you received from him is so agreeable and so
+interesting, that although the nature of it leaves me no room to doubt
+of this having been signified by the Court of France to Congress,
+either through Dr Franklin or the Count de la Luzerne, yet as
+unexpected accidents may have retarded its arrival, I shall also
+transmit it by a vessel, which will sail in a few days for Boston.
+
+I regret your not having been more particular on the subject of the
+mistake you have been led to suppose in the direction of my letter, as
+I wish to have the means of determining whether it was from decisive
+authority that M. Gerard, whose opinion I requested on that subject,
+without hesitation told me, that M. Galvez was the Minister with whom
+all business with the United States was to be transacted, and urged
+several reasons for his being of that opinion. From that gentleman's
+knowledge of the Courts of Europe, and the departments established for
+the despatch of business in each, particularly with that of Madrid,
+with which his Court had been so long and so intimately acquainted, I
+was induced to desire and confide in his information on that point.
+Very conclusive reasons, therefore, are necessary to induce a belief
+of his having been mistaken. But as it is of importance that all
+errors of this kind be known, and, if possible, corrected, I must
+request your attention to this matter in your next.
+
+I am at a loss to determine from your letter whether or not you have
+sent my despatches to M. Galvez. From your not having seen that
+gentleman, nor expecting to be introduced to him till the 17th
+instant, I conjecture that my letter did not reach him till that day;
+if so, I fear the delay will appear as singular to him as I confess it
+does to me. It does the more so to me, as my letter would have
+introduced you, and as you were apprised of my apprehension that pains
+would be taken to delay my receiving a decided answer, as to my
+reception, until the sentiments of France should be known. Perhaps the
+advice you received, as to the time and manner most proper for the
+delivery of it, was a little influenced by a desire of gaining time. I
+wished to have felt the pulse of Spain, and, by their conduct on this
+occasion, to have been enabled to determine whether their councils,
+with respect to the United States, are in any and in what degree
+independent of those of France, or whether directed by them. This
+would have been very useful in the further progress of the business,
+and might have been easily obtained, had my letter been delivered
+immediately on your arrival, because in that case, before the
+sentiments of the French Court could have been asked and received,
+sufficient time would have elapsed to justify your applying to M.
+Galvez for an answer; and, whatever that might have been, certain
+inferences would have been deducible from it. For these reasons, and
+not from an expectation of opposition from France, I regret this
+delay. But as my conjectures may prove groundless, and if just, you
+may have very cogent reasons, I forbear further remarks till I shall
+again have the pleasure of hearing from you.
+
+Are you sure that the intelligence you heard respecting M. Mirales is
+_certain_? I am sorry by this question to lengthen your next letter,
+especially as writing in cypher is tedious and disagreeable. But that
+intelligence is important; if credited, it may have an influence on
+American measures, which, if it should be groundless, might be
+injurious. The transmission of information to Congress, by which their
+councils and determinations may be affected, is a very delicate
+business, and demands the greatest care and precision. It is not
+uncommon, you know, for one gentleman to think a matter certain, which
+another of no greater discernment, and judging by the same evidence,
+will deem somewhat doubtful. I would choose, therefore, with respect
+to all interesting intelligence, and particularly such as I may
+transmit to Congress, to possess as far as possible every circumstance
+necessary to form a judgment of its credibility, such as the rank and
+character of the informants, and the means they have of acquiring the
+information they give, that I may represent it as entitled to that
+degree of credit only, which, on full consideration, it may appear to
+deserve. I observe this less with reference to the case in question
+than as a general rule. Besides, as we correspond in cypher, no danger
+can result from being explicit.
+
+I am well satisfied that the short time you had been at Madrid did not
+admit of your writing on the several subjects contained in your
+instructions, on all of which, if allowed sufficient time, I am
+persuaded you will be able to obtain important information. However,
+as the object of your going to Madrid was to prevent delays in my
+receiving an answer to the letter to M. Galvez, the other
+instructions, however important, are to be considered as secondary,
+and though I wish that great and constant attention may be paid them,
+yet by no means to the neglect or prejudice of the first.
+
+I am much obliged to you for the American paper enclosed in your
+letter. Everything from our country is interesting. If you should find
+any more of them, whose contents afford either information or
+entertainment, send them, and you shall receive from me all I may meet
+with here, which come under that description.
+
+The letter you gave me reason to expect from M. Gerard has not yet
+arrived; perhaps the next post will bring it. On the first occasion I
+have of writing to him, I shall take the liberty of mentioning the
+sense you have of his personal kindness and attention to you.
+
+The polite offers of the French Ambassador to be useful to me in all
+things that depend on him at Madrid, as well as his civilities to you,
+demand my acknowledgments, which I must beg the favor of you to
+present to him.
+
+I am, Dear Sir, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Cadiz, February 29th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency in the enclosed
+papers,[16] all the intelligence I have received from Madrid. Mr
+Secretary Thompson will decypher them. An opinion begins to prevail,
+that America will be the theatre of war the ensuing campaign, and that
+the islands there will be the principal objects of contention.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[16] See above, p. 207, Mr Carmichael's letter, dated February 15th,
+and Mr Jay's reply, p. 211, dated February 25th. See also a letter in
+_Carmichael's Correspondence_, dated February 18th.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                                Cadiz, March 3d, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Agreeably to my promise to the Marquis de la Flotte, I must inform
+your Excellency, that a Monsieur Jean Guy Guatier, merchant at
+Barcelona, recommended to the Marquis by Monsieur Aubere, the French
+consul there, is desirous of becoming the consul of the United States
+at that port. He had been encouraged, as M. Aubere says, to expect
+this appointment by Dr Franklin, but as he supposed my arrival would
+prevent the Doctor's interference, it became necessary to make the
+application to me. I told the Marquis that my commission did not
+authorise me to comply with his request, and that all I could do would
+be to mention his friend's application to Congress.
+
+How far it may be proper to grant appointments of this sort to any but
+citizens of America, is a question whose importance will not, I am
+persuaded, escape the notice of Congress. A sensible, active consul is
+a very useful officer in many respects, and has many opportunities of
+doing essential services to those who employ him, or to whom he may be
+most attached. It is most certain, that for want of proper persons
+appointed to take care of our distressed seamen, who, escaping from
+captivity at Lisbon, Gibraltar, &c. daily arrive here, America loses
+many of them. Humanity as well as policy calls for this provision. I
+have some of them now with me, destitute of bread and money, and
+almost of clothes, and of the means of getting either, unless by
+entering into the French or Spanish service. Such as may arrive here
+after my going to Madrid will be friendless unless I employ some
+person to take a little care of them, which I shall take the liberty
+of doing, being fully persuaded that the same principles which press
+me into that measure will induce Congress to approve it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                                Cadiz, March 3d, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Captain Morgan being still here, waiting for a fair wind, I have an
+opportunity of transmitting to your Excellency a copy of a letter[17]
+just come to hand from the Count de Florida Blanca, in answer to mine
+to M. Galvez.
+
+Being apprehensive that if present I should probably be amused with
+verbal answers capable of being explained away if necessary, until the
+two courts could have time to consult and decide on their measures, I
+thought it more prudent that my first application should be by letter
+rather than in person.
+
+The answer in question, divested of the gloss which its politeness
+spreads over it, gives us, I think, to understand, that our
+independence shall be acknowledged, provided we accede to certain
+terms of treaty, but not otherwise; so that the acknowledgment is not
+to be made because we are independent, which would be candid and
+liberal, but because of the previous considerations we are to give for
+it, which is consistent with the principles on which nations usually
+act.
+
+I shall proceed immediately to Madrid. There are many reasons
+(hereafter to be explained,) which induce me to suspect that France is
+determined to manage between us, so as to make us debtors to their
+influence and good correspondence with Spain for every concession on
+her part, and to make Spain hold herself obligated to their influence
+and good correspondence with us for every concession on our part.
+Though this may puzzle the business, I think it also promotes it.
+
+M. Gerard has often endeavored to persuade me, that a certain
+resolution of Congress would, if persisted in, ruin the business,
+which however he did not appear much inclined to believe, but, on the
+contrary, that if every other matter was adjusted you would not part
+on that point. I assured him that ground had, in my opinion, been
+taken with too much deliberation now to be quitted, and that
+expectations of that kind would certainly deceive those who trusted
+them. And, indeed, as affairs are now circumstanced, it would, in my
+opinion, be better for America to have no treaty with Spain, than to
+purchase one on such servile terms. There was a time when it might
+have been proper to have given that country something for their making
+common cause with us, but that day is now past. Spain is at war with
+Britain.
+
+I do not like the cypher in which I write, and shall therefore defer
+further particulars till Mr Thompson shall receive the one now sent
+him.
+
+I have the honor to be, with great respect and esteem, your
+Excellency's most obedient servant,
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[17] See this letter above, dated February 24th, p. 210.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, April 6th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+We beg leave to congratulate your Excellency on your safe arrival in
+Europe. By principle warmly attached to the American cause, we could
+wish that we saw our States in a situation to acknowledge the
+independence of their sister Republic, and though we could only
+cultivate private connexions as yet, we took the liberty to address
+some intelligence to your Excellency when President of Congress. We
+should reckon ourselves extremely happy to know whether our letter
+came to hand before your Excellency left Philadelphia, and whether we
+may form any hopes that our zeal may prove successful for the benefit,
+as we intended, of both countries.
+
+Meanwhile we have the honor to be, with all possible regard, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ANSWER TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+                                             Madrid, April 27th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 6th instant,
+and am much obliged by your kind congratulations on my arrival in
+Europe.
+
+The letters you mention to have written to Congress had been received
+before I left Philadelphia, and referred to a committee. This mark of
+attention was justly due to the interest you take in the American
+cause, and the disposition you manifest to serve it. I presume that
+the committee soon made a report, and that answers to your letters
+have been written, although perhaps the many hazards to which letters
+from America are exposed may have prevented their reaching you.
+
+When the rulers of your republic recollect in what manner and on what
+occasion they became free, I am persuaded they cannot but wish
+duration to our independence, nor forbear considering it as an event
+no less interesting to every commercial nation in Europe than
+important to America. These and similar considerations, added to the
+injustice they daily experience from England, will, I hope, induce
+them to call to mind that spirit of their forefathers, which acquired
+a glorious participation in the empire of the ocean, and laid the
+foundation of the commerce, affluence, and consideration they
+transmitted to their posterity.
+
+Permit me to assure you that I shall consider your correspondence as a
+favor, and that I am, with great respect, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 26th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my departure from America I have had the honor of writing the
+following letters to your Excellency, viz. 20th, 22d, 24th, 25th,
+25th, 26th and 27th of December, 1779, from Martinique; and 27th of
+January, 20th, 28th and 29th of February, and 3d of March, 1780, from
+Cadiz. I am still uncertain whether any, and which of them, have come
+to your hands, and request the favor of particular information on this
+subject.
+
+Of such of them as respect immediately the business committed to me I
+now send duplicates, as well as copies of such other papers as, taken
+collectively, will give Congress a full and accurate state of their
+affairs here.
+
+This packet, of which an exact copy goes by another vessel, will
+appear voluminous. It will nevertheless be found interesting. I have
+interspersed such observations as to me appeared proper for the
+purpose of explanation.
+
+On the 22d of January, 1780, I arrived at Cadiz, without letters of
+credit or recommendation to any person there. The Chevalier Roche (a
+passenger with us) was so obliging as to procure me credit for about
+two hundred pounds sterling with a relation of his, to whom I was
+obliged to give a bill on Dr Franklin at a more than usual short
+sight. I afterwards became acquainted with the house of Le Couteulx
+and Company, who offered me what money I might want, and furnished me
+accordingly, with great cheerfulness. I was very disagreeably
+circumstanced.
+
+Finding reports ran hard against American credit, and that bills on Dr
+Franklin were held very cheap, by reason of his having, as was there
+said, postponed, delayed, and in some instances refused payment of
+them, on very frivolous pretences, I did, on the 26th of January,
+1780, inform him by letter of my arrival, and of these reports.
+
+In answer to this, the Doctor, on the 7th of April, 1780, wrote me a
+very friendly letter, asserting these reports to be false, and
+enclosing a certificate of his banker, which proved them to be so. Of
+this I have made the proper use, and as the same reports prevailed in
+Martinique, and probably in the other islands, I wish the remedy to be
+as extensive as the mischief, and therefore transmit the following
+extract from his letter on that subject, and a copy of the certificate
+mentioned in it.
+
+        _Extract of a Letter from his Excellency Dr Franklin,
+                      dated April 7th, 1780._
+
+    "The reports you tell me prevail at Cadiz, that the Loan
+    Office Bills, payable in France, have not been duly honored,
+    are wicked falsehoods. Not one of them, duly endorsed by the
+    original proprietor, was ever refused by me, or the payment
+    delayed a moment. And the few not so endorsed have been also
+    paid on the guarantee of the presenter, or some person of
+    known credit. No reason whatever has been given for refusing
+    payment of a bill, except this very good one that either the
+    first, second, third or fourth of the same set had been
+    already paid. The pretence that it was necessary for the
+    whole set to arrive before the money could be paid, is too
+    absurd and ridiculous for anyone to make use of, who knows
+    anything of the nature of exchange. The unexpected large
+    draughts made upon me by Congress and others, exclusive of
+    these from the Loan Office, have indeed sometimes embarrassed
+    me not a little, and put me to difficulties. But I have
+    overcome those difficulties, so as never to have been obliged
+    to make the smallest excuse, or desire the least delay of
+    payment from any presenter of such bills. Those reports must
+    therefore have been contrived by enemies to our country, or
+    by persons who proposed an advantage to themselves by
+    purchasing them at an under rate. Enclosed I send you a
+    certificate of our banker in refutation of those calumnies."
+
+
+              _Copy of the abovementioned Certificate._
+
+                           Translation.
+
+    "I, the subscriber, banker at Paris, and alone charged with
+    the payment of the bills of the Loan Office, declare, that I
+    have paid, without exception or delay, all such bills to this
+    date, accepted by his Excellency Dr Franklin; that, to my
+    knowledge, no such bill has been refused payment; but that
+    several have been presented after they had been once paid.
+
+    "I declare further, that whatever is contradictory to this
+    present is false.
+
+    "In testimony of which I have here signed my name at Paris,
+    this 15th of March, 1780.
+
+                                                          GRAND."
+
+It appearing to me of importance that I should as soon as possible be
+informed of the measures, which Mr Arthur Lee might have taken leading
+to a treaty between the United States and Spain, I did, on the 26th of
+January, 1780, write him a letter, of which the following is a
+copy.[18]
+
+Mr Lee, in answer to this, wrote me a polite letter on the 17th of
+March, 1780. The following is a copy of it.[19]
+
+As, for reasons, which will appear in the course of the following
+papers, and which I hope will meet with the approbation of Congress,
+it became proper for me to remain in Spain, I apprised the Court of
+France of it by a letter to his Excellency the Count de Vergennes, on
+the 27th of January, 1780, of which the following is a copy.[20]
+
+The Count's answer to this is in the following words.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                   "Versailles, March 13th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have received your favor of the 27th of January, and I am
+    fully sensible of the confidence you have reposed in me, by
+    communicating to me the object of your mission. You know too
+    well the attachment of his Majesty to the United States, not
+    to feel assured that he sincerely wishes you success, and
+    will be eager to contribute to it. The Count de Montmorin has
+    received instructions accordant with this disposition, and I
+    do not doubt that your confidence in him will enable him to
+    fulfil them to your entire satisfaction.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   DE VERGENNES."
+
+On the 9th of May, 1780, I replied to the Count as follows.
+
+                                        "Aranjues, May 9th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "The letter which your Excellency did me the honor to write
+    me, on the 13th of March last, was delivered to me by the
+    Count de Montmorin on my arrival at Madrid.
+
+    "I should not have thus long delayed the pleasure of replying
+    to it, if I could have prevailed upon myself to have given
+    your Excellency complimentary professions, instead of sincere
+    assurances. Unreserved confidence in an Ambassador of our
+    great and good ally was just, as well as natural; and I am
+    exceedingly happy to find that personal considerations,
+    instead of forbidding, prompt it. M. Gerard, whose judgment I
+    greatly respect, had given me a very favorable impression of
+    this gentleman, and I am convinced from my own observation,
+    that he was not mistaken. His conduct towards me has been
+    that of a wise minister, and a candid gentleman. Your
+    Excellency may therefore rely upon his receiving all that
+    confidence from me, which these considerations dictate.
+    Permit me to add, that I never indulge myself in
+    contemplating the future happiness and independence of my
+    country, without feeling the warmest attachment to the Prince
+    and people, who are making such glorious exertions to
+    establish them.
+
+    "With the most lively sentiments of respect and esteem, I
+    have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+I requested the favor of M. Gerard to inform me, to which of the
+Ministers of Spain it would be proper to address any letters, which I
+might think proper to write to that court. He told me M. Galvez, and
+enumerated his reasons for thinking so. On the 27th of January, 1780,
+I wrote a letter to that Minister. The following is a copy of it.[21]
+
+Mr Carmichael was the bearer of this letter, and as his going to
+Madrid to expedite an answer to it would give him an opportunity of
+acquiring, as well as giving information on several subjects, I gave
+him the following instructions.[22]
+
+I have desired Mr Carmichael, for greater certainty, to give me notes
+in writing of all the information he gained in pursuance of these
+instructions, but he has postponed it for the sake of enlarging them
+by some important additions.
+
+My letter to M. Galvez was answered the 24th of February, 1780, by the
+Count de Florida Blanca, in the words following, viz.[23]
+
+To this letter I replied as follows, viz.
+
+                                         "Cadiz, March 6th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the
+    24th ultimo, which did not come to my hands till sometime
+    after its arrival.
+
+    "The sentiments which his Majesty is pleased to entertain of
+    me, together with the polite manner in which your Excellency
+    has been so obliging as to express them, demand my warmest
+    acknowledgments, and give additional force to the many
+    motives, which render me desirous of a permanent union
+    between his Majesty and the United States.
+
+    "The honor and probity, which have ever characterised the
+    conduct of Spain, together with the exalted reputation his
+    Majesty has acquired, by being an eminent example of both,
+    have induced the people of the United States to repose the
+    highest confidence in the proofs they have received of his
+    friendly disposition towards them; and to consider every
+    engagement with this monarchy as guarantied by that faith,
+    and secured by that ingenuousness, which have so gloriously
+    distinguished his Majesty and this kingdom among the other
+    Princes and nations of the earth.
+
+    "Permit me to request the favor of your Excellency to assure
+    his Majesty, that the people of the United States are
+    convinced, that virtue alone can animate and support their
+    governments; and that they can in no other way establish and
+    perpetuate a national character, honorable to themselves and
+    their posterity, than by an unshaken adherence to the rules
+    which religion, morality, and treaties may prescribe for
+    their conduct. His royal mind may also be persuaded, that
+    gratitude will never cease to add the influence of
+    inclination to the power of dignity, in rendering them
+    solicitous for the happiness and prosperity of those generous
+    nations, who nobly strengthened their opposition to a torrent
+    of oppression, and kindly aided in freeing them from the
+    bondage of a nation, whose arrogance and injustice had become
+    destructive of the rights of mankind, and dangerous to the
+    peace and tranquillity of Christendom.
+
+    "Having therefore the most perfect conviction, that the
+    candor and benignity of his Majesty's intentions are equal to
+    the uprightness and sincerity of those of Congress, I shall
+    set out in a few days for Madrid, with the pleasing
+    expectation that there will be little delay or difficulty in
+    adjusting the terms of a union between a magnanimous Monarch
+    and a virtuous people, who wish to obtain, by an alliance
+    with each other, only reciprocal benefits and mutual
+    advantages.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, with perfect respect and
+    consideration, your Excellency's most obedient, and most
+    humble servant,
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+On the 4th of April, 1780, I arrived at Madrid, and Mr Carmichael
+delivered to me the following questions from the Count de Florida
+Blanca, to which he had declined giving answers, viz.
+
+       _Questions from the Count de Florida Blanca, dated the
+                        9th of March, 1780._
+
+                            Translation.
+
+    "Before entering into a discussion with Mr Jay or Mr
+    Carmichael, jointly or separately, on the subject of the
+    affairs of the United States of North America, and their
+    mutual interest with respect to Spain, it is judged
+    indispensable at Madrid, that the Catholic King should be
+    exactly informed of the civil and military state of the
+    American Provinces, and of their resources to continue the
+    present war, not only for the defence of their own liberty,
+    but also with respect to the aid and succors they may be able
+    to afford Spain in its operations, in case hereafter this
+    Crown should become the ally of America. The _Civil Affairs_
+    ought to comprehend,
+
+    "1st. A true account of the population and form of government
+    of each Province of the Union, and the resolution of the
+    inhabitants to continue the war with vigor, as long as it is
+    necessary.
+
+    "2dly. Whether there is any powerful party in favor of
+    England, and what consequences are to be apprehended from it;
+    whether the heads of this party suffer themselves to be
+    seduced by the great promises of the British government.
+
+    "3dly. A statement of the revenues of these Provinces, and of
+    their ability to contribute to the general expense; to which
+    may be added, whether they will be able long to support this
+    burthen, and even to increase it should it be judged
+    necessary.
+
+    "4thly. A statement of the public debts, and of the
+    particular debts of each State, taken collectively or
+    separately, of their resources to lessen them, and the
+    possibility of their being able to support their credit in
+    all the operations of government, in the commerce of their
+    inhabitants, and above all in the protection of national
+    industry.
+
+    "5thly. By what means, or with what branches of commerce,
+    will the States of America have it in their power to
+    indemnify Spain, whenever this power may second the views and
+    operations of the Americans; and particularly the Court
+    wishes to know, whether it may be convenient for the said
+    States to furnish ships of war of the best construction for
+    the Spanish marine, and likewise timber and other articles
+    for the King's arsenals, and the whole without loss of time,
+    and fixing the terms on which they would make an agreement of
+    this nature, and who would be commissioned to bring the
+    vessels and these naval stores to Spain.
+
+    "With respect to the _Military State_ of America, it is
+    necessary to be informed first, of the number and strength of
+    the different bodies of troops armed by the Provinces, and of
+    their present situation, in order to judge whether they are
+    sufficient to oppose the enemy wherever they may go, and
+    particularly in Carolina and Georgia.
+
+    "Further, it may be expedient to know the means of augmenting
+    the American army in case it is necessary, or to keep it
+    always on the same footing, notwithstanding its daily losses.
+    In what condition their clothing and arms are at present;
+    whether they are partly in want of those articles, and how
+    much it would require to remedy those defects.
+
+    "The subsistence of an army being an object of the greatest
+    consequence, the Court desires to know if proper measures
+    have been taken for that purpose, that it may be ascertained
+    whether it can act everywhere, if necessary, even in the
+    above mentioned Provinces, without danger of being in want of
+    necessaries.
+
+    "It is highly essential for the Provinces of America to keep
+    a marine to act against the common enemy, and to secure their
+    own possessions during the present war. The Spanish Minister
+    therefore is desirous of knowing its strength, including the
+    armed vessels belonging to individuals, and by what means it
+    may be augmented, and what succors will be necessary for that
+    purpose.
+
+    "The Court of Spain, desirous of information on these
+    subjects with all possible frankness and precision, does not
+    pretend to dive into matters, which Mr Jay or Mr Carmichael
+    may regard as reserved to themselves. Its only aim is to be
+    acquainted with the present state of the American forces,
+    their resources, and ability to continue the war, so that if
+    it was in consideration for new allies to supply them with
+    succors of any kind, the former might be able to plan on
+    solid grounds their operations convenient for the common
+    cause, and for the particular advantage of these States,
+    without running the risk of being misled by false
+    calculations for want of foresight and proper information."
+
+    "_Pardo, March 9th, 1780._"
+
+My answer to these questions is contained in a letter I wrote to the
+Count de Florida Blanca, on the 25th of April, 1780; the removal of
+the Court to Aranjues, and his attending the King at that time at an
+annual chase, rendering it useless, and perhaps improper, to endeavor
+to call his attention to these matters sooner. The following is a copy
+of it.
+
+                                       "Madrid, April 25th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "Mr Carmichael has delivered to me a paper he had the honor
+    of receiving from your Excellency before my arrival here,
+    containing heads of many important inquiries respecting which
+    it was thought necessary, that his Catholic Majesty should be
+    exactly informed before entering into a discussion with me
+    and Mr Carmichael jointly or separately, on the subject of
+    the affairs of the United States of North America, and their
+    mutual interest with respect to Spain; but that the Court,
+    though desirous of information on these several articles,
+    with all possible frankness and precision, did not mean to
+    dive into matters which Mr Carmichael and myself might regard
+    as reserved to ourselves only.
+
+    "Being persuaded, that direct and accurate information
+    respecting the nature and extent of the commissions given to
+    that gentleman and myself, would be very agreeable to your
+    Excellency, I take the liberty of transmitting the following
+    copies of each.
+
+    'The delegates of the United States of New Hampshire,
+    Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
+    Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
+    Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
+    Georgia, in Congress assembled, to all who shall see these
+    presents, Greeting.
+
+    'Whereas an intercourse between the subjects of his Catholic
+    Majesty, and the citizens of these United States, founded on
+    the principles of equality, reciprocity, and friendship, may
+    be of mutual advantage to both nations, and it being the
+    sincere desire of the United States to enter into a treaty of
+    alliance and of amity and commerce with his Catholic Majesty,
+    know ye, therefore, that we, confiding in the integrity,
+    prudence, and ability of the Honorable John Jay, late
+    President of Congress, and Chief Justice of the State of New
+    York, have nominated and constituted, and by these presents
+    do nominate and constitute him, the said John Jay, our
+    Minister Plenipotentiary; giving him full power general and
+    special to act in that quality, to confer, treat, agree, and
+    conclude, with the Ambassador or Plenipotentiary of his
+    Catholic Majesty vested with equal powers, of and concerning
+    a treaty of amity and commerce, and of alliance, and whatever
+    shall be so agreed and concluded for us and in our names, to
+    sign, and thereupon make such treaty or treaties, conventions
+    and agreements, as he shall judge conformable to the ends we
+    have in view, in as ample form, and with the same effect, as
+    if we were personally present and acted therein, hereby
+    promising in good faith, that we will accept, ratify, fulfil,
+    and execute whatever shall be agreed, concluded, and signed
+    by our said Minister Plenipotentiary, and that we will never
+    act, nor suffer any person to act, contrary to the same in
+    the whole, or in any part.
+
+    'In witness whereof, we have caused these presents to be
+    given in Congress, at Philadelphia, the 29th day of
+    September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
+    and seventynine, and the fourth year of the independence of
+    the United States of America.
+
+      'Signed by the President, and sealed with his seal.
+
+               'SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+      'Attest, CHARLES THOMSON, _Secretary_.'
+
+
+    'The United States of America, in Congress assembled. To the
+    Honorable William Carmichael, a delegate in Congress from the
+    State of Maryland. Greeting.
+
+    'We, reposing especial trust and confidence in your
+    patriotism, ability, conduct, and fidelity, do, by these
+    presents, constitute and appoint you, during our pleasure,
+    Secretary to our Minister Plenipotentiary, appointed to
+    negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce, and of alliance
+    with his Catholic Majesty. You are, therefore, carefully and
+    diligently to discharge the duty of Secretary, by doing and
+    performing all things thereunto belonging, and, in case of
+    the death of our said Minister, you are to signify it to us
+    by the earliest opportunity, and on such event, we authorise
+    and direct you to take into your charge all our public
+    affairs, which were in the hands of said Minister at the time
+    of his death, or which may be addressed to him before notice
+    thereof, and proceed therein, according to the instructions
+    to our said Minister given, until our further orders.
+
+    'Witness, his Excellency, Samuel Huntington, President of the
+    Congress of the United States of America, at Philadelphia,
+    the 29th day of September, in the year of our Lord, 1779, and
+    in the fourth year of our independence.
+
+                                 'SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+       'Attest, CHARLES THOMSON, _Secretary_.'
+
+    "The inquiries in question are numerous and important. They
+    do honor to the sagacity which suggested them, and, if fully
+    answered, would produce a very interesting history of the
+    present condition of the American States. On some of the
+    subjects proposed, I can give your Excellency full and
+    positive intelligence; on others, only general and by no
+    means precise information. On all, however, I shall write
+    with candor.
+
+    "Such is the nature of the American governments and
+    confederacy, that the Congress, and all other rulers of the
+    people, are responsible to them for their conduct, and cannot
+    withhold from their constituents a knowledge of their true
+    situation, without subjecting themselves to all the evils,
+    which they experience, who substitute cunning in the place of
+    wisdom. Hence it is, that a knowledge of their affairs is
+    easily attainable by all who will be at the trouble of
+    collecting it, and as it is neither the policy nor
+    inclination of America to draw a veil over any part of their
+    affairs, your Excellency may be persuaded, that every
+    consideration forbids their servants, by a suppression, or
+    misrepresentation of facts, to deceive or mislead those whose
+    amity they so sincerely endeavor to cultivate, as they do
+    that of Spain.
+
+                I. THE CIVIL STATE OF NORTH AMERICA.
+
+    "Your Excellency has with great propriety arranged the
+    subjects of your inquiry under two heads; the _Civil_ and
+    _Military_ States of North America. The first of these is
+    again branched into several subdivisions, at the head of
+    which, is the
+
+                     _Population of each State._
+
+    "The exact number of inhabitants in the United States has
+    not, I believe, been ascertained by an actual census in more
+    than two or three of them. The only computation made by
+    Congress was on the 29th of July, 1775; the manner and
+    occasion of which exclude every suspicion of its exceeding
+    the true number. Congress had emitted bills of credit to a
+    very considerable amount, and were apprised of the necessity
+    of emitting more. Justice demanded that this debt should be
+    apportioned among the States according to their respective
+    abilities; an equitable rule whereby to determine that
+    ability became indispensable. After much consideration,
+    Congress resolved, 'that the proportion, or quota of each
+    Colony, should be determined according to the number of the
+    inhabitants of all ages (including negroes and mulattoes) in
+    each Colony,' but as that could not _then_ be ascertained
+    _exactly_, they were obliged to judge of, and compute the
+    number from circumstantial evidence. The delegates gave to
+    Congress an account of the population of their respective
+    Colonies, made from the best materials then in their power,
+    and so great was their confidence in each other, that from
+    those accounts that computation was principally formed. Your
+    Excellency will readily perceive, that the delegates were far
+    from being under any temptations to exaggerate the number of
+    their constituents; they were not ignorant, that by such
+    exaggerations they would increase their portion of aids, both
+    of men and money, and that whatever errors they might commit,
+    could not be rectified by an actual numeration during the
+    war. The computation then formed was as follows.
+
+      New Hampshire,              124,069 and a half
+      Massachusetts Bay,          434,244
+      Rhode Island,                71,959 and a half
+      Connecticut,                248,139
+      New York,                   248,139
+      New Jersey,                 161,290 and a half
+      Pennsylvania,               372,208 and a half
+      Delaware,                    37,219 and a half
+      Maryland,                   310,174 and a half
+      Virginia,                   496,278
+      North Carolina,             248,139
+      South Carolina,             248,139
+                                ---------
+                                3,000,000
+
+    Exclusive of the inhabitants of Georgia, who were not at that
+    time represented in Congress, and of whose numbers I have no
+    information that I can confide in.
+
+               _The Form of Government of each State._
+
+    "In the pamphlets I have now the honor of transmitting to
+    your Excellency, viz. No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5,
+    you will find the constitutions of New York, New Jersey,
+    Pennsylvania, Delaware, and South Carolina. The others I have
+    not with me. The great outlines of them all are very similar.
+    By the last accounts from America, it appears that
+    Massachusetts Bay had not as yet agreed upon their
+    constitution, but had it then under consideration.
+
+    "It cannot be necessary to observe to your Excellency, that
+    these new modes of government were formed by persons named
+    and authorised by the people for that express purpose; that
+    they were, in general, instituted with great temper and
+    deliberation upon such just and liberal principles, as on the
+    one hand to give effectual security to civil and religious
+    liberty, and on the other make ample provision for the rights
+    of justice, and the due exercise of the necessary powers of
+    government.
+
+    "The articles of confederation agreed upon by Congress, and
+    approved by every State in the Union except Maryland, provide
+    for the general government of the Confederacy, and the
+    ordering of all matters essential to the prosperity and
+    preservation of the Union in peace and war. I ought also to
+    inform your Excellency, that the reasons why Maryland has as
+    yet withheld her assent to those articles, do not arise from
+    any disaffection to the common cause, but merely from their
+    not having adopted certain principles respecting the
+    disposition of certain lands.
+
+    _The Union and Resolution of the Inhabitants to continue the
+           War with Vigor as long as may be necessary._
+
+    "On this subject I can give your Excellency certain and
+    positive information; the storm of tyranny and oppression,
+    which had for some years been constantly growing more black
+    and more terrible, began to burst with violence on the people
+    of North America in the year 1774. It was seen and felt and
+    deprecated by all except those, who expected to gather spoils
+    in the ruins it was designed to occasion. These were those
+    who enjoyed, or expected, emoluments from Great Britain,
+    together with their immediate dependants and connexions; such
+    as the officers of government throughout the Colonies, but
+    with some very distinguished exceptions; those of the clergy
+    of the church of England almost without exception, who
+    received annual salaries from the society established in
+    England for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts; foreign
+    adventurers, buyers and sellers, who, being no further
+    attached to the country than as it afforded the means of
+    gain, soon prepared to speculate in confiscations, and
+    courted the notice of their sovereign by intemperate zeal for
+    the ruin of his subjects. With these exceptions, the great
+    body of the people moved together, and united in such firm
+    and considerate measures for the common safety, and conducted
+    their affairs with such regularity, order, and system, as to
+    leave no room to suppose them to be the work of only a
+    prevailing party, as our enemies have always represented and
+    affected to consider them.
+
+    "There was, it is true, another class of persons not much
+    less dangerous, though far more contemptible than those I
+    first mentioned; persons who in every revolution, like
+    floating weeds in every storm, obey the strongest wind, and
+    pass from side to side as that happens to change. I mean the
+    _neutrals_, a pusillanimous race, who having balanced in
+    their minds the advantages and disadvantages, the gains and
+    dangers of joining either side, are seduced by their fears to
+    form a thousand pretexts for joining neither; who, to
+    manifest their loyalty to their King, when his armies were
+    successful, gave them every aid in their power, except
+    drawing their swords against their country, and who, when
+    their countrymen prevailed, were ready to render them all
+    possible service, except taking arms against their Prince.
+
+    "The auxiliaries, whom the British measures and forces found
+    in the country, consisted of persons from these classes. And
+    although when these first appeared in, and wounded the bosom
+    of America, she was obliged to extend her arms to repel the
+    assaults of a foreign enemy, yet such was the union and
+    spirit of her inhabitants, that she was soon enabled not only
+    to put them under her feet, but on the ruins of her former
+    governments to erect new ones in the midst of invasions from
+    without, and treacherous combinations from within. Being able
+    to obtain no other terms of peace than unconditional
+    obedience, she had sufficient courage to declare herself
+    independent in the face of one of the best appointed armies
+    Britain could ever boast of, as well as sufficient strength
+    to limit its operations, and reduce its numbers.
+
+    "It may perhaps be observed, that the first object of the war
+    was a redress of grievances; that the present object is
+    _independence_; and it may be asked whether the people are as
+    much united with respect to the last as they were with
+    respect to the first.
+
+    "I am certain that the people of America never were so well
+    united as they are at present, in that of their independence.
+    Exclusive of actual observation on the spot, I think so
+    because,
+
+    "1st. The Declaration of Independence was made by Congress at
+    a time, when the great body of their constituents called for
+    it.
+
+    "2dly. Because that declaration was immediately recognised by
+    the general assemblies and legislatures of the several
+    States, without exception.
+
+    "3dly. Because the successful army under General Burgoyne was
+    defeated and captured by a great collection of the
+    neighboring militia, to whom he had offered peace and
+    tranquillity on their remaining at home, terms which it was
+    natural to suppose a great many of them would have accepted,
+    had the Declaration of Independence been disagreeable to
+    them.
+
+    "4thly. Because the Congress, consisting of members annually
+    elected, have repeatedly, expressly, and unanimously declared
+    their determination to support it at every hazard.
+
+    "5thly. Because their internal enemies have been either
+    expelled or reduced, and their estates to a very great amount
+    in some of the States confiscated and actually sold.
+
+    "6thly. Because constitutions and forms of government have
+    since been instituted and completely organised, in which the
+    people participate, from which they have experienced
+    essential advantages, and to which they have of consequence
+    become greatly attached.
+
+    "7thly. Because Congress unanimously refused to enter into
+    treaty with the British Commissioners on any terms short of
+    independence, and because every State, though afterwards
+    separately solicited, refused to treat otherwise than
+    collectively by their delegates in Congress.
+
+    "8thly. Because the inhuman and very barbarous manner in
+    which the war has been conducted by the enemy, has so
+    alienated the affections of the people from the King and
+    government of Britain, and filled their hearts with such
+    deep rooted and just resentments, as render a cordial
+    reconciliation, much less a dependence on them, utterly
+    impossible.
+
+    "9thly. Because the doctrine propagated in America by the
+    servants of the King of Great Britain, that no faith was to
+    be kept with Americans in arms against him, and the
+    uniformity with which they have adhered to it, in their
+    practice as well as professions, have destroyed all
+    confidence, and leave the Americans no room to doubt, but
+    that, should they again become subjects of the King of
+    Britain on certain terms, those terms would as little impede
+    the progress of future oppression, as the capitulation of
+    Limerick, in 1691, did with respect to Ireland.
+
+    "10thly. Because the treaty with France, and consequently
+    virtue, honor, and every obligation due to the reputation of
+    a rising nation, whose fame is unsullied by violated
+    compacts, forbid it.
+
+    "11thly. Because it is the evident, and well known interest
+    of North America to remain independent.
+
+    "12thly. Because the history of mankind, from the earliest
+    ages, with a loud voice calls upon those who draw their
+    swords against a Prince, deaf to the supplication of his
+    people, to throw away that scabbard.
+
+    "13thly. Because they do not consider the support of their
+    independence as difficult. The country is very defensible and
+    fertile; the people are all soldiers, who with reason
+    consider their liberty and lives as the most valuable of the
+    possessions left them, and which they are determined shall
+    neither be wrested or purchased from them but with blood.
+
+    "14thly. Because for the support of their independence, they
+    have expressly, by a most solemn act, pledged to each other
+    their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor; so that
+    their bond of union, for this very purpose, thus formed of
+    all the ties of common interest, common safety, mutual
+    affection, general resentments, and the great obligations of
+    virtue, honor, patriotism, and religion, may with reason be
+    deemed equal to the importance of that great object.
+
+    _Whether there is any powerful Party in Favor of England, and
+      what Consequences are to be apprehended from it? Whether
+      the Heads of this Party suffer themselves to be seduced by
+      the Promises of the British Government?_
+
+    "What has been already said, on the subject of the union of
+    the people in North America, will I imagine in a great
+    measure answer these questions.
+
+    "If by a party in favor of England is meant a party for
+    relinquishing the independence of the United States, and
+    returning to the dominion of Britain, on any terms whatever,
+    I answer there is no such party in North America; all the
+    open adherents of the Crown of Great Britain having either
+    voluntarily quitted or been expelled from the country.
+
+    "That Britain has emissaries and masked adherents in America,
+    industrious in their little spheres to perplex the public
+    measures, and disturb the public tranquillity, is a fact of
+    which I have not the most distant doubt, and it is equally
+    true, that some of these wicked men are by a few weak ones
+    thought to be patriots, but they cannot with any propriety be
+    called a party, or even a faction. The chief mischief they
+    do, is collecting and transmitting intelligence, raising
+    false reports, and spreading calumnies of public men and
+    measures; such characters will be found in every country so
+    circumstanced, and America has not been negligent in
+    providing laws for their punishment.
+
+    "The obvious policy of the Court of London has induced them
+    to boast perpetually of their party in America; but where it
+    is? of whom composed? what it has done, or is doing? are
+    questions to which they constantly give evasive answers. Much
+    also have they said of the numbers that have joined their
+    arms in America. The truth is, that at Boston, Rhode Island,
+    New York, and Philadelphia, they gleaned some of that refuse
+    of mankind, to be found and purchased by any body in all
+    commercial cities. It is also true, that some men of weight
+    and influence in the country, who joined the enemy on their
+    first successes, did draw away with them several of their
+    immediate dependents, whom they persuaded or otherwise
+    influenced to enlist in their service. To these may also be
+    added the prisoners, who at different times they forced into
+    their service by famine, and other severities too numerous as
+    well as barbarous to be here particularized. But I have no
+    reason to believe, that all these aids put together ever
+    exceeded three thousand men. This business, however, (except
+    with respect to prisoners,) has long been over, and before I
+    left America many of those deluded people had returned and
+    implored the pardon of their country.
+
+    "In America, as in all other popular governments, your
+    Excellency knows there must and ever will be parties for and
+    against particular measures and particular men. The enemy,
+    adverting to this circumstance, have had address enough to
+    ascribe differences and temporary heats arising from this
+    source, in which they were not interested, to causes much
+    higher, and more flattering to their importance; and this
+    they have done with so much art, as to have imposed in some
+    instances on the credulity of men high in reputation for
+    sagacity and discernment.
+
+    "If your Excellency will be pleased to peruse a pamphlet
+    marked No. 6, which you will find enclosed with the other
+    papers I herewith transmit, and entitled 'Observations on the
+    American Revolution,' you will perceive that nothing is to be
+    apprehended from this supposed party in North America.
+
+    _A Statement of the Revenues of the States, and of their
+      Ability to contribute to the General Expense; whether they
+      will be able long to support this Burthen, and increase it
+      if necessary?_
+
+    "The Confederated States have no fixed revenues, nor are such
+    revenues necessary, because all the private property in the
+    country is at the public service. The only restriction
+    imposed by the people is, that it be taken from them with
+    wisdom and justice, or to be more explicit, that the sums
+    required be proportionate to the public exigencies, and
+    assessed on the individuals in proportion to their respective
+    abilities.
+
+    "A nation can seldom be destitute of the means of continuing
+    a war, while they remain unsubdued in the field, and
+    cheerfully devote their all to that service. They may indeed
+    experience great distress, but no distress being equal to
+    that of subjection to exasperated oppressors, whose most
+    tender mercies are cruel, the Americans had little difficulty
+    in making their election.
+
+                 _A Statement of the Public Debts._
+
+    "This subject your Excellency will find fully discussed in an
+    address of Congress to their constituents, in which they
+    compute their debts, and mention the means they had taken to
+    preserve the public credit. It is also herewith enclosed, and
+    marked No. 7.
+
+         _A Statement of the Debts of each particular State._
+
+    "Although exact accounts of these debts are contained in the
+    public printed acts of each State, yet as I neither have any
+    of those acts or extracts from them with me, and my general
+    knowledge on this hand is very imperfect, I am deterred from
+    giving your Excellency any information respecting it, by the
+    very great risk I should run of misleading you on this point.
+
+                _The Resources to lessen these Debts._
+
+    "Taxes; foreign and domestic loans; sales of confiscated
+    estates, and ungranted lands.
+
+    _The possibility of their supporting their Credit in all the
+      Operations of Government, in the Commerce of their
+      Inhabitants, and, above all, in the Protection of National
+      Industry._
+
+    "As to the possibility of supporting their credit in the
+    cases mentioned, there is no doubt it is very _possible_. How
+    far it is _probable_, is a question less easy to answer. If
+    the taxes called for by Congress last fall be duly paid, all
+    will be safe. But whether they have been paid or not I am
+    wholly uninformed, except that I find in a public paper that
+    Virginia had made good her first payment. As I daily expect
+    to receive advices from America on this subject, I shall
+    postpone saying anything further on it at present, but your
+    Excellency may rely on my communicating to you a full state
+    of what intelligence I may have respecting it.
+
+    "As to supporting their credit in _commerce_, it is attended
+    with considerable, though not insurmountable difficulties.
+    They are of two kinds, the want of sufficient commodities for
+    remittances, and the risk of transporting them. North
+    America abounds in valuable commodities, such as fish, oil,
+    lumber, provisions of flesh and corn, iron, tobacco, and
+    naval stores, peltry, indigo, potash, and other articles, all
+    of which have greatly diminished since the war; the laborers
+    formerly employed in producing them having been often called
+    to the field, and by other effects of the war been prevented
+    from regularly following their usual occupations. Of some of
+    these articles America still produces more than is necessary
+    for her own consumption, but the risk of transporting them to
+    Europe renders her remittances very uncertain. The asylum,
+    which all British armed vessels find in the ports of
+    Portugal, enables them to cruise very conveniently and with
+    great advantage off the Western Islands, and other situations
+    proper for annoying vessels from thence to France, Spain, or
+    the Mediterranean. Hence it is that the trade from America to
+    St Eustatia has of late so greatly increased, it being
+    carried on principally in small, fast sailing vessels, that
+    draw but little water, and that the chief remittances to
+    Europe have been in bills of exchange instead of produce.
+
+    "With respect to the protection of _national industry_, I
+    take it for granted that it will always flourish where it is
+    lucrative, and not discouraged, which was the case in North
+    America when I left it; every man being then at liberty, by
+    the law, to cultivate the earth as he pleased, to raise what
+    he pleased, to manufacture as he pleased, and to sell the
+    produce of his labor to whom he pleased, and for the best
+    prices, without any duties or impositions whatsoever. I have
+    indeed no apprehensions whatever on this subject: I believe
+    there are no people more industrious than those of America,
+    and whoever recurs to their population, their former exports,
+    and their present productions amidst the horrors of fire and
+    sword, will be convinced of it.
+
+    _By what Means, or what Branches of Commerce, will the States
+      of America have it in their Power to indemnify Spain,
+      whenever this Power may second the Views and Operations of
+      the Americans?_
+
+    "America will indemnify Spain in two ways, by fighting the
+    enemy of Spain, and by commerce. Your Excellency will be
+    pleased to remark that Spain as well as America is now at war
+    with Britain, and therefore that it is the interest of both
+    to support and assist each other against the common enemy. It
+    cannot be a question whether Britain will be more or less
+    formidable if defeated or victorious in America; and there
+    can be no doubt but that every nation, interested in the
+    reduction of her power, will be compensated for any aids they
+    may afford America, by the immediate application of those
+    aids to that express purpose at the expense of American
+    blood.
+
+    "Your Excellency's well known talents save me the necessity
+    of observing, that it is the interest of all Europe to join
+    in breaking down the exorbitant power of a nation, which
+    arrogantly claims the ocean as her birthright, and considers
+    every advantage in commerce, however acquired by violence, or
+    used with cruelty, as a tribute justly due to her boasted
+    superiority in arts and in arms.
+
+    "By establishing the independence of America, the empire of
+    Britain will be divided, and the sinews of her power cut.
+    Americans, situated in another hemisphere, intent only on the
+    cultivation of a country more than sufficient to satisfy
+    their desires, will remain unconnected with European
+    politics, and not being interested in their objects, will
+    not partake in their dissensions. Happy in having for their
+    neighbors a people distinguished for love of justice and of
+    peace, they will have nothing to fear, but may flatter
+    themselves that they and their posterity will long enjoy all
+    the blessings of that peace, liberty, and safety, for which
+    alone they patiently endure the calamities incident to the
+    cruel contest they sustain.
+
+    "While the war continues, the commerce of America will be
+    inconsiderable; but on the restoration of peace it will soon
+    become very valuable and extensive. So great is the extent of
+    country in North America yet to be cultivated, and so
+    inviting to settlers, that labor will very long remain too
+    dear to admit of considerable manufactures. Reason and
+    experience tell us, that when the poor have it in their power
+    to gain affluence by tilling the earth, they will refuse the
+    scanty earnings which manufacturers may offer them. From this
+    circumstance it is evident, that the exports from America
+    will consist of raw materials, which other nations will be
+    able to manufacture for them at a cheaper rate than they can
+    themselves. To those who consider the future and progressive
+    population of that country, the demands it will have for the
+    manufactures and productions of Europe, as well to satisfy
+    their wants, as to gratify their luxury, will appear immense,
+    and far more than any one kingdom in it can supply. Instead
+    of paying money for fish and many other articles as
+    heretofore, Spain will then have an opportunity of obtaining
+    them in exchange for her cloths, silks, wines, and fruits;
+    notwithstanding which, it is proper to observe, that the
+    commerce of the American States will forever procure them
+    such _actual wealth_, as to enable them punctually to repay
+    whatever sums they may borrow.
+
+    _How far it may be convenient for these States to furnish
+      Ships of War, Timber, and other Articles for the King's
+      Arsenals, without Delay, and, if in their Power, on what
+      Terms?_
+
+    "I am much at a loss to determine at present, and therefore
+    will by no means give your Excellency my conjectures for
+    intelligence.
+
+    "It is certain, that in ordinary times, America can build
+    ships as good, and cheaper than any other people, because the
+    materials cost them less. The ships of war now in her
+    service, as to strength and construction, are not exceeded by
+    any on the ocean. On this subject I will write to America for
+    information, and give your Excellency the earliest notice of
+    it. Naval stores, and particularly masts and spars, may
+    certainly be had there, and of the best quality, and I doubt
+    not but that the Americans would carry them to the Havana or
+    New Orleans, though I suspect, their being in a manner
+    destitute of proper convoys for the European trade, would
+    render them backward in bringing them to Spain, on terms
+    equal to the risk of capture, on the one hand, and the
+    expectations of purchasers on the other.
+
+             II. THE MILITARY STATE OF NORTH AMERICA.
+
+    _The Number and Strength of the American Troops, their
+      present Situation, and Ability to oppose the Enemy,
+      especially in Georgia and Carolina._
+
+    "Six months have elapsed since I left America, and I had not
+    seen a return of the army for some time before that period.
+    It did not, I am certain, amount to its full complement, and,
+    in my opinion, did not in the whole exceed thirty or
+    thirtyfive thousand men; I mean regular troops.
+
+    "The Commander-in-Chief, whose abilities, as well as
+    integrity, merit the highest confidence, was authorised to
+    conduct all the military operations in the United States at
+    his discretion, subject, nevertheless, to such orders as the
+    Congress might think proper from time to time to give. It is
+    impossible, therefore, for me (not having received a single
+    letter from America on these subjects since my arrival) to
+    decide in what manner or proportions these troops are
+    employed or stationed, though I am confident it has been done
+    in the best manner.
+
+    "All the men of proper age in America are liable to do
+    military duty in certain cases, and with a few exceptions, in
+    all cases. The militia is for the most part divided into a
+    certain number of classes, and whenever reinforcements to the
+    main army, or any detachment of it are wanting, they are
+    supplied by these classes in rotation. These reinforcements
+    while in the field are subject to the like regulations with
+    the regular troops, and with them submit to the severest
+    discipline and duty. Hence it is, that the people of America
+    have become soldiers, and that the enemy have never been able
+    to make a deep impression in the country, or long hold any
+    considerable lodgments at a distance from their fleets.
+    Georgia and South Carolina, indeed, enjoy these advantages in
+    a less degree than the other States, their own militia not
+    being very numerous, and speedy reinforcements from their
+    neighbors of North Carolina and Virginia rendered difficult
+    by the length of the way. They have, nevertheless, given
+    proofs of their spirit by various and great exertions, and I
+    have reason to believe, that all possible care has been taken
+    to provide for their safety, by furnishing them with a
+    proper body of troops under Major General Lincoln, a very
+    good officer, as well as a very good man.
+
+    "Arms are still wanting in America, many of those imported
+    proving unfit for use, and the number of inhabitants who were
+    without proper arms at the beginning of the war, calling for
+    great supplies. The army, and a considerable part of the
+    militia, especially in the Northern States, have in general
+    good arms.
+
+    "The article of clothing has been, and still is a very
+    interesting one to the American army. It is impossible to
+    describe, and, indeed, almost impossible to believe, the
+    hardships they have endured for want of it. There have been
+    instances, and I speak from the most undoubted authority, of
+    considerable detachments marching barefooted over rugged
+    tracts of ice and snow, and marking the route they took by
+    the blood that issued from their feet; but neither these
+    terrible extremities, nor the alluring offers of the enemy,
+    could prevail on them to quit their standard, or relax their
+    ardor. Their condition, however, has of late been much
+    bettered by supplies from France and Spain, and American
+    privateers; but adequate provision has not yet been made for
+    the ensuing winter, and I cannot conceal from your Excellency
+    my anxiety on that head. A supply of clothing for twenty
+    thousand men, added to what is engaged for them in France,
+    would make that army and all America happy.
+
+    "I foresee no other difficulties in providing subsistence for
+    the American armies in every station in which they may be
+    placed, than those which may attend the transportation of it.
+    But when I reflect on the obstacles of this kind, which they
+    have already met with and surmounted, I have little
+    uneasiness about future ones. The last crops in America
+    promised to be plentiful when I left it, but whether there
+    would be any and what considerable overplus for exportation
+    was then undetermined, the damages done the wheat in
+    Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina by a fly, which
+    infested those countries, not being to my knowledge at that
+    time ascertained.
+
+    "How many ships of war belong to Congress, is a question I
+    cannot answer with certainty. I think there are not more than
+    ten or twelve in the whole. Of privateers there are a great
+    number, but how many exactly has not been computed. In my
+    opinion, they exceed one hundred, several of them very fine
+    ships. The Governor of Martinique told me, that in that
+    Island alone, the American privateers had brought and sold
+    above five thousand African slaves, which they had taken from
+    the enemy. Nine tenths at least of all the rum and sugar used
+    in North America, these three years past, have been obtained
+    in the same way, and to their successes have the public been
+    indebted for the most seasonable and valuable supplies of
+    military stores which they have received. I left several
+    vessels on the stocks at Philadelphia, and heard of more in
+    other parts.
+
+    "Upon the whole, his Majesty may rest perfectly assured, that
+    the Americans are determined, though forsaken by all mankind,
+    to maintain their independence, and to part with it only with
+    their lives; the desolations and distresses of war being too
+    familiar to them to excite any other passions than
+    indignation and resentment.
+
+    "That the country will supply its inhabitants with
+    provisions, some clothing, and some articles of commerce.
+
+    "That there is no party in America in favor of returning
+    under the dominion of Britain, on any terms whatever.
+
+    "That the King of France is very popular in America, being in
+    all parts of it styled the protector of the rights of
+    mankind, and that they will hold the treaty made with him
+    inviolate.
+
+    "That the people in America have very high ideas of the honor
+    and integrity of the Spanish nation, and of his Catholic
+    Majesty especially, and that this respect and esteem unite
+    with their interest in rendering them so desirous of his
+    friendship and alliance.
+
+    "That the greatest difficulty under which America labors
+    arises from the great depreciation of her bills of credit,
+    owing principally to a greater sum having been emitted than
+    was necessary for a medium of commerce, and to the
+    impossibility of remedying it by taxes before regular
+    governments are established.
+
+    "That great attempts, seconded by the general voice of the
+    people, have been made to retrieve the credit of those bills
+    by taxation, the issue of which was as yet uncertain, but if
+    unsuccessful, a recurrence to taxes in kind was still left,
+    and would be practised, though it is an expedient which
+    nothing but necessity can render eligible.
+
+    "That if France and Spain were to unite their endeavors to
+    conquer Britain in America, by furnishing the latter with the
+    necessary aids of ammunition, clothing, and some money, there
+    is reason to believe, that the House of Bourbon would find it
+    the most certain and least expensive method of reducing the
+    power of their irreconcilable enemy, and not only command the
+    gratitude and perpetual attachment of America, but the
+    general approbation of all who wish well to the tranquillity
+    of Europe, and the rights of mankind. Thus would that
+    illustrious House erect glorious and lasting monuments to
+    their virtues in the hearts of a whole people.
+
+    "I fear your Excellency will consider the intelligence here
+    given, less full and precise than you expected. I regret that
+    it is not in my power to render it more so but it is not. I
+    hope however it will be thought sufficient to open a way to
+    those further discussions, which must precede the measures
+    necessary to bind America to Spain, as well as to France, and
+    thereby complete the division and consequently the
+    humiliation of the British Empire; a work too glorious and
+    laudable not to merit the notice of so magnanimous a Prince
+    as his Majesty, and engage the attention of a Minister of
+    such acknowledged abilities as your Excellency.
+
+    "I flatter myself that the importance of the subject will
+    apologise for my trespassing so long on your Excellency's
+    patience so soon after your return to Aranjues.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+This letter gives occasion for many observations, which I am persuaded
+will not escape Congress, and therefore I forbear repeating them. Your
+Excellency will be pleased to observe, that on some of the subjects of
+it I ought to be without delay apprised of the intentions of Congress,
+and furnished with such information and instructions as may be
+necessary to enable me to fulfil them.
+
+On the 27th of April last, I received at Madrid a letter from the
+Committee of Foreign Affairs, enclosing copies of the resolutions of
+Congress of the 23d and 29th of November, 1779, for drawing on Mr
+Laurens and myself for £100,000 sterling each. I went the next day to
+Aranjues, and the day after wrote to the Count de Florida Blanca, in
+the words following, viz.
+
+                                     "Aranjues, April 29th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "By the address of Congress to their constituents on the
+    subject of their finances, which I had the honor of
+    transmitting to your Excellency, you have doubtless observed,
+    that in September last Congress came to a resolution of
+    emitting no more bills, than, with those already emitted and
+    in circulation, would amount to 200,000,000 of dollars; that
+    about the same time they called upon their constituents to
+    raise money by taxes, and assigned the first day of January
+    last for the first payment, at which day it was supposed,
+    that the bills to be emitted would be nearly expended.
+
+    "Congress perceiving that at once to stop the great channel
+    of supplies, that had been open ever since the war, and to
+    substitute another equally productive, was not one of those
+    measures which operate almost insensibly without hazard or
+    difficulty; and well knowing that if the first payment of
+    these taxes should be delayed beyond the limited time, the
+    treasury would be without money, and the public operations
+    obstructed by all the evils consequent to it; they were of
+    opinion, that collateral and auxiliary measures were
+    necessary to ensure success to the great system for
+    retrieving and supporting the public credit. So early,
+    therefore, as the 23d day of November last, they took this
+    subject into their most serious consideration, and although
+    they had the highest reason to confide in the exertions of
+    their constituents, yet having received repeated assurances
+    of his Majesty's friendly disposition towards them, and being
+    well persuaded, that they could avail themselves of his
+    Majesty's friendship on an occasion more agreeable to him and
+    advantageous to them, than on one so interesting to the
+    United States, and important to the common cause, they
+    adopted a measure, which, but for these considerations, might
+    appear extraordinary, viz. to draw bills upon me for £100,000
+    sterling, payable at six months' sight.
+
+    "The drawing bills previous to notice of obtaining money to
+    satisfy them may at first view appear indelicate, but when it
+    is considered that the whole success of this measure depended
+    on its taking place between the 23d of November, and the
+    first of January last, in which period it was impossible to
+    make the application, his Majesty's magnanimity will I am
+    persuaded readily excuse it.
+
+    "As I shall always consider it my duty to give your
+    Excellency all the information in my power, that may enable
+    his Majesty from time to time to form a true judgment of the
+    state of American affairs, it is proper, that I should inform
+    your Excellency, that Congress, having reasons to believe
+    that a loan might be obtained in Holland, did shortly after
+    my leaving America take measures for that purpose, and on the
+    23d of November last resolved to draw bills on Mr Henry
+    Laurens, to whom that business had been committed, for the
+    sum of £100,000 sterling.
+
+    "I greatly regret that it was not in my power to advise your
+    Excellency of these matters sooner; but it was not until the
+    27th instant, at Madrid, that I received the letter which
+    informed me of them.
+
+    "As further remarks would draw this letter into greater
+    length, than the opinion I have of your Excellency's
+    discernment will permit me to think necessary, I forbear
+    longer to engage your time and attention, than to request the
+    favor of your Excellency to lay it before his Majesty.
+
+    "The eyes of America are now drawn towards him by their
+    opinion of his virtues, and the situation of their affairs;
+    and I flatter myself it will not be long before their hearts
+    and affections will also be engaged by such marks of his
+    Majesty's friendship, as his wisdom and liberality may
+    prompt, and their occasions render expedient.
+
+    "With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+On the subject of this and my former letter, I had a conference with
+the Count, on the 11th of May 1780, of which the following are notes,
+taken immediately after it ended.
+
+                                        Aranjues, May 11th, 1780.
+
+    Mr Jay having waited on the Count de Florida Blanca, in
+    consequence of a message received on the evening of the 10th,
+    the latter commenced the conversation by observing that he
+    was sorry that his ignorance of the English language
+    prevented him from speaking with that ease and frankness,
+    with which he wished to speak in his conferences with Mr Jay,
+    and which corresponded with his own disposition and
+    character.
+
+    He observed that he intended to speak on two points. The
+    first related to the letter Mr Jay had written to him, on the
+    subject of bills of exchange drawn on him by Congress, that
+    being an affair the most pressing and more immediately
+    necessary to enter upon. He said that the last year he should
+    have found no difficulty on that head, but that at present,
+    although Spain had money, she was in the situation of
+    Tantalus, who, with water in view, could not make use of it;
+    alluding to the revenue arising from their possessions in
+    America, which they were not able to draw from thence. That
+    their expenses had been so great in the year 1779,
+    particularly for the marine, as to oblige them to make large
+    loans, which they were negotiating at present. He entered
+    into a summary of those expenses, and particularized the
+    enormous expense of supporting thirtyfive ships of the line
+    and frigates in French ports. He observed, that to do this
+    they had prepared a very expensive and numerous convoy at
+    Ferrol and other ports of Spain, loaded with provisions,
+    naval stores, and every other article necessary for the
+    squadron before mentioned, which convoy did not arrive at
+    Brest until the day on which the Spanish fleet sailed from
+    thence. That the supplies so sent had emptied their magazines
+    at Cadiz, Ferrol, and other ports, and had frequently obliged
+    them to buy at enormous prices the necessary stores to supply
+    the fleet under the admirals Cardova and Gaston, on their
+    arrival in the ports of Spain. That they had been forced to
+    sell these stores thus sent to France, and others purchased
+    for the same purpose at Bourdeaux, Nantes, and elsewhere, at
+    half price; and added, that their loss on this occasion could
+    scarce be calculated. This, joined to the other expenses, and
+    the great losses they had sustained in their marine and
+    commerce, but chiefly in the former, and the great expenses
+    they were at in consequence thereof, rendered it difficult
+    for the King to do for America what he could have done easily
+    the last year, and which he declared repeatedly, and in the
+    strongest manner, it was his intention to do, as might be
+    judged from his conduct heretofore; touching slightly on the
+    succors sent us from Spain, the Havana, and Louisiana, but
+    dwelling on his conduct in the negotiation last year with
+    Great Britain, in which he would on no account be brought to
+    sacrifice the interests of America.
+
+    Such being his Majesty's disposition and intentions previous
+    to the war, Mr Jay might easily judge, that he was not less
+    determined at present to support their interests, whether
+    formally connected with America by treaty or not. That,
+    notwithstanding the losses and misfortunes sustained, the
+    King's resolution, courage, and fortitude induced him to
+    continue the war, and therefore they were obliged to incur
+    much expense in order to fill their magazines and make the
+    necessary preparations for this campaign and the next, yet
+    that it was his Majesty's intention to give America all the
+    assistance in his power. That it was as much his inclination
+    as duty to second these dispositions, and that he had
+    received the King's orders to confer with his colleagues
+    thereon. He observed, however, that, although he was First
+    Secretary of State, he must first confer with them on this
+    subject; and from his own personal inclinations to second the
+    King's intentions and to serve America, he was desirous of
+    concerting with Mr Jay measures in such a manner as would
+    prevent him from meeting with opposition from his colleagues,
+    and therefore he spoke to him not as a minister, but as an
+    individual.
+
+    In order to facilitate this, he said it was necessary to make
+    some overtures for a contract, in case Mr Jay was not
+    absolutely empowered to make one; and then he pointed out the
+    object most essential to the interests of Spain at the
+    present conjuncture. He said that for their marine they
+    wanted light frigates, cutters, or swift sailing vessels of
+    that size. That for ships of the line, they could procure
+    them themselves; that if America could furnish them with the
+    former, they might be sent to their ports in Biscay, loaded
+    with tobacco or other produce, and, discharging their
+    cargoes, be left at the disposition of Spain. He also
+    mentioned timber for vessels, but said that was an article
+    not so immediately necessary, though it might be an object of
+    consequence in future. He observed that he mentioned this at
+    present in order that Mr Jay might turn his thoughts on that
+    subject as soon as possible, and that he would, in order to
+    explain himself with more precision, send him, either on
+    Saturday or Sunday next, notes containing his ideas on this
+    subject, and adding that he hoped that the one, viz. Jay,
+    would assist the other, meaning himself, to manage matters in
+    such a way as to procure the means of obtaining for America
+    present aid.
+
+    With respect to the bills of exchange which might be
+    presented, he said that at the end of the present year, or in
+    the beginning of the next, he would have it in his power to
+    advance twentyfive, thirty, or forty thousand pounds
+    sterling, and in the mean time, should these bills be
+    presented for payment, he would take such measures as would
+    satisfy the owners of them, viz. by engaging, in the name of
+    his Majesty, to pay them, observing that the King's good
+    faith and credit were so well known, that he did not imagine
+    this would be a difficult matter. He also said, that in
+    consequence of what Mr Jay had written with respect to
+    clothing for the American army, it might be in his power to
+    send supplies of cloth, &c. which he would endeavor to do.
+
+    Mr Jay, in answer, assured him of his high sense of the
+    frankness and candor with which he had been so obliging as to
+    communicate the King's intentions and his own sentiments, and
+    gave him the strongest assurances that he should, for his
+    part, with the same frankness and candor, give him all the
+    assistance and information in his power to forward his
+    generous intentions in favor of his country, and that be
+    might depend that in doing this, he would neither deceive him
+    in his information, nor mislead him by ill grounded
+    expectations.
+
+    The Count then expressed his confidence in these assurances,
+    said he had been well informed of the characters, both of Mr
+    Jay and Mr Carmichael, (who was present at the conference,)
+    and said, that he considered them as _les hommes honnêtes_,
+    and that no consideration could have prevailed upon him to
+    have treated with men who did not sustain that reputation.
+
+    The Count then proceeded to the second point, viz. with
+    respect to the treaty in contemplation between Spain and
+    America. He began by observing, that he now spoke as a
+    Minister, and as such, that he would be as candid and frank
+    as he had just been speaking as a private man; and that it
+    was always his disposition to do so with those from whom he
+    expected the same conduct. He then proceeded to observe, that
+    there was but one obstacle from which he apprehended any
+    great difficulty in forming a treaty with America, and
+    plainly intimated that this arose from the pretensions of
+    America to the navigation of the Mississippi. He repeated the
+    information, which the Count had received from M. Mirales,
+    that Congress had at one time relinquished that object; that
+    he also knew from the same source, that afterwards they had
+    made it an essential point of the treaty. He expressed his
+    uneasiness on this subject, and entered largely into the
+    views of Spain, with respect to the boundaries. (He mentioned
+    Cape Antonio and Cape ----, and expressed their resolution if
+    possible, of excluding the English entirely from the Gulf of
+    Mexico.) They wished to fix them by a treaty, which he hoped
+    would be perpetual between the two countries. He spoke amply
+    of the King's anxiety, resolution, and firmness on this
+    point, and insinuated a wish that some method might be fallen
+    upon to remove this obstacle. He observed, that the King had
+    received all his impressions with respect to the necessity of
+    this measure, previous to his being in place, and appeared to
+    regard it as a point from which his Majesty would never
+    recede, repeating that, still however he was disposed to give
+    America all the aid in his power, consistent with the
+    situation of his affairs, to distress the common enemy; that
+    this point being insisted on, it would be necessary for the
+    Court of Spain to obtain the most accurate knowledge of local
+    circumstances, with which he supposed Mr Jay and his
+    constituents were more fully apprised than his Majesty's
+    Ministers could be. That for this purpose they had already
+    written to the Havana and Louisiana, in order to obtain all
+    the necessary information, which he gave reason to believe
+    they had not yet received. He dwelt on the necessity of this
+    information previous to any treaty, and expressed his own
+    regret, that ways and means could not be found to obviate or
+    overcome this impediment.
+
+    Mr Jay here took an opportunity to mention, that many of the
+    States were bounded by that river, and were highly interested
+    in its navigation, but observed that they were equally
+    inclined to enter into any amicable regulations, which might
+    prevent any inconveniences with respect to contraband or
+    other objects, which might excite the uneasiness of Spain.
+
+    The Count, still, however, appeared to be fully of opinion,
+    that this was an object that the King had so much at heart,
+    that he would never relinquish it, adding, however, that he
+    hoped some middle way might be hit on, which would pave the
+    way to get over this difficulty, and desired Mr Jay to turn
+    his thoughts and attention to the subject, in which he
+    assured him he was as well disposed to assist him, as in the
+    means of procuring the assistance and succors for America
+    beforementioned; always repeating the King's favorable
+    disposition, his inviolable regard to his promises, &c. &c.
+    On this subject he also subjoined, that whenever Mr Jay chose
+    to go to Madrid, he desired to have previous notice of it;
+    for in those cases, he would leave his sentiments in writing
+    for him with Mr Carmichael, or, if he should also go to
+    Madrid, that he would then write to Mr Jay there, to which he
+    might return an answer by the _Parle_ (a post which goes to
+    and from Madrid) to Aranjues, every twentyfour hours.
+
+    Mr Jay expressed his full confidence in what the Count had
+    done him the honor to communicate to him, and assured him of
+    his satisfaction and happiness in having the good fortune to
+    transact a business so important to both countries, with a
+    Minister so liberal and candid in his manner of thinking and
+    acting.
+
+    The conference ended with much civility on the one part and
+    on the other, and with an intimation from the Count, that he
+    should take an opportunity of having the pleasure of Mr Jay's
+    company at dinner, and of being on that friendly footing on
+    which he wished to be with him.
+
+What passed in the course of this conference needs no comment, though
+it calls for information and instructions. If Congress remains firm,
+as I have no reason to doubt, respecting the Mississippi, I think
+Spain will finally be content with equitable regulations, and I wish
+to know whether Congress would consider any regulations necessary to
+prevent contraband, as inconsistent with their ideas of free
+navigation. I wish that as little as possible may be left to my
+discretion, and that, as I am determined to adhere strictly to their
+sentiments and directions, I may be favored with them fully, and in
+season.
+
+The Count de Florida Blanca had upon all occasions treated me with so
+much fairness, candor, and frankness, that between the confidence due
+to him and the footing I was and ought to be on with the French
+Ambassador, I was embarrassed exceedingly, especially as there is
+little reason to doubt of their being on confidential terms with each
+other. I was reduced to the necessity, therefore, of acting with
+exquisite duplicity, a conduct which I detest as immoral, and
+disapprove as impolitic, or of mentioning my difficulties to the
+Count, and obtaining his answers. I preferred the latter, and wrote
+the following letter to the Count de Florida Blanca.
+
+                                       "Aranjues, May 12th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "It is with the utmost reluctance, that I can prevail upon
+    myself to draw your Excellency's attention from the great
+    objects that perpetually engage it. But the liberality,
+    frankness, and candor, which distinguished your conduct
+    towards me the last evening, has impressed me with such
+    sentiments of correspondent delicacy, as to place me in a
+    most disagreeable situation.
+
+    "Deeply sensible of the benefits received by my country from
+    their illustrious ally, prompted by duty and inclination to
+    act not only with the highest integrity, but the greatest
+    frankness towards him and his Minister, and influenced by the
+    good opinion I have imbibed of the talents, attachment, and
+    prudence of the Count de Montmorin, I have given him and his
+    Court assurances that he should receive from me all that
+    confidence, which these considerations dictate. These
+    assurances were sincere; I have most strictly conformed to
+    them, and as no circumstances of delicacy forbid it, I have
+    communicated to him the information I gave your Excellency
+    relative to American affairs, and the resolution of Congress
+    for drawing bills upon me, these being the only transactions
+    within my knowledge and department, which related to that
+    proposed connexion between Spain and America, for the
+    accomplishment of which, the King of France has been pleased
+    to interpose his kind offices with his Catholic Majesty.
+
+    "But, Sir, my feelings will not allow me to permit the
+    confidence due to one gentleman to interfere with that which
+    may be due to another. Honor prescribes limits to each, which
+    no consideration can tempt me to violate. You spoke to me the
+    last evening in the character of a private gentleman, as well
+    as of a public Minister, and in both without reserve. Let me
+    entreat your Excellency therefore to inform me, whether I am
+    to consider your conferences with me, either in the whole or
+    in part, as confidential. I am apprised of the delicacy of
+    this question. I wish I could know your sentiments without
+    putting it. I assure you my esteem and respect are too
+    sincere and too great, not to make me regret every measure,
+    that can give you an uneasy sensation. On this occasion I am
+    urged by justice to you as well as to myself, and that must
+    be my apology.
+
+    "Unpractised in the ways of courts, I rejoice in finding that
+    I am to transact the business committed to me with a
+    gentleman, who adorns his exalted station with virtues as
+    well as talents, and looks down on that system of finesse
+    and chicanery, which, however prevalent, wisdom rejects and
+    probity disapproves.
+
+    "With sentiments of attachment and esteem, I have the
+    honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+To this I received the following answer.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                       "Aranjues, May 14th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "Sensible of the favorable opinion you are pleased to
+    entertain of my conduct, both as a minister and a private
+    gentleman, I have the honor to assure you, that on every
+    occasion, you shall experience nothing but frankness and
+    candor on my part. Besides that my own principles are
+    invariable on these points, I am certain thereby to follow
+    the example and good intentions of the King my master.
+
+    "The delicacy, which induced you to doubt, whether there
+    would be any impropriety in communicating to the Ambassador
+    of France the explanation we had in the course of our late
+    conference, accords well with the idea I first formed of your
+    character, and I am pleased with this mark of your attention.
+    Besides, it appears to me that you may do it freely,
+    especially as those explanations are founded on principles of
+    equity and wisdom, for the benefit of the common cause. But
+    if, hereafter, circumstances demand a more pointed reserve,
+    by accidents we cannot now foresee, we shall always have time
+    to agree upon those points, which it may be necessary to keep
+    secret.
+
+    "I am, Sir, with the most sincere attachment, and the most
+    perfect consideration, your most humble and most obedient
+    servant,
+
+                                        COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA."
+
+I have not yet received from his Excellency the notes mentioned in the
+conference, and therefore cannot have the satisfaction of sending
+copies of them to Congress by this opportunity.
+
+On the 9th of April, 1780, Sir John Dalrymple arrived here from
+Portugal with his lady. On the evening of the 10th I heard of it, and
+the next morning sent the following card to the French Ambassador at
+Aranjues, viz.
+
+    "Mr Jay presents his compliments to his Excellency Count
+    Montmorin, and informs him that Sir John Dalrymple arrived
+    here the day before yesterday from Lisbon, and it is said,
+    intends to be at Aranjues today. What business should call
+    this gentlemen here, or enable him to obtain license to come,
+    are questions which I am persuaded will receive from your
+    Excellency all the attention due to their extent and
+    importance.
+
+    "_Madrid, May 11th, 1780._"
+
+To this I immediately received the following answer on that subject,
+viz.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "M. de Montmorin received this morning Mr Jay's note, and
+    thanks him for the information. M. de Montmorin is fully
+    sensible of the importance of it, and although he is far from
+    entertaining the least doubt on the sentiments of the Spanish
+    Ministry, he will not fail to take the precaution to be
+    informed of everything connected with Sir John Dalrymple's
+    arrival. He advises Mr Jay to follow the same course. Courts
+    are so beset with intrigues, that nothing should be
+    neglected, which may tend to discover them. He repeats that
+    he has not the slightest cause to suspect the Spanish
+    Ministry, but on the contrary, has the strongest reasons for
+    confiding in its integrity and honor. M. de Montmorin begs Mr
+    Jay to accept his compliments, and to present his respectful
+    homage to Mrs Jay."
+
+Learning that Sir John had obtained leave to go to France in his way
+to England, I apprised Mr Adams of it in a letter of the 26th of
+April, 1780, of which the following is an extrac
+
+    "Sir John Dalrymple is here; he came from Portugal for the
+    benefit of his lady's health, as is said. He is now at
+    Aranjues. He has seen the Imperial Ambassador, the Governor
+    of the city, Senior Compomanes, the Duke of Alva, and several
+    others named to him I suppose by Lord Grantham, who I find
+    was much respected here. He will return through France to
+    Britain. I shall go to Aranjues the day after tomorrow, and
+    shall form some judgment of that gentleman's success by the
+    conduct of the Court towards America."
+
+On waiting on the Count de Florida Blanca, a few days afterwards at
+Aranjues, he told me that Sir John had applied to him to obtain from
+him permission to go through Spain to France, and to the French
+Minister for a passport through that kingdom to England. The
+indisposition of his lady was the reason assigned for not going from
+Portugal by water. That in conversation, Sir John took occasion to say
+several things respecting the war, and the manner of drawing it to a
+conclusion. That the Count desired him to reduce what he would wish to
+say on that subject to writing, and that Sir John thereupon sent him
+a paper, entitled "A Historical Anecdote," of which the following is
+a copy.
+
+           _A Project of Lord Rochford to prevent the War._
+
+    "Before the declaration of France in favor of America, Lord
+    Rochford, formerly Ambassador in Spain and in France, formed
+    a project to prevent the war. It was, that England should
+    propose a great treaty of confederation between France,
+    Spain, Portugal, and England, the objects of which should be
+    the three following; the first, a mutual guarantee between
+    these four powers of their possessions in America and the two
+    Indies, with a proviso, that a war in Europe should never be
+    a war in those remote regions on any pretext whatever, fixing
+    also the number of troops and vessels to be furnished by the
+    contracting powers against the power that should contravene
+    the peace in those distant parts. The second object was, to
+    grant a participation in the commerce of America to France,
+    Spain, and Portugal, as far as such participation might not
+    be incompatible with the common interests, and without the
+    rivalship of English America and England. The third object
+    was, the adjustment of the contested privileges of the
+    Americans upon principles just and honorable for them. Lord
+    Rochford was at that time Secretary of State. He told me,
+    that the first person to whom he had communicated this
+    project was the late Prince of Mazarano, Ambassador of Spain,
+    and that though old and indisposed, he arose and embraced
+    him, and said, 'Ah! my Lord, what divinity has inspired you?'
+    Lord Rochford also communicated it to a friend of his, who
+    was then, and still continues one of the Ministers of the
+    King of England, who gave it his approbation; but Lord
+    Rochford soon after quitted the Ministry and retired to the
+    country, by which accident the project failed of being
+    presented to the cabinet of the King.
+
+    "I have given a relation of this anecdote, because I am one
+    of the four or five persons who alone know the truth of it,
+    and because I am of opinion, that it is not yet too late to
+    revive a project, which will save a million of Christians
+    from becoming widows and orphans. As to the first object of
+    such a confederacy, Lord Rochford did not doubt of the
+    proposition's being accepted by all the powers, because it
+    was the interest of all to accept it. The losses of France in
+    the two Indies the last war, and their misfortunes in the
+    East Indies in the present one, where, in six weeks, they
+    have lost all they possessed; the losses of the Spaniards in
+    the last war in the two Indies, and even the stroke the other
+    day in the Bay of Honduras, by a young captain with a handful
+    of soldiers; the facility with which Portugal lost the Island
+    of St Catharine in the Brazils, and the misfortunes of the
+    English armies the three last years in America, all prove
+    that France, Spain, Portugal, and England, have their tender
+    parts in America and the two Indies, and of consequence, that
+    they have all an interest in a mutual guarantee of their
+    possessions in those three parts of the world.
+
+    "As to the second object of the confederacy, I am sensible,
+    that the idea of the other three powers participating in the
+    commerce of America, under the limitation of its not being
+    incompatible with the common interests of English America and
+    England, is an idea somewhat vague, and subject to disputes.
+    But, fortunately for humanity, there are five persons in
+    those five countries, of characters which render them proper
+    to draw the outlines of some determinate regulations, which
+    will admit of no disputes, and may enrich France, Spain, and
+    Portugal, without impoverishing England and her Colonies. In
+    America there is Doctor Franklin, perhaps the first genius of
+    the age, who is well acquainted with the commercial
+    connexions between America and England; France has her
+    Comptroller-General, who, from his youth, has been brought up
+    in the practice of commerce; in Spain, we find M. Campomanes,
+    who has employed the maturity of his life in studies, that
+    give him a superiority in discussions of this kind; Portugal
+    will be assisted by the counsels of the Duke of Braganza, who
+    has gathered knowledge in almost every field, in courts, in
+    libraries, and even on the exchanges of the merchants of
+    Europe; and as for England, she has a Minister who,
+    thoroughly versed in the true interests of commerce, will not
+    refuse to America what he has just granted to Ireland.
+
+    "As to the third object of the confederation; England, who
+    much boasts of her own _magna charta_, will make no
+    difficulty in granting a _magna charta_ to the liberties of
+    America. Perhaps the best means to expedite this measure
+    would be to give a _carte blanche_ to Dr Franklin. A generous
+    confidence is the surest means to secure a generous man.
+    Spain has two very solid interests in the success of such a
+    confederacy, and against the independence of America. The
+    first is, that if English America becomes independent,
+    Spanish America will be overrun with the contraband of the
+    Americans thus independent of England. 1. England is bound by
+    treaties with Spain not to carry on the contraband trade. 2.
+    She is restrained by the fear of this contraband's drawing a
+    war upon her in Europe, which was the consequence of it in
+    the times of Sir Robert Walpole. 3. The dearness of English
+    and European commodities sets natural bounds to the quantity
+    of this contraband. But when the Americans are independent,
+    they will say, first, they are not bound by the treaties of
+    the English; secondly, they will not be restrained by fear,
+    being so far from Spain, and having defended themselves
+    against eighty thousand English soldiers and marines, they
+    would but little dread the forces of Spain; and thirdly, the
+    low price of American commodities will cover the Spanish
+    Colonies with contraband. Indeed, necessity itself will
+    oblige the Americans either to carry on this contraband, or
+    to make war on Spanish and Portuguese America and their
+    Islands. They have neither gold nor silver among themselves,
+    and without these precious metals, they can neither cultivate
+    their lands nor carry on commerce. They will only have four
+    sources from whence to draw them; first, their commerce with
+    Europe; secondly, pensions from France and Spain; thirdly, a
+    contraband trade with the Provinces of Spain and Portugal in
+    the new world; and fourthly, a war in these Provinces.
+
+    "While the Americans continue in a state, which the English
+    call rebellion, their commerce with Europe will be
+    interrupted by English cruisers. Thus they will draw but a
+    small quantity of these precious metals from this first
+    source. The pensions of France and Spain will be much too
+    inconsiderable to support the agriculture and manufactures of
+    so extensive a country. Their only remaining source then for
+    these metals will be in the contraband, or wars with the
+    Spanish and Portuguese Provinces. To prevent this contraband,
+    the treaty of confederation might make provision against the
+    contraband both of the English and Americans. It is a
+    delicate point for an Englishman to suggest the means, but
+    were the two nations sincerely disposed for peace, I could in
+    a quarter of an hour suggest the infallible means.
+
+    "Spain has another interest, perhaps still greater, against
+    the independence of the Americans, and, consequently, in
+    favor of the treaty in question. The Americans, who will be
+    able to fly with their sails wherever they please, will make
+    establishments in New Zealand, the Islands of Otaheite, or
+    some other Islands in the South Sea, from whence they will
+    torment the Spaniards in that sea, and even the English, the
+    French, the Portuguese, and the Dutch, in the East India
+    Seas. Being independent, no treaty will prevent their making
+    such establishments. They may make them consistent with the
+    laws of nations. Captain Cook in his last printed voyages
+    says, there are fortyseven thousand seafaring people in the
+    Island of Otaheite alone; and Captain Wallis, who discovered
+    those Islands, told me at Lisbon a few days ago, that the
+    inhabitants of Otaheite went to the mast-head of the English
+    ships, and ran on the yard-arms as well in three days' time
+    as the English mariners, and gave me two reasons for it. The
+    first was, that living on fish, they are all seafaring
+    people; and the second, that those who wear no shoes are
+    always the most dexterous in mounting the upper parts of a
+    ship. Captain Cook also in the same voyage gives a
+    description of a port and city in New Zealand, which might in
+    a few weeks be made impregnable, and one needs only look at
+    the shape of the Islands in the South Seas, in the maps we
+    have of them, to be convinced that they have no small number
+    of these impregnable ports.
+
+    "I show myself as much a friend to Spain, to France, to
+    Portugal and Holland, as to England, in disclosing the
+    following idea, which may have escaped others. Heretofore it
+    was impossible to go to the South Seas with any safety, but
+    in the months of December and January, and by the dreadful
+    latitudes round Cape Horn. But the late discoveries of
+    Captain Cook and other Englishmen have demonstrated the
+    practicability of going thither in every month of the year,
+    round the Cape of Good Hope, and the fine latitude of New
+    Zealand, and in almost the same time; the one being a passage
+    of four and the other of five months. Because the same west
+    wind, which blows almost the whole of the year, and retards
+    the vessels passing by Cape Horn, carries them with rapidity
+    by the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand. Hence it follows,
+    that when the Americans quarrel with Spain, perhaps on the
+    subject of the contraband, they will send their ships on the
+    coast of Chili from their establishments in the South Seas,
+    by the latitudes of New Zealand, and with the west winds,
+    which always blow in that quarter. This is a voyage of only
+    five weeks; for Captain Cook in one voyage, and Captain
+    Fourneaux in another, went from New Zealand to Cape Horn in
+    less time, and the journal of the winds annexed to the voyage
+    of Captain Cook shews, that the west winds in those latitudes
+    bear to the east the proportion of ten to one. When their
+    vessels are on the coasts of Chili, they will take the
+    advantage of the land wind, which, blowing constantly from
+    south to north, will carry them along the coasts of Chili and
+    Peru. With this wind they will go in fourteen days to the Bay
+    of Panama, and in the course of this voyage they will ravage
+    the sea coasts, and make prizes of all the vessels they meet.
+    The naval force of Spain at Lima will not have it in their
+    power to hinder them, for the same south wind, which will
+    push the Americans forward, will prevent the fleets of Spain
+    going to meet them. From the Bay of Panama they will return
+    by the great wind of the tropics, which never fails blowing
+    from east to west, either to their settlements in the South
+    Seas, or to sell their prizes in the seas of China or India,
+    from whence they will perhaps again return with new vessels,
+    newly manned, to repeat their ravages. Their return will
+    either be by New Zealand in coming from the Indies, or by the
+    latitude of forty north in coming from China. In this last
+    case they will fall on Mexico, and profiting of the land
+    winds which always blow there from north to the Bay of
+    Panama, they will ravage Mexico as before they ravaged Chili
+    and Peru. From the Bay of Panama they will return by the
+    great tropic wind, either to their own homes in the South
+    Seas, or to the seas of Asia to renew a war, insulting,
+    tormenting, and without remedy.
+
+    "On the other hand, when at war with England, France,
+    Portugal, or Holland, they will direct their course from
+    their establishments in the South Seas, and fall upon the
+    possessions of those powers in the East Indies. They will
+    have two great routes to go and return by; the one to the
+    west of New Zealand, the other by the Islands between China
+    and New Holland, and in this they will have as many passages
+    as there are Islands. Thence follows the impossibility of
+    waylaying their vessels, either going or on their return.
+    These consequences may all be prevented by the treaty
+    proposed by Lord Rochford, in which it might be stipulated
+    that these Islands shall forever belong to their present
+    inhabitants and their posterity, for certainly the nation who
+    shall first possess herself of them will command the commerce
+    of the South Seas and those of Asia.
+
+    "Europe, wishing for the independence of America, resembles a
+    man asleep on ice, and not sensible that ice thaws, and
+    therefore to give the greater weight to the confederation,
+    Holland and Denmark, who have interests in both the new
+    worlds, might be invited to become contracting parties to
+    those articles of treaty, which regard the mutual guarantee.
+
+    "The reason of the frequent breach of treaties is, that they
+    are made without provision for the future reciprocal
+    interests of the contracting nations. The only ones that I
+    know of, that pay attention to this object, are the treaties
+    between Portugal and England; by which Portugal gains a
+    preference for the sale of her wines in England, and England
+    for the sale of her cloths in Portugal. The consequence is,
+    that there never has, and in appearance never will be, a war
+    between Portugal and England. It would not be difficult,
+    either in the general confederation, or by separate treaties
+    of commerce between England on the one part, and the three
+    kingdoms of Spain, Portugal, and France respectively on the
+    other, to advance infinitely the commercial interests of all
+    three, by their connexions with England. Spain having wines,
+    oil, fruits, salt, fine wools, and some other articles, which
+    England has not, and England having iron, with coal in the
+    same fields for the manufacturing of it, and by the moistness
+    of her climate long wool for cloths of a low price, also tin,
+    fish, with some other articles, which Spain has not, it
+    follows, that when England is rich she will buy more articles
+    of Spain, and when Spain is rich she will buy more articles
+    of England, and consequently, that one cannot enrich herself
+    without enriching the other. The same reasoning applies to
+    the natural connexions between England and Portugal. There is
+    even a natural connexion between England and France in many
+    articles of commerce, if the jealousy of fools, and
+    misinformed persons did not perpetually interrupt it. I have
+    heard from certain authority, that had the Abbé Terray
+    continued in the Ministry of France, there would have been a
+    tariff between France and England for the entry, on the most
+    favorable conditions, of the wines and articles of mode of
+    the one nation, and the manufactures of iron and wheat of the
+    other, and England might have procured the consent of
+    Portugal for the diminution of her commerce of wines with
+    England by other indemnifications. England in favor of
+    France, Spain, and Portugal, might, without injury to herself
+    even permit the exportation of those wools, paying a duty at
+    the exportation thereof. The exportation of the superfluous
+    wool, would be an advantage to the proprietors of lands in
+    England, to the King in furnishing him a new revenue, and to
+    those three nations, in giving them an article necessary for
+    their manufactures.
+
+    "Unfortunately for humanity, the Abbé Terray is no more; but
+    happily for humanity, Dr Franklin, the Comptroller-General of
+    France, M. Compomanes, the Duke of Braganza, and Lord North
+    are all still living, and the King of Spain, with the Count
+    de Florida Blanca, may put all these five in motion.
+
+    "For my part I have no authority from the English Ministers
+    to present this project, but living in friendship with the
+    greater part of them, and on an intimate footing with the
+    others, I am certain that some of the sentiments in this
+    memorial correspond with their manner of thinking on the
+    subject. I confess I received a letter in Portugal, fourteen
+    days before my departure for Spain, from Lord Rochford, who
+    is not at present in the Ministry, but who is so taken up
+    with a project that does him so much honor, that he has
+    advised me to feel the pulses on the possibility of making it
+    succeed, and that I have a letter on the same subject from
+    the Duke of Braganza, who entered into the views of my Lord
+    Rochford not as a politician, but as a friend to humanity.
+
+    "Encouraged by such men, and still more by the dictates of my
+    own heart, I wrote to one of the English Ministers, that if I
+    did not find minds too much heated, and there was no danger
+    of giving offence, I intended to do justice to the project of
+    my Lord Rochford, in Spain and in France, and begged him to
+    send me an answer to Paris whether the Ministry of England
+    approved or disapproved my intentions.
+
+    "I have only to add, that my views being to unite, and not to
+    separate nations, I have no objection that the Ministers of
+    France and Dr Franklin should each have a copy of this
+    memorial."
+
+The Count spoke of Sir John and his anecdote very properly, and
+concluded with assurances of the King's firmness.
+
+The manner in which Sir John speaks of Dr Franklin, however just, I
+impute to a design of injuring the confidence reposed in him by his
+constituents.
+
+The house of Gardoqui at Bilboa are rich, in favor with the Ministry,
+and friends to America. The Navy Board have sent to them for goods for
+the use of the navy, and have remitted to them only an inconsiderable
+part of the sum to which they will amount, desiring the residue on
+credit, and promising speedy payment. One of the House now here spoke
+to me on the subject; I advised him to complete the orders. It is of
+the utmost consequence that the Navy Board be punctual in their
+remittances. American credit is not high, and ought to be higher. I am
+the more anxious on this subject, as that House is exceedingly well
+disposed, and a disappointment would not only be injurious to them,
+but much more so to us. Perhaps it would be a good rule if the United
+States were to contract debts only with Governments, and never with
+individuals abroad.
+
+I received a letter last week from a Captain Hawkins at Cadiz,
+informing me that the Americans, who had escaped from captivity and
+were collected there, were fitting out a vessel for America, which
+they were arming, and wished to be enabled to act offensively and
+defensively in their way home, by having a proper commission from me
+for that purpose. As I had neither blank commissions nor authority to
+grant them, I referred him to Dr Franklin.
+
+Congress will be pleased to consider how far it may be proper to
+remove these obstacles, by sending me both. This leads me again to
+remind your Excellency of several letters I wrote you from Cadiz,
+respecting American seamen coming to Spain from captivity at Gibraltar
+and other places. As copies of these letters have been sent by
+different vessels, I presume some of them have reached you. It
+certainly is necessary that provision be made for these people, and in
+a regular established manner. I am very desirous of instructions on
+this subject.
+
+The credit given me by Congress on Dr Franklin is expended, and I am
+without other means of obtaining supplies than by private credit,
+which I am at a loss to satisfy. To apply to, and be maintained by
+the Court, is, in my opinion, too humiliating to be for the public
+good; and as yet I have neither received nor heard of remittances
+from America. It would give me pleasure to know in what manner
+Congress mean I should be supplied, and whether any measures have been
+taken for that purpose.
+
+I am much embarrassed for the means of conveying and receiving
+intelligence. Being at a great distance from the sea, all my letters
+to and from thence here must either be conveyed by private couriers or
+the public post. All my letters by the latter, whether in France or
+Spain, are opened. By that conveyance, therefore, it would not always
+be proper to write either to Congress, to Dr Franklin, Mr Adams, or
+others, with that freedom which would often be useful, and sometimes
+necessary. The salary allowed me, so far from admitting the expense of
+private couriers, is inadequate for the common purposes for which it
+was given. This is a delicate subject, and I wish it was not my duty
+to say anything respecting it. This place is the dearest in Europe.
+The Court is never stationary, passing part of the year in no less
+than five different places, viz. Madrid, Pardo, Aranjues, St
+Ildefonso, and the Escurial; hence considerable expenses arise. I
+forbear enumerating particulars, my design being only to mention this
+matter to Congress, not to press it upon them. I shall always live
+agreeably to my circumstances; and if, from their being too narrow,
+inconveniences result to the public, they ought to be informed of it.
+I hope what I have said will be viewed in this light only; so far as I
+am personally interested, I am content.
+
+Mr Harrison, a gentleman of Maryland, now here, will be the bearer of
+this letter to Cadiz. I therefore embrace this good and unusual
+opportunity of being so minute and explicit in it.
+
+The family of Galvez is numerous and of weight. The one on the
+Mississippi has written favorably of the Americans to his brothers
+here, three of whom are in office. It would be well to cultivate this
+disposition whenever opportunities of doing it offer.
+
+The resolution providing for Spanish prisoners at New York was well
+judged.
+
+Dr Franklin is more advantageously circumstanced than I am to gain and
+transmit to Congress intelligence of the disposition of Holland and of
+the Northern Powers.
+
+From the conduct of their ministers here, I have no reason to predict
+much to our advantage. They are cold, and I have received nothing more
+than common civility from any of them, except the Ministers of Holland
+and Sweden, and indeed not much more from them. Perhaps they have been
+rendered unusually cautious by an extract of a letter from Madrid in
+the Leyden paper, mentioning the precious reception Mr Carmichael met
+with here, and the attentions he received from the foreign Ministers.
+You have probably seen it in the _Courier de l'Europe_.
+
+From what I hear of the character of the Empress of Russia, I cannot
+but think that a prudent agent there would be very useful. They say
+she is sensible, proud, and ambitious. Hence I infer that such a mark
+of attention would be grateful, and consequently useful.
+
+I should have given your Excellency seasonable intelligence of the
+Spanish fleet and armament, which lately sailed from Cadiz, as I
+believe to the Havana, and whose objects I suspect to be the Floridas
+or Jamaica, or probably both, but I omitted writing on that subject
+previous to the departure of the fleet, from a persuasion that any
+letters by the post containing such advices would not be permitted to
+proceed, and therefore I thought it unnecessary; nor will I now swell
+the pages of this letter, already very voluminous, by entering into
+particulars relative to it, especially as that armament will probably
+have begun its operations before this letter will come to your
+Excellency's hands.
+
+The reports of dissensions in Congress, which prevailed here prior to
+my arrival, and the causes to which they were ascribed, had filled
+this Court with apprehensions; and it gives me pleasure to assure you,
+that the present appearance of union in Congress is attended here with
+very happy effects.
+
+The people in this country are in almost total darkness about us.
+Scarce any American publications have reached them, nor are they
+informed of the most recent and important events in that country. The
+affairs of Stony Point, Paulus Hook, &c. &c. have never been heard of
+here, except perhaps by the great officers of state, and they could
+scarcely believe that the Roman Catholic religion was even tolerated
+there.
+
+There are violent prejudices among them against us. Many of them have
+even serious doubts of our being civilized, and mention a strange
+story of a ship driven into Virginia by distress, about thirty years
+ago, that was plundered by the inhabitants, and some of the crew
+killed in a manner and under circumstances which, if true, certainly
+indicate barbarity. The King and Ministry are warm, yet I have reason
+to believe that the bulk of the nation is cold towards us; they appear
+to me to like the English, hate the French, and to have prejudices
+against us.
+
+I mention these things to show in a strong light the necessity of
+punctuality in sending me from time to time all American intelligence
+of importance, and observing such conduct towards Spaniards in
+general, as may tend to impress them with more favorable sentiments of
+us. There was a little uneasiness among the mercantile people at Cadiz
+respecting the capture of some Spanish vessels by privateers. I hope
+the former have had ample justice done them; it certainly is of great
+importance that they should have reason to be satisfied.
+
+Your Excellency may observe that I have written very particularly.
+Both this Court and that of France have very particular information
+respecting the proceedings of Congress.
+
+Want of prudence, rather than virtue, I believe to be the cause. I
+nevertheless think it my duty to give Congress from time to time full
+information of their affairs here, and shall not be restrained by the
+apprehension of any consequences, that may result from want of secrecy
+there. I make it a rule to write on these subjects only to Congress,
+and to them very particularly.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+_P. S._ Congress may think it extraordinary, that Mr Carmichael's
+handwriting does not appear in this letter. He is, with my
+approbation, now at Aranjues, and I must do him the justice to say,
+that he is always ready and willing to do his duty as Secretary.
+
+                                                                 J. J.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[18] See above, dated January 26th, p. 194.
+
+[19] See this letter in Arthur Lee's Correspondence, Vol. II p. 276.
+
+[20] See above, p. 195.
+
+[21] See above, p. 199.
+
+[22] See p. 203.
+
+[23] See p. 210.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 27th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+On the 27th of last month I had the pleasure of receiving your favor
+of the 11th of December, 1779, with copies of the resolutions of
+Congress, for drawing on Mr Laurens and myself for one hundred
+thousand pounds sterling each.
+
+I had the honor of writing to Congress yesterday very fully respecting
+their affairs in this kingdom, and particularly on the subject of
+those resolutions.
+
+I have not yet had the pleasure of hearing of Mr Lauren's arrival,
+about which I am anxious. Be pleased to assure Congress, that Mr
+Laurens shall receive from me every mark of attention, and all the aid
+in my power to afford. The latter I fear will not be great.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO JAMES LOVELL.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 27th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Eight days ago I had the pleasure of receiving a packet containing
+journals and newspapers.
+
+From an endorsement I conjecture that I am indebted to you for it.
+There was no letter enclosed in it. I am much obliged by this
+attention. American intelligence is of more importance here (where
+they have little of it) than can well be imagined.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                             Aranjues, May 27th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Since my letter of the 25th instant, I have very strong reason to
+believe, in consequence of conversations I have had with persons who
+ought to be well informed, that the fleet and troops, which sailed
+from Cadiz the 28th ultimo, are destined in the first instance to the
+Windward Islands, to act in concert with the squadron of the Count de
+Guichen, from thence as circumstances may render it proper they will
+proceed to Jamaica or the Floridas; for it appears to be the intention
+of the Spanish, as well as of the French Court, to detach a part at
+least of their force in the Islands to the continent, as soon as the
+hurricane season in the West Indies renders it dangerous for them to
+act against the enemy in that part of the world. I do not mention by
+letter my source of information, because I do not choose to hazard the
+loss of intelligence, which I may gain from the same persons, by the
+miscarriage of letters. I shall however mention it to you _vivâ voce_,
+in order to enable you to judge of the credit due to my information.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 28th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since closing my letter of the 26th instant, I have received from Mr
+Carmichael the interesting intelligence contained in the enclosed
+paper.[24] He is now here, and has communicated to me the channel
+through which he obtained it, from which I think his information
+deserves belief, and his address in obtaining it credit.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[24] See the preceding letter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 28th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In the journal of the proceedings of Congress of November, 1779, I
+find that on the 8th day of that month they were pleased to come to
+the following resolution. "Resolved, that the late and former
+Presidents of Congress be desired to lodge, as soon as they
+conveniently can in the Secretary's office, copies of all public
+letters by them respectively written during their Presidentship."
+After I resigned the chair, and immediately on your Excellency's
+election, I delivered a book, containing copies of the public letters
+I had written during my Presidentship, to your Excellency, who
+promised to lodge it in the Secretary's office, which, I am persuaded,
+was accordingly done. It gives me concern therefore to find this
+resolution is made to extend to me, and I flatter myself Congress will
+do me the justice to let it appear, by the entry to be made on their
+journals of the receipt of this letter, that I had done that part of
+my duty in season, and without their express request.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 30th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 26th instant I had the honor of writing a very long and
+particular letter to your Excellency, by the way of Cadiz, of which a
+duplicate has also been sent. To the contents of that letter I have
+nothing new to add, except that two of the bills directed to be drawn
+upon me have arrived.
+
+I shall go tomorrow to Aranjues, from whence I shall embrace the first
+opportunity of communicating to Congress the further progress of their
+affairs here.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                                         Without date.
+
+  Sir,
+
+By vessels lately arrived from the continent, and from St Eustatia,
+there appeared here some bills drawn by the Treasurer of Loans in
+America on Henry Laurens, Commissioner for the States in Amsterdam.
+Every body has been surprised at it, and we in particular, as we were
+directly applied to. We said at the first, that we expected Mr Laurens
+would be in town very soon, begging them to keep those bills a
+fortnight, and that, at all events, we would accept them. We have seen
+others since more willing to wait; but not knowing what sums may have
+been drawn for already, we are in hopes to be soon released from this
+anxiety by the arrival of the Minister. As we think your Excellency
+may have some intelligence about this matter, and have it in your
+power at the same time to save the credit of America, if Mr Laurens by
+any accident should not arrive, we beg the favor to be informed how to
+conduct ourselves. In the mean time we will do what lies in our power
+to prevent all noise and trouble about them. In case Mr Laurens should
+not arrive, your Excellency will have time left to make or provide for
+remittances, as the bills are drawn at six months' sight.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                            Amsterdam, June 1st, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Craving reference to our last, we have now the honor to propose to
+your Excellency on what terms we think all difficulty on account of
+the absence of Henry Laurens, as Commissioner from Congress here, may
+be prevented. We have written the same to Dr Franklin in France,
+offering him to accept all those bills, provided he gives us
+permission to re-draw directly on him for account of Congress, and to
+do it even at seven or eight months, until, by the arrival of Mr
+Laurens, or in some other way, this matter may be arranged, for there
+must certainly be provision made for those bills, and the sums we do
+not think will exceed two or three hundred thousand guilders before Mr
+Laurens's arrival here may be known in America, and matters are
+settled. We even offered those transactions without any view of
+interest, as for a commission. The importance of the business must
+have influence with every one, who has any regard for the United
+States; and this emboldened us even to trouble your Excellency with
+this relation, not doubting but you might equally find means to make
+matters easy at all events; for the terrible loss which there would be
+on such bills, if protested, must be prevented, and the honor of the
+credit of America must be saved. We hope our endeavor for it may be
+approved of, and have the desired end.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                            Amsterdam, June 8th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In conformity with what we have informed you, that we had engaged for
+the acceptance of some of the bills drawn on Henry Laurens, since
+nothing has been heard of him as yet, we accepted those on the first
+instant, and we hope your Excellency, as well as Dr Franklin, may
+approve of our proceeding, and of the method we have proposed for our
+reimbursement, in case Mr Laurens may not appear, or that they should
+not be provided for in time. Certain it is that those bills should be
+honored for the credit of America. At the same time, it is not in the
+power of a mercantile house to stand for the whole; yet the measure
+proposed may make it easy, since the sums will not be so large but
+that they may be easily provided for in Spain and France by the
+Plenipotentiary Ministers. And for ourselves, we only desire to be
+properly empowered to draw again for any sums we may accept. As there
+was no time to get the matter previously adjusted, we will go on, and
+see how our plan may be agreed to and approved of.
+
+We have the honor to be always with the most devoted regard, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, June 16th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The embarrassments, which the depreciation of the currency had created
+in the public affairs at the time of your departure for Europe, were,
+as you may well remember, very distressing, and have, till lately,
+continued to increase. Congress, greatly anxious to avail themselves
+of every possible means of checking this evil, on the 23d of November
+last ventured on the expedient of drawing bills upon you for one
+hundred thousand pounds sterling, as you have been already advised by
+letter of December the 11th following. This they thought they might
+risk, considering the importance of the object. But as the time of
+your arrival in Europe could not be counted upon with certainty, and
+as the negotiation might not be immediately practicable, and moreover,
+as a disappointment would be highly injurious to the public faith,
+they determined to draw the bills at six months' sight, which we hope
+will allow sufficient leisure for every preparation.
+
+It will not be amiss to observe, that Congress have not taken this
+measure without some circumstances of encouragement, that a fund to
+satisfy the draft would not be unattainable. Since the agreeable news
+of your arrival, and to answer a purpose of great national utility,
+Congress, by their resolution of the 19th instant, have directed bills
+to be drawn for the additional sum of twentyfive thousand dollars,
+payable at sixty days' sight. The exertions necessary at this crisis
+require the command of a considerable sum of money; but these drafts,
+we hope, will not be increased till we have intelligence from you
+respecting your prospects and assurances. We have the pleasure to
+inform you, that from the measures, which have lately been adopted,
+and with which you are made acquainted by the journals, the finances
+begin to assume a better appearance, and our public affairs in general
+will, we hope, be delivered from many of the embarrassments under
+which they have labored, but we earnestly entreat you to push every
+possible exertion for procuring aids of money from the Court of Spain,
+without which we are fearful the measures of Congress fully to restore
+the currency and prosecute the war with good effect will fall short of
+the desired success.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 JAMES LOVELL,
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON,
+                                                 WILLIAM C. HOUSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON, AT AMSTERDAM.
+
+                                              Madrid, June 18th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Accept my thanks for your favors on the subject of the bills drawn on
+Mr Laurens. The kind concern you take in the credit and prosperity of
+the United States merits their acknowledgments, and I shall take the
+first opportunity of communicating to Congress your very friendly
+propositions relative to the acceptance of the bills.
+
+Whether Dr Franklin is in circumstances to agree to these propositions
+I know not. They certainly are very generous and liberal, and would be
+attended with very happy effects. I am persuaded, that Congress would
+strain every nerve to fulfill them. I have no intelligence whatever of
+Mr Laurens, and am much at a loss to conjecture what should detain
+him.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+                                              Madrid, June 25th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Your favor of the 8th instant came to hand yesterday. The receipt of
+the letters referred to in it was acknowledged by the last post. Your
+plan for paying the bills drawn on Mr Laurens is noble and generous. I
+heartily wish it may succeed, and that things could be so adjusted as
+that you might not be exposed to loss or inconvenience by it. But,
+gentlemen, as to this matter, I have neither instructions, nor the
+means of preventing the evils you mention. If I had the money, or
+could procure it, I would, without hesitation, engage to repay you
+punctually, but that is not the case. That Congress will repay you
+with gratitude I am certain, but whether quite so soon as your
+convenience may require, is more doubtful, because the absence of Mr
+Laurens is an event they did not foresee, and consequently did not
+provide against. If you could make a loan for the United States in
+your country, the money might be applied for the discharge of these
+bills. I am sure you would do Congress a very acceptable service by
+it. I have not yet heard from Dr Franklin on this subject. You may
+rely on all the aid in my power to render, and I should be very happy
+if it could be equal to the present exigency. I am not without
+difficulties respecting the bills drawn upon me. If these difficulties
+should cease, and I should be in a capacity to assist you, I will
+immediately let you know it, but of this there is as yet no great
+prospect.
+
+As a man, I admire and esteem your conduct, and as an American I
+thank you. Be assured, therefore, that I shall omit no opportunity of
+convincing you of the regard and attachment, with which I have the
+honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 10th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As a late and particular letter from me to your Excellency is now on
+the way to America, and as I purpose to write again very fully by the
+successor of M. Mirales, I decline saying much in this letter, which I
+shall send by a circuitous and hazardous route.
+
+I have accepted bills to the amount of between eleven and twelve
+thousand dollars. They arrive slowly, and I am very glad of it. No
+news of Mr Laurens; I regret his absence. I hope the terms for the
+sale of the bills on me will not be lowered. Remittances have really
+become necessary. Distressed American seamen cost a great deal. The
+house of Le Couteulx has advanced money for them at Cadiz.
+
+I had yesterday an application from the director of a hospital at St
+Andeira, desiring to be informed whether I would be responsible for
+the ordinary expenses of receiving and curing a New England master of
+a vessel, who had escaped from captivity pennyless, having one of his
+legs so injured by iron fetters as to be in danger of losing it. These
+are calls of humanity, and I entreat Congress to enable me to obey
+them, and to establish specific regulations for the conduct of these
+affairs.
+
+The surrender of Charleston is the subject of much speculation, and
+many unfavorable conjectures. I have received no public letters since
+I left America, except one from the Committee, enclosing the
+resolutions for drawing bills on me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, July 13th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Never letter could have been more welcome than the favor your
+Excellency honored us with of the 25th of the past month, since it
+expressed a true concern about the bills drawn on Mr Laurens, and your
+approbation of our conduct. As we from the beginning acted from
+principle in the American cause, and never will prevaricate, this is
+only from the same motive, but we shall be sorry if we should not be
+supported, and that it is out of your Excellency's power to do it. We
+cannot judge how far those drafts may go, and if we had not expected
+that your Excellency, as well as Dr Franklin, would have been willing
+and able to answer for a trifle, (one or two hundred thousand
+guilders) in such a matter as this, it would have been a folly to
+undertake it.
+
+Dr Franklin wrote to us, that people would be satisfied to have the
+bills enregistered, but we found the contrary; several of them would
+have them duly protested, and until today we have again accepted them
+all; but how it will go further we do not know. We were very sensible
+to the hint your Excellency was pleased to give us, of making a loan
+here. We might from time to time have got some money in that way, if
+properly authorised; and our good will and influence certainly would
+have brought it further than it had been done by the House, which was
+formerly intrusted with it, and we have long ago desired a loan should
+be opened in our hands, but we never could properly obtain it. A
+trifle of allowance, and chiefly the largeness of the sum, which was
+required from us to answer for at once, prevented it; so we did not
+think proper to mention it again. We can and may work for glory, but
+on a large scale we cannot sacrifice our own interest. Every
+catastrophe in favor of or against America, has with our public a
+great influence. So the capture of Charleston would be very much
+against us at this moment for such a purpose; and though we could not
+flatter ourselves to go any length with it, a very particular
+circumstance might revive the American spirit; and it would even
+require some time before such a power was brought into due terms,
+whereon we could engage anything.
+
+This is certain, that in a moment as critical as the present, a small
+sum would save the honor of Congress, and in that light could not be
+paid for too dear; which made us think on a method, that your
+Excellency could employ a banker, and likewise Dr Franklin; that we,
+drawing on either of your Excellencies, if we were sure you would
+approve of it, could prolong terms in all probability, and without
+doubt as long as should be needful, and until the arrival of Mr
+Laurens, and that by his means and instructions proper measures could
+be taken.
+
+We must also expect, that Congress, (as on the first days of May they
+were informed, that Mr Laurens had not sailed,) will have been
+attentive to provide for those bills, and have considered the
+consequences, as we do in Europe. We write the same idea to Dr
+Franklin, and propose to him, if he should not approve of such a
+method, or find a better, to empower us for a loan, as we know he had
+formerly instructions thereon. We are too nice and anxious for the
+credit of Congress to make any use thereof, if it should hurt matters
+any way; but it is not possible to know what may be done before a
+proper trial; and we are obliged at last to speak plain, that whatever
+bills now further should offer, we cannot accept any more. We wish our
+proposals may not seem incongruous; we make them with the more
+assurance, as we are not guided by any other motive, than by the most
+extended desire to prevent every difficulty, which could in any way
+affect the reputation of the United States.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, July 28th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since we had the honor of writing to your Excellency, it is but just,
+that we should inform you of the success of our proceedings in the
+acceptance of the bills drawn on Henry Laurens, for which Dr Franklin,
+by his last favor, has engaged, offering to accept further bills, when
+sent to him, until the arrival of Mr Laurens, or that some good reason
+may appear for the contrary. As this will answer the same purpose, and
+we think it best, that there should not seem to be any alteration, we
+offer today to continue our acceptance until forbid, under guarantee
+of our being reimbursed in time. We are very much pleased, that the
+matter is thus far settled for the honor of Congress.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 29th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Your favor of the 13th instant was delivered to me last evening. I
+admire the generous principles, which lead you to take so decided and
+friendly a part in favor of America. I have too great confidence in
+the honor, justice, and gratitude of Congress to suspect, that they
+will permit you to be sufferers by your exertions in their favor. On
+the contrary, I am persuaded they will entertain a proper sense of
+your disinterested attachment, and with pleasure take every
+opportunity of acknowledging it.
+
+Mr Laurens's absence is much to be regretted; his endeavors, aided by
+your assistance, would probably have prevented the embarrassments,
+which have taken place. I have not as yet received any advices of his
+having sailed, and your information of his not having left America in
+May is true. By a letter from a gentleman at Cadiz of the 21st instant
+I learn, that a vessel from North Carolina had arrived in fortynine
+days, and left Mr Laurens there on his way to Philadelphia. I am at a
+loss to account for this, having no intelligence from America on the
+subject. Perhaps his design was to sail from Philadelphia. If so, we
+may still look out for him. Prudence, however, demands, that every
+possible step be taken to alleviate the inconveniences arising from
+his absence. If my power extended to this case, I should, without
+hesitation, authorise you in a proper manner to make a loan in
+Holland, and be much obliged to you for undertaking it. But my
+instructions do not reach so far; all I can do is to advise as an
+individual, and as a public servant, to represent in a true light to
+Congress your benevolent efforts to preserve their credit. If Dr
+Franklin has such instructions as you suppose, and his circumstances
+will admit of it, I can at present see no objections to his taking
+some such measures as you propose, until Mr Laurens's arrival; but of
+this, he alone can properly judge. I shall write to him on the
+subject, and you may rely on my doing everything in my power. I assure
+you I feel myself, as an American, so much obliged by your generous
+zeal to serve my country, that I shall be happy in being instrumental
+to render the issue of it as agreeable and honorable to you, as the
+principles on which you act are meritorious and noble.
+
+I flatter myself, that the unfavorable influence, which the capture of
+Charleston has on the public, will be of short duration. When they
+reflect, that America has nobly sustained a six years' war, fought
+hard battles with various success, and lost and regained several of
+their cities, they will find it ridiculous to believe, that the fate
+of the Thirteen States is involved in that of one or two towns. The
+like impressions were made, when New York, Philadelphia, and
+Ticonderoga fell into the enemy's hands; and those impressions were
+again removed by the battle of Trenton, the evacuation of
+Philadelphia, the battle of Monmouth, the defeat and capture of
+General Burgoyne and his army, and other victories on our side. Many
+of these great events happened when America had no ally, and when
+Britain had no other objects to divide her force. It is not
+reasonable, therefore, to imagine, that the power of Britain has been
+augmented by the accession of two formidable enemies, or that the
+power of America has been diminished in proportion as the number of
+her friends increased.
+
+Depend upon it, that as the spirit of America has always risen with
+the successes of her enemies they will not, on this occasion, throw
+away their arms, and ingloriously pass under the yoke of a nation
+whose conduct towards her has been marked by injustice and oppression
+in peace, and by malice and wanton barbarity in war.
+
+With sentiments of sincere regard and esteem, I have the honor to be,
+&c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+                                            Madrid, August 16th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+My last to you was dated July 29th, in answer to yours of the 13th of
+the same month. I have since had the pleasure to receive your favor of
+the 28th of July, and am happy to hear that Dr Franklin has been able
+to take the step you mention. I cannot forbear again to repeat the
+sense I have of your very friendly conduct on this occasion. I assure
+you I shall rejoice in every opportunity of acknowledging the
+obligations you have conferred on my country. Such disinterested acts
+of friendship are not common, and ought never to be forgotten.
+
+With sentiments of great and sincere esteem and regard, I have the
+honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO SILAS DEANE.
+
+                                    St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+If I could easily be angry with an old friend, I should be so with
+you. Your silence is unkind, and the more so as you might probably
+have communicated things useful, as well as entertaining. Before we
+parted in America, you gave me a cypher, and I really promised myself
+much from it on your arrival in Europe. I could almost wish that the
+winds had blown you this way. I would give a good deal for a day's
+conversation with you, but that is impossible. A correspondence is the
+only substitute, and perhaps you have detached yourself too much from
+public concerns and public men to be troubled with it. I hope this is
+not the case. It would be wrong to extend to a whole nation the
+resentments excited by a few. Perhaps other reasons may have induced
+your silence; whatever they may be I regret them.
+
+Adieu. I am, dear Sir, your most obedient servant,
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, September 16th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This letter and several copies of it are to be sent by the next post
+to Bilboa, Cadiz, Nantes, &c. The object of it is to inform you, that
+it is necessary immediately to cease drawing bills upon me for the
+present.
+
+Your Excellency may soon expect a full detail of particulars; you will
+then receive an answer to every question that may be raised upon this
+letter.
+
+His Catholic Majesty has been pleased to offer his responsibility to
+facilitate a loan of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for us,
+payable in three years, and to promise us some clothing. This need not
+be kept secret. I have written several letters to your Excellency, but
+have received only one from the Committee since I left America. It
+covered the resolutions respecting these bills.
+
+The Philadelphia bank, the ladies' subscriptions, and other
+indications of union and public spirit, have a fine effect here.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                       In Congress, October 4th, 1780.
+
+On the report of a committee to whom were referred certain
+instructions to the delegates of Virginia by their constituents, and a
+letter of the 26th of May, from the Honorable John Jay, Congress
+unanimously agreed to the following instructions to the Honorable John
+Jay, Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, at the
+Court of Madrid.
+
+That the said Minister adhere to his former instructions, respecting
+the right of the United States of America to the free navigation of
+the river Mississippi into and from the sea; which right, if an
+express acknowledgment of it cannot be obtained from Spain, is not by
+any stipulation on the part of America to be relinquished. To render
+the treaty to be concluded between the two nations permanent, nothing
+can more effectually contribute, than a proper attention, not only to
+the present but the future reciprocal interests of the contracting
+powers.
+
+The river Mississippi being the boundary of several States in the
+union, and their citizens, while connected with Great Britain, and
+since the revolution, having been accustomed to the free use thereof,
+in common with the subjects of Spain, and no instance of complaint or
+dispute having resulted from it, there is no reason to fear, that the
+future mutual use of the river by the subjects of the two nations,
+actuated by friendly dispositions, will occasion any interruption of
+that harmony which it is the desire of America, as well as of Spain,
+should be perpetual. That if the unlimited freedom of the navigation
+of the river Mississippi, with a free port, or ports below the 31st
+degree of north latitude, accessible to merchant ships, cannot be
+obtained from Spain, the said Minister in that case be at liberty to
+enter into such equitable regulations as may appear a necessary
+security against contraband; provided the right of the United States
+to the free navigation of the river be not relinquished, and a free
+port or ports as above described be stipulated to them.
+
+That with respect to the boundary alluded to in his letter of the 26th
+of May last, the said Minister be, and hereby is instructed, to adhere
+strictly to the boundaries of the United States as already fixed by
+Congress. Spain having by the treaty of Paris ceded to Great Britain
+all the country to the northeastward of the Mississippi, the people
+inhabiting these States, while connected with Great Britain, and also
+since the revolution, have settled themselves at divers places to the
+westward near the Mississippi, are friendly to the revolution, and
+being citizens of these United States, and subject to the laws of
+those to which they respectively belong, Congress cannot assign them
+over as subjects to any other power.
+
+That the said Minister be further informed, that in case Spain shall
+eventually be in possession of East and West Florida, at the
+termination of the war, it is of the greatest importance to these
+United States to have the use of the waters running out of Georgia
+through West Florida into the Bay of Mexico, for the purpose of
+navigation; and that he be instructed to endeavor to obtain the same,
+subject to such regulations as may be agreed on between the
+contracting parties; and that as a compensation for this, he be and
+hereby is empowered to guaranty the possession of the said Floridas to
+the Crown of Spain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+                                            Madrid, October 4th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have lately had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 7th of
+September. After the proofs you have given of disinterested zeal in
+the cause of liberty and America, I cannot harbor a doubt of your
+opposing the measures of a Court industriously employed in attempts to
+destroy both.
+
+Your sentiments respecting the expediency of a connexion between the
+United States and your Republic concur with my own, and I am persuaded
+that those who know and wish well to the interests of both will
+assiduously promote it.
+
+As I have received no further intelligence respecting Mr Laurens, I
+can add nothing on that subject. I cannot doubt but that good reasons
+have detained him, though I do not know what they are. Congress, I am
+sure, will continue their attention to the objects of his appointment,
+and will be happy in cultivating a friendly connexion with a people
+whose history exhibits many instances of heroic and glorious exertions
+in a cause similar to their own. Those among you who know history, and
+venerate the names and characters of their forefathers, cannot consent
+to be the instruments of despotism, to deprive others of those rights
+which were purchased for themselves by the blood of their own
+ancestors.
+
+When or how far it may consist with the views of Congress to make
+mercantile appointments in your country, I cannot determine; should
+they ever become necessary, I cannot doubt of your being remembered.
+The most powerful recommendation I can give them, will be by sending
+them our correspondence; and for that purpose, copies of all the
+letters that have passed between us are now preparing, and shall,
+together with duplicates and triplicates, be sent by the first
+vessels.
+
+As to the late ordinance of Spain establishing a paper currency, it is
+a subject on which I make no remarks, and for this very good reason,
+that the policy and propriety of that measure are objects without my
+sphere, on which I can have no influence, and which would not be
+altered by anything I might say or write about them.
+
+The Mexican dollars, mentioned in the bills drawn upon me, I
+understand to be only another name for Spanish milled dollars, which
+you know pass here at twenty reals of vellon. How far the sale or
+payment of these may be affected by the paper in question I know not,
+though I must confess that I do not apprehend so much evil from it as
+some others do. These bills will be on an equal footing with all
+others drawn on Spain, and you will readily suppose it not to be in
+my power to put them on a better.
+
+The King of Spain has been so kind as to offer to become responsible
+to a certain amount for monies which I may borrow for Congress,
+payable in three years. Be so kind as to inform me whether this could
+be done in your country, on their _joint credit_, how far, and on what
+terms.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JAMES LOVELL.
+
+                                           Madrid, October 27th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Your letter of the 11th of July gave me much pleasure. There is a
+degree of ease and cordiality in it, which, as mere letters of
+business do not require, I am the more obliged to you for.
+
+It is true that I might write to Congress very often, indeed by every
+vessel, and there are many of them. But how are my letters to get to
+the sea-side? By the post? They would be _all_ inspected, and many
+suppressed. There is scarce a man in any of the ports, except Mr
+Harrison at Cadiz, with whom I would trust them; so that if, under
+different covers, I should get them there, the danger would not end.
+To write often, and write nothing material, would be useless; and when
+you see my public letters, by this opportunity, you will perceive,
+that, to be well understood, I must write a great deal.
+
+I would throw stones too, with all my heart, if I thought they would
+hit only the committee, without injuring the members of it. Till now I
+have received but one letter from them, and that not worth a farthing,
+though it conveyed a draft for one hundred thousand pounds sterling
+on the bank of hope.
+
+One good private correspondent would be worth twenty committees, made
+of the wisest heads in America, for the purpose of intelligence. What
+with clever wives, or pretty girls, or pleasant walks, or too tired,
+or too busy, or do you do it, very little is done, much postponed,
+and more neglected. If you are naturally industrious, and love your
+country, you would frequently take up your pen and your cyphers, and
+tell me how the wheel of politics runs, and what measures it is from
+time to time turning out. I should be better informed and Congress
+better served. I now get more intelligence of your affairs from the
+French Ambassador, than from all the members of Congress put together.
+
+I had written thus far, when I received a letter from M. Le Couteulx
+at Cadiz, enclosing a letter of the 16th of September, written at St
+Ildefonso from me to Congress. It had been enclosed in one to Mr
+Harrison, and that again put under cover to M. Le Couteulx, and, under
+these two covers, it was put into the post office. Now mark its fate.
+The Director of the post office at Cadiz showed it to M. Le Couteulx,
+naked and stripped of its two covers, of which he made no mention. He
+said it came from Bayonne, but M. Le Couteulx, knowing my hand
+writing, paid the postage, and returned it to me. This is only one
+among many instances of the fate to which my letters are subjected. To
+avoid it, I must now be at the expense of sending Colonel Livingston
+to the sea-side with my despatches.
+
+When at Cadiz, I heard some of our countrymen, who had been prisoners
+at Lisbon, speak handsomely of M. Dohrmer. They mentioned his having
+supplied them with necessaries, but at the same time told me that he
+had been employed for the purpose by Dr Franklin. Hence it happened
+that I declined mentioning his usefulness to Congress. I considered
+him as an agent of Dr Franklin, who did his duty faithfully, and
+thought it would be more proper for him to recommend his services to
+the notice of Congress than for me.
+
+I am, dear Sir, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Madrid, November 6th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The last particular letter I had the honor of writing to your
+Excellency was dated the 26th of May, and, with a duplicate, was
+carried to Cadiz by Mr Harrison, who sent one by the Peacock, Captain
+Davis, to Boston, and the other by the General Arnold, Captain
+Jenkins, to Alexandria in Virginia. They both sailed in June last, and
+the former, I hear, arrived safe after a short passage.
+
+I have since written several letters to your Excellency, but as they
+went to the seaports by the post, none of them contained anything
+material, except one from St Ildefonso of the 16th of September,
+advising Congress of the necessity of suspending further drafts on me
+for the present.
+
+Congress will recollect, that my letter of the 26th of May contained
+notes of a conference I had with the Minister on the 11th of that
+month, on the subjects of my two former letters to him, the first in
+answer to his questions, and the latter relative to the resolution for
+drawing bills upon me. It may be remembered also, that, in this
+conference, the Minister promised me his sentiments in writing in a
+few days, as well on the subject of the proposed treaty, as on the
+bills which were daily expected. The first I have not yet received,
+and it was not before the 7th of June that I was favored with the
+latter.
+
+In this interval there arrived here from England, by the way of
+Lisbon, an Abbé Hussey. He came to Lisbon in company with Mr
+Cumberland, one of Lord George Germain's secretaries, who, with his
+family, purposed, on obtaining permission, to come to Madrid. This
+priest was known to many, being a pensioner of the Spanish Court, and
+formerly in the late Prince Massarano's family. Indeed he took no
+pains to conceal himself, or his business, which was to obtain
+permission for his friend to proceed, on account of the bad health of
+a daughter. Mr Carmichael watched his motions with success and
+industry, and was the first who mentioned his arrival to me. He hired
+lodgings and a coach for Mr Cumberland, and visited several persons
+about the Court, particularly M. del Campo, First Secretary of the
+Minister.
+
+On the first of June I received a card from the Minister, desiring to
+see me at nine o'clock the next evening. I waited upon him
+accordingly. The following are notes of what passed upon that
+occasion.
+
+    [Notes of a Conference between his Excellency the Count de
+    Florida Blanca and Mr Jay, in the office of the former at
+    Aranjues, 2d of June, 1780, reduced to writing, immediately
+    after the conference ended, by Mr Carmichael, who was present
+    at it.]
+
+    In consequence of a card received by Mr Jay yesterday, from
+    his Excellency the Count de Florida Blanca, appointing him a
+    meeting at nine o'clock this evening, Mr Jay waited on him at
+    that hour. The conversation commenced on the part of the
+    Minister, with polite inquiries for the state of Mr Jay's
+    health, which, he said, had induced him not to send the notes
+    promised on the former meeting, at the time when appointed,
+    as he had been informed that he was indisposed. He attributed
+    to his own frequent ill state of health (a disorder of the
+    nerves, occasioned by his necessary application to business)
+    the disappointment and delay to which, without intending it,
+    the business that passed through his hands was sometimes
+    subjected. He then said, that on Sunday following, at eleven
+    o'clock in the forenoon, if Mr Carmichael would wait on him,
+    he would send Mr Jay the notes formerly promised him.
+
+    He added that his reason for desiring to see him at present
+    proceeded from something mentioned to him by the French
+    Ambassador, of which he supposed he was informed. He
+    recapitulated what he had before mentioned of the King's good
+    faith and favorable disposition towards America, and entered
+    more fully into his conduct in the negotiation with Great
+    Britain, when the Court of Spain proposed a truce between
+    that country and the United States, observing, that as the
+    King at that period was determined not to sacrifice our
+    interests, it could not be supposed that now, when at war
+    with Great Britain, his Majesty would be less disposed to
+    maintain them. After these reflections and assurances, he
+    told Mr Jay that the person lately from England, by the way
+    of Portugal, was the chaplain of their former Embassy at
+    London; that he had been there for some time on his private
+    affairs, and had at the same time instructions concerning an
+    exchange of prisoners, which their sufferings rendered
+    expedient; that the death of an uncle, a chaplain of the
+    Court, had obliged him to return; that an English gentleman
+    and his family had come to Lisbon with him, under the
+    pretext, or really on account of the ill health of a
+    daughter, to whom the Duke of Dorset was much attached; that
+    the opposition made by his friends to the marriage had
+    affected her health, and that this family was desirous of
+    passing through Spain to Italy. He added, that this gentleman
+    was one of Lord George Germain's secretaries, and would
+    perhaps have some proposals to make for an exchange of
+    prisoners, and possibly others of a different nature, which
+    he assured Mr Jay should be communicated to him as candidly
+    as he had communicated the extravagant scheme presented by
+    Sir J. Dalrymple. He desired Mr Jay, therefore, to make
+    himself easy on this subject, giving new assurances of the
+    King's strict regard to justice and good faith, and of his
+    disposition to assist America.
+
+    Mr Jay begged him to be persuaded of the perfect confidence
+    of America and himself, and of their reliance on the good
+    faith, justice, and honor of his Catholic Majesty; that he
+    had no other apprehension from the circumstance of Englishmen
+    resorting to this Court, than that the enemy would on this,
+    as on former occasions, avail themselves of it, by
+    endeavoring to alarm and deceive our people.
+
+    The Count de Florida Blanca assured Mr Jay, that he would
+    shortly give him such proofs of the King's intentions, as
+    would enable him to prevent any bad effects from such
+    misrepresentations, and convince America of his Majesty's
+    favorable disposition and good faith. After repeating
+    assurances of his full confidence, Mr Jay mentioned that he
+    had received two bills of exchange, drawn by order of
+    Congress on him, and that he should take no measures on that
+    subject, as he had before the honor of telling him, till he
+    had consulted his Excellency. The Count, having asked the
+    amount, and being told that the bills were for between six
+    and seven hundred dollars, told him, smiling, that he might
+    accept them, and he hoped so to arrange matters, as, in a
+    short time, to make him easy on that head. He then said, that
+    an expedition had been suggested to him, in which the
+    Americans might co-operate; but, without entering into
+    particulars, he recollected himself, and said he would send
+    the project to Mr Jay by Mr Carmichael at the same time that
+    he should give him the other papers. The conference ended
+    with mutual compliments.
+
+    _June 4th._ This morning the Chevalier de Burgoing, Secretary
+    of the French Embassy, waited on Mr Jay, and afterwards on Mr
+    Carmichael, and told them the Ambassador had informed him,
+    that the Count de Florida Blanca had received despatches from
+    Versailles, which demanded his instant attention, and that,
+    therefore, he could not see Mr Carmichael until the 5th, at
+    the hour mentioned in the conference of the 2d. Mr Jay,
+    however, having received no direct message from the Minister,
+    thought it proper for Mr Carmichael to wait on him at the
+    place and hour appointed. Accordingly he went to the Bureau
+    of Foreign Affairs, and was told by order of the Minister,
+    that he had desired the Ambassador to acquaint Mr Jay, that
+    he could not see Mr Carmichael that day, but desired to see
+    him next Monday, at eleven.
+
+    _June 5th._ Mr Carmichael waited on the Minister, agreeably
+    to appointment, who, on his entrance, immediately expressed
+    his concern, that the arrival of a courier, which informed
+    him of the intentions of the Court of Great Britain to
+    expedite the sailing of their grand fleet, had engaged his
+    attention so much as to prevent him from fulfilling his
+    promise of sending the notes mentioned in the former
+    conferences, that he would certainly do it on the Wednesday
+    following, and desired Mr Carmichael to wait on him that day
+    at the same hour to receive them. He then mentioned an
+    expedition, which had been proposed to him from Bilboa, to
+    intercept the homeward bound ships of the East India Company,
+    by equipping some frigates in America at the expense of his
+    Catholic Majesty, desiring Mr Carmichael to communicate this
+    to Mr Jay, that he might turn his attention to that object,
+    to enable him to judge of the probability of its success. He
+    touched slightly on the subject of bills of exchange, and on
+    the only difficulty of the treaty, viz. the navigation of the
+    Mississippi, which he said he hoped some middle means might
+    be hit on to obviate. He concluded by saying that he would
+    give his sentiments on that, and other subjects to Mr Jay in
+    writing at the time abovementioned, and hoped that he would
+    believe the delay hitherto proceeded from no other motives
+    than those he had mentioned. Mr Carmichael assured him, that
+    Mr Jay was too sensible of the importance of his other
+    occupations, and of his candor, to impute the delay to any
+    other cause, and after common civilities he withdrew.
+
+This conversation needs no comment. It promised well. On or about the
+19th of June, Mr Cumberland, his wife, and two daughters arrived,
+appeared publicly, and were openly visited and received by persons of
+distinction. But although it was not difficult to know who he was,
+and with whom he associated, his business and measures continue to
+this day mere objects of conjecture, further that he or the Minister
+has thought proper to communicate them.[25] The impression made by his
+arrival on the minds of the people is worthy of remark. They supposed
+his errand to be secret overtures for peace, and as far as I can judge
+were very glad of it. There is reason to believe that he favored these
+conjectures from the first. He has since said publicly, that he was
+authorised to offer to Spain Gibraltar, and other advantageous terms.
+
+On the 7th of June, I received from the Minister his notes on the
+subject of aids. They are in these words.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                        Aranjues, June 7th, 1780.
+
+    "His Catholic Majesty would be very glad to be able to
+    furnish, at the present crisis, funds for the payment of the
+    one hundred thousand pounds sterling, proposed to be
+    addressed to Mr Jay, in order to evince the concern which the
+    King takes in the prosperity and relief of the United States
+    of North America, as well as in the personal satisfaction of
+    the abovementioned gentleman. But the demands of the present
+    war, and the great difficulty there would be to transport
+    hither the treasures of the King's possessions in that part
+    of the world, render it impracticable to furnish here, the
+    said sum in specie, as could be wished. Some expedient,
+    however, may be found to remedy this inconvenience. For
+    example; if the owners of the bills of exchange would be
+    content with the security or responsibility of his Catholic
+    Majesty, to pay the sum already mentioned in the term of two
+    years. The King will readily agree to such an arrangement,
+    even if it should be found necessary to add a moderate
+    interest. This security, given by such a sovereign as the
+    King of Spain, would induce the owners of those bills of
+    exchange, and the creditors of Congress to consent to a
+    measure so advantageous, and would equally serve to sustain
+    the credit and good faith of the same body.
+
+    "Mr Jay, therefore, is entreated to reflect on the idea just
+    stated to him, and in answer to inform us what measures he
+    thinks suitable to this scheme, in order that they may be
+    laid before the King, and his orders taken thereon. If the
+    expedient in question should be adopted, it will at the same
+    time be necessary to take measures in concert to reimburse to
+    the King this considerable sum, as well as others already
+    expended in favor of the United States. The first idea which
+    offers for reciprocal convenience is that Congress should
+    engage to build without delay some handsome frigates and
+    other smaller vessels of war, fixing the price of each, and
+    the time when they will be finished.
+
+    "This point once settled, it will be proper immediately to
+    take measures to equip these vessels as fast as they are
+    ready; to point out what articles will be necessary to send
+    from Spain for this purpose, and in what port they will have
+    notice to receive them. After this it is expedient to be
+    informed, whether the Americans themselves will engage to
+    come to the ports of Bilboa, St Ander, Ferrol, or Cadiz, for
+    the said articles, which they will find ready, and afterwards
+    transport them in their own vessels of war or letters of
+    marque to America. On this supposition it is conjectured,
+    that it would be easy to find hands enough in America to man
+    these new built vessels, which will sail under Spanish
+    colors. There are certainly among the subjects of the said
+    United States many who have made the voyage, and are
+    acquainted with the usual route of the ships of the English
+    East India Company, and who know perfectly well the ports and
+    places at which they stop. This fact established, it is
+    proposed to equip in the ports of the United States four good
+    frigates, and some other lighter vessels, with the effects
+    which shall be sent from hence on account of Spain. This
+    small squadron, under Spanish colors, shall be employed to
+    intercept the convoys of the said Company by cruising in the
+    proper latitudes. The measures just pointed out appear to be
+    the most proper to reimburse, in some shape, the expenses
+    already incurred by his Catholic Majesty, and to answer for
+    such security as has been proposed to be given in this
+    memoir. It being always understood, that a share of the
+    prizes taken from the English by this small squadron shall be
+    given to the crews, and even to Congress, in proportion to
+    the assistance which they shall furnish for the equipment of
+    the vessels.
+
+    "A speedy and decisive answer to all the points here
+    enumerated is requested, and Mr Jay is too enlightened not to
+    perceive that the common cause is interested therein."
+
+To this paper, which deserves much attention, I returned the
+following answer.
+
+                                       "Aranjues, June 9th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "The propositions which your Excellency did me the honor to
+    send on the 7th inst. have been considered with all the
+    attention, which their great importance demands.
+
+    "The evidence they contain of his Majesty's friendly
+    disposition towards the United States will, I am persuaded,
+    make correspondent impressions on the citizens of America;
+    and permit me to assure you, that his Majesty's desire of
+    contributing to my personal satisfaction by measures
+    conducive to the welfare of my country, has excited my
+    warmest acknowledgments and attachment.
+
+    "The enlarged ideas my constituents entertain of the power,
+    wealth, and resources of Spain, are equal to those they have
+    imbibed of the wisdom and probity of his Catholic Majesty,
+    and of that noble and generous system of policy, which has
+    induced him to patronize their cause, and, by completing
+    their separation from Great Britain, effectually to disarm
+    the latter. Such wise and liberal designs, followed by such
+    great and extensive consequences, would add a bright page to
+    the annals of a reign already signalised by important events.
+    It is, therefore, with deep regret that Congress would
+    receive information that the aid they solicit, small when
+    compared with their ideas of the resources of Spain, has been
+    rendered impracticable by the expenses of a war, which, on
+    the part of Spain, is of a recent date. Nor will their
+    disappointment be less than their regret, when they find
+    their credit diminished by the failure of a measure, from the
+    success of which they expected to raise it.
+
+    "The kind disposition of his Majesty to become responsible at
+    the expiration of two years for the amount of the bills in
+    question, and that even with interest, is a proof of his
+    goodness, by which I am confident the United States will
+    consider themselves greatly obliged. But when it is
+    considered that bills of exchange, immediately on being drawn
+    and sold, become a medium in commerce, and pass through
+    various hands in satisfaction of various mercantile
+    contracts; that the drawer and every endorser become
+    responsible for their credit at every transfer; and that the
+    object of the merchants last holding the bills, as well as of
+    all other merchants, is money in hand or actively employed in
+    trade, and not money lying still, at an interest greatly
+    inferior to the usual profits to be gained in commerce; I
+    say, on considering these things, it appears to me that,
+    although no objection can be made to the good faith of his
+    Majesty, which is acknowledged by all the world, yet that the
+    last holders of the bills will prefer recovering the amount
+    of them, with the usual damages on protests, to delay of
+    payment for two years with interest.
+
+    "Should these bills, therefore, meet with this fate, his
+    Majesty will readily perceive its influence on the credit,
+    operations, and feelings of the United States; on the common
+    cause; on the hopes and spirits of the enemy. The necessity
+    or prudence which detains his Majesty's treasure in his
+    American dominions, is an unfortunate circumstance at a time
+    when it might be so usefully employed. There is,
+    nevertheless, room to hope, that the great superiority of the
+    allied fleets and armaments in the American seas will, in the
+    course of a year or eighteen months, render its
+    transportation safe and easy, and that the greater part of it
+    may arrive before the bills in question would become payable.
+    This will appear more probable, when the time necessary to
+    sell these bills, and the time which will be consumed in
+    their passage from America, and the time which will be
+    employed in their journey from different ports of Europe to
+    this place, are all added to the half a year which is
+    allotted for the payment of them after they have been
+    presented. I am authorised and ready to engage and pledge
+    the faith of the United States for the punctual repayment,
+    with interest, and within a reasonable term, of any sums of
+    money which his Majesty may be so kind as to lend them.
+
+    "As to the aids heretofore supplied to the United States, I
+    am without information relative to the precise terms on which
+    they were furnished, as well as their amount. When I left
+    Congress, they appeared to me not to possess full and
+    positive intelligence on these points. I ascribe this, not to
+    omissions in their commissioner, who then had the direction
+    of these affairs, but to those miscarriages and accidents, to
+    which the communication of intelligence to a distant country
+    is liable in time of war. If it should appear proper to your
+    Excellency, in order that I may be furnished with an accurate
+    and full statement of these transactions, I will do myself
+    the honor of transmitting them immediately to Congress; and,
+    as they happened prior to my appointment, I shall request
+    particular instructions on the subject.
+
+    "With respect to the plan proposed for the repayment of such
+    sums as Spain may lend to the United States, viz. by the
+    latter furnishing the former with frigates, &c. &c. I beg
+    leave to submit the following remarks to your Excellency's
+    consideration. In the United States there are timber, iron,
+    masts, shipwrights, pitch, tar, and turpentine; and Spain can
+    furnish the other requisites. But neither the timber, the
+    iron, the masts, nor the other articles, can be procured
+    without money. The Congress are in great want of money for
+    the immediate purposes of self-defence, for the maintenance
+    of their armies and vessels of war, and for all the other
+    expenses incident to military operations. The Congress,
+    pressed by their necessities, have emitted bills of credit,
+    till the depreciation of them forbids further emissions. They
+    have made loans from their great and good ally, and, in aid
+    of the system of gaining supplies by taxation and domestic
+    loans, they have, for the reasons which I have already had
+    the honor of explaining to your Excellency, drawn upon me the
+    bills before mentioned. These bills will be sold in the
+    United States for paper money, and that money will be
+    immediately wanted for the purposes I have enumerated. If,
+    therefore, this money was to be turned into frigates, the
+    obvious ends of drawing those bills would not be attained.
+    The war against the United States has raged without
+    intermission for six years already, and it will not be in
+    their power to pay their debts during its further
+    continuance, nor until the return of peace and uninterrupted
+    commerce shall furnish them with the means of doing it.
+
+    "That excellent frigates and other vessels may be built in
+    America cheaper than in Europe, I am persuaded. And I know,
+    that Congress will cheerfully give every aid in their power
+    to facilitate the execution of any plan of that kind, which
+    his Majesty may adopt, but, Sir, their necessities will not
+    permit them to supply money to those purposes, and I should
+    deceive your Excellency with delusive expectations, were I to
+    lead you to think otherwise. I would rather, that the United
+    States should be without money than without good faith; and,
+    therefore, neither my own principles of action, nor the
+    respect due to his Majesty and reputation of my country, will
+    ever suffer me (if my authority extended so far) to enter
+    into any contracts, which I had not the highest reason to
+    believe would be fully, fairly, and punctually performed on
+    the part of my constituents. Nor, in case his Majesty should
+    think proper to cause frigates to be built in America, can I
+    encourage your Excellency to expect, that they could be
+    easily manned there for cruises. The fact is, that the
+    American frigates often find difficulties in completing their
+    compliments, principally because the seamen prefer going in
+    privateers, which are numerous, and too useful to be
+    discouraged.
+
+    "The design of preparing an armament to intercept the English
+    East Indiamen appears to me very judicious. The enemy draw
+    their resources from commerce; to annoy the one, therefore,
+    is to injure the other. Before the present war, there were
+    several, but not a great many Americans, well acquainted with
+    the route of the East Indiamen. But whether any number of
+    these men could now be secretly collected is uncertain; for
+    if by a particular selection of and inquiry for them, the
+    enemy should become apprized of the design, they would
+    naturally take measures to frustrate it. For my part, I
+    should suppose, that many of these men are not necessary, and
+    that the proper number may be had from France, if not from
+    America.
+
+    "The idea of the United States co-operating in the execution
+    of this plan is flattering, and the terms proposed generous.
+    But so far as this co-operation will depend on the building
+    of frigates there as proposed, it cannot be effected from
+    their want of money. Whether the American frigates could be
+    employed in such an enterprise, that is, whether the
+    services, for which they may be already destined, will admit
+    of it, are, with other similar circumstances, necessary to be
+    known before that question could possibly be answered. The
+    distance from America, and the length of time necessary to
+    ask for and receive information and instructions from
+    thence, are such, that it would probably be more expedient,
+    that engagements for these purposes should be discussed and
+    concluded there than here. The circumstances of the United
+    States, while invaded, will be more fluctuating than those of
+    Spain, and measures in which they might conveniently embark
+    at one period, may shortly after be rendered impracticable by
+    the vicisitudes of war. It is further to be observed, that a
+    people, rising amidst such terrible struggles, with an
+    extensive country to defend, and that country invaded, and,
+    as it were, on fire in several places at once, are not in
+    good condition for foreign enterprises; but, on the contrary,
+    that it must generally be their interest, and of course their
+    policy, to keep their forces and strength at home, till the
+    expulsion of their enemies shall afford them leisure and
+    opportunities for distant and offensive operations.
+
+    "Whenever this period shall arrive, his Majesty may be
+    assured, that the United States will not remain idle, but
+    that, impelled by resentments too deep and too just to be
+    transitory, as well as by unshaken attachment to their
+    friends, they will persevere with firmness and constancy in
+    the common cause, and cheerfully unite their efforts with
+    those of France and Spain, in compelling the common enemy to
+    accept of reasonable terms of peace. I can, also, with great
+    confidence, assure your Excellency that the United States
+    will be happy in every opportunity, which may offer during
+    the war, of joining their arms to those of Spain, and in
+    co-operating with them in any expeditions, which
+    circumstances may render expedient against the Floridas, or
+    other objects. The Americans would most cheerfully fight by
+    the side of the Spaniards, and by spilling their blood in the
+    same cause, and on the same occasion, convince them of their
+    ardent desire to become their faithful friends and steadfast
+    allies.
+
+    "I cannot prevail upon myself to conclude, without expressing
+    to your Excellency my apprehension of the anxiety, and
+    painful concern, with which Congress would receive
+    intelligence of the failure of their bills, and especially
+    after the expectations they have been induced to conceive of
+    the successful issue of their affairs here. What conclusions
+    the enemy would draw from the inability of Spain to advance
+    the sum in question, even to men actually in arms against
+    Great Britain, I forbear to mention, nor would it become me
+    to point out the several evil consequences flowing from such
+    an event, to those who enjoy from nature and experience more
+    discernment than I am blessed with.
+
+    "I still flatter myself, that some expedients may be devised
+    to surmount the present difficulties, and that the harvest of
+    laurels now ripening for his Majesty in America will not be
+    permitted to wither for want of watering.
+
+    "Influenced by this hope, I shall delay transmitting any
+    intelligence respecting this matter to Congress, till your
+    Excellency shall be pleased to communicate to me his
+    Majesty's further pleasure on the subject.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+Your Excellency will doubtless observe, that this answer does not
+comprehend all the objections to which the Minister's plan is liable,
+such, for instance, as the proposal that the vessels proposed to be
+built in America, with the money of America, and to be navigated by
+Americans, should sail under _Spanish colors, &c._ I thought it most
+prudent to avoid taking notice of these and similar circumstances,
+lest objections, which might be ascribed to pride, as well as reason,
+might lose their force in that supposition, and, instead of
+convincing, serve only to irritate.
+
+Nothing further passed between the Minister and myself except a
+message or two respecting each other's health, until the 19th day of
+June, when I sent him the following card.
+
+    "Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his
+    Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, and takes the
+    liberty of enclosing the copy of a note he has just received,
+    respecting a bill drawn upon him for three hundred and
+    thirtythree dollars. From this his Excellency will perceive
+    the painful situation Mr Jay is in. He forbears making any
+    reflections on it, being persuaded that his Excellency's
+    wisdom and sensibility render them unnecessary.
+
+    "_Madrid, June 19th, 1780._"
+
+On the 20th instant I received the following answer.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca will have no difficulty in
+    paying the bill of three hundred and thirtythree dollars
+    mentioned in Mr Jay's note of yesterday, both on account of
+    its small value, and in consequence of what he had the honor
+    to offer him at their last conference; but he cannot forbear
+    observing to Mr Jay, that it will be impossible to show the
+    same complaisance for other bills without consulting the
+    pleasure of the King.
+
+    "The means hitherto proposed not having been considered as
+    agreeable to Congress, it has become necessary to seek for
+    others, and Mr Jay will do well to think seriously on this
+    subject, and communicate to the Count de Florida Blanca
+    whatever his wisdom and information may suggest to him."
+
+This looked dry, and indicated a degree of irritation, though it held
+up the idea of further means.
+
+I replied to it on the 22d of June, as follows.
+
+                                         "Madrid, June 22d, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I received the note your Excellency did me the honor to
+    write on the 20th instant, and I take the earliest
+    opportunity of expressing my thanks for your Excellency's
+    permission to accept the bills mentioned in it, which I have
+    accordingly done.
+
+    "Agreeably to your Excellency's recommendation in the first
+    conference, I have turned my thoughts very seriously to the
+    objects which were the subjects of it, relative to the bills
+    drawn upon me; they were two.
+
+    "1st. The means of paying these bills.
+
+    "2dly. The proposed contract with America for light vessels,
+    &c.
+
+    "With respect to the _first_, it appeared to me, that the
+    principal difficulty was removed by your Excellency's
+    informing me, '_that at the end of the present year, it would
+    be in your power to advance twentyfive, thirty, or forty
+    thousand pounds sterling_.' Hence I inferred, that as much
+    time would be taken up in the sale, negotiation, and
+    transmission of those bills, and as so long a space as six
+    months was assigned for their payment, after being presented,
+    that the sums which it would be in your Excellency's power to
+    advance at the end of the year, would probably be equal to
+    the amount of the bills which would then become payable; and
+    that in the mean time such further means might be provided,
+    as would obviate difficulties with respect to those that
+    might afterwards become due. When I reflected that I was a
+    stranger to the resources of Spain, and that your
+    Excellency's acknowledged abilities comprehended all the
+    objects and combinations necessary in determining what
+    supplies they were capable of affording, and the manner and
+    means most proper for the purpose, it appeared to me in the
+    light of presumption to hazard to your Excellency any
+    propositions on the subject.
+
+    "2dly. On considering the proposed contract, it became
+    important to distinguish between the building these vessels
+    with the money of the United States, or with that of Spain.
+    The latter was very practicable, and I gave your Excellency
+    that opinion in my letter of the 9th instant. The former, on
+    the contrary, appeared to me not to be within the power of
+    the United States, and candor obliged me to make this known
+    to your Excellency in the same letter.
+
+    "I knew it to be impossible for Congress, consistent with
+    good faith, to contract; that, notwithstanding their great
+    want of money, the injuries of a six years' war, and their
+    being actually invaded, they would repay immediately the
+    monies lent them, either in ships or otherwise. It is not
+    uncommon for ancient and opulent nations to find it necessary
+    to borrow money in time of war, but I believe it very seldom
+    happens, that they find it convenient to pay those debts till
+    the return of peace. If this be the case with powerful and
+    long established nations, more cannot be expected from a
+    young nation brought forth by oppression, and rising amidst
+    every species of violence and devastation, which fire, sword,
+    and malice can furnish for their destruction.
+
+    "If attentive only to obtaining payment of these bills, and
+    thereby relieving my country from the complicated evils which
+    must result from their being protested, I had entered into
+    the proposed engagements for immediate repayment, by building
+    vessels, &c. if I had done this, notwithstanding a full
+    conviction, that the contract so made could not be fulfilled,
+    my conduct, however convenient in its immediate consequences,
+    would have been highly reprehensible. This reflection,
+    therefore, will I hope convince your Excellency of the purity
+    of my intentions, and induce you to ascribe my objections to
+    the contract, to want of ability, and not to want of
+    inclination in the United States to perform it. No
+    consideration will ever prevail upon me to practise
+    deception, and I am happy in a persuasion, that although
+    truths may sometimes not please, yet that when delivered with
+    decency and respect, they will never offend either his
+    Majesty or your Excellency.
+
+    "Believe me, Sir, the United States will not be able to pay
+    their debts during the war, and therefore any plan whatever
+    calculated on a contrary position must be fruitless. I am
+    ready to pledge their faith for repaying to his Majesty,
+    within a reasonable term after the war, and with a reasonable
+    interest, any sums he may be so kind as to lend them. What
+    more can I offer? What more can they do? If there be any
+    services they can do to his Majesty, consistent with their
+    safety and defence, they are ready and will be happy to
+    render them. They respect the King and the nation, and at the
+    very time they are requesting his aid, they are soliciting to
+    be united to him by bonds of perpetual amity and alliance.
+    Against his enemies as well as their own, they are now in
+    arms; and the supplies they ask are not for the purpose of
+    luxury or aggrandizement, but for the sole and express
+    purpose of annoying those enemies, and enabling France,
+    Spain, and themselves, to obtain a peace honorable and
+    advantageous to each.
+
+    "Of his Majesty's kind disposition towards them, they had
+    received not only professions but proofs. Hence they became
+    inspired not only with gratitude, but with confidence in his
+    friendship. Impelled by this confidence, and a particular
+    concurrence of exigencies already explained to your
+    Excellency, they drew the bills in question. The issue of
+    this measure will be highly critical, and followed by a train
+    of consequences very important and extensive. The single
+    circumstance of your Excellency having permitted me to accept
+    the first of these bills, will be considered by our enemies
+    as an unfortunate omen. By predicting from it further aids,
+    their ideas of the resources of Spain, and the resistance of
+    America will naturally be raised, and their hopes of subduing
+    the one, or reducing the power of the other, will naturally
+    be diminished. They will impute these aids to a plan of the
+    House of Bourbon, wisely concerted and firmly persisted in,
+    to secure themselves and all Europe against the ambition of
+    Britain, by completing the division of her empire, and they
+    will cease to flatter themselves, that America thus aided
+    will become destitute of resources to carry on the war. On
+    the other hand, America will derive fresh vigor from this
+    mark of friendship, and their attachment to his Majesty
+    become proportionably more strong. By mutual good offices,
+    friendship between nations, as between individuals, is only
+    to be established; and it is always a happy circumstance when
+    it subsists between those, whom nature has placed contiguous
+    to each other. But your Excellency's time is of too great
+    importance to be engaged by such obvious reflections.
+
+    "Permit me, Sir, still to indulge the pleasing expectation of
+    being enabled to inform Congress, that his Majesty's
+    magnanimity and friendship have prompted him, though
+    inconvenient to his own affairs, to secure the credit of
+    their bills; and I am persuaded that the benevolence of your
+    Excellency's disposition will be gratified in being
+    instrumental in a measure, which would make such agreeable
+    impressions on the hearts and minds of so great a number of
+    steadfast friends to the Spanish monarchy.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+As this letter was, among other things, designed to establish the
+expectations and encouragement given me by the Minister, as to money,
+in the last conference, by obliging him either to deny them against
+truth, or admit them, at least, by his silence, I desired Mr
+Carmichael to deliver it with his own hands, which he accordingly did.
+It still remains unanswered.
+
+Your Excellency will be at no loss to perceive, that this was an
+improper season for pushing on the treaty, and that it would not have
+been prudent to have given poignancy to the Minister's feelings for
+the loss of his frigates, and the trouble of our bills, by disputes
+about the Mississippi, &c. &c. I therefore did not remind him of the
+notes he had promised, nor indeed say anything at all about the
+matter.
+
+About this time I met with a printed copy of an act of the State of
+Connecticut, reciting and adopting the resolutions of Congress of the
+18th of March last, respecting the former and new paper emissions.
+This was the first advice I had of those resolutions. The promise of
+annual interest in Europe appeared to me to be a hardy measure,
+though, in my opinion, the weakest side of the plan.
+
+Finding the Minister's heart and imagination much attached to his
+favorite idea of getting American frigates at the expense of the
+United States, I gave him the following hint.
+
+                                        "Madrid, June 28th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency,
+    herewith enclosed, a copy of an act of the State of
+    Connecticut, just come to hand, in which are recited certain
+    resolutions of Congress, passed the 18th of March last.
+
+    "These resolutions are calculated to put the American
+    finances on a permanent footing. They direct, among other
+    things, that bills be issued, redeemable in specie, with
+    interest, at the expiration of six years. The interest to be
+    paid at the redemption of the bills, or at the election of
+    the holder annually, at the American Loan Offices, in
+    sterling bills of exchange on the commissioners in Europe.
+
+    "Your Excellency will perceive, that when this plan, so well
+    concerted, shall be fully executed, it will furnish the
+    United States with resources equal to all the exigencies of
+    the war, and probably enable them to supply his Catholic
+    Majesty with vessels, &c, &c.
+
+    "I take the liberty, therefore, of submitting to your
+    Excellency's consideration, whether it would not be for the
+    benefit of both nations, that his Majesty, on the one hand,
+    should engage his responsibility for the credit of a certain
+    proportion of the sum so to be emitted; and that the United
+    States, on the other hand, should not only pledge their faith
+    to indemnify his Majesty, but also furnish him with certain
+    aids in vessels, &c.
+
+    "If your Excellency should think this hint worthy of your
+    attention, it will be easy to improve it, and adjust the
+    particulars.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+This letter was accompanied with the following one, on the subject of
+some more bills that had just arrived.
+
+    "Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his Excellency
+    the Count de Florida Blanca, and has the honor of informing
+    him, that he has been called upon to accept bills to the
+    amount of between ten and eleven thousand dollars; that the
+    far greater part of them belong to Messrs Joyce of this city,
+    who have agreed to wait for an answer until Monday next.
+
+    "Mr Jay exceedingly regrets his being obliged to give his
+    Excellency so much trouble, but still flatters himself, that,
+    when his Excellency considers it as his duty which imposes
+    that necessity upon him, his goodness will excuse it.
+
+                                      _Madrid, June 28th, 1780._"
+
+I ought also to add, that I had sent to the Count a representation on
+the subject of a very high handed stretch of power in the Governor of
+Teneriffe, towards a prize carried there by some Americans. On the
+next day I received the following answer to these three papers.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                      "Aranjues, June 29th, 1780.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca has had the honor of the three
+    last letters, which Mr Jay has been pleased to write him.
+
+    "The first relates to a privateer detained in the Canaries.
+    On this point he can say nothing until he has obtained some
+    further information thereon.
+
+    "The second respects some new bills of exchange just
+    presented by Messrs Joyce, to the amount of between ten and
+    eleven thousand dollars. The Count can give no positive
+    answer hereon, without first taking the orders of the King,
+    his master, and having a meeting with the other Ministers,
+    and some of these having already gone to Madrid, a
+    determination cannot be immediately had, which renders it
+    necessary for Mr Jay to require Messrs Joyce to wait some
+    days longer for the answer in question.
+
+    "The third contains a project of an arrangement, by which his
+    Majesty should oblige himself for his responsibility for
+    certain sums in favor of Congress, and they, on their part,
+    for the indemnification of the said sums at a certain period,
+    by furnishing some vessels, &c. Mr Jay is therefore entreated
+    to draw out a more clear and precise plan on this subject,
+    noting therein the sum to which the responsibility of the
+    King should extend, and on which they may converse at their
+    first interview.
+
+    "In the meanwhile the Count has the honor of assuring him of
+    the sincerity of his esteem and attachment."
+
+Congress will observe, that the Minister still kept up the idea of an
+interference in favor of these bills. On the 3d of July, the Count
+having removed to Madrid, he wrote me a note expressing the same idea.
+It is in these words
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments to Mr
+    Jay, and prays to be informed when the last bills of
+    exchange, which he mentioned the other day as being in the
+    hands of Messrs Joyce, and amounting to about ten or eleven
+    thousand dollars, will become payable. At the Palace, 3d of
+    July, 1780."
+
+Thus things were apparently in good train, when the news of the loss
+of Charleston became credible. The effect of it was as visible the
+next day, as that of a hard night's frost on young leaves.
+
+I requested a conference with the Minister, and had one on the evening
+of the 5th of July. The following are notes of it.
+
+                                          Madrid, July 5th, 1780.
+
+    Mr Jay waited on the Count de Florida Blanca agreeably to an
+    appointment made by the latter to meet at his house at half
+    past eight this evening.
+
+    After the usual compliments, the bad news relative to the
+    surrender of Charleston, just received, became the topic of
+    conversation. The Count mentioned the channels through which
+    he had received it, viz. by an express despatched by the
+    Spanish Ambassador at Lisbon, in consequence of intelligence
+    which Governor Johnson had received and published in that
+    city, and by letters from the Count d'Aranda, with the
+    accounts printed at London of the affair. He expressed his
+    sorrow on the occasion, but observed, that the Count d'Aranda
+    flattered him, that the arrival of the Chevalier de Ternay in
+    that part of the world would totally change the face of
+    affairs, particularly as there would be eight vessels of the
+    line, and more than five thousand troops instead of three
+    thousand, and three vessels of the line which he had been
+    informed were demanded by General Washington.
+
+    He seemed to think it strange, that the place had not been
+    better defended, and that more vigorous measures had not
+    been taken to impede the enemy's progress, and observed, that
+    if the town was not in a condition to stand a siege, it would
+    have been better to have withdrawn the troops and stores, and
+    reserved them for the defence of the country. Mr Jay replied,
+    that probably when all circumstances relative to this affair
+    were known, there might be reasons which would account for
+    the conduct of the Americans on this occasion; to the truth
+    of which remark the Count appeared to assent. He then
+    mentioned the death of M. Mirales, and regretted his loss at
+    this time. He said, he had recommended to his Majesty a
+    person to succeed him, whom we knew, that spoke English, whom
+    he expected soon, and to whom he would explain his ideas on
+    the subject of the bills, and on other matters, touching
+    which Mr Jay had written to him, and who would confer also
+    with Mr Jay on those subjects.
+
+    Mr Jay mentioned, that if it was agreeable to his Excellency
+    to permit M. Del Campo (a confidential secretary of the
+    Count, who speaks English, and who translated all the letters
+    to and from the Count) to be present, he should be able to
+    explain his sentiments more fully and clearly. Though the
+    Count did not object to this proposal, he appeared
+    disinclined to it, and said, that with the assistance of Mr
+    Carmichael, then present, they could understand each other
+    very well.
+
+    He then proceeded to speak of the bills of exchange in the
+    possession of the Messrs Joyce, and seemed to be surprised
+    that that House should be possessed of so many of them. He
+    advised Mr Jay to be cautious of those gentlemen, saying,
+    that they were as much English in their hearts as the
+    Ministry of that country; that he had known them long, that
+    he thought their conduct extraordinary in being so urgent
+    for the acceptance of these bills. Mr Jay then informed his
+    Excellency, that he had paid those gentlemen a visit in order
+    to obtain further time, and that they had consented to wait
+    until Monday next. The Count mentioned a fortnight or three
+    weeks as necessary, in order that he might have an
+    opportunity of seeing the person he had sent for, and making
+    some arrangements with him. He said, that it would be more
+    agreeable to his Majesty to pay those bills at Cadiz, Bilboa,
+    or Amsterdam, than here; lamented the precipitancy with which
+    Congress had entered into this measure, saying, that if they
+    had previously addressed the King on the subject, ways and
+    means might have been found, either to transport from their
+    possessions in America specie for the service of Congress, or
+    to have enabled them to have drawn bills of exchange at a
+    shorter sight, which would have prevented the loss of one
+    third of the money to which Congress had subjected
+    themselves, by the terms on which the present bills were
+    sold. Mr Jay assured his Excellency, that by letters he had
+    received from America, from members of Congress and others,
+    he was informed, that the terms were judged so unfavorable to
+    the buyers, that the bills drawn on him sold heavily from
+    that circumstance solely, and not from any doubt of their
+    credit and payment.
+
+    This did not, however, appear to convince his Excellency, who
+    spoke much of the deranged state of our finances and credit;
+    of the advantages taken of Congress by merchants and others,
+    who availed themselves of that circumstance, which he called
+    cruel extortions, frequently expressing the King's wishes and
+    his own to render America all the service in their power in
+    this crisis of their affairs; but observed, that it was
+    impossible to obtain much money in Europe while France,
+    England, and Spain, were making use of every resource to
+    obtain it for the enormous expenses of the war, and while the
+    channel through which the European merchants received
+    supplies of specie was stopped, viz. the arrival of the usual
+    quantity from America. This induced him to mention the
+    arrival at Cadiz of three millions of piastres, all of which
+    was on account of the merchants, and again to dwell on what
+    he had before said of the possibility of transmitting specie
+    to the States from the Spanish possessions abroad, and of the
+    effect that this would have in re-establishing the credit of
+    our money. Mr Jay observed in reply, that if a supply of
+    specie could be sent to America, and his Excellency thought
+    that measure more convenient and advisable than bills, the
+    Congress would, in his opinion, readily suspend drawing, on
+    receiving that information; to which the Count answered, that
+    when the person he had sent for arrived, this matter might be
+    further discussed.
+
+    Mr Jay then proceeded to observe, that by papers which he had
+    transmitted to his Excellency, he would see that Congress had
+    adopted a system to redeem and destroy the former emissions,
+    and to emit other bills to be paid in Europe with interest in
+    a certain term of years, and in fully establishing this
+    system, it would be probably in their power, not only to
+    sustain the credit of their money, but to contribute, in some
+    measure, to assist Spain in the way proposed by his
+    Excellency, viz. in building of frigates, &c. &c. He added,
+    that as his Majesty's treasure was detained in America, and
+    as much expense would be incurred by the armaments employed
+    by Spain there, that bills on the Havana in favor of the
+    United States might be more convenient to Spain, and equally
+    contribute to the end proposed. The Count did not seem to
+    disapprove of the idea, but did not enlarge upon it. He asked
+    Mr Jay, if America could not furnish Spain with masts and
+    ship timber. Mr Jay replied, that those articles might be
+    obtained there. The Count then said that he would defer
+    further remarks on this head, till the arrival of the person
+    whom he expected would succeed M. Mirales, and appeared
+    desirous of leaving this subject, and, indeed, all other
+    matters relative to American affairs to be discussed when he
+    came.
+
+    In the further course of conversation, he recurred to the
+    subject of the bills in question, and told Mr Jay if an
+    immediate acceptance of them was insisted on, that he might
+    accept them payable at Bilboa, but rather seemed to wish that
+    their acceptance might be delayed till the coming of the
+    abovementioned person. Mr Jay expatiated on the impression,
+    which the acceptance of these bills and every other mark of
+    friendship would make in America at this particular crisis,
+    and the Count, in a very feeling and warm manner, assured him
+    that his desire to serve the States increased in consequence
+    of their distresses. By his whole conversation he endeavored
+    to show how much he interested himself in the prosperity of
+    our affairs, more than once desiring Mr Jay not to be
+    discouraged, for that with time and patience all would go
+    well, expatiating on the King's character, his religious
+    observation of, and adherence to his promises, and his own
+    desire of having Mr Jay's entire confidence. Mr Jay seized
+    this opportunity of assuring him of his full reliance on the
+    King's justice and honor, and his particular and entire
+    confidence in his Excellency, asserting to him that all his
+    letters to Congress breathed these sentiments. The Count
+    appeared much pleased with this declaration, and, seeming to
+    speak without reserve, hinted his hopes that the combined
+    fleets would soon be in condition to give the law to that of
+    England in the seas of Europe, repeating that measures would
+    be taken, on the arrival of the person expected, to provide
+    for the payment of the bills of exchange, and that other
+    arrangements would be made with the same person, which would
+    contribute to relieve, as much as it was in his Majesty's
+    power, the present distresses of America, of which he
+    frequently spoke very feelingly in the course of this
+    conversation.
+
+    Mr Jay reminded his Excellency, in a delicate manner, of the
+    supplies of clothing, &c. &c. which had been promised in a
+    former conference, and said that if they could be sent in
+    autumn, they would be essentially useful. The Count assured
+    him that measures would be taken for this purpose, with the
+    person so often hinted at in the course of the conference;
+    that probably these goods would be embarked from Bilboa, as
+    everything was so dear at Cadiz. He also once more told Mr
+    Jay, that at all events he might accept the bills presented
+    by Messrs Joyce, payable at Bilboa, though he appeared to
+    wish that this measure might be delayed for a fortnight if
+    possible. The conference ended with compliments and
+    assurances on the one part and the other, the Count
+    endeavoring to persuade Mr Jay of his Majesty's desire to
+    assist the States, and Mr Jay assuring him of his reliance on
+    his Excellency, and of the good effects which such proofs of
+    his Majesty's friendship would have in America at the present
+    juncture.
+
+In this conference not a single nail would drive. Everything was to be
+postponed till the arrival of the person intended to succeed M.
+Mirales.
+
+On the 11th of July I wrote the Count the following note.
+
+    "Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his Excellency
+    the Count de Florida Blanca, and has the honor of informing
+    him, that Don Carlos Maria Maraci of this place has presented
+    to him, for acceptance, bills amounting in the whole to one
+    thousand six hundred and sixtyfive dollars. The Messrs Joyce
+    consent to having their bills payable at Bilboa, but have
+    acquainted Mr Jay that the name of the House there, by whom
+    they are to be paid, should accompany the acceptance of the
+    bills, it being necessary to their further negotiation.
+
+        "_Madrid, July 11th, 1780._"
+
+To this note the following answer was returned.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "In answer to the note the Count de Florida Blanca has just
+    received from Mr Jay, dated yesterday, he has the honor to
+    acquaint him, that he intends writing to Bilboa on the
+    subject of the bills in the hands of Messrs Joyce, and which
+    are to be accepted, so that it will be necessary to wait some
+    days to fix the House at which the acceptance will be made.
+
+    "As to the bills presented by Don Carlos Maraci to the value
+    of one thousand six hundred and sixtyfive dollars, the Count
+    recommends to Mr Jay to request, in like manner, a delay of
+    fifteen days for their acceptance, this time being necessary,
+    that the Count may have an interview with a person not at
+    present in Madrid.
+
+        "_At the Palace, July 12th, 1780._"
+
+I was obliged to wait with patience, and endeavor to keep the holders
+of the bills from returning them, noted for non-acceptance. The Count
+went to St Ildefonso; the time limited for the arrival of the person
+expected having expired, I wrote the Count three notes on the subject
+of the bills, and in one requested his permission for Mr Harrison of
+Maryland to remain at Cadiz, from whence he was threatened to be
+removed in pursuance of the King's ordinance against Irishmen. To
+these I received the following answer, dated the 29th of July.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments to Mr
+    Jay, and acquaints him that he has duly received his three
+    last letters.
+
+    "For the satisfaction of Mr Jay, orders shall be given for Mr
+    Harrison to remain at Cadiz, the general regulations
+    established by the King notwithstanding.
+
+    "On the subject of the acceptance of the bills of exchange,
+    the Count can only say that he still waits for the person in
+    question, who has informed him that he was on the point of
+    setting out on his journey.
+
+    "He is moreover very sensible of the attention in
+    communicating to him the last advices received respecting the
+    affair of Charleston, and persuades himself that Mr Jay will
+    always observe the same complaisance.
+
+        "_Saturday, July 29th._"
+
+I immediately wrote him a letter of thanks for his civility to Mr
+Harrison, and nothing further passed between us till the 11th of
+August, when I sent him the following note.
+
+    "Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his Excellency
+    the Count de Florida Blanca, and has the honor of informing
+    him, that since the date of his last, bills to the amount of
+    six thousand and six hundred dollars have been presented to
+    him for acceptance. Mr Jay has prevailed on the holders of
+    these bills to wait six or eight days for his answer, on a
+    promise that the time for their payment, if accepted, shall
+    be computed from the day on which they were presented.
+
+        "_Madrid, August 11th, 1780._"
+
+To this was written the following answer.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca has just received Mr Jay's note
+    of yesterday, on the subject of the new bills, which have
+    been presented to him. He is mortified not to be able to
+    return a positive answer today, respecting the acceptance of
+    said bills, and must repeat, that he still waits for the
+    person of whom mention has been made in preceding notes.
+
+        "_St Ildefonso, August 12th, 1780._"
+
+Mrs Jay's illness, and the death of a child, detaining me at Madrid, I
+requested the Count to give me notice when it would be necessary I
+should wait upon him, and in the mean time Mr Carmichael went to St
+Ildefonso.
+
+Congress will be pleased to remember, that in the conference of July
+5th, the Minister, speaking of the person intended to succeed M.
+Mirales, said that he spoke English, and that we knew him. I supposed,
+that he alluded to one of the Gardoquis, three of whom speak English,
+and I was well acquainted with one of them. But as another of them had
+been heretofore employed by the Court, it appeared most probable that
+he was the person meant. They are brothers and have a strong family
+likeness.
+
+On the 10th, Mr Carmichael wrote me, that he had seen the Count, and
+was informed by him, that the person so long expected had not yet
+arrived, and when he did he would give notice of it. On the 12th he
+wrote me that a person had arrived, whom he suspected to be the one so
+long expected. It seems that a person much resembling the Gardoqui
+family had arrived at the same inn where Mr Carmichael lodged, and was
+seen by him.
+
+The holders of the bills becoming extremely uneasy, I wrote the Count
+the following reply to his last note.
+
+                                      "Madrid, August 16th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "The letter, which your Excellency did me the honor to write
+    on the 12th instant, was delivered to me yesterday.
+
+    "The kind concern you are pleased to express for the delay,
+    which suspends my receiving a positive answer respecting the
+    bills, demands my acknowledgments, and is an additional proof
+    of that generous sensibility, which induced your Excellency
+    to tell me, that your friendship for America should rise with
+    her distresses. A sentiment so evincive of magnanimity will
+    be received by Congress with all the admiration and gratitude
+    it merits, and will not cease to inspire me with that
+    confidence in your Excellency, which greatness of mind seldom
+    fails to excite.
+
+    "I ought to mention, that the holders of the bills here begin
+    to grow impatient, and frequently repeat their applications
+    to me for acceptance.
+
+    "With sentiments of great respect and regard, I have the
+    honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+No answer.
+
+The next day I received a card from the house of Joyce, informing me
+of their having received peremptory orders to return their bills, and
+that they could not delay it longer than the next post. Of this I sent
+a copy to the Count without any observations.
+
+No answer.
+
+On the 18th of August, I wrote the Count the following letter.
+
+                                      "Madrid, August 18th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I never find myself more disagreeably circumstanced, than
+    when my duty constrains me to be troublesome to those, whom I
+    wish to afford only pleasure and satisfaction. Such is my
+    present situation. Monday next I perceive is to be a critical
+    day. Other bills besides Messrs Joyce are then to be
+    re-presented.
+
+    "M. Gardoqui of Bilboa writes me, that he has received bills
+    on me for thirteen thousand three hundred and thirtyfive
+    dollars, with orders immediately to ship the amount in goods
+    to America. They will be presented tomorrow, and he expects
+    an answer by Monday's post. If an immediate acceptance or
+    refusal should be insisted on by any one of them, a protest
+    must ensue, and American credit be reduced to the lowest ebb.
+    What am I to do? If your Excellency should direct me to
+    accept these bills payable at Bilboa, they will, as before,
+    demand at what House they are to be paid.
+
+    "I must entreat your Excellency to relieve me and my country
+    from this painful situation, and to pardon the trouble I am
+    obliged to give you.
+
+    "With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+    "_P. S._ The enclosed contains intelligence from America."
+
+No answer.
+
+Having first visited the holders of the bills, and obtained further
+time till Monday next, on the 24th I set out for St Ildefonso. I
+arrived the next day, and wrote the Count the following letter.
+
+                                "St Ildefonso, August 25th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I arrived here this morning, but was prevented from
+    immediately doing myself the honor of paying my respects to
+    your Excellency, by fatigue and indisposition.
+
+    "In a letter I had the honor of writing to your Excellency on
+    the 16th instant, I mentioned, that the holders of the bills
+    began to grow impatient. On the 18th instant, I informed your
+    Excellency by another letter, that their applications to me
+    for acceptance had become so pressing, as that I found myself
+    under the necessity of again requesting your directions.
+
+    "I have accepted Messrs Joyce's bills payable at Bilboa,
+    agreeable to your Excellency's directions on the 5th of July
+    last, and they have agreed to wait some time for the name of
+    the House there, which may be employed to pay them. The other
+    gentlemen were induced to delay requiring of me a decisive
+    answer until Monday next, on my assurances, that they should
+    then receive one.
+
+    "The inducements and reasons, which urged Congress into this
+    measure, are known to your Excellency, and it would be no
+    less unnecessary than improper to recapitulate the
+    consequences, which must ensue from the success or failure of
+    it.
+
+    "I fear your Excellency thinks I am too solicitous, too
+    importunate. But when it is considered, that the holders of
+    these bills are not under my control, and that they require
+    an answer from me, I flatter myself that the trouble I give
+    your Excellency on this subject will appear to arise from a
+    sense of my duty, and not from the impulse of impatience.
+
+    "I sincerely congratulate your Excellency on the late
+    important naval success against the common enemy, and have
+    the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+No Answer.
+
+The next morning I went to pay my respects to the Minister, but being
+told he was sick, I left a card. The French Ambassador, however, and
+others, had been with him in the morning, and he rode out as usual in
+the afternoon.
+
+Mr Carmichael informed me, that in passing by a wicket-gate of the
+King's private gardens, he had seen the person, whom he had before
+seen at the inn, walking in them, and that his servant had learned
+from a barber of his acquaintance, that he dressed a gentleman who
+spoke English, and lodged at M. Del Campo's. He also informed me, that
+the French Ambassador had lately received a letter from Count de la
+Luzerne, dated the 12th of May; that he was present when it was
+opened, that it was in cypher, and that the Ambassador said, he
+supposed he was impatient to hear the news; that he afterwards
+expressed a desire to see this letter, and that the Ambassador
+referred him for it to the Secretary; that the Secretary gave him some
+important papers, adding, that he had _mislaid_ the letter. Hence it
+seems, as if the Ambassador intended at first to communicate the
+letter, but that its contents on being decyphered forbad it.
+
+It appeared to me proper to mention my embarrassments to the French
+Ambassador, who had always been friendly, and ask his advice and aid
+on the subject. The next day I had a conference with him, and the
+following are notes of it.
+
+                                 St Ildefonso, August 27th, 1780.
+
+    Mr Jay waited on the Count de Montmorin this morning at nine
+    o'clock, agreeably to appointment the day before. The former
+    commenced the conversation by observing, that in his first
+    conferences with the Minister of Spain, at Aranjues, the
+    Minister divided the subject into two parts, and spoke
+    largely on that of the bills drawn on Mr Jay, and on the
+    treaty proposed to be entered into between Spain and America.
+    Mr Jay recapitulated the Minister's assurances relative to
+    the former, and informed the Ambassador, that the result of
+    this conference was a promise of the Minister to send him
+    written notes on _both_ points, a few days afterwards. That
+    with respect to the notes relative to the treaty, Mr Jay had
+    not received them as yet. That on the other point, he had
+    received notes, which, as well as his answer, he had shown to
+    the Ambassador. That on the 5th of July he had another
+    conference with the Minister at Madrid, in which he had
+    endeavored to turn the conversation to the several objects of
+    his business and mission here, but that the Minister
+    postponed the discussion of them, until a person for whom he
+    had sent, with a view to succeed M. Mirales, should arrive,
+    when all the necessary arrangements should be made. He indeed
+    told Mr Jay, that if the Messrs Joyce were pressing, he might
+    accept their bills, payable at Bilboa, and throughout the
+    whole conference, had given Mr Jay warm and repeated
+    assurances, not only of the King's good faith and friendly
+    disposition towards America, but of his own personal
+    attachment to her interest, on both of which, as well as in
+    his candor and promises, he desired him to place the greatest
+    reliance.
+
+    Mr Jay proceeded further to inform the Ambassador, that being
+    exceedingly pressed by Messrs Joyce and others, holders of
+    the bills, for a decisive answer, which they had required to
+    have on the Monday last past, he had signified the same to
+    the Minister by three letters, requesting his directions, to
+    none of which he received any answers. That he had accepted
+    Messrs Joyce's bills, payable, as directed, by the Minister,
+    and had prevailed on the other to wait until Monday next.
+    That on his arrival here on Friday he wrote another letter to
+    the Minister on the same subject, and the next day called at
+    his house to pay his respects, but not being able to see him
+    had left a card; that being thus circumstanced he was under
+    the necessity of requesting the favor of him to speak to the
+    Count, and obtain an answer from him.
+
+    The Ambassador told Mr Jay, that he ought to ask an audience
+    of the Minister. To this Mr Jay replied, that he could not
+    hope to have an answer to this request, as he had not been
+    able to procure one to the different applications he had
+    already made. The Ambassador said, that he would willingly
+    speak to the Minister, but that he feared he should not be
+    able to enter fully into the subject with him until
+    Wednesday, both the Minister and himself having their time
+    employed on objects, which at present and for some time past,
+    had engrossed much of their attention. He then asked Mr Jay
+    if he had written to Congress to stop drawing bills on him.
+    Mr Jay replied, that he could not with propriety give such
+    information to Congress, after the general and repeated
+    assurances made him by the Count de Florida Blanca ever since
+    his arrival here, and particularly the Minister's
+    declaration, that he should be able to furnish him with
+    thirty or forty thousand pounds sterling, at the end of the
+    present or commencement of the next year, and that in the
+    meantime, other arrangements might be taken to pay such bills
+    as might become due after that period. He added, that if the
+    Count had candidly told him that he could not furnish him
+    with money to pay the bills, he should then immediately have
+    informed Congress of it, who would have taken of course the
+    proper measures on the occasion, but that should he now send
+    a true account of all that had passed between the Count de
+    Florida Blanca and himself thereon, he could not answer for
+    the disagreeable effects such intelligence would produce. The
+    Count seemed to think the Spanish Minister would pay the
+    bills that had been already presented, and had probably
+    delayed giving Mr Jay an answer until the arrival of the
+    person he expected, who he understood was detained by the
+    necessity of making some arrangements in his family before he
+    left it.
+
+    On this Mr Jay remarked, that this did not accord with the
+    information the Minister had given him near three weeks
+    before, that the said person was then about to set out.
+
+    The conference ended with a promise of the Count de
+    Montmorin, that he would endeavor to speak to the Count de
+    Florida Blanca on the subject, but that he was afraid he
+    should not be able to do it fully until Wednesday next.
+
+Finding that the Ambassador could not do anything till Wednesday next,
+and that the Minister's determined silence left no room to hope much
+from him very soon, I despatched letters by express to the holders of
+the bills, and requested a little more time. I was apprehensive that
+if I should accept them without the Minister's consent, it might
+become an objection to his providing for their payment, and
+appearances led me to suspect, that any tolerable excuse for such
+refusal would have been very grateful.
+
+The French Ambassador did not, as usual, return my visit. I dined with
+him, nevertheless; but his behavior, though polite, was dry, and not
+cordial and open as before. He mentioned not a syllable of his having
+received a letter from Philadelphia. These circumstances increased my
+apprehensions that his letter contained some things unpleasant.
+
+On Wednesday afternoon, 30th of August, I waited on the Ambassador, to
+know the result of the conversation he had promised to have with the
+Minister on our affairs. He did not appear very glad to see me. I
+asked him whether he had seen the Minister, and conversed with him on
+our affairs. He said he had seen the Minister, but that as Count
+d'Estaing was present, he had only some general and cursory
+conversation with him, and slipping away from that topic, went on to
+observe, that I would do well to write another letter to the Minister,
+mentioning the number of letters I had already written, my arrival
+here, and my desire of a conference with him. I told the Ambassador,
+that while four letters on the subject remained unanswered, it could
+not be necessary to write a fifth. That these letters had been written
+with great politeness and circumspection; that the last was written
+the day of my arrival at St Ildefonso; that I had also gone to the
+Minister's house, to pay my respects to him, and on being told he was
+sick, had left a card; and that, notwithstanding these marks of
+attention and respect, I still continued unanswered and unnoticed. I
+observed to him further, that this conduct accorded ill with the
+Minister's assurances; that unless I had met with more tenderness from
+the holders of the bills, they would have been returned noted for
+non-acceptance; that if such an event should at last take place, after
+the repeated promises and declarations of the Minister, there would of
+necessity be an end to the confidence of America in the Court of
+Spain.
+
+He replied, that he hoped things would take a more favorable turn;
+that to his knowledge the Minister had been of late much occupied and
+perplexed with business; that I ought not to be affected with the
+inattention of his conduct; that I should continue to conduct the
+business smoothly, having always in view the importance of Spain, and
+remembering that we were as yet only rising States, not firmly
+established, or generally acknowledged, &c. and that he would by all
+means advise me to write the Minister another letter, _praying_ an
+audience.
+
+I answered, that the object of my coming to Spain was to make
+_propositions_, not _supplications_, and that I should forbear
+troubling the Minister with further letters, till he should be more
+disposed to attend to them. That I considered America as being, and to
+continue independent in _fact_, and that her becoming so in _name_ was
+of no further importance than as it concerned the common cause, in the
+success of which all the parties were interested; and that I did not
+imagine Congress would agree to purchase from Spain the acknowledgment
+of an undeniable fact at the price she demanded for it; that I
+intended to abide patiently the fate of the bills, and should transmit
+to Congress an account of all matters relative to them; that I should
+then write the Minister another letter on the subject of the treaty,
+and if that should be treated with like neglect, or if I should be
+informed that his Catholic Majesty declined going into that measure, I
+should then consider my business at an end, and proceed to take the
+necessary measures for returning to America; that I knew my
+constituents were sincerely desirous of a treaty with Spain, and that
+their respect for the House of Bourbon, the desire of France signified
+in the Secret Article, and the favorable opinion they had imbibed of
+the Spanish nation, were the strongest inducements they had to wish
+it; that the policy of multiplying treaties with European nations was
+with me questionable, and might be so with others; that, for my own
+part, I was inclined to think it the interest of America to rest
+content with the treaty with France, and, by avoiding alliances with
+other nations, remain free from the influence of their disputes and
+politics; that the situation of the United States, in my opinion,
+dictated this policy; that I knew it to be their interest, and of
+course their disposition, to be at peace with all the world; and that
+I knew too it would be in their power, and I hoped in their
+inclination, always to defend themselves.
+
+The Ambassador was at a stand; after a little pause, he said, he hoped
+my mission would have a more agreeable issue. He asked me if I was
+content with the conduct of France. I answered, most certainly; for
+that she was spending her blood as well as treasure for us. This
+answer was too general for him. He renewed the question, by asking
+whether I was content with the conduct of France relative to our
+proposed treaty with Spain. I answered, that, as far as it had come to
+my knowledge, I was. This required an explanation, and I gave it to
+him, by observing, that, by the Secret Article, Spain was at liberty
+to accede to our treaty with France whenever she pleased, and with
+such alterations as both parties might agree to; that Congress had
+appointed me to propose this accession now, and had authorised me to
+enter into the necessary discussions and arguments; that, to give
+their application the better prospect of success, they had directed me
+to request the favorable interposition of the King of France with the
+King of Spain; that I had done it by letter to Count de Vergennes,
+who, in answer, had assured me of the King's disposition to comply
+with the request of Congress; and informed me that instructions
+analogous to this disposition should be given to the Ambassador at
+Madrid; that it gave me pleasure to acknowledge that his conduct
+towards me had always been polite and friendly, but that I still
+remained ignorant whether any, and what progress had been made in the
+mediation. He seemed not to have expected this; but observed, that all
+he could do was to be ready to do me any friendly office in his power,
+for that he did not see how his _mediation_ could be proper, except in
+cases where points of the treaty were discussed, and could not be
+agreed upon. To this I replied, that these were only _secondary_
+objects of the expected mediation, and that the _primary_ one was to
+prevail upon the King of Spain to commence the negotiation, and enter
+upon these discussions; but that I remained uninformed of what he
+might have done on that subject. The Ambassador made no direct reply
+to these remarks, but again proceeded to repeat his advice, that I
+should try one more letter to the Minister. I told him I had, after
+much consideration, made up my mind on that subject, and that it
+appeared to me inexpedient to follow his advice in this instance; and
+that when he should see the letters I had already written, he would
+probably be of the same opinion. I promised to show him the letters
+the next day, and took my leave. How far the tone of this conversation
+may be judged to have been prudent, I know not. It was not assumed,
+however, but after previous and mature deliberation. I reflected that
+we had lost Charleston, that reports ran hard against us, and
+therefore that this was no time to clothe one's self with humility.
+
+On considering the earnestness with which the Ambassador had pressed
+me to write another letter to the Minister, I began to suspect that it
+might be the wish of the latter, who, conscious of having gone rather
+too far, might desire this way to retreat through. I concluded,
+therefore, to adhere to my resolution of not writing, but that if the
+Ambassador should confirm my suspicions by again pressing the measure,
+in that case to consent to send Mr Carmichael to the Minister with my
+compliments, and a request that he would favor me with a conference at
+such time as might be most convenient to him.
+
+The next day, Thursday, the 31st of August, I visited the French
+Ambassador, and showed him the four last letters I had written to the
+Minister. He confessed they were perfectly unexceptionable, but again
+advised me to write another; I told him, I could not think of it, but
+that I would so far follow his advice, as to send Mr Carmichael to
+request of the Minister the favor of a conference. The Ambassador
+expressed much satisfaction at this proposal, and immediately
+promised to speak to the Minister on the subject. He advised, however,
+that I should delay the measure till Saturday, on account of some
+urgent business which then employed the Minister. To this I agreed. I
+hinted to him, that the person expected to succeed Mr Mirales was in
+town. He said he did not know, and waived the subject. I thought if
+that was really the case, it could do no harm that the Minister should
+know I suspected it. In the afternoon, the Ambassador's secretary paid
+me a visit, and seemed desirous of entering into particular
+conversation on the subject of our affairs, but as I did not approve
+of talking with the Ambassador through his secretary, I avoided it, by
+turning the conversation to light and general topics. He asked me
+several leading questions, and among others, whether there was a _M.
+Gardoqui_ in town. I told him many persons came and departed that I
+was ignorant of, and passed on to another subject. Two persons about
+the Court mentioned to Mr Carmichael this evening, that this person
+was arrived.
+
+On Saturday morning, the 2d of September, I committed my message for
+the Minister to Mr Carmichael, with directions, first to call on the
+French Ambassador, and ask him whether anything new had occurred to
+render the delivery of it improper. He told Mr Carmichael, he had
+mentioned to the Minister my desire of seeing him that day, but that
+the Minister said, he was so much occupied that it would be
+impossible. He, nevertheless, told Mr Carmichael _he might go and
+see_. This being mentioned to me, I told Mr Carmichael to go on.
+
+After being long detained in the ante-chamber, he had an opportunity
+of delivering his message, and received for answer, that the Minister
+could not possibly see me till the next Tuesday evening, and that Mr
+Carmichael should call again on Tuesday morning, to be informed
+whether it would be in his power to see me _then_; that the person so
+long expected was arrived; that he had been preparing instructions for
+him, and would endeavor in the meantime to send him to converse with
+me.
+
+On Sunday, the 3d of September, Don Diego Gardoqui, of Bilboa,
+presented me a note from the Count de Florida Blanca, in these words.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments to Mr
+    Jay, and recommends to him to form an acquaintance with the
+    bearer of this letter, being the person in question, whom he
+    had expected from day to day."
+
+It is observable, that M. Gardoqui's name is not mentioned in this
+letter, which appears the more singular, as the Count had never
+mentioned to me the _name_ of the _person expected_. This was being
+very wary. Mr Carmichael told me, he took this to be the same person
+whom he saw first at the inn, and afterwards walking in the private
+gardens.
+
+Hence it appears, that these strange delays were not unavoidable.
+Probably, the desire of further intelligence of the enemy's operations
+in America, and the undecided state of Mr Cumberland's negotiation,
+might have given occasion to them. To these may perhaps be added an
+expectation that our distresses would render us more pliant, and less
+attached to the Mississippi. But these are conjectures, and as men
+sometimes act without any settled system, it may not be prudent to
+scan their conduct by a supposed plan, however probable.
+
+M. Gardoqui began the conversation by assurances of his personal
+attachment to our cause and country, which gave occasion to mutual and
+complimentary professions too unimportant to repeat. I told him, that
+the holders of the bills, after having shown me great forbearance and
+delicacy, were at length perfectly tired; that the house of Casa Mayor
+had sent their bills after me, but that as I was not to expect the
+honor of a conference with the Minister until Tuesday evening, at
+soonest, I had requested time till Wednesday to give my answer. I
+therefore begged the favor of him to mention this to the Minister, and
+obtain his directions what I should do. He asked to what amount
+Congress had resolved to draw. I told him. He observed, that the Court
+ought previously to have been applied to. In answer to which, I
+recapitulated the reasons before given to the Minister. He dwelt
+largely on the necessities of the State, and I expatiated on the
+extensive ideas entertained of Spanish opulence in America. He assured
+me they were mistaken, and spoke of the difficulties occasioned by the
+detention of their treasures abroad. He then remarked, that we offered
+no _consideration_ for the money we solicited. I replied, that we
+offered the same consideration that other nations did who borrowed
+money, viz. the repayment of the principal with interest. He asked me
+if we had nothing further to offer, and mentioned ship timber. I said
+we had ship timber, but that as it belonged to individuals, the public
+could not get it otherwise than by purchase, and that it could answer
+no purpose to borrow money with one hand and instantly repay it with
+the other, for that a repayment in money, or in ship timber, was the
+same thing in fact, and differed only in name. Besides, that if Spain
+wanted timber from America, it would be better in case he went there,
+that he should be charged with that business, than that it should be
+under the direction of Congress, for that public works were always
+more expensive than private. He agreed in this. He again asked me
+whether I could think of nothing else to offer. I told him no. Whether
+there was nothing on the side of the Mississippi that I could offer. I
+told him nothing that I could think of except land, and that I did not
+think it would be worth the King's while to buy a hundred thousand
+pounds worth of land there, considering the immense territories he
+already possessed. He inquired whether I thought Congress would draw
+for the whole sum. I answered that it was in my opinion not
+improbable, for that they would consider the acceptance of ten or
+twelve thousand dollars as a prelude to further aids, naturally
+supposing, that if the King afforded us any supplies at all, they
+would be such as would correspond with his dignity, and not be limited
+to that little pittance. He desired me to meet him the next day at M.
+Del Campo's, which I promised to do.
+
+I shortly after saw the French Ambassador, who among other things
+mentioned the proposed meeting at Del Campo's, which, with various
+other circumstances, shows his being on confidential terms with the
+Minister.
+
+In the evening M. Gardoqui again paid me a visit, and pointedly
+proposed my offering the navigation of the Mississippi, as a
+consideration for aids. I told him that object could not come in
+question in a treaty for a loan of one hundred thousand pounds, and
+Spain should consider, that to render alliances permanent, they should
+be so formed as to render it the interest of both parties to observe
+them; that the Americans, almost to a man, believed that God Almighty
+had made that river a highway for the people of the upper country to
+go to the sea by; that this country was extensive and fertile; that
+the General, many officers, and others of distinction and influence in
+America, were deeply interested in it; that it would rapidly settle,
+and that the inhabitants would not readily be convinced of the justice
+of being obliged, either to live without foreign commodities, and lose
+the surplus of their productions, or be obliged to transport both over
+rugged mountains, and through an immense wilderness, to and from the
+sea, when they daily saw a fine river flowing before their doors, and
+offering to save them all that trouble and expense, and that without
+injury to Spain. He observed, that the present generation would not
+want this navigation, and that we should leave future ones to manage
+their own affairs, &c.
+
+The next day, that is, the 4th of September, I met M. Gardoqui at M.
+Del Campo's. After some unconnected conversation, I observed to M. Del
+Campo, that as all the papers between the Minister and myself had
+passed through his hands, it was unnecessary to give him any
+information, except what related to the present state of the bills
+drawn upon me, which I proceeded to state in a short, but particular
+manner. He replied by making several strictures on the impropriety of
+drawing bills without previous notice and consent. He remarked, that
+they might with more propriety have been drawn on France, with whom we
+were allied, and who were richer than they; that the King must first
+take care of his own people, before he could supply us; that Spain had
+been brought into the war by our quarrel, but received no advantage
+from us; that they had been told of our readiness to assist in taking
+Pensacola, &c. but instead of aids, he had heard of nothing but
+demands from us; that our situation was represented as being
+deplorable, and that the enemy talked of the submission of some of the
+States, and of negotiations being on foot for that purpose.
+
+Whether this style proceeded from natural arrogance, or was intended
+to affect my temper, I cannot say; in either case, I thought it most
+prudent to take no notice of it, but proceed calmly and cautiously,
+and the more so as this was the first time I had ever conversed with
+this man. I told him in substance, though more at large, that the
+assurances given Congress of the friendly disposition of Spain by M.
+Mirales and others had been confided in, and had induced Congress to
+expect the aids in question. That if this application could be called
+a demand, it was still the first they had made to my knowledge; that
+men in arms against the enemies of Spain were serving her as well as
+themselves, and therefore might without impropriety request her aid;
+that our separation from Britain was an object important to Spain, and
+that the success, with which we had opposed her whole force for six
+years, showed what the power of both, if under one direction, might be
+capable of; that I knew nothing of Spain's having been drawn into the
+war by or for us, and that this was not to be found among the reasons
+she had alleged for it; that an attack on Pensacola could not be
+expected to be made by troops actually employed in repelling the
+enemy's assaults from their own doors, and that the principles of
+self-defence would not permit or justify it; that Spain had much to
+expect in future from our commerce, and that we should be able as well
+as willing to pay our debts; that the tales told of our despondency
+and submission resulted from the policy of the enemy, not from fact,
+and I believed no more of their private negotiations between America
+and Britain, than I did of there being private negotiations between
+Spain and Britain for a separate peace, which the Minister assured me
+was not the case; that if on the arrival of the bills, I had been told
+plainly that no money could be advanced, further drafts would soon
+have been prevented; but that a contrary conduct having been adopted,
+other expectations had been excited; that as to France, she had done,
+and was still doing much for us, and that her being our ally did not
+confer propriety upon every request that we could make to her. He
+still pressed this point, and complained that the greater part of the
+money heretofore advanced by Spain had been laid out in France. He saw
+that France was deriving great commercial advantages from us, but that
+our commerce never would be an object with Spain, because all her
+productions would find a better market in her own Colonies. He desired
+a note of the bills which had arrived, and then made some reflections
+on the proposal of a treaty. We agreed perfectly well, that mutual
+interest should be the basis of it, and I added, that the good opinion
+entertained of the King and nation by America, was also a pleasing
+circumstance. He said, however that might be, America did not seem
+inclined to gratify Spain, in the only point in which she was deeply
+interested. Here followed much common-place reasoning about the
+navigation of the Mississippi, of which your Excellency has heretofore
+heard too much to require a repetition. He spoke also much of the
+difficulties of Spain, as to money matters, saying that their
+treasures in America could at present be of no use to them, as they
+had given orders that none should be sent home during the war, even if
+it continued these ten years; and this was done in order, by stopping
+the usual current of specie into Europe, to embarrass the measures
+which Britain must take to obtain her necessary supplies.
+
+On the 6th of September, M. Gardoqui brought me word, that I might
+accept the bills of Casa Mayor, amounting to one thousand one hundred
+and ten dollars, which I accordingly did. The proposed conference was
+postponed, nor indeed was it obtained until the 23d of September.
+
+On the 11th, the French Ambassador's Secretary called upon me, by the
+Ambassador's direction, to inform me, that an express was going to
+Paris, and to know whether anything further had been done in our
+affairs since he had seen me. I told him things continued in the same
+situation. He again commenced a conversation on the subject, and as he
+came directly from the Ambassador I entered into it. He expressed some
+concern for the delays I met with. I told him such things must be
+expected. He said he hoped I was content with France. I replied, that I
+apprehended France considered an interference in our negotiations, as
+a delicate matter, for that as she had probably held up the exclusive
+navigation of the Mississippi, and Gulf of Mexico, among other objects
+to induce Spain to take a part in the war, she might hesitate about
+pressing Spain into a treaty with us on terms, that would not
+comprehend this object. He said M. Gerard had reasoned well about
+those matters, but that he did not believe France would be backward,
+nor indeed that she had promised this to Spain to bring her into the
+war. I told him, I should not be surprised to find, that the delay
+arose from a desire of hearing further news from America, and probably
+from Philadelphia. He said, that could not be the case, for since M.
+Mirales's death, Spain had no person there to give them intelligence.
+I told him that Spain might be waiting the issue of new motions
+respecting the Mississippi in Congress, and that I was sure Count de
+la Luzerne would readily be at the trouble of communicating to them
+any interesting information on _that_ or any other subject. Whether he
+drew any conclusions from the manner in which this was said, I cannot
+say, but in a way that looked like exculpating that Minister, he told
+me, that Count de la Luzerne had only mentioned to the French
+Ambassador, that two Members of Congress, with whom he had talked over
+the affair of the Mississippi, thought it would be best not to bring
+on the question of the navigation until Spain should become possessed
+of the adjacent country, for that then it might be ceded with a better
+grace. He mentioned no names. This explains the letter herein before
+mentioned. The inferences which flow from it are obvious. I incline to
+suspect, that what I said in my letters on that head returned here by
+the same conveyance.
+
+On the 13th of September, M. Gardoqui delivered me the following
+verbal message from Count de Florida Blanca. "That the exigencies of
+the State would not permit his Majesty to provide for the payment of
+more of the bills drawn upon me than had been already accepted." I
+expressed my regret that this had not been told me at first, and told
+him it appeared a little extraordinary that the Minister should employ
+himself and me three months in making and answering propositions
+relative to a loan which it was not in his power to make. I touched
+also on the assurances from time to time given me, and intimated, that
+something, which I could not at present see through, must have caused
+this change; that I lamented it the more, as it would weaken the
+foundations on which I wished to see a cordial union laid between the
+two countries.
+
+I dined with the French Ambassador. He was a little out of spirits,
+and on talking to him on what had happened, I told him there was
+nothing now left but for me to apply to France. He encouraged the
+idea, and agreed with me, that the bills ought to be by all means
+saved from protests. He imputed the conduct of Spain to resentment
+against M. Necker, for opposing a certain scheme of Spanish finance,
+which he thought interfered with his plan. It is a curious one, but I
+shall omit it at present, as I fear Congress already wish this letter
+at an end. As the Count de Florida Blanca's message to me by M.
+Gardoqui was a verbal one, and might hereafter be denied or explained
+away as convenience might dictate, I thought it important to establish
+it, and for that and other reasons which need no explanation, I wrote
+the Count the following letter.
+
+                            "St Ildefonso, September 14th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "The information I received yesterday from your Excellency by
+    M. Gardoqui, has drawn the affair of the bills of exchange to
+    a conclusion. He told me, that the exigencies of the State
+    would not permit his Majesty to provide for the payment of
+    more of those bills than were already accepted, amounting to
+    about fourteen thousand dollars.
+
+    "As it is important that every nation at war should know
+    exactly the state of their resources, and as America has been
+    induced to consider the friendship of his Catholic Majesty
+    as among the number of hers, I must request the favor of your
+    Excellency to tell me frankly whether the United States may
+    expect any, and what aids from Spain. The general assurances
+    of amity, which that country has received from this, together
+    with what has passed between your Excellency and myself
+    relative to clothing for our troops, and supplies of specie
+    in America, will I hope be considered as authorising this
+    question; and the more so, as M. Gardoqui, to whose arrival
+    your Excellency postponed the discussion of these matters,
+    informs me he is not instructed to say anything to me on
+    these, or indeed any other subjects.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+On this day some glorious reports from America arrived. It seemed as
+if she had risen like a giant refreshed with sleep, and was doing
+wonders. I sent the news to the Count as usual, without appearing to
+be affected by his late conduct. I began again to be seen, and in a
+few instances to be known.
+
+The next day, the 15th of September, M. Gardoqui delivered to me a
+paper by way of answer to my letter of yesterday to the Minister. It
+is in these words;
+
+    "The following answer has been dictated to me in his
+    Excellency's name by Don Bernardo del Campo, to be delivered
+    to the honorable John Jay.
+
+    "That it is not his Majesty's intention to stop assisting the
+    States, whenever means can be found to do it, but that it
+    will be impossible to supply them with money in Europe, there
+    being none to spare, for that which ought to have come this
+    year from America, has neither come, nor is it known when it
+    will, and that which would have facilitated a far advanced
+    negotiation is likely to produce no effect, in a great
+    measure, _through the undermining of some persons of rank in
+    France_.
+
+    "The States not giving timely advice, nor having taken his
+    Majesty's previous consent, he could not arrange his affairs
+    beforehand, in order to assure the acceptance and payment of
+    the bills they have drawn, for which reasons, and that
+    Congress has not to this day given any tokens of a
+    recompense, his Majesty might have just cause of disgust, but
+    notwithstanding he does not, nor will change his ideas, and
+    will always retain those of humanity, friendship, and
+    compassion, that he has had towards the colonies. That,
+    consequently, if Mr Jay or his constituents should find money
+    upon credit, to the sum of one hundred or one hundred and
+    fifty thousand dollars, that his Majesty will be answerable
+    for the said sum, payable in the space of three years; that
+    his Majesty will besides exert all that is possible to assist
+    them with clothing and other things, and, finally, in order
+    that his Majesty may extend his further dispositions, it is
+    precisely necessary that they should give sure and effective
+    tokens of a good correspondence, proposing reciprocal
+    measures of a compensation that may establish a solid
+    friendship and confidence, without reducing it to words and
+    protests of mere compliment.
+
+    "This being the substance, I would further suggest to Mr
+    Jay's consideration, that the continuance of assisting the
+    States by answering the sum expressed in a manner much more
+    public than that of paying the money privately, shows plainly
+    the sincerity of his Majesty, although the States have not to
+    this day proposed any equivalent to the assistance already
+    given, and to the expenses occasioned by a war, which had its
+    true origin from them, to all which must be added, (though
+    by the way no credit is given to it,) that there are hints of
+    some understanding between the colonies and England.
+
+        "_St Ildefonso, September 15th, 1780._
+
+                                                 JAMES GARDOQUI."
+
+It is to be observed, that this paper when first delivered was not
+signed, and suspecting that this omission might not be accidental, I
+mentioned it to M. Gardoqui a day or two afterwards. After some
+hesitation, and doubts of its being necessary, he signed it. I made no
+remarks at all to M. Gardoqui on any part of this paper except the
+last article, which I treated with great indignation.
+
+On the 16th I wrote a short letter and many copies to your Excellency,
+informing you of the necessity of suspending further drafts upon me
+for the present.
+
+Three days afterwards, I had a long and satisfactory conversation with
+the French Ambassador, in which he was very unreserved, candid, and
+confidential. He read to me part of a letter he intended to send to
+Count de Vergennes on our affairs, and justice calls upon me to say,
+that we are obliged to him for it.
+
+On the 22d of September, I sent the following letter to Count de
+Vergennes by one of the Ambassador's couriers.
+
+                              "St Ildefonso, September 22d, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have never taken up my pen with so much reluctance as I
+    now do, although my design is to write a letter to your
+    Excellency. But, Sir, there are few sensations more painful
+    than those which they experience, who, already covered with
+    benefits, are impelled by cruel necessity to ask for more.
+    Such is my present situation, and hence proceeds my regret.
+
+    "My uniform and unreserved communications to the Count
+    Montmorin, who has my fullest confidence, precludes the
+    necessity and consequently the propriety of a minute detail
+    of American affairs here.
+
+    "Your Excellency will recollect the resolution of Congress
+    for drawing bills on me, as well as the reasons assigned for
+    that measure. In my first conference with the Minister on
+    that subject, he enlarged on the necessities of the State,
+    but nevertheless told me, he should be able, at the end of
+    the present or beginning of the next year, to advance thirty
+    or forty thousand pounds sterling, and that further
+    arrangements respecting the residue should then be made.
+
+    "I afterwards received and answered propositions for the
+    reimbursement of this money; and from time to time, was
+    permitted to accept such of the bills as were most pressing.
+
+    "Things remained in this state till the 5th of July, when,
+    after many warm assurances of friendship and good will, the
+    further discussion of these matters was postponed by the
+    Minister until the arrival of a person intended to succeed M.
+    Mirales, the late Spanish agent at Philadelphia, and I was
+    told that they should then be arranged and adjusted.
+
+    "Several weeks elapsed after the time assigned for his
+    arrival had expired. The holders of the bills became
+    importunate, and insisting on my accepting or refusing them.
+
+    "I wrote several letters to the Minister, requesting his
+    directions, but was not favored with an answer to any of
+    them.
+
+    "On the 3d instant, after fruitless endeavors to see the
+    Minister, I received the following note from him by the hands
+    of M. Gardoqui;
+
+      'The Count de Florida Blanca sends his compliments to Mr
+      Jay, and advises him to become acquainted with the bearer
+      of this letter, who is the person that has been expected
+      from day to day.'
+
+    "This gentleman made many remarks tending to show the
+    propriety of America's offering some specific consideration
+    for this money, and hinted at the navigation of the
+    Mississippi, ship timber, vessels, tobacco, &c. &c. I
+    replied, that the only consideration Congress could offer,
+    was that which all other nations at war, who borrowed money,
+    offered, viz. to repay the principal with a reasonable
+    interest after the war; that I should deceive him, were I to
+    enter into contracts to pay it sooner; that the proposition
+    of paying it during the war, in ship timber, tobacco, or
+    other articles, did not lessen the difficulty, for that these
+    things were worth, and cost money in America, as well as in
+    Europe; and that as to the Mississippi, it could not come in
+    question as a consideration for one hundred thousand pounds.
+    The conversation was concluded, by his desiring me to meet
+    him at M. Del Campo's the next morning. M. Gardoqui then, and
+    since, behaved with temper, candor, and politeness.
+
+    "The next day we saw M. Del Campo. He was liberal in his
+    censures on the measure of drawing the bills in question on
+    Spain. He informed me, that the King must first take care of
+    his own people before he gave supplies to others; that Spain,
+    instead of deriving advantage from America, heard of nothing
+    but demands. That if Congress wanted money, they should have
+    drawn on France, with whom they were in alliance, and who had
+    all the profit of their trade; that we ought to have
+    distinguished between our allies, and those who only wished
+    us well, and that applications for aid might be proper to
+    the one, which were not so to the other; that our affairs
+    were in a ruinous condition, and that it was even said some
+    of the States were holding secret negotiations for peace with
+    the enemy, &c. &c. &c. My replies were such as the subject
+    naturally suggested, and as prudence dictated; there are
+    seasons when men mean not to be convinced, and when argument
+    becomes mere matter of form. On such occasions, we have
+    little more in our power than moderation and temper. I gave
+    M. Del Campo credit for his frankness, and wish I could with
+    propriety have extended it to his delicacy.
+
+    "A day or two afterwards, viz. the 6th instant, I was
+    permitted to accept bills to the amount of one thousand one
+    hundred and ten dollars.
+
+    "On the 13th, M. Gardoqui, by order of the Minister, told me,
+    that the exigencies of the State would not permit the King to
+    provide for the payment of more of the bills than had been
+    already accepted, amounting to about fourteen thousand
+    dollars. This gave occasion to my letter to the Minister of
+    the 14th, and to his answer of the 15th, which was dictated
+    by him to M. Del Campo, and by M. Del Campo to M. Gardoqui,
+    copies of both of which your Excellency will receive from
+    Count Montmorin. The Minister's answer made a conference
+    between us expedient. I requested that favor the 15th
+    instant, and have been informed that the Count de Florida
+    Blanca will endeavor to see me on Saturday evening next.
+
+    "I forbear remarks on this singular conduct. I wish it could
+    be explained in a manner compatible with the reputation Spain
+    enjoys in North America. I much fear partial resentments,
+    which ought not to affect America, have been permitted to
+    have an undue degree of influence, and that the Minister
+    forgot in his zeal for a certain scheme of finance, that it
+    was unjust to wound opponents through the sides of their
+    friends. But whatever may have been the cause; the effect,
+    unless removed, will be destructive, and France only can at
+    present afford the means of doing it.
+
+    "When I consider, on the one hand, that France was our first,
+    and is still our best, and almost only friend; that she
+    became our ally on terms of equality, neither taking, nor
+    attempting to take ungenerous advantages of our situation;
+    that she has clothed and armed our troops, and is at this
+    moment assisting us with her fleets, her armies, her
+    treasure, and her blood; gratitude and generosity forbid me
+    to solicit a further tax on her magnanimity. But, on the
+    other hand, when I reflect that the loss of American credit
+    would be a loss to the common cause, and an eventual injury
+    to France; that such an event would be a matter of triumph to
+    our common enemy; and of pain to our friends; that the honor
+    of Congress, suspended on the fate of these bills, now hangs
+    as it were by a hair, and that our enemies here and elsewhere
+    are doing all in their power to cut it; when I consider, that
+    America would feel more sensibly the loss of reputation in
+    this instance, than the loss of battles in many others; I
+    say, Sir, when I consider these things, I find it to be my
+    duty to request your Excellency to interpose the amity of
+    France, and that his Majesty will be pleased to add this
+    strong link to the chain of benefits, by which he has already
+    bound the affections of America to his family and people.
+
+    "I ought to inform your Excellency, that bills for about
+    fifty thousand dollars remain unaccepted. The greater part
+    of these are in the hands of merchants, who waited my answer
+    with a degree of patience, I could not have expected; some of
+    them ever since the month of June last. Further delays,
+    therefore, were not to be asked or obtained, and I was
+    reduced to the necessity, either of promising to accept them,
+    or permit the credit of Congress to perish with them. I could
+    not long hesitate. I promised to accept them. Fortunately,
+    these bills have hitherto come on slowly, though, it is
+    probable, that the assurances of Spain, which I have
+    communicated to Congress, may quicken their pace. A period,
+    however, will soon be put to their drawing, as I have written
+    to them by several conveyances immediately to stop.
+
+    "I ought also to inform your Excellency, that a promise made
+    me in June last of some clothing for our troops has been
+    renewed, and that his Majesty has been pleased to offer us
+    his responsibility to facilitate a loan of one hundred and
+    fifty thousand dollars. I shall endeavor to make the most of
+    this offer, and your Excellency may rest assured, that I
+    shall gladly embrace every measure, which may be calculated
+    to lessen the weight with which the American cause presses on
+    the finances of France.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+I also sent a copy of this letter to Dr Franklin, enclosed in one of
+which the following is a copy.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, Sept. 22d, 1780.
+
+      Dear Sir,
+
+    "I have lately written to you several letters. Enclosed is a
+    copy of one to Count de Vergennes, which Count Montmorin, who
+    also writes to him on the same subject, is so obliging as to
+    send together with this, by a courier to Bayonne.
+
+    "The papers you have heretofore received from me, with those
+    now sent, will enable you to understand it, and I am
+    persuaded your abilities and influence will be exerted to
+    promote the success of the application contained in it. It
+    appears to me absolutely necessary, that the bills drawn on
+    me be saved at all events. If contrary to my ideas of the
+    wisdom and affection of France, she should not lend us money
+    for the purpose, we must endeavor to borrow it of
+    individuals, though at a higher than usual interest; nay, on
+    any terms, rather than not get it. Almost anything will be
+    better than a protest; for exclusive of the disgrace, which
+    is intolerable, the consequences of it would cost Congress
+    more than the expense of saving their credit, be it almost
+    what it will.
+
+    "I am, &c.
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+The Ambassador informed me, that he had received despatches from
+Philadelphia, which gave him and the Court great pleasure, viz.--That
+Congress had, at the instance of the Chevalier de la Luzerne and Don
+Francisco, agreed to make a diversion to the southward in order to
+facilitate the Spanish operations in that quarter; that a noble spirit
+was pervading all ranks of people; that we had been successful in
+Jersey, &c. &c. and in short, that the Chevalier de la Luzerne was
+much pleased with Congress and the general aspect of affairs in
+America. I lamented in silence, that I should have no other
+intelligence of all this, but from a French Ambassador.
+
+He informed me further, that he believed we should now be able to get
+some of the clothing taken from the enemy by Admiral Cordova; that he
+had, and would continue to cherish the idea. We had a long
+conversation; he gave me much good advice, some useful information,
+and many assurances of cordiality and good will.
+
+On the evening of the 23d, I was admitted to the honor of a conference
+with his Excellency the Count de Florida Blanca; and M. Gardoqui, who
+understands Spanish and English exceedingly well, performed the part
+of interpreter.
+
+The following notes of the conference are very exact as to every
+particular.
+
+    _Notes of a Conference between his Excellency the Count de
+      Florida Blanca and Mr Jay, at St Ildefonso, on Saturday
+      Evening, September 23d, 1780_.
+
+    After the usual civilities the Count began the conference by
+    informing Mr Jay, that the Court had received intelligence
+    from the Havana, of Congress having so far complied with the
+    request made to them to permit the exportation of provisions
+    for the use of his Majesty's fleets and armies there, as to
+    give license for shipping three thousand barrels of flour,
+    circumstances not admitting of further supplies at that time;
+    that this business was conducted by Mr Robert Morris in a
+    manner with which he was well pleased; that Congress had
+    also, in order to promote the success of the Spanish
+    operations against Pensacola, &c. agreed to make a diversion
+    to the southward, to detach a considerable body of regular
+    troops and militia to South Carolina under General Gates;
+    that his Majesty was well pleased with, and highly sensible
+    of, these marks of their friendly disposition, and had
+    directed him to desire Mr Jay to convey his thanks to them on
+    the occasion.
+
+    Mr Jay expressed his satisfaction at this intelligence, and
+    promised to take the earliest opportunity of conveying to
+    Congress the sense his Majesty entertained of their
+    friendship, manifested by these measures. He told the Count
+    it gave him pleasure to hear the business of the Spanish
+    supplies was committed to Mr Robert Morris, and assured him,
+    that the fullest confidence might be reposed in that
+    gentleman's abilities and integrity. He requested his
+    Excellency again to assure his Majesty, that he might rely on
+    the good disposition of Congress, and of their evincing it in
+    every way, which the situation of their affairs and the
+    interest of the common cause might render practicable and
+    expedient. The Count told Mr Jay, that he had proposed to the
+    French Ambassador to send to Congress for the use of their
+    army, clothing for ten regiments lately taken in the convoy
+    bound from Britain to Jamaica, and in which the two Crowns
+    were equally interested; that the Ambassador approved the
+    proposition, but had not yet given his final answer. He then
+    observed, that a negotiation for a peace between Britain and
+    Spain appeared at present more distant than ever; that the
+    former had offered his Majesty everything he could desire to
+    induce him to a separate peace; but that the King, adhering
+    to the same resolutions in favor of America, which had
+    influenced his conduct in his mediation for a general peace
+    and since, had rejected them, and that Congress might rely on
+    his Majesty's determination never to give up or forsake
+    America, but on the contrary continue affording her all the
+    aids in his power.
+
+    He told Mr Jay, that the Court of London, disappointed in
+    their expectations of detaching Spain, had it in
+    contemplation again to send Commissioners to America to
+    treat with Congress on the subject of an accommodation with
+    them; that this measure was at present under the
+    consideration of the Privy Council, and that there was reason
+    to suppose it would be adopted. He observed, that the English
+    had hitherto discovered much finesse and little true policy;
+    that first they endeavored by their intrigues in France to
+    separate that kingdom and America, but not succeeding there,
+    they sent Commissioners to America; that the last year they
+    attempted to detach France, and this year Spain, and that
+    being unsuccessful in both they would again attempt America;
+    that the best way of defeating their designs was mutual
+    confidence in each other. He remarked, that America could not
+    rely on any promise of Britain, and asked if she was once
+    detached from France and Spain, who could compel an
+    observance of them? Mr Jay thanked the Count for this
+    communication, and assured him, that Congress would not only
+    adhere to their engagements from motives of interest, but
+    from a regard to their honor, and the faith of treaties; that
+    the opinion of Congress on this subject corresponded with
+    that of his Excellency, and that their conduct, with respect
+    to the former English Commissioners, gave conclusive evidence
+    of their sentiments on the subject. Mr Jay promised in case
+    he received any intelligence relative to this matter, his
+    Excellency might depend on its being communicated immediately
+    to him.
+
+    The Count appeared satisfied with this, and again repeated
+    his former assurances of the King's good disposition towards
+    America, &c. &c.
+
+    Mr Jay informed his Excellency, that the subject on which he
+    was desirous of conversing with him, arose from the paper he
+    had received from M. Gardoqui the 15th instant, containing
+    his Excellency's answer to Mr Jay's letter of the 14th.
+
+    Mr Jay then requested the Count to communicate to his Majesty
+    his thanks for the offer he had been pleased to make, of his
+    responsibility in order to facilitate a loan of one hundred
+    and fifty thousand dollars, and also for the promise of
+    clothing, &c. &c. and to assure him, that the gratitude of
+    the States would always be proportionate to the obligations
+    conferred upon them; he observed to the Count, that he
+    intended to attempt this loan in Spain, France, and Holland,
+    and begged to be informed in what manner he should evidence
+    the responsibility of his Majesty to the persons, who might
+    be disposed to lend the money, for that in this and other
+    similar cases, he meant to be guided by his Excellency's
+    directions. The Count replied, that as this matter fell
+    within the department of M. Musquir, the Minister of Finance,
+    he would consult him upon it on Tuesday evening next, and
+    immediately thereafter inform Mr Jay of the result. He then
+    apologized, and expressed his regret for not being able to
+    furnish the money he had expected to supply (alluding
+    evidently to the _thirty or forty thousand pounds_ which, in
+    the conference at Aranjues, the 11th day of May last, he said
+    he expected to be able to supply by the end of this or
+    beginning of next year.) He said he had been disappointed in
+    the remittances expected from America, for he was advised,
+    that two ships, which he had expected would arrive from
+    thence with treasure in December or January next, would not
+    come, and that this and other circumstances rendered it
+    impossible for him to advance us any money in Europe. But
+    that he would, nevertheless, agreeably to the King's
+    intentions, give us all the assistance in his power.
+
+    Mr Jay desired to be informed, whether any steps were
+    necessary for him to take for forwarding the clothing at
+    Cadiz to America. The Count answered, that he waited the
+    French Ambassador's answer on the subject, and that he had as
+    yet no inventory of them, but that he would again speak to
+    the Ambassador, and make arrangements for sending them on to
+    America as soon as possible.
+
+    Mr Jay then proceeded to regret that the pleasure he derived
+    from these instances of his Majesty's friendship to the
+    United States, was mingled with pain from being informed by
+    the abovementioned paper, that the King conceived he might
+    have just cause to be disgusted with them.
+
+    Because, 1st; they had drawn the bills of exchange without
+    his previous consent; and, 2dly, because they had not given
+    any tokens of a recompense. Mr Jay reminded his Excellency
+    that these bills were drawn upon himself, and not on Spain,
+    and although that Congress might have hoped, for reasons
+    already assigned, to have been enabled to pay them by a loan
+    from his Majesty, yet that every other usual measure was left
+    open for that purpose. That an application to Spain for such
+    a loan could give no just cause of offence, for that if it
+    had not been convenient to her to make it, all that she had
+    to was to have told him so, and he was then at liberty to
+    take such measures for procuring it elsewhere as he might
+    think proper. The Count replied, that what Mr Jay observed
+    was true, but that certainly the bills were drawn with an
+    expectation of their being paid by Spain, and that this might
+    probably have been done if previous notice of the measure had
+    been given. That he always intended to have done something
+    towards their payment, but had been prevented by
+    disappointments, and the exigencies of the State. Mr Jay
+    continued to observe, that the second cause assigned for this
+    disgust, viz. that Congress had given no tokens of a
+    recompense, must have risen from a mistake. He reminded his
+    Excellency, that he had never requested a donation from
+    Spain, but that on the contrary he had repeatedly offered to
+    pledge the faith of the United States for the repayment with
+    interest, within a reasonable time after the war, of whatever
+    sum his Majesty might be so kind as to lend them. To these
+    remarks the Count said only, that interest for the money
+    would have been no object with them; that they would gladly
+    have lent it to us without interest, and repeated his regret
+    at the disappointment which had prevented them. He appeared
+    rather uneasy and desirous of waiving the subject.
+
+    Mr Jay next called the Count's attention to a part of the
+    paper in question, which informed him "that there were hints
+    (though no credit was given to it) of some understanding
+    between America and the Court of London." He observed, that
+    this subject was both delicate and important; that so far as
+    this understanding related to Congress, or the governments of
+    either of the States, he was sure that this insinuation was
+    entirely groundless; that there might possibly be intriguing
+    individuals, who might have given cause to such suspicions;
+    that if there were such men or bodies of men it would be for
+    the good of the common cause that they should be detected,
+    and their designs frustrated. He therefore requested, that if
+    his Excellency had any evidence on this subject, he would be
+    pleased to communicate it, and thereby enable him to give
+    Congress an opportunity of taking such measures as
+    circumstances might render proper. The Count said, he had
+    nothing specific or particular as yet to communicate. That he
+    was pursuing measures for further discoveries, and that he
+    would mention to Mr Jay whatever information might result
+    from them.
+
+    Mr Jay resumed his animadversions on the paper in question by
+    observing, that it assured him it was necessary, "that
+    Congress should give sure and effective tokens of a good
+    correspondence, proposing reciprocal measures of a
+    compensation, &c. in order that his Majesty might extend his
+    further dispositions towards them." That for his part he
+    could conceive of no higher tokens, which one nation could
+    give to another of friendship and good will, than their
+    commissioning and sending a person for the express purpose of
+    requesting his Majesty to enter into treaties of amity and
+    alliance with them, and that on terms of reciprocity of
+    interest and mutual advantage. To this the Count replied,
+    that to this day he was ignorant of these terms, and that no
+    particular propositions had been made him. Mr Jay then
+    reminded him of his letters from Cadiz, and of the conference
+    on the subject at Aranjues on the 2d day of June last, in the
+    latter of which, after conferring on the subject of aids, and
+    of the treaty, his Excellency had promised to reduce his
+    sentiments on both to writing, and send him notes on each;
+    that as to the first, Mr Jay had received the notes, but not
+    on the last; that he had been in constant expectation of
+    receiving them, and that delicacy forbade pressing his
+    Excellency on that matter, or offering anything further till
+    he should have leisure to complete them.
+
+    He said he thought he had given them to Mr Jay or Mr
+    Carmichael, which both of them assured him he had not. Of
+    this the Count appeared after a little time satisfied, when
+    Mr Jay resumed the subject by remarking, that the order of
+    conducting that business appeared to him to be this; that as
+    a right was reserved by the Secret Article to his Majesty to
+    accede to the treaty between France and America whenever he
+    thought proper, and that the latter would go into a
+    discussion of any alteration the King might propose, that
+    should be founded on reciprocity of interest, the first
+    question was whether his Majesty would accede to it as it
+    was, or whether he would propose any and what alterations.
+
+    The Count here interrupted Mr Jay by saying, that the
+    interest of France and Spain with respect to America were so
+    distinct, as necessarily to render different treaties
+    necessary. Mr Jay answered, that admitting this to be the
+    case, the treaty with France might be made the basis, and
+    then go on _mutatis mutandis_. The Count proceeded to say,
+    that it would not conduce to the general pacification to
+    hurry on the treaty; that finding Congress were not disposed
+    to cessions, without which the King would not make a treaty,
+    he thought it best by mutual services and acts of friendship,
+    to continue making way for more condescensions on both sides,
+    and not excite animosities and warmth by discussing points
+    which the King would never yield. That, therefore, Mr Jay
+    might take time to write to Congress on the subject, and
+    obtain their instructions.
+
+    He said, that previous to Mr Jay's or M. Gerard's arrival at
+    Madrid, M. Mirales had informed him that Congress would yield
+    the navigation of the Mississippi, but that M. Gerard
+    informed him that Congress had changed their resolution on
+    that subject; that he had mentioned these obstacles to Mr Jay
+    and Mr Carmichael, and it was probable that having done this,
+    he had neglected or forgotten to give Mr Jay the notes in
+    question. Mr Jay here reminded his Excellency, that the
+    conference between them of the 2d day of June last turned
+    among other points on these obstacles, and that they had then
+    mutually expressed hopes that regulations calculated to
+    remove them in a manner satisfactory to both parties might be
+    adopted, and that the conferences respecting them were
+    concluded by his Excellency's promising to give Mr Jay notes
+    of his sentiments on the proposed treaty. The Count admitted
+    this, and made several observations tending to show the
+    importance of this object to Spain, and its determination to
+    adhere to it, saying, with some degree of warmth, that unless
+    Spain could exclude all nations from the Gulf of Mexico, they
+    might as well admit all; that the King would never relinquish
+    it; that the Minister regarded it as the principal object to
+    be obtained by the war, and _that obtained_, he should be
+    perfectly easy whether or no Spain procured any other
+    cession; that he considered it far more important than the
+    acquisition of Gibraltar, and that if they did not get it, it
+    was a matter of indifference to him whether the English
+    possessed Mobile or not; that he chose always to speak his
+    sentiments plainly and candidly on those occasions, for which
+    reason he generally acted differently from other politicians,
+    in always choosing to commit himself to paper, and appealing
+    to the knowledge of the French Ambassador and others, who had
+    done business with him, for the proofs of this being the
+    principle of his conduct. He concluded by saying he would
+    give his sentiments in writing on this subject to Mr Jay.
+
+    Mr Jay made no reply to the Count's remarks on the
+    navigation, but observing, that being little acquainted with
+    the practice of politicians, he was happy in having to treat
+    with a Minister of his Excellency's principles. He added,
+    that there were many points necessary to be adjusted in order
+    to a treaty; that they might proceed to agree upon as many as
+    they could, and with respect to the others, he should state
+    them clearly to Congress, and attend their further
+    instructions.
+
+    Mr Jay then again turned the conference to the paper
+    beforementioned, by observing to the Count, that it appeared
+    from it, that the King also expected from Congress
+    equivalents to the supplies formerly afforded, and also the
+    expenses of the war, which it alleged had its origin from
+    them. That as to the first he could only repeat what he had
+    before said, that a general account of them was necessary.
+    That he neither knew the amount of them, nor the terms on
+    which they were granted; that it was a transaction previous
+    to his appointment; that on being furnished with the
+    necessary information, he would transmit it to Congress, and
+    wait their instructions; that an expectation of an equivalent
+    to the expenses sustained by Spain in the war, was
+    inadmissible on every principle. He read the passage in
+    question and remarked, that America could no more be justly
+    chargeable with the expenses of the war sustained by Spain,
+    than Spain could be justly chargeable with the expenses of
+    the war sustained by America. The Count replied, that Mr Jay
+    had mistaken his meaning, and that he urged it merely to show
+    that as the States were deriving considerable advantages from
+    very expensive operations on the part of Spain, that
+    consideration should incline them to more condescension
+    towards the latter.
+
+    Mr Jay assured his Excellency that he knew it to be the
+    disposition of Congress to contribute all in their power to
+    the success of the common cause, and that they would on
+    every occasion give proofs of it, and among others, that he
+    was confident they would permit his Majesty to export from
+    thence, _during the war_, ship timber and masts for the royal
+    navy, and would readily consent to such measures as might be
+    proper and necessary for facilitating it. He further observed
+    that having been informed by M. Gardoqui that his Majesty
+    would like to take and finish a seventyfour gun ship now on
+    the stocks in one of the eastern ports, on which it was said
+    no work was doing, he would with pleasure write to Congress,
+    and propose their transferring her to his Majesty at prime
+    cost. That this previous step was necessary, as Congress
+    might perhaps intend that vessel for particular services, but
+    he was confident they would otherwise be happy in indulging
+    his Majesty's inclinations. The Count appeared pleased with
+    this. He said, that with respect to timber they stood most in
+    need at present of yards, and should be glad to obtain a
+    supply of them from Congress. That as to the ship, he wished
+    to be informed exactly of her present state, and the
+    materials wanted to complete and equip her, which he observed
+    might be sent from the Havana, and whether a crew of
+    Americans could be had to navigate her there. Mr Jay replied,
+    that though he was sure that Congress would readily give
+    their aid in these and other matters interesting to Spain,
+    yet he could not forbear reminding his Excellency as a
+    friend, that public business done under the direction of
+    public bodies was always more expensive than when done by
+    individuals. That, therefore, he would submit it to his
+    consideration whether it would not be more advisable to
+    commit the management of those affairs to the agent, intended
+    to succeed M. Mirales, who, by being on the spot, would have
+    opportunities of acting on exact information, and in a
+    manner more consistent with the views of his Excellency. The
+    Count agreed in this opinion, and promised to communicate to
+    Mr Jay his further intentions on this subject.
+
+    Mr Jay informed the Minister, that as his further stay here
+    would now be unnecessary, and business called him to Madrid,
+    he purposed to return there on Monday next. The Count
+    concurred and the conference ended.
+
+Congress will permit me to observe that many things in this conference
+are important, and demand instructions. I forbear to point them out,
+because they are obvious; and I take the liberty of giving this hint
+from a knowledge of the delays attending the proceedings of large
+bodies.
+
+I returned to Madrid on the day appointed; and whether to accept or
+not to accept the bills became a very serious question. After
+reviewing all the reasons for and against it, which are numerous, and
+which Congress will readily perceive without a particular enumeration,
+I determined to put a good face on the business, and accept all that
+should be presented, which I have accordingly done, and am daily
+doing. What the event will be I cannot pretend to decide. All that I
+can say is, that my endeavors shall not be wanting to render it
+successful. The responsibility of the King will not produce much, and
+the difficulty of borrowing money has been increased, by the number of
+agents sent to Europe for that purpose by several of the different
+States, who I am told have imprudently bidden on each other.
+
+M. Gardoqui returned to Madrid a few days after I did, and brought me
+word from the Minister, that instructions should be sent to their
+Ambassadors in Holland and France, to assure in due form the
+responsibility of the King to such persons as might there incline to
+lend us money on the credit of it, and that the Minister would do the
+same here. He told me further, that the Minister hoped I would not be
+discouraged, nor consider this only on the dark side, for that it was
+still his intention to afford America every aid in his power. All this
+I ascribe to the exertions of America, and I am confident, that it will
+always be necessary for the United States to be formidable at home, if
+they expect to be respectable anywhere.
+
+For my own part, I shall be disappointed, if I find Courts moving on
+any other principle than political ones, and, indeed, not always on
+those. Caprice, whim, the interests and passions of individuals, must
+and will always have greater or less degrees of influence. America
+stands very high here, at present. I rejoice at it, though I must
+confess I much fear that such violent exertions may be followed by
+languor and relaxation. What the plan of this Court is with respect to
+us, or whether they have any, is with me very doubtful. If they have
+rejected all the overtures of Britain, why is Mr Cumberland still
+here? And why are expresses passing between Madrid and London through
+Portugal? If Spain is determined that we shall be independent, why not
+openly declare us so, and thereby diminish the hopes and endeavors of
+Britain to prevent it? She seems to be desirous of holding the
+balance, of being in some sort a mediatrix, and of courting the offers
+of each by her supposed importance to both. The drawing of bills on me
+was considered as a desperate measure, prompted by our imbecility, and
+was a bad card to play at a time we were endeavoring to form a treaty,
+and when prudence demanded that the importance of Spain to us should
+not have been brought forward, or placed in such a glaring point of
+view.
+
+One good consequence, however, has resulted from it. The cordiality of
+Spain has been tried by it. For I know of a certainty, that it was in
+her power easily to have made the loan we asked. Indeed, we shall
+always be deceived, if we believe that any nation in the world has, or
+will have, a disinterested regard for us, especially absolute
+monarchies, where the temporary views or passions of the Prince, his
+Ministers, his women, or his favorites, not the voice of the people,
+direct the helm of State. Besides, from the manner in which the war is
+carrying on, it would seem as if it was the design of France and Spain
+that the longest _purse_, not the longest _sword_, should decide it.
+Whether such be really their intention, or how far it may be politic,
+I cannot pretend to determine. This, however, is certain, that it
+would be putting the affair on a hard issue for us. It is also
+certain, that some respect is due to appearances and probable events,
+and we should be cautious how we spend our money, our men, or our
+public spirit, uselessly.
+
+In my opinion, we should endeavor to be as independent on the charity
+of our friends, as on the mercy of our enemies. Jacob took advantage
+even of his brother's hunger, and extorted from him a higher price
+than the value of the Mississippi even for a single dinner. The way
+not to be in _Esau's_ condition, is to be prepared to meet with
+_Jacob's_.
+
+From what I can learn of the King's character, I am persuaded, that a
+present from Congress of a handsome fast sailing packet boat would be
+very acceptable, and consequently very useful.
+
+I am informed, and believe, that a loan from individuals in France is
+impracticable. Here nothing can be done in that way. What may be
+expected from the like attempts in Holland, I am unable to say.
+
+I have received no answer to my letter to Count de Vergennes; the
+Ambassador informs me, that the Count has written him on the subject,
+and the following is an extract from his letter.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "I doubt whether I shall be able to render Mr Jay the service
+    he requests of me, independently of what the Ministry has
+    furnished the Americans in the course of the year. Dr
+    Franklin is urgent for a million extra, to meet the drafts of
+    Congress to the 31st of December. I am sensible how important
+    it is to prevent them from being returned protested, but the
+    difficulty is to find the means. I shall do my best in this
+    exigency, but am not sure of success; beyond this, it would
+    be impossible for me to go."
+
+Dr Franklin has obtained some more money from his Court, and I am to
+have twentyfive thousand dollars of it; perhaps he may be able to
+advance more, but how much, I cannot say.
+
+_November 1st, 1780._ No orders have as yet been given respecting the
+clothing. I have applied and reapplied, and have been promised and
+repromised. I employed Mr Harrison, at Cadiz, (with the Minister's
+concurrence) to make the purchase, and he has several weeks been
+waiting for these orders.
+
+General Gates is defeated, and Mr Laurens in the Tower. Our sky in
+this quarter is again darkened with clouds not in my power to dispel.
+
+I had flattered myself with receiving before this time some
+regulations respecting American seamen.
+
+The house of Le Couteulx have refused to continue their care of them,
+or to advance more money on that account. They complain that the
+American Captains under various pretexts refuse to give them passages,
+without being paid for them. This is cruel.
+
+The following are copies of their letter to me on the subject, and my
+answer.
+
+                      LE COUTEULX & CO. TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                        "Cadiz, October 3d, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "Our supplies for the American sailors amount at this day to
+    ---- We will continue to render them every service in our
+    power, but will confess to you ingenuously, that if you do
+    not furnish us with an order from Congress, by which you
+    empower us to oblige all American Captains, who come here, to
+    take a certain number of people, in proportion to their bulk,
+    free of passage, and afterwards so many more on paying them a
+    certain sum for their provisions, we can advance nothing; as
+    all the Captains who come here never fail of showing good
+    motives for not taking any of their fellow countrymen,
+    without paying them a passage, which forces us to let the
+    people go on board neutral vessels; and instead of fulfilling
+    your views of sending them back as soon as possible, this is
+    a means by which they get still further from it, and a great
+    many engage in the English service."
+
+                         TO LE COUTEULX & CO.
+
+                                     "Madrid, October 15th, 1780.
+
+      "Gentlemen,
+
+    "I have been honored with your favor of the 3d instant, and
+    am much obliged by your attention to the letter it enclosed.
+    You were not mistaken in supposing that the handwriting was
+    mine. That letter was enclosed in one for Mr Harrison, and
+    sent under cover to you.
+
+    "It gives me concern to find that you have so much trouble
+    with American seamen, and I much lament that it is not in my
+    power to comply with the terms on which alone you incline to
+    continue it. I have written more than once to Congress on the
+    subject, and submitted to their consideration the propriety
+    of establishing proper regulations for the conduct of that
+    business, but as yet I have received none. I presume that
+    their attention has been so engaged by other matters of
+    higher and more pressing importance, as not to have had
+    leisure for making these arrangements. The refusal of
+    American Captains to give passages to their unfortunate
+    countrymen is certainly unkind. I shall communicate to
+    Congress, and I hope proper measures will be taken to remove
+    that obstacle. At any rate, however, I cannot leave these
+    unhappy captives friendless, in a strange country. The
+    unfeeling treatment of the Captains rather stimulates than
+    represses my commiseration, and, therefore, Gentlemen, as it
+    is not convenient to you to proceed in your care of them, but
+    on terms not in my power to comply with, I find myself
+    reduced to the necessity of requesting that favor from
+    others. For this purpose I have written to Mr Harrison of
+    your city, and proposed his undertaking it, and have desired
+    him in case he consented, to mention it to you. On that event
+    I must beg the favor of you to give him such information and
+    advice, as may be useful to him in the management of those
+    affairs. Be pleased also to liquidate your accounts with him;
+    they shall be paid without further delay.
+
+    "The attention and kind offices you have regularly paid to
+    Americans, and the personal civilities that myself and family
+    experienced from you, while at Cadiz, will always continue to
+    excite my warmest acknowledgments, and lead me to omit no
+    opportunity of convincing you of the esteem and regard, with
+    which I am, Gentlemen, &c.
+
+                                                        JOHN JAY.
+
+I have before mentioned to Congress my difficulties as to
+correspondence. They continue, and I am obliged to give Colonel
+Livingston the trouble of carrying this letter to Bilboa, and
+delivering it with his own hands to the Captain of some American
+vessel. Congress might have letters from me every month, if orders
+were given to the Captains of the vessels bringing despatches for me,
+to send a trusty officer with them to me. I know that all are opened,
+and some suppressed, and I can think of no other way of avoiding these
+inconveniences. It is important that our correspondence be
+uninterrupted.
+
+I have written very particularly, perhaps more so than may be prudent,
+but as I think it my duty, I pay no regard to consequences. If
+Congress will be equally well satisfied with less minute information,
+I wish to be told so, that their direction on this head may govern me
+in future. I cannot forbear again observing, that few of their
+proceedings remain long secret. I have very good authority for saying
+that copies of the letters, which passed between the Committee and the
+late Commissioners in France, are now in the hands of a certain
+foreigner. How he got them I do not know, but such is the fact, and in
+my opinion it calls for more care in future.
+
+If my letters meet with the same fate, my remaining here will become a
+useless expense to my country.
+
+I think I have written everything material to enable Congress to know
+the exact state of their affairs here. If, however, there should be
+any questions to which an answer would be agreeable to Congress, I
+wish to be informed of them; for since I left America, I have made it
+a rule to be always in a capacity to render a reason for every part of
+my conduct, and state with accuracy every fact relative to it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[25] A full account of Mr Cumberland's proceedings in Spain may be
+found in his _Memoirs_ published many years afterwards.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          Madrid, November 30th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed certain papers from
+Morocco, viz.
+
+_No. 1._ Containing a letter of the 21st of April last, to me from
+Audibert Caille, who styles himself the "Consul appointed by the
+Emperor for such foreign nations as have none of their own in his
+dominions, to protect the strangers who may come to traffic in his
+ports pursuant to two proclamations published last year."
+
+_No. 2._ My answer.
+
+_No. 3._ Copy of M. Audibert's appointment.
+
+_No. 4._ Copy of a declaration of the Emperor, 20th of February, 1778.
+
+_No. 5._ A letter from M. Audibert Caille to Congress of 6th of
+September, 1779. Also, six printed copies of M. Audibert Caille's
+certificates.
+
+These papers ought to have been sent with my letters of May last, but
+recollecting as I was then about to put them up, that if the originals
+should be lost on the passage, it might be difficult to obtain
+others, I thought it most prudent to detain them to be copied, and
+wait for some other opportunity of getting them to the sea; none has,
+however, since occurred, and I did not think them of sufficient
+importance to render it necessary that either Mr Carmichael or Colonel
+Livingston should carry them to one of the sea ports.
+
+It is proper that your Excellency should be informed, that on the 8th
+instant I had a conference with the Minister at the Escurial, in which
+I received many good _words_ and friendly assurances, but time only
+can decide how they will terminate. I received a letter yesterday from
+Mr Harrison, of the 24th instant, and then no orders had arrived about
+the clothing. These delays may seem singular, but they are not
+uncommon. Mr Cumberland is still here. The French and English fleets
+are at sea.
+
+Although appearances are not very flattering at present, I hope they
+will in time become more so. Patience, prudence, and perseverance,
+sometimes effect much. It is in my opinion very important that no
+dissatisfaction be expressed in America at the conduct of Spain.
+Complaint and disgust can answer no good purpose, but may be
+productive of many disagreeable consequences. A cautious silence is
+the more necessary, as I am confident that there are persons in
+America, who would make a merit of collecting and transmitting the
+sentiments of Congress, or _members_ of Congress, on subjects
+interesting to the views and objects of persons in power here.
+
+Colonel Livingston would have returned this fall at the expiration of
+the term expressed in his leave of absence, had I not taken the
+liberty of advising him to remain, and taken upon myself to adjust
+this matter with Congress. As he is employed, and industrious in
+obtaining knowledge, which may enable him to be useful in future to
+his country, I must join with him in requesting that Congress will be
+so kind as to extend his leave of absence to such further period as
+may be agreeable to them.
+
+The enclosed paper marked No. 6, is a copy of a State of the Revenues
+and Expenditures of Spain, in the year 1778. It was formed by a
+Secretary to one of the embassies, and a copy of it was given to Mr
+Carmichael. I received it the last day of July, and had no safe
+opportunity of sending it before. What credit may be due to this
+account I cannot determine, and I have reason to think that there are
+few men in the kingdom who can. This government, disposed to
+concealment and mystery in most matters, will not probably permit an
+accurate knowledge of their revenues to be easily attained. This
+account is perhaps as near the truth as any other. The gentleman, it
+is said, took much pains in forming it, and it also met with the
+approbation of some foreign Ministers; but how far those Ministers
+were judges of the subject I am uninformed. The remarks subjoined to
+this account are Mr Carmichael's, and were added to the copy I
+received from him.
+
+I send copies of several letters, which passed between Messrs de
+Neufville and Son, of Amsterdam, and myself, relative to the bills
+drawn on Mr Laurens.[26] The conduct of that House has been so
+friendly and disinterested, that I think Congress should be
+particularly informed of it, and by taking proper notice of it, induce
+others to follow the example.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[26] These have been inserted in the order of their several dates.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 1.
+
+                 FROM D'AUDIBERT CAILLE TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                           Aranjues, April 21st, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+By order of his Majesty the Emperor of Morocco, I wrote on the 6th of
+September in the last year to the Congress of the United States of
+North America, by way of his Excellency Dr Franklin, their
+Plenipotentiary at the Court of France, to inform them of the pacific
+intentions of that sovereign.
+
+Not having yet received any answer on their part, I fear they have not
+received my letter, and by way of precaution, send your Excellency
+herewith joined an open copy, that after perusing it, you may make
+such use of it as you may think proper. I also send you a copy of the
+two manifests therein mentioned, as well as a translation of the
+patent of the consuls for foreign nations, with which his Majesty the
+Emperor has been pleased to honor me, and some copies of the
+certificates which he ordered me to give to the captains of ships,
+which sail under his flag.
+
+I wish, Sir, that you may receive all these papers with pleasure, and
+I request your Excellency to honor me with an answer, that I may be
+able to convince his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, that I have
+executed the commission he gave me to make known to Congress, that the
+subjects of the said United States might come and traffic under their
+own flags, in the ports of the empire of Morocco, in the like manner
+as they formerly did under the English flag.
+
+Before I had the commission to write to Congress I had already
+written on this subject to his Excellency Dr Franklin, and I offered
+to interest myself cheerfully in establishing a good understanding
+between his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, and the Northern United
+States.
+
+In case that Congress should be equally well pleased to be at peace
+with his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, it will be proper to
+instruct the captains of American armed ships to let freely pass all
+ships sailing under the flag of his Majesty, the Emperor, and will be
+provided with a certificate similar to the within mentioned copies.
+
+I shall probably be obliged to remain here some days; as soon as my
+business shall be despatched, I shall set out for Cadiz, and from
+thence go to Salé, the place of my residence.
+
+Whenever your Excellency may be pleased to honor me with your orders,
+you may address your letters to Messrs Paul Greppi, Azarino, and
+Company, merchants at Cadiz, who will take care to forward them to me.
+
+I am with profound respect, &c.
+
+                                                    D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 2.
+
+                        TO D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 21st day of April, 1780, with the papers enclosed in
+it, has come safe to hand.
+
+The declaration of his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, does honor to
+his liberality and wisdom, and I shall with great pleasure transmit
+the copy of it, as well as of the other papers enclosed with it, to
+his Excellency the President of Congress.
+
+Although I have no particular instructions on the subject, yet the
+knowledge I have of the sentiments of Congress enables me to give
+assurances of their disposition to cultivate peace and harmony with
+all nations. I am persuaded that his Majesty's declaration will be
+very agreeable to them, and that a correspondent conduct on their part
+towards the subjects of Morocco, will convince him of the truth of
+these assurances. I am much obliged to you for this mark of attention,
+and I flatter myself that by extending your good offices to such
+Americans as may resort to the ports of Morocco, they will have reason
+to consider you among the number of their friends.
+
+Should anything interesting to America occur in Morocco, I request the
+favor of you to communicate it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 3.
+
+             COPY OF M. D'AUDIBERT CAILLE'S APPOINTMENT.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    Copy of a French translation of a writing in Arabic, the most
+    authentic of those that are written at the Court of his
+    Majesty the Emperor of Morocco.
+
+    "Let the name of the only God be praised; there is neither
+    wisdom nor power but what proceeds from the Lord most high
+    and most mighty.
+
+    "We make known by this our present and generous writing, that
+    we have appointed the Christian, D'Audibert Caille, who is
+    the bearer hereof, to officiate as consul for all those
+    nations who have no consuls in our dominion, and who are,
+    the empire of Germany, Russia, Prussia, Naples, Sardinia,
+    Rome, Tuscany, the States of America, Genoa, Ragusa, Hamburg,
+    Lubec, and Dantzic; all of whom may come into our ports, and
+    each of them there traffic under the flag of his nation, such
+    as it may be. The said consul will assist them, by our order,
+    in whatever may be useful to them in like manner as the other
+    consuls do towards the subjects of their nations. And all the
+    officers and governors of our ports will acknowledge him for
+    a consul as they do the other consuls, and whichsoever of the
+    said nations shall come into our ports, they shall not be
+    molested by any of our officers or commandants whatsoever, of
+    our ports. To all our captains whom we shall order to cruise
+    by sea, the said consul will give a passport, and we renew
+    our order to him to hoist the flag of peace at his house,
+    without being therein opposed by anybody. He may also hoist
+    it in any port whatever, where he may have a house of
+    commerce, and he shall be mediator between us and the said
+    nations, because we esteem him. Given the 8th of the moon of
+    Alcahda, 1193. (1st of November, 1779.)"
+
+    Signed by the Emperor.
+
+We, Stephen d'Audibert Caille, a French merchant resident at Salé,
+appointed by his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, consul of those
+foreign nations who have none in his dominions to protect them in that
+capacity on all occasions, and to be mediator between him and those
+nations, certify to all whom it may concern, that the above copy is
+conformable to the original, compared by Don Miguel Cassori, the
+interpreter of his Catholic Majesty. In faith of which we sign the
+present certificate, sealed with the seal of the consulate of peace
+at Salé. Done at Aranjues, where I happen to be in passing, the 21st
+of April, 1780.
+
+                                                 S. D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 4.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    _Copy of the Declaration, which his Majesty the Emperor of
+      Morocco (whom God preserve) orders to be notified to all
+      the Consuls and Christian Merchants, who reside in the
+      Ports of Tangier, Salé, and Mogadore, dated the 20th of
+      February, 1778._
+
+    "That in future all vessels, which carry Russian, German,
+    Prussian, Hungarian, Neapolitan, Sardinian, Tuscanian,
+    Genoese, Maltese, or American flags, may freely enter into
+    the ports of his dominions; and in consequence of his
+    determination, he has given orders to the commanders of his
+    vessels, that they let freely pass, all ships and other
+    vessels carrying the said flags without molesting them. To
+    the end, that they may arrive at his ports, take
+    refreshments, and enjoy in them the same privileges and
+    immunities, with those of the other nations with whom his
+    Imperial Majesty maintains peace."
+
+I, the underwritten, employed by his Imperial Majesty for foreign
+affairs, certify, that the contents of the preceding declaration are
+conformable to the truth. And in faith thereof, I sign this present
+certificate. At Salé, the 30th of October, 1779.
+
+                                                         PEDRO UMBERT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We, Stephen d'Audibert Caille, a French merchant residing at Salé,
+appointed by his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, to be consul of the
+foreign nations who have none in his dominions to protect them in that
+capacity on all occasions, and to be mediator between him and those
+nations, certify, whom it may concern, that the said Don Pedro Umbert,
+who has signed the above certificate, is employed for foreign affairs
+at the Court of Morocco, and that in the said quality faith is to be
+given to his signature. In witness whereof we sign these presents,
+sealed with the seal of the consulate of peace, at Salé, the 1st of
+December, 1779.
+
+                                                 S. D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 5.
+
+                    D'AUDIBERT CAILLE TO CONGRESS.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                            Salé, September 6th, 1779.
+
+In quality of a French merchant, who has resided in this town since
+the year 1773, and whom his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, has
+lately named consul for those foreign nations who have none in his
+dominions to protect the strangers who might come to traffic in his
+ports, in pursuance of the two manifestoes which he published last
+year, I have the honor to inform your Excellencies, that it is his
+intention to be at peace with the United States of North America, and
+that their subjects can come to trade freely in his ports under
+American colors, with the like safety with those of the principal
+maritime powers in Europe who enjoy peace with him. Besides the good
+reception, which the governors of the ports of this empire will give
+to the subjects of the United States of North America, I will on my
+part render them all the services, which may depend upon me as consul
+for those foreign nations who have none, and as being charged to
+invite them to come and traffic freely in these ports, in like manner
+as they formerly did under the English flag.
+
+In order that I may be able to convince his Majesty, the Emperor of
+Morocco, that I have executed the commission he gave me to write as
+above to the Congress, I entreat your Excellencies to be pleased to
+honor me with an answer. If you think proper to write at the same time
+to his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, relative to what I have
+written to you on his part, I will take care to obtain a very
+satisfactory answer; and I offer to interest myself very willingly, as
+far as may depend upon me, that a treaty of peace may be made between
+his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, and the United States of North
+America, nearly similar to those which the principal maritime powers
+have with him.
+
+That this letter may the more safely pass to you, I address it to his
+Excellency Dr Franklin, your Plenipotentiary with his Most Christian
+Majesty. Your Excellencies may answer me through the same channel, or
+directly by the way of Cadiz, addressing your letter to the Sieurs
+Paul Grippi, Azarino, and Company. My address is, to Stephen
+d'Audibert Caille, consul for those foreign nations who have none in
+the dominions of his Majesty the Emperor of Morocco, residing at Salé,
+or simply "to D'Audibert, Santigo, and Company," which is that of my
+house of commerce.
+
+I am, with the most profound respect, &c.
+
+                                                    D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 6.
+
+    _General State of the Revenues and Expenses of Spain in the
+                             Year 1778._
+
+                              REVENUES.
+
+                                       Reals de vel.
+  Provincial duties,                     70,000,000
+  Duties on tobacco,                     55,000,000
+  Duties on salt,                        20,000,000
+  Duties on wool,                        17,000,000
+  General duties,                        48,060,000
+  Duties on brandy,                       4,525,000
+  2 per cent duty on the Octrois,
+    former grants of the Crown,             500,000
+  Taxes on the houses in Madrid,          1,200,000
+  1. King's domain in the Serrara,          140,000
+  Post office and couriers,              34,000,000
+  Tax on cards,                           1,000,000
+  Stamp paper,                            4,312,000
+  Tax on the taverns in Madrid,             196,000
+  Various revenues farmed,                6,418,552
+  2 Manufacture of glass at St Ildefonso, 1,500,000
+  3 Manufactures of St Ferdinando and
+    Guaudalaxa,                           1,800,000
+  Extraordinary effects,                 35,000,000
+  Books of Advocates and Attorneys,          62,000
+  Fines in the chamber of Castille,          72,000
+  Effects in the same chamber,              786,800
+  Tax on the Grand Masters,               1,800,000
+  Do. arising from the secular annals and
+    vacancies,                            1,300,000
+  Royal lottery,                          4,500,000
+  Cruzada,                               20,000,000
+  4 Effects of the kingdom of Navarre,   47,500,000
+  American revenue[27],                 200,600,000
+  Clergy,                                13,000,000
+                                        -----------
+                                        562,273,152
+
+                              EXPENSES.
+
+                                       Reals de vel.
+  The Court[28],                        108,500,000
+  5 Land forces,                        204,202,000
+  6 Marine,                             100,000,000
+  Secretary of the Indies,                8,000,000
+  Department of Finance,                  4,500,000
+  Favers and justice,                     1,100,000
+  To support the tribunals,               8,422,769
+  7 Secretary of state and foreign
+    affairs,                              9,873,288
+  8 Extraordinary expenses,              30,000,000
+                                        -----------
+                                        474,598,251
+
+I subjoin the result of my inquiries touching the articles marked No.
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
+
+No. 1, 2, 3. The sums mentioned in the preceding statement as arising
+from the revenues numbered as above may be deducted, as concurrent
+testimony induces me to believe, that the expenses consume near the
+whole of the revenue.
+
+No. 4. I have been also assured, that this article is much
+exaggerated.
+
+No. 5. The expenses of this establishment have greatly increased, but
+I have not been able to ascertain the sum.
+
+No. 6. I have heard from good authority, that the expenses of the
+marine in 1776 amounted to one hundred and twentyfour millions of
+reals, owing to the expedition against Portuguese America. In 1777
+they amounted to eightyeight millions of reals, and in 1779 to near
+four hundred millions of reals; which information induces me to
+conclude, that there were great arrears of the expenses of 1778, or
+that the estimate for that year is not exact.
+
+No. 7, 8. The expenses of these departments have greatly augmented.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[27] The American revenue is difficult to ascertain from this
+circumstance; that not arriving regularly and annually, it is
+necessary to have the receipts for several years to be able to form an
+exact calculation of the modium communibus annis.
+
+[28] The birth of the Infant has increased the Court expenses.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          Madrid, November 30th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have had the honor of receiving from you a letter of the 16th of
+June, and another of the 12th of July, 1780, with the several papers
+mentioned in them. With respect to the subjects of the first, you will
+find them fully discussed in my letter to the President of Congress,
+which will accompany this. The description of the bills will, I hope,
+answer good purposes.
+
+How far the resolution, which immediately follows the one respecting
+Mr Dohrman, can be fully executed, is hard to determine. Had I funds
+necessary for the purpose, I should meet with few difficulties. The
+measure is a wise one, and my attention to it shall be unremitted. In
+a future letter I shall say more on this subject; as yet nothing has
+had time to ripen.
+
+I must request your attention to the necessity of putting your
+correspondence with the public servants in Europe on a better
+footing. I am now at the expense of sending Colonel Livingston to the
+sea side with my despatches, with orders to wait for American vessels,
+and deliver them to the Captain with his own hands. I receive no
+letters by the post, but with marks of inspection, and after much
+delay. Some that I write never come to hand, and I know of letters
+having arrived from America for me, which I have never seen, and never
+expect to see. I know of but one man at the sea ports whom I can
+confide in, viz. Mr Harrison, at Cadiz. I cannot even find a courier,
+that I can depend on. Is it not time for America like other nations to
+provide against these inconveniences by proper regulations and
+establishments? Would it not be well to have American agents or
+consuls in one or more of the ports of France and Spain? Public
+despatches might be sent by packet boats, or other vessels to these
+agents, and should on no account be delivered to any other person; the
+agents might be ordered to send them to the Courts, to which they may
+be directed, by a trusty American; one of the officers of the ship,
+for example; and he should be ordered to wait for, and return with,
+the despatches of the Minister.
+
+Would it not also be proper to provide for the safe conduct of letters
+to Congress after their arrival in America? I have reason not only to
+suspect, but to believe, that certain persons in America are attentive
+to these matters, and care should be taken to keep American letters
+out of their way.
+
+This is an important subject and merits attention. For my own part I
+find several persons here, who have more intelligence from America
+than myself; and it is the more mortifying when considered, that they
+are probably often indebted for their information to the contents of
+letters directed to me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                     In Congress, February 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Congress having since their instructions to you of the 29th of
+September, 1779, and 4th of October, 1780, relative to the claim of
+the United States to the free navigation of the river Mississippi, and
+to a free port or ports below the thirtyfirst degree of north
+latitude, resumed the consideration of that subject, and being
+desirous to manifest to all the world, and particularly to his
+Catholic Majesty, the moderation of their views, the high value they
+place on the friendship of his Catholic Majesty, and their disposition
+to remove every reasonable obstacle to his accession to the alliance
+subsisting between his Most Christian Majesty and these United States,
+in order to unite the more closely in their measures and operations
+three powers who have so great a unity of interests, and thereby to
+compel the common enemy to a speedy, just, and honorable peace; have
+resolved, and you are hereby instructed to recede from the
+instructions above referred to, so far as they insist on the free
+navigation of that part of the river Mississippi, which lies below the
+thirtyfirst degree of north latitude, and on a free port or ports
+below the same; provided such cession shall be unalterably insisted
+upon by Spain; and provided the free navigation of the said river,
+above the said degree of north latitude, shall be acknowledged and
+guarantied by his Catholic Majesty to the citizens of the United
+States in common with his own subjects. It is the order of Congress,
+at the same time, that you exert every possible effort to obtain from
+his Catholic Majesty the use of the river aforesaid, with a free port
+or ports below the said thirtyfirst degree of north latitude for the
+citizens of the United States, under such regulations and restrictions
+only, as may be a necessary safeguard against illicit commerce.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                       SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             TO JOHN JAY
+
+                                                  February 20th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The President sends you instructions passed in Congress the 15th.
+
+Personally, I am mortified that no letters from you since September
+16th have reached us. We have not waited for the minute information
+promised in yours of that date, nor have we received any notice of
+your receipt of our instructions of October 4th, before we discussed
+anew the old subject. There has been unfair dealing with your
+despatches. I apprehend that we are allowed to see only sentiments
+somewhat different from yours. Perhaps the enclosed memorandum may be
+some clue to your scrutiny.
+
+On the 10th of January, Congress resolved to establish an office for
+foreign affairs, which I hope will make your station more easy and
+reputable. I wish most earnestly to have a choice made of the
+secretary, to whom I may deliver all the papers in my possession
+connected with his duty.
+
+I am, Sir, your friend and humble servant,
+
+                                                  JAMES LOVELL,
+                                                  _For the Committee_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                                      March 9th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+You will herewith receive gazettes and journals, also a resolve
+respecting the complete ratification of the articles binding the
+Thirteen States as a confederated body. The delay of that business
+appears now like all the other circumstances of our rise and growth;
+for the present is really the best of all times for that particular
+event. Our enemies have been ripening themselves for this capital
+_mentitis_.
+
+We have no letters from you or Mr Carmichael later than those
+mentioned in my last, a copy of which attends this.
+
+I am, Sir, your friend and humble servant,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                              Madrid, March 22d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I ought, and wish to write your Excellency a long letter, but not by
+the post. The French fleet is not yet sailed. It will, in my opinion,
+be late in the summer before the fleet at Rhode Island will be
+reinforced. This Court has promised me one hundred and fifty thousand
+dollars. Some clothing is now shipping on account of Congress from
+Cadiz.
+
+Russia has offered her mediation to England and the States-General.
+The latter have accepted it. The answer of the former (if given) is
+not known here. If she should refuse, Russia will probably take part
+with the Dutch; if she accepts, she will doubtless be obliged either
+to agree to terms consistent with the armed neutrality, or continue
+the war. The consequences of either are obvious.
+
+M. Necker has published a state of the French finances, much to his
+honor and their credit. Perhaps a complimentary order to translate and
+publish it would be useful.
+
+Mr Cumberland will set out on his return, through France, in a few
+days.
+
+This letter is intended to go by Captain Trask, from Bilboa. I am told
+he will sail much sooner than had been given out, and that unless my
+letters go by this evening's post, they would arrive too late. Hence I
+am obliged to write in haste, and say little, there being no time for
+cyphers. I have received some letters from your Excellency. Their
+dates shall be mentioned another time.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                             Madrid, April 25th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have had the honor of receiving your Excellency's letters of the 6th
+and 17th of October last, with the enclosures. They arrived the 30th
+day of January last. There is more than reason to suspect, that the
+French Court were apprised of their contents before they arrived, and
+to believe that the construction of the treaty, by which the
+navigation of the Mississippi is supposed to be comprehended in the
+guarantee, does not correspond with their ideas on that subject. This
+Court continues pertinaciously to insist on our ceding that
+navigation, nor will they, as yet, listen to any middle line. Whether
+this be their real motive for declining a treaty with us at present,
+or whether the bills drawn upon me have inspired an expectation of
+profiting by our necessities, or whether they flatter themselves with
+a future majority of Congress on that point, or whether they choose,
+by continuing free from engagements with us, to be better enabled to
+improve to their advantage the casualties of the war, are questions
+which still remain undecided. Indeed, the movements of this Court in
+general, when compared with the great rules of national policy
+applicable to their situation, is so inexplicable, that I should not
+be surprised, if it should appear in future, that they had no fixed
+system whatever.
+
+My last particular letter informed your Excellency, that having, in
+September last, been told that his Majesty could not advance us any
+money, but could be responsible for a loan to the amount of one
+hundred and fifty thousand dollars, I determined to continue accepting
+the bills, to attempt the loan, and by a representation of my
+situation to the French Court, endeavor to save the necessity of
+protesting them for non-payment.
+
+I tried to borrow here on the security of this responsibility, but
+without the least success. I attempted it in France, but it would not
+do. I made the like attempt in Holland, and a gleam of hope appearing
+there, I was about improving it, when a letter from America informed
+me, that Mr Adams was authorised to execute the business, which had
+been committed to Mr Laurens. I had heard before of his being in
+Holland, but did not know the object which had called him there.
+Several letters passed between Messrs De Neufville and myself on the
+subject of this loan. The following is a copy of my last to them about
+it.
+
+                       TO DE NEUFVILLLE & SON.
+
+                                      "Madrid, January 8th, 1781.
+
+      "Gentlemen,
+
+    "I have had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 4th
+    ult. together with the one referred to in it.
+
+    "England has, it seems, declared war against the United
+    Provinces, and that in a style of such eminent superiority,
+    as I am persuaded will remind your countrymen, that the
+    United Netherlands are not comprehended among the territories
+    depending on the Crown of Great Britain.
+
+    "The English Ministry, by charging the States with having
+    acted under French influence, intend to alarm their national
+    pride, and, by making Holland the particular object of their
+    resentment, to sow the seeds of dissensions among them, and
+    render that most important Province obnoxious to the others.
+    The tone of the whole declaration is that of a nation going
+    rather to give correction to disobedient vassals, than to war
+    upon a free and independent people. It could have been
+    assumed only upon a persuasion, that the same supposed
+    timidity, to which they ascribed the long forbearance of the
+    Dutch under multiplied insults and injuries, would, on this
+    ostentatious display of terror, reduce them to the
+    humiliating measure of imploring forgiveness for having acted
+    like freemen, and purchasing peace at the expense of their
+    honor and liberty. Every other nation must expect better
+    things of you, and can never believe, that the present
+    generation will want firmness to assert the rights and
+    vindicate the honor of a Republic, which owes its very
+    existence to the glorious spirit and magnanimity of its
+    ancestors.
+
+    "It gives me great satisfaction to hear that Mr Adams has
+    conversed with you on the subject of a loan, and I am
+    persuaded that business will be much advanced by it. The
+    impropriety of two loans at a time is evident. My chief
+    motive in proposing one at the time I did was, that no time
+    might be lost by the absence of Mr Laurens, in prosecuting a
+    measure, which appeared to me highly useful to my country. I
+    have no views or objects separate from her, and, provided she
+    is effectually served, I am well content that the honor of
+    doing it should devolve on others. As the management of our
+    affairs in your country is committed to Mr Adams, I request
+    the favor of you to give him all the aid in your power. When
+    that gentleman went to Holland, I was ignorant of the
+    business which called him thither; and the first knowledge I
+    had of it was from America, long after Mr Laurens's capture.
+    It cannot now be necessary, that my name should appear in the
+    affair of the proposed loan, but should it be in my power to
+    be useful, Mr Adams may rely upon my zealous endeavors to
+    promote that, and every other measure for the public good.
+    Indeed, as matters now stand, delicacy forbids me to
+    interfere further than as a mere auxiliary to Mr Adams, to
+    whom, and to whose affairs I beg you to extend the influence
+    of that generous regard for America, which has placed you so
+    high in the esteem of
+
+    "Gentlemen, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+My last particular despatches contained a copy of my letter to Count
+de Vergennes, requesting his aid. I received from Count de Montmorin
+an extract of a letter he had received from the Minister on that
+subject, in which he mentions the advances made to Dr Franklin, and
+the improbability of his being able to assist me, but concluded with
+saying, he would do his best. Shortly after, I received a letter from
+Count de Vergennes, which left me without hopes of succor from that
+quarter, except that Dr Franklin promised to accept my drafts to the
+amount of twentyfive thousand dollars.
+
+In December following, I had a long and interesting conference with
+Count de Florida Blanca, the particulars of which it is not necessary
+minutely to enumerate by this opportunity. He expressly promised me
+one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. As the bills afterwards became
+due, I applied for money to pay them, and received it to the amount of
+thirtyfour thousand eight hundred and eighty dollars.
+
+On the 15th of March I sent him a list of the bills payable in April,
+which amounted to eightynine thousand and eightythree dollars.
+
+On the 25th, I was informed that the payment of this sum could not
+then be possibly made, but that the balance due on the one hundred and
+fifty thousand dollars promised, should be paid in the course of six
+months.
+
+I communicated this matter to the Ambassador of France, and I must do
+him the justice to say, that his conduct on this occasion merits our
+thanks. All he could obtain from this Court was, that the amount of
+the April bills should be paid me in six equal monthly payments. This
+arrangement still leaving me unprovided with the means of satisfying
+the approaching demands, the Ambassador made personal application to a
+rich banker here, and on his personal credit and my consenting that
+the aforesaid six monthly payments should be applied to the repayment,
+obtained a loan for me of the whole sum wanted for April. I have
+passed my note for it, payable as soon as possible, with interest at
+the rate of six per cent. But this provision not extending beyond
+April, the fate of the bills payable in the succeeding months still
+remained dubious. That nothing in my power might be left undone, I
+sent on the 1st of April an express to Dr Franklin representing to him
+my true situation, and the injuries our credit would sustain from the
+protest of a single bill drawn by order of Congress. I desired him to
+communicate my letter to Colonel Laurens, to whom I also wrote on the
+subject. The express returned on the 19th instant, with a letter from
+Dr Franklin, by which I am authorised to draw upon him as occasion may
+require, to the amount of one hundred and fortytwo thousand two
+hundred and twenty dollars, towards paying the bills that become due
+between May and September.
+
+My endeavors, however, to obtain further aids from Spain, shall not be
+relaxed. They seem very desirous of having the ships of the line,
+still unfinished on the stocks at Boston and Portsmouth. I have
+written to your Excellency on this subject, and have as yet received
+no answer. When I consider that the state of our finances has so long
+prevented the completing those ships, and the difficulties heretofore
+experienced in providing for those in service; when I recollect that
+the finishing and fitting out those ships will bring money into our
+country, and probably prepare the way for Spain's building more
+vessels in it, and lastly, when I consider how much these ships seem
+to be an object, I am almost prevailed upon to engage positively that
+Spain shall have at least one of them at prime cost. To exercise a
+power not clearly within the limits of those confided to me, is a
+delicate and disagreeable business. This is the first time I ever
+found myself disposed to hazard it, and yet so many circumstances lead
+me to think, that the public good would be promoted by the sale of
+these ships, that in case I should be again pressed on this subject, I
+believe I shall run the risk, from a persuasion that though such
+conduct ought not to be approved or encouraged by Congress, yet that
+when directed by the purest motives, and for the best purpose, it may
+obtain forgiveness.
+
+Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed a copy of the invoice
+of prize clothing, taken by Admiral Cordova, and presented by the
+Courts of France and Spain to Congress. The Count de Montmorin was
+very much an American on this occasion also. Mr Harrison, at Cadiz,
+has my orders to ship these goods in different vessels to America;
+part of them is now on the ocean, and the rest will soon follow. Your
+Excellency will receive a letter of advice with each parcel from Mr
+Harrison, of whom I have a very good opinion. He charges no commission
+for doing this business, being contented with the satisfaction of
+serving his country.
+
+I have often mentioned to Congress the necessity of more effectual
+provision for our captive seamen; for want of money I cannot pay that
+attention to them, which their misfortunes and usefulness demand. I am
+already greatly in arrears on their account, and Mr Harrison, unless
+reimbursed, must soon stop his hand.
+
+Portugal, though overawed by France and Spain, fears and perhaps
+loves England; her conduct will be determined by future events. The
+Minister here has promised me to interpose the good offices of his
+Court with that of Lisbon in our behalf. In time something good may
+result from it. I have not received a line from Mr Dohrman; I fear he
+is obliged to be very circumspect and cautious. The letters herewith
+enclosed from Dr Franklin were left open for my perusal, the short
+stay of my courier not allowing time for copies to be made of the
+information conveyed in and with them. The intercepted letters will be
+found interesting. One of them ascertains the price paid Arnold.
+
+I perceive that Dr Franklin desires to retire. This circumstance calls
+upon me to assure Congress, that I have reason to be perfectly
+satisfied with his conduct towards me, and that I have received from
+him all the aid and attention I could wish or expect. His character is
+very high here, and I really believe that the respectability, which he
+enjoys throughout Europe, has been of general use to our cause and
+country.
+
+Your Excellency may rely on my cordially adopting and pursuing any
+measures, that can conduce to the enlargement of Mr Laurens, and I
+regret that no occasion has yet offered in which I could do anything
+towards the attainment of that desirable object.
+
+Mr Cumberland is on the road home. I much suspect that he was sent and
+received, from mutual views in the two Courts of deceiving each other.
+Which of them has been most successful is hard to determine. I believe
+in point of intelligence, England has had the advantage. As to the
+assurances of the Minister on this subject, they are all of little
+consequence, because on such occasions Courts only say what may be
+convenient; and therefore may or may not merit confidence. Time and
+circumstances will cast more light on this subject.
+
+Whatever we may get from this Court is clear gain. We have no demands
+upon it, and if we had, are not in a capacity to insist upon them. In
+my opinion, therefore, it is of the utmost importance to avoid
+appearances of discontent, and rather to impress other nations with
+an opinion of the friendship of Spain for us, than otherwise. Indeed,
+I really believe the King means well towards us, and that the Prime
+Minister is also well disposed; but whether as much can be said of the
+Minister's confidential and I believe influential secretary, M. Del
+Campo, is by no means a clear point. It is proper that Congress should
+know, that the gentleman intended to succeed M. Mirales was
+recommended by M. Del Campo, with whom he has long been on terms of
+intimacy and friendship.
+
+I have nevertheless no room to doubt of this gentleman's attachment to
+our cause, though I am inclined to think his conduct will be
+conformable in a certain degree with the views of his patron. This
+ought to remain a secret. He is still here, although he expects daily
+to be despatched.
+
+I represented the case of the Dover cutter to the Ministry here the
+22d of June last. In December I obtained a promise that it should be
+appraised, and the value paid to the captors, and two days ago I was
+again assured, that measures were taking to bring this matter to a
+conclusion. _Festina Lente_ seems to be the first maxim in Spanish
+politics and operations. It is the fashion of the country and
+strangers must conform to it.
+
+I congratulate Congress on the victory obtained by General Morgan, and
+the success of the French in the Chesapeake. The enclosed gazette
+contains much good news from the East Indies. These events will
+probably give Lord George Germain other ideas than those which appear
+in his intercepted letters.
+
+M. Toscan, who goes to reside as Vice Consul of France at Boston, will
+carry this letter to America, and perhaps to Philadelphia. He was
+ready to set out when my courier returned from France. I was obliged
+to delay my letters till his arrival, and M. Toscan has been so
+obliging as to wait till I could complete them.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                          In Congress, May 28th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your letter of the 6th of November last, detailing your proceedings
+from the 26th of May down to that period, has been received by the
+United States in Congress assembled. At the same time was received
+your letter of the 30th of November, with the several papers therein
+referred to.
+
+It is with pleasure, Sir, I obey the direction of Congress to inform
+you, that throughout the whole course of your negotiations and
+transactions, in which the utmost address and discernment were often
+necessary to reconcile the respect due to the dignity of the United
+States with the urgency of their wants, and the complaisance expected
+by the Spanish Court, your conduct is entirely approved by them. It is
+their instruction that you continue to acknowledge, on all suitable
+occasions, the grateful impression made on these States by the
+friendly disposition manifested toward them by his Catholic Majesty,
+and particularly by the proofs given of it in the measures which he
+has taken, and which it is hoped he will further take, for preserving
+their credit, and for aiding them with a supply of clothing for their
+army. You are also authorised and instructed to disavow, in the most
+positive and explicit terms, any secret understanding or negotiation
+between the United States and Great Britain; to assure his Catholic
+Majesty, that such insinuations have no other source than the
+invidious designs of the common enemy, and that as the United States
+have the highest confidence in the honor and good faith both of his
+Most Christian and of his Catholic Majesty, so it is their inviolable
+determination to take no step, which shall depart in the smallest
+degree from their engagements with either.
+
+Should the Court of Spain persist in the refusal intimated by its
+Minister to accede to the treaty between the United States and his
+Most Christian Majesty, or to make it the basis of its negotiation
+with you, the difficulty, it is conceived, may easily be avoided by
+omitting all express reference to that treaty, and at the same time
+conforming to the principles and tenor of it; and you are accordingly
+authorised so far to vary the plan of your original instructions. As
+his Most Christian Majesty however may justly expect, in a matter
+which so nearly concerns him, and which was brought into contemplation
+in the treaty he so magnanimously entered into with these States, the
+strongest marks of attention and confidence, you will not fail to
+maintain, in the several steps of your negotiation, a due
+communication with his Minister at the Court of Spain, and to include
+his interests as far as circumstances will warrant.
+
+You are authorised to acquaint his Catholic Majesty that not only
+entire liberty will be granted, during the war at least, to export
+naval stores for the royal marine, but that every facility will be
+afforded for that purpose.
+
+As Congress have no control over the captains of private vessels,
+however proper your hints may be of obliging them to give a passage to
+American seamen returning home from foreign ports, and to send an
+officer with despatches intrusted to them for foreign Ministers, it is
+impracticable to carry them into execution, you will therefore
+continue to provide for these objects for the present, in the best
+manner you can. As soon as the United States are in condition to
+establish consuls in the principal ports of the States with which they
+have intercourse, the difficulty will be removed; or if any other
+practicable remedy be suggested in the meantime, it will be applied.
+
+The letter, of which you enclose a copy, from Stephen d'Audibert
+Caille, styling himself consul for unrepresented nations at the Court
+of Morocco, had before been received through the hands of Dr Franklin.
+If you shall have no objection to the contrary, you will correspond
+with him, and assure him in terms the most respectful to the Emperor,
+that the United States in Congress assembled entertain a sincere
+disposition to cultivate the most perfect friendship with him, and
+that they will embrace a favorable occasion to announce their wishes
+in form.
+
+The generous and critical services rendered these United States by
+Messrs Neufville and Son, have recommended them to the esteem and
+confidence of Congress. You will signify as much to them, and that
+their services will not be forgotten, whenever a proper occasion
+offers of promoting their interests.
+
+Your intimation with respect to complimenting his Catholic Majesty
+with a handsome, fast sailing packet-boat, claims attention; but the
+variety of public embarrassments will render the execution of it very
+uncertain.
+
+Congress agree to an extension of Colonel Livingston's furlough, till
+the further order of Congress, which you will make known to him.
+
+Your letter of the 16th of September last was received on the 4th day
+of December. No bills have been drawn on you since. That of the 28th
+of January was received on the 27th day of April; and in consequence
+of it the sale of the bills already drawn, but then remaining on hand,
+was countermanded.
+
+By a letter from Mr Carmichael, dated the 22d of February, and
+received on the 27th of April last, Congress are informed that you had
+received despatches from them dated in October. These must have
+contained their instructions to you to adhere to the claim of the
+United States to the navigation of the Mississippi. A reconsideration
+of that subject determined Congress, on the 15th day of February last,
+to recede from that instruction so far as it insisted on their claim
+to the navigation of that river below the thirtyfirst degree of north
+latitude, and to a free port or ports below the same. On the receipt
+of this latter instruction, Congress have little doubt that the great
+obstacle to your negotiations will be removed, and that you will not
+only be able without further delay to conclude the proposed alliance
+with his Catholic Majesty, but that the liberality and friendly
+disposition manifested on the part of the United States by such a
+cession, will induce him to afford them some substantial and effectual
+aid in the article of money. The loss attending the negotiation of
+bills of exchange has been severely felt. A supply of specie through
+the Havana would be much more convenient and acceptable.
+
+                                       SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                             Aranjues, May 29th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My last to your Excellency was of the 25th ult. and was the more
+particular, as Mr Toscan, who is appointed Vice Consul of France at
+Boston, and was the bearer of it; he sailed from Bilboa.
+
+On the 18th instant I received from Mr Lovell three letters written on
+one sheet, viz. 20th of February, 9th and 31st of March last. No other
+copies of these letters ever reached me. They arrived at Cadiz in the
+Virginia; but the papers and journals said to accompany them never
+came to my hands, nor have I received any letters from your Excellency
+since January last.
+
+On the 23d instant I waited upon his Excellency, the Count de Florida
+Blanca, and informed him of the facts stated in the above memorial. He
+said, he had not as yet heard anything upon the subject; that there
+was such an ordinance, and that prudence demanded that the admission
+of letters from abroad, especially in time of war, should be under the
+direction of government. That the situation of North America rendered
+new regulations necessary, that he would turn his thoughts to it, and
+do what should appear equitable. The next day I sent him Mr Harrison's
+memorial in a letter on the subject of it.
+
+As this letter will go by the post, I must omit being minute about
+many matters, which I wish to communicate to Congress. Cyphers would
+probably impede the progress of this letter, if not stop it.
+
+The captors of the Dover cutter still remain unsatisfied. My first
+memorial on that subject was dated and presented the 22d of June last.
+In the winter I was promised, that the prize should be appraised, and
+the value paid. At present I am assured that informations about it are
+taking.
+
+M. Gardoqui, it is said, will set out in June. If a safe conveyance,
+which I am encouraged to expect in about a fortnight's time, should
+offer, I shall write your Excellency a long letter, and mention the
+dates of my former ones. If not, I shall take another method, not
+proper to explain in this letter, which, notwithstanding its different
+covers, will, I doubt not, be inspected before it reaches Cadiz.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                         Philadelphia, June 4th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I enclose a resolve of Congress, of May 24th, respecting an interest
+of Messrs Dumain and Lyon, with their petition annexed. I also add the
+copy of a resolve of September the 27th, 1780, and of a short letter
+of mine to a gentleman in Teneriffe, to serve as a memorandum in case
+you have not already procured justice for Mr Magnall and his
+associates, who took the Dover cutter. Mr McCarrick of Santa Cruz is
+knowing to all the circumstances of that affair. Magnall has been
+unfortunate from the time he left this place last October; he is now
+here. I do not know whether this is the matter referred to in the
+letter of Mr Carmichael of December 24th, where he says, "The Minister
+also engaged to do justice to certain Americans, who carried a British
+privateer to the Canaries." I send you an extract from instructions
+given to Dr Franklin concerning M. d'Audibert Caille, which may serve
+to govern your conduct towards that gentleman.
+
+Your humble servant,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, June 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 4th I transmitted to you a resolve of May 24th, respecting an
+interest of Messrs Dumain and Lyon, with their petition annexed. You
+will herewith receive other copies of those papers by opportunities,
+which the party concerned will industriously find. I recommend the
+business afresh to your attention, those worthy men having already met
+with vexatious delays on this side of the water.
+
+With much esteem I am, Sir, your friend,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                         Philadelphia, July 4th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+The derangement of our money affairs, the enormity of our public
+expenditures, the confusion in all our departments, the languor of our
+general system, the complexity and consequent inefficacy of our
+operations; these are some among the many reasons which have induced
+Congress to the appointment of a Superintendent of Finance. I enclose
+you copies of their resolutions on that subject, with such other
+papers as will fully explain to you my appointment and powers.
+
+The use of this office must be found in a progress towards the
+accomplishment of these two capital objects, the raising a revenue
+with the greatest convenience to the people, and the expenditure of it
+with the greatest economy to the public.
+
+The various requisitions of Congress to the several States, none of
+them entirely complied with, create a considerable balance in favor of
+the United States, and the claiming this balance is delivered over to
+me as revenue; while on the other hand, the dangerous practice of
+taking articles for the public service and giving certificates to the
+people, has created a very general and a very heavy debt. The amount
+of this debt is swelled beyond all reasonable bounds, nor can the
+extent of it be at present estimated. These things need no
+explanation, but it may be proper to observe, that if the certificates
+were not in my way, there is still an infinite difference between the
+demand of a balance from the States, and an effectual revenue. The
+latter can be obtained only in consequence of wise laws generally
+adopted, and as generally executed with vigor and decision. Were all
+that is necessary on these heads accomplished, something further would
+still remain to be done, in order that the produce of taxes should he
+subject to the sole and absolute disposition of the United States, or
+of their officers. To you who are acquainted with republican
+governments, it is unnecessary to observe on the delays which will
+arise, the obstacles which will be raised, and the time which will be
+consumed, in placing the revenue of America on a proper footing. Yet
+this is absolutely necessary before credit can be established, and the
+indispensable supplies obtained on terms of economy.
+
+To reform our expenditure is an object of equal importance with the
+other, and it is in some degree within my power, as you will perceive
+it to have been subjected to my authority. But even here I find myself
+trammeled by the want of necessary funds. To contract, for instance,
+with any one, in order to obtain bread for our troops, requires the
+previous certainty of being able to make the stipulated payments. And
+so in every other case, I shall be unable to act with decision, unless
+I have the command of money. On the other hand, the people will bear
+with great reluctance the necessary imposition of heavy burthens,
+while they can perceive any want of arrangement, method, or economy,
+in the administration of their affairs.
+
+If for a moment we suppose, that this country, amid the confusions of a
+revolution, and the rage of war, could be governed with all the
+regularity, wisdom, and prudence, of ancient and peaceable nations;
+yet we must be convinced, that no annual revenue she is able to raise
+could equal the annual expense in an offensive war against so powerful
+a nation, as that which we now contend with. A great balance,
+therefore, must remain, and it must be provided for by loans or
+subsidies.
+
+To expect loans within the United States, presupposes an ability to
+lend, which does not exist in any considerable number of the
+inhabitants. The personal property, not immediately engaged, either in
+commerce or the improvement of lands, was never very considerable.
+Little as it was, it has been greatly diminished by the pernicious
+effects of a depreciating medium. This expedient, which was adopted in
+the beginning from necessity, and too pertinaciously adhered to in the
+sequel, has not only exhausted the funds of those who might have been
+willing to trust the United States, but it has so wounded our public
+credit, that even the will would be wanting if the ability existed,
+which as I said before, it really does not.
+
+While we have neither credit nor means at home, it is idle to expect
+much from individuals abroad. Our foreign credit must be nurtured with
+tenderness and attention before it can possess any great degree of
+force, and it must be fed by substantial revenue, before we can call
+it into active exertion or derive beneficial effects from its
+application.
+
+All reasonable expectation, therefore, is narrowed down to the
+friendly interposition of those sovereigns, who are associates in the
+war. From Holland, we can properly ask nothing; nor is she, I believe,
+in a capacity to grant it if we did ask. The active efforts of France
+require all the resources of that great nation, and of consequence the
+pecuniary aid which she affords us can but little advance the general
+cause, however it may relieve our immediate distress.
+
+We must then turn our eyes to Spain, and we must ask either loans or
+subsidies to a very considerable amount. Small sums are not worth the
+acceptance. They have the air of obligation without affording relief.
+A small sum, therefore, is not an object to the United States, for
+they do not mean to beg gratuities, but to make rational requests.
+
+As Congress have empowered you to remove the obstacles, which have
+hitherto impeded your negotiations, you will doubtless proceed with
+prudent despatch in forming the important treaties, which are to be
+the basis of our national connexion. Your own integrity, and the
+dispositions which you certainly feel, as the true representative of
+your Sovereign, to gratify the wishes of his Catholic Majesty, will
+give you just claim to the confidence and friendly support of his
+Ministers. And on the other hand, his Majesty's known piety and
+justice, will certainly induce him to facilitate a permanent union
+between the two countries, and to overturn that power, whose ambition
+is known, felt, and detested, throughout the habitable globe.
+
+Having a perfect confidence in the wisdom of his Majesty's Ministers,
+I must request that you will submit to their consideration the
+reasons, which operate in favor of the advances we expect. In doing
+this, it will immediately strike you and them, that the enemy carries
+on the operations against us at an expense infinitely greater than
+that by which they are opposed. By enabling us, therefore, to increase
+our resistance, and redouble our offensive efforts, the British will
+be reduced to the necessity of increasing their force in America, or
+of submitting beneath a decided superiority. Either must be fatal to
+them. In the first instance, they will be crushed by the weight of
+expense; and, in the second, they must, while they lose an actual
+force, and part forever with the object in contest, feel the increased
+weight of the American arms, and make head against those resources,
+applied to a marine, which are now consumed in land operations.
+
+Money ought, therefore, to be supplied to us from the Havana, which
+will at the same time save the risk of transporting it to Europe,
+while, as I have already observed, it must, when employed among us,
+absolutely ruin the common enemy. For, when once they are driven from
+the United States, they must, at a considerable expense, defend, or,
+at a great loss, relinquish the rest of their American possessions;
+and, in either case, the resources of this country will enable France
+and Spain to carry on operations for the subjection of the British
+Islands.
+
+With respect to our finance, I am further to observe, that the
+resolutions of Congress, of the 18th of March, 1780, have neither been
+so regularly adopted by the States as was hoped and expected, nor been
+productive of those consequences, which were intended. It is
+unnecessary to travel into the causes, or to explain the reasons of
+this event. The fact is clear. The new money is depreciated, and there
+is the strong evidence of experience to convince us, that the issuing
+of paper, at present, must be ineffectual. Taxation has not yet been
+pursued to that extent, which was necessary. Neither is it reasonable
+to expect that it should. Time has been required under all governments
+to accustom the people by degrees to bear heavy burdens. The people of
+America have so patiently endured the various calamities of the war,
+that there is good reason to expect they will not shrink at this late
+hour from the imposition of just and equal taxes. But many
+arrangements are necessary to this purpose, and, therefore, an
+immediate pecuniary assistance is the more necessary to us. Our debts,
+under which I comprise, as well those of the individual States, as
+those of the Union, are but trifling, when we consider the exertions
+which have been made. The debt I have already mentioned on
+certificates is heavy, not from the real amount, but because it is
+beyond what the supplies obtained were reasonably worth, and because
+it impedes taxation and impairs its effects. But the amount of other
+debts so small, that a few years of peace would bring it within the
+bounds of a revenue very moderate, when compared with the wealth of
+our country. You well know the rapid increase of that wealth, and how
+soon it would relieve us from the weight of debts, which might be in
+the first instance very burdensome. There can, therefore, be no doubt,
+that we shall be able to pay all those, which it may be necessary to
+contract. But, as I have already observed, our great difficulty is the
+want of means in our people, and of credit in our government.
+
+It gives me, however, very great pleasure to inform you, that the
+determined spirit of the country is by no means abated either by the
+continuance of the war, the ravages of our enemy, the expense of blood
+and treasure we have sustained, or the artifices, falsehoods, and
+delusions of an insidious foe. These last become daily more and more
+contemptible in America, and it appears equally astonishing, that they
+should longer attempt them here, or boast the success of such attempts
+in Europe. Uniform experience has shown the futility of their efforts,
+and the falsehood of their assertions. I know they take the advantage
+of every little success to vaunt the prowess of their troops and
+proclaim hopes of conquest, which they do not feel. But those, who
+know anything of our history or situation, must have the utmost
+contempt for all these gasconades. It is impossible they should make
+impression upon any but weak minds, and I should hardly have thought
+of mentioning them, but I learn by letters from Spain, that men, who
+are uninformed, have been led into misapprehensions from
+circumstances, which were here considered as trivial and even
+favorable.
+
+I could hardly have supposed that our enemies had still the folly to
+repeat, as I am told they do, that there is an English party in
+America. Bribes and deceit have induced some wicked and weak men to
+join them; but when we consider the sums they have expended, and the
+falsehoods they have used, our wonder is not, that they have got so
+many, but that they have gained so few. The independence of America is
+considered here as established; so much so, that even those of
+equivocal character accustom themselves to cherish the idea; for the
+doubt is not now, whether an acknowledgment of it will take place, but
+when that acknowledgment will be made. Our exertions also, in the
+present moment, are not so much directed to establish our liberties,
+as to prevent the ravages of the enemy, abridge the duration and
+calamities of the war, and faithfully contribute to the reduction of a
+power, whose ambition was equally dangerous and offensive to every
+other.
+
+All reasonings on this subject must be deeply enforced, by paying
+attention to what has happened in the Southern States. The progress of
+the enemy, while in appearance it menaced the conquest of that
+extensive region, tended only, in effect, to exhaust him by fruitless
+efforts, so that at length a handful of men have rescued the whole
+from his possession. The attack on Virginia (if the piratical
+incursions there can deserve that name) has been equally futile. The
+commanders may indeed have enriched themselves by plunder, and many
+worthy families have been distressed; but what is the consequence?
+Indignation and resentment have stimulated even the weak and indolent
+to action. The wavering are confirmed, and the firm are exasperated,
+so that every hour, and by every operation, they create enemies,
+instead of gaining subjects.
+
+Our armies, though not very numerous, are powerful. The regular troops
+are so much improved in discipline and the habits of a military life,
+that they are at least equal to any troops in the world. Our militia
+are becoming more and more warlike, so as to supply the wants of
+regular troops, when the enemy (taking advantage of that convenience,
+which their ships afford them) transfer the scene of action from one
+place to another. The number of the British diminishes daily, and of
+consequence, our superiority becomes daily more decisive. The greatest
+plenty of subsistence is to be had for our armies, and the prospects
+from the present harvest are beyond all former experience. I wish I
+could add, that clothing and military stores were as abundant as those
+other requisites for war. This is not the case; our soldiers, indeed,
+are well armed, and, in some degree, they are clothed. We have also
+ammunition abundantly sufficient for the common operations of the
+field. But many of our militia are unarmed, and the sieges, which will
+be necessary to expel the enemy, must make a heavy deduction from our
+military stores.
+
+The proposed siege of New York will soon be commenced, and would
+undoubtedly be successful, if we could maintain a decided superiority
+at sea. This must depend on contingencies, which are not in our power,
+nor perhaps in the power of any human being. I am not without hopes,
+even if we should not possess that superiority; but the expense will,
+from the want of it, be very considerably enhanced, and this is a
+circumstance which I cannot but deplore, for I repeat it again, the
+want of money can alone prevent us from making the greatest
+exertions. What our exertions have already been, our enemies
+themselves must acknowledge, and while from insidious views, they
+assert that they could not make an impression on us with ninety
+thousand soldiers and seamen, we are certainly authorised to conclude
+from this confession, that these States form a considerable balance in
+the scale against them.
+
+I am now, therefore, again led to reiterate my request of a
+considerable sum of money from Spain; for I also again repeat, that
+small sums are not worth our acceptance, and I may add, they are
+unworthy the dignity of his Catholic Majesty. There can be no doubt,
+nor will the Spanish Ministry deny, that there is a considerable risk
+in transporting their money from the new world to the old, besides,
+that when expended there, it necessarily runs through the different
+channels of commerce, to feed the wants and invigorate the forces of
+the enemy. There is, therefore, a double policy in expending a part of
+it here, where it can not only be brought with safety and despatch,
+but be employed to an immense advantage, when compared with its
+effects in Europe. If it be asked, what advantages Spain will derive
+in particular during the war, and what recompense can be made her
+after the peace? I answer, that the weakening more the common enemy by
+a given sum, is in itself a great advantage, and that to do this, by
+sparing the blood of Spanish subjects, is an advantage still greater.
+I add, that when relieved from the enemy, we may assist her in the
+reduction of the Floridas and Bahamas, and, perhaps, of Jamaica. We
+shall then, also, be in a situation to secure Nova Scotia, thereby
+depriving Great Britain of her principal resource for ship-timber, and
+enable us to furnish that essential article to the navy of Spain, on
+cheaper and better terms, than it can be had elsewhere. On this last
+subject, I have further to observe, that there is hardly anything in
+which the maritime power of Spain is so much interested; for if we do
+not possess that country, it will be impracticable to furnish those
+supplies of masts and spars, which both France and Spain may stand in
+need of; so that, of consequence, their positive and absolute strength
+at sea will be the less, while that of the enemy is positively and
+absolutely greater. The comparative inferiority, therefore, will be
+still more considerable. Nor is this all. A marine requires men, as
+well as ships. The fisheries and collieries are two pillars, which
+support the marine of Britain, so far forth as seamen are required.
+But it is evident, that the fisheries could not long continue in her
+hands, if she were deprived of Nova Scotia. Here again, we are also to
+consider, that there is an immense difference between that patient
+resistance, whose opposition must at length weary the enemy into
+granting our independence, and those vigorous active operations, which
+may wrest from them their present possessions. Money is necessary for
+the latter, and I can say with confidence, that money alone is
+necessary.
+
+But to return. The advantages which will flow to Spain at a peace,
+from giving effectual aid to our finances now, will be, in the first
+place, the common compensation of repayment, should his Catholic
+Majesty prefer loans to subsidies. The having expelled the English
+from the Bay of Mexico, and having, by that means, prevented the
+contraband commerce, so destructive to his revenue, will be another
+striking advantage, which cannot have escaped the penetration of his
+Ministers. But this is not all. The opening a port in East Florida, on
+the shores of the Atlantic, under proper regulations and
+restrictions, would enable us to carry on a commerce very advantageous
+to Spain, because we could furnish all such supplies of provisions,
+&c. as their possessions might stand in need of, and in return, take
+at port, cocoa, logwood, Nicaragua wood, and, indeed, any other
+commodities, which his Catholic Majesty should find it for the
+advantage of his dominions to permit the exportation of. Our commerce
+with Spain is also, in itself, a very considerable object. At this
+moment, we take from thence wine, oil, fruit, silk, cloth, &c. And
+after the conclusion of the war, our remittances of wheat, corn, fish,
+and naval stores, will be of very great consequence to the commerce of
+that country. Another article of commerce will be the building of
+ships, which can be had on cheaper and better terms here than
+elsewhere; and there can be no doubt but that the construction of
+ships in this country is equal, if not superior, to that in any other.
+Even now, ships might be built on his Majesty's account, though by no
+means so cheaply as in times of peace; besides that, as there is now
+no seasoned timber in the country, such ships would not be durable,
+and, therefore, it might, perhaps, be imprudent to get any more than
+are immediately necessary.
+
+To all the other advantages, which would arise to his Catholic
+Majesty, I may add, (although that is not so properly within my
+department,) the security, which his dominions would derive from our
+guarantee. This is an advantage, which must be the more evident from a
+consideration of what might have happened, had this country continued
+in union with Great Britain, and had Great Britain pursued those
+schemes of universal empire, which the virtue and fortitude of America
+first checked, and which it is the object of the present war to
+frustrate. Our enemies do, I know, allege, that our weakness is unable
+to withstand them, and that our force is dangerous to Spain. The
+serious refutation of such absurd contradictions would involve an
+absurdity. It may not, however, be improper to observe, that the
+attention of this country, for a century past, has been, and for a
+century to come, most probably will be, entirely turned to agriculture
+and commerce. We must always, therefore, be useful neighbors, and
+never dangerous, except to those who may have views of dominion. Spain
+can never be in this predicament, though the British may and will.
+Their solicitude, therefore, to inspire apprehensions of us is, and
+ought to be, the strongest argument against entertaining them. But, if
+this evident reasoning did not exist, still the conduct of Congress,
+with regard to his Catholic Majesty, has been so just, and even
+generous, not only in being willing to secure his rights, but to
+gratify him by foregoing their own, that there is not room for the
+shadow of suspicion. This conduct, I should suppose, would alone have
+weight sufficient to procure what it is my object to request, if the
+other very cogent and conclusive reasons for it did not apply. And,
+after all, if it be considered how much greater is the interest of
+Spain at the vigorous continuance of the present war, than that of any
+other of the associates, I cannot permit myself one moment to doubt of
+your success. I am the more sanguine from the character of the
+Catholic King, and of his Ministers, for wisdom, candor, and
+integrity. These qualities will, I am sure, meet such corresponding
+dispositions in the United States, that the most thorough harmony and
+coalition must inevitably take place. This is an object of the
+greatest importance to both countries. Mutual benefits and the
+reciprocation of good offices will endear a connexion between them,
+and their interests require that this connexion should be of the
+closest kind.
+
+In every point of view, therefore, that we can consider the subject,
+the advance I have mentioned must appear alike beneficial. If the
+Governor of Cuba, or any other person, were duly authorised,
+stipulations might even now be entered into for furnishing all
+necessary supplies of provisions to the fleets and armies of his
+Catholic Majesty, which would certainly facilitate their operations.
+The advance of money also by Spain would enable the fleets and troops
+of France to subsist cheaper than at present, because it would tend to
+raise the exchange here, which is now too low.
+
+Your own good sense will suggest to you many other most forcible
+arguments, as well as the proper time and manner of applying them. It
+is necessary to mention, that the sum of five million dollars may,
+perhaps, be sufficient for our present emergencies; but if a greater
+sum can be obtained, we shall thereby become more extensively useful.
+Whatever the grant may be, it will be proper that it be sent hither in
+some Spanish ships of war from the Havana, or advanced to us there; in
+which latter case, we will devise the means of bringing it away.
+Whether to ask for subsidies, or loans, as well as the terms on which
+either are to be obtained, these, Sir, are objects, which you are
+fully competent to determine upon. I have only to wish that your
+applications may meet with that success, which I am confident you will
+not fail to merit. As the means of facilitating your views, I shall
+apply to the Minister of his Most Christian Majesty here, to write on
+the same subject to the French Ambassador at Madrid. The generous
+conduct of France gives just ground of reliance on her friendly
+assistance; and you are too well convinced of this, not to act in the
+most perfect harmony with the servants of that Court, especially on an
+occasion so important as the present. I need not stimulate your
+activity, by observing how precious is every moment of time in those
+affairs, on which the fate of Empires depends; nor need I suggest the
+importance of a treaty, and particularly a subsidiary treaty with
+Spain, in that moment, when the judgment of Europe is to be passed on
+the fate of America. For, however impracticable it may be to subdue
+us, it is undoubtedly of moment to hasten the approach of that period,
+when the acknowledgment of our independence shall give the blessings
+of peace to so many contending nations. To spare the present lavish
+effusion of blood and treasure, is a serious object with those, who
+feel, as you do, the emotions of benevolence; and I am confident, that
+the patriotism, which has inspired your conduct, will prompt you to
+obtain a peace honorable for your country and advantageous to her
+friends. The only probable method to effect these things, is a
+thorough union of forces and resources, to reduce the pride and power
+of that aspiring nation, whose ambition embroils the universe.
+
+With all possible respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                         Philadelphia, July 7th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+This will accompany my former letter of the 4th instant, which you
+will perceive to be so written, as that it may be shown, if
+necessary, to the Spanish Minister. You will make such use of it as
+prudence may dictate. I would gladly now give you details of our
+situation and plans for reforming it, but I have not yet sufficiently
+obtained the one, nor matured the other. Whenever I am in capacity to
+apprize you fully of these things, you shall hear from me at large on
+the subject. At present I can only inform you that a sum of hard money
+will, from particular circumstances, afford us relief and turn to our
+advantage far beyond what might be supposed from the amount. Although
+I have stated the demand at five millions, yet I beg you will take as
+much as you can obtain, though it be far short of that sum. But at the
+same time, I repeat, that a very small one is not worth the
+acceptance. Knowing our wants to be great, you will judge properly as
+to what we can accept consistently with our dignity.
+
+I enclose you a cypher, and with the duplicate of my letters I will
+send you another. Should both arrive safe, you will be so kind as to
+hand one to Mr Carmichael, letting me know which you keep and write
+by.
+
+I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient and humble
+servant,
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                    Office of Finance, July 9th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Observing by your correspondence with Congress, that you are put to a
+good deal of expense by American seamen arriving from captivity at
+Cadiz, where they also grow very troublesome, I offer the following
+proposal to your consideration. Authorise Mr Harrison, or whoever may
+be your agent at Cadiz, to enter into contracts with such Americans as
+present themselves for the bounty of their country, to proceed from
+Cadiz, in such ship or vessel as he may provide for the purpose, for
+such port within the United States as he may appoint, at the monthly
+wages of six or eight Spanish dollars, to be paid as soon after their
+arrival in America as the cargo of the vessel shall be landed. After
+they sign such contract, he is to supply their wants sparingly, until
+he collects a sufficient number to man a suitable vessel, which he may
+procure either by charter or purchase, whichever may be in his power,
+and shall appear most eligible at the time. If he charter, it should
+be on such terms that the owners risk their vessel, putting in their
+own master, and, if they choose it, part of the seamen. The vessel to
+be loaded with salt for account and risk of the United States; freight
+so much per bushel or so much per ton to America and back. But in that
+case, let it be always a condition, that the vessel may be ordered
+from the first place she arrives, to any one other port in America;
+because, it may happen that she will arrive where there cannot be got
+a cargo to load her back, or where the salt would be of no use.
+
+If your funds will admit of it, and vessels can be furnished cheap,
+this would be the more eligible mode of doing the business, because I
+could then either send the vessels back, or sell, as might suit best.
+In case of purchase, they should be fast sailers, with good sails and
+rigging, well found and fitted, and if armed, so much the better.
+Honest, active, industrious, and faithful masters must be provided for
+these vessels, and they must all come addressed to my order, directed
+for this port, with liberty however to get into any safe port they
+can. The master to give me immediate notice of his arrival, when I
+shall give proper orders, or probably have them previously ready. An
+account of the moneys advanced to each person on board these vessels,
+as well as the cost and outfit of the ship and cost of the cargo, must
+be sent me by each vessel, in order that proper deductions may be made
+from the people, and proper credits be given for the costs. You will
+observe, I am duly empowered by Congress to export and import for
+account and risk of the United States; and I think this plan so likely
+to benefit the public, that I very freely give my sanction to it,
+provided you can find the money. Your agent must give me regular
+advice of every expedition, and inform you also whenever he commences
+them. When a ship is provided and a master appointed, all the men
+should sign articles for the voyage in the common form.
+
+I am, Dear Sir, &c.
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, July 13th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I enclose you in this packet the plan of a national bank, which I have
+been induced to adopt for the following reasons. The issuing of a
+large paper medium converted the coin of the country into a commodity,
+so that much of it was exported and the remainder concealed. The
+depreciation of our paper has so lessened our currency, that there is
+not a sufficiency for commerce and taxation, without creating by the
+latter such distress in the former, as must injure every order of men
+in the community. It is necessary, therefore, to fill up the
+deficiency in such proportion as it may be called, and with such
+medium as may preserve its value.
+
+I have already in my letter of the 4th instant stated the want of
+ability in the people to lend, and of credit in the government to
+borrow. An additional reason, therefore, for establishing a bank is,
+that the small sums advanced by the holders of bank stock may be
+multiplied in the usual manner by means of their credit, so as to
+increase the resource, which government can draw from it, and at the
+same time, by placing the collected mass of private credit between the
+lenders and borrowers, supply at once the want of ability in the one,
+and of credit in the other.
+
+An additional reason for this institution is, to supply the place of
+all our other paper, which it is my design to absorb as soon as
+possible, and thereby to relieve the people from those doubts and
+anxieties, which have weakened our efforts, relaxed our industry, and
+impaired our wealth. But this must not be done, without the
+substitution of other paper, for reasons which I have already
+assigned, and because that our commerce would suffer for the want of
+that facility in money transactions, which paper alone can give.
+
+Finally, one very strong motive, which has impelled my conduct on this
+occasion, is to unite the several States more closely together, in one
+general money connexion, and indissolubly to attach many powerful
+individuals to the cause of our country, by the strong principle of
+self-love, and the immediate sense of private interest. It may not be,
+perhaps, improper to show and explain this plan to the Spanish
+Ministry. They will then perceive how, by an advance of money, they
+may in this instance increase our resources and our efforts in a
+degree much superior to the immediate sum, and they may be assured,
+that on a variety of other occasions, similar benefits will result
+from it. I take this opportunity, however, to observe to you, that I
+do not mean this, or any other communication, should be absolutely
+made. It is, on the contrary, my unalterable opinion, that a prudent
+Minister on the spot should be left to act with large discretionary
+power, being always furnished with such details, as will enable him to
+judge with propriety, and act with decision.
+
+It will undoubtedly strike your observation, that the sum of four
+hundred thousand dollars is very small, considering the object which
+it is my design to effect. I acknowledge that it is so, and when I
+tell you, that I was very apprehensive that we should be unable to
+fill a larger subscription, and when I add, that it is far from
+certain we shall get all of this moderate sum, you will see still more
+clearly the force of those observations which I have already made. But
+it is weakness to be deterred by difficulties from a proper pursuit. I
+am, therefore, determined that the bank shall be well supported, until
+it can support itself, and then it will support us. I mean that the
+stock, instead of four hundred thousand dollars, shall be four hundred
+thousand pounds, and perhaps more. How soon it will rise to that
+amount, it is impossible to foresee. But this we may venture to
+assert, that if a considerable sum of specie can be speedily thrown
+into it, the period when its force and utility will be felt and known
+is not far off.
+
+After I had determined to make the application to the Court of Madrid,
+which is contained in my letters, it was my next object to obtain for
+you such support as might materially favor your operations. For this
+purpose I have written to Dr Franklin, and have told him, that you
+would receive by this conveyance, and forward to him, copies of those
+resolutions and letters, which may be necessary to explain my
+appointment and powers. I lay this task on your Secretaries, because
+the want of clerks in my office, and the many things to be done,
+together with the short time allowed me by the departure of the
+vessel, prevent me from having duplicates made out. I have written to
+the Doctor to apply to the Court of Versailles, to further your
+negotiations with their influence. I am confident his application will
+not be unsuccessful; but how you may derive most benefit from the
+cooperation of the French Court, you best can tell. Major Franks,
+therefore, is instructed to take your orders for Passy, and return
+thence to Philadelphia; so that you will have an opportunity of
+communicating fully with the Doctor on any subject you think proper.
+You may write to me by any opportunity, if this should arrive safe,
+because our cypher will prevent you from being exposed to interested
+or impertinent curiosity.
+
+To obtain for you still further assistance, I have applied (in the
+absence of M. de la Luzerne, who is gone to camp,) to M. de Marbois
+for letters to their Ambassador at the Court of Madrid. I have stated
+my views, my hopes, and wishes, with that candor which is proper on
+such occasions, and which I wish to preserve on all occasions. M. de
+Marbois has, in consequence, written a letter on the subject, in which
+he informs the Ambassador of our conversation, states the disorders of
+our finances, and makes polite mention of my operations, my designs,
+and abilities, as well as the confidence reposed in me by Congress,
+and by the people at large. He details the proposed plans, and
+particularly that of the Bank, and shows forcibly the advantages,
+which would result from a considerable advance of money by Spain. He
+assigns also very proper reasons to show why it ought to be
+considerable, if it be made at all. The great interest of France in
+this business, as well as the open and candid manner, which has marked
+all transactions I have hitherto had with the Minister of that nation,
+induces me to believe that this letter is more than a compliment, and
+that as it is intended, so it will operate to produce the desired
+effect.
+
+That nothing in my power might be wanting to the success of a
+business, which you must be convinced I have very much at heart, I
+have also applied to Don Francisco Rendon, who at present acts here
+for Spain, and I have every reason to believe that he will write to
+the Spanish Court such a letter as I wish. But after all, much, my
+Dear Sir, must depend on your prudence, your activity, and your
+attentions to incline, to stimulate, to lead the Ministry into our
+views, to remove the obstacles, surmount the difficulties, and crush
+the procrastinations, which retard the completion of an object so
+essential to your country. I am happy to add, that I have the utmost
+confidence in your abilities, your industry, and integrity.
+
+There is a possibility that money may be obtained from Portugal, and
+though I confess there is not a very solid ground to build on, and
+though it must be owned that appearances are against us, yet I think
+it best not too much to trust appearances, either favorable or
+unfavorable, and to leave nothing unattempted which may be useful. It
+was for reasons of this sort that my letter of the 9th instant, which
+I enclose you a copy of, was written to Congress. In consequence of
+it, on the 11th they passed a resolution, of which I also enclose you
+a copy, and have only to add, that you will act entirely according to
+your own discretion on this occasion. I cannot pretend to know the
+situation of the Court of Lisbon, and therefore I will not attempt to
+measure out a line of conduct to be pursued there. You are, for every
+reason, more competent to this business than I am, and therefore I
+submit it to your management entirely.
+
+You will observe that a material part of my letter of the 9th remains
+unnoticed by Congress. The Committee had not yesterday reported upon
+it. Should anything be done previous to the departure of this vessel,
+you shall know it. But you are so well acquainted with the delays
+incident to public assemblies, that you will not be surprised if you
+hear nothing further on the subject.
+
+It is unnecessary for me to make any other mention of Major Franks,
+except to inform you, that after a critical examination into his
+conduct by a court of inquiry, he was honorably acquitted of all
+improper connexion with his late General.[29] For the rest, you are
+perfectly acquainted with him, and will therefore take that notice of
+him which he deserves.
+
+I am, Dear Sir, your most obedient and humble servant,
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[29] Major Franks was Aid to General Arnold at the time his treachery
+was discovered, but he was honorably acquitted from all suspicion of
+having any knowledge of Arnold's designs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+       _Plan of a Bank, referred to in the preceding Letter._
+
+    1. That a subscription be opened for four hundred thousand
+    dollars, in shares of four hundred dollars each, to be paid
+    in gold or silver.
+
+    2. That the subscription be paid into the hands of George
+    Clymer and John Nixon, or their agents.
+
+    3. That any subscriber of less than five shares, pay the
+    whole sum on the day of his subscription.
+
+    4. That every subscriber of five shares or upwards, pay one
+    half the sum on the day of his subscription, and the other
+    half within three months of that day.
+
+    5. That every holder of a share shall be entitled to vote by
+    himself, his agent, or proxy, properly appointed, at all
+    elections for directors, and that he have as many votes as he
+    holds shares. And that every subscriber may sell and transfer
+    his share or shares at his pleasure, the transfer being made
+    in the bank book, in presence and with the approbation of the
+    proprietor or his lawful attorney, the purchaser then to
+    become entitled to the right of voting, &c.
+
+    6. That there be twelve directors chosen from among those
+    entitled to vote, who at this first meeting shall choose one
+    as president.
+
+    7. That there be a meeting of the directors quarterly, for
+    the purpose of regulating the affairs of the bank; any seven
+    of the directors to make a board, and that the board have
+    power to adjourn from time to time.
+
+    8. That the board of directors determine the manner of doing
+    business, and the rules and forms to be pursued, appoint the
+    various officers, which they may find necessary, and dispose
+    of the money and credit of the bank for the interest and
+    benefit of the proprietors, and make from time to time such
+    dividends out of the profits as they may think proper.
+
+    9. That the board be empowered from time to time, to open new
+    subscriptions, for the purpose of increasing the capital of
+    the bank on such terms and conditions as they shall think
+    proper.
+
+    10. That the board shall, at every quarterly meeting, choose
+    two directors to inspect and control the business of the bank
+    for the ensuing three months.
+
+    11. That the inspectors so chosen shall, on the evening of
+    every day, Sundays excepted, deliver to the superintendent of
+    the finances of America, a state of the cash account, and of
+    the notes issued and received.
+
+    12. That the bank notes, payable on demand, shall by law be
+    made receivable in the duties and taxes of every State in the
+    union, and from the respective States, by the Treasury of the
+    United States, as specie.
+
+    13. That the superintendent of the finances of America shall
+    have a right at all times to examine into the affairs of the
+    bank, and for that purpose shall have access to all the books
+    and papers.
+
+    14. That any director or officer of the bank, who shall
+    convert any of the property, monies, or credits thereof to
+    his own use, or shall any other way be guilty of fraud or
+    embezzlement, shall forfeit all his share or stock to the
+    company.
+
+    15. That laws shall be passed making it felony, without
+    benefit of clergy, to commit such fraud or embezzlement.
+
+    16. That the subscribers shall be incorporated under the name
+    of the President, Directors and Company of the Bank of North
+    America.
+
+    17. That none of the directors shall be entitled to any
+    pecuniary advantage for his attendance on the duties of his
+    office of director, or as president, or inspector, unless an
+    alteration in this respect shall hereafter be made by the
+    consent of a majority of the stockholders at a general
+    election.
+
+    18. That as soon as the subscription shall be filled, Mr
+    George Clymer and Mr John Nixon shall publish a list of the
+    names and sums respectively subscribed, with the places of
+    abode of the subscribers, and appoint a day for the choice of
+    directors, to whom, when chosen, they shall deliver over the
+    money by them received.
+
+
+                  _Observations on the above Plan._
+
+ART. 1st. The objects and use of a bank are too obvious to need
+illustration. But it may not be amiss to take notice, that the first
+moment of its getting into action, the credit arising from its funds
+can be made use of by the government of the United States in
+anticipation of taxes, in consequence of special agreements to be made
+between their superintendent of Finance and the directors for that
+purpose; and as the capital and credit of the bank increase, so may
+this mode of anticipation be increased, to answer all the purposes of
+government. It is, however, evident at the first view, that four
+hundred thousand dollars are not sufficient for those purposes, nor
+those of private commerce, because no considerable circulation of
+paper can be founded on so narrow a basis; yet it is dangerous to
+attempt more. It is not possible to determine what is the highest sum,
+that could speedily be obtained by subscription. To ask more than
+could be obtained would have a fatal effect; to ask less is a partial
+evil. It is, however, an evil which admits of a remedy, as is
+provided in the plan.
+
+ART. 2d. Before the corporation is formed, and much more so before the
+subscription is opened, by which the company is to be determined, no
+authority can be bestowed under the corporation. At the same time, it
+must be remembered, that in circumstances like ours, the loss of time
+involves in it the loss of many advantages. It becomes necessary,
+therefore, to appoint individuals to manage the subscription and
+receive the money. Mr Clymer and Mr Nixon having been formerly
+directors of the Bank of Pennsylvania, and being thereby generally
+known in that line, their names naturally present themselves for this
+purpose.
+
+ART. 3d & 4th. The difference as to payments of large and small, is so
+common an incitement to subscribers, on such occasions, as to speak
+for itself.
+
+ART. 5th. The subscribers, it is expected, will consist of citizens of
+every State in the Union; and, possibly, foreigners may subscribe or
+purchase bank stock; therefore the necessity and propriety of enabling
+them to vote by proxy; and this being a monied institution, it is just
+that every share be entitled to a vote.
+
+ART. 6th. As the stockholders will mostly be absent from the place
+where the bank is kept, the number of twelve seems quite sufficient
+for the direction, as they will generally be chosen from the
+residents, and there ought to be room left for rotation among these.
+
+ART. 7th & 8th. This plan, if adopted, will be considered as the
+constitution of the Bank, and therefore necessary to establish in it
+the powers of government by by-laws, rules, and regulations, and
+making dividends out of the profits; it is meant that they should
+annually pay a dividend of five or six per cent to the proprietors of
+the stock, and then settling the accounts of the bank, declare
+publicly, if necessary to give credit and confidence, what capital
+remains after such dividend. It will be observed, that such dividends
+are confined to be made out of the profits; consequently, the capitals
+can never be touched.
+
+ART. 9th. When the directors, by paying a dividend out of the profits,
+establish the credit of the bank firmly in the minds of the
+stockholders, and by declaring the capital stock at the same time to
+be increased, give it equal confidence in the general opinion, there
+is little doubt but they may open new subscriptions for increasing the
+capital with certainty of success.
+
+ART. 10th, 11th & 12th. As credit is the soul of all operations of
+this kind, every precaution should be taken to support it. In the
+course of things, much of the private property of America may be
+dependent on the conduct of affairs at the bank. Care, therefore,
+should be taken to prevent fraud and mismanagement. If the
+transactions were opened to public inspection, it would be impossible
+to do the business amidst the continued interruption; besides that, in
+this way, the national enemies would be apprized of our resources and
+operations. It is necessary, therefore, by instituting a check, to
+guard against the ill consequences which lie in the way, as the public
+will have much connexion with the bank, and, at times, deposit
+considerable sums of money in it, and always be availing themselves of
+its credit. The check should be in the hands of that officer who is
+appointed to manage the monied interests of America.
+
+ART. 13th & 14th. The penalties on fraud and embezzlement are derived
+from the same source, and are supported by the same reasoning.
+
+ART. 15th & 16th. The necessity of incorporating the bank is obvious,
+and the propriety of rendering the office of a director honorable,
+rather than lucrative, arises from this circumstance, over and above
+the difference between motives of fame and interest, that at present,
+any adequate salaries would absorb the profits, and in future the care
+of their own interests as stockholders will be an additional
+inducement to the first characters to accept the direction, for it is
+not doubted but every subscriber will increase his capital in the
+bank, so soon as he finds not only the national advantages it will
+produce, but sees clearly his private interest advanced beyond his
+most sanguine expectations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                 Office of Finance, August 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Enclosed you have a list of sundry bills of exchange drawn on you. I
+wrote you relatively to these bills on the 29th day of July last, with
+sundry enclosures explanatory of my letter. I am now to inform you,
+that the advices contained in that letter must, from particular
+circumstances, be totally disregarded. Should any of the bills,
+mentioned in the enclosed list, come to your hands, you will be pleased
+to protest them, and assign, if you please, as a reason therefor, that
+you have express instructions to that purport. The uncertainty,
+whether you have received my cypher, prevents my using it on this
+occasion. The importance of the subject obliges me to write, and as I
+send many copies, the risk of capture and inspection is too great to
+be more particular.
+
+The gazettes will furnish you with our latest intelligence. That of
+New York announces the arrival of near three thousand Hessian troops,
+and the capture of the Trumbull frigate. Neither of these is a very
+agreeable circumstance. However, we must wait the course of events,
+and struggle, as well as we can, against adverse fortune. Our affairs
+to the southward wear no unpleasing aspect. And, although it is
+impossible, at this distance, to determine what effect European
+movements may have on American politics, our government acquires daily
+a firmness and stability, which will not easily be shaken.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     JAMES LOVELL TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                      Philadelphia, August 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Herewith you will receive according to the resolution of Congress of
+the 10th, such information relative to the surrender of Pensacola, and
+the subsequent arrival of the garrison at New York, as I have been
+able to obtain, which you will make use of according to your
+discretion, and the spirit of the enclosed resolution.
+
+I am, Sir, your friend and very humble servant,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+_P. S. August 16th._--It appears to me not amiss to enclose to you a
+report of a committee on the 10th, as it stands negatived on the
+journals of Congress.     J. L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, September 20th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your Excellency's favor of the 5th of July last, with the papers
+therewith enclosed, were delivered to me on the 29th ult. by Major
+Franks, whom the procrastination of the Minister still obliges me to
+detain.
+
+The new commissions, with which Congress have honored me, argue a
+degree of confidence, which demands my warmest acknowledgments, and
+which, so far as it may be founded on an opinion of my zeal and
+integrity, they may be assured will not prove misplaced.
+
+At the commencement of the present troubles, I determined to devote
+myself, during the continuance of them, to the service of my country,
+in any station in which she might think it proper to place me. This
+resolution, for the first time, now embarrasses me. I know it to be my
+duty, as a public servant, to be guided by my own judgment only in
+matters referred to my discretion, and in other cases faithfully to
+execute my instructions, without questioning the policy of them. But
+there is one among those which accompanies these commissions, which
+occasions sensations I never before experienced, and induced me to
+wish that my name had been omitted.
+
+So far as personal pride and reluctance to humiliation may render
+their appointment contra-agreeable, I view it as a very unimportant
+circumstance, and should Congress, on any occasion, think it for the
+public good to place me in a station inferior and subordinate to the
+one I now hold, they will find me ready to descend from the one, and
+cheerfully undertake the duties of the other. My ambition will always
+be more gratified in being useful than conspicuous; for, in my
+opinion, the solid dignity of a man depends less on the height or
+extent of the sphere allotted to him, than on the manner in which he
+may fulfil the duties of it.
+
+But, Sir, as an American, I feel an interest in the dignity of my
+country, which renders it difficult for me to reconcile myself to the
+idea of the sovereign independent States of America submitting, in the
+persons of their Ministers, to be absolutely governed by the advice
+and opinions of the servants of another sovereign, especially in a
+case of such national importance.
+
+That gratitude and confidence are due to our allies, is not to be
+questioned, and that it will, probably, be in the power of France
+almost to dictate the terms of peace for us, is but too true. That
+such an extraordinary extent of confidence may stimulate our allies to
+the highest efforts of generous friendship in our favor is not to be
+denied, and that this instruction receives some appearance of policy
+from this consideration may be admitted.
+
+I must, nevertheless, take the liberty of observing, that however our
+situation may in the opinion of Congress render it necessary to relax
+their demands on every side, and even to direct their Commissioners
+ultimately to concur (if nothing better could be done) in any peace or
+truce not subversive of our independence, which France determined to
+accede to, yet that this instruction, besides breathing a degree of
+complacency not quite republican, puts it out of the power of your
+Ministers to improve those chances and opportunities, which in the
+course of human affairs happens more or less frequently to all men.
+Nor is it clear, that America, thus casting herself into the arms of
+the King of France, will advance either her interest or reputation
+with that or other nations.
+
+What the sentiments of my colleagues on this occasion may be, I do not
+as yet know, nor can I foresee how far the negotiation of the ensuing
+winter may call for the execution of this commission. Thus
+circumstanced, at such a distance from America, it would not be proper
+to decline this appointment. I will, therefore, do my best endeavors
+to fulfil the expectations of Congress on this subject, but, as for my
+own part, I think it improbable, that serious negotiations for peace
+will soon take place. I must entreat Congress to take an early
+opportunity of relieving me from a station, wherein, in character of
+their Minister, I must necessarily receive (and almost under the name
+of opinions) the directions of those on whom I really think no
+American Minister ought to be dependent, and to whom, in love for our
+country and zeal for her service, I am sure that my colleagues and
+myself are at least equal.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+_P. S._ I had an interview last evening with the Minister. Nothing was
+promised or denied. A person is to be named on Sunday to confer in
+earnest, as it is said, with me about the treaties. I do not despair,
+though having so many bills to pay, and no money, perplexes me
+extremely. The treasury of Spain is very low; much of the money for
+the expenses in this war costs them between thirty and forty per
+hundred, by mismanagement and want of credit. This ought not to be
+public. His Excellency still looks at your ships on the stocks, but I
+shall, without refusing, not consent to their changing masters.    J. J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                       St Ildefonso, October 3d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My letter of the 25th of April last, by Mr Toscan, informed Congress,
+that on the 30th day of January preceding, I had the honor of
+receiving their letters of the 6th and 17th of October, 1780, the
+latter of which states particularly and ably the right of the United
+States to the free navigation of the river Mississippi, and enumerates
+the various reasons which induce them to decline relinquishing
+it.[30]
+
+Among these reasons is the guarantee contained in the treaty with
+France. I hinted to Congress, that it was more than probable, that the
+contents of this interesting letter were well known to the French
+Court before it came to my hands. I am well persuaded, that this was
+the case. Shortly after receiving it, I took occasion to converse
+generally with the Ambassador on the subject of the Spanish
+pretensions to that navigation, and remarked, as it were
+inadvertently, how unreasonable it was for them to expect, that we
+should relinquish a territorial right, which both justice and the
+guarantee of France enabled us to retain. The thought did not appear
+new to him, but he strongly combated this construction of the treaty,
+and endeavored to explain it away by observing, that the guarantee
+could not comprehend claims, whose objects we had never possessed, &c.
+&c. I mention this only to show how improper it would have been for me
+to have communicated this part of your Excellency's letter to the
+Spanish Minister. It could have answered no good purpose, because, as
+France would have disputed this construction, Spain could with
+propriety have refused to admit the force of any argument drawn from
+it, and it might have done much mischief, not only by bringing on an
+unseasonable explanation between France and us, but also between Spain
+and France.
+
+If I had given the Spanish Minister a copy of every other part of this
+letter, except those paragraphs which contain the reasoning in
+question, the omission might in future have been urged by France, who
+I verily believe has a copy of that whole letter, as an argument for
+my having yielded that point as not tenable; and though my opinion
+might not be of much consequence, it appeared to me most prudent to
+avoid doubts about it. For my own part I really did, and do think,
+that this guarantee does comprehend the navigation in question, though
+I also think, that no question should be raised about it at present.
+So circumstanced, I thought it most advisable to make no written
+communications of any parts or part of this letter, but from time to
+time to press every argument contained in it in the course of
+conversations with the Spanish Minister, except those drawn from the
+guarantee.
+
+The Minister, however, did not at any time enter into the merits of
+these arguments, nor appear in the least affected by them. His answer
+to them all was, that the King of Spain must have the Gulf of Mexico
+to himself, that the maxims of policy adopted in the management of
+their colonies required it; and that he had hoped the friendly
+disposition shown by this Court towards us would have induced a
+compliance on the part of Congress.
+
+As to a free port below the northern limits of West Florida, or
+anywhere else in the vicinity, the Minister sometimes wished certain
+regulations, some middle line might be devised, to reconcile the views
+of both parties, but he did not see how it could be done. The King had
+always been accustomed to consider the exclusive navigation of the
+Gulf of Mexico as a very important object to Spain, more so indeed
+than even Gibraltar, and he was persuaded, that his Majesty would
+never be prevailed upon to change his ideas on that subject. At other
+times he spoke clearly, and decidedly against it, saying, that it was
+their desire to exclude all nations from the Gulf, and that it made
+little or no difference, whether they admitted all nations or only
+one.
+
+In my letter of the 25th of April last, I informed your Excellency,
+that on the 25th of March preceding, the Minister sent me word, that
+the money necessary to pay the bills due in April could not be
+advanced to me. The constant inconsistency I experienced between the
+Minister's promises and conduct often surprised, as well as
+embarrassed me. This last instance appeared to me to be really cruel;
+for if he had intended to withhold the necessary supplies, he ought to
+have given me notice of it, and not by keeping up my expectations to
+within a few days before the holders of the bills were to call upon me
+for their money, (and the bills of April amounted to eightynine
+thousand and eightythree dollars,) reduce me to such imminent danger
+of being obliged to protest them. Speaking on this subject with the
+French Ambassador, he intimated, that the Court expected I should have
+made them some further overtures respecting the Mississippi. I told
+him I had no authority to make any others than what I had already
+made. He replied, that the Minister believed I had. At that time I
+had received no letters, public or private, which gave me the least
+reason to suspect, that Congress had passed the resolution of the 15th
+of February last,[31] and it was not before the 18th of May, that a
+letter, I then received from Mr Lovell, enabled me to understand the
+reason of the Minister's belief. I then recalled to mind his frequent
+assurances of frankness, and of his speaking without reserve, often
+adding, that he was well informed of our affairs, and had minute
+information of what was passing at Philadelphia. There can be no doubt
+but that some copies of the President's letters to me have fallen into
+his hands, and that he supposed I had received others, though this was
+not in fact the case. Hence it appears, that the double miscarriage,
+if I may so call it, of these letters, had an unfavorable influence on
+our hopes of pecuniary aids, for it is highly probable, that in this
+instance they were so critically withheld on purpose to extort
+overtures from me, which the Minister, though mistaken, had reason to
+believe I was in a capacity to make.
+
+Your Excellency will perceive from this, how important it is, that
+your letters, to and from your Ministers, be transmitted in a manner
+not subject to these inconveniences.
+
+It was not, as I said before, until the 18th of May, that Mr Lovell's
+letter, enclosing a copy of the resolution of Congress of the 15th of
+February, reached me. It was brought to Cadiz by the Virginia, and it
+is remarkable, that none of the journals, or gazettes, nor the letter
+from Congress, which Mr Lovell gave me reason to expect, ever came to
+my hands. But as all the papers brought by the Virginia passed through
+the hands of the Governor of Cadiz, and afterwards through the Post
+Office, the suppression of some of them may be easily accounted for.
+
+As Mr Lovell's letter did not appear to be official, nor the copy of
+the instruction of the 15th of February authenticated, I was much at a
+loss to determine how far it was to be considered as a measure finally
+concluded upon, and this difficulty was increased by another, viz.
+whether my having no letter on the subject from the President was to
+be imputed to the miscarriage of it, or to a reconsideration of the
+instruction in question; for I recollected, that resolutions had in
+some former instances been reconsidered, and either altered or
+repealed a few days after their date; for these reasons it appeared to
+me imprudent immediately to hazard overtures on the ground of this
+instruction.
+
+The next day, the 19th of May, I thought it expedient to wait upon the
+Minister, and again renew the subject of our proposed treaty,
+expecting that if he was acquainted with the contents of my letter,
+something might drop from him in the course of conversation, which
+would lead me to judge of what he might, or might not know on that
+subject, and others connected with it.
+
+He received me with more than usual cordiality. The conversation
+turned at first on the situation of the southern States, the late
+combat between the fleets in the Chesapeake, and General Greene's
+retreat. He appeared to apprehend much danger from what he called the
+delicate situation of our army there, and the blockade of the
+reinforcement intended for it, under the Marquis de la Fayette. I
+endeavored to remove such of his fears as appeared to be ill-founded,
+and (though without leaving room to suppose that the operations of
+Spain were indispensable to our safety,) represented to him the good
+policy and probable success of France and Spain's seriously turning
+their attention and force to the expulsion of the enemy from America.
+I then repeated what I had often before remarked to him, respecting
+the influence which the hesitations and delays of Spain in forming a
+treaty with us must naturally have on the hopes and fears of Britain.
+I announced to him formally the completion of our confederation by the
+accession of Maryland, and after dwelling on the advantages, which the
+States and their allies might expect from it, I endeavored to impress
+him with an opinion, that a cordial union between France, Spain,
+Holland, and America, supported by vigorous measures, would soon
+reduce the enemy to the necessity of listening to reasonable terms of
+peace.
+
+The Count replied, generally, that he was very minutely informed of
+the state of our affairs. That the good dispositions of Congress
+towards Spain had not as yet been evinced in a manner the King
+expected, and that no one advantage had hitherto been proposed by
+America to Spain, to induce the latter to come into the measures we
+desired. That the views of Congress were such as would not permit his
+Majesty to form a treaty with the States, but that the King was an
+honest man, and I might again and again assure Congress, that he would
+never suffer them to be sacrificed to Britain, but on the contrary
+would with constancy maintain the friendship he had professed for
+them. That Britain had in vain attempted to deceive Spain; that Mr
+Cumberland had been sent here for that express purpose, but that,
+however possible it might be for Britain to vanquish, she would never
+be able to deceive Spain; that he wished Congress had been more
+disposed to oblige the King. He knew indeed that opposition in
+sentiments must necessarily prevail in public bodies, but that he
+hoped for the best. That I ought to preach to them forcibly, for that
+he thought a good preacher (_un bon prédicateur_,) would do much good,
+thereby intimating, as I understood it, that Congress were not
+sufficiently apprised of the importance of Spain, and the policy of
+complying with her demands.
+
+To all this I briefly remarked, that his Excellency's knowledge of
+American affairs must convince him, that it was not in their power to
+give his Majesty other proofs of their attachment than what they had
+already done, and that if he alluded to the affair of the Mississippi,
+I could only add one remark to those which I had often made to him on
+that head, viz. that even if a desire of gratifying his Majesty should
+ever incline Congress to yield to him a point so essential to their
+interest, yet it still remained a question whether new delays and
+obstacles to a treaty would not arise to postpone it.
+
+The Count smiled, said he always spoke frankly, and that whenever I
+should announce to him my having authority to yield that point, I
+might depend on his being explicit, and candid, but as matters stood
+at present, he could say nothing on that head. He then informed me,
+that M. Gardoqui would set out for America the beginning of June. He
+said it might be in my power to furnish some useful hints and
+observations relative to the objects and conduct of his mission,
+adding that he reposed full confidence in me, and wished that I would
+also consider whether there were any particular reasons which might
+render it advisable, either to hasten or retard his going.
+
+I suspected there was too much meaning in all this to admit of my
+entering into these discussions without time for further reflection;
+and, therefore, without seeming to avoid it, I told the Count I was
+happy to hear, that M. Gardoqui was so near his departure. That I
+considered myself much honored by his requesting my remarks relative
+to it, and that I was sure Congress would draw agreeable conclusions
+from his mission. That I should write by him to Congress, and as they
+would expect to learn from me the precise character in which they were
+to receive, and consider him, it became necessary, that his Excellency
+should favor me with that information, as well to enable me to
+transmit the proper advices to Congress, as to make the remarks which
+he had done me the honor to request. That I conceived this to be the
+more indispensable, because if M. Gardoqui should carry no public
+testimonials from this Court to Congress, he could only be considered
+by them as a private gentleman, and all his intercourse with Congress
+would of consequence be subjected to all the inconveniences resulting
+from it.
+
+This topic carried the conversation off the delicate ground to which
+the Count had led it. He admitted the propriety of my being exactly
+apprized of the nature of M. Gardoqui's commission, said that as yet
+it was not decided, and therefore for the present could only give me
+his opinion of what it would probably be.
+
+He observed that circumstances did not render it proper, that he
+should go as Minister, though perhaps it might he proper to give him
+contingent powers. That it was the common practice, where Courts sent
+to each other persons charged with their affairs, in a character below
+that of Minister, to give no other credentials than a letter of
+advice from the Minister of the Court sending to the Minister of the
+Court receiving the person in question. That the same practice was
+about to be pursued by Spain towards Prussia, and had been observed in
+other instances; therefore, he believed the like method would be
+adopted in this case. That if it should be purposed to give M.
+Gardoqui a letter authenticating his being an agent of Spain, it would
+be either to the President, or the Secretary of Congress, and asked me
+which of the two would be the most proper.
+
+Whether he really was uninformed on this point, or whether he asked
+the question merely to try my candor, cannot easily be determined. I
+told him honestly, that Congress had no Secretary or Minister of State
+for general purposes, nor for foreign affairs particularly, and that
+neither the President nor Secretary of Congress could regularly be
+considered in that light. That there was a committee of Congress,
+whose appointment came near to that of Secretary for foreign affairs,
+but that I had heard Congress were about establishing a more proper
+and regular mode of conducting the affairs committed to that
+committee, and had perhaps already done it. That therefore it was
+difficult for me to give his Excellency a clear and decided opinion on
+the subject, and the more so as the letters which I daily expected to
+receive from the President, and which probably contained exact
+information relative to this very matter, had not yet come to my
+hands. He seemed very well satisfied, and extended his civilities so
+far as to say, that if at any time the warmth of his temper had led
+him into any harshness of expression, he hoped I would forget it. I
+told him, and that was the fact, that I did not recollect any part of
+his behavior to me, which required that apology. He desired me to wait
+upon him again on the Wednesday next.
+
+As to the instructions of the 15th of February, I had every reason to
+wish it had been a secret to the Ministry. The propriety of them is a
+subject without my province. To give decided opinions of the views and
+designs of Courts always appeared to me hazardous, especially as they
+often change, and as different men will often draw different
+conclusions from the same facts. This consideration has constantly
+induced me to state facts accurately and minutely to Congress, and
+leave them to judge for themselves, and be influenced only by their
+own opinions.
+
+I could not forbear, however, seeing the danger to which the proviso
+contained in that instruction exposed me. I have no reason to flatter
+myself, that, more fortunate than others, the propriety and policy of
+my conduct will not be drawn, at least impliedly, into doubt. If I
+should, on a persuasion that this cession would be unalterably
+insisted upon by Spain, yield that point, I am certain that many
+little half-created doubts and questions would be cast into, and
+cultivated in America. If, on the other hand, I should be of opinion
+that this point could be gained, and the event prove otherwise, it
+would soon be whispered, what rich supplies and golden opportunities
+the United States had lost by my obstinacy.
+
+I permitted my mind to dwell on these considerations, merely that I
+might, by the utmost degree of circumspection, endeavor to render the
+uprightness and propriety of my conduct as evident as possible.
+
+My only difficulty arose from this single question. Whether I could
+prudently risk acting on a presumption, either that Spain did not
+already, or would not soon be acquainted with the contents of this
+instruction. If such a presumption had been admissible, I should,
+without the least hesitation, have played the game a little further,
+keeping this instruction in my hand as a trump card, to prevent a
+separate peace between Spain and Britain, in case such an event should
+otherwise prove inevitable. Had Spain been at peace with our enemies,
+and offered to acknowledge, guaranty, and fight for our independence,
+provided we would yield them this point, (as once seemed to be the
+case) I should, for my own part, have no more hesitation about it now
+than I had then. But Spain being now at war with Great Britain, to
+gain her own objects, she doubtless will prosecute it full as
+vigorously as if she fought for our objects. There was and is little
+reason to suppose that such a cession would render her exertions more
+vigorous, or her aids to us much more liberal. The effect, which an
+alliance between Spain and America would have on Britain and other
+nations, would certainly be in our favor, but whether more so than the
+free navigation of the Mississippi is less certain. The cession of
+this navigation will, in my opinion, render a future war with Spain
+unavoidable, and I shall look upon my subscribing to the one as fixing
+the certainty of the other.
+
+I say I should have played this game a little further, if the
+presumption before mentioned had been admissible, because it has
+uniformly been my opinion, that if after sending me here Congress had
+constantly avoided all questions about the Mississippi, and appeared
+to consider that point as irrevocable, Spain would have endeavored to
+purchase it by money, or a free port, but as her hopes of a change in
+the opinion of Congress were excited, and kept alive by successive
+accounts of debates, and intended debates on that question, and as
+Congress by drawing bills without previous funds had painted their
+distress for want of money in very strong colors, Spain began to
+consider America as a petitioner, and treated her accordingly. But as
+by the intervention of Dr Franklin, our bills for near six months were
+safe, and as after this resolution of the 15th of February, there was
+reason to expect that the subject of it would not soon be resumed in
+Congress, I should, in case I could have depended on this
+instruction's being and remaining a secret, have thought it my duty to
+have given the United States a fair trial for the Mississippi, or at
+least for a free port near it. With this view I should have appeared
+to give myself no concern about the bills, applied for no aids, made
+no offers, and on all proper occasion have treated an alliance with
+Spain as an event, which, though wished for by us, was not essential
+to our safety, and as the price demanded for it appeared to us
+unreasonable, it was not probable we should agree. I think we should
+then have been courted in our turn, especially as the Minister was
+very desirous of having our men-of-war on the stocks, and that thus
+dealing with them on terms of equality, would have produced some
+concessions on their part, as inducements to greater ones on ours. I
+am persuaded in my own mind, that prudent self-respect is absolutely
+necessary to those nations, who would wish to be treated properly by
+this Court, and I have not the least doubt but that almost any spirit
+will prosper more here, than that of humility and compliance. I had no
+doubt but that this plan of conduct would have been perfectly
+consistent with that part of the instruction, which orders me to make
+every possible effort to obtain from his Catholic Majesty the use of
+the river aforesaid, &c. For whatever might have been, or may be, my
+private sentiments, they shall never in mere questions of policy
+influence me to deviate from those of Congress.
+
+But on the other hand there being abundant circumstantial evidence to
+induce a firm persuasion, that the Ministry were well acquainted with
+the contents of this instruction, this plan would have been idle. The
+moment they saw that the cession of this navigation was made to depend
+upon their persevering to insist upon it, it became absurd to suppose,
+that they would cease to persevere. All that remained for me therefore
+to do was, in the next conference to break this subject as decently as
+possible, and in such a manner as would account for my not having
+mentioned this instruction at our last meeting.
+
+On Wednesday evening, the 23d of May, I waited upon the Count
+agreeably to his appointment. The Count seemed a little hurried in his
+spirits, and behaved as if he wished I had not come. He asked me
+rather abruptly, if I had anything particular to communicate to him,
+and whether I had received any further letters. I told him I had
+received some private ones from L'Orient, but that none from the
+President of Congress had as yet, reached me, though I had reason to
+expect one by that opportunity, as well as by the vessel lately
+arrived at Cadiz. I informed him of my having received from Mr
+Harrison a copy of his memorial to the Governor of Cadiz, complaining
+that letters brought for him by the Virginia, from Philadelphia, had
+been stopped at the gates, on pretence, that they must agreeably to an
+ordinance for that purpose be put into the post office, and charged
+with the like postage as if brought from Spanish America. He said he
+had not yet received a copy of the memorial, but that there was such
+an ordinance, and that it was highly proper the admission of letters
+into the kingdom, especially in time of war, should be under the
+direction of government. That letters from North America rendered new
+regulations necessary, and that he would turn his thoughts to this
+subject, and do what should appear equitable. This was another proof
+of what I before suspected, and looked like an indirect apology for
+opening my letters.
+
+It surprised me a little that he said nothing of the remarks he had
+desired me to make on M. Gardoqui's going to America, especially as he
+had appointed this meeting for that purpose. To give him further time,
+I started a new subject, and begged he would take the earliest
+opportunity of completing the business of the Dover cutter.
+Notwithstanding all that had before passed between us about this
+affair, he affected to be very ignorant of it, and asked me a number
+of questions. I recapitulated the circumstances of the capture, my
+several applications to him on the subject, his promise finally to
+order the prize to be appraised, and the value to be paid to the
+captors, the arrival of one of them at Madrid, &c. &c. He replied,
+with some degree of quickness and perplexity, that it was not a lawful
+prize, the crew not having authority to do what they did; that he had
+sent to the Canaries for particular information respecting the value,
+&c. that two of the packet boats had been taken; that he would pay
+some gratuity to the captors, and wished I would give him another
+state of the whole case in writing, to refresh his memory, which I
+promised to do, and have since done.
+
+He then resumed the subject of the letter, which I expected from
+Congress. He expressed his regret at its not having arrived, said he
+was preparing instructions for M. Gardoqui, who would certainly depart
+in June, and that until I could give him precise information of the
+dispositions of Congress, he could not enter into any further
+conversations on the subject of the proposed treaty. I joined in
+regretting the miscarriage of my public letter, and the more so, as my
+private ones gave me reason to expect instructions, which would enable
+me to comply so far with his Majesty's views, as that I hoped no
+further delays would intervene to prevent a perfect union between
+Spain and the United States. That my correspondence had given me to
+understand that Congress viewed the speedy accomplishment of this
+union as very important to the common cause; and, therefore, if Spain
+would consent forthwith to come into it, in that case they would
+gratify his Majesty by ceding to him the navigation of the
+Mississippi, below their territories, on reasonable terms.
+
+He replied, that he earnestly desired to see all difficulties on this
+point removed, but that the treaties subsisting between Spain and
+other nations, as well as the particular policy and determination of
+Spain, rendered it necessary that she should possess the exclusive
+navigation of the Gulf of Mexico. After a variety of other remarks of
+little importance, he made a very interesting observation, which will
+help us to account for the delays of the Court, viz. That all these
+affairs could with more facility be adjusted at a general peace than
+now, for that such a particular, and even secret treaty with us might
+then be made, as would be very convenient to both. That he
+nevertheless wished to know exactly the views and intentions of
+Congress, but that I must wait for the arrival of my letters, and that
+he would in the meantime finish M. Gardoqui's instructions, whose
+going to America, he did not doubt, would make a useful impression on
+the English Court. I was beginning to reply to what he said when he
+interrupted me, by mentioning his not having time at present to
+prolong the conference.
+
+Throughout the whole of this conversation, the Count appeared much
+less cordial than in the preceding one; he seemed to want
+self-possession, and to that cause I ascribe his incautiously
+mentioning the general peace as the most proper season for completing
+our political connexions. I had, nevertheless, no reason to suspect
+that this change in his behavior arose from any cause more important
+than those variations in temper and feelings, which they, who are
+unaccustomed to govern themselves often experience from changes in the
+weather, in their health, from fatigue of business, or other such like
+accidental causes.
+
+As I had not as yet received any letter from the President, either by
+the Virginia, or the vessel lately arrived at L'Orient, nor by Colonel
+Laurens, who, I was informed, had brought letters for me, I concluded
+it would be most prudent to wait ten days, or a fortnight, before I
+proceeded to act on the copy of my instruction received from Mr
+Lovell, expecting that such other letters as might then have arrived
+in France or Spain for me, would reach me in the course of that
+interval, if at all. And I determined, in case I should receive none,
+to proceed, without further loss of time, to make a formal overture to
+the Minister for a treaty on the ground of this instruction. It
+happened, however, that the Minister was so occupied during the
+remaining time that the Court staid at Aranjues, by the expedition
+preparing to sail from Cadiz, under the Duke of Crillon, and other
+matters, that it was impossible to engage a moment of his attention to
+American affairs. The removal of the Court to Madrid necessarily
+consumed some time, and as soon as they were well settled there, I
+wrote the Count the following letter; none of the letters expected
+from America having come to my hands.
+
+                   TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+                                           Madrid, July 2d, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "When Congress were pleased to order me to Spain, with the
+    commission of which I have had the honor of presenting a copy
+    to your Excellency, I left my country with the most sanguine
+    expectations, that the important objects of it would be
+    speedily accomplished. The proofs they had received of his
+    Majesty's friendship for them, the interests of a common
+    cause, and the information they had received from persons
+    whom they conceived in capacity to give it, all conspired to
+    infuse these hopes.
+
+    "On my arrival, your Excellency gave me to understand, that
+    the realising these expectations would turn on one point, and
+    I have uniformly since been informed, that this point was the
+    navigation of the Mississippi below the territories of the
+    United States, in which Congress desired to retain a common
+    right, but of which the maxims of policy adopted by his
+    Majesty required the exclusive use.
+
+    "I have now the honor of informing your Excellency, that
+    Congress, in order to manifest in the most striking manner
+    the sincerity of their professions to his Majesty, and with a
+    view that the common cause may immediately reap all the
+    advantages naturally to be expected from a cordial and
+    permanent union between France, Spain, and the United States,
+    have authorised me to agree to such terms relative to the
+    point in question, as to remove the difficulties to which it
+    has hitherto given occasion.
+
+    "Permit me, therefore, to hope, that his Majesty will now be
+    pleased to become the ally of the United States, and for that
+    purpose authorise some person or persons to adjust with me
+    the several points of compact necessary to form a union,
+    which, by being founded on mutual interest, may be no less
+    satisfactory than it certainly will be important to both
+    countries.
+
+    "Your Excellency will oblige me exceedingly, by putting it in
+    my power to give Congress early, explicit, and, let me add,
+    agreeable information of his Majesty's pleasure and
+    intentions on the subject of this letter.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+Although it was sufficiently evident, that the Court of France could
+not, for the reasons assigned in my letter to Congress, of the 6th of
+November, 1780, openly and warmly interpose their good offices to
+bring about this treaty, it nevertheless appeared to me most prudent,
+to behave on this occasion towards the Ambassador, as if I knew
+nothing of those reasons, and, therefore, sent him a copy of the
+aforegoing letter to the Minister, enclosed in one of which the
+following is a copy.
+
+                      TO THE COUNT DE MONTMORIN.
+
+                                          "Madrid, July 2d, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency herewith
+    enclosed, a copy of a letter I have this day written to his
+    Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca. I have thereby
+    informed him of my being authorised to remove the objections
+    hitherto made by the Court of Spain to a treaty of alliance
+    with the United States, and again requested that the
+    measures necessary for the purpose may now be taken.
+
+    "Permit me to request, that the favorable interposition of
+    our kind and generous ally with his Catholic Majesty may be
+    exerted to commence the proposed negotiation, and bring it to
+    a speedy and happy conclusion.
+
+    "The confidence justly reposed by America in the amity and
+    assurances of his Most Christian Majesty, forbid me to urge
+    this request by any arguments, (persuasives being indelicate,
+    when not warranted by doubts of inclination.) I am happy in
+    reflecting, that his instructions on this subject are
+    committed to the execution of a Minister, from whose
+    attachment, as well as from whose talents and address, the
+    American cause may expect to derive advantage.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+The instructions above alluded to are those, which Count de Vergennes,
+in his letter to me of the 13th of March, 1780, assures me should be
+sent to their Ambassador here. I must confess to Congress, that I very
+much doubt his ever having received any other instructions, than
+generally to favor the treaty, and to manage his interference in such
+a delicate manner, as, without alarming the pride of Spain, to give
+both parties reason to think themselves obliged.
+
+The French Ambassador sent me no answer to this letter, which, in my
+opinion, gives a greater degree of probability to my conjectures. I
+must, nevertheless, do him the justice to say that I have great reason
+to believe him to be in sentiment, and with sincere attachment, a
+friend to our cause; and that he considers the honor and interest of
+France deeply concerned in the success and support of it.
+
+On the 11th of July, having received no answer from the Minister, I
+waited upon him. He told me, he had received my letter, but that the
+short time the Court would remain at Madrid, and the multiplicity of
+business that he was obliged to despatch, would not admit of his
+attending to our affairs till after the arrival of the Court at St
+Ildefonso. He then informed me, that a vessel had arrived at Cadiz,
+which had brought despatches for me, and that his courier had brought
+them to Madrid. He then delivered me a number of letters, among which
+was one from his Excellency the President, of the 28th of May
+last.[32]
+
+I need not observe, that all these letters bore evident marks of
+inspection, for that has uniformly been the case with almost every
+letter I have received.
+
+I do not recollect to have ever received a letter that gave me more
+real pleasure. When I considered, that almost the whole time since I
+left America had afforded me little else than one continued series of
+painful perplexities and embarrassments, many of which I neither
+expected, nor ought to have met with; that I had been engaged in
+intricate and difficult negotiations, often at a loss to determine
+where the line of prudence was to be found, and constantly exposed by
+my particular situation to the danger of either injuring the dignity
+and interest of my country on the one hand, or trespassing on the
+overrated respectability and importance of this Court, on the other; I
+say, Sir, that on considering these things, the approbation of
+Congress gave me most singular and cordial satisfaction.
+
+I was also happy to perceive from this letter, that the plan of my
+late letters to the Minister and French Ambassador, of the 2d of July,
+above recited, happens to correspond exactly with the views of
+Congress, respecting the manner of conducting this negotiation.
+
+It appearing to me, that the communication I was directed to make to
+this Court could not be better made than in the very words of this
+letter, which seemed exceedingly well calculated for the purpose, I
+recited them in a letter, which I wrote two days afterwards to the
+Minister, viz.
+
+                   TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+                                         Madrid, July 13th, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have now the honor of communicating to your Excellency a
+    copy of certain instructions I have just received from
+    Congress, dated the 28th of May, 1781, and which were
+    included in the despatches, which your Excellency was so
+    obliging as to deliver to me the evening before the last,
+    viz.
+
+    "It is their instruction, that you continue to acknowledge on
+    all suitable occasions, the grateful impression made on these
+    States by the friendly disposition manifested towards them by
+    his Catholic Majesty, and particularly by the proofs given of
+    it in the measures which he has taken, and which it is hoped
+    he will further take for preserving their credit, and for
+    aiding them with a supply of clothing for their army.
+
+    "You are also authorised and instructed to disavow in the
+    most positive and explicit terms, any secret understanding or
+    negotiation between the United States and Great Britain, to
+    assure his Catholic Majesty that such insinuations have no
+    other source than the insidious designs of the common enemy,
+    and that as the United States have the highest confidence in
+    the honor and good faith, both of his Most Christian and his
+    Catholic Majesty, so it is their inviolable determination to
+    take no step, which shall depart in the smallest degree from
+    their engagements with either.'
+
+    "It gives me pleasure to observe that these instructions
+    confirm, in the fullest manner, the assurances and
+    professions I have heretofore made to your Excellency
+    respecting the sentiments and dispositions of the United
+    States, and I flatter myself that his Majesty will be pleased
+    to consider the assurances they contain, as receiving
+    unquestionable proofs of sincerity from the offer I have
+    already made to confirm them by deeds, no less important to
+    the interests than, I hope, consistent with the views and
+    desires of his Majesty.
+
+    "I cannot omit this occasion of presenting my congratulations
+    on the success of his Majesty's arms at Pensacola. This event
+    cannot fail of being followed by important consequences to
+    the common cause, and may perhaps induce the enemy to expect
+    greater advantages from concluding a reasonable peace, than
+    continuing to protract an unrighteous war.
+
+    "Having understood, shortly after receiving my letters from
+    your Excellency, that the Court had also received despatches
+    from Philadelphia, I presumed that the communication of any
+    gazettes from thence, which indeed contain all the
+    intelligence I have, would be useless, and therefore did not
+    send them; but on considering that it was possible that the
+    papers I had might be of later date than those which your
+    Excellency might otherwise receive, I now take the liberty of
+    enclosing two, which contain accounts somewhat interesting.
+    If they should be new to your Excellency, I beg that their
+    not being sooner sent will receive an apology from the
+    abovementioned circumstance; and that your Excellency will
+    remain assured of the perfect respect and consideration with
+    which I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+I also took the earliest opportunity of mentioning to the Ambassador
+of France, that my letters from America gave me reason to believe that
+our union was daily growing more warm and intimate, and that Congress,
+in writing of their affairs here, had expressed themselves in the
+strongest terms of attachment to his Most Christian Majesty, and not
+only approved of my communicating freely and confidentially with his
+Ambassador here, but also directed me in express terms to endeavor, in
+the course of my negotiations, to include and promote the interests of
+France.
+
+The Ambassador was much pleased. He told me his letters assured him
+that the best understanding subsisted between the French and American
+troops, and that much good might be expected from the increasing
+harmony and intercourse between the two countries.
+
+The Court removed to St Ildefonso without the Minister's having either
+given any instructions to M. Gardoqui, answered my abovementioned
+letters, or taken the least notice of my late representations to them
+about the Dover cutter, &c.
+
+The events of the campaign were as yet undecided, and little money in
+the treasury.
+
+On the 21st of July the Minister wrote me the following note, in which
+there was ample field left open for procrastination.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments to Mr
+    Jay, and has the honor of acquainting him, that he has duly
+    received his two letters of the 2d and 13th instant. The
+    short stay of the Court at Madrid allowing time only to
+    despatch the most pressing business, the Count de Florida
+    Blanca has not been able to take into consideration the
+    points, which form the object of the abovementioned letters.
+    He proposes therefore to do it at present, in order to render
+    an account thereof to the King, and in the meanwhile he has
+    the honor to repeat to Mr Jay the assurances of the most
+    perfect esteem and consideration.
+
+    "_St Ildefonso, July 21st, 1781._"
+
+On the 4th of August, I arrived here. I did not see the Minister till
+the 8th, he being, as I was told, from home. He had made no
+communications to the King. He had been sick; he had been busy, and
+was so still. I requested to be informed when it would be most
+convenient to him to confer with me on the subject of my late letters,
+and to give me such information relative to his Majesty's intentions,
+as he might be prepared to communicate to me. He answered, that he
+could not then fix a time, being exceedingly hurried by pressing
+business. He asked how long I proposed to stay, I told him till the
+Court removed. He then promised to take an early opportunity of
+conferring with me on the subject of our affairs, and promised to send
+me word when he should be ready to receive me.
+
+I remained in this state of suspense and expectation until the 18th of
+August, when having been for a week past very much indisposed with a
+fever and dysentery, and fearing lest that circumstance might become a
+ground of delay, I wrote the Count word, "that my health would permit
+me to wait upon his Excellency at any time and place he might do me
+the honor to name." He replied two days afterwards, in a manner which
+indicated his supposing I had gone to Madrid and had returned. He must
+have known better, for none of my family had been absent from hence,
+and one or other of them were almost daily about the palace and
+gardens.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca is charmed to learn, that Mr Jay
+    has sufficiently recovered from his last indisposition to
+    make the journey from Madrid to this place, and thanks him
+    for his attention in communicating it to him.
+
+    "The very pressing business with which he finds himself at
+    present surrounded does not permit him to fix the day for a
+    conference with Mr Jay, but the moment he shall be a little
+    disengaged, he will have the honor to advise Mr Jay of it.
+
+    "_St Ildefonso, August 20th, 1781._"
+
+On the 22d I sent him a note enclosing a newspaper, which contained an
+account of General Greene's operations, the capture of Fort Watson,
+&c.
+
+The Count answered this note by another, expressing his thanks for the
+intelligence, but not a word of a conference.
+
+On the 30th of August Major Franks arrived here with interesting
+despatches, of which I must not here take notice, lest I interrupt
+the thread of this letter, which I devote particularly to the affair
+of our negotiations for a treaty.
+
+There was indeed among these despatches a very sensible letter from Mr
+R. Morris to me about money matters,[33] &c. excellently well
+calculated for being shown entire to the Minister.
+
+I consulted with the French Ambassador on the propriety of giving the
+Minister a copy of it. He advised me to do it, and much commended the
+letter. As it might have suffered from being carelessly translated, I
+had it put into very good French.
+
+I was very glad to see the Major. The nature of the despatches he
+brought being a secret occasioned speculation, and gave me an
+opportunity of drawing further advantages from his arrival. His
+accounts of American affairs were favorable to us, and the manner of
+his behavior and conversation has not done discredit to himself, nor
+prejudice to his country.
+
+The Ambassador of France having assured me that the Minister had
+really been a good deal indisposed, I thought it would be best to
+write him a letter in a style somewhat adapted to his situation. He
+certainly appears to be fatigued, and worn down by business. He looks
+as I have seen some members of Congress look, after two years'
+attendance.
+
+                   TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+                               "St Ildefonso, September 3d, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "When I consider that the delicate state of your Excellency's
+    health demands a greater degree of leisure and relaxation,
+    than the various business of your office will permit, it is
+    with great reluctance, that I can prevail upon myself to
+    remind your Excellency, that since our conference at
+    Aranjues, the affairs of the United States at this Court have
+    made no progress.
+
+    "The short residence of his Majesty at Madrid, I am
+    persuaded, made it necessary to postpone the discussion of
+    these affairs to this place; and since my arrival here on the
+    4th of August last, I have daily flattered myself with being
+    enabled to communicate to Congress his Majesty's pleasure on
+    the important subjects, which by their order I have had the
+    honor of laying before your Excellency.
+
+    "It has also for some time past been my duty to have
+    requested your Excellency's attention to some other objects,
+    which, though of less public importance, are nevertheless
+    interesting to individuals, as well as to the commercial
+    intercourse of the two countries, but it did not appear to be
+    consistent with the respect due to your Excellency to solicit
+    your attention to new objects, while this former remained
+    undespatched for want of time.
+
+    "It would give me great pleasure to have it in my power to
+    regulate all my applications by your Excellency's
+    convenience, and though I am happy to see the connexion
+    between our two countries daily increasing, yet as that
+    circumstance will naturally render necessary applications to
+    government more frequent, I fear the duties of my situation
+    will often press me to be troublesome to your Excellency.
+
+    "On Friday evening last I received some important despatches
+    from Congress, which I shall do myself the honor of
+    communicating at any time, which your Excellency may be
+    pleased to name. The gentleman who brought them, will after
+    passing on to Paris, return immediately to Philadelphia, and
+    will with pleasure execute any orders which your Excellency
+    may honor him with, for either of those places. His stay here
+    will be but short. As soon as I can ascertain the day of his
+    departure, your Excellency shall have immediate notice of it.
+    As Congress will naturally expect to receive by him
+    particular information respecting their affairs here, I
+    cannot forbear expressing how anxious I am to make him the
+    bearer of welcome tidings; and permit me to hope, that your
+    Excellency's sensibility will suggest an apology for the
+    solicitude which appears in this letter.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, with great respect, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+On the 5th, I received the following answer, viz.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca has been much mortified not to
+    be able to receive the visit of Mr Jay, not only on account
+    of the too pressing business, which has engaged all his time,
+    but also by reason of the indisposition he has suffered, and
+    still suffers.
+
+    "Although he be not in a situation to engage in long and
+    serious conferences for the reasons abovementioned, he will,
+    nevertheless, be charmed to converse a moment with Mr Jay,
+    one of those leisure evenings when there is no business with
+    the King; in which case, Mr Jay may, if he thinks proper,
+    bring with him the officer in question.
+
+    "Saturday, for instance, towards eight o'clock, the interview
+    may take place."
+
+    _Wednesday, the 5th of September._
+
+Your Excellency will be pleased to observe, that the Minister in the
+above note intimates a desire that I should bring Major Franks with
+me. I thought it best to do so; but lest his presence should be a
+check upon business, and as it was natural to suppose, that the Count
+would begin by asking him questions about our affairs, I desired the
+Major to relate to him the impression made in America by that article
+in the capitulation of Pensacola, which permitted the garrison to go
+to New York. I also desired the Major to retire into the ante-chamber
+and leave me alone with the Minister, as soon as the latter should
+appear to have finished with him.
+
+At the time appointed, viz. the evening of the 8th of September, we
+waited upon the Minister.
+
+The Count received us very politely. He spoke much of his want of
+health, and how greatly it incapacitated him for business. He then
+asked the Major several questions about our military operations. The
+Major answered them clearly, and, in speaking of the proposed siege of
+New York, very naturally introduced an account of the surprise and
+apprehensions occasioned by the permission given to the Pensacola
+garrison to join that of New York. The Count confessed it was ill
+done; said it was very unexpected, and that they ought to have been
+sent to Europe; that the like should not happen in future, and that
+proper orders upon that subject should be despatched to their
+Generals. He then observed, that our fears were not altogether well
+founded, for that those troops were restrained by the capitulation
+from taking arms against the allies of Spain till exchanged, and could
+not operate against our troops without also operating against those of
+France, who were joined with them, and who, it was well known, were
+the allies of Spain. The Major replied, that it was feared that the
+enemy would attempt to evade this reasoning, by insisting that the
+French troops in America were only to be considered as auxiliaries to
+the United States, and that though that argument might be fallacious,
+yet, that in matters affecting America, the enemy had invariably
+neglected good faith, whenever they found it convenient.
+
+The Count asked how long the Major would stay here. I told him, that I
+only detained him in expectation of being soon enabled by his
+Excellency to write something decisive by him to Congress on the
+subjects under his consideration. He said he hoped in the course of
+next week to enter into serious conferences with me on those subjects,
+and that he would give me notice of the day. He offered to give the
+Major letters to the Spanish Ambassador at Paris, and to do him any
+other services in his power. He then rose from his chair in a manner
+indicating indisposition, said he was unable to do business, and that
+M. Del Campo should inform me when it would be convenient for him that
+I should see him again. I expressed my regret at his illness, and gave
+him the French translation of Mr Morris's letter, adding, that I had
+intended to offer him some remarks on the subject of it. He said he
+would read it with pleasure. He spoke of Mr Morris's appointment, and
+after conversing a few minutes about the good consequences expected
+from it, and of the services done by that gentleman to Spain, in some
+business they had committed to his care, we parted.
+
+Thus this conference ended as fruitless as the last.
+
+Eight days elapsed. I heard nothing from the Minister. He was daily at
+Court, and every evening took his ride.
+
+I repeatedly mentioned and complained of these delays to the French
+Ambassador. He regretted them, promised to speak to the Minister on
+the subject; but, I believe, did not. I appeared much dissatisfied,
+though not with him; and told him, that if Major Franks returned to
+America with no other intelligence than that of repeated delays, it
+was more than probable that Congress would be much hurt, as well as
+much disappointed. He had the same fears, and advised me to detain the
+Major.
+
+It became in my opinion important, that the Minister, as well as the
+French Ambassador, should be seriously apprehensive of my dismissing
+the Major with letters, that would render Congress very little
+disposed to make sacrifices to this Court. The manner of doing this
+required some caution. I could think of nothing better than to prepare
+a letter to the Minister, and send the Ambassador a fair copy of my
+draft for his consideration and advice.
+
+The following are copies of that letter, and of the one I sent with it
+to the Ambassador.
+
+                      TO THE COUNT DE MONTMORIN.
+
+                             "St Ildefonso, September 16th, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "The paper herewith enclosed is the draft of a letter, which
+    I think of writing to his Excellency, the Count de Florida
+    Blanca.
+
+    "The subject, as well as the occasion, demands that dexterous
+    and delicate management, of which they only are capable, who
+    possess an accurate judgment and much experience in affairs
+    of this kind.
+
+    "I am happy, therefore, that on such occasions I can avoid
+    the risk of committing errors, by recurring to your friendly
+    advice. Without compliment, but with sincerity,
+
+    I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+                   TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+    "Whatever may be the issue of the American revolution,
+    whether that country shall continue independent, or be doomed
+    to reunite her power with that of Great Britain, the good
+    will and affection of the people of North America cannot in
+    either case be unimportant to their neighbors; nor will the
+    impressions made upon their minds by the benefits or
+    injuries, which they may receive from other nations in the
+    course of their present struggles, ever cease to have a
+    certain degree of influence on their future conduct.
+
+    "Various circumstances led Congress at an early period to
+    suppose, that the Court of Spain had wisely and generously
+    determined to take a decided part in their favor. The
+    supplies granted to them by his Catholic Majesty, soon after
+    the British armies became numerous in America, spoke this
+    language in strong terms, and the assurances repeatedly given
+    me by your Excellency, that his Majesty would firmly support
+    their cause, and never consent to their being reduced to the
+    subjection of Britain, left no room to doubt of his friendly
+    disposition and intentions towards them.
+
+    "Many obvious considerations prompted Congress to desire,
+    that an intimate connexion might speedily be established
+    between the two countries by such treaties as would take from
+    the enemy every prospect of success, and secure to Spain and
+    the United States the permanent enjoyment of mutual
+    advantages and reciprocal attachment. With this view Congress
+    were pleased to send me to Spain, and the first letter I had
+    the honor of receiving from your Excellency gave me reason to
+    believe, that the object of my mission was not displeasing
+    to his Majesty; unavoidable and long delays were,
+    nevertheless, created by differences respecting a certain
+    important right, which America wished to retain. So strong,
+    however, was the reliance of Congress on his Majesty's
+    assurances of support, and such was their disposition to
+    render the proposed treaties consistent with his
+    inclinations, that they have since agreed to remove the only
+    obstacle, which seemed to prevent his Majesty from realising
+    those assurances by substantial aids and an open declaration
+    of his intentions.
+
+    "But unfortunately for America, and perhaps for the general
+    cause, the delays in question have not ceased with the cause
+    to which they were ascribed, and although the confidence
+    reposed by Congress in his Majesty's assurances will not
+    permit them to doubt of his determination to support their
+    independence, yet the silent inattention, with which their
+    offers to remove the former obstacle to a treaty have long
+    laid unanswered, must appear to them as being very singular.
+    Your Excellency has indeed repeatedly promised me to name a
+    time when I should have an opportunity of conferring with you
+    on that and other subjects submitted to your consideration,
+    but it constantly happened that the expectations excited by
+    these promises proved abortive.
+
+    "Knowing that Congress would expect to receive by the return
+    of Major Franks particular information respecting their
+    affairs here, I was anxious to send them some intelligence
+    more welcome than I have reason to think a detail of delays
+    and procrastination would be, in a season when they would be
+    indulging the most flattering expectations from the measures
+    they had taken to gratify his Majesty. For this reason I
+    informed your Excellency, that I should detain Major Franks
+    for the present, and your Excellency promised me on the 8th
+    instant, that you would appoint some time in the ensuing week
+    for entering into a serious conference about these matters,
+    and that M. Del Campo should give me notice of it. That week,
+    however, has passed away without having been witness to any
+    such notice or conference.
+
+    "I think your Excellency will do me the justice to
+    acknowledge that the utmost respect, delicacy, and patience,
+    have been observed in all my transactions with your
+    Excellency, and therefore I cannot forbear hinting that my
+    constituents are at least entitled to that species of
+    attention, which the most dignified sovereigns usually pay to
+    the friendly propositions of such States, as solicit either
+    their aid or alliance in a decent manner, viz. a candid
+    answer.
+
+    "I am sensible that Spain possesses a higher degree on the
+    scale of national importance than the United States, and I
+    can readily admit, that the friendship of this Court is of
+    more immediate consequence to America, than that of America
+    to the Spanish empire. But as his Catholic Majesty and his
+    Ministers doubtless extend their views beyond the present
+    moment, it would ill become me to remark, how essential it is
+    to the happiness of neighboring nations, that their conduct
+    towards each other should be actuated by such passions and
+    sentiments only, as naturally tend to establish and
+    perpetuate harmony and good will between them. Most certain
+    it is, that in whatever manner the negotiations between Spain
+    and North America may terminate, various good or evil
+    consequences will in future naturally and necessarily flow
+    from it to both.
+
+    "There is good reason to believe, that the apparent
+    indecision of Spain, relative to an open acknowledgment of
+    the independence of the United States, has inspired other
+    nations with doubts and conjectures unfavorable to the
+    American cause, and on the other hand, it is more than
+    probable that, if his Catholic Majesty would be pleased to
+    declare to the world, that the United States were his allies,
+    and that he had given his royal word to support their
+    independence, Holland and many other nations would follow his
+    example.
+
+    "On such an event, also, it might not be difficult to form a
+    permanent alliance between France, Spain, the Dutch and the
+    United States, and thereby not only prevent a separate peace
+    between the Dutch and English, but effectually reduce the
+    latter to reasonable terms of general pacification.
+
+    "The limits of a letter forbid my enlarging on these topics.
+    The eyes of America, and indeed of all Europe, are turned
+    towards Spain. It is in the power of his Catholic Majesty to
+    increase his friends and humble his enemies. I will only add
+    my most sincere wishes, that the annals of America may inform
+    succeeding generations, that the wisdom, constancy, and
+    generous protection of his Catholic Majesty, Charles the
+    Third, and of his Minister, the Count de Florida Blanca, are
+    to be ranked among the causes that insured success to a
+    revolution, which posterity will consider as one of the most
+    important and interesting events in modern history.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+The Ambassador called upon me in the evening to answer my letter.
+
+He observed, that the delays of which I complained were not singular,
+but that others, and even himself, experienced the like. That he had
+reason to believe this Court were really disposed to treat with us,
+though the time when might be doubtful. That the remarks made in the
+draft of my intended letter were but too just; that he feared they
+would give offence; that at any rate, he thought I had better postpone
+it, and for the present write one less pointed, and more laconic. We
+had much conversation on the subject, unnecessary to repeat. It ended
+in my consenting to pursue his advice.
+
+It is observable, that he did not offer to return me the draft of this
+letter, though I had agreed to suppress it.
+
+The letter which, agreeable to the Ambassador's advice, I substituted
+in the place of the other, is in these words, viz.
+
+                            St Ildefonso, September 17th, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "A reluctance to despatch Major Franks without transmitting
+    by him to Congress the information they expect to receive, on
+    the subject I have had the honor of submitting to your
+    Excellency's consideration, has induced me hitherto to detain
+    him, especially as I was encouraged to hope that your
+    Excellency would have found leisure last week for entering
+    into serious conference with me on those important points.
+    The same reluctance prevails upon me to detain him another
+    week, and I think it my duty to inform your Excellency that
+    he will set out on Saturday next.
+
+    "I need not remark to your Excellency, that if the letter I
+    may then write by him should not contain the desired
+    intelligence, Congress will naturally be led to apprehend
+    that their expectations of forming an intimate union with
+    Spain were not well founded.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+On the 19th, I received the following answer.
+
+                            Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca would have been charmed to have
+    had it in his power to have a long conference with Mr Jay, if
+    his ordinary indispositions had not prevented him; he will,
+    therefore, have the honor to see him this evening about eight
+    o'clock, if Mr Jay will give himself the trouble of waiting
+    on him, either alone or with Major Franks, and in
+    communicating to the King the result of their conference, he
+    will endeavor to prevail on his Majesty to name some other
+    person to confer with Mr Jay in case of need, in order to
+    avoid, as much as possible, the embarrassments which Mr Jay
+    has hitherto experienced.
+
+    _Wednesday, 19th of September, 1781._"
+
+I waited upon the Count at the time appointed. The following is a copy
+of my notes of that conference.
+
+    _Notes of a Conference held at St Ildefonso, on Wednesday
+      Evening, the 19th of September, 1781, between his
+      Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, and Mr Jay,
+      agreeably to the appointment of the former._
+
+The Count introduced the conference by asking for Major Franks, and
+why Mr Jay did not bring him with him. Mr Jay answered, that as Major
+Franks was not charged with the transaction of any business with his
+Excellency, and had, at a former interview, answered such questions
+relative to American affairs as the Count had thought proper to ask
+him, Mr Jay did not think his attendance on this occasion necessary,
+as he supposed his Excellency meant to enter at present into the
+discussion of the matters referred to in Mr Jay's last letter.
+
+The Count then proceeded to enumerate the various obstacles arising
+from his ill health, the multiplicity of business, which had so long
+subjected Mr Jay to the delays he had hitherto experienced, and which,
+for his part, he could not but regret; that agreeable to his promise
+made to Mr Jay soon after his arrival, and frequently afterwards
+repeated, he had attempted to commit to paper his sentiments on the
+various points on which the proposed treaties must turn, and although
+he had made some progress in it, he had, for the reasons
+abovementioned, been obliged to leave it imperfect; that daily
+experience convinced him that his official business was too extensive
+and various to admit of his application to other objects, especially
+as his indisposition often rendered it impracticable for him to pay a
+due attention to it; that he, therefore, conceived it necessary that
+some person, duly authorised to confer with Mr Jay on these subjects,
+should be appointed by his Majesty; that he intended on Sunday next to
+recommend this measure to the King, to whom he would at the same time
+communicate the copy of Mr Morris's letter to Mr Jay, which the latter
+had given him; that in order to the putting of this matter in proper
+train, it would be expedient for Mr Jay previously to commit to paper
+his ideas of the outlines of the proposed treaties, and particularly
+to state the propositions he might think proper to make relative
+thereto; that he had been informed, that the treaties between France
+and America had been preceded by the like measures; for that the
+American Commissioners had first offered a plan of propositions, and
+then M. Gerard was appointed to confer with them before those treaties
+were drawn into the state they now appear, and finally concluded. That
+the like proceedings were rendered particularly necessary in this
+case, by the variety and importance of the points necessary to be
+adjusted between Spain and America; that in forming political
+connexions between nations, constant regard must be had to their
+reciprocal interests, and care taken, by previous arrangements, to
+avoid the inconveniences which would result from any clashing of
+interest; that three great points presented themselves, as requiring
+great attention, in forming the proposed connexion between Spain and
+America.
+
+1st. The aids requested by America, as stated in Mr Morris's letter,
+were very considerable; that it would be necessary, on the part of
+Spain to determine what pecuniary aids it might be in their power to
+grant either by loan or subsidy, as well as the time, place, and
+manner of payment; for that great punctuality was requisite in such
+transactions, as well that the royal engagements might be properly
+fulfilled, as that Congress might not be subjected to inconveniences
+and disappointments; that on the part of America, it must be
+ascertained what compensation they should make, as well as the time
+and manner of doing it; and that it might be well to consider how far
+such compensation might be made in ship timber, or other productions
+of that country; that a compensation would be indispensable, for that
+the King, being only the guardian of his dominions, would not think
+himself justifiable in dispensing with the just rights of his people.
+
+2dly. That the commercial concerns of the two countries was another
+point, which would call for very accurate and important regulations.
+That so far as this commerce would respect the United States and old
+Spain, the difficulty would not be very great; for that such commerce
+being in a considerable degree permitted to other nations, America
+ought also to participate in the benefits of it. But with respect to
+the Spanish dominions in America, as all other nations were excluded
+from any direct commerce with any part of them, the United States
+could not reasonably expect to be on a better footing than other
+nations, and particularly the French, who were the near allies of
+Spain.
+
+3dly. That with respect to the proposed treaty of alliance, Mr Jay
+must be sensible, that the several engagements, which would thereby be
+rendered necessary between the parties, the matters of boundary, and
+the navigation of the Mississippi, would give occasion to several
+important articles, which ought to be maturely considered and well
+digested. To this end, he wished that Mr Jay would immediately turn
+his thoughts on these subjects, and offer him such a set of
+propositions, as might become the basis of future conferences between
+him and the person whom he expected his Majesty would appoint.
+
+The Count then took occasion to observe, that he had long wished Mr
+Jay had offered him such propositions, but that his Court had as yet
+received from Congress nothing but good words and fair assurances, and
+that though his Majesty had given them some little aids, yet they had
+discovered no disposition, by acts, to acknowledge them. Mr Jay
+reminded his Excellency of his having, at a very early day, undertaken
+to commit to paper the outlines of the proposed treaties, and that the
+constant expectations of his perfecting it, had restrained Mr Jay from
+offering anything of the like nature on the subject. That he could
+conceive of nothing in the power of Congress to do, which could more
+fully evidence their disposition to gratify his Majesty, than their
+having offered to recede from their claims to the navigation of the
+Mississippi, though the preservation of it was deemed of the highest
+importance to their constituents. The Count admitted the propriety of
+both these observations, and said he hoped that the delays, which had
+so long embarrassed Mr Jay, would soon be terminated.
+
+Mr Jay expressed his anxiety to be enabled to communicate to Congress
+some decided intelligence, respecting the aids they might expect from
+this Court; to which the Count replied, that the sum requested was
+great, the expenses of the kingdom very extensive, and the means of
+obtaining the sums necessary to defray them subject to many
+difficulties; that he would, as he had before mentioned, communicate
+Mr Morris's letter to the King, and, until that was done, he could not
+be in capacity to say anything further on the subject; that as the
+appointment of a person to confer with Mr Jay would rest with his
+Majesty, he could not say who in particular it would be, but he hoped,
+and was persuaded that it would be some person well-intentioned
+towards America; that he was the more confirmed in this expectation,
+from the friendly disposition, which the King had early and constantly
+manifested towards that country; that he would again repeat what he
+had before told Mr Jay, viz. that the King, when acting in capacity of
+mediator for a peace, had refused to permit that country to be
+sacrificed; that since the rupture with Britain, tempting and
+advantageous offers had been made to him to withdraw his protection
+from America, and conclude a separate peace; that he had rejected
+these offers, and still continued determined to support the States;
+that this conduct ought to be viewed as extremely generous, as no
+political connexions or engagements did then, or do as yet subsist
+between the two countries. Mr Jay assured his Excellency that the
+magnanimity of this conduct had made a deep impression on the people
+of America; that nothing but want of opportunity would ever prevent
+their expressing it more strongly than by words, and that the sense
+they entertained of it, had greatly influenced the late measure they
+had taken to comply with his Majesty's desires. The Count then pressed
+Mr Jay again to send him the paper above mentioned before Sunday,
+adding that he sincerely wished nothing might be wanted to put the
+business in a proper train; that for his part, he had the best
+disposition towards America, as well as personal regard for Mr Jay,
+and, after adding some complimentary expressions relative to the
+character of the latter, he concluded.
+
+I was a little surprised that the Count should expect to receive from
+me, in the course of three days, formal propositions on the several
+points stated in this conference. But it would not have been proper
+for me to desire further time.
+
+On the 22d of September, I sent him the following letter and
+propositions.
+
+                              "St Ildefonso, September 22d, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have the honor of transmitting, herewith enclosed, the
+    propositions requested by your Excellency on Wednesday
+    evening last.
+
+    "I have endeavored to render them as short and simple as
+    possible, and I flatter myself that the unreserved frankness
+    with which they are written will be no less agreeable to your
+    Excellency, than I am sure it is consistent with the desire
+    and disposition of my constituents.
+
+    "As the issue of this measure will in a great degree
+    ascertain the expectations which Congress entertain from
+    their negotiations here, and as they flatter themselves with
+    receiving information on this subject by the return of Major
+    Franks, they will doubtless excuse my detaining him another
+    week, unless your Excellency should sooner be enabled to
+    communicate to me his Majesty's pleasure relative to the
+    proposed treaty.
+
+    "Permit me to entreat your Excellency, therefore, to enable
+    me to transmit by him such intelligence to Congress, as may
+    relieve them from their present distressing doubts and
+    uncertainties.
+
+    "I sincerely hope it may be such as may make them happy in a
+    prospect of soon seeing an intimate and lasting union
+    established between France, Spain, and the United States, a
+    union which, by being raised on the solid foundation of
+    mutual interest and reciprocal advantages, may secure to each
+    the blessings of uninterrupted tranquillity. This generous
+    policy pervades the treaties already formed between his Most
+    Christian Majesty and the United States, and I am happy in
+    being persuaded, that the magnanimity of his Catholic
+    Majesty's conduct towards my country, on this and other
+    occasions, will furnish materials for some bright pages in
+    the American annals.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+Here follow the propositions alluded to, and sent enclosed in the
+preceding letter.
+
+                              "St Ildefonso, September 22d, 1781.
+
+    "As the time allowed Mr Jay for offering such propositions,
+    as may become the basis of the proposed treaty between his
+    Catholic Majesty and the United States of North America, is
+    very short, he should fear the consequences of haste and
+    inaccuracy, if he were not persuaded that the candor, with
+    which they will be received, will secure him from the
+    inconveniences to which these circumstances might otherwise
+    expose him.
+
+    "Mr Jay presumes that it is not expected he should offer a
+    plan of a treaty drawn at length, but only general
+    propositions, which may be so modified and enlarged, as on
+    due consideration and discussion may appear expedient. With
+    this view, he begs leave to present the following as the
+    basis of a treaty of amity and alliance, viz.
+
+
+                            PROPOSITIONS.
+
+                                  I.
+
+    "There shall forever subsist an inviolable and universal
+    peace and friendship between his Catholic Majesty and the
+    United States, and the subjects and citizens of both.
+
+                                 II.
+
+    "That every privilege, exemption, and favor, with respect to
+    commerce, navigation, and personal rights, which now are, or
+    hereafter may be granted, by either, to any the most favored
+    nation, be also granted by them to each other.
+
+                                 III.
+
+    "That they mutually extend to the vessels, merchants, and
+    inhabitants of each other, all that protection, which is
+    usual and proper between friendly and allied nations.
+
+                                 IV.
+
+    "That the vessels, merchants, or other subjects of his
+    Catholic Majesty, and the United States, shall not resort to,
+    or be permitted (except in cases which humanity allows to
+    distress,) to enter into any of those ports or dominions of
+    the other, from which the most favored nation shall be
+    excluded.
+
+                                  V.
+
+    "That the following commerce be prohibited, and declared
+    contraband between the subjects of his Catholic Majesty and
+    the United States, viz.
+
+    "All such as his Catholic Majesty may think proper to
+    specify.
+
+    REMARKS. "On this proposition Mr Jay can offer nothing, but
+    an assurance of his being ready to concur in every reasonable
+    regulation that may be proposed.
+
+                                 VI.
+
+    "The United States shall relinquish to his Catholic Majesty,
+    and in future forbear to use, or attempt to use, the
+    navigation of the river Mississippi from the thirtyfirst
+    degree of north latitude, that is, from the point where it
+    leaves the United States, down to the ocean.
+
+    REMARKS. "The impression made upon the United States by the
+    magnanimity of his Majesty's conduct towards them; the
+    assistance they hope to receive from the further exertions of
+    the same magnanimity; the deep wound which an alliance with
+    so great a monarch would give to the hopes and efforts of the
+    enemy; the strong support it would afford to their
+    independence; the favorable influence which the example of
+    such a King would have on other nations, and the many other
+    great and extensive good consequences which would result at
+    this interesting period from his Majesty's taking so noble
+    and decided a part in their favor, have all conspired in
+    prevailing upon Congress to offer to relinquish in his favor,
+    the enjoyment of this territorial and national privilege, the
+    importance of which, to their constituents, can only be
+    estimated by the value they set upon his Majesty's
+    friendship.
+
+    "By this proposition, the United States offer to forego all
+    the advantages and conveniences, which nature has given to
+    the country bordering on the upper parts of that river, by
+    ceasing to export their own, and receiving in return the
+    commodities of other countries by that only channel, thereby
+    greatly reducing the value of that country, retarding its
+    settlement, and diminishing the benefits which the United
+    States would reap from its cultivation.
+
+    "Mr Jay thinks it his duty frankly to confess, that the
+    difficulty of reconciling this measure to the feelings of
+    their constituents, has appeared to Congress in a serious
+    light, and they now expect to do it, only by placing in the
+    opposite scale the gratitude due to his Catholic Majesty, and
+    the great and various advantages, which the United States
+    will derive from the acknowledgment and generous support of
+    their independence by the Spanish monarchy, at a time when
+    the vicissitudes, dangers, and difficulties of a distressing
+    war, with a powerful, obstinate, and vindictive nation,
+    renders the friendship and avowed protection of his Catholic
+    Majesty in a very particular manner interesting to them. The
+    offer of this proposition, therefore, being dictated by these
+    expectations and this combination of circumstances, must
+    necessarily be limited by the duration of them, and
+    consequently, that if the acceptance of it should, together
+    with the proposed alliance, be postponed to a general peace,
+    the United States will cease to consider themselves bound by
+    any propositions, or offers, which he may now make in their
+    behalf.
+
+    "Nor can Mr Jay omit mentioning the hopes and expectations of
+    Congress, that his Majesty's generosity and greatness of
+    mind will prompt him to alleviate, as much as possible, the
+    disadvantages to which this proposition subjects the United
+    States, by either granting them a free port, under certain
+    restrictions, in the vicinity, or by such other marks of his
+    liberality and justice, as may give him additional claims to
+    the affection and attachment of the United States.
+
+                                 VII.
+
+    "That his Catholic Majesty shall guaranty to the United
+    States all their respective territories.
+
+                                VIII.
+
+    "That the United States shall guaranty to his Catholic
+    Majesty all his dominions in North America.
+
+                               Lastly.
+
+    "As the aforegoing propositions appear to Mr Jay the most
+    essential, he omits proposing those less and subordinate
+    ones, which seem to follow of course. He therefore concludes
+    this subject with a general offer and propositions to make
+    and admit all such articles as, in the course of this
+    negotiation, shall appear conducive to the great objects of
+    the proposed treaty.
+
+    REMARKS. "Nothing on Mr Jay's part shall be wanting to
+    expedite the happy conclusion of this business, by adhering
+    constantly to the dictates of candor, frankness, and
+    unsuspecting confidence.
+
+    "He is ready to receive the treaty between the United States
+    and his Christian Majesty, as a model for this, or with such
+    alterations as, founded on the principles of reciprocity, may
+    be more agreeable to his Catholic Majesty, it being his
+    earnest desire to arrive at the important objects of his
+    mission in any way his Majesty may be pleased to prefer.
+
+    "The subject of aids, either by subsidy or loan as may be
+    most convenient to his Majesty, will require a particular
+    convention, but as the manner, extent, and terms depend on
+    his Majesty's pleasure, it is impossible for Mr Jay, without
+    some knowledge of it, to offer propositions adapted thereto.
+    All that he can at present say on that subject is, that
+    Congress are ready to do everything in their power. He will
+    not, however, endeavor to conceal their incapacity to do much
+    in the way of compensation, while the enemy shall continue to
+    make the United States the theatre of a desolating war, and
+    the object of their predatory operations. But when those
+    obstacles shall cease, it will be in their power, as well as
+    their inclination, to make retribution, and render important
+    services to his Majesty. Mr Jay will therefore continue to
+    decline attempting to induce his Majesty to take any
+    measures, however favorable to his country, by delusive
+    promises, or rash engagements; but on the other hand, he is
+    ready to enter into such reasonable ones, as he may have good
+    reason to say shall be faithfully and punctually performed.
+
+    "A particular treaty regulating the conduct to be observed by
+    his Catholic Majesty, and the United States, towards each
+    other during the war, also appears to Mr Jay important to
+    both; but as the proper plans and articles of such a treaty
+    can only result from a free conference on the subject, he can
+    upon this occasion only express his readiness to concur in
+    every provision, which may be calculated to give energy and
+    success to the operations and objects of both.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+Your Excellency will be pleased to observe, that among my remarks on
+the sixth proposition, I have limited the duration of the offer
+contained in it. I did this from a persuasion, that such limitation
+was not only just and reasonable in itself, but absolutely necessary
+to prevent this Court's continuing to delay a treaty to a general
+peace. Besides what the Minister dropped upon this head in his
+conference with me at Aranjues, I think it probable that they still
+wish to adhere to that idea. To me they appear desirous of avoiding
+the expense that the aids, which a treaty we should expect would
+render unavoidable, and which at present would not be very convenient
+for them. They wish to see our independence established, and yet not
+be among the first to subscribe a precedent, that may one day be
+turned against them. They wish not to exclude themselves, by any
+present engagements, from taking advantage of the chances and events
+of the war, not choosing on the one hand, that in case we sink, that
+we should be fastened to them by any particular ties, nor on the other
+hand, in case we survive the storm, to be so circumstanced as not to
+make the most of us. I think it is their design, therefore, to draw
+from us all such concessions as our present distress, and the hopes of
+aid may extort, and by protracting negotiations about the treaty,
+endeavor to avail themselves of these concessions at a future day,
+when our inducements to offer them shall have ceased. As this would
+evidently be unjust, I think the limitation in question can give them
+no offence, and I hope Congress will be pleased to communicate to me
+their sentiments on the subject.
+
+I must also remark, that after what has passed, and considering how
+well they are acquainted with my instructions, it would not only have
+been useless, but absurd, to have made these propositions otherwise
+than agreeably to those instructions.
+
+Congress may at first view be a little surprised at the extent of the
+fifth proposition, but when they compare it with the second, I am
+persuaded they will find it sufficiently restrained.
+
+In forming these propositions, it was my determination to leave them
+so free from disputed, or disputable points, as that no plausible
+pretexts for delay should arise from the face of them. I am well
+apprised, nevertheless, that in the course of the negotiation, it will
+be impossible for me to prevent their practising as much
+procrastination as they may find convenient. Almost the only hope I
+have of their seriously doing business arises from their fearing, that
+the instruction respecting the Mississippi will be recalled the moment
+that either any very decided successes on our part in America may
+render a treaty with Spain of less importance to us, or a general
+treaty of peace give us different views and prospects.
+
+These are my conjectures and opinions. Perhaps they may prove
+erroneous; as facts accompany them, Congress will be enabled to judge
+for themselves. I will add, that from everything I can hear, the King
+is honestly disposed to do us good, and were he alone to be consulted
+in this business, I believe it would soon be concluded.
+
+On the 23d of September, the foregoing propositions were to be laid
+before the King. I heard nothing further from the Minister until the
+27th, when he sent me the following note.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "Although the last letter of Mr Jay, accompanied with a
+    certain plan, was transmitted on Saturday in the evening to
+    the Count de Florida Blanca, and although he could not inform
+    himself of their contents until translated from the English,
+    he nevertheless did not fail to render an account thereof to
+    the King in his despatch of Sunday. His Majesty having then
+    shown himself disposed to appoint some person to confer with
+    Mr Jay, it is become necessary to prepare a suitable
+    instruction, and present it to the King for his approbation.
+    The Count de Florida Blanca flatters himself, that he shall
+    be able to arrange this affair before the departure of the
+    Count for the Escurial, and in the meanwhile, he has the
+    honor to transmit to Mr Jay a passport for Major Franks.
+
+    "_Thursday, September 27th, 1781._"
+
+I have been given to understand, though not officially, that M. Del
+Campo, the Minister's Secretary, is the person who will be appointed
+to confer with me, and though that gentleman is constantly about the
+Minister, yet it seems, that a set of formal instructions are to be
+prepared for him. When the Minister will be able to find either time
+or health to complete them is uncertain.
+
+There is reason to believe, that still less progress would have been
+made in this affair, had Major Franks not have arrived. I regret his
+detention, but hope the reasons assigned for it will be deemed
+sufficient; I am perfectly satisfied with him.
+
+Notwithstanding Congress had given me reason to expect, that the plan
+of drawing bills upon me had been laid aside, I have now bills to the
+amount of between seventy and eighty thousand dollars to pay, and no
+funds provided. What am I to do? Dr Franklin writes me, that so far from
+being able to give me further aids, he does not expect to have it in
+his power even to pay our salaries in future.
+
+From the facts stated in this letter, Congress will perceive that this
+Court neither refuse nor promise to afford us further aid. Delay is
+their system; when it will cease I cannot conjecture, for that is a
+question which I doubt whether they themselves have as yet determined.
+
+I am indebted largely to Mr Harrison for money advanced by him to
+distressed seamen. He ought to be paid, and it is so far from being in
+my power to do it, that I have been reduced to the mortifying
+necessity of desiring him for the present to hold his hand. A great
+many of this valuable class of people are confined in English gaols,
+without other means of obtaining their enlargement than by entering
+into the enemy's service. They complain bitterly of being neglected by
+their country, and I really think not without reason. Retaliation
+ought to be practised, and if we have not a sufficient number of
+marine officers and seamen in our power to make the objects of it, why
+would it be improper to substitute landsmen?
+
+As to Portugal, I have more than once spoken to the Minister on the
+subject. He admits the justice of our being treated by that as by
+other neutral nations. He has promised to interfere in our behalf, but
+nothing efficacious has yet been done. To send an agent there, could
+do no harm, and might do good; I am therefore for it. The Ambassador
+of France thinks with me, that before that step is taken, it ought to
+be confidentially communicated to this Court, and I am persuaded
+difficulties will arise from it. I shall do my best.
+
+M. Gardoqui's departure is uncertain. He is still attending the orders
+of the Court. I doubt his receiving them till the campaign closes, and
+perhaps not then.
+
+I do not despair of seeing some good result, finally, from all this
+complication of political solecisms. It would not surprise me if we
+should in the end be the gainers by them. My greatest fears are about
+the fate of the bills. If protested, for want of payment, they will
+become the source of much evil.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+_P. S._ I have this instant received a letter from Commodore Gillon,
+dated at Corunna, the 28th of September, and one from Colonel Searle
+of the 26th of September. I herewith enclose copies of them. Their
+contents are interesting.        J. J.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[30] See these letters at large in the _Secret Journal of Congress_,
+Vol. II. pp. 323, 326. The latter was drawn up by Mr Madison.
+
+[31] Secret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. p. 393.
+
+[32] Secret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. p. 404.
+
+[33] See this letter above, p. 449.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Madrid, October 18th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Major Franks delivered me the despatches committed to his care on the
+30th of August. He set out for France the 5th instant. My letters by
+him to your Excellency will account for his remaining here so long. I
+also beg leave to refer to them for other more interesting
+particulars.
+
+Congress will doubtless be informed that I have refused to accept some
+of their bills. As the enemies of America in Europe had, with some
+success, endeavored to render the credit of our paper suspected, it
+appeared to me expedient to state the reasons for these refusals very
+particularly, and I caused them to be recited at large in the
+protests. I have sent copies of them to Dr Franklin and Mr Adams,
+that in case these transactions should be represented to our
+disadvantage, either in France or Holland, they might be enabled to
+set the matter right. I now send copies to Congress, to prevent their
+being alarmed at any general report that may arrive in America, of my
+having refused to accept their bills drawn upon me.
+
+Our merchants would, in my opinion, do well to write their
+endorsements on bills at length, and in their own hand writing. There
+is reason to believe that the enemy often turn blank endorsements to
+good account.
+
+M. Gardoqui is here. Those ships of the Spanish flotilla, which
+carried the treasure, are arrived at Cadiz. Trenches are not yet
+opened against Fort St Philip at Minorca. Another expedition is
+preparing at Cadiz; its destination is uncertain.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                     Philadelphia, November 1st, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Your letter to Congress of April last having been read and answered by
+them, though not so minutely as I would wish, I forbear making any
+remarks upon it, because I am not yet perfectly acquainted with their
+sentiments, (and would not wish any which might interfere with them)
+having just entered upon the office, in consequence of which I open
+this correspondence, though long since appointed. I beg of you,
+agreeably to the directions of Congress, to address in future your
+public letters to me, and to notify the Count de Florida Blanca of
+this alteration in our system, our unacknowledged situation rendering
+it improper to do it formally.
+
+Congress have at length completed the organization of their executive
+departments, by the choice of General Lincoln for their Secretary at
+War. It is expected that order and system will arise out of this mode
+of doing business, and the strictest economy.
+
+If the great powers of Europe, with every advantage that settled
+governments enjoy, feel themselves under the necessity of making
+foreign loans, can it be expected that a war of six years, in the
+heart of our country, should not have abridged the resources of a
+State, which had every necessary for their army to import; which never
+manufactured for itself; which had no marine; and which, with a number
+of internal enemies in their bosom, had civil governments to
+establish? Perhaps it would be impossible to offer a better picture of
+the resources of this country, and the stability of her funds when
+they shall be well managed, than by comparing our present debt with
+the duration of the war and the exertions we have made. For though our
+enemies may allege, that our debt was relieved by the depreciation of
+our bills, yet it must be remembered, that that very depreciation was
+a tax, though an unequal one, borne by the people of these States, and
+as it has not produced national ruin, it must follow, that the States
+had sufficient resources to bear this burthen. These resources, though
+lessened, still remain.
+
+The only object for which Britain continues the war, is the recovery
+of this country. What better plan of finance then can be adopted by
+France or Spain, than by timely aids of ships and money to blast this
+hope, and by a speedy peace to terminate their expenses? If, on the
+contrary, they wish to linger out the war till Britain is more
+exhausted, this country affords them the easiest means of doing it.
+
+Armies may be maintained here for one third of the expense that
+Britain lays out upon hers. This France has experienced. Though her
+affairs were not perhaps managed with the strictest economy, though
+her bills were extremely low, her supplies cost at least one third
+less than the British paid at New York, without taking into account
+the hire of transports, the seamen employed, paid, and fed in that
+service, and the number of them that fell into our hands. Be persuaded
+yourself, and endeavor to persuade others, that if this is a war of
+finance, which all modern wars are, Britain is most vulnerable in
+America.
+
+I congratulate you upon the important success of our aims in South
+Carolina and Virginia, of which I enclose you official accounts. On
+the returns you will remark a number of British American nominal
+regiments. These were recruiting in Virginia and North Carolina, and
+their success will show the truth of what Britain advances with
+respect to the number of her partisans in America. I will venture to
+say, that with similar advantages, their recruiting parties would have
+been more successful in any country in Europe. Besides the troops
+mentioned in the returns, the enemy lost during the siege near two
+thousand negroes. Previous to the surrender, they had a naval
+engagement with the Count de Grasse. The Terrible, a British
+seventyfour, was burnt, so that our affairs here stand upon the most
+respectable footing imaginable.--[Upwards of thirty lines follow
+interspersed with a cypher, the key to which is not to be found.]
+
+But this is a delicate subject, and I quit it till I am more fully
+acquainted with the views of Congress thereon, for I confess to you,
+that the sentiments I have hazarded are rather my own, than any that I
+know to be theirs, and should weigh accordingly with you. The
+provision trade with the Havana being very considerable and important
+to Spain, while she has fleets and armies to maintain there, it might
+be proper to suggest to the Spanish Ministry the advantage of allowing
+small convoys of frigates, which would enable us to carry it on in
+vessels of greater burden, and by that means diminish the expense of
+freight and insurance, both of which, eventually, fall upon Spain. A
+few frigates would answer the purpose, as the stations of the enemy's
+ships are almost always known on this coast, and, indeed, they seldom
+have any out but frigates cruising singly.
+
+Another thought strikes me, which, perhaps, if digested, might be
+ripened into a plan advantageous to France, Spain, and America. While
+France keeps an army here, she must draw bills, or export money. She
+has, for the most part, preferred the former, at the loss of forty per
+cent discount. The money of Spain is lodged at the Havana, and cannot
+be brought to Europe without great hazard; whereas the risk of sending
+it here under convoy is extremely small. It may be vested in European
+bills to such advantage, as to pay the whole expense of
+transportation, and even an interest, till the bills are negotiated in
+Europe. This plan affords France a market for her bills, Spain a cheap
+and easy way of bringing her money home, and America a circulating
+medium, which enables her to tax with advantage.
+
+The enclosed act of Congress informs you of the appointment of Mr
+Hanson, of Maryland, to the Presidentship.
+
+I shall write very frequently to you, and shall in return expect that
+you will omit no opportunity of letting me hear from you. A Court
+kalendar, if one is printed with you, with notes of your own thereon,
+might be of some service to us. I shall use our private cypher, as
+corrected by that sent by Mr Toscan, till you receive the one
+transmitted by Mr Thomson, in which case, as it is less troublesome,
+be pleased to use that, if you are sure it came safe.
+
+I am, dear Sir, with the sincerest regard and esteem, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, November 28th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I wrote so fully to you not long since, that I should not trouble you
+at this time, if I had not determined to omit no opportunity of
+letting you hear from this side of the water, and enabling you at all
+times to meet any falsehood the enemy may find it politic to publish.
+
+Since the capture of Cornwallis, nothing very material has happened.
+The ravaging parties on the northern frontiers have been defeated with
+great loss by the militia. The armies have taken their stations for
+the winter quarters; the French, in Virginia and Maryland; our troops,
+on the Hudson, excepting some detachments under General St Clair,
+destined to reinforce General Greene. They have orders to take
+Wilmington in their way, where the enemy have about six hundred men;
+it is probable they will not wait the attack. General Greene will have
+men enough to shut up the enemy, but not to force their strong holds.
+Want of money cramps all our exertions, and prevents our making a
+glorious winter campaign. The enemy are all shut up on two or three
+points of land, which is all they possess of the immense country they
+hope to conquer; and even these they hold by a very precarious tenure.
+Disaffection, which has languished for some time past, died when
+Cornwallis surrendered.
+
+Congress are occupied in taking measures for an active campaign; and
+they feel themselves satisfied with everything both at home and
+abroad.
+
+Congress have dissolved Mr Adams's powers to make a treaty of commerce
+with Great Britain; and, as you know, joined Dr Franklin and Mr
+Laurens in his other commission, if England should at length be wise
+enough to wish for peace.
+
+The Marquis de Lafayette is the bearer of this. He has promised to
+convey it with safety to you, and to correspond with you in such a
+manner as to enable you to avail yourself of the knowledge which he
+has acquired, that may be of use to you. The resolves of Congress, of
+which I enclose a copy, show their sense on this subject, and the
+confidence which they very justly repose in him. His Aid waits for
+this. Adieu my dear Sir.
+
+Believe me to be, with the highest respect and esteem, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+
+                      END OF THE SEVENTH VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
++--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE.                                                |
+|                                                                    |
+| Omitted words, shown as blank spaces in the original, have been    |
+| transcribed as four hyphens ('----').                              |
+|                                                                    |
+| Every effort was made to match the original text. Spelling         |
+| variations between letters have been preserved. Apparent typos     |
+| and misspellings were retained, including the following:           |
+|                                                                    |
+| Page  Original text                                                |
+|   47  "supprised"                            possible misspelling  |
+|  169  "he did not embark till June 1st, 1794  1784?                |
+|  198  "Marquis de La Flolte                  possible misspelling  |
+|  216  "Jean Guy Guatier"                     possible misspelling  |
+|  267  "the following is an extrac"           possible misspelling  |
+|  285  "May 28th, 1780"                       date is given as May  |
+|                                               30th in Table of     |
+|                                               Contents             |
+|  399                                         sum of Revenues does  |
+|                                               not appear correct   |
+|  400                                         sum of Expenses does  |
+|                                               not appear correct   |
+|                                                                    |
++--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, by Various
+
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+    #title_page .thought_break {
+      border-top: 2px solid black;
+      clear: both;
+      margin-top: 2em;
+      margin-bottom: 2em;
+      margin-left: auto;
+      margin-right: auto;
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+    }
+
+    #title_page .together {
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+      margin-top: 2em;
+      margin-bottom: 2em;
+    }
+
+    #title_page .vol {
+      font-size: 1.5em;
+    }
+
+    #toc {
+      margin-left: 15%;
+      width: 60%;
+    }
+
+    #toc p {
+      margin-top: 1.5em;
+      margin-bottom: 0.1em;
+    }
+
+    #toc h2 {
+      line-height: 3;
+      margin-left: 20%
+    }
+
+    #toc h3 {
+      font-size: 1.5em;
+      line-height: 3;
+      margin-left: 20%
+    }
+
+    #toc .blockquot {
+      font-size: 0.8em;
+    }
+
+    #toc .blockquot p {
+      margin-top: 0em;
+    }
+
+    #toc .of {
+      font-size: 0.5em;
+    }
+
+    #toc .page {
+      left: 70%;
+      position: absolute;
+      text-align: right;
+      width: 10em;
+    }
+
+    #toc .thought_break {
+      border-top: 2px solid black;
+      clear: both;
+      margin-top: 2em;
+      margin-bottom: 2em;
+      margin-left: 55%;
+      width: 10%;
+    }
+
+    #toc .volume {
+      font-size: 1.2em;
+      letter-spacing: 0.3em;
+    }
+
+    #trannote {
+      background-color: silver;
+      border: solid 2px;
+      margin-top: 4em;
+      padding: 0em 1em;
+    }
+
+    #trannote h2 {
+      font-size: 1.5em;
+      font-weight: bold;
+      text-align: center;
+    }
+
+    .translation {
+      font-size: 1.2em;
+      font-weight: bold;
+      text-align: center;
+    }
+
+    .volume_end {
+      font-size: 0.8em;
+      font-weight: bold;
+      text-align: center;
+    }
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution
+       Volume 7.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Jared Sparks
+
+Release Date: November 1, 2011 [EBook #37898]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DIPLOMATIC ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Frank van Drogen, Melissa McDaniel and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France
+(BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div id="title_page">
+<h1><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE<br />
+<span class="the">OF THE</span><br />
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION.</h1>
+
+<p class="vol">VOL. VII.</p>
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<h1><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE<br />
+<span class="the">OF THE</span><br />
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION;</h1>
+
+<p class="being">BEING</p>
+
+<p>THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN
+ADAMS, JOHN JAY, ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH
+IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM CARMICHAEL, HENRY
+LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M.
+DUMAS, AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN
+RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DURING
+THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;</p>
+
+<p class="together">TOGETHER WITH</p>
+
+<p>THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF
+CONGRESS, AND THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</p>
+
+<p class="also">ALSO,</p>
+
+<p>THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS,
+GERARD AND LUZERNE, WITH CONGRESS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p>Published under the Direction of the President of the United States, from
+the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably
+to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p class="edited">EDITED</p>
+
+<p class="jared">BY JARED SPARKS.</p>
+<div class="double"></div>
+<p class="vol">VOL. VII.</p>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p class="boston">BOSTON:</p>
+
+<p>NATHAN HALE <span class="and">AND</span> GRAY &amp; BOWEN;</p>
+
+<p class="carvill">G. &amp; C. &amp; H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.</p>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p>1830.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div id="press">
+<p class="press">Steam Power Press&mdash;W. L. Lewis' Print.,</p>
+<p>No. 6, Congress Street, Boston.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div id="toc">
+<h2>CONTENTS<br />
+<span class="of">OF THE</span><br />
+<span class="volume">SEVENTH VOLUME.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<h3>JOHN ADAMS'S CORRESPONDENCE,<br />
+CONTINUED.</h3>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="page">Page</span></p>
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, December 14th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The King of Sweden's compliment to the United States.&mdash;The
+signing of the preliminaries announced to Parliament.&mdash;Quotes
+a note from the Courier de l'Europe.&mdash;Requests leave
+to return.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to John Adams. Philadelphia, December 19th, 1782,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Mr Jefferson accepts his appointment.&mdash;Financial arrangements
+for raising a revenue.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Charles W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 1st, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+M. Brantzen.&mdash;Conversation with Mr Oswald on freedom of
+navigation.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, January 22d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Preliminaries and armistice between England, and Spain, and
+France, signed and sealed.&mdash;Terms England offers to the Dutch.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, January 23d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Grounds of Mr Adams's opinions of European politics.&mdash;Mr
+Laurens's services.&mdash;The northern powers friendly to
+America.&mdash;America has suffered by reposing confidence in a
+certain minister.
+</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">vi</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 29th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Proceedings of Congress in reference to the armed
+neutrality.&mdash;America is ready to accede to its principles.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, February 5th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Causes of the revocation of his commission for negotiating a
+treaty of commerce with Great Britain.&mdash;Recommends the
+appointment of a Minister to England for negotiating a
+treaty of commerce.&mdash;Mr Adams's idea of the qualifications
+necessary for an American Minister, particularly at the
+English Court.&mdash;Address and fluency in speaking French
+of little importance.&mdash;Mr Jay's services and qualifications.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to John Adams. Philadelphia, February 13th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Financial embarrassments of the country.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, March 2d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Transmitting an application from a French house at Leghorn to
+be appointed consul or commercial agent of the United States.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to John Adams. Philadelphia, April 14th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Ambiguous expressions in the declaration of the cessation of
+hostilities.&mdash;Affairs of the Dutch.&mdash;Mr Adams's accounts.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, April 14th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Mr Hartley succeeds Mr Oswald.&mdash;Prospect of a general congress
+at Paris.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert Morris. Paris, May 21st, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The Dutch loan; perplexities and embarrassments.&mdash;Wishes to be
+at home to persuade the Americans to pay taxes and build ships.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, May 24th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+A temporary regulation of commerce with England will be
+necessary.&mdash;The American ministers invited to London with a
+promise that they should be treated as the ministers of other
+sovereign states.&mdash;The English court wishes to interchange
+ministers with America.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, May 30th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Receives the ratification by Congress of the treaty with
+Holland.&mdash;Delay in the negotiations of the definitive treaty.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 9th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+"Letters from a Distinguished American," written by Mr Adams.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 16th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Ambiguities in the articles of the provisional treaty
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">vii</a></span>
+occasioned by the critical state of affairs.&mdash;The Dutch
+have been of important service in bringing about the
+termination of the war.&mdash;Expresses a wish to return; is
+unwilling to remain in Europe if the embassy to England
+is given to any other person.&mdash;Policy to be pursued in
+raising a loan in Holland.&mdash;Conduct of General Washington
+during the discontent in the army.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 23d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Obstacles in the way of agreeing upon a regulation of commerce.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 23d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Embarrassments of the English Ministry.&mdash;A party in England in
+favor of restricting the commerce of the Americans.&mdash;America
+and the West Indies are mutually necessary to each other.&mdash;Thinks
+it politic to revive the trade on the former footing,
+if necessary.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 24th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Fictions of the European Gazetteers.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 27th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Progress of the negotiations of the other powers.&mdash;Expects
+to obtain nothing more favorable than the terms of the
+provisional treaty.&mdash;Conduct, character, and materials
+of the British Ministry.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 27th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+American ships arrive in England.&mdash;Dubious policy of the
+Ministry.&mdash;The American Ministers would effect more in
+England.&mdash;France does not desire a reconciliation between
+England and the United States.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 3d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The American Ministers make visits to the Ministers of all
+the powers.&mdash;The coalition.&mdash;The commerce with the West
+Indies.&mdash;Receives a visit from the Ambassador of the Emperor
+of Germany.&mdash;The other Ministers return his visit.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert Morris. Paris, July 5th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+State of affairs in Europe at the moment of signing the
+peace.&mdash;Expediency of signing it without consulting the
+French Minister.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 7th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The British Ministry avoid any definitive propositions.&mdash;The
+West India commerce in regard to the different powers.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 9th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+Mediation of the Imperial Courts.&mdash;Explains the necessity for
+concealing the separate article from France; and for signing
+the treaty without a previous communication of it to the
+French Court.&mdash;The foreign Ministers cease to treat the
+American Ministers with reserve.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 10th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+French policy in regard to the fisheries.&mdash;Letter of M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">viii</a></span>
+Marbois.&mdash;M. de Rayneval's correspondence with Mr Jay.&mdash;France
+wishes the exclusion of the Americans from the West
+Indies.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert Morris. Paris, July 10th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Means of raising a loan in Holland.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert Morris. Paris, July 11th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Necessity of sustaining the credit of the United States by
+providing for the prompt settlement of all claims.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 11th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Obligations of America to France.&mdash;Reasons for maintaining a
+close connexion with France.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 12th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Algiers.&mdash;Negotiations with Portugal.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 13th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Reasons for forming a treaty of commerce with the Emperor of
+Germany.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 14th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Jealousy of American ships and trade in France and England.&mdash;Proclamation
+of the English court permitting intercourse
+between America and the West Indies in British vessels.&mdash;Fish,
+potash and pearlash not admitted.&mdash;This measure is the result
+of French policy&mdash;Remedies to be applied by America.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 14th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Exclusive policy of the European powers in regard to commerce.&mdash;Views
+of Austria and Russia towards the Black Sea, the
+Danube, the Archipelago and Turkey.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 15th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Mr Hartley offers no definitive propositions.&mdash;"Observations on
+the American States."
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 16th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Visit to the Count de Vergennes.&mdash;Conversation relative to the
+West India commerce.&mdash;Means of retaliating the British
+restrictions on the commerce with their islands.&mdash;The
+Americans ought to send ships to China.&mdash;Doubtful complexion
+of British politics.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 17th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Conversation with Mr Hartley on the English trade and policy in
+the East.&mdash;Importance of forming commercial connexions with
+the Dutch.&mdash;Conversation with the Duc de la Vauguyon relative
+to the French and English policy in Eastern Europe; on the
+colonial commerce.&mdash;The British restrictive policy will
+produce wars.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">ix</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 18th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The United States must counteract French and British policy
+by forming connexions with other nations.&mdash;Necessity of a
+common authority in America for managing foreign affairs,
+regulating commerce, raising a revenue, &amp;c.&mdash;The friendship
+of the Dutch must be secured.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 23d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Sugar trade, and sugar refineries may be carried on by
+Americans as well as by the Dutch.&mdash;Conversation with M.
+Visscher and M. Van Berckel on the trade with the Dutch
+Colonies.&mdash;M. Van Berckel's remarks on a loan in Holland.&mdash;Conversation
+with the Prince of Orange on the ranks of
+foreign Ministers.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 25th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Intrigues of the English to restore their former connexions
+with Holland.&mdash;The Dutch complain of having been deceived by
+the French Ministers.&mdash;No progress in the negotiations
+between England and Holland.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Sugar trade.&mdash;American loan in Holland.&mdash;Loans of the other
+powers there.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert Morris. Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The loan in Holland.&mdash;Suggests the expediency of sending out
+ships loaded by the States with their respective staples.&mdash;Probability
+of obtaining a loan in England.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 30th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Trade with the Dutch Colonies.&mdash;Account of the limits, &amp;c. of
+the Dutch West India Company received from the secretary.&mdash;General
+commerce with the European West India Colonies.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 31st, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Conversation with the Sardinian Minister, who advises the
+sending of a circular by Congress to the European powers,
+giving an account of the Declaration of Independence, of the
+acknowledgment by other powers, &amp;c.; recommends commercial
+connexions with Italy; remarks on the Austrian policy towards
+Turkey.&mdash;Efforts to detach Holland from her connexion with
+France.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">x</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 1st, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Conversation with the Portuguese Minister on commercial
+matters.&mdash;Dr Franklin's treaty with Portugal.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 2d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Conversation with M. Berenger on the European politics of
+the day.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 3d, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Necessity of securing reciprocity in the commercial treaties.&mdash;Dissatisfaction
+in Holland with France.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 10th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Interview with the Spanish and Portuguese Ministers on
+commercial subjects.&mdash;Extraordinary increase of the commerce
+of the neutrals.&mdash;No progress in the negotiation.&mdash;Causes of
+the delay.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 13th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Exchange ratifications of the provisional treaty with Mr
+Hartley.&mdash;The project of a definitive treaty produced by
+Mr Hartley in the words of the provisional treaty.&mdash;Mr
+Hartley objects to the mediation of the Imperial Courts.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 13th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Probable policy of France in regard to Turkey.&mdash;Situation of
+the Count de Vergennes considered precarious.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 13th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Expresses his discontent with Dr Franklin's negotiating
+treaties with several powers without communicating with
+other Ministers.&mdash;Remarks on the treaty with Denmark.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 15th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The belligerent powers except Holland are agreed.&mdash;Remarks
+of M. Brantzen on the conduct, policy, and situation of
+the Count de Vergennes.&mdash;The Queen and some of the council
+are opposed to him.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Paris, September 5th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The definitive treaty signed, sealed, and delivered.&mdash;A new
+commission necessary for negotiating a treaty of commerce.&mdash;The
+Count de Vergennes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">xi</a></span>
+was not desirous of admitting the mediation of the
+Imperial Courts.&mdash;Mr Adams regrets not having admitted
+the mediation.&mdash;Policy of forming commercial connexions
+with the European powers.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Elias Boudinot, President of Congress. Paris, September 8th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Accepts the joint commission for negotiating a treaty of
+commerce with England.&mdash;Advises that it be extended to the
+other powers.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Paris, September 8th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Management of the European Journals.&mdash;Courier de l'Europe.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Paris, September 10th, 1783,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Advises the opening of negotiations with all the Courts of
+Europe, and with the Barbary powers.
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<h3>JOHN JAY'S CORRESPONDENCE.</h3>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+December 20th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Action at sea between the French and English.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+December 22d, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Repairs of the ship.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+December 24th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+An account of the condition of the ship, and the causes of
+his favoring the steering for Martinique.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+December 25th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Recommends Mrs Smith to the attention of Congress.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+December 25th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Draws on the fund for the payment of his salary for a
+hundred guineas, to be distributed among the officers
+of the Confederacy.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+December 26th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+M. Gerard proposes to send home the Confederacy to refit.&mdash;She
+is permitted to refit in Martinique, and a French
+frigate is ordered to carry Mr Jay
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">xii</a></span>
+and M. Gerard to France.&mdash;Mr Bingham's services.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Arthur Lee. Cadiz, January 26th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Requests of Mr Lee information.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Count de Vergennes. Cadiz, January 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Recapitulation of former proceedings relative to Spain.&mdash;Requests
+the interposition of the King in favor of America.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Don Joseph Galvez, Minister of the Spanish Court.
+January 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Stipulation in the treaty between France and the United
+States providing for the accession of Spain.&mdash;Mr Jay
+appointed to carry it into effect.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Cadiz, January 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Reasons for his landing in Cadiz.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Instructions to William Carmichael. Cadiz, January 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Directions as to his conduct towards M. Galvez, the Spanish
+Minister, and the French Ambassador, for procuring
+information.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>William Carmichael to John Jay. Madrid, February 15th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Cordial reception by the French Ambassador.&mdash;Should have been
+addressed to the Count de Florida Blanca.&mdash;Prospect of
+reception by the Spanish Ministry.&mdash;M. Miralles has been
+instructed to assist in the conquest of Florida.&mdash;There
+is no coldness between the French and Spanish Courts.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Cadiz, February 20th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Mr Bingham advanced the hundred guineas distributed among
+the officers of the Confederacy.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Count de Florida Blanca to John Jay. Pardo, February 24th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Expresses his Majesty's satisfaction with Mr Jay's arrival,
+and declares there is no obstacle to his coming to Court
+in an informal character.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To William Carmichael. Cadiz, February 25th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Was informed by M. Gerard that M. Galvez was the Minister
+with whom all business with the United States was to be
+transacted.&mdash;Wished to have discovered the sentiments of
+Spain towards America, independently of French influence.&mdash;Requests
+further information as to the instructions to
+M. Miralles.</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">xiii</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Cadiz, February 29th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Transmitting papers.&mdash;Generally believed that the American
+islands will be the theatre of the next campaign.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Cadiz, March 3d, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+M. Guatier of Barcelona desires to be American consul
+there.&mdash;Necessity for consuls in Spain.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Cadiz, March 3d, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Reason for not making personal application to the Ministry
+at first.&mdash;Policy of France.&mdash;M. Gerard's opinion.&mdash;Spain
+is already at war with England.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>De Neufville &amp; Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, April 6th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Congratulations on his arrival.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Answer to De Neufville &amp; Son. Madrid, April 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Their letters to Congress were received before his
+departure.&mdash;The success of America important to Holland.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 26th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Arrival at Cadiz.&mdash;Draws on Dr Franklin.&mdash;Extract of a letter
+from Dr Franklin (April 7th, 1780), contradicting the report
+that the Loan Office bills payable in France were not honored.&mdash;Certificate
+of Mr Grand to the same effect.&mdash;Correspondence
+with Mr Lee.&mdash;Letter of the Count de Vergennes in reply to
+that of Mr Jay announcing his arrival.&mdash;Reply of Mr Jay
+(Aranjues, May 9th, 1780), to the Count de Vergennes assuring
+him of his confidence in M. de Montmorin.&mdash;M. Gerard informs
+him that he should address himself to M. Galvez.&mdash;Writes to
+that Minister.&mdash;Answered by the Count de Florida Blanca.&mdash;Letter
+of Mr Jay (Cadiz, March 6th, 1780), to the Count, expressing
+the confidence of the United States in the King's favorable
+disposition, and declaring his intention of setting out for
+Madrid.&mdash;Arrives at Madrid.&mdash;Questions from the Count de Florida
+Blanca (dated March 9th, 1780), requesting information on the
+civil and military state of the American Provinces.&mdash;Reply of
+Mr Jay (Madrid, April 25th, 1780), to the preceding questions,
+comprising his commission and that of Mr Carmichael, with details
+in reply to the questions; the democratic nature of the American
+governments renders a knowledge of their affairs easily attainable.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">xiv</a></span>
+1. <span class="smcap">The Civil State</span>; population of each State; government
+of each State and the Articles of the Confederation;
+disposition of the people, who were at first only desirous
+of a redress of grievances; but now determined on
+independence, with the grounds of this opinion; there is no
+British party in America; revenues; public debts; resources;
+possibility of supporting their credit in the operations of
+Government, in commerce, in the protection of the national
+industry; advantages to result to Spain from the independence
+of American States, in the reduction of the British power,
+and in the commerce with America; ability of the United
+States to furnish naval stores.
+2. <span class="smcap">The Military State</span>; number of the troops; the commander
+in chief; means of recruiting by the militia; deficiency of
+arms, of clothing; means of subsistence; naval forces; the
+people will not submit; their disposition towards the Kings
+of France and of Spain; financial embarrassments; sending
+supplies to America would be the surest means of humiliating
+Great Britain.&mdash;Receives the resolutions of Congress drawing
+on Mr Laurens and himself for £100,000 sterling each.&mdash;Letter
+of Mr Jay (Aranjues, April 29th, 1780), to the Count de Florida
+Blanca in consequence of the foregoing resolution, giving an
+account of the financial operations of Congress, and requesting
+aid from his Majesty.&mdash;Conference with the Count on the subject
+of the preceding letter; the Count states that Spain has been
+subject to heavy expenses during the preceding year, but that
+his Majesty intends to give America all assistance in his power,
+and has directed him to confer with his colleagues in the
+Ministry on this point; wishes Mr Jay to contract to furnish
+Spain with frigates and light vessels; promises to engage in the
+King's name to pay the bills of exchange if presented; the
+pretensions of America to the navigation of the Mississippi an
+obstacle to a treaty.&mdash;Letter of Mr Jay (Aranjues, May 12th, 1780),
+to the Count de Florida Blanca stating his confidential connexion
+with the French Ambassador, and wishing to know if he may
+communicate to him the subject of the conference.&mdash;Reply of the
+Count de Florida Blanca (Aranjues, May 14th, 1780).&mdash;Mr Jay's note
+to the French Ambassador informing him of Sir J. Dalrymple's
+arrival at Madrid.&mdash;Note of M. de Montmorin in reply, declaring
+his entire confidence in the Spanish Ministry.&mdash;Extract of a letter
+from Mr Jay (April 26th 1780), to Mr Adams informing him of Sir J.
+Dalrymple's arrival at Aranjues.&mdash;Sir J. Dalrymple requests
+permission to go through Spain, and a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">xv</a></span>
+passport through France.&mdash;Sir J. Dalrymple presents to
+the Count de Florida Blanca Lord Rochford's project to
+prevent the war by a confederation between France, Spain,
+Portugal and England; the confederates to guaranty mutually
+their Colonial possessions; to participate in the commerce
+of the English Colonies under certain limitations, to be
+settled by five persons, one from each country; to settle
+the contested privileges of the Americans on just principles;
+disadvantages resulting to Spain from the independence of
+the English American Colonies, first by promoting a
+contraband trade between the American States and the Spanish
+Colonies, and secondly by exposing the Spanish Colonies to
+the attacks of the Americans, who will soon form
+establishments in the South Seas; all Europe is interested in
+preventing the independence of America.&mdash;The Gardoquis; Mr Jay
+is destitute of resources; difficulty of conveying intelligence;
+expenses of a Minister at the Spanish Court; coldly treated by
+the Ministers of the Northern powers; ignorance of American
+affairs in Spain; the secrets of Congress well known to the
+Spanish and French Courts.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, May 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Mr Laurens is not arrived.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To James Lovell. Madrid, May 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Want of intelligence from America.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>William Carmichael to John Jay. Aranjues, May 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Destination of the Spanish fleet.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 28th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_284">284</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Enclosing the preceding, the information in which he
+considers authentic.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 30th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Receives the resolution of Congress, desiring the
+Ex-Presidents of Congress to lodge their public
+correspondence in the Secretary's office.&mdash;Mr Jay did
+this at the time of his retirement from the office.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 30th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Bills drawn upon him are arrived.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>De Neufville &amp; Son to John Jay. Without date,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Bills drawn on Mr Laurens, who is not arrived.&mdash;Have
+promised the holders to accept them.
+</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">xvi</a></span></p>
+
+<p>De Neufville &amp; Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, June 1st, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Are willing to accept the bills drawn on Mr Laurens,
+provided they are permitted to draw on Dr Franklin at
+seven or eight months.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>De Neufville &amp; Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, June 8th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Have accepted the bills on Mr Laurens, and request that
+some method of reimbursing them may be adopted.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Committee of Foreign Affairs to John Jay. Philadelphia,
+June 16th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Reasons for drawing on him.&mdash;Have drawn for an additional sum.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To De Neufville &amp; Son, at Amsterdam. Madrid, June 18th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Thanking them for their offer to accept the bills drawn on
+Mr Laurens.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To De Neufville &amp; Son. Madrid, June 25th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Is uncertain whether he shall be able to reimburse them for
+their advances.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, July 10th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_292">292</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Remittances from America are necessary.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>De Neufville &amp; Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, July 13th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Cannot accept any more bills.&mdash;Would undertake a loan if
+authorised.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>De Neufville &amp; Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, July 28th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Dr Franklin has offered to accept further bills drawn on
+Mr Laurens; they will therefore continue to accept those
+presented.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To De Neufville &amp; Son. Madrid, July 29th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Has not power to authorise them to raise a loan.&mdash;The capture
+of Charleston will have no effect on the determination of
+the Americans.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To De Neufville &amp; Son. Madrid, August 16th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Expresses his sense of their friendly conduct towards America.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To Silas Deane. St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Desires to correspond with him.
+</p></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">xvii</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. St Ildefonso, September
+16th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+It is necessary to cease drawing bills on him.&mdash;The
+King of Spain has offered his responsibility to
+facilitate a loan.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Instructions to John Jay. In Congress, October
+4th. 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_300">300</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Directing him to insist on the navigation of the
+Mississippi.&mdash;The boundary.&mdash;Florida.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To De Neufville &amp; Son. Madrid, October
+4th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Connexion between Holland and the United States.&mdash;Shall
+recommend their house to Congress.&mdash;Spanish
+ordinance establishing a paper currency.&mdash;Effect
+of this measure on the bills drawn on
+him; wishes to know if money could be raised in
+Holland for Congress on the joint credit of Spain
+and the United States.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To James Lovell. Madrid, October 27th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Difficulties of finding a safe conveyance for his letters.&mdash;Receives
+little information from the committee.&mdash;M. Dohrmer.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, November
+6th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_306">306</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The Abbé Hussey arrives at Madrid with Mr Cumberland.&mdash;Notes
+of Mr Jay's conference with the
+Count de Florida Blanca.&mdash;Conference of Mr
+Carmichael with the Minister.&mdash;Note from the
+Count de Florida Blanca (Aranjues, June 9, 1780);
+to Mr Jay on the subject of aids; his Majesty is
+willing to become responsible at the expiration of
+two years to the holders of the bills drawn on
+Mr Jay, provided Congress will build four frigates
+and some light vessels for the King; the Americans
+may send for stores to the Spanish ports for
+this purpose; the squadron manned by Americans
+and under Spanish colors to intercept the English
+East India vessels.&mdash;Reply of Mr Jay (Aranjues,
+June 9th, 1780); expectations of the Americans
+from Spain; the holders of the bills will prefer
+recovering the amount on protest, to waiting for
+the payment two years; the Spanish treasure
+from America may arrive before the bills become
+payable; Mr Jay is authorised to pledge the faith
+of the United States for the repayment of any
+sums his Majesty may lend; former aids; Congress
+has not the resources necessary for building
+ships; difficulty of manning them with American
+sailors, who prefer sailing in privateers; the
+country is not in a condition to undertake foreign
+enterprises; the Americans will always be ready
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">xviii</a></span>
+to cooperate with Spain against the Floridas or
+elsewhere; unfavorable conclusions will be drawn
+as to the condition of Spain, if she cannot supply
+such aid to men in arms against her enemy.&mdash;Mr
+Jay's reasons for not touching on other points of
+the proposition.&mdash;Note from Mr Jay to the Count,
+informing him of a new draft.&mdash;Reply of the
+Count, promising to pay the bill, and declaring
+that no more can be paid without consulting
+the King; the proposition of the Count having
+been rejected, it becomes necessary for Mr Jay to
+devise other means.&mdash;Reply of Mr Jay to the
+preceding (Madrid, June 22d, 1780), proposing as
+a means of paying the bills the advance of the
+£25,000 to £40,000 sterling promised; the sum
+necessary for building the ships cannot be raised
+by Congress; America cannot pay the debts occasioned
+by the war till peace; advantages resulting
+to Spain by the furnishing of aid to America.&mdash;Reasons
+for not pushing the treaty at this
+time.&mdash;Letter from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida
+Blanca (Madrid, June 28th, 1780), transmitting
+the resolutions of Congress, directing that
+bills be issued redeemable in specie in six years;
+this plan may enable the United States to supply
+the vessels, his Majesty becoming responsible for
+a certain part of the sum so issued.&mdash;Note from
+Mr Jay to the Count de Florida Blanca, stating
+that he has been called on to accept new bills.&mdash;Reply
+of the Count de Florida Blanca, declaring
+nothing can be done in regard to the new drafts
+without consulting the King and the other Ministers;
+requests further explanations of Mr Jay's
+plan for furnishing the ships and engaging the responsibility
+of the King.&mdash;Note from the Count
+de Florida Blanca to Mr Jay, requesting to know
+when the bills lately arrived will become due.&mdash;News
+of the capture of Charleston.&mdash;Mr Jay's
+notes of a conference with the Count de Florida
+Blanca, July 5th; capture of Charleston; death
+of M. Miralles; the Count advises Mr Jay to be
+cautious of Messrs Joyce, who hold the bills; regrets
+the precipitancy of Congress in drawing;
+specie might have been remitted from the Spanish
+Colonies directly to the United States; remarks
+on the deranged state of the finances of the
+United States; the difficulty of raising money in
+Europe; wishes to wait the arrival of a certain
+person; Mr Jay observes, that Congress have
+adopted measures for restoring the finances; suggests
+that Spain might furnish aid by bills on
+Havana; states in reply to a question of the
+Count, that ship timber may be furnished from
+America; urges the importance of accepting the
+bills; reminds the Minister of the promise of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">xix</a></span>
+clothing; evasive and uncertain nature of this
+conference.&mdash;Note from Mr Jay to the Count de
+Florida Blanca (Madrid, July 11th, 1780), informing
+him that new bills have been presented; the
+Messrs Joyce consent to have their bills payable
+at Bilboa.&mdash;Answer of the Count to the preceding,
+desiring a delay till the arrival of a certain person.&mdash;Mr
+Jay requests that Mr Harrison be allowed
+to remain at Cadiz.&mdash;Note from the Count
+de Florida Blanca (July 29th), granting Mr Harrison
+permission to remain at Cadiz; still waits
+the arrival of the person above mentioned.&mdash;Note
+from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida Blanca
+(August 11th), announcing the presentation of
+more bills.&mdash;Reply of the Count de Florida
+Blanca, regretting that he must still wait the arrival
+of a certain person.&mdash;Letter of Mr Jay (Madrid,
+August 16th, 1780), to the Count de Florida
+Blanca, stating that the holders of the bills grow
+impatient.&mdash;Letter of Mr Jay to the Count de
+Florida Blanca (Madrid, August 18th, 1780), informing
+him that bills have been received by the
+Gardoquis, which will be immediately presented.&mdash;Letter
+from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida
+Blanca (St Ildefonso, August 25th, 1780), urging
+the necessity of providing for the acceptance of
+the bills.&mdash;Mr Jay's notes of a conference with
+the French Ambassador, August 27th; Mr Jay
+gives an account of his proceedings since his arrival,
+and requests the Ambassador to obtain an
+answer for him from the Spanish Minister; Mr
+Jay was encouraged to expect that he should be
+supplied with money to meet the bills; the Ambassador
+thinks that the Spanish Minister will
+pay the bills, and promises to speak to him on the
+subject.&mdash;Subsequent coolness of the French
+Ambassador.&mdash;Second visit to him; he advises
+Mr Jay to write again to the Count de Florida
+Blanca, praying an audience; Mr Jay declines
+making any supplications, or purchasing by concessions
+the acknowledgment of independence;
+declares his determination to write on the subject
+of the treaty, and if treated with the same neglect
+to return; conduct of France.&mdash;Mr Jay consents
+to send Mr Carmichael to the Minister.&mdash;Note from
+the Count de Florida Blanca introducing M. Gardoqui.&mdash;Conversation
+with M. Gardoqui on the subject
+of the bills; second conversation with M. Gardoqui,
+who proposes the surrender of the navigation
+of the Mississippi.&mdash;Objections to this measure.&mdash;Conversation
+with M. Del Campo on the same
+subjects.&mdash;Conversation with the Secretary of the
+French Ambassador.&mdash;M. Gardoqui informs him
+from the Count de Florida Blanca that no more
+bills can be paid by Spain.&mdash;Letter of Mr Jay
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">xx</a></span>
+(St Ildefonso, September 14th, 1780), to the
+Count de Florida Blanca, requesting to know if
+any aid is to be expected from Spain.&mdash;Answer to
+the preceding, dictated by M. Del Campo, in the
+name of the Count de Florida Blanca, to M. Gardoqui,
+declaring the readiness of his Majesty to
+assist the States.&mdash;Letter from Mr Jay to Count
+de Vergennes (St Ildefonso, September 22d, 1780),
+giving an account of his proceedings in Spain;
+requesting the aid of France in meeting the
+bills.&mdash;Letter of Mr Jay to Dr Franklin (same
+date), on the same subject.&mdash;Notes of a conference
+between Mr Jay and the Count de Florida Blanca
+(September 23d); satisfaction of the King with
+the measures of Congress for supplying the Spanish
+forces in the West Indies; plan of the English
+Court to attempt an accommodation with America;
+Mr Jay enters upon the points mentioned in
+the paper dictated to M. Gardoqui; on the manner
+of making known the King's responsibility; on
+the King's being disgusted with the drawing of
+bills without his consent, and without terms of recompense;
+the bills were drawn on Mr Jay, and
+the faith of the United States was pledged for the
+payment of any sum advanced; Mr Jay wishes
+the evidence of an understanding between America
+and England; Congress had given proofs of
+friendship by sending a Minister to negotiate treaties
+of amity and alliance; the delaying of the
+negotiations owing to the Minister not sending
+the promised notes on the subject; terms of such
+a treaty; Spain ought not to expect the expenses
+of the war will be refunded; America will be
+ready to render every assistance possible.&mdash;Mr Jay
+returns to Madrid and accepts the bills.&mdash;Equivocal
+nature of the Spanish policy.&mdash;Extract of a
+letter from the Count de Vergennes to the French
+Ambassador, stating that it will be difficult to
+make advances to Mr Jay.&mdash;Letter from Messrs
+Couteulx and Co. to Mr Jay (Cadiz, October 3d,
+1780), complaining of the expenses and difficulty
+of supplying and sending home American seamen.&mdash;Mr
+Jay to Messrs Couteulx and Co.
+(Madrid, October 15th, 1780), directing them to
+settle accounts with Mr Harrison.&mdash;Difficulties in
+the conveyance of correspondence.&mdash;A copy of the
+correspondence of the Commissioners in France
+in the hands of a certain foreigner.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, November
+30th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_389">389</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Enclosing copies of papers from Morocco.&mdash;Delays
+of the Spanish Court.&mdash;Remarks on the enclosed
+account of the revenues and expenditures of
+Spain for 1778.</p></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">xxi</a></span></p>
+
+<p>From D'Audibert Caille to John Jay. Aranjues, April 21st, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_392">392</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Is authorised to declare the pacific intentions of the
+Emperor of Morocco towards the United States.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To D'Audibert Caille,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_393">393</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Expresses his satisfaction with the disposition of the
+Emperor of Morocco.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Copy of M. D'Audibert Caille's Appointment,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_394">394</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Copy of M. D'Audibert Caille's appointment to
+officiate as consul of all nations who have no
+consul in Morocco.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Copy of the Declaration by the Emperor of Morocco, February 20th 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_396">396</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Certificate of Pedro Umbert, that the above is conformable
+to the truth.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Certificate of M. D'Audibert Caille. December 1st, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_397">397</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Certificate of M. D'Audibert Caille that Don Pedro
+Umbert is employed for foreign affairs at the
+Court of Morocco.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>D'Audibert Caille to Congress. Salé, September 6th, 1779,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_397">397</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The Emperor of Morocco intends to be at peace
+with the United States.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>General State of the Revenues of Spain in the Year 1778,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_399">399</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, November 30th, 1780,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_401">401</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Necessity of providing means for the safe conveyance
+of the public correspondence.&mdash;His letters
+are opened and many kept back both in Spain and
+the United States.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Instructions to John Jay. In Congress, February 15th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_403">403</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Instructing him to recede from the demand of a free
+navigation of the Mississippi below 31°.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>James Lovell to John Jay. February 20th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_404">404</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Has received no letters from him of late.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>James Lovell to John Jay. March 9th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Ratification of the articles of the Confederacy.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, March 22d, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_405">405</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Supplies from Spain.&mdash;Russian mediation.&mdash;M.
+Necker's report.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, April 25th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_406">406</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Spain insists on the exclusive navigation of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">xxii</a></span>
+Mississippi.&mdash;Letter from Mr Jay to De Neufville
+and Son (Madrid, January 8th, 1781), renouncing
+the idea of a loan in Holland separate from that
+negotiated by Mr Adams.&mdash;Mr Jay's proceedings
+in regard to the payment of the bills.&mdash;Advises
+that the unfinished ships be sold to Spain.&mdash;Disposition
+of Portugal.&mdash;Dr Franklin.&mdash;Mr Cumberland's
+mission.&mdash;Disposition of Spain.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>The President of Congress to John Jay. In Congress, May 28th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_415">415</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Expressing the satisfaction of Congress with his
+conduct.&mdash;Instructs him to disavow any understanding
+between the United States and Great
+Britain; to avoid referring to the treaty with
+France in his negotiations with Spain; to declare
+that facilities will be granted for the exportation
+of naval stores for the Spanish marine; to continue
+to provide as far as possible for American
+seamen in Spain; to open a correspondence with
+M. D'Audibert Caille.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Aranjues, May 29th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_419">419</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Conversation with the Count de Florida Blanca on
+the admission of letters.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>James Lovell to John Jay. Philadelphia, June 4th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_420">420</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+The affair of the Dover cutter.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>James Lovell to John Jay. Philadelphia, June 15th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Case of Dumain and Lyon.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert Morris to John Jay. Philadelphia, July 4th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_421">421</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Mr Morris is appointed Superintendent of Finance.&mdash;Objects
+to be accomplished by this office.&mdash;Expectations
+of aid from Spain.&mdash;State of the finances.&mdash;Disposition
+of the nation.&mdash;State of the
+army.&mdash;Advantages that will result to Spain by
+aiding America.&mdash;The United States cannot be
+dangerous to Spain.&mdash;Amount desired.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert Morris to John Jay. Philadelphia, July 7th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_435">435</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Necessity of immediate aids.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert Morris to John Jay. Office of Finance, July 9th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_436">436</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Proposes a plan for sending home American seaman.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert Morris to John Jay. Philadelphia, July 13th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_438">438</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Reasons which induced him to adopt the enclosed
+plan of a national bank.&mdash;Wants aid from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></span>
+Spain.&mdash;Suggests that an attempt should be made
+to obtain money from Portugal.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert Morris to John Jay. Office of Finance, August 15th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_449">449</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Directing to protest certain bills, assigning as a
+reason his instructions.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>James Lovell to John Jay. Philadelphia, August 15th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_450">450</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Surrender of Pensacola.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. St Ildefonso, September 20th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_451">451</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Regrets that instructions should have been given
+the American Ministers to concur in any terms to
+which France should accede.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. St Ildefonso, October 3d, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_454">454</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Conversation with the Count de Florida Blanca,
+who complains that Congress has not shown
+any disposition to oblige the King; remarks
+relative to M. Gardoqui.&mdash;Mr Jay regrets that
+the instructions concerning the Mississippi had
+not been kept secret; use that might have
+been made of the claim.&mdash;Has another interview
+with the Minister; stoppage of the letters from
+America; the affair of the Dover cutter; cession
+of the claims of the United States to the navigation
+of the Mississippi; the Count remarks that
+these affairs can be settled at a general peace.&mdash;Letter
+from Mr Jay (Madrid, July 2d, 1781), to the
+Count de Florida Blanca, declaring that he has
+been instructed to cede the exclusive navigation
+of the Mississippi.&mdash;Letter from Mr Jay (Madrid,
+July 2d, 1781), to the Count de Montmorin, communicating
+the above.&mdash;Receiving no answer
+from the Minister, Mr Jay calls upon him, and is
+informed that he cannot attend to the matter.&mdash;Letters
+from Mr Jay (Madrid, July 13th, 1781),
+to the Count de Florida Blanca communicating
+his instructions.&mdash;Note from the Count de Florida
+Blanca (St Ildefonso, July 1st, 1781), to Mr Jay
+proposing to attend to American affairs.&mdash;Mr
+Jay visits the Minister with Major Franks;
+general conversation.&mdash;Renewed delays.&mdash;Letter
+from Mr Jay (St Ildefonso, September 16th,
+1781), to the Count de Montmorin, enclosing
+the draft of a letter to the Count de Florida
+Blanca, and requesting the advice of the Ambassador.&mdash;Note
+from the Count de Florida Blanca
+to Mr Jay requesting him to call upon him.&mdash;Notes
+of the conference between Mr Jay and the
+Count de Florida Blanca (September 19th, 1781);
+the Count requests Mr Jay to draw up an outline
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></span>
+of the proposed treaties; aids; commercial connexion;
+treaty of alliance; the Count observes
+that Congress has done nothing to gratify the
+King; a person will be appointed to confer further
+with Mr Jay.&mdash;Letter from Mr Jay (St Ildefonso,
+September 22d, 1781), to the Count de
+Florida Blanca requesting that some decisive
+measure be taken in regard to American affairs.&mdash;Propositions
+toward a plan of a treaty, with remarks;
+the subject of aids will require a separate
+convention; also the regulation of the mutual
+conduct of the parties during the war.&mdash;Mr Jay's
+reason for limiting the duration of the offer contained
+in the sixth proposition, relating to the
+navigation of the Mississippi; arts of Spain.&mdash;Note
+from the Count de Florida Blanca to Mr
+Jay, expressing a hope that some progress will
+soon be made in the consideration of the propositions.&mdash;Embarrassments
+in providing for the payment
+of the bills.&mdash;Mr Harrison's services.&mdash;Proposes
+the sending of an agent to Portugal.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>To the President of Congress. Madrid, October 18th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_506">506</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Has protested some of the bills.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, November 1st, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_507">507</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+Organization of the new executive departments.&mdash;The
+debt of the United States not so large as
+might have been expected.&mdash;British American recruits.&mdash;Proposes
+that Spain should furnish a convoy
+between Havana and the United States.&mdash;Plan
+for paying the French troops in specie from
+Havana.
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, November 28th, 1781,<span class="page"><a href="#Page_511">511</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>
+State of military affairs.&mdash;The Marquis de la Fayette.
+</p></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_head">
+
+<h2><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+<span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE</span><br />
+<span class="of">OF</span><br />
+<span class="name">JOHN ADAMS,</span><br />
+<span class="sub_name">ONE OF THE COMMISSIONERS TO FRANCE, MINISTER
+PLENIPOTENTIARY TO HOLLAND, AND ONE OF THE
+COMMISSIONERS FOR NEGOTIATING THE
+TREATY OF PEACE.</span></h2></div>
+
+<div class="section_break">
+<a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a></div>
+<div class="section_head">
+<h2><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+<span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE</span><br />
+<span class="of">OF</span><br />
+<span class="name">JOHN ADAMS.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<h2><span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE CONTINUED.</span></h2>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, December 14th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>There is more matter than time to write at present.
+The King of Sweden has done the United States great
+honor in his commission to his Minister here, to treat with
+them, by inserting, that he had a great desire to form a
+connexion with States, which had so fully established their
+independence, and by their wise and gallant conduct so
+well deserved it; and his Minister desired it might be remembered,
+that his sovereign was the first who had voluntarily
+proposed a treaty with us.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr Secretary Townshend announced, on the 3d of
+December, in a letter to the Lord Mayor, the signature of
+our preliminaries. On the 5th, his Majesty announced it
+in his speech to both Houses. Addresses of thanks, in
+both Houses, passed without a division.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There is a note in the <i>Courier de l'Europe</i>, of the 6th
+instant, worth transcribing, viz. "We mark these three
+lines in italics, to notice at present the assertion, which we
+shall consider more fully hereafter, that we do not owe to
+any of the causes assigned at present, even in the two
+Houses of Parliament, the peace, the blessings of which
+we consider as certain, but to the armed neutrality. This
+peace will be durable."</p>
+
+<p>I have transcribed this note, because it falls in with an
+opinion, that I have long entertained. The armed neutrality,
+and even Mr Dana's mission to it, have had greater
+effects, than the world is yet informed of, and would have
+had much greater, if his hands had not been tied.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th instant, I wrote a resignation of all my employments
+in Europe, which I have now the honor to confirm,
+and to request, that the acceptance of it may be
+transmitted to me several ways, by the first ships.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> See Dr Franklin's letter on this subject, dated June the 25th, 1782.
+<i>Franklin's Correspondence</i>, Vol. III. p. 371.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN ADAMS.</h3>
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, December 19th, 1782.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The enclosed letter for Mr Dana you will open and
+peruse. It may possibly contain information, that may be
+useful to you, which it will be unnecessary to repeat
+here.</p>
+
+<p>I mentioned in my last, Mr Jefferson's appointment; I
+have the pleasure of adding now, that I have received an
+account from him of his acceptance of the place. He will
+be here in the course of ten or twelve days, and sail
+with Count de Rochambeau, who proposes to return to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+France. The French troops have embarked with the
+Marquis de Vaudreuil, and are to sail for the West Indies,
+unless they should receive counter orders, by a frigate,
+which is now in the river. Her letters are not yet come
+up, as she unfortunately ran ashore at Dover; it is yet
+uncertain whether she will be saved.</p>
+
+<p>The great political question, which at present engages
+the attention of Congress, is the means of providing for
+the payment of the public debts, or at least establishing
+such funds for the regular discharge of the interest, as may
+set their creditors at ease as to their capitals. It was
+imagined, that a duty of five per cent upon all imposts
+would afford a fund adequate to this. Congress accordingly
+recommended it to the several States to impose the
+duty. They have all complied, except Rhode Island.
+Her refusal renders the other laws nugatory, as they contain
+clauses suspending their operation until the measure is
+generally adopted. Congress are about to send down a
+committee to endeavor to persuade Rhode Island to comply
+with a measure, that they deem so essential to public
+credit. It is extremely difficult in a country, so little used
+to taxes as ours is, to lay them directly, and almost impossible
+to impose them so equally as not to render them
+too oppressive on some members of the community, while
+others contribute little or nothing. This difficulty is increased
+by the continued change of property in this country,
+and by the small proportion the income bears to the
+value of lands.</p>
+
+<p>By a short letter just received from Mr Jay, it appears,
+that England has at length swallowed the bitter pill, and
+agreed to treat with the "Thirteen United States of America."
+I am still at a loss to account for this commission's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+being directed to Mr Oswald, while Mr Fitzherbert's continues
+in force; or is that revoked?<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> I will not trouble
+myself with guesses, as I must receive despatches today,
+that will explain the mystery, if either Dr Franklin or Mr
+Jay have kept their words with me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The two commissions were for distinct purposes; Mr Oswald's to
+treat with the American Commissioners alone; and Mr Fitzherbert's to
+treat for a general peace with the European powers, then at war with
+England.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO CHARLES W.F. DUMAS.</h3>
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, January 1st, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Returning this evening from Versailles, where I had
+been to make the compliments of the season, I found your
+favors of the 26th and 27th of December. The letters
+enclosed shall be forwarded, as you desire.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch Ministers here have no occasion for my
+assistance. <i>Non tali auxilio.</i> I have the honor to be
+more particularly acquainted with M. Brantzen, who is
+certainly a very able man, and universally acknowledged
+to be so by all who know him. The arguments, which I
+know he has used with the British Minister, are such as
+can never be answered, both upon the liberty of navigation,
+and the compensation for damages. He is an entire
+master of his subject, and has urged it with a degree of
+perspicuity and eloquence, that I know has much struck
+his antagonists.</p>
+
+<p>Unnecessary, however, as any exertions of mine have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>
+been, I have not omitted any opportunity of throwing in
+any friendly suggestions in my power, where there was
+a possibility of doing any good to our good friends, the
+Dutch. I have made such suggestions to Mr Fitzherbert.
+But with Mr Oswald, I have had several very serious
+conversations upon the subject. So I have also with Mr
+Vaughan and Mr Whiteford.</p>
+
+<p>To Mr Oswald I urged the necessity of Great Britain's
+agreeing with the Dutch upon the unlimited freedom of
+navigation, from a variety of topics, some of which I may
+explain to you more particularly hereafter. Thus much I
+may say at present, that I told him, that it was impossible
+for Great Britain to avoid it; it would probably be insisted
+upon by all the other powers. France and Spain, as well
+as Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, the Emperor, and
+Portugal, as well as Holland, had already signed the armed
+neutrality. The United States of America had declared
+themselves ready to sign, and were ready. The combination
+being thus powerful, Great Britain could not resist it.
+But if she should refuse to agree to it with Holland, and
+the other powers should acquiesce, and Holland should
+make peace without it (which would never, however, be
+the case,) yet all would be ineffectual, for Holland would
+forever be able to make use of other neutral bottoms,
+and would thus enjoy the benefit of this liberty and reality,
+though denied it by treaty, and in appearance. It would,
+therefore, be more for the honor and interest of Great
+Britain to agree to it with a good grace, in the treaty with
+Holland. Nay, the wisest part she could act would be to
+set on foot a negotiation immediately for signing herself the
+Treaty of Armed Neutrality, and then admitting it into the
+treaty with Holland would be a thing of course. At one
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>
+of these conversations Dr Franklin was present, who supported
+me with all his weight; at another, Mr Jay seconded
+me with all his abilities and ingenuity. Mr Oswald
+has several times assured me, that he had written
+these arguments and his own opinion, in conformity with
+them, to the King's Ministers in London, and I doubt not
+they will be adopted.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the compensation for damages, it is impossible
+to add anything to the arrangements M. Brantzen
+has urged to show the justice of it, and if Britain is really
+wise, she will think it her policy to do everything in her
+power to soften the resentment of the Dutch, and regain
+their good will and good humor.</p>
+
+<p>The rage of Great Britain, however, has carried her to
+such extravagant lengths, in a cause unjust from beginning
+to end, that she is scarcely able to repair the injuries she has
+done. America has a just claim to compensation for all
+her burnt towns and plundered property, and indeed for
+all her slaughtered sons, if that were possible. I shall continue
+to embrace every opportunity that presents, of doing
+all the little service in my power to our good friends the
+Dutch, whose friendship for us I shall not soon forget.
+This must be communicated with great discretion, if at all.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">My best respects to all.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, January 22d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Upon a sudden notification from the Count de Vergennes,
+Dr Franklin and myself, in the absence of Mr
+Jay and Mr Laurens, went to Versailles, and arrived at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span>
+the Count's office at ten o'clock on Monday, the 20th of
+this month. At eleven, arrived the Count d'Aranda and
+Mr Fitzherbert. The Ministers of the three Crowns,
+signed and sealed the preliminaries of peace and an armistice,
+in presence of Doctor Franklin and myself, who
+also signed and sealed a declaration of an armistice between
+the Crown of Great Britain and the United States
+of America, and received a counter declaration from Mr
+Fitzherbert. Copies of these declarations are enclosed.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>The King of Great Britain has made a declaration concerning
+the terms, that he will allow to the Dutch; but
+they are not such as will give satisfaction to that unfortunate
+nation, for whom, on account of their friendship for us, and
+the important benefits we have received from it, I feel very
+sensibly and sincerely. Yesterday we went to Versailles
+again to make our court to the King and royal family upon
+the occasion, and received the compliments of the Foreign
+Ministers.</p>
+
+<p>The Count d'Aranda invited me to dine with him on
+Sunday next, and said he hoped that the affairs of Spain and
+the United States would be soon adjusted <i>à l'aimable</i>. I
+answered, that I wished it with all my heart. The two
+Floridas and Minorca are more than a <i>quantum meruit</i> for
+what this Power has done, and the Dutch unfortunately are
+to suffer for it. It is not in my power to say when the
+definitive treaty will be signed. I hope not before the
+Dutch are ready, in six weeks or two months at farthest I
+suppose.</p>
+
+<p>It is no longer necessary for Congress to appoint another
+person in my place in the commission for peace, because
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+it will be executed before this reaches America. But I
+beg leave to renew the resignation of the credence to the
+States-General, and the commission for borrowing money
+in Holland, and to request, that no time may be lost in
+transmitting the acceptance of this resignation, and another
+person to take that station, that I may be able to go home
+in the spring ships.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Contained in the Correspondence of the Ministers for negotiating
+peace.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, January 23d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The letters you did me the honor to write on the 6th,
+and 18th of November, came safe to hand.</p>
+
+<p>You do me honor, Sir, in applauding the judgment I
+have formed from time to time of the Court of Britain,
+and future ages will give me credit for the judgment I
+have formed of some other Courts. The true designs of a
+Minister of State are not difficult to be penetrated by an
+honest man of common sense, who is in a situation to know
+anything of the secret of affairs, and to observe constantly
+the chain of public events; for whatever ostensible appearances
+may be put on, whatever obliquities may be imagined,
+however the web may be woven, or the thread
+doubled and twisted, enough will be seen to unravel the
+whole.</p>
+
+<p>My opinions, as you observe, sometimes run counter to
+those generally received; but the reason of this has generally
+been, that I have had earlier evidence than the generality,
+and I have had the satisfaction to find, that others
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>
+have formed the same judgment, when they have had the
+same intelligence. I do not affect singularity, nor love to
+be in a minority, though truth and justice have sometimes
+obliged me to be so. You say, that nothing can be more
+conformable to your wishes than the instructions I transmitted.
+I am not surprised at this; it is very natural.
+Had I never been on this side of the Atlantic, I believe I
+should have been of your mind in this particular. At
+present I cannot be, and I believe, by this time, the Dutch
+regret having given them. You will hear enough of the
+reason of it. I have lived long enough, and had experience
+enough of the conduct of governments, and people,
+nations, and courts, to be convinced, that gratitude, friendship,
+unsuspecting confidence, and all the most amiable
+passions in human nature, are the most dangerous guides
+in politics. I assure you, Sir, if we had not been more
+cautious than the Dutch, we should have been worse off
+than they, and our country would have suffered much
+more.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Laurens has been here, and has behaved with great
+caution, firmness, and wisdom. He arrived so late, as only
+to attend the two last days of the conferences, the 29th
+and 30th of November. But the short time he was with
+us, he was of great service to the cause. He has done great
+service to America in England, where his conversation has
+been such as the purest and firmest American could wish
+it, and has made many converts. He is gone again to
+Bath, and his journey will do as much good to his country
+as to his health. He will return to the signature of the
+definitive treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The ratifications of my contracts have been received.</p>
+
+<p>The release of Captain Asgill was so exquisite a relief
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+to my feelings, that I have not much cared what interposition
+it was owing to. It would have been a horrid damp
+to the joys of peace, if we had received a disagreeable account
+of him.</p>
+
+<p>The difference between Denmark and Holland is of no
+serious nature. The clue to the whole is, the Queen
+Dowager is sister to the Duke of Brunswick; but there is
+nothing to fear from Denmark. As to the northern
+powers, we have nothing to fear from any of them. All
+of them, and all the neutral powers, would have acknowledged
+our independence before now, by receiving Mr
+Dana to sign the principles of the armed neutrality, if he
+had not been restrained from acting. The unlimited confidence
+of Congress has been grossly abused, and we
+should have been irreparably injured, if we had not been
+upon our guard. As our liberties and most important interests
+are now secured, as far as they can be, against
+Great Britain, it would be my wish to say as little as possible
+of the policy of any Minister of our first ally, which
+has not been as we could desire, and to retain forever a
+grateful remembrance of the friendly assistance we have
+received. But we have evidence enough to warn us
+against unlimited confidence in any European Minister of
+State.</p>
+
+<p>I have never drawn upon Dr Franklin for any money,
+since the end of my two and a half years' salary; and he
+tells me he has made no use of the bills. I had received
+money for my subsistence of Messieurs Willinks, and as it
+will be but a few months more, at farthest, that I shall
+have to subsist in Europe, I beg leave to proceed to the end
+in the same way. I shall receive only the amount of my
+salary, and settle the account with Congress on my return.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I hope to be safely landed on my native shore in the
+month of June; and to this end, I beg that an appointment
+may be made to the Dutch mission, and the acceptance of
+my resignation be transmitted to me by the first ships.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO C. W. F. DUMAS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, January 29th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Upon receiving the letter, which you did me the honor
+to write me on the 24th, late last evening, I went immediately
+to consult with my colleague, Mr Jay, and we agreed
+to go this morning to Dr Franklin. Accordingly today
+we went together to Passy, and communicated your letter
+to him, and after recollecting the powers we have received,
+we all agreed that I should make you the following answer.</p>
+
+<p>You will readily recollect the resolutions of Congress,
+which I did myself the honor two years ago to communicate
+to the President of their High Mightinesses, and to
+the Ministers of Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, at the
+Hague. The letter to the President was sent "<i>au greffe</i>,"
+and there may, perhaps, be now found. These resolutions
+contained the approbation of Congress, of the principles of
+the declaration of the Empress of Russia, and authorised
+any of the American Ministers in Europe, if invited thereto,
+to pledge the faith of the United States to the observance
+of them.</p>
+
+<p>Sometime after this, Congress sent Mr Dana a commission
+with full power to accede to the principles of the
+Marine Treaty between the neutral powers, and he is now
+at Petersburg, vested with these powers, and, according to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>
+late intelligence received from him, has well founded expectations
+of being soon admitted.</p>
+
+<p>It is the opinion of my colleagues, as well as my own,
+that no commission of mine to their High Mightinesses contains
+authority to negotiate this business, and we are all of
+opinion, that it is most proper that Mr Dana should negotiate it.</p>
+
+<p>But as there has been no express revocation of the
+power given to all or any of us, by the first resolutions,
+and if the case should happen, that Mr Dana could not attend
+in season, on account of the distance, for the sake of
+accelerating the signature of the definitive treaty of peace,
+we should not hesitate to pledge the faith of the United
+States to the observance of the principles of the armed
+neutrality. I wish it were in my power to give you a
+more satisfactory answer, but candor will warrant no
+other.</p>
+
+<p>With great respect to the gentlemen, as well as to you,</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, February 5th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The resolution of Congress of the 12th of July, 1781,
+"That the commission and instructions, for negotiating a
+Treaty of Commerce between these United States and
+Great Britain, given to the Honorable John Adams, on the
+29th day of September, 1779, be, and they are hereby
+revoked," was duly received by me in Holland; but no
+explanation of the motives to it, or the reasons on which
+it was founded, was ever transmitted to me by Congress,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+or the Committee of Foreign Affairs, or any individual
+member, nor has anybody in Europe, or America, ever
+once attempted, that I know of, to guess at the reason.
+Whether it was intended as a punishment to me, or with a
+charitable design not to lead me into temptation; whether
+it was intended as a punishment to the English for their
+insolence and barbarity; whether it was intended to prevent
+or remove suspicions of allies, or the envy and green
+eyed jealousy of copatriots, I know not. Of one thing,
+however, I am fully satisfied, that Congress had reasons, and
+meant well; but whether those reasons were founded on
+true or mistaken information, I know not.</p>
+
+<p>When I recollect the instructions, which were given and
+revoked with that commission, I can guess, and only guess,
+at some considerations, which might, or might not, operate
+with Congress. In these instructions, Congress determined,</p>
+
+<p>1st. That the common right of fishing should in no
+case be given up.</p>
+
+<p>2dly. That it is essential to the welfare of all these
+United States, that the inhabitants thereof, at the expiration
+of the war, should continue to enjoy the free and undisturbed
+exercise of their common right to fish on the
+Banks of Newfoundland, and the other fishing banks and
+seas of North America, preserving inviolate the treaties
+between France and the said States, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>3dly. "That our faith be pledged to the several States,
+that without their unanimous consent no Treaty of Commerce
+shall be entered into, nor any trade or commerce
+whatever carried on with Great Britain, without the explicit
+stipulation hereinafter mentioned. You are, therefore,
+not to consent to any Treaty of Commerce with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+Great Britain, without an explicit stipulation on her part,
+not to molest or disturb the inhabitants of the United States
+of America, in taking fish on the Banks of Newfoundland,
+and other fisheries in the American seas, anywhere, excepting
+within the distance of three leagues of the shores of
+the territories remaining to Great Britain at the close of
+the war, if a nearer distance cannot be obtained by negotiation.
+And in the negotiation you are to exert your most
+strenuous endeavors to obtain a nearer distance in the Gulf
+of St Lawrence, and particularly along the shores of Nova
+Scotia; as to which latter we are desirous, that even the
+shores may be occasionally used for the purpose of carrying
+on the fisheries by the inhabitants of these States."</p>
+
+<p>These instructions are very decisive in favor of our indubitable
+right to the fisheries; and it is possible, that
+Congress might be of opinion, that commerce would be
+the strongest inducement to the English to make peace,
+and at the same time, that there was something so naval in
+the fisheries, that the dread of acknowledging our right to
+them would be the strongest obstacle in the way of peace.
+They might think, too, that peace was of more importance
+to the United States, than a British acknowledgment of our
+right to the fisheries, which, to be sure, would have been
+enjoyed by our people in a good degree without it.</p>
+
+<p>Reasonings like these might influence Congress to revoke
+the commission and instructions in question. But
+whatever probability there might appear in them at that
+time, experience has since shown, that they were not well
+founded. On the contrary, arguments have been found to
+convince the British Ministers themselves, that it was the
+interest of their King and country, not only to acknowledge
+the American right to the fisheries, but to encourage
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>
+the unrestrained exercise of it. These considerations,
+therefore, can be no longer of any weight against a treaty
+of commerce with Great Britain, or against accrediting a
+Minister to the Court of St James. Nor can I conceive
+of any motive now existing against this measure. On the
+contrary, so many advantages present themselves to view,
+that I think it my duty to recommend them to Congress as
+proper to be adopted without loss of time. If there are in
+Congress any of those gentlemen, with whom I had the
+honor to serve in the years 1775 and 1776, they may possibly
+remember, that in arguing in favor of sending Ministers
+to Versailles, to propose a connexion with that Court,
+I laid it down as a first principle, that we should calculate
+all our measures and foreign negotiations in such a manner,
+as to avoid a too great dependence upon any one
+power of Europe; to avoid all obligations and temptations
+to take any part in future European wars. That the business
+of America with Europe was commerce, not politics or
+war. And above all, that it never could be our interest to
+ruin Great Britain, or injure or weaken her any further
+than should be necessary to support our independence,
+and our alliances; and that as soon as Great Britain
+should be brought to a temper to acknowledge our sovereignty
+and our alliances, and consent that we should maintain
+the one, and fulfil the others, it would be our interest
+and duty to be her friends, as well as the friends of all the
+other powers of Europe, and enemies to none.</p>
+
+<p>We are now happily arrived, through many tremendous
+tempests, at that period. Great Britain respects us as
+sovereign States, and respects all our political engagements
+with foreign nations, and as long as she continues in this
+temper of wisdom, it is our duty to respect her. We have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>
+accordingly made a treaty with her and mutually sworn to
+be friends. Through the whole period of our warfare
+and negotiations, I confess I have never lost sight of the
+principles and the system, with which I set out, which appeared
+to me to be the sentiments of Congress with great
+unanimity, and I have no reason to believe that any change
+of opinion has taken place; if there has not, every one
+will agree with me, that no measure we can pursue will
+have such a tendency to preserve the government and
+people of England in the right system for their own and
+our interest, and the interest of our allies too, well understood,
+as sending a Minister to reside at the Court of
+London.</p>
+
+<p>In the next place, the Court of London is the best station
+to collect intelligence from every part, and by means
+of the freedom of the press to communicate information
+for the benefit of our country, to every part of the world.
+In time of peace, there is so frequent travelling between
+Paris, London, and the Hague, that the correspondence of
+our Ministers at those Courts may be carried on by private
+hands, without hazarding anything from the infidelity of
+the posts, and Congress may reasonably expect advantages
+from this circumstance.</p>
+
+<p>In the third place, a treaty of commerce with Great
+Britain is an affair of great importance to both countries.
+Upon this occasion I hope I shall be excused if I venture
+to advise, that Congress should instruct their Minister not
+to conclude such a treaty, without sending the project to
+them for their observations and fresh instructions, and I
+think it would not be improper, on this occasion, to imitate
+the Dutch method, and take the project, <i>ad referendum</i>, and
+transmit it to the Legislatures of all the States for their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span>
+remarks, before Congress finally resolve. Their Minister
+may be authorised and instructed, in the mean time, to
+enter into a temporary convention for regulating the present
+trade, for a limited number of months or years, or
+until the treaty of commerce shall be completed.</p>
+
+<p>In the fourth place, it is our part to be the first to send
+a Minister to Great Britain, which is the older, and as yet
+the superior State. It becomes us to send a Minister first,
+and I doubt not the King of Great Britain will very soon
+return the compliment. Whereas if we do not begin, I
+believe there will be many delicacies at St James', about
+being the first to send. I confess I wish a British Minister
+at Philadelphia, and think we should derive many benefits
+from his residence there. While we have any foreign
+Ministers among us, I wish to have them from all the great
+powers with whom we are much connected. The <i>Corps
+Diplomatique</i> at every Court is, or ought to be, a system
+representing at least that part of the system of Europe,
+with which that Court is most conversant.</p>
+
+<p>In the same manner, or at least from similar reasons, as
+long as we have any one Minister abroad at any European
+Court, I think we ought to have one at every one to which
+we are most essentially related, whether in commerce or policy,
+and therefore while we have any Minister at Versailles,
+the Hague, or London, I think it clear we ought to have
+one at each, though I confess I have sometimes thought,
+that after a very few years, it will be the best thing we can
+do to recall every Minister from Europe, and send embassies
+only on special occasions.</p>
+
+<p>If, however, any members of Congress should have any
+delicacies, lest an American Minister should not be received
+with a dignity becoming his rank and character at London,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+they may send a commission to make a treaty of
+commerce with Great Britain, to their Minister at Madrid,
+or Versailles, or the Hague, or St Petersburg, and instruct
+him to carry on the negotiation from the Court where he
+may be, until he shall be invited to London, or a letter of
+credence may be sent to one of these, with instructions to
+go to London, as soon as the King shall appoint a Minister
+to go to Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>After all, however, my opinion is, that none of these
+man&#339;uvres are necessary, but that the best way will be to
+send a Minister directly to St James', with a letter of credence
+to the King, as a Minister Plenipotentiary, and a
+commission to treat of a treaty of commerce, but with instructions
+not to come to any irrevocable conclusion, until
+Congress and all the States have an opportunity to consider
+of the project, and suggest their amendments.</p>
+
+<p>There is one more argument in favor of sending a Minister
+forthwith; it is this, while this mission lies open, it
+will be a source of jealousy among present Ministers, and
+such as are or may be candidates to be foreign Ministers,
+a source of intrigue and faction among their partisans
+and adherents, and a source of animosity and division
+among the people of the States. For this reason, it is a
+pity, that the first choice had not been such as Congress
+could have continued to approve, and the first measure
+such as Congress could have constantly persevered in. If
+this had been the case, the door of faction would have been
+kept shut. As this, however, was once my department,
+by the voice of eleven States, in twelve present, and as I
+will be answerable at any hazard, it will never be the department
+of any one by a greater majority, there seems to
+be a propriety in my giving my advice concerning it, on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span>
+taking leave of it, if such is the will of Congress, as I have
+before done in this letter, according to the best of my judgment.
+And if it should not be thought too presumptuous,
+I would beg leave to add, what is my idea of the qualifications
+necessary for an American foreign Minister in general,
+and particularly and above all to the Court of St
+James'.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, he should have had an education in
+classical learning, and in the knowledge of general history,
+ancient and modern, and particularly the history of France,
+England, Holland, and America. He should be well
+versed in the principles of ethics, of the law of nature
+and nations, of legislation and government, of the civil
+Roman law, of the laws of England, and the United
+States, of the public law of Europe, and in the letters, memoirs,
+and histories of those great men, who have heretofore
+shone in the diplomatic order, and conducted the
+affairs of nations, and the world. He should be of an age
+to possess a maturity of judgment, arising from experience
+in business. He should be active, attentive, and industrious,
+and above all, he should possess an upright heart,
+and an independent spirit, and should be one, who decidedly
+makes the interest of his country, not the policy of
+any other nation, nor his own private ambition or interest,
+or those of his family, friends, and connexions, the rule of
+his conduct.</p>
+
+<p>We hear so much said about a genteel address, and a
+facility in speaking the French language, that one would
+think a dancing master and a French master the only
+tutors necessary to educate a statesman. Be it remembered,
+the present revolution, neither in America nor
+Europe, has been accomplished by elegant bows, nor by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>
+fluency in French, nor will any great thing ever be effected
+by such accomplishments alone. A man must have something
+in his head to say, before he can speak to effect, how
+ready soever he may be at utterance. And if the knowledge
+is in his head, and the virtue in his heart, he will
+never fail to find a way of communicating his sentiments to
+good purpose. He will always have excellent translators
+ready, if he wants them, to turn his thoughts into any language
+he desires.</p>
+
+<p>As to what is called a fine address, it is seldom attended
+to after a first or second conversation, and even in these, it
+is regarded no more by men of sense of any country, than
+another thing, which I heard disputed with great vivacity
+among the officers of the French frigate, the Sensible. The
+question was, what were the several departments of an Ambassador
+and a Secretary of Legation. After a long and
+shrewd discussion, it was decided by a majority of votes,
+"that the Secretary's part was to do the business, and that
+of an Ambassador to keep a mistress." This decision
+produced a laugh among the company, and no ideas of the
+kind will ever produce anything else, among men of understanding.</p>
+
+<p>It is very true, that it is possible, that a case may happen,
+that a man may serve his country by a bribe well
+placed, or an intrigue of pleasure with a woman. But it is
+equally true, that a man's country will be sold and betrayed
+a thousand times by this infamous commerce, where
+it will be once served. It is very certain, that we shall
+never be a match for European statesmen in such accomplishments
+for negotiation, any more than, I must and will
+add, they will equal us in any solid abilities, virtues, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+application to business, if we choose wisely among the excellent
+characters, with which our country abounds.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Ministers, who have already crossed the Atlantic
+to Europe, there have been none exceeding Mr Jay
+and Mr Dana, in all the qualifications I have presumed to
+enumerate, and I must say, that if I had the honor to give
+my vote in Congress, for a Minister at the Court of Great
+Britain, provided that injustice must be finally done to him,
+who was the first object of his country's choice, such have
+been the activity, intelligence, address, and fortitude of Mr
+Jay, as well as his sufferings in his voyage, journeys, and
+past services, that I should think of no other object of
+my choice than that gentleman. If Congress should neglect
+all their old Ministers, and send a fresh one from
+America, they cannot be at a loss, for there are in that
+country great numbers of men well qualified for the service.
+These are most certainly better known by name to
+Congress than to me, and, therefore, I shall venture no further,
+but conclude, by wishing this arduous business well
+settled, and by assurances to Congress, and to you, Sir,
+of my warmest attachment and respect.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN ADAMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, February 13th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On my return, the night before last, from a journey to
+the State of New York, I found your favors of the 6th,
+the 7th, the 17th, the 19th, and the 23d of September.
+They contain important and useful information; and that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+particularly of the 6th is replete with matter, which deserves
+an attention, that I lament not having it in my power
+to give it at this moment, as the express, by which this
+goes to Baltimore, is on the wing.</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate you most sincerely upon having surmounted
+all the obstacles, that opposed themselves to the
+completion of our important connexion with the United
+States [of Holland]. It has, I think, given the last blow
+to the pride of Britain. Its power, so far as it could
+endanger us, was past recovery before, except as it derived
+force from its pride, which, like the last struggles of a
+dying man, gave an appearance of vigor to the body, which
+it was about to destroy.</p>
+
+<p>This covers a ratification of the treaty. The first
+copy sent by Mr Jefferson has not been signed by me,
+owing to my absence. That gentleman has not yet sailed
+from Baltimore, having been delayed by a number of the
+enemy's cruisers, which infest the Bay.</p>
+
+<p>We this day received the speech of his Britannic Majesty.
+It breathes so much the language of peace, that I
+begin to think it will be unnecessary to give Mr Jefferson
+the trouble of going over at all. The delays he has met
+with leave you longer without intelligence from hence, than
+I would ever wish you to be, though no important event
+has taken place, except the evacuation of Charleston.
+Our distress for want of money has rather increased, than
+diminished. This object will demand your attention, full
+as much if the war should be terminated, as if it should
+continue. The army, and the other public creditors, begin
+to grow very uneasy, and our present exhausted situation
+will not admit of internal loans, or such taxes as will suffice
+to give them relief.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I have sent you three different sets of cyphers, not
+thinking it advisable to send duplicates. Be pleased to
+let me know whether any and which have arrived safe.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, March 2d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am very much of your opinion, that all places in general,
+in foreign countries, under the United States, should
+be filled with Americans, but am sometimes requested to
+transmit to Congress applications and recommendations
+in so pressing a manner, and by persons of distinction,
+that it would be scarcely civil to refuse.</p>
+
+<p>Such an instance is the following, and if Congress
+should depart from the general rule, I suppose, that no
+person at Leghorn has so good pretensions.</p>
+
+<p>The application to me is this,&mdash;"Messrs Touissaint,
+Doutremont &amp; Co., merchants of great credit at Leghorn,
+who obtained, fortyfive years ago, letters of nobility from
+the Court of France, pray the gentlemen, the deputies of
+the United States of America, to grant them the place of
+Consul, or of Agent of their commerce at Leghorn."</p>
+
+<p>At least, if Congress, or their Ministers, have occasion
+for a correspondent in that city, they will not be at a
+loss.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN ADAMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, April 14th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I received two days ago your favors of the 22d and
+23d of January, with the declarations for the cessation of
+hostilities, on which a doubt of much importance to the
+people of this country is started, to wit, to know at what
+period hostilities ceased on this coast, that is, what is
+meant by "as far as the Canaries." If it means in the
+same <i>latitude</i>, hostilities ceased here the 3d of March,
+and a great number of vessels must be restored. If it
+does not mean a latitudinal line, what does it mean, which
+carries any certainty with it? The terms of the provisional
+treaty also occasion much debate. A variety of
+questions have been started, but these I shall speak of in
+my letter to you in conjunction with your colleagues, that
+you may, if opportunity should offer before the Definitive
+Treaty is concluded, find some means to rid them of their
+ambiguity.</p>
+
+<p>It would give me pain to find, that the Dutch do not
+attain their objects in the close of the war, and still more
+to impute their misfortunes to any desertion of their interests
+by France, since I confess freely to you, that her conduct,
+as far as I have observed it, has appeared to me in
+the highest degree generous and disinterested. The extreme
+langour of the Dutch, their divisions, and the less than
+nothing that they have done for themselves, entitle them to
+little. Without the uncommon exertions of France, they
+would not have had a single settlement left, either in the
+East or West Indies. So that they lay absolutely at her
+mercy, and, therefore, I was pleased to find their instructions
+to their Ministers so expressed as to leave no room to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span>
+fear, that they would obstruct the peace, when they contributed
+so little to the prosecution of the war. But I
+rather pitied, than blamed their weakness; they were torn
+by factions, and clogged by an executive, which strove to
+find reasons for having no execution.</p>
+
+<p>Congress, the day before yesterday, agreed to ratify the
+Provisional Articles as such, and to release their prisoners,
+in which the British took the lead. The tories have little
+reliance upon the effect of the recommendations of Congress;
+great numbers of them have sailed, and are daily
+sailing for Nova Scotia.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to your salary, I must pray you to settle
+with Dr Franklin the amount of bills drawn in your favor.
+You will, with those that go by this conveyance, receive the
+amount of three quarters' salary, at two thousand seven
+hundred and seventyseven dollars and sixtyeight ninetieths
+per quarter, which were laid out in bills at six shillings
+three pence, this money, for five livres, which was a very
+advantageous exchange for you. This, however, Congress
+have directed, by the enclosed resolution, to be
+altered, and your salaries to be paid in bills at the rate of
+five livres, five sous per dollar. As this resolution retrospects
+you will have, with the bills transmitted to you,
+livres more than is due for three quarters' salary. This
+will be deducted from the last quarter, for which I will get
+a warrant, and leave it with the Treasury here for you or
+your order. By settling this matter with Dr Franklin, and
+redrawing upon your banker in Holland, you will leave my
+accounts unembarrassed, which is of consequence to me,
+as I have determined to quit the place I now hold, in the
+course of a few weeks, and enjoy in retirement the pleasures
+of peace. I have charged no commissions on these money
+transactions, nor do I propose to charge any.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Your account of contingent expenses is before a committee.
+Should Congress agree to accept your resignation,
+(which I am sorry to see you offer, since the connexions
+you have formed, and the experience you have acquired,
+might render you particularly serviceable in Holland) it
+will be best that you settle it with them yourself on your
+arrival. The want of permanent funds, and the opposition
+which some States have given to every attempt to establish
+them, the demands of the public creditors, and particularly
+of the army, have excited much uneasiness here. Satisfactory
+measures will, I hope, be adopted to calm it, and
+do ample justice. The army, whose proceedings I transmit,
+have done themselves honor by their conduct on this
+occasion. Too much praise could not be given to the
+commander-in-chief, for the share he had in the transaction,
+if he was not above all praise.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, April 14th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>You may easily imagine our anxiety to hear from America,
+when you know that we have no news to this hour,
+either of your reception of the news of peace, or that of
+the treaty with Holland, four copies of which I put on
+board different vessels at Amsterdam, in October.</p>
+
+<p>We have been in equal uncertainty about the turn,
+which affairs might take in England. But by letters from
+Mr Laurens we expect him every day, and Mr David
+Hartley with him, in order to complete the definitive
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+treaty. It would have been more agreeable to have
+finished with Mr Oswald. But the present Ministry are
+so dissatisfied with what is past, as they say, though nobody
+believes them, that they choose to change hands.</p>
+
+<p>It will be proposed, I believe, to make a temporary arrangement
+of commercial matters, as our powers are not
+competent to a durable one, if to any. Congress will, no
+doubt, soon send a Minister with full powers, as the treaty
+of commerce with Great Britain is of great importance,
+and our affairs in that country require an overseer.</p>
+
+<p>It is confidently asserted, in letters from Holland, that
+M. Markow, the Minister Plenipotentiary from the Empress
+of Russia, has received from his mistress a full
+power to come to Paris, to the assistance of the Prince
+Bariatinski at a Congress for a general pacification.
+There is, as yet, no answer received from the Emperor.
+If the two Imperial Courts accept of the mediation, there
+will be a Congress; but I suppose it will relate chiefly to
+the affairs of Holland, which are not yet arranged, and to
+the liberty of neutral navigation, which is their principal
+point. I wish success to that Republic in this negotiation,
+which will help to compose their interior disorders, which
+are alarming.</p>
+
+<p>I know not whether it will be insisted or expected, that
+we should join in the Congress, nor do I know what we
+have to do in it, unless it be to settle that point as far as it
+relates to us. There is nothing in difference between us
+and Great Britain, which we cannot adjust ourselves, without
+any mediation.</p>
+
+<p>A spring passage to America is so great an object, that
+I should be very sorry to have the negotiations spun out to
+such a length as to oblige me to lose it, and I take it for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span>
+granted, I shall now receive the acceptance of my
+resignation by the first ships.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT MORRIS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, May 21st, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I am just now honored with yours of the 19th of January,
+by the way of London. We have not yet had the
+happiness to receive, as we should be disposed to do with
+open arms, our excellent old friend Jefferson, and begin to
+fear that the news of peace has determined him not to
+come.</p>
+
+<p>I thank you, Sir, for your polite congratulations; when
+the tide turned, it flowed with rapidity, and carried the
+vessel, as I hope, into a safe harbor.</p>
+
+<p>As to the loan in Holland, I have never troubled you, nor
+any one else in America, with details of the vexations of
+various kinds, which I met with in the negotiation of it;
+indeed, I never thought it prudent or safe to do it. If I
+had told the whole truth, it could have done no good, and
+it might have done infinite mischief. In general, it is now
+sufficient to say, that private interest, party spirit, factions,
+cabals, and slanderers, have obstructed, perplexed, and
+tortured our loan in Holland, as well as all our other
+affairs, foreign and domestic. But as there has been a
+greater variety of clashing interests, English, French,
+Stadtholderian, Republican, and American, mixing in the
+affair of our loan in Holland, it has been more puzzled
+than anything else. If, in the bitterness of my soul, I had
+described the fermentation, and mentioned names, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+drawn characters, I might have transmitted a curious tale,
+but it would have only served to inflame old animosities,
+and excite new ones.</p>
+
+<p>A great many things are said to me, on purpose that
+they may be represented to you or to Congress. Some
+of these I believe to be false, most of them I suspect, and
+some of them that are true would do no good. I think it necessary,
+therefore, to employ a little discretion in such cases.</p>
+
+<p>Messrs Willinks &amp; Co. will write you from time to time,
+as they tell me they have done, the state of the loan. Mr
+Grand wants all the money, but they wait your orders.
+The loan has been and will be damped by transmitting the
+money to France, but your necessities were so urgent, that
+you could not avoid it.</p>
+
+<p>In my opinion, if you had a Minister at St James's, and
+he were authorised to borrow money generally, in England
+or elsewhere, it would serve you greatly, by causing an
+emulation even in Holland, besides the money you would
+procure in London, which would not be a trifling sum.</p>
+
+<p>I wish I were in Congress, that I might assist you in
+persuading our countrymen to pay taxes and build ships.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great esteem and respect, I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, May 24th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to enclose copies, to be laid before
+Congress, of several papers. 1st. Mr Hartley's full powers
+of May 14th. 2dly. The order of the King of Great
+Britain in Council, for regulating the American trade, of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+May 14th. 3dly. Articles proposed by the American Ministers
+to Mr Hartley, April 29th. 4thly. Mr Hartley's
+observations left with us May 21st. And 5thly. Mr Hartley's
+proposition of the same day.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>This proposition, however, upon inquiry, we find Mr
+Hartley does not incline to subscribe to, before he sends it
+to his Court for their orders. So that we have not
+yet given him our opinion of it. He has sent a courier
+to London, before whose return we hope to have further
+intelligence from Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>The present British Ministry discover an indecision and
+timidity, which indicate instability. Some persons from
+England imagine, that my Lord Shelburne will come in
+again. The change would produce a longer delay; but I
+think would be no disadvantage to America. If he had
+continued in power, I think we should have finished, or
+been ready to finish, before now with Mr Oswald. Mr
+Hartley's dispositions, however, are very good, and if left
+to his own judgment, would be liberal and fair.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of reviving the trade, upon the plan of the
+laws of Great Britain before the war, although those laws
+were calculated so much for the advantage of that country
+and so little for the advantage of ours, might be admissible
+for a few months, until Ministers could be appointed on
+both sides to frame a treaty of commerce; provided no
+advantage should be ceded by it, in the negotiation of such
+treaty, and provided, that such a temporary convention for
+trade should neither delay nor influence the definitive
+treaty. It is much to be wished, that the definitive treaty
+of peace, and a permanent treaty of commerce, could be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+signed at the same time. This, however, seems now to be
+impossible; and, therefore, some temporary regulation of
+commerce seems unavoidable. But we are as yet too uncertain
+of the sentiments of the Court of St James, to be
+able to foresee, whether we shall be able to agree with them.
+Mr Hartley has been here four weeks, and nothing has
+been done, although he was very sanguine before he left
+London, that he should send home a convention in less
+than half of four days.</p>
+
+<p>Congress will see by Mr Hartley's commission, that they
+are become the "good friends" of the King of Great Britain.
+Mr Hartley on his first arrival here communicated to
+us in form, an invitation from the Ministers, with the
+knowledge and consent of the King, to all the American
+Ministers to go to London, with the assurance, that we
+should be there presented at Court, and treated in all respects
+like the Ministers of any other sovereign State. He
+also communicated the desire of his Court, that the two
+Powers should interchange Ministers as soon as possible.
+I hope that the first ship will bring a Minister for that
+Court, or a commission to some one to go there, because
+I think it would have been useful to us to have had one
+there three months ago, and that it would not be less useful
+now. The permanent treaty of commerce, nevertheless,
+should not he hastily concluded, nor before Congress
+shall have had an opportunity to judge of the project, suggest
+their amendments, and transmit their orders.</p>
+
+<p>No preliminaries are yet signed with the Dutch, and I
+am very anxious for their lot.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great respect, I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> These papers will be found in the Correspondence of the Commissioners
+for making peace.</p></div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, May 30th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 28th of this month, the letter which you did me
+the honor to write me on the 13th of February, which arrived
+at the Hague, I received, enclosed with the ratification
+of the treaty with their High Mightinesses, which will
+be exchanged by M. Dumas, as the conferences here for
+the definitive treaty will not admit of my taking so long a
+journey at this time.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>This arrival in season to exchange the ratifications before
+the departure of M. Van Berckel, which is to be in about
+three weeks, is fortunate. I hope that the first ships from
+America will bring my letter of recall from that Republic,
+and another Minister, or credence to some one now in Europe,
+to take my place.</p>
+
+<p>I am happy to find that any letters of mine in September
+last contained information that you think of consequence,
+although, not having my letter book here, I am
+not able to recollect the subject. The final completion of
+the negotiation with Holland gives me a pleasure, which
+will not be equalled, but by that of the definitive treaty of
+peace, which languishes at present for want of decisive instructions
+from Mr Hartley, in such a manner, as gives
+cause to suspect that the present Ministry are not firm in
+their seats.</p>
+
+<p>The presence of a Minister in Holland would encourage
+your loan of money there, but it would be quickened still
+more, by your sending a Minister to London, with powers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span>
+to borrow money there. Emulation is the best spring; or
+call it rivalry, or jealousy, if you will, it will get you money
+if you put it in motion.</p>
+
+<p>I have received two cyphers from you, Sir, one beginning
+with No. 1, and ending with No. 1011. The other
+beginning with Amsterdam, and ending with Provinces.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The particulars of the ratification will be seen in M. Dumas's
+Correspondence.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 9th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The enclosed, No. 121 of the <i>Politique Hollandais</i>
+having translated a few sentences of mine, and the author
+intending to insert more, as he has already inserted a good
+deal of the same correspondence, I think it proper to
+transmit you a short relation of it.</p>
+
+<p>In 1780, at Paris, a number of pamphlets of Mr Galloway's
+were sent me from England. I wrote to a friend an
+answer to them. He sent it to London to be published.
+But whether the printers were afraid, or from what other
+motive, I know not. I heard nothing of them until the
+spring and summer of 1782, when some of them appeared
+in print, in Parker's General Advertiser, under the title of
+"<i>Letters from a distinguished American</i>," &amp;c. but with
+false dates.</p>
+
+<p>There are in those letters so many of the characteristic
+features of the Provisional Treaty, of the 30th of November,
+1782, that the publication of them in England, at the
+time when they appeared, may be supposed to have contributed,
+more or less, to propagate such sentiments as the
+more private circulation of them before had suggested
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span>
+to a few. And as they were written by one of your Ministers
+at the conferences for peace, who repeated and extended
+the same arguments to the British Ministers in the
+course of the negotiation, it is proper that you should be
+informed of them. Whether I have in any former letter
+mentioned this subject, or not, I do not recollect. If I
+have, I pray you to excuse the repetition.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 16th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday afternoon, the duplicate of your letter of the
+14th of April, No. 16, was brought in to me, with the post-mark
+"Brest" upon it. As soon as I had read it, I went
+out to Passy, in hopes that other despatches had arrived
+there, but I found none. While I was there, a packet of
+newspapers addressed to us all was brought in, with the
+post-mark of Brest on it. I still hope and believe, that
+other despatches, by the same conveyance, will appear in
+a few days, but whether they are still in the post office, or
+whether the Duc de Lauzun intends to bring them in
+person, is uncertain.</p>
+
+<p>I think, Sir, there is no room to doubt the justice of
+your opinion, that the latitude of the Canaries is meant,
+and, consequently, that hostilities ceased on the whole
+coast of the United States on the 3d of March.</p>
+
+<p>I am well aware, that a variety of questions may be
+started upon the provisional articles. The great points of
+sovereignty, limits, and fisheries, are sufficiently clear.
+But there are too many other things in much obscurity.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>
+No one of us alone would ever have put his hand to such
+a writing. Yet there is no one to blame. It must be confessed,
+that it was done in haste, but that haste was inevitable.
+The peace depended absolutely upon the critical
+moment, when that treaty was signed. The meeting of
+Parliament was so near, and the state of the Ministry so
+critical, that if that opportunity had been lost, there would
+have been at least another campaign. There were never
+less than three of us, and there were finally no less than
+three to be consulted on the other side. These inaccuracies
+are much to be lamented, but they were quite unavoidable.
+We shall endeavor to explain them in the
+definitive treaty, but I fear without success.</p>
+
+<p>I hope, Sir, you will excuse me, if I think your expressions
+fall short of the real merit of the Dutch. If they
+had accepted the Russian mediation for a separate peace,
+we should have seen a very formidable difference. The
+vast weight of the Dutch in the East Indies, being added
+to that of France, has influenced the minds of the natives
+in such a manner, as to turn the scale against England.
+The Cape of Good Hope was indispensable to France,
+and we are not yet informed what proportion of the expense
+of French operations in the East Indies is to be
+borne by the Dutch East India Company, at whose solicitations,
+by their agents, sent early to Versailles, they were
+undertaken. From twelve to fifteen British ships of the
+line, in the best condition, with the best officers and men,
+have been kept almost constantly in the North seas to
+watch the Dutch, a momentous diversion, which made the
+balance more clear in favor of the allies in the East and
+West Indies, as well as in the Channel; and it may be
+added, and that with strict truth, the battle of Doggerbank
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+imprinted more terror on the imaginations of the British
+navy and nation, than all the other sea engagements of the
+war.</p>
+
+<p>Your observations of their unfortunate situation are,
+however, very just, and their exertions have not been such
+as they might and ought to have been. But this was the
+fault of the enemies of France in Holland, not of their
+friends, and, unhappily, those enemies are to be gratified
+by the terms of peace prescribed to that power, and those
+friends mortified. And this misfortune probably arises
+from the instructions in question, by which they made
+themselves of no importance, instead of acting the part of a
+sovereign, independent, and respectable power. If they
+had held their own negotiations in their own hands, they
+would probably have obtained better terms. I could mention
+many facts and anecdotes of much importance; but
+these have been communicated to me in confidence, and
+as this is a discussion that concerns us only indirectly, and
+as our instructions were parallel to theirs, although the execution
+of them was different, and the event different, I
+shall waive any further observations upon the subject.</p>
+
+<p>We are happy to learn, that Congress have ratified the
+treaty, imperfect as it is, and that each side has released
+its prisoners. Mr Hartley communicated to us officially,
+two days ago, that orders were gone to New York to evacuate
+the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Dr Franklin has never made any use of the bills for my
+salary, and I have never received any part of them. I
+shall easily settle that matter when I get home, which your
+letter encourages me to hope will be very soon. The
+connexions I have formed in Holland may be of use to
+the public, wherever I may be, in America, or elsewhere,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+as well as even in that country itself. Those connexions
+will readily become those of any Minister Congress may
+send there. It cost me all my happiness, and had very
+nearly cost me my life, to form them; it cost me more; it
+has left me in an ill state of health, which I never shall fully
+repair. I shall carry Holland in my veins to my grave.
+It will cost no man anything to go there now. His mind
+will be at ease, and he will have spirits necessary to take
+care to preserve his health. To me it has become physically
+necessary, as well as a moral and religious duty, to
+join my family. This can be done only by going to them,
+or bringing them to me; and to bring them to Holland is
+what I cannot think of, both because, that on account of
+my own health, as well as theirs, and on other considerations,
+I should not choose to live among those putrid lakes,
+and because I think I can do my country more and better
+service at home than there.</p>
+
+<p>I will not disguise another motive, which would be altogether
+insurmountable, if it were alone. I do not think
+it consistent with the honor of the United States, any more
+than with my own, for me to stay in Holland, after the
+appointment of any other Minister whatsoever to the mission
+upon which I came to Europe, and which has been
+taken from me without assigning any reason. Congress
+are the sovereign judges for themselves and the public of
+the persons proper for all services, excepting that every
+citizen is a sovereign judge for himself. I have never
+adopted the principle, that it is a citizen's duty to accept
+of any trust, that is pointed out to him, unless he approves
+of it. On the contrary, I think it a right and a duty, that
+no law of society can take away, for every man to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>
+judge for himself, whether he can serve consistently with
+his own honor, and the honor and interest of the public.</p>
+
+<p>When the existence of our country and her essential
+interests were at stake, it was a duty to run all risks, to
+stifle every feeling, to sacrifice every interest, and this duty
+I have discharged with patience and perseverance, and
+with a success, that can be attributed only to Providence.
+But in time of peace, the public in less danger abroad
+than at home, knowing I can do more good at home, I
+should do a very wrong thing to remove my family to stay
+in Holland, merely for the sake of holding an honorable
+commission, making and receiving bows, and compliments,
+and eating splendid suppers at Court.</p>
+
+<p>There is one piece of advice I beg leave to offer to
+the Minister who may go to Holland, respecting a future
+loan of money. It is, to inquire whether the house of
+Hope would undertake a loan for us, either in conjunction
+with the houses who have the present one, or with any of
+them, or alone. In my private opinion, which ought to be
+kept as secret as possible, we might obtain a large loan in
+that way, and that we cannot in any other. The people
+in that interest have the money. I am not personally
+known to that House, nor any one of them to me, but I
+know they are all powerful in money matters, and I believe
+they would engage.</p>
+
+<p>The happy turn given to the discontents of the army, by
+the General, is consistent with his character, which, as you
+observe, is above all praise, as every character is whose
+rule and object are duty, not interest, nor glory, which I
+think has been strictly true with the General from the beginning,
+and I trust will continue to the end. May he long
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span>
+live, and enjoy his reflections, and the confidence and
+affections of a free, grateful, and virtuous people.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 23d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your favor of the 14th of April, No. 16, acknowledged
+the receipt of mine of the 21st and the 22d of January,
+but took no notice of any letters, which went by Captain
+Barney. Neither Dr Franklin, Mr Jay, nor myself have
+any answer to the despatches, which went by this express;
+although yours to me, No. 16, gave cause to expect letters
+to us all, with instructions concerning the Definitive Treaty.
+This profound silence of Congress, and the total darkness
+in which we are left, concerning their sentiments, is very
+distressing to us, and very dangerous and injurious to the
+public.</p>
+
+<p>I see no prospect of agreeing upon any regulation of
+commerce here. The present Ministry are afraid of
+every knot of merchants. A clamor of an interested
+party, more than an evil to their country, is their dread.
+A few West India merchants, in opposition to the sense
+and interest of the West India planters, are endeavoring to
+excite an opposition to our carrying the produce of the
+West India Islands from those islands to Europe, even to
+Great Britain. There are also secret schemes to exclude
+us, if they can, from the trade of Ireland, to possess themselves
+of the carrying trade of the United States, by prohibiting
+any American vessel to bring to Great Britain any
+commodity but those of the State to which it belongs.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+Thus, a Philadelphia vessel can carry no tobacco, rice, or
+indigo, nor a Carolina vessel wheat or flour, nor a Boston
+vessel either, unless grown in its own State. In this way,
+a superficial party think they can possess themselves of the
+carriage of almost all the productions of the United States,
+annihilate our navigation and nurseries of seamen, and
+keep all to themselves more effectually than ever. They
+talk too of discouraging the people of the United States,
+and encouraging those of Canada and Nova Scotia, in
+such a manner as to increase the population of those two
+Provinces, even by migrations from the United States.
+These are dreams, to be sure; but the dreamers are so
+many, as to intimidate the present Ministry, who dare venture
+upon nothing that will make a clamor. I have lately
+heard, that the merchants in America are waiting to hear
+the regulations of trade made here. They will wait, I
+know not how long. There is no present prospect of our
+agreeing at all upon any regulations of trade.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 23d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The British nation and Ministry are in a very unsettled
+state; they find themselves in a new situation, and have
+not digested any plan. Ireland is in a new situation; she
+is independent of Parliament, and the English know not
+how to manage her. To what an extent she will claim a
+right of trading with the United States, is unknown. Canada
+too, and Nova Scotia, are in a new situation; the
+former, they say, must have a new government. But
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>
+what form to give them, and, indeed, what kind of government
+they are capable of, or would be agreeable to them,
+is uncertain. Nothing is digested.</p>
+
+<p>There is a party, composed probably of refugees,
+friends of the old hostile system, and fomented by emissaries
+of several foreign nations, who do not wish a cordial
+reconciliation and sincere friendship between Great Britain
+and the United States, who clamor for the conservation of
+the navigation act, and the carrying trade. If these should
+succeed so far as to excite Parliament or the Ministry to
+adopt a contracted principle, to exclude us from the West
+India trade, and from trading with Canada and Nova Scotia,
+and from carrying freely, in vessels belonging to any
+one of the Thirteen States, the production of any other to
+Great Britain, the consequences may be to perplex us for
+a time, may bind us closer to France, Spain, Holland,
+Germany, Italy, and the northern nations, and thus be fatal
+to Great Britain, without being finally very hurtful to us.</p>
+
+<p>The nations of Europe, who have islands in the West
+Indies, have, at this moment, a delicate part to take.
+Upon their present decisions, great things will depend.
+The commerce of the West India Islands, is a part of the
+American system of commerce. They can neither do
+without us, nor we without them. The Creator has placed
+us upon the globe in such a situation, that we have occasion
+for each other. We have the means of assisting each
+other, and politicians and artful contrivances cannot separate
+us. Wise statesmen, like able artists of every kind,
+study nature, and their works are perfect in proportion as
+they conform to her laws. Obstinate attempts to prevent
+the islands and the continent, by force or policy, from deriving
+from each other those blessings, which nature has
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>
+enabled them to afford, will only put both to thinking of
+means of coming together. And an injudicious regulation
+at this time may lay a foundation for intimate combinations,
+between the islands and the continent, which otherwise
+would not be wished for, or thought of by either.</p>
+
+<p>If the French, Dutch, and Danes, have common sense,
+they will profit of any blunder Great Britain may commit
+upon this occasion. The ideas of the British cabinet and
+merchants, at present, are so confused upon all these subjects,
+that we can get them to agree to nothing. I still
+think, that the best policy of the United States is, to send
+a Minister to London to negotiate a treaty of commerce,
+instructed to conclude nothing, not the smallest article,
+until he has sent it to Congress, and received their approbation.
+In the meantime, Congress may admit any British
+or Irish ships, that have arrived, or may arrive, to
+trade as they please.</p>
+
+<p>For my own part, I confess I would not advise Congress
+to bind themselves to anything, that is not reasonable
+and just. If we should agree to revive the trade upon the
+old footing, it is the utmost that can, with a color of justice
+or modesty, be requested of us. This is not equal, but
+might be borne. Rather than go further, and deny ourselves
+the freight from the West Indies to Europe, at least,
+to Great Britain, especially rather than give away our own
+carrying trade, by agreeing that the ships of one State
+should not carry to Great Britain the produce of another,
+I would be for entering into still closer connexions with
+France, Spain, and Holland, and purchase of them, at the
+expense of Great Britain, what she has not wisdom enough
+to allow us for her own good.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 24th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The gazettes of Europe still continue to be employed,
+as the great engines of fraud and imposture to the good
+people of America. Stockjobbers are not the only people,
+who employ a set of scribblers to invent and publish falsehoods
+for their own peculiar purposes. British and
+French, as well as other politicians, entertain these fabricators
+of paragraphs, who are stationed about in the various
+cities of Europe, and take up each other's productions in
+such a manner, that no sooner does a paragraph appear in
+a French, Dutch, or English paper, but it is immediately
+seized on, and reprinted in all the others; this is not all;
+in looking over the American newspapers, I observe,
+that nothing is seized on with so much avidity by the
+American <i>nouvellists</i>, for republication in their gazettes, as
+these political lies. I cannot attribute this merely to the
+credulity of the printers, who have generally more discernment
+than to be deceived. But I verily believe, there are
+persons in every State employed to select out these things,
+and get them reprinted.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the invention is so simple, as really to deceive.
+Such, I doubt not, will be that of a long paragraph
+in the English papers, all importing that Mr Hartley
+had made a treaty of commerce with us, or was upon
+the point of concluding one. Nothing is further from
+the truth. We have not to this hour agreed upon one
+proposition, nor do I see any probability that we shall at
+all, respecting commerce.</p>
+
+<p>We have not, indeed, as yet, agreed upon a point respecting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>
+the definitive treaty. We are waiting for those instructions
+of yours, which you mentioned in yours of the
+14th of April, which I have not yet received.</p>
+
+<p>Americans should be cautious of European newspapers,
+as well as of their own; more so, indeed, because they
+have not so much knowledge, and so good opportunities
+to detect the former as the latter. There is a great number
+of persons in Europe, who insert things in the papers
+in order to make impressions in America. Characters are
+in this way built up and pulled down, without the least
+consideration of justice, and merely to answer sinister purposes,
+sometimes extremely pernicious to the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 27th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday Dr Franklin, Mr Jay, and myself, met to
+prepare the definitive treaty, and made so much progress
+in it, that tomorrow we shall be ready to communicate to
+Mr Hartley the result. But I have small hopes of obtaining
+anything more by the definitive treaty.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Manchester, and Count d'Aranda have
+arranged everything between England and Spain, and are
+ready to finish for their two Courts. France, I presume,
+waits only for Holland, or perhaps for some other negotiation
+with the Imperial Courts. If all the other parties were
+now to declare themselves ready, we should be puzzled.
+In such a case, however, I am determined (and I believe, but
+do not know, that my colleagues would join me) to declare
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span>
+myself ready to sign the provisional treaty, <i>totidem verbis</i>,
+for a definitive treaty.</p>
+
+<p>From all I can learn, I am persuaded we shall gain
+nothing by any further negotiation. If we obtain anything
+by way of addition or explanation, we shall be obliged to
+give more for it than it is worth. If the British Minister
+refuses to agree to such changes as we may think reasonable,
+and refuses to sign the provisional articles as definitive
+ones, I take it for granted, France will not sign till we
+do. If they should they are still safe, for the provisional
+articles are to constitute the treaty as soon as France has
+made peace, and I should rather have it on that footing,
+than make any material alteration.</p>
+
+<p>I have put these several cases, because I should be supprised
+at nothing from the present British Ministry. If
+they have any plan at all, it is a much less gracious one
+towards America, than that of their immediate predecessors.
+If Shelburne, Townshend, Pitt, &amp;c. had continued,
+we should have had everything settled long ago, to our entire
+satisfaction, and to the infinite advantage of Great
+Britain and America, in such a manner as would have
+restored good humor and affection, as far as in the nature
+of things they can now be restored.</p>
+
+<p>After the great point of acknowledging our independence
+was got over, by issuing Mr Oswald's last commission, this
+Shelburne administration conducted towards us like men
+of sense and honor. The present administration have
+neither discovered understanding nor sincerity. The present
+British administration is unpopular, and it is in itself so
+heterogeneous a composition, that it seems impossible it
+should last long. Their present design seems to be not to
+commit themselves by agreeing to anything. As soon as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+anything is done, somebody will clamor. While nothing is
+done, it is not known what to clamor about. If there
+should be a change in favor of the Ministry that made the
+peace, and a dissolution of this profligate league, which
+they call the coalition, it would be much for the good of
+all who speak the English language. If fame says true,
+the coalition was formed at gambling tables, and is conducted
+as it was formed, upon no other than gambling
+principles.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the fate of a nation, which stands tottering on the
+brink of a precipice, with a debt of two hundred and fiftysix
+millions sterling on its shoulders; the interest of which,
+added to the peace establishment only, exceeds by above
+a million annually all their revenues, enormously and intolerably
+as they are already taxed. The only chance they
+have for salvation is in a reform, and in recovering the
+affection of America. The last Ministry were sensible of
+this, and acted accordingly. The present Ministry are so
+far from being sensible of it, or caring about it, that they
+seem to me to be throwing the last dice for the destruction
+of their country.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, June 27th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>A few vessels have arrived in England from various
+parts of America, and have probably made the Ministry,
+merchants, and manufacturers less anxious about a present
+arrangement of commerce. Whether these vessels have
+rashly hazarded these voyages against the laws of their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span>
+country, or whether they have permission from Congress,
+or their States, we are not informed.</p>
+
+<p>It would have been better, no doubt, to have had an
+agreement made before the trade was opened, but the
+eagerness of both sides may not easily be restrained.
+Whether it is practicable for Congress to stop the trade, I
+know not, or whether it would be expedient if practicable,
+I doubt.</p>
+
+<p>The balance of parties in England is so nicely poised,
+that the smallest weight shifts the scales. In truth nothing
+can be done without changing the Ministry, for whatever is
+done raises a cry sufficient to shake those who do it. In
+this situation, it is a question whether it is best to keep
+things in suspense, or bring them to a decision. If Congress
+were to prohibit all trade with England, until a
+Treaty of Commerce were made, or some temporary convention
+at least, it might bring on a decision, by exciting a
+cry against the Ministry for not making a convention.
+But the moment a convention is made, a cry will be raised
+against them for making it. The present Ministry, to judge
+by their motions hitherto, will hazard the clamor for not
+making one, rather than that for making one. They think
+it least dangerous to them, especially since they have seen
+so many American vessels arrive in England, and have
+heard, that British ships are admitted to an entry in the
+ports of America, particularly Philadelphia.</p>
+
+<p>The most difficult thing to adjust in a Treaty of Commerce,
+will be the communications we shall have with the
+West India Islands. This is of great importance to us,
+and to the islands, and I think to Great Britain too. Yet
+there is a formidable party for excluding us at least from
+carrying the produce of those islands to Great Britain.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Much will depend upon the Minister you first send to
+London. An American Minister would be a formidable
+person to any British Minister whatever. He would converse
+with all parties, and if he is a prudent, cautious man,
+he would at this moment have more influence there than
+you can imagine.</p>
+
+<p>We are chained here on the only spot in the world,
+where we can be of no use. If my colleagues were of
+my mind, we would all go together to London, where we
+could negotiate the Definitive Treaty, and talk of arrangements
+of commerce to some purpose. However, one
+Minister in London, with proper instructions, would do
+better than four. He would have the artifices of French
+emissaries to counteract, as well as English partizans; for
+you may depend upon it, the French see with pleasure the
+improbability of our coming soon and cordially together, as
+they saw with manifest regret, the appearances of cordial
+reconciliation under the former administration. These
+sentiments are not unnatural, but we are under no obligation,
+from mere complaisance, to sacrifice interests of such
+deep and lasting consequence. For it is not merely mercantile
+profit and convenience, that is at stake; future wars,
+long and bloody wars, may be either avoided or entailed
+upon our posterity, as we conduct wisely or otherwise the
+present negotiation with Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 3d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the last Ambassador's day, which was last Tuesday,
+Dr Franklin, Mr Jay, and myself waited on the Count de
+Vergennes, who told us, he thought he had agreed with
+the Duke of Manchester, but that his Grace had not yet
+received the positive approbation of his Court. The
+Count advised us to make a visit altogether to the Ambassadors
+of the two Imperial Courts. Accordingly, yesterday
+morning we went, first to the Count de Mercy Argenteau,
+the Ambassador of the Emperor of Germany, and
+King of Hungary and Bohemia. His Excellency was
+not at home, so we left our card.</p>
+
+<p>We went next to the Prince Bariatinski, Minister Plenipotentiary
+from the Court of Russia; our servant asked
+if the Prince was at home, and received for answer, that
+he was. We were shown into the Prince's apartment,
+who received us very politely. While we were here, Mr
+Markoff came in. He also is a Minister Plenipotentiary,
+adjoined to the Prince in the affair of the mediation. I
+told him we proposed to do ourselves the honor of calling
+on him. He answered, "As you are an old acquaintance
+I shall be very happy to see you." Whether this was
+a turn of politeness, or whether it was a political distinction,
+I know not. We shall soon know, by his returning,
+or not returning, our visit. The Prince asked where
+I lodged, and I told him. This indicates an intention to
+return the visit.</p>
+
+<p>We went next to the Dutch Ambassador's, M. de Berkenrode.
+He was not at home, or not visible. Next to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span>
+the Baron de Blome, Envoy Extraordinary of the King of
+Denmark; not at home. Next to M. Markoff's. The
+porter answered, that he was at home. We alighted, and
+were going to his apartment, when we were told he was
+not come in. We left a card, and went to the other Dutch
+Ambassador's, M. Brantzen, who was not at home; <i>en
+passant</i>, we left a card at the Swedish Minister's, and returned
+home, the heat being too excessive to pursue our
+visits any further.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, we have made visits to all the Ministers, who are
+to be present at the signature of the definitive treaty.
+Whether the Ministers of the Imperial Courts will be present,
+I know not. There are many appearances of a coldness
+between France and Russia, and the Emperor seems
+to waver between two opinions, whether to join in the
+war that threatens, or not. Perhaps the Ministers of the
+Imperial Courts will write for instructions whether to return
+or not our visit.</p>
+
+<p>After I had begun this letter, Captain Barney came in,
+and delivered me your duplicate of No. 12, November the
+6th, 1782; duplicate of No. 14, December the 19th,
+1782, and triplicate of No. 16, April the 14th, 1783, and
+the original of your letter of the 18th of April, 1783, not
+numbered. The last contained my account. But as I
+have never received any of this money from Dr Franklin,
+or M. Gerard, but have my salary from Messrs Willinks &amp;
+Co. at Amsterdam, I am extremely sorry you have had so
+much trouble with this affair.</p>
+
+<p>Although in your later letters you say nothing of my
+resignation, or the acceptance of it, I expect to receive it
+soon, and then I shall have an opportunity to settle the
+affair of my salary at Philadelphia.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After reading your letters to me, I went out to Passy to
+see those addressed to us all. Dr Franklin, Mr Jay, and
+myself, (Mr Laurens being still in England) read them all
+over together. We shall do all in our power to procure
+the advantages in the definitive treaty, you mention. The
+state of parties is such in England, that it is impossible to
+foresee when there will be a Ministry, who will dare to
+take any step at all. The coalition between Lord North
+and his connexions, and Mr Fox and his, is a rope of sand.
+Mr Fox, by pushing the vote in the House of Commons
+disapproving the peace, and by joining so many of the old
+Ministers in the new administration, has justly excited so
+many jealousies of his sincerity, that no confidence can be
+placed in him by us. I am extremely sorry, that the most
+amiable men in the nation, Portland, and the Cavendishes,
+should have involved themselves in the same reproach.</p>
+
+<p>In short, at present, Shelburne, Pitt, Townshend, and
+the administration of which they were members, seem to
+have been the only ones, who, for a moment, had just
+notions of their country and ours. Whether these men, if
+now called to power, would pursue their former ideas, I
+know not. The Bible teaches us not to put our trust in
+Princes, and <i>à fortiori</i> in Ministers of State.</p>
+
+<p>The West India commerce now gives us most anxiety.
+If the former British Ministry had stood, we might have
+secured it from England, and, in that case, France would
+have been obliged to admit us to their islands, <i>se defendendo</i>.
+The first maxim of a statesman, as well as that of
+a statuary, or a painter, should be to study nature; to cast
+his eyes round about his country, and see what advantages
+nature has given it. This was well attended to, in the
+boundary between the United States and Canada, and in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>
+the fisheries. The commerce of the West India Islands,
+falls necessarily into the natural system of the commerce
+of the United States. We are necessary to them and
+they to us; and there will be a commerce between us.
+If the government forbid it, it will be carried on clandestinely;
+France can more easily connive at a contraband
+trade than England. But we ought to wish to avoid the
+temptation to this. I believe, that neither France nor England
+will allow us to transport the productions of their
+Islands to other parts of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The utmost we may hope to obtain would be permission
+to import the productions of the French Islands into
+France, giving bond to land them in some port of that
+kingdom, and the productions of the English Islands into
+some port of Great Britain, giving bonds to land them
+there. It must, however, be the care of the Minister, who
+may have to negotiate a treaty of commerce with Great
+Britain, to obtain as ample freedom in this trade as
+possible.</p>
+
+<p>While I was writing the above, my servant announced
+the Imperial Ambassador, whom I rose to receive. He
+said, that he was happy that the circumstances of the times
+afforded him an opportunity of forming an acquaintance
+with me, which he hoped would be improved into a more
+intimate one. I said, his Excellency did me great honor,
+and begged him to sit, which he did, and fell into a conversation
+of an hour. We ran over a variety of subjects,
+particularly the commerce which might take place between
+the United States and Germany, by the way of Trieste
+and Fiume, and the Austrian Netherlands, and the great
+disposition in Germany to migration to America. He
+says he knows the country round about Trieste very well,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>
+having an estate there; that it is a very extensive and a
+very rich country, which communicates with that maritime
+city, and that the navigation of the Adriatic sea, though
+long, is not dangerous. I asked him what we should do
+with the Barbary powers. He said, he thought all the
+powers of the world ought to unite in the suppression of
+such a detestable race of pirates, and that the Emperor had
+lately made an insinuation to the Porte upon the subject.
+I asked him if he thought France and England would
+agree to such a project, observing that I had heard that
+some Englishmen had said, "if there were no Algiers,
+England ought to build one." He said, he could not
+answer for England.</p>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary to repeat any more of the conversation,
+which turned upon the frugal and industrious character of
+the Germans, the best cultivators in Europe, and the dishonorable
+traffic of some of the German Princes in men, a
+subject he introduced and enlarged on himself. I said
+nothing about it. Rising up to take leave, he repeated
+several compliments he had made when he first came in,
+and added, "The Count de Vergennes will do me the
+honor to dine with me one of these days, and I hope to
+have that of your company. We will then speak of an
+affair upon which the Count de Vergennes and you have
+already conversed."</p>
+
+<p>This shows there is something in agitation, but what it
+is I cannot conjecture; whether it is to induce us to make
+the compliment to the two Imperial Courts to sign the
+definitive treaty as mediators, whether there is any project
+of an association for the liberty of navigation, or whether it
+is any other thing, I cannot guess at present, but I will
+write you as soon as I know. Whatever it is, we must
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+treat it with respect, but we shall be very careful how we
+engage our country in measures of consequence without
+being clear of our powers, and without the instructions of
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>I went out to Passy, and found from Mr Jay, that he
+had made his visit there, in the course of the day, but had
+said nothing to Dr Franklin or him about the dinner with
+the Count de Vergennes. In the course of the day, I had
+visits from the Prince Bariatinski and M. de Markoff, the
+two Ministers of the Empress of Russia. The porter told
+these gentlemen's servants, that I was at home, but they
+did not come up, but only sent up their cards.</p>
+
+<p>While I was gone to Passy, Monsieur de Blome, Envoy
+Extraordinary from the King of Denmark, called and left
+his card. Thus the point of etiquette seems to be settled,
+and we are to be treated in character by all the Powers of
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT MORRIS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 5th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your favors of the 12th and 29th of May were delivered
+to me on the 3d of this month by Captain Barney.
+Every assistance, in my power, shall be given to Mr Barclay.
+Mr Grand will write you the amount of all the bills
+which have been paid in Holland, which were accepted by
+me. You may banish your fears of a double payment of
+any one bill. I never accepted a bill without taking down
+in writing a very particular description of it, nor without
+examining the book, to see whether it had been accepted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>
+before. I sent regularly, in the time of it, copies of these
+acceptances to Dr Franklin, and I have now asked him to
+lend them to me, that I may copy them and send them to
+you. The Doctor has promised to look up my letters, and
+let me have them. The originals are at the Hague, with
+multitudes of other papers, which I want every day.</p>
+
+<p>Among the many disagreeable circumstances attending
+my duty in Europe, it is not the least, that instead of being
+fixed to any one station, I have been perpetually danced
+about from "post to pillar," unable to have my books and
+papers with me, unable to have about me the conveniences
+of a house-keeper for health, pleasure, or business, but yet
+subjected in many articles to double expenses.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Livingston has not informed me of any determination
+of Congress upon my letter to you of the 17th of November,
+which distresses me much on Mr Thaxter's account,
+who certainly merits more than he has received, or can receive,
+without the favor of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>I thank you, Sir, most affectionately for your kind congratulation
+on the peace. Our late enemies always clamor
+against a peace, but this one is better for them than they
+had reason to expect after so mad a war. Our countrymen
+too, I suppose, are not quite satisfied. This thing and
+that thing should have been otherwise, no doubt. If any
+man blames us I wish him no other punishment than to
+have, if that were possible, just such another peace to negotiate,
+exactly in our situation. I cannot look back upon this
+event without the most affecting sentiments, when I consider
+the number of nations concerned, the complications of interests,
+extending all over the globe, the characters of actors,
+the difficulties which attended every step of the progress,
+how everything labored in England, France, Spain, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>
+Holland, that the armament at Cadiz was upon the point
+of sailing, which would have rendered another campaign
+inevitable, that another campaign would have probably
+involved France in a continental war, as the Emperor
+would in that case have joined Russia against the Porte;
+that the British Ministry was then in so critical a situation,
+that its duration for a week or a day depended upon its
+making peace; that if that Ministry had been changed, it
+could have been succeeded only either by North and
+Company, or by the coalition; that it is certain, that
+neither North and Company, nor the coalition, would have
+made peace upon any terms, that either we or the other
+Powers would have agreed to; and that all these difficulties
+were dissipated by one decided step of the British
+and American Ministers. I feel too strongly a gratitude to
+Heaven for having been conducted safely through the
+storm, to be very solicitous whether we have the approbation
+of mortals or not.</p>
+
+<p>A delay of one day might, and probably would, have
+changed the Ministry in England, in which case all would
+have been lost. If, after we had agreed with Mr Oswald,
+we had gone to Versailles to show the result to the Count
+de Vergennes, you would have been this moment at war,
+and God knows how or when you would have got out.
+What would have been the course? The Count de Vergennes
+would have sprinkled us with compliments, the
+holy water of a Court. He would have told us; "you
+have done, gentlemen, very well for your country. You
+have gained a great deal. I congratulate you upon it, but
+you must not sign till we are ready; we must sign altogether
+here in this room." What would have been our
+situation? We must have signed against this advice, as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+Mr Laurens says he would have done, and as I believe Mr
+Jay and I should have done, which would have been the
+most marked affront, that could have been offered, or we
+must have waited for France and Spain, which would have
+changed the Ministry in England, and lost the whole peace,
+as certainly as there is a world in being. When a few
+frail vessels are navigating among innumerable mountains
+of ice, driven by various winds, and drawn by various currents,
+and a narrow crevice appears to one, by which all
+may escape, if that one improves the moment and sets the
+example, it will not do to stand upon ceremonies, and ask,
+which shall go first, or that all may go together.</p>
+
+<p>I hope you will excuse this little excursion, and believe
+me to be, with great respect and esteem, your most obedient
+and most humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 7th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>We cannot as yet obtain from Mr Hartley, or his principals,
+an explicit consent to any one proposition whatever.
+Yet England and France, and England and Spain are
+probably agreed, and Holland, I suppose, must comply.
+Our last resource must be to say, we are ready to sign
+the Provisional Treaty, <i>totidem verbis</i>, as the Definitive
+Treaty.</p>
+
+<p>I think it is plain, that the British Ministry do not intend
+to sign any treaty till Parliament rises. There are such
+dissensions in the Cabinet, that they apprehend a treaty
+laid before Parliament, if it did not obtain advantages, of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span>
+which they have no hope, would furnish materials to overthrow
+them. A new administration is talked of, under
+Lord Temple. The West India commerce is now the
+object, that interests us the most nearly. At dinner with
+the Duc de la Vauguyon, on Saturday last, he told me,
+that he believed the commerce between the French West
+India Islands and the United States, would be confined
+to ships built in France, and navigated by French seamen.</p>
+
+<p>"So then, M. le Duc," said I, laughing, "you have
+adopted the ideas of the British navigation act. But suppose
+the United States should adopt them too, and make a
+law, that no commerce should be carried on with any West
+India Islands, French, English, Spanish, Dutch, or Danish,
+but in ships built in America, and navigated with American
+seamen? We can import sugar from Europe. But
+give me leave to tell you, that this trade can never be carried
+on without a great number of seamen, which the
+French vessels being all large require, and your navigators
+are too slow. The trade itself was only profitable to us
+as a system, and little vessels, with a few hands, run away
+at any season of the year, from any creek or river, with a
+multitude of little articles, collected in haste. Your merchants
+and mariners have neither the patience to content
+themselves with much and long labor, and dangerous voyages
+for small profits, nor have they the economy, nor can
+they navigate vessels with so few hands." "Aye, but we
+think," said the Duke, "if we do not try, we shall never
+learn to do these things as well and as cheap as you."
+The Duke told me, some days before, that he had had a
+great deal of conversation with the Count de Vergennes,
+and he found he had a great many good ideas of commerce.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span>
+The Count himself told me a few weeks ago, "in
+our regulations of the commerce between our Islands and
+you, we must have regard to our shipping, and our nurseries
+of seamen for our marine; for," said he, smiling
+politely enough, "without a marine, we cannot go to your
+succor."</p>
+
+<p>In short, France begins to grow, for a moment, avaricious
+of navigation and seamen. But it is certain, that
+neither the form of government, nor the national character,
+can possibly admit of great success in it. Navigation is so
+dangerous a business, and requires so much patience, and
+produces so little profit among nations who understand it
+best, and have the best advantages for it, where property
+is most secure, lawsuits soonest and cheapest ended, (and
+by fixed certain laws,) that the French can never interfere
+much with the Dutch, or Americans, in ship building or
+carrying trade. If any French merchants ever begin to
+carry on this commerce, between America and the Islands,
+they will break to pieces very soon, and then some new
+plan must be adopted. The English, for aught I know,
+will make a similar law, that the communications between
+us and their Islands shall be carried on in British built
+ships, or ships built in Canada or Nova Scotia, and navigated
+by British seamen. In this case, we must try what
+we can do with the Dutch and Danes. But the French
+and English will endeavor to persuade them to the same
+policy, for the Duc de la Vauguyon told me, that he
+thought it a common tie (<i>lien commun</i>.) In this they will
+not succeed, and we must make the most we can of the
+Dutch friendship, for luckily, the merchants and Regency
+of Amsterdam had too much wit to exclude us from their
+Islands by the treaty. Happily, Congress will have a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span>
+Dutch Minister, with whom they may consult upon this
+matter, as well as any others, but I should think it would
+not be convenient to invite an English or French Minister
+to be present at the consultation.</p>
+
+<p>I am at a loss, Sir, to guess what propositions made to
+us Congress have been informed of, which they had not
+learned from us. None have been made to us. The Dutch
+Ambassadors did once propose a meeting to us, and had it
+at my house. Dr Franklin came, but Mr Jay did not,
+and Mr Laurens was absent. The Ambassadors desired
+to know, whether we had power to enter into any engagements,
+provided France, Spain, and Holland, should agree
+to any, in support of the armed neutrality. We showed
+them the resolution of Congress, of the 5th of October,
+1780, and told them, that Mr Dana had been since vested
+with a particular commission to the same effect. We
+never heard anything further about it.</p>
+
+<p>Not seeing, at the time, any probability that anything
+would come of this, nor intending to do anything of any
+consequence in it, if we should hear further of it, without
+the further orders of Congress, we did not think it necessary
+to write anything about it, at least, till it should put on
+a more serious appearance. If the Count de Mercy's dinner,
+to which we are to be invited, with the Count de
+Vergennes, should produce any insinuations on this subject,
+(which I do not, however, expect) we shall inform
+you, and request the orders of Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 9th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since the dangerous fever I had in Amsterdam, two
+years ago, I have never enjoyed my health. Through the
+whole of the last winter and spring, I have suffered under
+weaknesses and pains, which have scarcely permitted me
+to do business. The excessive heats of the last week or
+two have brought on me a fever again, which exhausts me
+in such a manner, as to be very discouraging, and incapacitates
+one for everything. In short, nothing but a return
+to America will ever restore my health, if even that
+should do it.</p>
+
+<p>In these circumstances, however, we have negotiations
+to go through, and your despatches to answer. The liberal
+sentiments in England respecting the trade are all
+lost for the present, and we can get no answer to anything.
+It is the same thing with the Dutch. One of the Dutch
+Ambassadors told me yesterday at Versailles, that now,
+for five weeks, the English had never said one word to
+them, nor given them any answer. These things indicate,
+that the Ministry do not think themselves permanent.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Vergennes asked Dr Franklin and me,
+yesterday, if we had made our visits. We answered,
+that we had, and that they had been promptly returned.
+"The thing in agitation," says the Count, "is for you to
+determine whether your definitive treaty shall be signed
+under the mediation of the two Imperial Courts, or not.
+Ours and the Spanish treaty with England are to be so
+finished, and if you determine in favor of it, you have
+only to write a letter to the Ministers of the Imperial
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span>
+Courts, who are here." I told him, in the present case,
+I did not know what a mediation meant. He smiled,
+but did not seem to know any better than I; at least,
+he did not explain it. We told him we would determine
+upon it soon.</p>
+
+<p>How we shall determine, I cannot say. For my own
+part, I see no harm in accepting the mediation, nor any
+other good, than a compliment to the two empires. In
+Europe it may be thought an honor to us, and, therefore,
+I shall give my voice, as at present informed, in favor of it,
+as it seems rather to be the inclination of the Count de
+Vergennes that we should.</p>
+
+<p>Your late despatches, Sir, are not well adapted to give
+spirits to a melancholy man, or to cure one sick with a
+fever. It is not possible for me, at present, to enter into a
+long detail in answer to them. You will be answered, I
+suppose, by all the gentlemen jointly. In the meantime, I
+beg leave to say to you a few words upon two points.</p>
+
+<p>1st. The separate article never appeared to me of any
+consequence to conceal from this Court. It was an agreement
+we had a right to make; it contained no injury to
+France or Spain. Indeed, I know not what France has,
+or ever had, to do with it. If it had been communicated
+to this Court, it would probably have been communicated
+to Spain, and she might have thought more about it than
+it was worth. But how you could conceive it possible for
+us to treat at all with the English, upon supposition, that
+we had communicated every, the minutest thing, to this
+Court, when this Court were neither obliged, nor thought
+proper, to communicate anything whatever to us, I know
+not. We were bound by treaty no more than they to
+communicate. The instructions were found to be absolutely
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span>
+impracticable. That they were too suddenly published,
+is very true.</p>
+
+<p>2dly. A communication of the treaty to this Court, after
+it was agreed upon, and before it was signed, would have
+infallibly prevented the whole peace. In the first place,
+it was very doubtful, or rather, on the contrary, it is certain,
+the English Minister never would have consented that
+we should have communicated it. We might, it is true,
+have done it without his consent or knowledge; but what
+would have been the consequence? The French Minister
+would have said, the terms were very good for us, but we
+must not sign till they signed; and this would have been
+the continuance of the war for another year, at least. It
+was not so much from an apprehension, that the French
+would have exerted themselves to get away from us terms
+that were agreed on, that they were withheld. It was
+then too late, and we have reasons to apprehend, that all
+of this kind had been done, which could be done. We
+knew they were often insinuating to the British Ministers
+things against us, respecting the fisheries, tories, &amp;c. during
+the negotiation, and Mr Fitzherbert told me, that the
+Count de Vergennes had "fifty times reproached him for
+ceding the fisheries, and said it was ruining the English
+and French commerce both." It was not suspicion, it
+was certain knowledge, that they were against us on the
+points of the tories, fisheries, Mississippi, and the western
+country.</p>
+
+<p>All this knowledge, however, did not influence us to
+conceal the treaty. We did not, in fact, conceal it. Dr
+Franklin communicated the substance of it to the Count and
+M. de Rayneval. So did I. In a long conversation with
+the Count and M. de Rayneval together, I told them the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span>
+substance of what was agreed upon, and what we further
+insisted on, and the English then disputed. But the signing
+before them is the point. This we could not have done,
+if we had shown the treaty, and told them we were
+ready. The Count would certainly have said to us, you
+must not sign till we sign. To have signed after this
+would have been more disagreeable to him, and to us too.
+Yet we must have signed or lost the peace. The peace
+depended on a day.</p>
+
+<p>Parliament had been waiting long, and once prorogued.
+The Minister was so pressed, he could not have met Parliament
+and kept his place, without an agreement upon
+terms, at least, with America. If we had not signed, the
+Ministry would have been changed, and the coalition come
+in, and the whole world knows the coalition would not
+have made peace upon the present terms, and, consequently,
+not at all this year. The iron was struck in the
+few critical moments when it was of a proper heat, and has
+been moulded into a handsome vessel. If it had been
+suffered to cool, it would have flown in pieces like glass.
+Our countrymen have great reason to rejoice, that they
+have obtained so good a peace, when, and as they did.
+With the present threatening appearances of a northern
+war, which will draw in France, if our peace was still to
+be made we might find cause to tremble for many great
+advantages, that are now secured. I believe the Count
+himself, if he were now to speak his real sentiments, would
+say, he is very glad we signed when we did, and that without
+asking his consent.</p>
+
+<p>The Duc de la Vauguyon told me and M. Brantzen
+together, last Saturday, "if you had not signed when you
+did, we should not have signed when we did." If they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span>
+had not signed when they did, d'Estaing would have sailed
+from Cadiz, and in that case nobody would have signed
+to this day. It is not possible for men to be in more disagreeable
+circumstances than we were. We are none of
+us men of principles or dispositions to take pleasure in
+going against your sentiments, Sir, much less those of
+Congress. But in this case, if we had not done it, our
+country would have lost advantages beyond computation.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday, Sir, we pursued our visits, and today we
+finish. Yesterday at Court all the foreign Ministers behaved
+to us without reserve, as members of the <i>Corps Diplomatique</i>,
+so that we shall no longer see those lowering
+countenances, solemn looks, distant bows, and other peculiarities,
+which have been sometimes diverting, and sometimes
+provoking, for so many years.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 10th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>In the present violent heat of the weather, and feverish
+state of my health, I cannot pretend to sit long at my pen,
+and must pray you to accept of a few short hints only.</p>
+
+<p>To talk in a general style of confidence in the French
+Court, &amp;c. is to use a general language, which may mean
+almost anything, or almost nothing. To a certain degree,
+and as far as the treaties and engagements extend, I have
+as much confidence in the French Court as Congress has,
+or even as you, Sir, appear to have. But if, by confidence
+in the French Court is meant an opinion, that the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span>
+French Office of Foreign Affairs would be advocates with
+the English for our rights to the fisheries, or to the Mississippi
+river, or our Western Territory, or advocates to
+persuade the British Ministers to give up the cause of the
+refugees, and make Parliamentary provision for them, I
+own I have no such confidence, and never had. Seeing
+and hearing what I have seen and heard, I must have
+been an idiot to have entertained such confidence, I should
+be more of a Machiavelian, or a Jesuit, than I ever was,
+or will be, to counterfeit it to you, or to Congress.</p>
+
+<p>M. Marbois' letter is to me full proof of the principles
+of the Count de Vergennes. Why? Because I know,
+(for it was personally communicated to me upon my passage
+home, by M. Marbois himself,) the intimacy and confidence
+there is between these two. And I know further,
+that letter contains sentiments concerning the fisheries,
+diametrically opposite to those, which Marbois repeatedly
+expressed to me upon the passage, viz. "That the Newfoundland
+fishery was our right, and we ought to maintain
+it." From whence I conclude, M. Marbois' sentiments
+have been changed by the instructions of the Minister. To
+what purpose is it where this letter came from? Is it less
+genuine, whether it came from Philadelphia, Versailles, or
+London? What if it came through English hands? Is
+there less weight, less evidence in it for that? Are the
+sentiments more just, or more friendly to us for that?</p>
+
+<p>M. de Rayneval's correspondence too with Mr Jay.
+M. de Rayneval is a <i>Chef de Bureau</i>. But we must be
+very ignorant of all Courts not to know that an Under
+Secretary of State dares not carry on such a correspondence
+without the knowledge, consent, and orders of the
+principal.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There is another point now in agitation, in which the
+French will never give us one good word. On the contrary,
+they will say everything they can think of to persuade
+the English to deprive us of the trade of their West
+India Islands. They have already, with their emissaries,
+been the chief cause of the change of sentiment in London
+on this head against us. In general they see with
+pain every appearance of returning real and cordial friendship,
+such as may be permanent between us and Great
+Britain. On the contrary, they see with pleasure every
+seed of contention between us. The tories are an excellent
+engine of mischief between us, and are, therefore,
+very precious.</p>
+
+<p>Exclusion from the West India Islands will be another.
+I hold it to be the indispensable duty of my station, not
+to conceal from Congress these truths. Do not let us be
+dupes, under the idea of being grateful. Innumerable
+anecdotes happen daily to show, that these sentiments are
+general. In conversation, a few weeks ago, with the Duc
+de la Vauguyon, upon the subject of the West India trade,
+I endeavored to convince him, that France and England
+both ought to admit us freely to their islands. He entered
+into a long argument to prove, that both ought to exclude
+us. At last, I said, the English were a parcel of sots to
+exclude us, for the consequence would be, that in fifteen or
+twenty years we should have another war with them.
+"<i>Tant mieux! tant mieux! je vous en felicite</i>," cried the
+Duke, with great pleasure. "<i>Tant mieux pour nous</i>,"
+said I, because we shall conquer from the English in that
+case all their islands, the inhabitants of which would now
+declare for us, if they dared. But it will not be the
+better for the English. They will be the dupes, if they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span>
+lay a foundation for it. "Yes," said the Duke, "I believe
+you will have another war with the English." And in this
+wish he expressed the vows of every Frenchman upon the
+face of the earth. If, therefore, we have it in contemplation
+to avoid a future war with the English, do not let
+us have too much confidence in the French, that they will
+favor us in this view.<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> See a letter from Dr Franklin, containing remarks on Mr
+Adams's opinions of the policy and designs of the French Court,
+dated July the 22d, 1783. <i>Franklin's Correspondence</i>, Vol. IV. p.
+138. Also a letter from Mr Laurens, Vol. II. p. 486.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT MORRIS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 10th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Upon the receipt of the despatches by Barney, I sent
+off your letters for Messrs Willinks &amp; Co. and I received
+last night an answer to the letter I wrote them upon the
+occasion. They have engaged to remit Mr Grand a million
+and a half of livres in a month, which has relieved Mr
+Grand from his anxiety.</p>
+
+<p>This Court has refused to Dr Franklin any more
+money. They are apprehensive of being obliged to take
+a part in the northern war, and their own financiers have
+not enough of the confidence of the public to obtain money
+for their own purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Your design of sending cargoes of tobacco and other
+things to Amsterdam, to Messrs Willinks &amp; Co. is the
+best possible to support our credit there. The more you
+send, the more money will be obtained. Send a Minister
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span>
+too; residing there, he may promote it much. It is a misfortune,
+that I have not been able to be there, but this
+post cannot be deserted. Instruct your Minister to inquire
+whether the House of Hope could be persuaded to engage
+with Willinks in a new loan. This should be done with
+secrecy and discretion. If that House would undertake it,
+you would find money enough for your purpose, for I rely
+upon it, the States will adopt a plan immediately for the
+effectual payment of interest. This is indispensable. The
+foundation of a happy government can only be laid in
+justice; and as soon as the public shall see, that provision
+is made for this, you will no longer want money.</p>
+
+<p>It is a maxim among merchants and monied men, that
+"every man has credit who does not want it." It is
+equally true of States. We shall want it but little longer,
+if the States make provision for the payment of interest,
+and therefore we shall have enough of it. There is not a
+country in the world whose credit ought to be so good,
+because there is none equally able to pay.</p>
+
+<p>Enclosed is a pamphlet of Dr Price's, for your comfort.
+You will see by it, that the only nation we have reason to
+fear wants credit so much, that she is not likely to have
+it always, and this is our security. By some hints from
+Mr Hartley, he will probably return to London, and not
+be here again. The present Ministry is so undecided and
+feeble, that it is at least doubtful whether they will make
+the definitive treaty of peace.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT MORRIS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 11th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>In my letter to you of yesterday, I hinted in confidence,
+at an application to the house of Hope. This is a very
+delicate measure. I was induced to think of it merely by
+a conversation which M. Van Berckel, (who will soon be
+with you, as he sailed the 26th of June from the Texel,)
+had with M. Dumas. It would be better to be steady to
+the three Houses already employed, if that is possible.
+You will now be able to converse freely with that Minister
+upon the subject. I should not advise you to take any decisive
+resolution at Philadelphia, but leave it to your Minister
+to act as shall appear to him best upon the spot. The
+Houses now employed are well esteemed, and I hope
+will do very well. But no House in the Republic has
+the force of that of Hope.</p>
+
+<p>All depends, however, upon the measures to be taken
+by Congress and the States for ascertaining their debts,
+and a regular discharge of the interest. The ability of the
+people to make such an establishment cannot be doubted;
+and the inclination of no man who has a proper sense of
+public honor can be called in question. The Thirteen
+States, in relation to the discharge of the debts of Congress,
+must consider themselves as one body animated by one
+soul. The stability of our confederation at home, our
+reputation abroad, our power of defence, the confidence
+and affection of the people of one State towards those of
+another, all depend upon it. Without a sacred regard to
+public justice no society can exist; it is the only tie which
+can unite men's minds and hearts in pursuit of the common
+interest.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The commerce of the world is now open to us, and our
+exports and imports are of so large amount, and our connexions
+will be so large and extensive, that the least stain
+upon our character in this respect will lose us in a very
+short time advantages of greater pecuniary value than all
+our debt amounts to. The moral character of our people
+is of infinitely greater worth than all the sums in question.
+Every hesitation, every uncertainty about paying or receiving
+a just debt, diminishes that sense of moral obligation
+of public justice, which ought to be kept pure, and
+carefully cultivated in every American mind. Creditors at
+home and abroad, the army, the navy, every man who has
+a well founded claim upon the public, have an unalienable
+right to be satisfied, and this by the fundamental principles
+of society. Can there ever be content and satisfaction?
+Can there ever be peace and order? Can there ever be
+industry or decency without it? To talk of a sponge to
+wipe out this debt, or of reducing or diminishing it below
+its real value, in a country so abundantly able to pay the
+last farthing, would betray a total ignorance of the first
+principles of national duty and interest.</p>
+
+<p>Let us leave these odious speculations to countries that
+can plead a necessity for them, and where corruption has
+arrived at its last stages; where infamy is scarcely felt,
+and wrong may as well assume one shape as another,
+since it must prevail in some.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 11th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>As there are certain particulars, in which it has appeared
+to me, that the friendship of a French Minister has
+been problematical, at least, or rather, not to exist at all, I
+have freely mentioned them to Congress; because I hold
+it to be the first duty of a public Minister, in my situation,
+to conceal no important truth of this kind from his masters.</p>
+
+<p>But ingratitude is an odious vice, and ought to be held
+in detestation by every American citizen. We ought to
+distinguish, therefore, between those points, for which we
+are not obliged to our allies, from those in which we are.</p>
+
+<p>I think, then, we are under no particular obligations of
+gratitude to them for the fisheries, the boundaries, exemption
+from the tories, or for the progress of our negotiations
+in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>We are under obligations of gratitude, for making the
+treaty with us when they did; for those sums of money,
+which they have generously given us, and for those, even,
+which they have lent us, which I hope we shall punctually
+pay, and be thankful still for the loan; for the fleet and
+army they sent to America, and for all the important services
+they did. By other mutual exertions, a dangerous
+rival to them, and I may be almost warranted in saying, an
+imperious master, both to them and us, has been brought
+to reason, and put out of the power to do harm to either.
+In this respect, however, our allies are more secure than
+we. The House of Bourbon has acquired a great accession
+of strength, while their hereditary enemy has been
+weakened one half, and incurably crippled.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The French are, besides, a good natured and humane
+nation, very respectable in arts, letters, arms, and commerce,
+and, therefore, motives of interest, honor, and
+convenience, join themselves to those of friendship and
+gratitude, to induce us to wish for the continuance of their
+friendship and alliance. The Provinces of Canada and
+Nova Scotia in the hands of the English are a constant
+warning to us to have a care of ourselves, and, therefore,
+a continuance of the friendship and alliance of France is of
+importance to our tranquillity, and even to our safety.
+There is nothing, which will have a greater effect to overawe
+the English, and induce them to respect us and our
+rights, than the reputation of a good understanding with the
+French. My voice and advice will, therefore, always be
+for discharging, with the utmost fidelity, gratitude, and
+exactness, every obligation we are under to France, and
+for cultivating her friendship and alliance by all sorts of
+good offices. But I am sure, that to do this effectually,
+we must reason with them at times, enter into particulars,
+and be sure that we understand one another. We
+must act a manly, honest, independent, as well as a sensible
+part.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great respect, I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 12th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Reports have been spread, that the Regency of Algiers
+has been employed in fitting out ships to cruise for American
+vessels. There are reports too, that Spain has an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span>
+armament prepared to attack their town. How much
+truth there may be in either, I cannot pretend to say.</p>
+
+<p>Whether Congress will take any measures for treating
+with these piratical States, must be submitted to them.
+The custom of these Courts, as well as those of Asia and
+Africa, is to receive presents with Ambassadors. The
+Grand Pensionary of Holland told me, that the Republic
+paid annually to the Regency of Algiers a hundred thousand
+dollars. I hope a less sum would serve for us; but
+in the present state of our finances, it would be difficult to
+make any payment. Mr Montgomery, of Alicant, has ventured
+to write a letter to the Emperor of Morocco, in consequence
+of which, his Majesty was pleased to give orders
+to all his vessels to treat American vessels with all friendship.
+Mr Montgomery ventured too far, however, in
+writing in the name of the United States, and what will be
+the consequences of the deception I know not.</p>
+
+<p>Dr Franklin lately mentioned to Mr Jay and me, that
+he was employed in preparing, with the Portuguese Ambassador,
+a treaty between the United States and Portugal.
+The next Ambassador's day at Versailles, I asked
+him if we could be admitted to the Brazils? He said, no,
+they admitted no nation to the Brazils. I asked, if we
+were admitted to the Western Islands? He said he thought
+Madeira was mentioned. I told him, I thought it would
+be of much importance to us to secure an admission to all
+the Azores, and to have these Islands, or some of them,
+made a depot for the sugars, coffee, cotton, and cocoa, &amp;c.
+of the Brazils. He liked this idea, and went immediately,
+and spoke to the Ambassador upon it. He said, the Ambassador
+had told him, that they could furnish us with
+these articles at Lisbon, fifteen per cent cheaper than the
+English could from their West India Islands.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This treaty, I suppose, will be submitted to Congress
+before it is signed, and I hope Congress will give a close
+attention to it, in order to procure an exemption from as
+many duties as possible, and as much freedom and security
+of trade in all their ports of Europe and the Western
+Islands as possible. If any particular stipulations should
+be necessary, concerning the free admission of all the
+articles of our produce, as rice, wheat, flour, salt-fish, or
+any other, the members of Congress may readily suggest
+them.</p>
+
+<p>I could wish that the Court of Lisbon had sent a
+Minister to Philadelphia to negotiate a treaty there. I
+wish that advantages may not be lost by this method
+of preparing treaties here, by Ministers who have made no
+particular study of the objects of them.<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> Benefits on both
+sides may escape attention in this way. A good treaty with
+Portugal is of so much consequence to us, that I should
+not wonder if Congress should think it necessary to send a
+Minister to Lisbon to complete it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> See the draft of a Treaty with Portugal, in <i>Franklin's Correspondence</i>,
+Vol. IV. p. 150.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 13th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday Colonel Ogden arrived with the originals of
+what we had before received in duplicates by Captain Barney.
+The ratification of the Dutch treaty had been
+before received and exchanged. The ratification of their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span>
+High Mightinesses is in the safe custody of M. Dumas,
+at present at the Hague.</p>
+
+<p>I believe we shall accept of the mediation of the two
+Imperial Courts at the definitive treaty, as it is a mere
+formality, a mere compliment, consisting wholly in the
+Imperial Ministers putting their names and seals to the
+parchment, and can have no ill effect. The inclination of
+the Count de Vergennes seems to be, that we should accept
+it, and as he calls upon us to decide in the affirmative
+or negative, I believe we shall give an answer in the
+affirmative.</p>
+
+<p>The Empress has promised to receive Mr Dana, as soon
+as the definitive treaty shall be signed, and he has prepared
+a treaty of commerce, which will be valuable if he can
+obtain it.</p>
+
+<p>The Emperor of Germany has caused to be intimated
+several ways, his inclination to have a treaty of commerce
+with us; but his rank is so high, that his House never
+makes the first formal advance. I should think it advisable,
+that we should have a treaty with that power for
+several reasons.</p>
+
+<p>1st. Because, as Emperor of Germany, and King of
+Bohemia and Hungary, he is at the head of one of the
+greatest interests and most powerful connexions in Europe.
+It is true it is the greatest weight in the scale, which is, and
+has been, from age to age, opposite to the House of Bourbon.
+But for this very reason, if there were no other, the
+United States ought to have a treaty of commerce with it,
+in order to be in practice with their theory, and to show to
+all the world, that their system of commerce embraces,
+equally and impartially, all the commercial States and
+countries of Europe.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span></p>
+
+<p>2dly. Because the present Emperor is one of the greatest
+men of this age. The wisdom and virtue of the man,
+as well as of the monarch; his personal activity, intelligence,
+and accomplishments; his large and liberal principles
+in matters of religion, government, and commerce,
+are so much of kin to those of our States, (perhaps indeed
+so much borrowed from them, and adopted in imitation of
+them,) that it seems peculiarly proper we should show this
+respect to them.</p>
+
+<p>3dly. Because, that if England should ever forget herself
+again so much as to attack us, she may not be so
+likely to obtain the alliance or assistance of this Power
+against us. A friendship once established in a treaty of
+commerce, this power would never be likely to violate,
+because she has no dominions near us, and could have no
+interest to quarrel with us.</p>
+
+<p>4thly. Because the countries belonging to this power
+upon the Adriatic sea, and in the Austrian Flanders, are
+no inconsiderable sources of commerce for America. And
+if the present negotiations between the two Imperial
+Courts and the Porte shall terminate in a free navigation
+of the Danube, the Black sea, and the Archipelago, the
+Emperor's hereditary dominions will become very respectable
+commercial countries.</p>
+
+<p>5thly. Because, although we have at present a pleasant
+and joyful prospect of friendship and uninterrupted alliance
+with the House of Bourbon, which I wish may never be
+obscured, yet this friendship and alliance will be the more
+likely to continue unimpaired, for our having the friendship
+and commerce of the House of Austria. And (as in
+the vicissitudes of human affairs all things are possible) if
+in future times, however unlikely at present, the House
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span>
+of Bourbon should deal unjustly by us, demand of us
+things we are not bound to perform, or any way injure us
+we may find in the alliance, of Austria, England, and Holland
+a resource against the storm. Supernumerary strings
+to our bow, and provisions against possible inconveniences,
+however improbable, can do us no harm.</p>
+
+<p>If we were not straitened for money, I should advise
+Congress to send a Minister to Vienna. But as every
+Mission abroad is a costly article, and we find it difficult,
+at present, to procure money for the most necessary purposes,
+I should think it proper for Congress to send a commission
+to their Minister at Versailles, London, Madrid,
+Petersburg, or the Hague, who might communicate it to
+the Court of Vienna, by means of the Imperial Ambassador.
+The Emperor in such a case would authorize his
+Ambassador at that Court to prepare and conclude a
+treaty, and in this way the business may be well done,
+without any additional expense.</p>
+
+<p>M. Favi, <i>Chargé d'Affaires</i> of the Grand Duke of
+Tuscany, the Emperor's brother, has called upon me so
+often to converse with me upon this subject, that I doubt
+not he has been employed, or at least knows that it would
+be agreeable to his Court and their connexions, although
+he has never made any official insinuations about it. This
+gentleman has been employed by the Republic of Ragusa
+to consult American Ministers upon the subject of commerce
+too. I have told him, that the American ports were
+open to the Ragusan Vessels, as well as to all others, and
+have given him the address, by which they propose to
+write to Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 14th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>A jealousy of American ships, seamen, carrying-trade,
+and naval power, appears every day more and more conspicuous.
+This jealousy, which has been all along discovered
+by the French Minister, is at length communicated
+to the English. The following proclamation, which will
+not increase British ships and seamen in any proportion as
+it will diminish those of the United States, will contribute
+effectually to make America afraid of England, and attach
+herself more closely to France. The English are the
+dupes, and must take the consequences.</p>
+
+<p>This proclamation is issued in full confidence, that the
+United States have no confidence in one another; that
+they cannot agree to act in a body as one nation; that they
+cannot agree upon any navigation act, which may be common
+to the Thirteen States. Our proper remedy would
+be to confine our exports to American ships, to make a
+law, that no article should be exported from any of the
+States in British ships, nor in the ships of any nation,
+which will not allow us reciprocally to import their productions
+in our ships. I am much afraid there is too good an
+understanding upon this subject between Versailles and St
+James's.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps it may be proper for Congress to be silent upon
+this head until New York, Penobscot, &amp;c. are evacuated.
+But I should think, that Congress would never bind themselves
+by any treaty built upon such principles. They
+should negotiate, however, without loss of time, by a Minister
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span>
+in London. A few weeks' delay may have unalterable
+effects.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title">PROCLAMATION</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle">At the Court of St James, the 2d of July, 1783.</p>
+
+<p>Present, the King's Most Excellent Majesty in Council.</p>
+
+<p>"Whereas, by an Act of Parliament, passed this session,
+entitled an 'Act for preventing certain instruments from
+being required from ships belonging to the United States
+of America, and to give his Majesty, for a limited time,
+certain powers for the better carrying on trade and commerce,
+between the subjects of his Majesty's dominions,
+and the inhabitants of the said United States;' it is amongst
+other things enacted, that, during the continuance of the
+said act, 'it shall and may be lawful for his Majesty in
+Council, by order or orders to be issued and published
+from time to time, to give such directions, and to make
+such regulations, with respect to duties, drawbacks, or
+otherwise, for carrying on the trade and commerce between
+the people and territories belonging to the Crown of
+Great Britain, and the people and territories of the said
+United States, as to his Majesty in Council shall appear
+most expedient and salutary, any law, usage, or custom to
+the contrary notwithstanding;' his Majesty doth, therefore,
+by and with the advice of his Privy Council, hereby
+order and direct, that pitch, tar, turpentine, hemp and flax,
+masts, yards, and bowsprits, staves, heading, boards, timber,
+shingles, and all other species of lumber, horses, neat
+cattle, sheep, hogs, poultry, and all other species of live
+stock, and live provisions; peas, beans, potatoes, wheat,
+flour, bread, biscuit, rice, oats, barley, and all other species
+of grain, being the growth, or production of any one of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span>
+the United States of America, may, until further order, be
+imported by British subjects, in British built ships, owned
+by his Majesty's subjects, and navigated according to law,
+from any port of the United States of America, to any of
+his Majesty's West India Islands; and that rum, sugar,
+molasses, coffee, cocoa-nuts, ginger, and pimento, may,
+until further order, be exported by British subjects, in
+British built ships, owned by his Majesty's subjects, and
+navigated according to law, from any of his Majesty's
+West India Islands, and to any port or place within the said
+United States, upon payment of the same duties on exportation,
+and subject to the like rules, regulations, securities,
+and restrictions, as the same articles by law are, or
+may be, subject and liable to, if exported to any British
+colony or plantation in America. And the Right Honorable
+the Lords Commissioners of his Majesty's Treasury,
+and the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, are to
+give the necessary directions herein, as to them may respectively
+appertain.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">STEPHEN COTTRELL."</p></div>
+
+<p>One of the most remarkable things in this proclamation
+is, the omission of salt-fish, an article, which the islands
+want as much as any that is enumerated. This is, no
+doubt, to encourage their own fishery, and that of Nova
+Scotia, as well as a blow aimed at ours. There was, in a
+former proclamation concerning the trade between the
+United States and Great Britain, an omission of the articles
+of <i>potash</i> and <i>pearlash</i>. These omissions discover a
+<i>choice love</i> for New England. France, I am afraid, will
+exclude fish too, and imitate this proclamation but too
+closely; if, indeed, this proclamation is not an imitation of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>
+their system adopted, as I believe it is, upon their advice
+and desire.</p>
+
+<p>These, however, are important efforts. Without saying,
+writing, or resolving anything suddenly, let us see what
+remedies or equivalents we can obtain from Holland, Portugal
+and Denmark. Let us bind ourselves to nothing, but
+reserve a right of making navigation acts when we please,
+if we find them necessary or useful. If we had been defeated
+of our fisheries, we should have been wormed out
+of all our carrying-trade too, and should have been a mere
+society of cultivators, without any but a passive trade.
+The policy of France has succeeded, and laid, in these
+proclamations, if persisted in, the sure source of another
+war between us and Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>The English nation is not, however, unanimous in this
+new system, as Congress will see by the enclosed speculations,<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+which I know to have been written by a confidential
+friend of my Lord Shelburne; I mean Mr Benjamin
+Vaughan. This Minister is very strong in the House of
+Lords, and Mr Pitt, in the House of Commons, has attached
+to him many members in the course of this session.
+If that set should come in again, we shall have a chance
+of making an equitable treaty of commerce. To this end
+a Minister must be ready; and I hope in mercy to our
+country, that such an opportunity will not be lost in delays,
+in compliance to our allies.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> This paper is missing.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris. July 14th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The United States of America have propagated far and
+wide in Europe the ideas of the liberty of navigation and
+commerce. The powers of Europe, however, cannot
+agree, as yet, in adopting them in their full extent. Each
+one desires to maintain the exclusive dominion of some
+particular sea, or river, and yet to enjoy the liberty of navigating
+all others. Great Britain wishes to preserve the
+exclusive dominion of the British seas, and, at the same
+time, to obtain of the Dutch a free navigation of all the seas
+in the East Indies. France has contended for the free use
+of the British and American seas; yet she wishes to maintain
+the Turks in their exclusive dominion of the Black
+sea, and of the Danube, which flows into it through some
+of their Provinces, and of the communication between the
+Black Sea and the Archipelago, by the Dardanelles. Russia
+aims at the free navigation of the Black Sea, the
+Danube, and the passage by the Dardanelles, yet she contends,
+that the nations, which border on the Baltic, have a
+right to control the navigation of it. Denmark claims the
+command of the passage of the Sound, and by the late
+Marine Treaty between the neutral powers, it was agreed,
+that the privateers of all the belligerent powers should be
+excluded from the Baltic. France and Spain too begin
+to talk of an exclusive dominion of the Mediterranean, and
+of excluding the Russian fleet from it; or, at least, France
+is said to have menaced Russia with a fleet of observation
+in the Mediterranean, to protect her commerce to the
+trading seaport towns of the Levant. But, as England
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span>
+possesses Gibraltar, and the Emperor of Morocco the
+other side of the Straits, France and Spain cannot command
+the entrance; so that it will be difficult for them to
+support their pretensions to any exclusive dominion of the
+Mediterranean, upon the principle on which the northern
+powers claim that of the Baltic, and the Porte the passage
+of the Dardanelles.</p>
+
+<p>France, at present, enjoys a large share of the trade to
+the Levant. England has enjoyed a share too, and wishes,
+no doubt, to revive it. The Emperor and the Empress,
+if they succeed in their views of throwing open the Danube,
+Black Sea, and Archipelago, will take away from
+France and England a great part of this trade; but it is
+not likely that England will join with France in any opposition
+to the Emperor and Empress.</p>
+
+<p>In order to judge of the object, which the two Empires
+have in view, we should look a little into the geography of
+those countries.</p>
+
+<p>The project of setting at liberty the whole country of
+ancient Greece, Macedonia, and Illyricum, and erecting independent
+Republics in those famous seats, however
+splendid it may appear in speculation, is not likely to be
+seriously entertained by the two Empires, because it is impracticable.
+The Greeks of this day, although they are
+said to have imagination and ingenuity, are corrupted in
+their morals to such a degree, as to be a faithless, perfidious
+race, destitute of courage, as well as of those principles
+of honor and virtue, without which nations can have
+no confidence in one another, nor be trusted by others.</p>
+
+<p>The project of conquering the Provinces of Albania,
+Romelia, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Little Tartary, from
+the Turks, and dividing them between the two Empires,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span>
+may be more probable; but the Turks, in Asia and Europe
+together, are very powerful, and, if thoroughly
+awakened, might make a great resistance; so that it is
+most probable, the two Imperial Courts would be content,
+if they could obtain by negotiation, or by arms, the free
+navigation of the Danube, Black Sea, and Archipelago.
+This freedom alone would produce a great revolution in
+the commerce of Europe. The river Don or Tanais, with
+its branches, flows through the Ukraine, and a considerable
+part of the Russian dominions, into the Black Sea. The
+Danube flows very near Trieste, through the Kingdom of
+Hungary, and then through a Turkish Province into the
+Black Sea. If, therefore, the Black Sea and the Danube
+only were free, a communication would be immediately
+opened between Russia and Hungary quite to Trieste, to
+the great advantage of both Empires. But if, at the same
+time, the passage of the Dardanelles was laid open, all the
+Levant trade would be opened to the two Empires, and
+might be carried to Trieste, either by the Danube, or
+through the Archipelago and the Gulf of Venice. This
+would be such an accession of wealth, commerce, and
+naval power to the two Empires, as France is jealous of,
+and may be drawn into a war to prevent.</p>
+
+<p>It is a question how the King of Prussia will act. It is
+the general opinion, that, as he is advanced in years, loves
+and enjoys his laurels and his ease, and cannot hope to
+gain anything by the war, he will be neuter. If he is, the
+issue cannot be foreseen. The Emperor is vastly powerful,
+and his preparations are immense. Perhaps France
+may not think it prudent to declare war. I should be sorry
+to see her again involved in a war, especially against the
+principles she has lately espoused with so much glory and
+advantage.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For my own part, I think nature wiser than all the
+Courts and States in the world, and, therefore, I wish all
+her seas and rivers upon the whole globe free, and am not
+at all surprised at the desire of the two Empires to set
+those near them at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>I think, however, that whatever turn these negotiations
+may take, they cannot directly affect us, although we may
+be remotely interested in the freedom of the Levant trade,
+and of the seas and rivers in the neighborhood of it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 15th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Enclosed are copies of papers, which have passed between
+Mr Hartley and the American Ministers. We have
+not thought it prudent to enter into any written controversy
+with him, upon any of these papers. We have received
+whatever he has offered us. But he has offered nothing
+in the name of his Court, has signed nothing, and upon
+inquiry of him we have found that he has never had authority
+to sign officially any proposition he has made.</p>
+
+<p>I think it is evident, that his principals, the coalition, do
+not intend to make any agreement with us about trade, but
+to try experiments by their proclamations. I think, too,
+that they mean to postpone the definitive treaty as long as
+possible. We can get no answer, and I believe Mr Hartley
+gets no decisive answers to anything.</p>
+
+<p>Enclosed also is a pamphlet, entitled, "Observations on
+the American States," said to have been published by
+Lord Sheffield, and to have been composed by four American
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span>
+renegadoes. The spirit of it needs no comments. It
+deserves to be attended to, however, by Congress. It is
+a fatal policy, as it appears to me, to see a British Ambassador
+at Versailles, and a French Ambassador at St
+James's, and no American Minister at the latter. This is
+admired at Versailles, I doubt not, but not because they
+think it for our interest.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 16th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday we waited on the Count de Vergennes at
+Versailles, and showed him the project of a letter to the
+Ministers of the two Imperial Courts, which he read and
+approved. We told him, that we were at a loss what
+might be the effect of the mediation; possibly we might
+be involved in difficulties by it; possibly the British Ministers
+might persuade the mediators to offer us their advice
+upon some points, respecting the royalists for example,
+which we could not comply with. The Count said, that
+he had told them, that as soon as he had fully agreed with
+England upon all points, their mediation should be accepted,
+and they should sign the treaty as such; and we
+might agree to it in the same manner. He said we were
+not obliged to this, but as they were to be present and sign
+one treaty, it would look better to sign both. It would
+be a very notorious, public, and respectable acknowledgment
+of us, as a power, by those Courts. Upon this footing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span>
+we left the letter with him to be shown to the Imperial
+Ministers.</p>
+
+<p>We asked the Count if he had seen the British proclamation
+of the 2d of July. He answered, that he had. I
+asked him if the King had determined anything on the
+subject of salt provisions, and salt-fish, whether we might
+import them into his islands. He said we might depend
+upon it, they could not supply their islands with fish, that
+we had two free ports in their islands, St Lucia, and a port
+in Martinique. By the thirtysecond article of the Treaty
+of Commerce, these free ports are secured to us; nothing,
+he said, was determined concerning salt beef and pork,
+but the greatest difficulty would be about flour. I told
+the Count, that I did not think it would be possible either
+for France or England to carry on this commerce between
+the islands and continent; it was profitable to us only as
+it was a part of a system; that it could not be carried
+on without loss in large vessels, navigated by many seamen,
+which could sail only at certain seasons of the year,
+&amp;c. Upon the whole, I was much pleased with this conversation,
+and conclude from it, that we shall do very well
+in the French West India Islands, perhaps the better in
+them the worse we are treated by the English.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch and Danes will, I doubt not, avail themselves
+of every error, that may be committed by France
+or England. It is good to have a variety of strings to our
+bow; and, therefore, I wish we had a Treaty of Commerce
+with Denmark, by which a free admission of our
+ships into their ports in the West Indies might be established.
+By means of the Dutch, Danes, and Portuguese,
+I think we shall be able to obtain finally proper terms of
+France and England.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The British proclamation of the 2d of this month, is
+the result of refugee politics; it is intended to encourage
+Canada and Nova Scotia, and their fisheries, to support
+still the ruins of their navigation act, and to take from us
+the carriage even of our own productions. A system,
+which has in it so little respect for us, and is so obviously
+calculated to give a blow to our nurseries of ships and
+seamen, could never have been adopted but from the
+opinion, that we had no common legislature for the government
+of commerce.</p>
+
+<p>All America from the Chesapeake Bay to St Croix I
+know love ships and sailors, and those ports to the southward
+of that bay have advantages for obtaining them when
+they will, and therefore I hope the Thirteen States will
+unite in some measures to counteract this policy of Britain,
+so evidently selfish, unsocial, and I had almost said hostile.
+The question is, what is to be done? I answer, perhaps
+it will be most prudent to say little about it at present, and
+until the definitive treaty is signed, and the States evacuated.
+But after that, I think in the negotiation of a treaty
+of commerce with Great Britain, Congress should tell
+them, that they have the means of doing justice to themselves.
+What are these means? I answer, let every State
+in the Union lay on a duty of five per cent on all West
+India articles imported in British ships, and upon all their
+own productions exported in British ships. Let this impost
+be limited in duration, until Great Britain shall allow
+our vessels to trade to their West Indies. This would
+effectually defeat their plan, and encourage our own carrying
+trade more than they can discourage it.</p>
+
+<p>Another way of influencing England to a reasonable
+conduct, is to take some measures for encouraging the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span>
+growth in the United States, of West India articles; another
+is to encourage manufactures, especially of wool and
+iron among ourselves. As tilt-hammers are now not unlawful,
+and wool may be water-borne, much more may be done
+now than could have been done before the war. But the
+most certain method is, to lay duties on exports and
+imports by British ships. The sense of a common interest
+and common danger, it is to be hoped, will induce a perfect
+unanimity among the States in this respect. There
+are other ways of serving ourselves, and making impressions
+upon the English to bring them to reason. One is
+to send ships immediately to China. This trade is as open
+to us as to any nation, and if our natural advantages at
+home are envied us, we should compensate ourselves in
+any honest way we can.</p>
+
+<p>Our natural share in the West India trade, is all that is
+now wanting to complete the plan of happiness and prosperity
+of our country. Deprived of it, we shall be straitened
+and shackled in some degree. We cannot enjoy a
+free use of all our limits without this; with it, I see nothing
+to desire, nothing to vex or chagrin our people, nothing
+to interrupt our repose or keep up a dread of war.</p>
+
+<p>I know not what permission may be expected from
+Spain to trade to the Havana, but should think that this
+resource ought not to be neglected.</p>
+
+<p>I confess I do not like the complexion of British politics.
+They are mysterious and unintelligible. Mr Hartley appears
+not to be in the secret of his Court. The things
+which happen appear as unexpected to him as to us.
+Political jealousies and speculations are endless. It is possible
+the British Ministers may be secretly employed, in
+fomenting the quarrel between the two Imperial Courts and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span>
+the Porte, and in secretly stirring up the French to join the
+Turks in the war. The prospect of seeing France engaged
+in a war may embolden them to adopt a system less
+favorable to us. The possibility of these things should
+stimulate us, I think, to form as soon as possible treaties
+of commerce with the principal powers, especially the Imperial
+Courts, that all our questions may be decided.
+This will be a great advantage to us, even if we should
+afterwards be involved in a war. I put this supposition
+with great reluctance. But if England should in the course
+of a few years or months have the art to stir up a general
+war in Europe, and get France and Spain seriously involved
+in it, which is at least a possible case, she may assume
+a tone and conduct towards us, which will make it
+very difficult for us to avoid taking a part in it. If such a
+deplorable circumstance should take place, it will be still a
+great advantage to us, to have our sovereignty explicitly
+acknowledged by these powers, against whom we may be
+unfortunately obliged to act. At present they are all disposed
+to it, and seem desirous of forming connexions with
+us, that we may be out of the question.</p>
+
+<p>The politics of Europe are such a labyrinth of profound
+mysteries, that the more one sees of them, the more causes
+of uncertainty and anxiety he discovers.</p>
+
+<p>The United States will have occasion to brace up their
+confederation, and act as one body with one spirit. If
+they do not, it is now very obvious, that Great Britain will
+take advantage of it in such a manner as will endanger our
+peace, our safety, and even our very existence.</p>
+
+<p>A change of Ministry may, but it is not certain that it
+will, give us better prospects.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 17th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Last evening Mr Hartley spent two hours with me, and
+appeared much chagrined at the proclamation, which had
+never been communicated to him by his principals. He
+has too much contempt of the commercial abilities of the
+French, and, consequently said, that the French could
+derive but little benefit from this step of his Court, but
+he thought the Dutch would make a great advantage of it.
+I endeavored to discover from him, whether he suspected
+that his Court had any hand in stirring up the two Imperial
+Courts to make war upon the Turks. I asked him what
+was the state of their Mediterranean trade, and Levant
+trade. He said, it was dead, and that their Turkey Company
+was dead, and, therefore, he did not think his Court
+cared much about either, or would ever do anything to
+prevent the Empires. He thought it possible, that they
+might rather encourage them.</p>
+
+<p>I am quite of Mr Hartley's mind, that the Dutch will
+profit by all the English blunders in regulating the West
+India trade, and am happy that M. Van Berckel will be
+soon with Congress, when its members and Ministers may
+communicate through him anything they wish to their
+High Mightinesses. They may inquire of him what are
+the rights of the East and West India Companies? To
+what an extent our vessels may be admitted to Surinam,
+Curaçoa, Demerara, Essequibo, Berbice, St Eustatia?
+What we may be allowed to carry there? and what bring
+from thence to the United States, or to Europe? Whether
+we may carry sugars, &amp;c. to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, &amp;c.?
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span>
+There are at Rotterdam and Amsterdam one hundred
+and twentyseven or eight refineries of sugar. How far
+these may be affected, &amp;c.?</p>
+
+<p>I lay it down for a rule, that the nation which shall
+allow us the most perfect liberty to trade with her Colonies,
+whether it be France, England, Spain, or Holland,
+will see her Colonies flourish above all others, and will
+draw proportionally our trade to themselves; and I rely
+upon it, the Dutch will have sagacity to see it, and as they
+are more attentive to mercantile profit, than to a military
+marine, I have great hopes from their friendship. As there
+will be an interval before the signature of the definitive
+treaty, I propose a journey of three weeks, to Amsterdam
+and the Hague, in hopes of learning in more detail the
+intentions of the Dutch in this respect. I am in hopes too
+of encouraging the loan to assist our Superintendent of
+Finance. The Dutch may be a great resource to us in
+finance and commerce. I wish that cargoes of produce
+may be hastened to Amsterdam to Messrs Willinks &amp; Co.
+for this will give vigor to the loan, and all the money we
+can prevent England and the two Empires from obtaining
+in Holland, will not only be nerves for us, but, perhaps, be
+useful too to France in her negotiations.</p>
+
+<p>I have spent the whole forenoon in conversation with
+the Duc de la Vauguyon. He thinks that England wishes
+to revive her trade to the Levant, to Smyrna, Aleppo, &amp;c.
+and her carrying trade in Italy; and although she might
+be pleased to see France involved in a war with the Emperor
+and Empress, yet he thinks her funds are not in a
+condition to afford subsidies to either, and, therefore, that
+she will be perfectly neutral. Quere, however, whether if
+by a subsidy or a loan of a million or two a year, she could
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span>
+make France spend eight or ten millions, she would not
+strive hard to do it? The Duke thinks, that France will proceed
+softly, and endeavor, if possible, to avert the furious
+storm that threatens, and to compose the disputes of the
+three Empires, if possible; but she will never suffer such
+a usurpation as the conquest of the Turkish Provinces in
+Europe. France will certainly defend Constantinople.
+He thinks that the Empress of Russia has not revenues,
+and cannot get cash to march and subsist vast armies, and
+to transport great fleets, and that the Emperor has not
+revenues to support a long war.</p>
+
+<p>This is, however, a serious business, and France lays it
+so much to heart, and looks upon the chance of her being
+obliged to arm, as so probable, that I presume this to be
+the principal motive of her refusal to lend us two or three
+millions of livres more.</p>
+
+<p>As to our West India questions, the Duke assures me,
+that the French Ministry, particularly the Count de Vergennes,
+are determined to do everything they can consistent
+with their own essential interests, to favor and promote
+the friendship and commerce between their country
+and ours. That they, especially the Count, are declared
+enemies of the French fiscal system, which is certainly the
+most ruinous to their commerce, and intend to do everything
+they can to make alterations to favor commerce; but
+no change can be made in this, without affecting their revenues,
+and making voids, failures, and deficiencies, which
+they cannot fill up. They must, therefore, proceed softly.
+That France would favor the commerce between Portugal
+and America, because it would tend to draw off that
+kingdom from her dependence on England. That England,
+by her commercial treaty with the Portuguese, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span>
+1703, has turned them into an English Colony, made
+them entirely dependent, and secured a commerce with
+them of three millions value. France would be glad to
+see this, or as much of it as possible, turned to America.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke agrees fully with me in the maxim, that
+those Colonies will grow the most in wealth, improvement,
+population, and every sort of prosperity, which are allowed
+the freest communication with us, and that we shall be
+allowed to carry lumber, fish, and live stock, to their
+islands, but that the export of their sugars to us, he thinks,
+must be in their own ships, because they are afraid of our
+becoming the carriers of all their commerce, because they
+know and say, that we can do it cheaper than they can.
+These sentiments are different from those, which he mentioned
+to me a few days ago, when he said, the West
+India trade with us must be carried on in French bottoms.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke said, the English had been trying to deceive
+us, but were now developing their true sentiments. They
+pretended, for awhile, to abolish the navigation act and all
+distinctions, to make one people with us again, to be
+friends, brothers, &amp;c. in hopes of drawing us off from
+France, but not finding success, they were now showing
+their true plan. As to the pretended system of Shelburne,
+of a universal free commerce, although he thought it would
+be for the good of mankind in general, yet, for an English
+Minister, it was the plan of a madman, for it would be the
+ruin of that nation. He did not think Shelburne was sincere
+in it; he only meant an illusion to us. Here I differ
+from the Duke, and believe, that the late Ministry were
+very sincere towards us, and would have made a treaty
+with us, at least to revive the universal trade between us,
+upon a liberal plan. This doctrine of ruin, from that plan,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span>
+to the English, has been so much preached of late in England
+by the French and the American refugees, who aim
+at establishments in Canada and Nova Scotia, and by the
+old Butean administration and their partisans, that I do not
+know whether any Ministry could now support a generous
+plan. But if Temple, Thurlow, Shelburne, Pitt, &amp;c.
+should come in, I should not despair of it. It is true, the
+Shelburne administration did encourage the ideas of cordial,
+perfect friendship, of entire reconciliation of affections,
+of making no distinction between their people and ours,
+especially between the inhabitants of Canada and Nova
+Scotia and us, and this, with the professed purpose of destroying
+all seeds of war between us. These sentiments
+were freely uttered by Fitzherbert, Oswald, Whiteford,
+Vaughan, and all who had the confidence of that Ministry;
+and in these sentiments they were, I believe, very sincere.
+And they are, indeed, the only means of preventing a
+future war between us and them, and so sure as they depart
+from that plan, so sure, in less than fifteen years, perhaps
+less than seven, there will break out another war.
+Quarrels will arise among fishermen, between inhabitants
+of Canada and Nova Scotia and us, and between their
+people and ours in the West Indies, in our ports, and in
+the ports of the three kingdoms, which will breed a war in
+spite of all we can do to prevent it. France sees this and
+rejoices in it, and I know not whether we ought to be
+sorry; yet I think we ought to make it a maxim to avoid
+all wars, if possible; and to take care that it is not our
+fault if we cannot. We ought to do everything, which the
+English will concur in, to remove all causes of jealousies,
+and kill all the seeds of hostility as effectually as we can;
+and to be upon our guard to prevent the French, Spaniards,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span>
+and Dutch, from sowing the seeds of war between
+us, for we may rely upon it they will do it if they can.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, July 18th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>There is cause to be solicitous about the state of things
+in England. The present Ministry swerve more and
+more from the true system, for the prosperity of their
+country and ours. Mr Hartley, whose sentiments are at
+bottom just, is probably kept here, if he was not sent at
+first, merely to amuse us, and to keep him out of the way
+of embarrassing the coalition. We need not fear, that
+France and England will make a common cause against
+us, even in relation to the carrying-trade to and from the
+West Indies. Although they may mutually inspire into
+each other false notions of their interests at times, yet
+there can never be a concert of operations between them.
+Mutual enmity is bred in the blood and bones of both,
+and rivals and enemies at heart they eternally will be.</p>
+
+<p>In order to induce both to allow us our natural right to
+the carrying-trade, we must negotiate with the Dutch,
+Danes, Portuguese, and even with the Empires; for the
+more friends and resources we have, the more we shall
+be respected by the French and English; and the more
+freedom of trade we enjoy with the Dutch possessions in
+America, the more will France and England find themselves
+necessitated to allow us.</p>
+
+<p>The present Ministers in England have very bad advisers;
+the refugees, and emissaries of various other sorts,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span>
+and we have nobody to watch and counteract, to correct
+or prevent anything.</p>
+
+<p>The United States will soon see the necessity of uniting
+in measures to counteract their enemies, and even
+their friends. What powers Congress should have for
+governing the trade of the whole, for making or recommending
+prohibitions, or imposts, deserves the serious
+consideration of every man in America. If a constitutional
+legislative authority cannot be given them, a sense of
+common danger and necessity should give to their recommendations
+all the force upon the minds of the people,
+which they had six years ago.</p>
+
+<p>If the union of the States is not preserved, and even
+their unity, in many great points, instead of being the happiest
+people under the sun, I do not know but we may be
+the most miserable. We shall find our foreign affairs the
+most difficult to manage of any of our interests; we shall
+see and feel them disturbed by invisible agents, and causes,
+by secret intrigues, by dark and mysterious insinuations, by
+concealed corruptions of a thousand sorts. Hypocrisy
+and simulation will assume a million of shapes; we shall
+feel the evil, without being able to prove the cause.
+Those, whose penetration reaches the true source of the
+evil, will be called suspicious, envious, disappointed, ambitious.
+In short, if there is not an authority sufficiently
+decisive to draw together the minds, affections, and forces
+of the States, in their common foreign concerns, it appears
+to me we shall be the sport of transatlantic politicians of
+all denominations, who hate liberty in every shape, and
+every man who loves it, and every country that enjoys it.
+If there is no common authority, nor any common sense
+to secure a revenue for the discharge of our engagements
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span>
+abroad for money, what is to become of our honor, our
+justice, our faith, our universal, moral, political, and commercial
+character? If there is no common power to fulfil
+engagements with our citizens, to pay our soldiers, and
+other creditors, can we have any moral character at home?
+Our country will become the region of everlasting discontents,
+reproaches, and animosities, and instead of finding
+our independence a blessing, we shall soon become Cappadocians
+enough to wish it done away.</p>
+
+<p>I may be thought gloomy, but this ought not to discourage
+me from laying before Congress my apprehensions.
+The dependence of those who have designs upon us, upon
+our want of affection to each other, and of authority over
+one another, is so great, that in my opinion, if the United
+States do not soon show to the world a proof, that they
+can command a common revenue to satisfy their creditors
+at home and abroad, that they can act as one people, as
+one nation, as one man, in their transactions with foreign
+nations, we shall be soon so far despised, that it will be but
+a few years, perhaps but a few months only, before we
+are involved in another war.</p>
+
+<p>What can I say in Holland, if a doubt is started, whether
+we can repay the money we wish to borrow? I must
+assure them in a tone, that will exclude all doubt that the
+money will be repaid. Am I to be hereafter reproached
+with deceiving the money-lenders? I cannot believe there
+is a man in America, who would not disdain the supposition,
+and therefore I shall not scruple to give the strongest
+assurances in my power. But if there is a doubt in Congress,
+they ought to recall their borrowers of money.</p>
+
+<p>I shall set off tomorrow for Holland, in hopes of improving
+my health, at the same time that I shall endeavor to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span>
+assist the loan, and to turn the speculations of the Dutch
+merchants, capitalists and statesmen, towards America.
+It is of vast importance that the Dutch should form just
+ideas of their interests respecting the communication between
+us and their islands, and other colonies in America.
+I beg that no time may be lost in commencing conferences
+with M. Van Berckel upon this subject, as well as that of
+money; but this should not be communicated to the
+French nor the English, because we may depend upon it,
+both will endeavor to persuade the Dutch to adopt the
+same plan with themselves. There are jealousies on both
+sides the Pass of Calais, of our connexions and negotiations
+with the Dutch. But while we avoid as much as we can
+to inflame this jealousy, we must have sense and firmness
+and independence enough not to be intimidated by it, from
+availing ourselves of advantages, that Providence has placed
+in our power. There ever have been, and ever will be,
+suspicions of every honest, active, and intelligent American,
+and there will be as there have been insidious attempts
+to destroy or lessen your confidence in every such character.
+But if our country does not support her own interests,
+and her own servants, she will assuredly fall. Persons,
+who study to preserve or obtain the confidence of America,
+by the favor of European statesmen, or Courts, must
+betray their own country to preserve their places.</p>
+
+<p>For my own part, I wish Mr Jay and myself almost
+anywhere else but here. There is scarce any other place
+where we might not do some good. Here we are in a
+state of annihilation.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span></p>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, July 23d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday last I left Paris, and arrived here last night.
+This morning I sent M. Dumas to M. Van Berckel and
+M. Gyselaer, to inform them of my arrival, and to desire
+a conversation with them, upon the subject of the commerce
+between the United States and the Dutch establishments
+in the West Indies.</p>
+
+<p>M. Van Berckel told M. Dumas, "that St Eustatia and
+Curaçoa were open to the vessels of all nations, and to the
+commerce of all the world; but that it was not the interest
+of the West India Company alone, but that of the whole
+State, that obliged them to confine the commerce of their
+sugars to themselves, because of the great number of their
+refineries of sugar. That all their own sugars were not half
+enough to employ their sugar-houses, and that at least one
+half of the sugars refined in Holland were the production
+of the French West India Islands."</p>
+
+<p>I suppose that some of these sugars may have been carried
+first to St Eustatia, and brought from thence to Holland,
+and some others may have been purchased in the
+ports of France, and imported raw from thence. I do not
+know that Dutch vessels were permitted to purchase sugars
+in the French Islands, and export them from thence.
+This matter deserves to be examined to the bottom. If
+France has not sugar-houses for the refinement of her own
+sugars, but is obliged to carry them, or to permit their being
+carried, to Amsterdam and Rotterdam for manufacture,
+why should she not be willing, that the same sugars should
+be carried by Americans to Boston, New York, and Philadelphia?
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span>
+Surely France has no predilection for Holland
+rather than America. But what is of more weight, all the
+sugars, which America takes, will be paid for in articles
+more advantageous to the Islands, and to France, than the
+pay that is made by the Dutch. If any sugars refined in
+Holland are afterwards sold in France, surely it would be
+more for the interest of France, or rather less against her
+interests, to have the same sugars refined in America, and
+afterwards sold in France, because the price of them would
+be laid out by us in France. There is this difference between
+us and the Dutch, and all other nations, we spend
+in Europe all the profits we make and more, the others
+do not. But if the French sugars, refined in Holland, are
+afterwards sold in other parts of Europe, it would be just
+as well that we should sell them. We have sugar-houses
+as well as the Dutch, and ours ought not to be more obnoxious
+to French policy or commerce than theirs.</p>
+
+<p>Sugars are a great article. There is a great consumption
+in America. It is not the interest of any nation, that
+has sugars to sell, to lessen the consumption there. All
+such nations should favor that consumption, in order to
+multiply purchasers, and quicken the competition, by which
+the price is raised. None of these nations then will wish
+to prevent our having sugar, provided we offer as high, or
+a higher price. How they will be able to arrange their
+plans, so that we may have enough for our own consumption,
+without having more, without having some for exportation,
+I do not know.</p>
+
+<p>We have now St Eustatia and Curaçoa, St Lucia and
+Martinique, St Thomas and St Martin's, no less than six
+free ports in the West Indies; and perhaps England may
+be induced, necessitated indeed, to add two more to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span>
+number, and make eight. At these free ports, it will be
+hard if we cannot find sugars, when we carry thither all our
+own productions, in our own ships. And if the worst
+should happen, and all the nations, who have sugar Islands,
+should forbid sugars to be carried to America in any other
+than their own bottoms, we might depend upon having
+enough of this article at the free ports, to be brought away
+in our own ships, if we should lay a prohibition or a duty
+upon it in foreign ships. To do either, the States must be
+united, which the English think cannot be. Perhaps the
+French think so too, and in time, they may persuade the
+Dutch to be of the same opinion. It is to be hoped we
+shall disappoint them all. In a point so just and reasonable,
+when we are contending only for an equal chance
+for the carriage of our own productions, and the articles of
+our own consumption, when we are willing to allow to all
+other nations even a free competition with us in this carriage,
+if we cannot unite, it will discover an imperfection
+and weakness in our constitution, which will deserve a
+serious consideration.</p>
+
+<p>M. Visscher, Pensionary of Amsterdam, who came in to
+visit me, when I had written thus far, showed me a list
+of the Directors of the West India Company, and refers
+me to M. Bicker, of Amsterdam, as one of the most intelligent
+of them. He says, that the Colonists of Surinam,
+Berbice, Essequibo, and Demarara, have been in decay,
+and obliged to borrow money of the merchants at home,
+and have entered into contracts with those merchants, to
+send them annually all the productions of their plantations
+to pay the interest and principal of their debts; that
+this will make it difficult to open the trade.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after M. Visscher went out, M. Van Berckel
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span>
+came in. I entered into a like conversation with him,
+and told him that I thought the decay of their plantations
+in the West Indies had been owing to the rivalry of
+other nations, especially the English, whose Islands had
+greater advantages from a freer communication with North
+America; and I thought it might be laid down as a rule,
+that those Islands would flourish most in population, culture,
+commerce, and wealth, which had the freest intercourse
+with us, and that this intercourse would be a
+natural means of attracting the American commerce to
+the metropolis. He thought so too.</p>
+
+<p>I then mentioned to him the loan; and asked him, if
+he thought that the States-General, the States of Holland,
+or the Regency of Amsterdam, would be likely, in any
+way, to aid us? He said, no; that the country was still
+so much divided, that he could not depend upon any assistance
+in that way. That the Council of Amsterdam
+was well enough disposed; but that the Burgomasters
+were not so. That M. Temmink, M. Huggens, and M.
+Rendorp, were not to be depended on in such an affair.
+That, therefore, our only resource was, to endeavor to
+gain upon the public opinion and the spirit of the nation,
+and that, in this respect, he would do me all the service
+in his power. He thought that the present uncertainty
+about the definitive treaty, and the fate of the Republic,
+would be an obstacle; but the definitive treaty once
+signed, he thought our loan would succeed very well. I
+asked him, whether he thought that the junction of three
+houses in my loan was any obstruction to it? and whether
+any one of them, or whether any other house, would do
+better? I told him what his brother, (now I hope in Philadelphia,)
+had said to M. Dumas, viz. that the house of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span>
+Wilkem and Van Willink alone would succeed sooner
+than the three. I asked him, whether he thought the
+house of Hope, either alone, or in conjunction with that of
+the Willinks, or any other, would undertake it? He said,
+this might well be, and that if they saw their interest in it
+they would, for those mercantile houses had no other object
+in view. He promised me to make inquiry into this
+matter, and let me know the result.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this occasion, I must inform Congress, that it is
+absolutely necessary they should send another Minister to
+this Republic, without loss of time; because our three
+present houses, before they would undertake the loan, extorted
+a promise from me, not to open another with any
+other house until the five millions should be full. This
+engagement I took for myself alone, however, and expressly
+premised that Congress should not be bound by it;
+that Congress should be perfectly free, and that any other
+Minister they might send here should be perfectly free to
+open another loan, when and with whom they pleased. A
+new Minister, therefore, may open a loan when he will,
+with Hope, Willink, or whom he will, and I am persuaded
+it would succeed to a good amount.</p>
+
+<p>I made visits to day, the 25th of July, to the Grand
+Pensionary, the Secretary Fagel, the President of the
+week, and M. Gyselaer; and returned visits to M. Van
+Berckel and M. Visscher. M. Gyselaer says, that at
+present there is no ready money (<i>argent comptant</i>) in
+the Republic, but in two months there will be, and the loan
+will go very well.</p>
+
+<p>At noon I went to the house in the Grove, to make my
+court to the Prince and Princess of Orange.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince either happened to be in a social humor, or
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span>
+has had some political speculations lately, for he thought
+fit to be uncommonly gracious and agreeable. He made
+me sit, and sat down by me, and entered into familiar
+conversation about the negotiations of peace. He asked
+many questions about it, and the probability of a speedy
+conclusion of the definitive treaty. At length, he asked
+me, if Dr Franklin was left alone? I answered, that Mr
+Jay was with him. He asked, if I returned before the
+signature? I answered, that such was my intention. He
+asked, whether Dr Franklin was an Ambassador? I answered,
+that he was a Minister Plenipotentiary only. He
+asked, if none of us were Ambassadors? I answered, that
+we all had the same rank of Ministers Plenipotentiary,
+and that Congress had never yet made an Ambassador.
+He said, he was astonished at that; that he had a long
+time expected to hear, that we had displayed the character
+of Ambassadors. I asked his Highness, what reason
+he had for this, and what advantage there was in it?
+"Why," said he, "I expected that your Republic would
+early assert her right to appoint Ambassadors. Republics
+have been generally fond of appointing Ambassadors, in
+order to be on a footing with crowned heads. Our Republic
+began very early. We had eight Ambassadors at
+the peace of Munster; one for each Province, and one
+supernumerary. And we always choose to appoint Ambassadors,
+for the sake of being upon an equality with crowned
+heads. There are only crowned heads, Republics, and
+the Electors of the Empire, who have a right to send Ambassadors;
+all others can only send Envoys, and Ministers
+Plenipotentiary. Princes cannot send Ambassadors. I
+cannot, as Stadtholder, nor as Prince, nor in any other
+quality, send a Minister of any higher order, than an Envoy,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span>
+or Minister Plenipotentiary." He asked me, what
+was the reason the Congress had not made use of their
+right? I answered his Highness, that really I did not know.
+It was a subject I had never much reflected on; perhaps
+Congress had not. Or they might think it a matter of
+ceremony and of show, rather than substance; or might
+think the expense greater than the advantage. He said, it
+was very true, the dignity of the rank must be supported,
+but he thought the advantage worth more than the expense.</p>
+
+<p>I am utterly at a loss for his Highness' motives for entering
+so minutely into this subject. Whether M. Van
+Berckel, before his departure, had mentioned it; whether
+he thought he should please me by it; whether he thought
+to please Congress by it; whether he affected to interest
+himself in the honor of the United States; or whether any
+of the politicians of this, or any other country, have put
+him upon it, or whether it is mere accident, I know not.
+They are the words of a Prince, and I have reported them
+very exactly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, July 25th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>It is the general opinion here both among the members
+of the States, and at the <i>Hôtel de France</i>, that the
+delays of the definitive pacification are contrived by the
+Court of London, in order to set all their instruments at
+work in this Republic, to induce it to renew its ancient
+connexions with Great Britain, particularly their alliance,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span>
+offensive and defensive, by which each power was bound
+to furnish the other, if attacked, a certain number of
+ships and troops. Against this the patriotic party is decided,
+and they are now very well satisfied with the Grand
+Pensionary, Bleiswick, because he openly and roundly
+takes their side, and the Court is said to be discontented
+with him for the same reason. There is, no doubt, an
+intelligence and correspondence between the two Courts
+of London and the Hague, to bring about this point. The
+Grand Pensionary told me yesterday, that the Court of
+London desired it, and there were persons here who desired
+it, and he knew very well who they were; but that
+most certainly they would not carry their point. Van
+Berckel, Visscher, and Gyselaer, all assured me of the
+same, and added, that the fear of this had determined
+them not to send a Minister to London, but to go through
+with the negotiation at Paris, although they were all highly
+dissatisfied with the conduct of France, and particularly
+with that of the Count de Vergennes.</p>
+
+<p>They all say, he has betrayed and deserted them, played
+them a very bad trick, (<i>tour</i>) and violated his repeated
+promises to them. They do not in the least spare M.
+Berenger and M. Merchant, who conduct the French
+affairs here in the absence of the Duc de la Vauguyon,
+but hold this language openly and freely to them. These
+gentlemen have sometimes found it hard to bear, and have
+winced, and sometimes even threatened; but their answer
+has been more mortifying still; "Do as you please,
+drive the Republic back into the arms of England, if you
+will. Suppress all the friends of France, if you choose
+it." And some of them have said, "we will go to America."
+They all say, that France had the power to have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span>
+saved them. That the acquisition of Tobago was no
+equivalent to France for the loss of the Republic, &amp;c. &amp;c.
+&amp;c. They are all highly pleased with the conduct of
+their own Ambassador, Brantzen, with his activity, intelligence,
+and fidelity. They all say, that they would send a
+Minister to London to negotiate there, if they were sure of
+being able to carry an election for a man they could depend
+upon. But the Court here would have so much
+influence in the choice, that they would run a risk of
+sending a man, who would insensibly lead them into a
+revival of the old ties with England, which, they say, is
+enslaving the Republic to that kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>I learn here from all quarters, a confirmation of what I
+had learned before at Paris from M. Brantzen and the
+Duc de la Vauguyon, viz. that the Duke of Manchester
+had given them no answer, nor said a word to them for six
+weeks, in answer to the propositions they had made;
+among which was an offer of an equivalent for Negapatnam.
+They offered some establishments in Sumatra and
+Surat. Lately the Duke of Manchester has received a
+courier, and has given an answer, that a real equivalent
+might be accepted. No answer is given to any other
+point, and this is vague; so that another courier must go
+to London and return. Parliament is now up, and perhaps
+the Ministers may now be more attentive, and less
+timorous.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I find, upon inquiry, that there are in this Republic, at
+Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Dort, near one hundred and
+thirty sugar-houses. The whole of the raw sugars produced
+in Surinam, Berbice, Essequibo, and Demarara, are wrought
+in these houses; and, besides, raw sugars were purchased
+in Bordeaux and Nantes, after being imported from the
+French islands, in French bottoms. Raw sugars were
+also purchased in London, which went under the general
+name of Barbadoes sugars, although they were the growth
+of all the English Islands, and imported to London in British
+bottoms. I have learnt further, that great quantities of
+raw Brazil sugars were purchased in Lisbon, and that
+these were cheaper than any of the others. All these raw
+sugars were imported into Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and
+Dort, and there manufactured for exportation. We must
+endeavor to obtain a share in this trade, especially with
+Lisbon, or the Western Islands.</p>
+
+<p>Since it is certain, that neither Portugal, France, nor
+England has been able to manufacture all their raw sugars,
+but each of them sold considerable quantities to the Dutch,
+I suppose that we may undoubtedly purchase such sugars
+in future in Lisbon, Bordeaux, Nantes, London, and perhaps
+Ireland, and carry them where we please, either home
+to America, or to Amsterdam, or to any part of Europe,
+and there sell them, and in this way promote our own carrying-trade,
+as well as enable ourselves to make remittances.
+I cannot see why the English, or French, should
+be averse to their sugars going to America directly; and if
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span>
+they insist upon carrying them in their own ships, we may
+still have enough of them. The Dutch have the most
+pressing commercial motives to bring home their West
+India produce; yet they would really gain the most by
+opening a free communication with us, because they would
+the most suddenly make their colonies flourish by it.</p>
+
+<p>Molasses and rum we shall have, probably, from all the
+islands, English, French, and Dutch, in our own bottoms,
+unless the three nations should agree together to keep the
+whole trade of their islands in their own ships, which is
+not likely.</p>
+
+<p>I have made all the inquiries I could, and have sown all
+the seeds I could, in order to give a spur to our loan.
+Three thousand obligations have been sold, and the other
+two thousand are signed; but at this time there is a greater
+scarcity of money than ever was known. The scarcity is
+so great, that the agio of the bank, which is commonly at
+four or five per cent, fell to one and a half. The Directors,
+at length, shut up the bank, and it continues shut.
+The English omnium, which at first was sold for eight or
+ten per cent profit, fell to one and a half. The scarcity of
+money will continue until the arrival of the Spanish flotilla
+at Cadiz. Seven eighths of the treasures of that flotilla will
+come here, and make money plenty. Then we may expect,
+that my obligations will sell.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, I have great pleasure in assuring you,
+that there is not one foreign loan open in this Republic,
+which is in so good credit, or goes so quick as mine.
+The Empress of Russia opened a loan of five millions,
+about the same time that I opened mine. She is far
+from having obtained three millions of it. Spain opened
+a loan with the House of Hope, at the same time, for two
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span>
+millions only, and you may depend upon it, it is very far
+from being full. Not one quarter part of the loan of
+France upon life-rents, advantageous as it is to the lender,
+is full. In short, there is not one power in Europe, whose
+credit is so good here as ours. Russia and Spain, too,
+allow of facilities to undertakers and others, in disposing
+of their obligations, much more considerable than ours;
+yet all does not succeed. You will see persons and letters
+in America, that will affirm, that the Spanish loan is full,
+and that France and Spain can have what money they
+please here. Believe me, this is all stockjobbing gasconade.
+I have made very particular inquiries, and find the
+foregoing account to be the truth. Of all the sons of
+men, I believe the stockjobbers are the greatest liars. I
+know it has been given out, that the Spanish loan, which
+was opened at Hope's, was full the first day. This I know
+has been affirmed in the hearing of Americans, with a confidence
+peculiar, and with a design, I suppose, that it
+should be written or reported to Congress. But I am
+now assured, that it is so far from being true, that it is not
+near full to this hour. Let me beg of you, Sir, to give
+Mr Morris an extract of this, because I am so pressed for
+time, that I cannot write to him.</p>
+
+<p>Upon further inquiry concerning sugars, I find, that the
+Dutch were used to purchase annually considerable quantities
+of the raw sugars of Spain, as well as of France, England
+and Portugal. Some of these they obtained by a
+clandestine trade between Curaçoa and Havana, and
+St Domingo; but the greater part were purchased at
+Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose our merchants and musters of vessels will be
+as adroit at inventing and executing projects of illicit trade,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span>
+as others. But this is a resource, that Congress and the
+States cannot depend on, nor take into their calculations.
+Illicit trade will ever bear but a small proportion to that
+which is permitted. And our governments should take
+their measures for obtaining by legal and honorable means
+from Spain, Portugal, France, England, Holland, and Denmark,
+all the productions which our people may want for
+consumption, for manufacture, and for exportation.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT MORRIS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Upon inquiry of those who best know, I see no probability
+of success from any application to authority in this
+country, for reasons which I have explained to our Minister
+of Foreign Affairs. Our only resource is in the public
+opinion, and the favor of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>I know of nothing which would operate so favorably
+upon the public, as the arrival of a few vessels with cargoes
+of American produce, addressed to your bankers, and appropriated
+to the payment of interest. The report of such
+an event would greatly augment our credit, by spreading
+the opinion of our ability and disposition to pay.</p>
+
+<p>It would be presumption in me, at this distance, to undertake
+to advise you, who are upon the spot, and much
+better informed. But I beg leave to suggest the question,
+whether an application of Congress to the States would not
+succeed? Suppose Congress should represent to the
+States the necessity of an exertion, in order to obtain a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span>
+loan at present, to enable you to satisfy the most urgent
+demands of the army, and other public creditors, until the
+States can agree upon some permanent establishment, and
+should recommend to each State to furnish a cargo of its
+produce, in proportion to its rate upon the list. For example,
+South Carolina and Georgia a quantity of rice or
+indigo; Virginia and Maryland, of tobacco; Pennsylvania,
+of wheat or flour; and the Northern States, of fish or any
+other thing. Suppose these cargoes, which need not be
+expensive for the Thirteen States, should be sent to Amsterdam
+or anywhere else in Europe, the proceeds of
+sale to be remitted to Amsterdam to your bankers. The
+reputation of this, if well planned, adopted, and executed,
+would give a strong impulsion to your loan, if adopted
+here.</p>
+
+<p>I am but just arrived, and have not yet seen our bankers.
+Saturday and Sunday are usually spent at country
+seats. But before I leave this place, I shall be able to inform
+you more precisely, whether you may depend on anything
+from hence. No pains of mine shall be spared.
+The British stocks are so low that we may hope for something.
+If a Minister is sent to London, you should give
+him a commission to borrow money. If he conducts the
+matter with secrecy and caution, he may probably obtain
+a considerable sum there. There are monied men in
+that country who wish us well. There are others who
+may easily be inspired with more faith in our funds, than
+they can rationally have in their own. If upon advising
+with proper persons, he should not judge it prudent to open
+a loan there, he might easily put things in a train for some
+individuals to purchase obligations in your loan in Amsterdam.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span>
+So dismal are the prospects in England, that many
+men are on the wing to fly, and some would be willing to
+transfer their property across the Atlantic.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, July 30th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have been the more particular in my letters to you
+concerning that extensive manufacture and commerce of
+refined sugars in this country, because the proximity of all
+the sugar colonies to us renders a share in it naturally useful
+and convenient, both to us and them. Fifty thousand
+hogsheads of raw sugar are annually wrought in this Republic,
+and exported at a great profit to Germany, Denmark,
+Sweden, Russia, Poland, and Italy. At Amsterdam I visited
+a number of respectable merchants, in order to discover
+their sentiments concerning the communication between us
+and their Islands and sugar colonies. They all agree, that
+St Eustatia and Curaçoa are and will be commercial
+Islands, open and free to all our vessels. St Martin's is
+divided between the French and Danes and the Dutch,
+whose share of it does not flourish. The colonies upon the
+continent, Surinam, Berbice, Demarara, and Essequibo,
+are at a greater distance from us. But they will be open
+to our vessels and their cargoes, because they all agree,
+that those colonies cannot subsist without our horses, lumber
+and provisions, nor without the sale to us of their
+molasses. We shall be allowed to take in return molasses,
+with which some quantities of sugar, coffee, and other produce
+are always smuggled, as they say. But although
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span>
+nothing has been as yet determined, it is the general opinion,
+that the produce of the colonies must be brought home
+in Dutch ships, as heretofore, molasses excepted.</p>
+
+<p>From the Secretary of the West India Company I have
+obtained a few minutes, in so bad French, that I almost
+despair of rendering them intelligible. I have attempted it,
+however, in the following translation, viz.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"In the grant of the West India Company, renewed, or
+more properly newly erected, in the year 1700, continued
+in 1730, prolonged afterwards in the year 1760 for two
+years, and in the year 1762, from the first of January to
+the thirtyfirst of December, 1791, are found the limits
+fixed, only for the inhabitants of these Seven United Provinces,
+under the name of the United Company of these
+Provinces, upon the coasts and country of Africa, computing
+from the Tropic of Cancer to the southern latitude of
+the Equinoctial Line, with all the Islands in this district,
+situated upon the said coast, and particularly the Islands of
+St Thomas, Annebon, Islands of Principia and Fernando
+Po, as also the places of Essequibo and Baumenora,
+situated upon the Continental Coasts of America, as also
+the Islands of Curaçoa, Amaba and Buen Aire. All the
+other limits of the ancient grant being open for the commerce
+of all the inhabitants of the Republic, without exception,
+upon condition, however, that if the Company,
+oriental and occidental, should judge proper to navigate to
+the Islands situated between the coasts of Africa and
+America, beginning at the Ascension and further south, or
+any of them, and should occupy it before any other should
+have a private grant, with exclusion of all others for so long
+time as it shall occupy its places, and in case they should
+desist, these places should return under the second class,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span>
+open for the navigation of every individual of the Republic,
+paying an acknowledgment, &amp;c. That the said particulars,
+trading in the said districts, shall be obliged to acknowledge
+the Western Company, and to pay them for
+the right of convoy, and consequently in form of acknowledgment,
+viz. for the productions and merchandises for
+the West Indies, two per cent, and returning from thence
+into these Provinces, two per cent more for the commodities
+in return. And further, the ships navigating to places
+farther distant in America, contained in the ancient grant,
+both in going and returning, should pay five florins per last,
+or more or less as their High Mightinesses shall judge
+proper to determine hereafter; observing, nevertheless,
+that these five florins per last shall not be demanded of
+ships navigating to the Caribee Islands, which shall pay
+the ordinary duty for convoy to the Colleges of the Admiralty
+from which they sail, and the said private navigators
+shall be held, moreover, for the satisfaction of the Western
+Company, to give sufficient caution, that they will not navigate,
+nor cause to be navigated, the places contained in
+the first class, ceded to the Company with exclusion of
+all others. And if any one is found to act contrary, and
+to navigate to any place situated in the prescribed limits,
+and granted to the Company, his ship and cargo shall be
+confiscated and attacked in force, by the ships belonging
+to the said Company; and if such ships and merchandises
+or commodities, shall be sold or entered into any other
+country or foreign port, the owner and his accomplice shall
+be liable to execution, for the value of the said ships and
+merchandises or commodities.</p>
+
+<p>"The Company has also the right to require an acknowledgment
+of all those who shall navigate, import or export
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span>
+any merchandise to or from places belonging to the said
+Company, notwithstanding they may be subject, and may
+belong to the domination of other Kings or Princes, situated
+within the limits stipulated in the grant; and especially
+of every foreign vessel, bringing any commodities or merchandises
+from the West Indies, or the limits stipulated in
+the grants into the Provinces, whether upon its own account,
+or freight, or on commission, whether such foreign
+vessel shall come directly from the West Indies; and the
+limits of the grant, into the Provinces, or whether she
+shall have carried her cargo to other countries or kingdoms,
+for what reason soever this may be done. Excepting
+only in case the merchandises of the proprietor should
+by negotiation be changed in nature, and that the duty of
+this country fixed to the place should be paid, which any
+one alleging shall be obliged to prove sufficiently, according
+to the amount of the merchandises. Declaring, moreover,
+for the further elucidation of the said grant, that
+under the name of the New Low Countries, in consequence
+of the three per cent, which the Company has a
+right to require for the merchandises sent there, or brought
+from thence, is understood that part of North America,
+which extends itself west and south of the northern part of
+Newfoundland as far as the Cape of Florida, and for what
+regards the payment of the two per cent under the name
+of the West Indies, to be computed from the Cape of
+Florida, to the river Oronoco, and the Islands of Curaçoa.
+For what concerns the other places of America,
+contained in the most ancient and precedent grant, in regard
+to the five florins per last, upon the vessels there navigating,
+shall be understood all the Carribee Islands, Cuba,
+Jamaica, Hispaniola and Porto Rico, as also all the other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span>
+coasts and countries, computing from the river Oronoco
+aforesaid, by the straits of Magellan, Le Maire, or other
+passages or straits, situated under these, as far as the
+strait of Aryan, both upon the sea of the north, and the
+Islands situated upon the other side, and between them, as
+also the southern countries, situated between the two meridians,
+touching at the east the Cape of Good Hope, and
+in the west the eastern part of New Guinea, inclusively."</p></div>
+
+<p>If this paper is not very clear to Congress, it is not more
+so to me, and perhaps to the Dutch themselves. There is
+a dispute likely to arise between the West India Company
+and the College of the Admiralty about it, which will be
+explained further as it proceeds, by whatever Minister you
+may send here.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the whole matter of our communications with the
+European establishments in the West Indies; we shall
+carry freely our commodities to the French and Dutch,
+excepting, perhaps, flour to the French, which however
+will be carried, I suppose, to St Lucia and Port Royal, as
+well as St Eustatia and Curaçoa, St Thomas's and St
+Martin's, and there sold to any nation that will purchase it.
+Molasses and rum we shall bring away freely from the
+French and Dutch. And if we can obtain of them the
+liberty of carrying sugars, coffee, &amp;c. from their possessions
+in the West Indies to their ports in Europe, giving
+bonds with surety to land them in such ports, it will be as
+much as we can expect. If they will allow raw sugars,
+coffee, cotton, &amp;c. to be sent freely to the United States in
+their own vessels, this would be an advantage for us, though
+not so considerable as to bring them in ours. What the
+English will do is uncertain. We are not to take the late
+proclamation for a law of the Medes. The Ministry who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span>
+made it are not firm in their seats. If Shelburne comes
+in we shall do better; and, to be prepared to take advantage
+of so probable an event, you should have a Minister
+ready. We have one infallible resource, if we can unite in
+laying a duty or a prohibition. But this measure must not
+be hastily taken, because by negotiation, I apprehend, the
+point may be carried in England. To this end it may be
+proper to instruct your Minister, and authorise him to say,
+that the States will find themselves obliged, against their
+inclination, to lay a prohibition or heavy duty upon all West
+India goods imported, and all American productions exported
+in British bottoms, if the trade is not regulated by
+treaty upon an equitable footing.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, July 31st, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The last evening at Court in the house in the Grove,
+where all the foreign Ministers supped, the Count Montagnini
+de Mirabel, the Minister Plenipotentiary from the
+King of Sardinia, took an opportunity to enter largely into
+conversation with me. As he and I were at a party of
+politics, while the greatest part of the company were at
+cards, for two or three hours, we ran over all the world,
+but nothing occurred worth repeating except what follows.</p>
+
+<p>The Count said, that his advice to Congress would be
+to write a circular letter to every power in Europe, as soon
+as the definitive treaty should be signed, and transmit with
+it a printed copy of the treaty. In the letter, Congress
+should announce, that on the 4th of July, 1776, the United
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span>
+States had declared themselves a sovereign State, under
+the style and title of the United States of America; that
+France, on the 6th of February, 1778, had acknowledged
+them; that the States-General had done the same on the
+19th of April, 1782; that Great Britain, on the 30th of
+November, 1782, had signed with them a treaty of peace, in
+which she had fully acknowledged their sovereignty; that
+Sweden had entered into a treaty with them, on the 5th of
+February, 1783; and that Great Britain had concluded
+the definitive treaty under the mediation of the two Empires,
+if that should be the fact, &amp;c. Such a notification
+to all the other powers would be a regular procedure, a
+piece of politeness, which would be very well received,
+and the letter would be respectfully answered by every
+power in the world, and these written answers would be
+explicit, and undeniable acknowledgments of our sovereignty.</p>
+
+<p>It might have been proper to make this communication
+in form, immediately after the declaration of independence;
+it might have been more proper to do it after the
+signature of the provisional treaty; but that it was expected
+it would be done after the definitive treaty. That
+these circular letters might be transmitted to your Ministers
+for peace, or such of them as may remain, or to any
+of your Ministers in Europe, to be by them delivered to
+the Ministers at the Court where they are, or transmitted
+any other way. That Congress must be very exact in the
+etiquette of titles, as this was indispensable, and the letters
+could not be answered nor received without it. That we
+might have these titles at the Count de Vergennes' office
+with precision, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The Count then proceeded to commerce, and said,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span>
+that all the cabinets of Europe had lately turned their views
+to commerce, so that we should be attended to and respected
+by all of them. He thought we should find our
+account in a large trade in Italy, every part of which had
+a constant demand for our tobacco, and salt-fish, at least.
+The dominions of the King, his master, could furnish us in
+exchange, oranges, citrons, olives, oil, raisins, figs, anchovies,
+coral, lead, sulphur, alum, salt, marble of the
+finest quality and gayest colors, manufactures of silk, especially
+silk stockings twenty per cent cheaper than
+France, hemp, and cordage. He said, we might have
+great advantages in Italy in another respect. We had it
+in our power to become the principal carriers for the people
+of Italy, who have little skill or inclination for navigation
+or commerce. The (<i>cabotage</i>) carrying-trade of
+Italy had been carried on by the English, French, and
+Dutch; the English had now lost it, the French had some
+of it, but the Dutch the most, who made an immense
+profit of it; for to his knowledge they sold in the Baltic,
+and even in Holland, many Italian productions, at a profit
+of five or six for one. That we should have the advantage
+of them all. By bringing our tobacco and fish to
+Italy, we might unload at some of their ports, take in
+cargoes upon freight for other ports of Italy, and thus make
+coasting voyages, until we had made up our cargoes for
+return, or we might take in cargoes on freight for Germany,
+or the Baltic. The Dutch, he said, would be the greatest
+losers by this rivalry, but as long as the Italians and Americans
+would be honestly gainers, neither need be anxious
+for that. That there was a very good port in his master's
+dominions, which was perfectly free, where we might go
+in and out at pleasure, without being subject to duties,
+searches, or visits.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We then made a transition to Turkey; the Count could
+not, for his part, blame the Emperor for wishing to open
+the navigation of the Danube; his kingdom of Hungary
+was one of the finest countries in the world; it was one of
+the most fertile, producing in great abundance wines of
+various sorts, all excellent, though Tokay was the best;
+grains of every sort in great quantities, metals of all sorts,
+gold, silver, copper, iron, quicksilver; yet all these blessings
+of nature were rendered in a manner useless by the
+slavery of the Danube. The Emperor was very unfortunate,
+in having the Danube enslaved on one side, and the
+Scheldt on the other; and in this age, when the liberty of
+navigation and commerce was the universal cry, he did not
+wonder at his impatience under it. He did not think, that
+England would meddle in the dispute, as her trade to the
+Levant had declined. The Dutch had some still, but
+France had now the greatest part of it to Smyrna, Alexandria,
+Aleppo, in short, to all the trading towns of Turkey
+in Asia, for this is what is understood by the Levant trade.
+France, he thought, could not venture to engage in the
+war in earnest, in the present state of her finances.</p>
+
+<p>I have learnt, since I came here, that France is desirous
+that this Republic should declare herself concerning this
+Turkish war. But she will avoid it. Unhappily, France
+has lost much of her influence here. Her friends fear,
+that the odium of losing Negapatnam will fall upon them
+among the people. The English and the Stadtholderians
+are endeavoring to detach the Republic entirely from
+France, and to revive the ancient connexions, particularly
+the ancient alliance, offensive and defensive in the treaty of
+1674. A Mr Shirley, at Paris, has lately proposed to M.
+Boers, and M. Van der Pere, two agents of the Dutch
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span>
+East India Company, who have been a year or two at
+Paris, and are reputed to be in the Stadtholder's interest,
+that England had the best dispositions towards the Republic,
+and would give them ample satisfaction if they would
+treat distinctly from France, and renew the ancient cordial
+friendship, and proposed an interview with the Dutch Ambassadors
+upon this subject. The agents proposed it, but
+Brantzen refused, to the great satisfaction of the principal
+republicans. Yet M. Berenger tells me, that some of the
+republican members begin to be afraid, and to think they
+shall be obliged to fall in with the English.</p>
+
+<p>Upon conversing with many people in the government
+and out of it, in Amsterdam as well as the Hague, they all
+complain to me of the conduct of France. They all confess,
+that the Republic has not done so much in the war
+as she ought, but this is the fault of the friends of England,
+they say, not those of France, and the worst evils of all,
+that befall the latter, are the reproaches of the former, who
+now say insultingly, "this comes of confiding in France, we
+always told you, that you would be cheated," &amp;c. France
+ought, they say, to have considered this, and not have imputed
+to the Republic the faults of her enemies, because
+the punishment falls wholly on her friends.</p>
+
+<p>I mention these things to you, because, although we are
+not immediately interested in them, they may have consequences
+which may affect us; and, therefore, you ought
+to know them. I think, however, upon the whole, the
+Republic will stand firm, and refuse to receive the alliance,
+though they sacrifice Negapatnam. France wishes to win
+the Republic into an alliance, but feels an awkwardness about
+proposing it, and, indeed, I doubt whether she would now
+succeed; she might have succeeded heretofore. But, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span>
+plain English, Sir, the Count de Vergennes has no conception
+of the right way of negotiating with any free people,
+or with any assembly, aristocratical or democratical.
+He cannot enter into the motives which govern them; he
+never penetrates their real system, and never appears to
+comprehend their constitution. With empires, and monarchs,
+and their Ministers of State, he negotiates aptly
+enough.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, August 1st, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I had last evening some conversation with D. Joas Theolonico
+de Almeida, the Envoy Extraordinary of Portugal,
+who desired to meet me today at any hour at his house or
+mine. I promised to visit him at twelve, which I did.</p>
+
+<p>He said, he had heard that the French Minister had
+proposed to the Duke of Manchester, at Versailles, to reduce
+the duties upon French wines in England to the level
+of those upon Portugal wines, and begged of me to inform
+him if it were true, because, if it were, Portugal must endeavor
+to indemnify herself by opening a trade with America,
+or some other way, for such a project will be ruinous
+to the sale of their wines in England, which was their only
+market. I answered, that I had heard of such a project
+among multitudes of others in private conversation, but
+knew no authority for it. We have a treaty, says he,
+made in 1703, by which we have stipulated with the English,
+to permit the importation of their cloths, upon condition
+that they allow the importation of Portugal wines
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span>
+upon paying one third of the duty upon French wines; if
+they violate the treaty, says he, we shall be rid of it.</p>
+
+<p>I asked him, if his Court permitted the English, or any
+other nation, to go to the Brazils? In the last century, said
+he, between 1660 and 1670, we did agree with Charles
+the Second, who married a daughter of Portugal, that the
+English should go to the Brazils, and after that, the Dutch
+sued for permission to go there too, and we granted it.
+But we found it inconvenient, and in 1714 or 1715, at the
+treaty of Utrecht, we agreed upon an article with Spain,
+to exclude all nations from the Brazils, and as the English
+Ambassadors were there, we have since held that nation
+bound, and have confiscated their vessels as well as the
+Dutch which venture there. The English have sometimes
+made strong remonstrances, but we have always told them,
+if we admit you, we must admit the Dutch too, and such
+has been their jealousy of the Dutch, and dread of their
+rivalry, that this has always quieted them, choosing rather
+to be excluded themselves, than that the Dutch should be
+admitted. So that this commerce has been a long time
+carried on in Portuguese ships only, and directly between
+the Brazils and Lisbon.</p>
+
+<p>I asked him, whether we might not have free communication
+with all their Western Islands, and whether one or
+all of them might not be made a depot for the produce of
+the Brazils, so that Portuguese ships might stop and deposit
+cargoes there, and American vessels take them? He
+said, he would write about it to his Court by the next post.
+At present, Brazil communicated only with Lisbon, and,
+perhaps, it might be difficult for government to secure the
+duties at the Western Islands. I asked, if there were any
+refineries of sugar at Lisbon? He said, none. Their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span>
+sugars had all been brought here by the Dutch for refining;
+that all their carrying-trade with other parts of Europe
+had been carried on by the English and Dutch; that
+their mercantile navigation (<i>marine marchand</i>) before this
+war, had been upon a very poor footing, but it was now
+much changed, and they began to carry on their trade in
+their own vessels. I observed, if their trade should continue
+to be carried on by others, it must be indifferent to
+them whether it were done in English, Dutch, or American
+vessels, provided it was done to their equal advantage.
+But if they should persist in the desire to conduct it in
+their own vessels, they might purchase ships ready built in
+America cheaper than they could build them or buy them
+elsewhere. All this, he said, was true. That they could
+supply us with sugars, coffee, cocoa, Brazil wood, and even
+with tea, for they had an island, called Macao, near China,
+which was a flourishing establishment, and sent them annually
+a good deal of tea, which the Dutch usually bought
+very cheap at Lisbon to sell again.</p>
+
+<p>He asked, whether Portugal wines had been much
+used in America. I answered, that Port wines, common
+Lisbon, and Caracavalles, had been before the war frequently
+used, and that Madeira was esteemed above all
+other wine. That it was found equally wholesome and
+agreeable, in the heats of summer and the colds of winter,
+so that it would probably continue to be preferred, though
+there was no doubt that a variety of French wines would
+now be more commonly used than heretofore. He said,
+they should have occasion for a great deal of our fish,
+grain, and perhaps ships or ship-timber, and naval stores,
+and other things, and he thought there was a prospect of a
+very beneficial trade with us, and he would write largely
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span>
+to his Court upon it. I replied, that I wondered his Court
+had not sent a Minister to Philadelphia, where the members
+and Ministers of Congress, and even the merchants of
+the city, might throw much light upon the subject, and
+assist in framing a treaty to the greatest possible advantage
+for both countries. He said, he would write for a commission
+and instructions to negotiate a treaty with me. I
+told him, that I believed his Court had already instructed
+their Ambassador at Versailles to treat with Dr Franklin;
+but that I thought that Philadelphia or Lisbon were the
+proper places to treat, and that I feared mutual advantages
+might be lost by this method of striking up a bargain in
+haste in a distant country, between Ministers who could
+not be supposed to have made of commerce a study.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter from Paris yesterday, I am informed that a
+project of a treaty with Portugal, and another with Denmark,
+are to go home by Captain Barney.<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> These
+projects have never been communicated to me, nor to Mr
+Jay. I hope that Congress will not be in haste to conclude
+them, but take time to inform themselves of everything
+which may be added to the mutual advantage of the
+nations and countries concerned. I am much mistaken, if
+we have not lost advantages by a similar piece of cunning
+in the case of Sweden.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to
+be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> For these treaties, and some account of them, see <i>Franklin's Correspondence</i>,
+Vol. IV. pp. 114, 115, 130, 141, 150.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, August 2d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>M. Berenger, the Secretary of the French Legation,
+has this moment left me. He came in to inform me of
+the news. The Empress of Russia has communicated to
+the King of Prussia, a treaty of alliance between the Emperor
+of Germany and her, defensive against the Christian
+powers and offensive against the Turks. The King of
+Prussia has answered her, "that he is very sensible, upon
+this communication, as one is upon the communication of
+things of great importance." Thus wrapped up in an impenetrable
+reserve is this great warrior and statesman.
+We may discern by this answer, what all the world would
+know without it, viz. that his Majesty has no joy in this
+new alliance. Still he expresses no sorrow; and maintains
+a perfect liberty to take which side he will, or
+neither, at his pleasure, and the same reserve he will probably
+hold to the end of the war.</p>
+
+<p>M. Berenger says, if Prussia is neutral France must be
+so too, for she cannot cope by land with the two Empires;
+that this Republic is desired to declare, but does not
+choose it; that they are dissatisfied, and the republicans
+murmur a good deal, and are wavering, and that the other
+party will do nothing; that England hitherto has favored
+an accommodation between Russia and the Turks; that
+the British Ambassador, at Constantinople, has co-operated
+with the French to bring about an accommodation; that
+the Turks have offered Russia the free navigation of the
+Black Sea and passage of the Dardanelles, and the same
+with a free navigation of the Danube to the Emperor, but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span>
+they will not accept it, but are determined to drive the
+Turks from Europe; that France has determined to put
+her army upon a war footing, because it has been much
+neglected during the late war; that he believes France
+and Spain will shut the Mediterranean against a Turkish
+fleet, as Russia, Sweden, and Denmark excluded warlike
+vessels from the Baltic in the last war; that this state of
+things gives him great pain, and must embarrass the Count
+de Vergennes. It is a great and difficult question, whether
+France should take a side. If she does not, and the Empires
+should prevail, it will be an immense aggrandizement
+of the House of Austria, which, with Russia, will become
+two great maritime powers; that England will act an insidious
+part; pretend to favor peace, secretly foment war,
+and join in, at the end, if she sees a favorable opportunity
+to crush France. These are sensible observations of M.
+Berenger, who added, that a new difficulty in the way of
+the definitive treaty had arisen between England and
+Spain, respecting the Musquito shore, so that more couriers
+must go and return.</p>
+
+<p>I confess myself as much in pain at this state of things
+as M. Berenger, and, therefore, I wish most ardently, that
+we may omit no proper means of settling our question with
+every Court in Europe, and especially our plan of commerce
+with Great Britain. If this is too long left in uncertainty,
+the face of things may soon change, so as to
+involve us in the complicated, extensive, and long war,
+which seems to be now opening.</p>
+
+<p>The prospect of returning to Paris, and living there without
+my family, in absolute idleness, at a time when so many
+and so great things want to be done for our country elsewhere,
+is very disagreeable. If we must live there, waiting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span>
+for the moving of many waters, and treaties are to be
+there negotiated with the powers of Europe, or only with
+Denmark and Portugal, I pray that we may all be joined
+in the business, as we are in the commission for peace,
+that, at least, we may have the satisfaction of knowing
+what is done, and of giving a hint for the public good, if
+any one occurs to us, and that we may not be made the
+sport and ridicule of all Europe, as well as of those who
+contrive such humiliations for us.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">The Hague, August 3d, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The fiscal systems of the powers of Europe have such
+an ill influence on commerce, that they deserve the serious
+attention of Congress and their Ministers, whenever they
+have under consideration a treaty with any foreign power.
+In conversation yesterday with M. d'Asp, the <i>Chargé
+d'Affaires</i> of Sweden, I inquired of him what imposts
+were payable in their ports upon the importation and exportation
+of merchandises, and observed to him, that I had
+lately seen in the gazettes, that the King had taken off
+certain duties upon the importation of merchandises from
+America, in Swedish ships. He agreed that such a thing
+had been done. This ought to alarm us. All the powers
+of Europe, who are called neutral, have felt a sudden
+increase of their navigation in the course of the late war,
+and the profits they have made have excited a desire to
+augment it still further. If they should generally exact
+duties of our ships, and none of their own upon the importation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span>
+of our produce, this will be as great a discouragement
+to our navigation as it will be an encouragement to
+theirs. Whether this has been attended to in the treaty
+with Sweden I know not, for I have not seen it. But it
+ought to be carefully considered by those who negotiate
+the treaties with Denmark and Portugal, the Emperor and
+Empress, and all other powers. We have a good right to
+insist, that no distinction shall be made in their ports between
+their ships and ours; that we should pay in their
+ports no higher duties than they pay in ours.</p>
+
+<p>I should think it therefore advisable for Congress to
+instruct their negotiators, to endeavor to obtain equity in
+this respect. This is the time for it, if ever. If we cannot
+obtain it by negotiation, we must think and talk of
+doing ourselves justice by making similar distinctions in
+our own ports between our vessels and theirs. But here
+again comes in the difficulty of uniting our States in such
+measures; a difficulty which must be surmounted, or our
+commerce, navigation, and marine will still be ruined, notwithstanding
+the conservation of the fisheries. It deserves
+to be considered by whom this new method of huddling
+up treaties at Paris is contrived, and for what purposes.
+It may well be conjectured, that it is done with the secret
+intention of preventing these things from being attended
+to; for there are persons who had rather that any other
+people should have navigation than the Americans. I
+have good reason to believe that it was known at Versailles,
+that Mr Dana had well digested his thoughts upon
+this subject, which was reason enough for some people to
+endeavor to take Sweden out of his hands, in whose department
+it was. Their success is much to be lamented.<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I had yesterday and the day before long conversations
+with the Baron Van der Capellen de Pal, and M. Gyselaer.
+They both complain to me, in the most pathetic
+terms, of the cruel situation of the friends of America and
+France in this Republic. They both say, that they are
+looking round every way like drowning men for support.
+The Province of Friesland, their great dependence, wavers,
+and many of their fellow-laborers are discouraged.
+They both inquired of me very earnestly, if closer connexions
+could not be formed with us; if we could not
+agree to warrant to each other the liberty of navigation, or
+enter into an alliance, offensive and defensive. They see
+they shall be obliged to make a shameful peace, and that
+the blame of it will fall upon them, which will give a triumph
+to the Court, and put their persons even in danger.
+They say, the King of France, by his Ambassador, in
+July, 1782, gave them a positive assurance that he would
+never separate his cause from theirs. In consequence of
+this, they had instructed their Ambassadors never to separate
+their cause from his. On their part the agreement
+had been sacredly observed, but not on the other. With
+Great Britain enraged against them, with a formidable
+party in the Republic furious against them, with the King
+of Prussia threatening them, and abandoned by France,
+their prospects are, they say, as disagreeable as can be
+conceived.</p>
+
+<p>There are many appearances of designs to excite the
+people to seditions, and I think it probable that the Court
+of London studies delays of the Definitive Treaty in this
+hope. I still believe, however, that the people will be wise
+and the Republic firm, and submit to the immense losses
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span>
+of the war, and that of Negapatnam, rather than renew
+their old submission to the Court and to England.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> The plan of the treaty with Sweden was sent out to Dr Franklin
+by Congress, and adopted with hardly a verbal alteration. See
+the plan, and the treaty as adopted, in the Secret Journals of Congress,
+Vol. III. pp. 227, 369.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, August 10th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th I left the Hague, and last night arrived here.
+I had several interviews, on some of the last days at the
+Hague, which I had not time to give you an account of,
+as a great part of my time was taken up with visits to take
+leave of the Court, the President, the Grand Pensionary,
+Greffier, &amp;c. ceremonies which must be repeated at every
+coming and going, and upon many other occasions, to the
+no small interruption of business of more importance.</p>
+
+<p>I asked the Count de Sanafeé, the Spanish Minister,
+with whom I have always lived upon very good terms,
+whether it might not be possible to persuade his Court,
+that it would be good policy for them to allow to the citizens
+of the United States of America a free port, in some
+of their islands at least, if not upon the Continent of South
+America? He said he did not know; that he thought,
+however, his Court would be afraid of the measure, as free
+ports were nests of smugglers, and afforded many facilities
+of illicit trade, (<i>le commerce interlope</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>I asked him further, whether measures might not be
+taken at Madrid, to the end that the sugars, coffee, cocoa,
+&amp;c. of their Colonies might be carried to the free ports
+of France, Holland, and Denmark, in the West Indies or
+one of them, in Spanish vessels, that they might be there
+purchased by Americans? He said he was not able to
+foresee any objection against this. I asked him again,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span>
+what objections there could be to admitting American vessels
+to the Spanish Islands of Cuba and Hispaniola, to
+carry their produce and purchase molasses, as they did in
+the French and Dutch Colonies. Such a commerce
+would be useful and profitable both to them and to us.
+He said that he could not pretend to give any opinion upon
+any of these points. But that we must negotiate them at
+Madrid. I hope Congress will instruct their Minister at
+the Court of Madrid to propose all these things, and endeavor
+to obtain them.</p>
+
+<p>The Portuguese Envoy, Don Almeida, returned my
+visit, and brought with him a copy of the treaty between
+Spain and Portugal, made at Utrecht in 1715. This treaty
+was signed under the warranty of Great Britain, and one
+article of it is, that each nation shall confine the commerce
+with its possessions in America to its own subjects.
+I had much satisfaction in the conversation of this Minister,
+who, though a young man, appears possessed of more
+than common intelligence, and a desire to inform himself
+of everything which can affect his nation. He is, as he
+told me, a nephew of the present Prime Minister at the
+Court of Lisbon. He says, that the <i>King his master</i>, (a
+style which they continue to use, although the Queen is the
+sovereign, and her husband is but her subject) allows but
+sixty thousand Dutch guilders a year to his Ambassador at
+Versailles, which not being sufficient for his expenses at
+that Court, he is continued there because he is very rich;
+but that he is not a man of business.</p>
+
+<p>He again enlarged upon the subject of Portuguese navigation,
+which has been prettily increased, (<i>tres joliment
+augmenté</i>) during the late war, and would have been still
+doubled if the war had continued another year; that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span>
+their merchants and mariners had pushed their navigation
+with more spirit than skill; had sent their wines and other
+things in prize vessels purchased in France and Spain, all
+over Europe; but that their seamen not being experienced,
+many vessels had been lost, so that the price of
+insurance was ten per cent with them, when it was not
+more then three or four with other neutral nations; that
+the profits had nevertheless been so considerable, as to
+excite a strong inclination still to increase their shipping
+and carrying-trade. These observations are worth repeating
+to Congress, because all the other neutral powers have
+felt a like advantage. The commerce of the northern
+powers was so increased, and had turned the course of
+business that way to such a degree, as occasioned to the
+Danish Minister at Versailles, for example, a loss of forty
+per cent upon his salary. So much was exchange affected.</p>
+
+<p>The late belligerent powers, having observed this sudden
+increase of the commerce of the neutrals, and that it
+was owing to the sudden growth of their navigation, are
+alarmed. So that the attention of all the commercial nations
+is now turned to navigation, carrying-trade, coasting-trade,
+&amp;c. more than ever. We should be apprised of this,
+and upon our guard. Our navigation and carrying-trade
+is not to be neglected. We have great advantages for
+many branches of it, and have a right to claim our natural
+share in it.</p>
+
+<p>This morning I went out to Passy, and found from Dr
+Franklin and Mr Jay, that nothing farther had been done
+since my departure, but to deliver to Mr Hartley a fair
+copy of the project of a definitive treaty, which I had left
+with my colleagues; that Mr Laurens had been here in
+my absence, and returned to England; that he was of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span>
+opinion, the present British Ministry would not remain a
+fortnight; that Mr Hartley had been seven weeks without
+a letter from his principals, and then received only an
+apology for not having written, a promise to write soon, and
+authority to assure the American Ministers that all would
+go well. These last are words of course. There are but
+three ways in which I can account for this conduct of the
+British Ministry. 1st. The fact is, that they foresee a
+change, and do not choose to commit themselves, but wish
+to reserve everything for the foundation of a future opposition,
+that they may attack the definitive treaty which
+may be made by a future Ministry, as they attacked the
+provisional and preliminary one, made by the last. 2dly.
+That they are exciting secretly and insidiously the troubles
+in the north, in hopes of involving France, and then assuming
+a higher tone. 3dly. That they are in expectation,
+that seditions may be excited in Holland, and the Dutch
+induced to renounce France, and renew the ancient alliance
+with England.</p>
+
+<p>I see no more appearance of the definitive treaty, than I
+have done these six months. Mr Hartley, I am told by
+Mr Jay, thinks that the French Court wish to delay the
+signature; that they do not wish to see the peace finished
+between England and America, while matters are uncertain
+in the north. There are so many considerations on
+both sides of the question, whether the French Minister
+wishes to finish soon or not, that it is hard to decide it.
+Neither Court possibly is very zealous to finish, while so
+great a scene as the northern war lies under so much
+obscurity.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, August 13th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday I went to Court with Dr Franklin, and presented
+to the Count de Vergennes our project of a definitive
+treaty, who told us he would examine it and give us
+his sentiments upon it.</p>
+
+<p>It was Ambassadors' day, and I had conversations with
+a number of Ministers, of which it is proper I should give
+you an account.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch Ambassador, Berkenrode, told me, that last
+Saturday the Count de Vergennes went to Paris, and dined
+with the Imperial Ambassador, the Count de Mercy, in
+company with the Duke of Manchester, the Count d'Aranda,
+the Prince Bariatinski, and M. Markoff, with their
+Secretaries; that after dinner the Secretaries in presence
+of all the Ministers read over, compared, and corrected the
+definitive treaties between France and Great Britain, and
+between Spain and Great Britain, and finally agreed upon
+both. So that they are now ready for signature by the
+Ministers of Great Britain, France, and Spain as principals,
+and by those of the two Imperial Courts as mediators.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Manchester told me, that Mr Hartley's
+courier, who carried our project of a treaty, arrived in
+London last Saturday, and might be expected here on next
+Saturday on his return.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening, on my return from Versailles, Mr Hartley
+called upon me at my house, and informed me, that
+he had just received a courier from Westminster, who had
+brought him the ratification of our provisional treaty, under
+the King's own hand, and under the great seal of the kingdom,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span>
+enclosed in a silver box, ornamented with golden tassels
+as usual, which he was ready to exchange tomorrow
+morning. He informed me farther, that he had received
+very satisfactory letters from the Duke of Portland and
+Mr Fox, and the strongest assurances, that the dispositions
+of his Court were very good to finish immediately, and to
+arrange all things upon the best footing; that he had
+farther received plenary authority to sign the definitive
+treaty tomorrow, or tonight, if we pleased; that he had
+received a draft ready formed, which he would show us.</p>
+
+<p>We agreed to go together in the morning to my colleagues,
+and this morning we went out in Mr Hartley's
+carriage, exchanged the ratifications, and he produced to
+us his project of a definitive treaty. It is the provisional
+treaty in so many words; without addition or diminution.
+It is only preceded with a preamble, which makes it a
+definitive treaty. And he proposed to us, that all matters
+of discussion respecting commerce or other things should
+be left to be discussed by Ministers, to be mutually appointed
+to reside in London and Philadelphia. We told him,
+that it had been proposed to us, that the Ministers of the
+two Imperial Courts should sign the treaty as mediators,
+and that we had answered, that we had no objection to it.</p>
+
+<p>He said, he had unanswerable ones. First, he had no
+authority, and could not obtain any certainly under ten
+days, nor probably ever. For secondly, it would, he
+thought, give great offence to his Court, and they never
+would agree that any nation should interfere between
+them and America. Thirdly, for his part, he was fully
+against it, and should write his opinion to his Court. If he
+was about to marry his daughter, or set up a son in the
+world, after he was of age, he would never admit any of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span>
+his neighbors to interfere, and sign any contract he might
+make, as mediators. There was no need of it.</p>
+
+<p>We told him there was no need of warmth upon the occasion,
+or any pretence for his Court to take offence;
+that it had been proposed to us, that the Imperial Ministers
+should sign as mediators. Our answer had been, that
+we had no objections, that we were willing and ready to
+consent to it, or even to request it. His Court had a right
+to consent or dissent, as it thought proper. To be sure,
+the mediation could not take place without their consent.
+That he might write to his Court the proposition, and if he
+received orders to consent or dissent, it would be equally
+well. In the meantime, we were ready to sign the definitive
+treaty, either with or without the mediation, whenever
+the other parties were ready to sign, according to his
+project just received from his Court, that is, simply a repetition
+of the provisional treaty.</p>
+
+<p>We have agreed to this, because it is plain, that all
+propositions for alterations in the provisional articles will be
+an endless discussion, and that we must give more than we
+can hope to receive. The critical state of things in England,
+and at the Court of Versailles, and in all the rest of
+Europe, affords pressing motives to get this business finished.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Hartley told us from his Court, that they had expected
+an American Minister at St James's these three
+months, and that all further matters might be there discussed.</p>
+
+<p>He also announced to us the birth of another Princess,
+the fifteenth child of the Queen, upon which event he received
+our congratulations, which I hope Congress will
+approve and repeat by their Minister in London; for these
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span>
+personal and family compliments are more attended to in
+Courts, and have greater effects than may be imagined.</p>
+
+<p>I lament very much, that we cannot obtain an explanation
+of the article respecting the refugees, and that respecting
+debts; but it is plain, we must give more than they
+are worth for such explanations; and what is of more decisive
+importance, we must make a long delay, and put infinitely
+greater things at hazard by this means.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, August 13th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The question before the French cabinet, whether they
+shall involve themselves in a war against two Christian
+Empires, in order to support a Turkish one, is of a serious
+nature on many accounts. If the Turks should be driven
+out of Europe, France would lose some of the Levant
+trade, and some of the coasting trade of Italy; and these
+commercial and naval considerations are enforced by
+others, which lie deeper in the human heart, the ancient
+rivalry between the great Houses of Bourbon and Austria,
+and between the vast countries of Germany and France,
+and between all the lesser powers, which depend upon
+them. To these considerations is to be added, that an
+Austrian Princess is now upon the throne of France, to
+whom it is no doubt a melancholy consideration, that there
+is danger of a war between a husband and a brother.</p>
+
+<p>The city politicians are looking out for alliances with
+Prussia, Holland, and even England, but can find none.
+It cannot be expected that either will engage; yet the
+French Minister has gone far towards compromising his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span>
+master, by augmenting the array to a war establishment,
+and by threatening to shut up the Mediterranean Sea.</p>
+
+<p>In this posture of affairs, it is not surprising, that there
+should be a fermentation at Versailles, and since my return
+to Paris, I find it is the general topic of conversation.
+Monsieur de Breteuil, late Ambassador to the Court of Vienna,
+who is supposed to be esteemed by the Queen, and
+connected with her friends, is lately, about a fortnight ago,
+called to the King's council, and the Maréschal de Castries,
+who is in the same interest, is said to be new modelling
+the subordinate offices in his department.</p>
+
+<p>From these, and many other considerations, it is generally
+concluded, that Count de Vergennes' continuance in
+the Ministry is precarious. Mr Hartley last night and today
+began conversation with me upon the subject, and is
+very sanguine that his Minister will continue in place but a
+very short time, and assures me that the Duke of Manchester
+is of the same opinion. I pretend to form no
+opinion, because I have ever carefully avoided conversations
+and connexions, which might be misinterpreted into
+an attachment to persons or parties in this kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>I know, that for the last nine months many sensible
+people have thought this Minister in a tottering situation;
+others think he will weather out the storm, which all people
+agree is preparing for him. Time will discover. One
+thing is agreed on all hands, that he is not in favor with the
+Queen, and as he has taken up the cause in a pretty high
+tone against the Emperor and Empress, if he should be
+now displaced, Congress, I think, may infer from it, that
+France will not take a part in the war; on the contrary, if
+he remains, it is probable she will.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, August 13th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday at Versailles, the Baron de Walterstorff came
+to me and told me he had delivered to Dr Franklin, a
+project of a treaty between the Court of Denmark and the
+United States, and asked me if Dr Franklin had shown it
+to me? I answered him, that I knew nothing of it. He
+said, he wondered at that, he presumed it was because of
+my absence at the Hague, for that it had been shown to
+Mr Jay. There by the way he was misinformed, for upon
+my return from Versailles, I called upon Mr Jay on purpose
+to ask him, and he assured me he had not seen it.
+I asked Walterstorff, if his orders were to propose his project
+to us all. He said no, this Court had been informed,
+that Dr Franklin was the Minister authorised and empowered
+by Congress to treat with all the powers of Europe,
+and they had for this reason sent him orders to deliver the
+project to Dr Franklin, but he supposed Dr Franklin would
+consult his colleagues. The same information, I doubt
+not, has been given to the Court of Portugal, and every
+other Court in Europe, viz. that Dr Franklin is alone empowered
+to treat with them; and in consequence of it, very
+probably, propositions have been or will be made to him
+from all of them, and he will keep the whole as secret as
+he can from Mr Jay, Mr Laurens, Mr Dana, and me.<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span>
+Now I beg to be informed by Congress, whether he has
+such authority or not? Having never been informed of
+such powers, I do not believe he has them. I remember
+there was seven years ago a resolution of Congress, that
+their Commissioners at Versailles should have power to
+treat with other powers of Europe; but upon the dissolution
+of that commission this authority was dissolved with
+it; or if not, it still resides in Mr Deane, Mr Lee, and myself,
+who were once in that commission, as well as Dr
+Franklin. And if it is by virtue of this power he acts, he
+ought at least to communicate with me, who alone am
+present. I think, however, that neither he nor I have any
+legal authority, and therefore that he ought to communicate
+everything of this kind to all the Ministers here or
+hereabout, Mr Jay, Mr Laurens, and myself, at least.</p>
+
+<p>It is not from the vain wish of seeing my poor name
+upon a treaty, that I write this. If the business is well
+done, it is not of much importance in itself who does it.</p>
+
+<p>But my duty to my country obliges me to say, that I
+seriously believe this clandestine manner of smuggling treaties
+is contrived by European politicians on purpose, that
+Mr Jay and I may not have an opportunity of suggesting
+ideas for the preservation of American navigation, transport-trade,
+and nurseries of seamen. But in another point of
+view it is of equal importance. This method reflects contempt
+and ridicule on your other Ministers. When all
+Europe sees, that a number of your Ministers are kept
+here as a kind of satellites to Dr Franklin in the affair of
+peace, but that they are not to be consulted or asked a
+question, or even permitted to know the important negotiations
+which are here going on with all Europe, they fall
+into contempt. It cannot be supposed that Congress mean
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span>
+to cast this contempt upon us, because it cannot be supposed
+they mean to destroy the reputation, character, influence,
+and usefulness of those to whom in other respects
+they intrust powers of so much consequence; and therefore
+I am persuaded, that Congress is as much imposed
+on by it as the Courts of Europe are.</p>
+
+<p>I asked the Baron, what was the substance of the treaty.
+He said his Court had taken for a model, my treaty with
+Holland. I said nothing to him in answer to this, but I
+beg leave to say to Congress, that the negotiation with Holland
+was in very different circumstances. We were then
+in the fiercest rage of the war. A treaty with that Republic
+was at that time of as much weight in the war, as the
+captivity of Burgoyne or Cornwallis. A treaty with any
+power was worth a battle or a siege, and no moments of
+time were to be lost, especially in a country so divided,
+that unanimity being necessary, every proposition was dangerous.
+At present the case is altered, and we may take
+time to weigh and inquire. The Baron tells me, that St
+Thomas and St John, two of their Islands, are free ports,
+but that St Croix, which is of more importance than both,
+is not. That foreign vessels, our vessels, are permitted
+to bring our produce, and carry away half the value in
+sugar, &amp;c. The Island produces, <i>communibus annis</i>, twenty
+thousand hogsheads of sugar, and their molasses is better
+than that of the French, because they make only "<i>sucres
+crutes</i>." He says, they have some sugar-houses at Copenhagen.
+But notwithstanding this, I think it is worth
+while for Congress to try if they cannot, by the treaty, obtain
+a right to take away cargoes, to the full value of those
+they bring. It is worth while to try too, if we cannot
+obtain a tariff, to ascertain the duties to be paid in exportation
+and importation. It is worth while too, to endeavor
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span>
+to get the duties ascertained in the Danish ports in Europe,
+at least that we may not pay in their ports more than they
+pay in ours; or that our vessels may not be obliged to pay
+more than theirs, especially when we import our own produce.
+I pretend not to be a master of these commercial
+subjects, but I think that Dr Franklin has not studied the
+subject more than myself, that both of us need the advice
+of Mr Laurens and Mr Jay, and that all of us want that of
+American merchants, and especially of Congress. I am
+therefore against this secret and hasty method of concluding
+treaties, at this time, when they may be more maturely
+reflected on.</p>
+
+<p>I know very well to what ill-natured remarks these reflections
+are liable, but they shall not hinder me from
+doing my duty. I do sincerely believe, there are clandestine
+insinuations going about to every commercial nation in
+the world, to excite them to increase their own navigation
+and seamen at the expense of ours, and that this smuggling
+of treaties is one means of accomplishing the design, although
+Dr Franklin may not be let into the secret of it.
+For, from long experience and observation, I am persuaded
+that one Minister at least and his dependants would
+prefer, that the navigation of any nation in the world, even
+that of the English, should grow, rather than ours. In the
+last <i>Courier de l'Europe</i>, it is said, that all the commercial
+powers are concerting measures to clip the wings of the
+eagle, and to prevent us from having a navy. I believe it.
+That is to say, I believe measures are taken with them all
+to bring them into this system, although they are not let
+into the secret design, and do not know from whom the
+measures come, nor with what views promoted.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great regard, I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Franklin did not assume this authority, but reported to Congress,
+that propositions for treaties had been made, and desired that authority
+to conclude them might be sent to him, or <i>some other person</i>. See
+on this subject, <i>Franklin's Correspondence</i>, Vol. IV. pp. 74, 97, 99,
+110, 114, 141. For the treaty with Sweden he had a special authority.
+<i>Secret Journals</i>, Vol. III. p 240.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, August 15th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>France, England, Spain, and America are all agreed;
+but Mr Hartley is sanguine, that the treaty will not be
+signed, because, he says, the Count de Vergennes does
+not mean to sign it. His reasons for this opinion I know
+not, and I think he is mistaken. It is very certain, however,
+that the French Minister is embarrassed, and would
+not, perhaps, be sorry to find good reasons for postponing
+the signature for some time.</p>
+
+<p>Congress may judge in some degree of the situation of
+things, by the following conversation, which I had this
+morning with M. Brantzen, the Ambassador Extraordinary
+from the States-General, to whom I returned the visit he
+made me yesterday, when I was abroad.</p>
+
+<p>He told me, "that he was as far, and indeed farther
+than ever, from an agreement with the Duke of Manchester.
+He had given up, he said, all pretensions to a compensation
+for the unjust damages of the war, and he had in
+a manner waived his claim of the restitution of Negapatnam.
+But the Duke of Manchester now insisted peremptorily
+upon, not only all the ancient salutations from the
+Dutch flag to the English, but upon an unlimited liberty of
+navigation in all the seas of the East Indies. He had despatched
+an express to the Hague the day before yesterday,
+who would arrive today; but the Grand Pensionary
+was sick, and the States of Holland not sitting; so that
+there must be some time before he could have an answer.
+Concerning the salutes to the flag, there would be different
+opinions, but they would be all of a mind against the liberty
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span>
+of navigation in the Indies. He could not, therefore,
+expect from their High Mightinesses permission to sign,
+and the Count de Vergennes would be embarrassed. All
+the other powers were ready, and to make them wait
+would raise a cry.</p>
+
+<p>"To sign without Holland would raise a terrible storm
+in Holland against the Count, and no small one in France.
+And even, if the States should authorise him to sign a
+shameful peace, this would raise no less clamor in Holland
+and France against the Count. He will, therefore,
+not know what to do, and will seek to postpone; for the
+parties of the Marquis de Castries and of M. de Breteuil
+will take advantage of every clamor against the Count, as
+these parties wish M. de Breteuil in his place. I am persuaded,
+therefore, that the Count himself looks upon his
+own situation as very hazardous. It has been so a long
+time. It was his instability in his place that made him
+sign the preliminaries, for money to carry on the war could
+not be obtained without M. Necker, and M. Necker
+would not come in with the Count, as they were and are
+sworn enemies to each other. He was, therefore, reduced
+to the dilemma to make peace or go out. I have
+good reasons to believe, that the Maréschal de Castries
+disapproves of the Count's conduct towards our Republic.
+He certainly deceived me. The States-General did very
+wrong to bind me to leave so much to the French Minister;
+but I thought him an honest man, and that I could
+trust him; so I left things to him, according to my instructions,
+depending on his word, and, at last, I found myself
+the dupe. No, not a dupe, for I am always upon my
+guard not to be a dupe. But he deceived me; and when
+one, whom I have reason to believe an honest man, deceives
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span>
+me, I cannot call myself a dupe, for I can do no
+other than believe an honest man, when he gives me his
+word."</p>
+
+<p>In several of your letters, Sir, you have insisted on my
+reciting to you my conversations with foreign Ministers.
+You must not esteem them infallible oracles. They are
+often mistaken in their facts, and sometimes wrong in their
+reasonings. But these sentiments of M. Brantzen are of
+so much importance, that I thought proper to recite them.
+It will, indeed, be necessary for your foreign Ministers to
+be more inquisitive than we have been, and to transmit to
+Congress more information concerning the intrigues of
+Courts, than we have done. If the Maréschal de Castries
+and M. de Breteuil, who is now in the Council, and M.
+Necker are not friends to the Count de Vergennes, and all
+the world here agree they are not, Congress ought to
+know it. Although I would have so much respect to the
+Queen, as not to name her Majesty upon unnecessary occasions,
+yet, upon this, when she is sister to the Emperor,
+and the question at Court is, whether there shall be a war
+with her brother, it is obviously a matter of so much importance,
+as to make it a duty to communicate to Congress
+her sentiments, which all men here agree are favorable to
+de Castries and Breteuil, but not partial to the present
+Minister of foreign Affairs. I said in a former letter, if
+this Minister continues, there will be war; but I am told
+by some, if there is war, he cannot continue; for neither
+he, nor his friends, can raise the money. M. de Rayneval,
+however, affirmed positively to Mr Hartley, that
+nothing but death could remove the Count.<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span></p>
+
+<p>All these things show the critical and uncertain constitution
+of this Court, and the uncertainty when the definitive
+treaty will be signed, notwithstanding that four powers are
+agreed, and, therefore, I can give Congress no clear information
+upon that head. This is a great chagrin to me,
+both on account of the public and myself, because I am as
+uncertain about my own destiny as that of the public.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great respect, I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> This affirmation was verified. The Count de Vergennes continued
+in the Ministry till his death, which happened, February
+13th, 1787.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, September 5th 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday, the 3d day of this month, the American
+Ministers met the British Minister at his lodgings at
+the <i>Hôtel de York</i>, and signed, sealed, and delivered the
+Definitive Treaty of Peace between the United States of
+America and the King of Great Britain. Although it is
+but a confirmation or repetition of the provisional articles,
+I have the honor to congratulate Congress upon it, as it is
+a completion of the work of peace, and the best that we
+could obtain. Nothing remains now to be done but a treaty
+of commerce; but this in my opinion cannot be negotiated
+without a new commission from Congress to some one or
+more persons. Time, it is easy to foresee, will not be
+likely to render the British nation more disposed to a regulation
+of commerce favorable to us, and therefore my
+advice is to issue a commission as soon as may be.</p>
+
+<p>There is another subject on which I beg leave to represent
+to Congress my sentiments, because they seem to me
+of importance, and because they differ from many sanguine
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span>
+opinions, which will be communicated to the members of
+that assembly from partisans both of England and France.</p>
+
+<p>In the late deliberations concerning an acceptance of the
+mediation of the Imperial Courts, the British Minister
+refused it, and in the conferences we had with the Count
+de Vergennes upon this subject, it was manifest enough to
+me that he was not fond of our accepting it; for although
+he maintained a perfect impartiality of language, neither
+advising us for, nor against the measure, yet at last, when
+it was observed that Mr Hartley was averse to it, he
+turned to Dr Franklin and said, that we must agree with
+Mr Hartley about it, with such a countenance, air, and
+tone of voice (for from these you must often collect the
+sentiments of Ministers) as convinced me he did not wish
+the mediation should take place.</p>
+
+<p>It was not a subject which would bear insisting on either
+way. I therefore made no difficulty. But I am, upon
+recollection, fully of opinion that we should have done
+wisely to have sent our letter to the Imperial Ministers,
+accepting the mediation on our part. The signature of
+these Ministers would have given reputation in Europe
+and among our own citizens. I mention these, because I
+humbly conceive that Congress ought, in all their proceedings,
+to consider the opinion that the United States or
+the people of America will entertain of themselves. We
+may call this national vanity or national pride, but it is the
+main principle of the national sense of its own dignity,
+and a passion in human nature, without which nations cannot
+preserve the character of man. Let the people lose
+this sentiment, as in Poland, and a partition of their country
+will soon take place. Our country has but lately been a
+dependent one, and our people although enlightened and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span>
+virtuous, have had their minds and hearts habitually filled
+with all the passions of a dependent and subordinate people;
+that is to say, with fear, with diffidence, and distrust
+of themselves, with admiration of foreigners, &amp;c. Now I
+say, that it is one of the most necessary and one of the
+most difficult branches of the policy of Congress to eradicate
+from the American mind, every remaining fibre of this
+fear and self-diffidence on one hand, and of this excessive
+admiration of foreigners on the other.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be doubted one moment, that a solemn acknowledgment
+of us by the signature of the two Imperial
+Courts would have had such a tendency in the minds of
+our countrymen. But we should also consider, upon every
+occasion, how our reputation will be affected in Europe.
+We shall not find it easy to keep up the respect for us, that
+has been excited by the continual publication of the exploits
+of this war. In the calm of peace, little will be said
+about us in Europe unless we prepare for it, but by those
+who have designs upon us. We may depend upon it,
+everything will be said in Europe and in the gazettes,
+which anybody in Europe wants to have repeated in
+America, to make such impressions upon the minds of our
+citizens, as he desires. It will become us, therefore, to
+do everything in our power to make reasonable and just
+impressions upon the public opinion in Europe. The
+signature of the two Imperial Courts would have made a
+deep and important impression in our favor, upon full one
+half of Europe, as friends to those Courts, and upon all
+the other half as enemies.</p>
+
+<p>I need not explain myself further. I may however
+add, that Americans can scarcely conceive the decisive
+influence of the governments of Europe upon their people.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span>
+Every nation is a piece of clockwork, every wheel is under
+the absolute direction of the sovereign as its weight or
+spring. In consequence of this, all that moiety of mankind
+that are subject to the two imperial Courts and their allies,
+would, in consequence of their mediation have been openly
+and decidedly our friends at this hour, and the other
+half of Europe would certainly have respected us more for
+this. But at present, the two Imperial Courts not having
+signed the treaty, all their friends are left in a state of
+doubt and timidity concerning us. From all the conversations
+I have had with the Count de Mercy and M. Markoff,
+it is certain that the two Courts wished, as these Ministers
+certainly were ambitious to, sign our treaty. They
+and their sovereigns wished that their names might be
+read in America, and there respected as our friends.
+But this is now past. England and France will be most
+perfectly united in all artifices and endeavors to keep down
+our reputation at home and abroad, to mortify our self-conceit,
+and to lessen us in the opinion of the world. If
+we will not see, we must be the dupes; we need not, for
+we have in our own power, with the common blessing, the
+means of everything we want. There is but one course
+now left to retrieve the error, and that is to send a Minister
+to Vienna with power to make a treaty with both the
+Imperial Courts. Congress must send a Minister first, or
+it will never be done. The Emperor never sends first,
+nor will England ever send a Minister to America, until
+Congress shall have sent one to London.</p>
+
+<p>To form immediate commercial connexions with that
+half of Europe, which ever has been, and with little variations
+ever will be, opposite to the House of Bourbon, is a
+fundamental maxim of that system of American politics,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span>
+which I have pursued invariably from the beginning of this
+war. It is the only means of preserving the respect of the
+House of Bourbon itself; it is the only means in conjunction
+with our connexions with the House of Bourbon, already
+formed, to secure us the respect of England for any
+length of time, and to keep us out of another war with that
+kingdom. It is, in short, the only possible means of securing
+to our country that peace, neutrality, impartiality, and
+indifference in European wars, which, in my opinion, we
+shall be unwise in the last degree, if we do not maintain.
+It is, besides, the only way in which we can improve and
+extend our commercial connexions to the best advantage.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great respect, I am,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ELIAS BOUDINOT, PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, September 8th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday morning Mr Jay informed me, that Dr
+Franklin had received, and soon after the Doctor put into
+my hands, the resolution of Congress of the 1st of May,<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
+ordering a commission and instructions to be prepared to
+those gentlemen and myself for making a Treaty of Commerce
+with Great Britain. This resolution, with your
+Excellency's letter, arrived very seasonably, as Mr Hartley
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span>
+was setting off for London with information from us,
+that our powers were executed.</p>
+
+<p>I am very sensible of the honor, that is done me by this
+resolution of Congress, and of the great importance of
+the business committed to our care; and shall not, therefore,
+hesitate to take a part in it. I can attend to this
+business, and at the same time have some care of your
+affairs in Holland; and in case the present loan should be
+full in the course of the next winter, I can open a new
+one, either by going to Amsterdam, or by having the obligation
+sent to me in Paris to be signed. In this way
+there will be no additional expense to the public, as I have
+informed M. Dumas, that there must be no expense made
+at the Hague on my account, or on account of Congress,
+but that all his expenses must be borne by himself, or he
+must at least settle them with Congress. I have so much
+regard for this gentleman, and such an opinion of his worth
+and merit, that I cannot but recommend him upon this
+occasion to Congress, for the commission of Secretary of
+that Legation, but as economy is and ought to be carefully
+attended to, I presume not to point out the salary, which
+will be proper. There are so many ways of pillaging
+public men in Europe, that it will be difficult for Congress
+to conceive the expenses, which are unavoidable in these
+countries.</p>
+
+<p>If the principle of economy should restrain Congress
+from sending Ministers to Vienna, Petersburg, Copenhagen
+and Lisbon, they will probably send a commission to
+Paris to negotiate treaties there, because I think it will appear
+to be of great importance, both in a political and commercial
+light, to have treaties with these powers. If this
+should be the case, as three of us will be now obliged to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span>
+attend at Paris the tedious negotiation with every Court,
+we can all at the same time and with the same expense
+attend to the negotiations with the other powers; which
+will afford to all an opportunity of throwing in any hints,
+which may occur for the public good, and will have a
+much better appearance in the eyes of Europe and America.
+I do not hesitate, therefore, to request, that if such
+a commission or commissions should be sent, that all your
+Ministers in Europe may be inserted in it. If the arrangement
+should make any difficulty in America, it will make
+none with me; for although I think there was good
+reason for the order in which the names stand in the new
+commission for peace, and in the resolution for a new
+commission for a treaty of commerce, that reason will not
+exist in any future commission.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Hartley's powers are sufficient to go through the negotiation
+with us, and I suppose it will be chiefly conducted
+at Paris, yet we may all think it proper to make a tour to
+London, for a few weeks especially, in case any material
+obstacle should arise. We are told, that such a visit
+would have a good effect at Court and with the nation; at
+least, it seems clear it would do no harm.</p>
+
+<p>With the greatest respect and esteem, I have the honor
+to be, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> "Ordered, That a commission be prepared to John Adams, Benjamin
+Franklin, and John Jay, authorising them, or either of them in
+the absence of the others, to enter into a treaty of commerce between
+the United States of America and Great Britain, subject to the revisal
+of the contracting parties previous to its final conclusion; and,
+in the meantime, to enter into a commercial convention, to continue
+in force one year."</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, September 8th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>As the resolution of Congress of the 1st of May has
+determined it to be my duty to remain in Europe, at least
+another winter, I shall be obliged to say many things to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span>
+your Excellency by letter, which I hoped to have had the
+honor of saying upon the floor of your house. Some of
+these things may be thought at first of little consequence,
+but time, and inquiry, and consideration, will show them to
+have weight. Of this sort, is the subject of this letter.</p>
+
+<p>The views and designs, the intrigues and projects of
+Courts, are let out by insensible degrees, and with infinite
+art and delicacy in the gazettes.</p>
+
+<p>These channels of communication are very numerous;
+and they are artificially complicated in such a manner, that
+very few persons are able to trace the sources from whence
+insinuations and projects flow. The English papers are
+an engine, by which everything is scattered all over the
+world. They are open and free. The eyes of mankind
+are fixed upon them. They are taken by all Courts and
+all politicians, and by almost all gazetteers. Of these
+papers, the French emissaries in London, even in time of
+war, but especially in time of peace, make a very great
+use; they insert in them things which they wish to have
+circulated far and wide. Some of the paragraphs inserted
+in them will do to circulate through all Europe, and some
+will not do in the <i>Courier de l'Europe</i>. This is the most
+artful paper in the world; it is continually accommodating
+between the French and English Ministry. If it should
+offend the English essentially, the Ministry would prevent
+its publication; if it should sin against the French unpardonably,
+the Ministry would instantly stop its circulation;
+it is, therefore, continually under the influence of the
+French Ministers, whose under-workers have many things
+translated into it from the English papers, and many others
+inserted in it originally, both to the end, that they may be
+circulated over the world, and particularly that they may be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span>
+seen by the King of France, who reads this paper constantly.
+From the English papers and the <i>Courier de
+l'Europe</i>, many things are transferred into various other
+gazettes, the <i>Courier du Bas Rhin</i>, the <i>Gazette de Deux
+Ponts</i>, the <i>Courier d'Avignon</i>, and the <i>Gazette des Pays
+Bas</i>. The Gazettes of Leyden and Amsterdam, are sometimes
+used for the more grave and solid objects, those of
+Deux Ponts and d'Avignon for popular topics, the small
+talk of coffee-houses, and still smaller and lower circles.</p>
+
+<p>All these papers and many others discover a perpetual
+complaisance for the French Ministry, because they are
+always in their power so entirely, that if an offensive paragraph
+appears, the entrance and distribution of the gazette
+may be stopped by an order from Court, by which the
+gazetteer loses the sale of his paper in France, which is a
+great pecuniary object. Whoever shall hereafter come to
+Europe in any public employment, and take in the papers
+above enumerated, will acknowledge his obligations to me
+for mentioning them. He will find them a constant source
+of amusement, and sometimes of useful discoveries. I
+may hereafter possibly entertain Congress with some curious
+speculations from these gazettes, which have all their
+attention fixed upon us, and very often honor us with their
+animadversions, sometimes with their grave counsels, but
+oftener still with very subtle and sly insinuations.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great respect, I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Paris, September 10th, 1783.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>As I am to remain in Europe for some time longer, I
+beg leave to take a cursory view of what appears necessary
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span>
+or expedient to be further done in Europe; for I
+conceive it to be not only the right but the duty of a Foreign
+Minister, to advise his Sovereign, according to his
+lights and judgments, although the more extensive information
+and superior wisdom of the Sovereign, may frequently
+see cause to pursue a different conduct.</p>
+
+<p>With Spain no doubt Congress will negotiate by a particular
+Minister, either the present one or another, and
+perhaps it would be proper that the same should treat with
+Naples. With the two Empires, Prussia, Denmark, Portugal,
+Sardinia and Tuscany, I humbly conceive, it might be
+proper to negotiate, and perhaps with Hamburg; but there
+are other powers with whom it is more necessary to have
+treaties than it ought to be, I mean Morocco, Algiers, Tunis,
+and Tripoli.</p>
+
+<p>I presume that Congress will not think it expedient to
+be at the expense of sending Ministers to all these powers,
+if to any. Perhaps in the present state of our finances it
+may not be worth while to send any. Yet the present
+time is the best to negotiate with all. I submit it to consideration
+then, whether it is not advisable to send a commission
+to such Minister as you judge proper, with full
+powers to treat with all, to the Ministers now in Paris, or
+to any others. But I humbly conceive, that if powers to
+treat with all or any of these States are sent to any of your
+Ministers now here, it would be for the public good, that
+they should be sent to all. If Congress can find funds to
+treat with the Barbary Powers, the Ministers here are the
+best situated, for they should apply to the Court of Versailles
+and their High Mightinesses in the first place, that
+orders should be sent to their Consuls according to treaties
+to assist us. Ministers here may carry on this negotiation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span>
+by letters, or may be empowered to send an agent if necessary.
+I have no private interest in this business. My
+salary will be the same, my expenses more, and labor
+much increased by such a measure. But as it is of public
+importance, I think, that no unnecessary delicacies should
+restrain me from suggesting these hints to Congress.
+Whatever their determination may be, will be satisfactory
+to me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, your
+Excellency's, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN ADAMS.</p>
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_head">
+
+<h2><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+<span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE</span><br />
+<span class="of">OF</span><br />
+<span class="name">JOHN JAY;</span><br />
+
+<span class="sub_name">
+MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY TO THE COURT OF
+SPAIN, AND ONE OF THE COMMISSIONERS
+FOR NEGOTIATING PEACE.</span></h2>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span></p>
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span></p>
+
+<p>John Jay was a member of the first Congress, which
+assembled at Philadelphia in September, 1774, having
+been, with four other persons, chosen a delegate from the
+city and county of New York. He was also in the Congress
+of the following year, but after the organization of the
+government of New York he was made Chief Justice of
+the State, and retired from Congress. On the 21st of
+October, 1778, even while he held the office of Chief Justice,
+he was elected by the Assembly a delegate to Congress
+for a specific object, till the first of March following.
+The Assembly at the same time declared, that by the constitution
+of New York both these stations were consistent
+with each other.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay joined the Congress on the 7th of December,
+and was elected President of that body three days afterwards,
+as the successor of Henry Laurens. He discharged
+this office with great dignity and credit to himself till September
+27th, 1779, when he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary
+to negotiate a treaty of amity and alliance with
+Spain. He sailed for France about the first of November
+in the same ship with M. Gerard, who had been the late
+French Minister in the United States. Accidents at sea
+compelled the Captain of the vessel to put into Martinique,
+whence Mr Jay sailed in another vessel for Europe, and
+arrived at Cadiz on the 22d of January, 1780. Here he
+remained between two and three months, and then proceeded
+to Madrid, and entered on the duties of his
+mission.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The two principal objects, which Mr Jay was instructed
+to obtain, were a grant of aids in money and military supplies
+from Spain, to assist in prosecuting the war against
+the common enemy, and a treaty between Spain and the
+United States. After encountering for more than two
+years innumerable embarrassments, vexatious delays, cold
+treatment, and a provoking indifference, that would have
+exhausted the patience, if not ruffled the temper of most
+men, he met with very little success in the former object,
+and none at all in the latter. The Spanish Court seemed
+nowise inclined to recognize the independence of the
+United States, or to show them any substantial marks of
+friendship, and yet there was evidently a willingness to
+keep on terms, and be prepared to act according to the
+issue of events. Tardy promises of money were made by
+the Minister, which he was reluctant to fulfil, and it was
+with extreme difficulty at last, that Mr Jay succeeded in
+procuring from his Catholic Majesty the pitiful loan of one
+hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In the treaty he
+made no progress, but was put off from time to time, with
+pretences as frivolous as they were insincere. He was
+never received in his public capacity, nor in any other
+character than that of a private gentleman empowered
+to act as Agent for the United States. In short, it must
+be confessed, that the conduct of Spain, in regard to this
+country during the revolutionary war, was not such as
+to inspire the gratitude or respect of succeeding generations.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, on the 13th of June, 1781, Mr Jay was
+chosen one of the Commissioners for negotiating a peace,
+when the parties at war should be prepared for such an
+event. Having already made considerable progress with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span>
+Mr Oswald in the treaty; and being persuaded that the
+British government were in earnest as to their professed
+desire for peace, Dr Franklin wrote to Mr Jay requesting
+him to repair to Paris, and join in the negotiation. He
+arrived in that city on the 23d of June, 1782, and shortly
+afterwards engaged in the duties of his commission with
+his colleague. Mr Adams did not arrive till the 26th of
+October. The preliminary articles were signed on the
+30th of November.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay continued in Europe the year following, and
+signed, with the other Commissioners, the Definitive Treaty,
+September 3d, 1783. Several months previously
+he had asked permission to return home, but he did not
+embark till June 1st, 1794. He arrived in New York
+on the 24th of July following.</p>
+
+<p>It having been understood that he would soon return,
+Congress had elected him Secretary of Foreign Affairs on
+the 7th of May, as successor to Mr Livingston, who had resigned
+some time before. He accepted this appointment,
+and took charge of the office, which he filled with the
+same dignity and ability, that had marked his conduct in
+every public station.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div class="section_head">
+
+<h2><span class="the">THE</span><br />
+<span class="correspondence">CORRESPONDENCE</span><br />
+<span class="of">OF</span><br />
+<span class="name">JOHN JAY.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN JAY, MINISTER FOR NEGOTIATING<br />
+A TREATY WITH SPAIN.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">In Congress, September 29th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>By the treaties subsisting between his Most Christian
+Majesty and the United States of America, a power is reserved
+to his Catholic Majesty to accede to the said
+treaties, and to participate in their stipulations, at such
+time as he shall judge proper, it being well understood,
+nevertheless, that if any of the stipulations of the said
+treaties are not agreeable to the Court of Spain, his Catholic
+Majesty may propose other conditions analogous to
+the principal aim of the alliance, and conformable to the
+rules of equality, reciprocity, and friendship. Congress is
+sensible of the friendly regard to these States manifested
+by his Most Christian Majesty, in reserving a power to his
+Catholic Majesty of acceding to the alliance entered into
+between his Most Christian Majesty and these United
+States; and, therefore, that nothing may be wanting on their
+part to facilitate the views of his Most Christian Majesty,
+and to obtain a treaty of alliance, and of amity and commerce
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span>
+with his Catholic Majesty, have thought proper to
+anticipate any propositions, which his Catholic Majesty
+might make on that subject, by yielding up to him those
+objects, which they conclude he may have principally in
+view; and for that purpose have come to the following
+resolution;</p>
+
+<p>That if his Catholic Majesty shall accede to the said
+treaties, and, in concurrence with France and the United
+States of America, continue the present war with Great
+Britain for the purpose expressed in the treaties aforesaid,
+he shall not thereby be precluded from securing to himself
+the Floridas; on the contrary, if he shall obtain the Floridas
+from Great Britain, these United States will guaranty
+the same to his Catholic Majesty; provided always, that
+the United States shall enjoy the free navigation of the
+river Mississippi into and from the sea.</p>
+
+<p>You are, therefore, to communicate to his Most Christian
+Majesty the desire of Congress to enter into a treaty
+of alliance, and of amity and commerce with his Catholic
+Majesty, and to request his favorable interposition for that
+purpose. At the same time, you are to make such proposal
+to his Catholic Majesty, as in your judgment, from
+circumstances, will be proper for obtaining for the United
+States of America equal advantages with those, which are
+secured to them by the treaties with his Most Christian
+Majesty; observing always the resolution aforesaid as the
+ultimatum of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>You are particularly to endeavor to obtain some convenient
+port or ports below the thirtyfirst degree of north
+latitude, on the river Mississippi, for all merchant vessels,
+goods, wares, and merchandises, belonging to the inhabitants
+of these States.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The distressed state of our finances, and the great depreciation
+of our paper money, inclined Congress to hope
+that his Catholic Majesty, if he shall conclude a treaty with
+these States, will be induced to lend them money; you
+are, therefore, to represent to him the great distress of
+these States on that account, and to solicit a loan of five
+millions of dollars upon the best terms in your power, not
+exceeding six per cent per annum, effectually to enable
+them to co-operate with the allies against the common
+enemy. But before you make any propositions to his
+Catholic Majesty for a loan, you are to endeavor to obtain
+a subsidy in consideration of the guarantee aforesaid.<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> The above is the form in which the instructions were reported
+by a committee.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Pierre's, Martinique, December 20th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This is the only opportunity of transmitting a letter to
+Philadelphia since our arrival; and as the route, which
+this is to take, will be very circuitous and doubtful, it will
+be short and general.</p>
+
+<p>Having lost our bowsprit, all our masts, and many of
+our sails, as well as split our rudder, off the Banks of
+Newfoundland, we steered for this Island, and arrived yesterday
+afternoon. The Governor and Admiral are at Port
+Royal. They are informed of our being here, and I shall
+see them either at this or that place, according as we shall
+find it to be their intention to come to the one, or remain at
+the other. Till then, it must continue doubtful, whether
+we shall be able to obtain a passage in a French frigate, or
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span>
+speedily refit our own; neither of which can be done without
+the interposition of government.</p>
+
+<p>Two days hence, a vessel will sail for St Eustatia. I
+shall write more particularly by her, and it is more than
+probable, that those letters will come to hand before this.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday, a fleet of twentyfive merchant-men under
+the convoy of a frigate, bound from France to this place,
+were attacked on the southern coast of Martinique, near
+Port Royal, by a number of the enemy's ships of war
+from St Lucia. Fourteen merchant-men were captured,
+and two driven on shore. The rest escaped during a
+very severe action between three line of battle ships under
+Monsieur le Motte Piquet, (who went from Port Royal
+to their relief) and double the number of the enemy.
+This intelligence was communicated to me this morning by
+the commanding officer here.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Pierre's, Martinique, December 22d, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>By a message received yesterday afternoon from the
+Marquis de Boulliè, I find there is no reason to expect
+him or the Admiral here very soon. We shall, therefore,
+set out for Port Royal early tomorrow morning, and endeavor
+to get our ship refitted as soon as possible. She
+will follow us in a day or two, and, as the enemy's ships of
+war are frequently cruising near the Island, she will go
+under convoy; four of them are now in sight of this town.</p>
+
+<p>It seems agreed on all hands, that the expense of refitting
+the Confederacy will be very considerable. To
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span>
+reduce this matter to greater certainty, I have desired the
+captain to make out an estimate of his wants; he promised
+to prepare it, and give me a copy this evening. If I receive
+it before nine o'clock, it will accompany this letter,
+otherwise it will be transmitted by the next conveyance.</p>
+
+<p>The agent here tells me, he is without cash, and in debt
+on the public account. I fear he has been neglected. I
+shall, however, defer saying anything further on his subject
+till I shall be better informed. Should an opportunity
+offer of writing to your Excellency from Port Royal, I
+shall embrace it, if not, I shall take the first after my return.
+As the government here will, I hope, advance the
+money necessary for preparing the frigate for sea, I am
+anxious that you may have the earliest intelligence of it,
+that timely provision may be made for the payment.</p>
+
+<p>Of the fleet mentioned in my letter of the 20th instant,
+only nine were taken or destroyed.</p>
+
+<p><i>7 o'clock.</i>&mdash;I had written thus far, when Captain Harding
+called upon me. He has made out an estimate of the
+ship's wants, and given it to Mr Bingham, without having
+made a copy for me, which it is now too late to do to go
+by this vessel.</p>
+
+<p>On our return from Port Royal, the captain will transmit
+particular accounts of everything respecting the ship,
+which he ought to communicate. He has been too much
+engaged to prepare his despatches to go by this vessel,
+and, therefore, postpones writing for the present, especially
+as he would have leisure only to repeat the general account
+of our misfortune contained in my letter.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Pierre's, Martinique, December 24th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>My former letters to your Excellency of the 20th and
+22d instant, (a triplicate of the former, and a duplicate of
+the latter are herewith enclosed) have already informed
+Congress of the disaster, which imposed upon us the necessity
+of coming hither. But as that necessity has been and
+still continues the subject of much inquiry and investigation,
+it is proper that the facts from which it arose be minutely
+stated.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th day of November last, between the hours of
+five and six in the morning, in latitude 41 03 N. and longitude
+50 39 W. the Captain being in bed indisposed, and
+the master and second lieutenant on deck, the ship going
+nine knots an hour in a brisk breeze and rough sea, but by
+no means hard weather, her bowsprit and all her masts
+gave way in less than three minutes. The day was employed
+in clearing the ship of the wreck, and getting up a
+little sail; towards evening a heavy gale came on. During
+the night, the tiller was lashed fast, and she lay too very
+well, the wind blowing hard at south east. The next
+morning the shank of the rudder was found to be so much
+wrenched and split, that the Captain then told me he thought
+it a greater misfortune than the loss of the masts.
+There were two French gentlemen on board, who, it was
+said, and I believe with truth, were well skilled in maritime
+affairs, having been bred to that business from their
+infancy, viz. Monsieur Roche, a Knight of the Order of St
+Louis, and a Captain Remuy, of Marseilles. Either this day
+or the next, I am not certain which, M. Gerard remarked
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span>
+to me, that without any previous counsel, it seemed to be
+the unanimous opinion of all the naval officers on board
+to go to the West Indies, and that he believed it would
+be best, though he said he was at first inclined to oppose
+it. The first expedient to steer the ship was by the cable
+and a spar; below the split in the rudder there was a bolt
+with two rings, to which it had been intended to fix a chain
+for the purpose of steering the ship in case of such accidents,
+but the fixing the chains had been omitted; through
+this ring the Captain passed a chain, and to each end of
+it fastened a strong rope, which was conducted over the
+quarters, and this was the second mode of steering her;
+but from the uncommon breadth of the rudder by which
+its power became unusually great, and the acuteness of the
+angle between it and the chains rendering a greater force
+necessary than if it had approached nearer to a right angle;
+the bolt, though to appearance a good one, broke nearly in
+the middle, and came out.</p>
+
+<p>It seems the rudder of this ship was hung after she had
+been launched, and that to do it the more easily an eyebolt
+had been fixed in each side of the rudder below the
+shank; to these eyebolts two chains were then fixed,
+which crossing the edge of the rudder in opposite directions,
+were fastened to pennants made of cordage, provided
+for the breechings of our twelve pounders. These pennants
+passed through blocks at the end of spars, run out of
+the ports of the cabin. From thence they were led
+through blocks in opposite ports of the main deck to the
+capstan, by means of which they were very conveniently
+managed, and the ship without much difficulty steered.
+Such however was the force and wear they underwent
+before our arrival in calmer latitudes and smoother seas,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span>
+that they generally gave way every day or two; and the
+Captain tells me, no less than six hundred weight of that
+cordage has been consumed in that service.</p>
+
+<p>So great was the swell off the Banks, and so high,
+though not severe the winds, that near a fortnight elapsed
+before the ship was put in her present condition for sailing.
+The same obstacles also retarded the repairing of the rudder,
+which after all was so weak that it was not thought
+advisable to steer by the tiller, and to prevent any further
+injury from its striking against the ship, which it constantly
+did in calm weather, bags stuffed with oakum were placed
+on each side of it, and a man employed night and day to
+tend them.</p>
+
+<p>Some days before the 23d day of November, the Captain
+told me, he thought it advisable to call a council of
+his officers, and submit to their consideration the propriety
+of continuing our course towards Europe. M. Gerard
+shortly after mentioned to me the sitting of this council,
+and said, he could assure me that the Chevalier Roche
+and Monsieur Remuy would not give their opinions on the
+subject but in writing, and on being requested to do it in
+writing by the Captain. This intelligence appeared to me
+extraordinary, but as it was not necessary that my sentiments
+relative to it should be known, I made no reply to
+M. Gerard, but by degrees turned the conversation to
+another subject; nor did I give the least hint of it to the
+Captain, but observed a perfect silence relative to it. It
+appeared to me that those gentlemen either overrated their
+importance, or entertained improper ideas of the merit of
+our officers, and I confess it gave me pleasure to hear that
+they were not consulted at all.</p>
+
+<p>The council of officers was held the 23d of November
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span>
+last. The Captain gave me their report, together with
+a return of the provisions and water on board, and assured
+me of his readiness to proceed to any port whatever, that
+M. Gerard and myself should direct. I gave these papers
+to M. Gerard, and although I did not think it expedient
+by consulting the French officers to give them reason
+to suppose, that I concurred in sentiments with them
+as to the importance of their opinions, yet I told M. Gerard,
+I was well satisfied he should communicate to them
+the report of our officers, and obtain their sentiments on
+the question stated in it, and the better to enable him to
+do it, I proposed that we should postpone the discussion
+of the subject till the next day, or longer if necessary.
+He took the papers, said it was very well, and that he
+would speak to those gentlemen. A day or two after,
+being on deck, M. Gerard took me aside and gave me
+the papers, telling me he had seen these gentlemen,
+and that they both declined giving any opinion about it;
+that they had always been, and still were, ready to do
+anything for the benefit of the ship; that had they been
+requested to give their opinions while the matter was in
+agitation, they would have done it; that it was now over,
+and determined; that under these circumstances their
+opinion would be of no avail, and that they did not choose,
+by declaring their sentiments, either to confirm the report,
+or give it ineffectual opposition. M. Gerard further intimated,
+that those gentlemen seemed to think their giving
+their advice in the course of our troubles had given offence
+to the officers of the ship; but I had never reason to think
+their apprehensions well founded. Upon this conduct of
+those gentlemen, I briefly observed to M. Gerard, that as
+they were passengers, we had no right to demand their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span>
+opinions, and that they had a right to withhold them, or
+not, as they pleased, and for such reasons as they might
+think proper; but that as the Captain of the ship had
+been directed by the marine committee to obey such orders
+as he should receive from us, it was necessary that
+in the present conjuncture we should decide on the report;
+that the Captain, in my opinion, would not be justifiable
+in further pursuing his course against the solemn
+and unanimous opinion of all the officers, unless by our
+express orders; and he would be culpable in changing it,
+without a previous application to us for direction. M.
+Gerard observed, that he was sensible of the honor done
+him by the order alluded to, but that it was not convenient
+to him to give any opinion or direction on the subject.
+It did not appear to me prudent to reply to this,
+and therefore I took the first opportunity of turning the
+conversation to another topic. As this circumstance prevented
+the Captain's receiving any positive orders from
+us on the subject, he was of course left to pursue his own
+judgment, but being desirous of my opinion, I gave it to
+him, in the manner endorsed on the report of the council,
+of which a copy is herewith enclosed.</p>
+
+<p>The reasons on which this opinion was grounded are,
+in part, contained in this report, but there were others not
+mentioned in it. That Congress may the better judge of
+their force, it is necessary that they be informed of some
+previous circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>The first fair day after losing our masts, I went to the
+door of M. Gerard's room on the deck, which was open,
+to bid him good morning. Chevalier Roche was with
+him; they were conversing on the course most proper for
+us to steer, and the port most proper to make for. M.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span>
+Gerard was for going to Cadiz; he had an excellent set of
+charts, and he had then one of the Atlantic Ocean, with its
+American, European, and African Coasts, and the intervening
+islands, before him. By the assistance of this
+map we perfectly understood his reasoning. The Chevalier
+at that time inclined to the West Indies, and I heard
+him, on leaving the room, tell M. Gerard, that to endeavor
+to get to Europe in the present condition of the ship,
+would be to "<i>run a very great risk of perishing in the
+ocean</i>." Some time after this, M. Gerard perceiving that I
+had adopted no decided opinion on the subject, (and that
+was really the case) in the course of an evening he spent
+with us in the cabin, (none of the officers of the ship being
+present) desired me to attend particularly to his several
+reasons for going to Cadiz, and consider them maturely
+before I made up my judgment. I promised him to do it,
+and was as good as my word. He proceeded to observe;</p>
+
+<p>1st. That the distance to Cadiz and to Martinique
+differed but little, and that no weighty argument could be
+drawn from this difference.</p>
+
+<p>2dly. That between us and Cadiz lay the Western and
+Canary Islands, into some one or other of which we might
+run, if necessary.</p>
+
+<p>3dly. That if, on our arrival at either of these Islands,
+it should appear impracticable or imprudent to proceed
+further, our persons at least would be safe, and we might get
+to Europe in one of the many vessels, which frequent
+those Islands; whereas, on the other hand, there were no
+Islands between us and Martinique, and we should, in
+steering southward, be obliged to run all that distance
+without finding any place by the way, at which we might
+touch, or, in case of danger, find shelter.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span></p>
+
+<p>4thly. That if calmer seas were our object, we should
+find them in going eastward as well as southward; that we
+must not expect to meet with the trade winds at that
+season but in a very remote southern latitude; that in
+crossing the latitude of Bermudas, we should meet with
+heavy squalls, and bad weather; that in the latitude between
+that and the trade winds, we must expect variable
+winds, and particularly long calms, which are often more
+dangerous, and more to be dreaded than hard winds.</p>
+
+<p>5thly. That in a voyage to Cadiz, we should have
+nothing to apprehend from the enemy, but to Martinique,
+everything.</p>
+
+<p>6thly. That if we should arrive safe at Martinique, we
+should probably be detained there until next Spring; that
+the vessels, which usually sail from thence for France
+every fall, would have departed before the time we should
+reach the Island; that he had reason to believe it would
+be very difficult, if not impracticable, to obtain a frigate,
+and, among other reasons, urged the absence of Count
+d'Estaing, and the improbability that any subordinate
+officer would undertake without his orders to grant us one,
+even admitting what was very unlikely, that one might be
+spared from the service.</p>
+
+<p>7thly. That the ship might remain long at Martinique
+without being made ready for sea, for want of naval stores,
+provisions, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>These were M. Gerard's reasons for our steering for
+Cadiz, by the way of the Azores, and I do not remember
+to have afterwards heard an additional one. Whether the
+French officers really thought them conclusive, or whether
+they found it convenient to make a compliment of their
+sentiments to a gentleman very able to serve them, is uncertain;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span>
+but I believe they in appearance inclined to M.
+Gerard's opinion, and gave him implied reasons to think
+their sentiments corresponded with his.</p>
+
+<p>The matter appeared to me in a serious light, and to require
+caution on many accounts. Every consideration
+called me to Spain; private as well as public good forbade
+a difference with M. Gerard. I had reason to believe him
+well disposed towards me; I perceived, clearly, that he
+could not with any patience admit the idea of being absent
+from Europe at so important a season, and that he could
+scarcely treat with common decency the reasons urged for
+going to Martinique. Hence it appeared obvious, that
+should I be the means of his losing his objects, or should
+any public inconveniences result from our not being in Europe
+during the winter, I should be censured, not only by
+him, but by all those who judge of the propriety of a measure
+only by its consequences, of which number are the far
+greater part of mankind. Thus circumstanced, I found
+myself in a very unpleasant situation, without any way of
+extricating myself, but by agreeing to a sort of middle
+proposal; viz. to order the Captain to land us on
+one of the Western Islands, and then leave the ship to
+shift for herself. This would have satisfied M. Gerard,
+and we should have been as good friends as ever. I
+thought it my duty, however, to form my decision carefully,
+and honestly, and abide by it firmly. It was that
+we should proceed to Martinique. Some of the reasons
+for it are set forth in the report of the council of officers.
+The whole together were briefly these.</p>
+
+<p>1st. That the officers of the ship, including the carpenter,
+who were to be presumed to be better judges than M.
+Gerard or myself, were of opinion, that we ought not to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span>
+attempt to go to Europe, and had this reason stood single
+and unexplained, I should not readily have ventured to
+reject it, especially as it appeared to me against the interest
+of the officers to come to the West Indies, and I have
+heard them constantly and uniformly regret the necessity
+of it; but I also thought they decided on good grounds;
+for</p>
+
+<p>2dly. The rudder daily gave us infinite trouble, almost
+everyday a pennant breaking, and on every such occasion
+the ship for some time left to the direction of the wind and
+waves, a circumstance which might be fatal in hard weather,
+and near land; the quantity of cordage consumed in this
+way of steering; the doubt of our having sufficient for the
+purpose without stripping the guns, which would thereby
+be rendered useless; the rudder irons daily becoming more
+and more loose, and, by the nails drawing out, opening a
+passage for the water into the stem of the ship. By this
+circumstance our bread had been damaged; the danger
+of our being obliged to get rid of the rudder entirely, and
+steering only by the cable, which in northern seas, and
+winter season, is very inadequate. This event would have
+arrived in case either of the eye bolts in the rudder had
+given way, as the first mentioned one had done, or the
+upper irons become entirely loose; and for this event it
+was thought necessary to prepare, by removing the obstacles
+to unhanging the rudder. Indeed the upper irons in
+the course of our passage here, with fair winds and no
+storms, became so loose as to render it necessary to lash
+the head of the rudder with ropes to a bolt fixed for the
+purpose in the cabin floor.</p>
+
+<p>3dly. The sails we had left were bad, having been originally
+made, as Mr Vaughan the second Lieutenant told
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span>
+me, of damaged canvass; they frequently split; we had
+none to replace them, nor a sufficient stock of twine to
+mend them, eight pounds only being left of the twenty odd
+we brought from Philadelphia; nor were we much better
+supplied with cordage, for which there was a daily demand
+and some of which was very bad.</p>
+
+<p>4thly. Our jury masts were not calculated for hard
+weather, the foremast being sprung a few feet below the
+top, and not able to endure a hard storm.</p>
+
+<p>For these reasons the rough weather common in northern
+latitudes was by all means to be avoided, and smooth
+seas sought.</p>
+
+<p>As to the conveniences to be derived from the Islands
+laying between us and Cadiz, I took some pains to examine
+into that matter. We had maps and descriptions of
+them all, and our master had been at many of them. I
+found there was not a single harbor in any one of them
+in which a ship could ride at anchor in every wind; on
+the contrary neither of them has anything more than open
+roads, out of which it is necessary for ships to make the
+best of their way, and put to sea whenever certain winds
+blow, a task which our ship was very far from being in
+condition to perform.</p>
+
+<p>From this and other circumstances it was evident we
+could not refit in either of those Islands, not even so much
+as get a new rudder; for admitting materials for the latter
+could be had, yet such was the difficulty, if not impossibility,
+of hanging it in an open road, from whence the ship
+was every moment exposed to the necessity of going to
+sea by an unfavorable wind, that we could expect to derive
+no advantage from these Islands, except the prospect of
+obtaining some refreshments, which we could do without,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span>
+and the value of which would not have compensated for
+the risk of approaching them in our condition.</p>
+
+<p>As to the idea of our steering that course with a view of
+being landed on one of those Islands, and from thence
+going to Europe in another vessel, leaving our own to her
+fate, no earthly consideration could ever have reconciled
+me to it. The reasoning which was insisted on, that our
+being seasonably in Europe was of more importance to
+the United States than a frigate, and that in time of war,
+and for the public good, lives were to be risked by sea as
+well as by land, was a species of reasoning which applied
+to this case led to conclusions, which never have been,
+and I pray God never may be, among my principles of
+action. Had this plan of being landed on one of the
+Azores or Canaries been adopted, we should have either
+landed the crew with us or not; if the first, the frigate
+would have been given to destruction. This appeared to
+me inconsistent with the public good, because, if we reached
+Martinique, I had no doubt of a passage, and my arrival
+in France eight weeks sooner or later did not appear to
+me of equal importance to the United States with the frigate.
+Had the crew been left on board, it must have been
+with a view of saving the ship, either by her reaching Europe
+or the West Indies. The probability of her effecting
+either became then a most important question, as the lives
+of between two and three hundred Americans depended
+on the event. Against it were opposed the dangers of the
+seas, and the want of provisions; the former would have
+increased with the approach of winter, and therefore the
+longer the ship was detained to the northward, the more
+she had to suffer, and to fear. The frigate after having
+landed us on either of the Islands, must either have gone
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span>
+on towards Europe, or endeavored to get to the West
+Indies.</p>
+
+<p>All the considerations abovementioned opposed the first,
+and whoever compares the time necessary for a voyage for
+a ship under jury masts, and almost without a rudder, from
+the banks of Newfoundland to the Azores or Canaries,
+and from thence to the West Indies, with our stock of provisions,
+will find them inadequate to the purpose, and be
+convinced of the cruelty of subjecting one's fellow citizens
+to such extremities. For these reasons I positively refused
+to join in this system.</p>
+
+<p>As to the position in favor of going to Europe, that we
+should find the seas calmer as we advanced eastward,
+equally as we went southward, all the officers of the ship
+testified against it, nor would they admit that we had as
+much to dread from calms as from hard gales. The supposed
+difficulty of obtaining a passage from Martinique
+made but little impression on me. I could not suppose
+the Islands left unprotected by ships of war, or that the
+commanding officer would refuse to order a frigate on this
+service, if M. Gerard would represent it to be of importance,
+which I was sure he would do. How long our ship might
+be refitting here was not to be ascertained, but I could not
+prevail upon myself to believe, that the King of France
+would keep so considerable a fleet in those seas, without
+providing for the usual accidents they would be exposed
+to from the sea and the enemy. At the worst the ship
+would be in a safe port, and among a people bound by
+treaties and by interest to afford aid and protection, at
+least until Congress should be informed of her situation,
+and have an opportunity of providing for her wants. As
+to ourselves, in case we meet with the imagined difficulties
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span>
+respecting a passage, it would be easy by passing over to
+St Eustatia to get very safely in a Dutch ship to Holland.</p>
+
+<p>On these reasons the advice I gave to the captain to
+come here was founded. I thought them right then, and
+was daily more and more confirmed in an opinion of their
+propriety. In the course of our run here, we had all the
+way fine, fair breezes; and, except in the latitude of Bermuda,
+smooth seas and scarce any calms. The night before
+we made the land, it was thought proper to lay the
+ship too, after the moon set, which was between twelve
+and one o'clock, and she continued in that position only
+four hours and a half. Such, however, was the effect of it
+upon the rudder, and so much damage did it receive from
+it, that had the ship continued as much longer in the same
+state, it was agreed on all sides, that the rudder would
+have been rendered useless.</p>
+
+<p>M. Gerard, hurt by being disappointed in his expectation
+of being seasonably in France, and perhaps mortified
+at my preferring my own sentiments to his, ceased to observe
+that cordiality and frankness, which had before attended
+his conduct towards me. Nay, he once went so
+far as to tell me I had my reasons for coming here. I
+appeared not to understand him, and continued to endeavor
+to render the conversation as light and general as possible.
+This was a tax imposed on my feelings by regard to public
+good; as a private man, I should have acted differently.</p>
+
+<p>Thus matters continued till about ten or twelve days
+before our arrival here, when M. Gerard observed to me
+in the presence of the captain, that it was time to think
+which side of the island of Martinique it would be most
+prudent for the ship to go, the north or south side, and
+proceeded to state the reasons which ought to induce us to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span>
+prefer the north; particularly, that in the present condition
+of the ship, she would if she went to the south side be in
+great danger of running by the island to the leeward; for
+that as we might expect the wind at northeast, she would
+not be able to lay sufficiently close to the wind, to reach
+Port Royal or St Pierre's; besides, that she would be in
+danger of calms, and being in sight of St Lucia, would be
+exposed to the enemy's ships of war, without having reason
+to expect succor from any French ships of war; none of
+which, he said, cruised off the eastern part of the island,
+between Martinique and St Lucia. He then showed the
+advantages of going the other side, by an enumeration of
+many circumstances, of which I have notes, but which it
+would be too tedious to mention. The obvious meaning
+of all this appeared to me to be, that we should direct the
+captain to go to the northward of the island; but as I
+neither thought myself authorised, nor found myself inclined
+to interfere with the particular navigation of the ship,
+to which I was not competent, I only observed to M. Gerard,
+that his reasoning appeared to me to have weight;
+that it was a subject I did not understand, but that I thought
+his observations merited attention. On this the captain
+remarked, and I thought with propriety, that it was impossible
+to determine on which side of the island it would be
+best to go, until we were at or near the parting point, for
+that circumstances at present unforeseen might render that
+way rash, which we might now think prudent; for instance,
+an unexpected change in the wind, or the appearance of an
+enemy. He therefore thought a decision on the question
+improper, till we arrived off the eastern part of the island.
+This appeared to me so perfectly reasonable, that I thought
+no more about the matter, and I did not suspect that M.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span>
+Gerard would have felt any further anxiety about it; but
+it nevertheless so happened, that in the afternoon of the
+14th instant, there was a conversation in the cabin relative
+to a wager, which of the two we should see first, land or a
+sail. In the course of this conversation, M. Gerard observed,
+that it would depend on our going on the north or
+south side of the island, and insensibly leaving the subject
+of the wager, proceeded minutely to recapitulate his reasons
+for the one, and his objections to the other. In the
+progress of this disquisition, he grew warmer and warmer,
+and at length addressing himself more particularly on the
+captain, said, he was surprised that those facts and observations
+should meet with so little attention; that he
+owed it to his conscience and personal safety to mention
+and enforce them, and that he should represent the whole
+matter to his Court, &amp;c. The captain repeated what he
+had before said relative to the impropriety of deciding on
+which side of the island we were to go, until we had made
+the land, observed whether any vessels were on the coast,
+and knew how the wind would be. He then questioned
+some matters relative to the navigation round the island, on
+which M. Gerard had insisted.</p>
+
+<p>For my own part, as the subject was so serious, I wished
+to be informed of some others, which appeared to me to
+want explanation. The captain had informed me, that the
+master had been at the taking of Martinique last war, and
+was well acquainted with its bays, harbors, and coasts. I
+desired the captain to send for the master, which was immediately
+done. On this, M. Gerard more animated than
+usual, said, he pretended to no extraordinary knowledge on
+the subject, but that he had made inquiries, and was satisfied
+with the opinion he had given; then repeated what he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span>
+had before said, about his conscience, personal safety, and
+Court, and was opening the door to go on deck, when I
+asked him if he would not stay, and hear what the master
+had to say. He said, no, he did not want to hear anything
+farther about it; he had done his duty in delivering
+what he had to us, and we might do as we pleased about
+the matter. I made no reply, but proceeded to examine
+the master, and one of the lieutenants. On the whole it
+did not appear to me necessary, but on the contrary invidious
+to give the captain any positive orders on the subject;
+nor did I enter into any farther conference respecting it
+with M. Gerard. I knew that no good would result from
+altercation, and that the best way of treating unreasonable
+propositions, cavalierly dictated, was silently to go my own
+way, uninfluenced by them.</p>
+
+<p>This last business rendered M. Gerard still more dissatisfied
+with me. We observed, nevertheless, and still observe
+great politeness towards each other, but it proceeds more
+from the head than the heart. On coming ashore, I flattered
+myself we should have left all these controversies
+behind us; but this city was soon entertained with them.
+The opinions of French officers were taken by M. Gerard
+about the sufficiency of the rudder to have gone to Europe;
+the question about the northern and southern navigation
+was stated and agitated. M. Gerard claims the merit of
+having saved the ship, by having, as he insinuates, dragged
+us into the measure of taking the northern passage, &amp;c. &amp;c.
+As we are safe in the harbor, these matters are now of no
+consequence, and therefore I constantly avoid the subject.
+How they may be represented at Philadelphia is of some
+moment, and therefore it appears to me expedient to trouble
+myself and Congress with this narration.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I cannot conclude this letter without expressing my satisfaction
+with the attention and politeness observed by the
+captain and other officers towards the passengers, as far at
+least as my knowledge extends.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Pierre's, Martinique, December 25th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>As singular instances of humanity and patriotism always
+merit, and sometimes meet with public notice, I take the
+liberty of transmitting to Congress a copy of the Rev. Mr
+Keith's narrative of the conduct of a Mrs Smith, at New
+York, to the Americans there, who had been taken at Fort
+Washington.</p>
+
+<p>Conversing, while at sea, with Mr Keith (our chaplain,
+who had been one of those prisoners) respecting the cruelties
+exercised towards them by the enemy, and the manner
+in which they were treated by the inhabitants of the city, he
+mentioned the behavior of this Mrs Smith; whose conduct
+appeared to me so remarkably liberal, disinterested, and
+christianlike, that I desired him to commit it to paper, with
+a design to enclose it to your Excellency. I know nothing
+more of this woman than what Mr Keith told me; but, as
+from his profession and character I am induced to credit
+what he says, I transmit this account of her, that if, on further
+inquiry, it be found to be just, Congress may have an
+opportunity of saving from poverty and distress a widow,
+who generously divested herself of a decent maintenance,
+and applied it to the relief of many citizens and servants of
+the United States, who were then gloriously enduring the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span>
+most extreme cruelties, for their faithful attachment to the
+rights of their country and mankind.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Pierre's, Martinique, December 25th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have done, what perhaps I shall be blamed for, but
+my pride as an American, and my feelings as a man, were
+not on this occasion to be resisted. The officers of the
+Confederacy were here without money, or the means of
+getting any. The idea of our officers being obliged to
+sneak, as they phrase it, from the company of French officers,
+for fear of running in debt with them for a bottle of
+wine, or a bowl of punch, because not able to pay for their
+share of the reckoning, was too humiliating to be tolerable,
+and too destructive to that pride and opinion of independent
+equality, which I wish to see influence all our officers.
+Besides, some of them wanted necessaries too much to be
+comfortable, or, in this country, decent. In a word, I
+have drawn on the fund, pointed out for the payment of
+part of my salary, for one hundred guineas in their favor,
+to be divided among them according to their respective
+ranks. Indeed, it would have given me pleasure to have
+done something towards covering the nakedness of the
+crew; but the expense I have been put to by coming
+here; and the preparations for another voyage, would not
+admit of it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Pierre's, Martinique, December 26th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On our arrival here, M. Gerard told me that he was about
+to write to the Governor and Admiral at Port Royal, and
+asked me whether I also chose to write, or would leave to
+him the necessary communication; offering to mention to
+them whatever I might desire. As I was well satisfied
+that he should take the lead in the business, I replied, that
+I was obliged to him, but did not think it necessary for
+him to communicate anything to those gentlemen from
+me, except our arrival, and the confidence I had in their
+readiness to afford us aid.</p>
+
+<p>I thought it would have been improper to apply for a
+passage in one of their ships, till I know in what time our
+own could be refitted, and on this subject it appeared to
+me most advisable, that application should be made by our
+agent here; and that I should reserve all interference, till
+it should be rendered necessary by obstacles. Mr Bingham
+accordingly wrote without delay to the Governor,
+and had immediate and full assurances of his readiness to
+afford us every aid in his power. Nothing now remained
+to be ascertained, but the time in which the repairs could
+be made, and this depended on the state of their naval
+stores.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Bingham went with us to Port Royal, on a visit to
+the officers of government, (a compliment paid them by
+all strangers.) The Governor again assured him, that
+everything should be done for the ship that was possible,
+and some orders were given for the purpose. This
+passed, I believe, without M. Gerard's knowledge. About
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span>
+two hours after our arrival at Port Royal, he took me
+aside, observed that great difficulties and delays would attend
+the Confederacy's refitting there; that there were no
+masts or spars in store, and the expectation of supplies uncertain;
+that an old mast of a merchant-man had been
+purchased for one of their ships of war, and that a main
+yard for another had been made of four pieces for want
+of a proper spar, and, after some general hints about expenses,
+provision, &amp;c. proposed, that the frigate should be
+provided with a new rudder, and proceed to America to
+refit. I objected, that, contrary to our expectations, the
+English had an acknowledged superiority in these seas;
+that three French frigates were at that instant flying from
+four ships of the line, which were in full chase of them;
+that a frigate under jury masts would find no safety in
+flight; that it would be more prudent for Captain Harding
+to remain here without being refitted, till he could get
+materials and supplies from America, or receive orders
+from Congress, than expose his ship to such imminent
+danger, and, therefore, that I could not possibly come into
+the measure he proposed.</p>
+
+<p>M. Gerard replied, that she might be convoyed to sea
+by the French squadron here; but this required no answer.
+It was not to be supposed, that the French squadron,
+which, in their present state of inferiority, choose to
+keep their eyes constantly on Port Royal, would expose
+themselves to very unequal combat, for no higher object
+than that of convoying the Confederacy seventy or eighty
+leagues off the coast, or, that if they did, she would then
+be out of that degree of danger, to which no ship in her
+condition ought to be exposed. Besides, I could not
+reconcile it to the wisdom of France long to leave their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span>
+fleet here destitute of naval stores, or to disgust their allies
+by a conduct neither just nor politic. We agreed to leave
+the matter till the next day, when we expected to see the
+Admiral; but in an hour or two afterwards the Admiral
+came in; and a very little time elapsed when the Governor,
+and shortly after M. Gerard told me, the "<i>whole arrangement</i>
+was completed; that the same attention should
+be paid to the Confederacy as if she had been a French
+frigate, and that the Aurora, of thirty odd guns, should
+carry us to France." The fact is, that the officers of government
+in general, and the Governor in particular, are
+strongly attached to everything that is American.</p>
+
+<p>Our agent here is in high estimation. I really believe,
+from everything I hear, that he has done his duty faithfully,
+and that he well deserves the notice and approbation
+of Congress. This leads me to take the liberty of remarking,
+that it would, probably, be much for the public
+interest, if Congress were to pay off all private debts due
+from them to subjects of France, and have none but
+national engagements with that kingdom. The debts unavoidably
+contracted here, for the outfit of the Deane, &amp;c.
+ought certainly to be paid. Our credit and reputation
+suffer from such delay. We sail tomorrow morning, at
+six o'clock.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO ARTHUR LEE.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Cadiz, January 26th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>As a knowledge of the measures you may have taken
+and the information you may have acquired, relative to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span>
+the objects of your commission from the United States
+of America to conclude treaties with his Catholic Majesty,
+would probably enable me with greater facility and
+advantage to execute the duties of my appointment, permit
+me, Sir, to request the favor of you to communicate
+the same to me in such manner as you may judge most
+prudent.</p>
+
+<p>I have in my possession some letters directed to you;
+they are voluminous, and probably contain printed papers.
+They may also be confidential and important to you.
+Under these circumstances I can only judge of your
+inclination by what would be my own in a similar situation.
+I should wish that they might be detained till I
+could have an opportunity of directing the manner of their
+conveyance. Upon this principle they shall remain among
+my papers till I receive your orders what to do with
+them.<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> See the answer to this letter in Arthur Lee's Correspondence,
+Vol. II, p. 276.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>It is with very sensible pleasure that I commence a correspondence
+with a Minister, of whose disposition and
+abilities to promote the happiness of my country we have
+received repeated proofs, and on a subject that affords
+His Most Christian Majesty an opportunity of perceiving
+the desire and endeavors of the United States to become
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span>
+cordial and steadfast friends and allies to an illustrious
+branch of his royal house.</p>
+
+<p>By the treaties subsisting between His Most Christian
+Majesty and the United States of America, His Most
+Christian Majesty, in consequence of his intimate union
+with the King of Spain, did expressly reserve to his Catholic
+Majesty the power of acceding to the said treaties,
+and to participate in their stipulations at such time as he
+should judge proper. It being well understood, nevertheless,
+that if any of the said stipulations should not be agreeable
+to the King of Spain, his Catholic Majesty might propose
+other conditions analogous to the principal aim of the
+alliance, and conformable to the rules of equity, reciprocity,
+and friendship. And the Deputy of the said States,
+empowered to treat with Spain, did promise to sign, <i>on
+the first requisition</i> of his Catholic Majesty, the act or acts
+necessary to communicate to him the stipulations of the
+treaties abovementioned, and to endeavor in good faith the
+adjustment of the points in which the King of Spain might
+propose any alteration, conformable to the principles of
+equality, reciprocity, and perfect amity.</p>
+
+<p>But as the above reservation has always been no less
+agreeable to the United States than to their great and
+good ally, both considerations conspired in inducing them
+to make the first advances towards attaining the object of it.
+And, therefore, instead of waiting till the requisitions mentioned
+in the said article should be made, they have thought
+proper to assure his Most Catholic Majesty, not only of
+their readiness to comply with the terms of it, but of their
+desire to obtain his confidence and alliance, by carrying
+it immediately into execution on the most liberal principles.
+Trusting also that the same wise reasons which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span>
+induced his Most Christian Majesty to give birth to the
+said article, would lead him to facilitate the endeavors of
+his allies to execute it, they resolved that their desire to
+enter into the said treaties should be communicated to his
+Majesty, and that his favorable interposition should be
+requested.</p>
+
+<p>The more fully to effect these purposes, the Congress
+were pleased, in September last, to do me the honor of
+appointing me their Minister Plenipotentiary, and, in pursuance
+of this appointment, I sailed from America for
+France on the 26th of October last, with M. Gerard, who
+was so obliging as to wait till I could embark in the frigate
+assigned for his service. After being thirteen days at
+sea, the frigate was dismasted, and her rudder so much
+damaged that it was thought imprudent to proceed on our
+voyage. We therefore steered for Martinique, and arrived
+there on the 18th of December. I cannot, on this occasion,
+forbear expressing my warmest acknowledgments for
+the very polite attention and hospitality with which we
+were received and treated, both by the officers of government
+and many respectable inhabitants of that island. We
+left Martinique on the 28th day of the same month, in the
+Aurora, in which I expected to have gone to Toulon,
+but on touching at this place, it appeared that the further
+prosecution of our voyage had become impracticable, without
+running risks that could not be justified.</p>
+
+<p>Thus circumstanced, the respect due to his most Catholic
+Majesty demanded an immediate communication of
+my appointment and arrival, which I had the honor to
+make in a letter to his Excellency, Don Joseph Galvez,
+of the Council of his Catholic Majesty, and general Secretary
+of State for the Department of the Indies, of which
+the enclosed is a copy.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Will you, therefore, Sir, be so obliging as to lay this circumstance
+before his Most Christian Majesty, and permit
+me through your Excellency to assure him of the desire
+of Congress to enter into a treaty of alliance, and of amity
+and commerce with his Catholic Majesty, and to request
+his favorable interposition for that purpose?</p>
+
+<p>I am happy in being able to assure you, that the United
+States consider a cordial union between France, Spain
+and them as a very desirable and most important object,
+and they view the provision, which his Most Christian
+Majesty has made for it by the abovementioned article,
+not only as evinsive of his attention to his royal ally; but
+of his regard to them.</p>
+
+<p>Under these views and these impressions, they are most
+sincerely disposed, by the liberality and candor of their
+conduct, to render the proposed treaties speedy in their
+accomplishment, and perpetual in their duration.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency will receive this letter by M. Gerard,
+who is so obliging as to take charge of it, and to whom the
+Congress have been pleased to give such ample testimonies
+of their esteem and confidence, as to enable him to
+exert his talents with great advantage on every occasion
+interesting to them.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot conclude without indulging myself in the pleasure
+of acknowledging how much we are indebted to the
+politeness and attention of the Marquis de La Flolte and
+the other officers of the Aurora, during the course of our
+voyage.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to
+be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO DON JOSEPH GALVEZ, MINISTER OF THE SPANISH
+COURT.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Permit me through your Excellency to have the honor
+of representing to his most Catholic Majesty, that on the
+sixth day of February, 1778, the respective Plenipotentiaries
+of his most Christian Majesty, and the United States
+of America, by whom the treaties now subsisting between
+them were concluded, did make and subscribe a secret
+article in the words following, viz.</p>
+
+<p>"The Most Christian King declares, in consequence of
+the intimate union which subsists between him and the
+King of Spain, that in concluding with the United States
+of America this treaty of amity and commerce, and that
+of eventual and defensive alliance, his Majesty had intended,
+and intends to reserve expressly, as he reserves by this
+present separate and secret act, to his Catholic Majesty,
+the power of acceding to the said treaties and to participate
+in their stipulations, at such time as he shall judge proper.
+It being well understood, nevertheless, that if any of the
+stipulations of the said treaties are not agreeable to the
+King of Spain, his Catholic Majesty may propose other
+conditions analagous to the principal aim of the alliance,
+and conformable to the rules of equality, reciprocity and
+friendship. The deputies of the United States, in the
+name of their constituents, accept the present declaration
+to its full extent; and the deputy of the said States, who
+is fully empowered to treat with Spain, promises to sign,
+on the first requisition of his Catholic Majesty, the act or
+acts necessary to communicate to him the stipulations of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span>
+the treaties above written. And the said deputy shall endeavor,
+in good faith, the adjustment of the points in which
+the King of Spain may propose any alteration, conformable
+to the principles of equality, reciprocity, and perfect
+amity; he the said deputy not doubting but the person or
+persons, empowered by his Catholic Majesty to treat with
+the United States, will do the same with regard to any
+alterations of the same kind, that may be thought necessary
+by the said Plenipotentiary of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>The Congress willing to manifest their readiness fully
+to comply with an article, which they have reason to believe
+particularly agreeable to their great and good ally, and
+being desirous of establishing perpetual amity and harmony
+with a Prince and nation whom they greatly respect, and
+with whom various circumstances lead them to wish for
+the most cordial and permanent friendship, have thought
+proper to request his most Catholic Majesty to accede to
+the said treaties, and thereby preclude the necessity of
+that measure's originating in the manner specified in the
+article. For this purpose they have done me the honor
+to appoint me Minister Plenipotentiary, and directed me
+to communicate to his Most Christian Majesty the desire
+of Congress on this subject, and to request his favorable
+interposition. They also made it my duty to give his
+Most Catholic Majesty the fullest assurances of their sincere
+disposition to cultivate his friendship and confidence;
+and authorised me, in their behalf, to enter into such treaties
+of alliance, amity, and commerce, as would become the
+foundations of perpetual peace to Spain and the United
+States, and the source of extensive advantages to both.</p>
+
+<p>Thus commissioned I embarked without delay on board
+the frigate, which had been appointed to carry the Sieur
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span>
+Gerard to France, and sailed with him for that kingdom,
+from Pennsylvania, on the 26th day of October last.</p>
+
+<p>But after having been thirteen days at sea, the frigate was
+dismasted, and her rudder so greatly injured, as to
+oblige us to alter our course and steer for Martinique.
+We arrived there on the 18th day of December last; and
+sailed from thence on the 28th day of the same month in
+a French frigate which was bound to Toulon, but had
+orders to touch at this port for intelligence. We arrived
+here the 22d instant, and received information of recent
+events, which rendered the further prosecution of our
+voyage too hazardous to be prudent.</p>
+
+<p>Providence having thus been pleased to bring me directly
+to Spain, the respect due to his most Catholic Majesty
+forbids me to postpone communicating to him my appointment
+and arrival; and the same motive will induce me
+to remain here till he shall be pleased to signify to me his
+pleasure. For although nothing would afford me more
+sensible pleasure, than the honor of presenting to his Majesty
+the despatches, which I am charged by Congress to
+deliver to him, yet on this, as on every other occasion, it
+shall be my study to execute the trust reposed in me, in
+the manner most pleasing to his Majesty, agreeable to the
+true intent and meaning of the article abovementioned.</p>
+
+<p>And that his most Christian Majesty may have the highest
+evidence of the intention and desire of Congress fully
+and faithfully to execute this article, I shall immediately do
+myself the honor of communicating the same, together
+with my appointment and arrival; and I flatter myself, that
+the request of Congress for his favorable interposition, will
+meet with the same friendly attention, which he has uniformly
+extended to all their concerns, and of which I am
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span>
+too sensible not to derive the highest satisfaction from acknowledging
+it on every occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Carmichael, my Secretary, will have the honor of
+delivering this despatch to your Excellency, as well as of
+giving every information in his power to afford. This gentleman
+was a member of Congress at the time of his appointment,
+and will be able more fully to express the ardor
+with which the United States desire to establish a union
+with France and Spain, on principles productive of such
+mutual attachment and reciprocal benefits, as to secure to
+each the blessings of uninterrupted tranquillity.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, with great consideration and
+respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<p>P. S. I do myself the honor of transmitting to your
+Excellency, herewith enclosed, a copy of my letter to his
+Excellency the Count de Vergennes.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This morning M. Gerard set out from this city for
+France, and Mr Carmichael, charged with despatches from
+me to the Spanish Ministry, accompanies him as far as
+Madrid.</p>
+
+<p>We arrived here the 22d inst. and I have been so much
+engaged ever since in preparing letters, &amp;c. as not to have
+an opportunity of writing circumstantially to your Excellency
+by Captain Proctor, who I am told, is to sail early
+in the morning for the Delaware or Chesapeake.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We left Martinique on the 28th of December, in the
+Aurora frigate, bound to Toulon. On touching here for
+intelligence we were informed that the enemy had acquired
+a decided superiority in the Mediterranean, and that
+the coast was infested by their cruisers, all of whom we
+had fortunately escaped. Hence it became improper for
+me to proceed to France by water, and it would in my
+opinion have been indelicate, and therefore imprudent to
+have passed silently through this kingdom to that, for the
+purpose of making a communication to his most Christian
+Majesty, which could be fully conveyed by paper. On
+this subject I shall take the liberty of making a few further
+remarks in a future letter.</p>
+
+<p>Congress will be enabled to judge of the propriety and
+plan of my conduct, from the papers herewith enclosed,
+viz. a copy of a letter to M. Galvez, the Spanish Minister;
+a copy of a letter to the Count de Vergennes; of
+both these I have sent copies to Dr Franklin; a copy
+of a letter to Mr Arthur Lee; and a copy of my instructions
+to Mr Carmichael.</p>
+
+<p>It is in pursuance of what appears to me to be my duty,
+that I shall render frequent, particular, and confidential accounts
+of my proceedings to Congress. I flatter myself
+care will be taken to prevent the return of them to Europe.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>INSTRUCTIONS TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>You will proceed to Madrid with convenient expedition,
+and, if M. Gerard, with whom you set out, should travel
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span>
+too deliberately, I advise you to go on before him. The
+propriety of this, however, will depend much on circumstances,
+and must be determined by your own discretion.</p>
+
+<p>On delivering my letter to M. Galvez, it would be
+proper to intimate, that I presumed it would be more
+agreeable to him to receive my despatches from you, who
+could give him information on many matters about which
+he might choose to inquire, than in the ordinary modes of
+conveyance. And it may not be amiss to let him know,
+that his not receiving notice of our arrival from me by M.
+Gerard's courier, was owing to a mistake between that
+gentleman and me.</p>
+
+<p>Treat the French Ambassador with great attention and
+candor, and that degree of confidence only, which prudence,
+and the alliance between us may prescribe. In
+your conversations with people about the Court, impress
+them with an idea of our strong attachment to France;
+yet, so as to avoid permitting them to imbibe an opinion of
+our being under the <i>direction</i> of any counsels but our own.
+The former will induce them to think well of our constancy
+and good faith, the latter, of our independence and
+self respect.</p>
+
+<p>Discover, if possible, whether the Courts of Madrid and
+Versailles entertain, in any degree, the same mutual disgusts,
+which we are told prevail at present between the
+two nations, and be cautious when you tread on this delicate
+ground. It would also be useful to know who are
+the King's principal confidants, and the trains leading to
+each.</p>
+
+<p>To treat prudently with any nation, it is essential to
+know the state of its revenues. Turn your attention,
+therefore, to this object, and endeavor to learn whether the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span>
+public expenditures consume their annual income, or
+whether there be any, and what overplus or deficiency,
+and the manner in which the former is disposed of or the
+latter supplied.</p>
+
+<p>If an opportunity should offer, inform yourself as to the
+regulations of the press at Madrid, and, indeed, throughout
+the kingdom; and the particular character of the person
+at the head of that department. Endeavor to find some
+person of adequate abilities and knowledge in the two languages,
+to translate English into Spanish with propriety,
+and, if possible, elegance. I wish also to know, which of
+the religious orders, and the individuals of it, are most esteemed
+and favored at Court.</p>
+
+<p>Mention, as matter of intelligence, rather than in the
+way of argument, the cruelties of the enemy, and the influence
+of that conduct on the passions of Americans.
+This will be the more necessary, as it seems we are suspected
+of retaining our former attachments to Britain.</p>
+
+<p>In speaking of American affairs, remember to do justice
+to Virginia, and the western country near the Mississippi.
+Recount their achievements against the savages,
+their growing numbers, extensive settlements, and aversion
+to Britain, for attempting to involve them in the horrors of
+an Indian war. Let it appear also from your representations,
+that ages will be necessary to settle those extensive
+regions.</p>
+
+<p>Let it be inferred from your conversation, that the expectations
+of America, as to my reception and success, are
+sanguine; that they have been rendered the more so by
+the suggestions of persons generally supposed to speak
+from authority, and that a disappointment would be no less
+unwelcome than unexpected.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I am persuaded, that pains will be taken to delay my
+receiving a decided answer as to my reception, until the
+sentiments of France shall be known. Attempts will also
+be made to suspend the acknowledgment of our independence,
+on the condition of our acceding to <i>certain</i> terms of
+treaty. Do nothing to cherish either of these ideas; but,
+without being explicit, treat the latter in a manner expressive
+of regret and apprehension, and seem to consider
+my reception as a measure, which we hoped would be immediately
+taken, although the business of the negotiation
+might be postponed till France could have an opportunity
+of taking the steps she might think proper on the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>You will offer to transmit to me any despatches, which
+M. Galvez may think proper to confide to you; or to return
+with them yourself, if more agreeable to him.</p>
+
+<p>You will be attentive to all other objects of useful information,
+such as the characters, views, and connexions of
+important individuals; the plan of operations for the next
+campaign; whether any, and what secret overtures have
+been made by Britain to France, or Spain, or by either of
+them to her, or each other; whether any of the other
+powers have manifested a disposition to take a part in the
+war; and whether it is probable that any, and which of
+them, will become mediators for a general peace, and on
+what plan. If the war should continue, it would be advantageous
+to know whether Spain means to carry on any
+serious operations for possessing herself of the Floridas,
+and banks of the Mississippi, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Although I have confidence in your prudence, yet permit
+me to recommend to you the greatest circumspection.
+Command yourself under every circumstance; on the one
+hand, avoid being suspected of servility, and on the other,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span>
+let your temper be always even, and your attention unremitted.</p>
+
+<p>You will oblige me by being very regular and circumstantial
+in your correspondence, and commit nothing of a
+private nature to paper unless in cypher.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, February 15th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I arrived in this city late in the evening of the 11th,
+after a tedious and disagreeable journey. The next day,
+although much indisposed, I waited on the French
+Ambassador, who had by a message over night, requested M.
+Gerard to engage me to dinner. I was received by him
+and all his family in the most friendly manner, and was
+offered every service in his power, to render us without
+those personal professions, which give birth to many unmeaning
+words and more suspicion. Indeed, I have neither
+expressions nor time to represent the apparent candor
+and liberality of his sentiments. He entered fully into the
+good disposition of his Court, and informed me, that the
+King, as a further proof of his friendship for us, had
+agreed to pay us annually the additional sum of three
+millions of livres during the continuance of the war, in
+order to enable us to purchase the necessaries for our
+army, &amp;c. &amp;c. and that his Majesty had also determined
+to send a considerable marine and land force early in the
+year to America, to be at the disposition and under the
+direction of our General. Seventeen sail of the line,
+and four thousand troops, are also to be sent to the West
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span>
+Indies, if they have not already sailed. Judge after this, if
+attention, candor, and apparent unreservedness, were not
+the more necessary on my part.</p>
+
+<p>On inquiring, I found that M. Galvez was at the Pardo,
+about two leagues from Madrid, where the King resides at
+present, and in the course of conversation discovered, that
+the proper channel of address ought to have been through
+the Count de Florida Blanca.</p>
+
+<p>The Ambassador offered to introduce me, but as this
+could not be done with propriety without previous application,
+he undertook to make it the day following, and to
+fix the time for my reception by both, and I think the manner
+will be the sole difficulty.</p>
+
+<p>Among other circumstances, which induce this conclusion,
+is the certain knowledge I have obtained, that M.
+Mirales received instructions several months past to enter
+into engagements with Congress, to take into pay a body
+of troops to assist in the conquest of Florida. Your own
+good sense will point out the use, which may be made of
+this intelligence. It answers to the point of the instructions,
+which I had the honor to receive from you. The
+short time I have been in this city has not hitherto given
+me an opportunity of writing so circumstantially as I could
+wish, in the matters abovementioned, and much less of giving
+a decided opinion on many objects contained in your
+instructions. I find, however, hitherto no difficulty in acquiring
+in time a knowledge on most of the subjects recommended
+to my attention.</p>
+
+<p>I have reason to believe, that the same disgusts do not
+subsist between the Crowns as between the nations, but
+the most perfect harmony and good understanding.</p>
+
+<p>I have been positively assured, and from good authority,
+that no overtures have been made for peace.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Dutch are arming, which is a circumstance in our
+favor, as their preparations originate from their discontent
+with England, on account of the late affair of the convoy.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Harrison is here, and proposes to proceed to Cadiz
+next week, which will furnish me a good opportunity of
+writing to you. I enclose you the last paper received from
+America; the people were in high spirits, and everything
+in a good state in the beginning of January.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot conclude without mentioning the very polite
+manner in which the French Ambassador offered his personal
+civilities in everything, that depended on him, to be
+useful to you in this place.</p>
+
+<p>M. Gerard will write to you himself, yet I must do him
+the justice to mention his personal kindness to me, and the
+candid representations he has made in every public company
+here of the prosperous situation of our affairs.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Cadiz, February 20th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The papers herewith enclosed are duplicates of those,
+which I had the honor of transmitting to your Excellency
+by Captain Desaussure. As yet I have received no intelligence
+from Madrid, owing I believe to the extreme badness
+of the roads.</p>
+
+<p>When at Martinique, I informed Congress by letter,
+dated the 25th of December last, that I had drawn a bill
+in favor of the officers of the Confederacy on Dr Franklin,
+for one hundred guineas. At the time that letter was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span>
+written, I had made the officers that promise, and had
+directed the bills to be made out accordingly, but just as I
+was coming away and closing accounts with Mr Bingham,
+he, perceiving that the money I was about to draw for the
+officers was to come out of my salary, in the first instance,
+was so obliging as to offer to advance that sum on the
+credit of Congress, and thereby save me the necessity of
+drawing. I accepted his offer, and gave notice of it to the
+officers by Mr Lawrence, the clerk of the frigate.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Pardo, February 24th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Having received by the hands of Don Joseph de Galvez,
+the letter which your Excellency sent by Mr Carmichael,
+and having communicated the contents to his Majesty, I
+have it in command to inform you, that his Majesty highly
+approves the choice, which the American Congress have
+made of you to the trust mentioned in your letter, as well
+on account of the high estimation in which his Majesty
+holds the members who made the choice, as the information
+he has received of your probity, talents, and abilities.
+His Majesty also received with pleasure the information of
+the desire which the Colonies have to form a connexion
+with Spain, of whose good disposition they have already
+received strong proofs. Nevertheless, his Majesty thinks
+it necessary in the first place, that the manner, the forms,
+and the mutual correspondence should be settled, upon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span>
+which that Union must be founded, which the United
+States of America desire to establish with this monarchy.
+For this purpose there is no obstacle to your Excellency's
+coming to this Court, in order to explain your intentions
+and those of the Congress, and to hear those of his Majesty,
+and by that means settling a basis upon which a perfect
+friendship may be established, and also its extent and
+consequences.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty thinks, that until these points are settled, as
+he hopes they will be, it is not proper for your Excellency
+to assume a formal character, which must depend on a
+public acknowledgment and future treaty. But your
+Excellency may be assured of the sincerity and good dispositions
+of his Majesty towards the United States, and of
+his earnest desire to remove every difficulty, for the mutual
+happiness of them and of this monarchy. This has been
+intimated to Mr Carmichael, who can communicate the
+same to your Excellency, to whom I beg leave to make a
+tender of my service, being, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Cadiz, February 25th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your favor of the 15th instant was delivered to me
+last evening. I congratulate you on your safe arrival, and
+hope the agreeable circumstances of your present situation
+will compensate for the fatigue and trouble you experienced
+on the way to it.</p>
+
+<p>It gives me pleasure to hear the French Ambassador
+has been so obliging, and I am glad to find from your
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span>
+letter, that your attentions to him at least keep pace with
+his civilities, especially as you are no stranger to the distinction
+between the candor and politeness of a gentleman,
+and that unbounded confidence which is seldom
+necessary.</p>
+
+<p>The intelligence you received from him is so agreeable
+and so interesting, that although the nature of it leaves me
+no room to doubt of this having been signified by the
+Court of France to Congress, either through Dr Franklin
+or the Count de la Luzerne, yet as unexpected accidents
+may have retarded its arrival, I shall also transmit it by a
+vessel, which will sail in a few days for Boston.</p>
+
+<p>I regret your not having been more particular on the
+subject of the mistake you have been led to suppose in the
+direction of my letter, as I wish to have the means of determining
+whether it was from decisive authority that M.
+Gerard, whose opinion I requested on that subject, without
+hesitation told me, that M. Galvez was the Minister with
+whom all business with the United States was to be transacted,
+and urged several reasons for his being of that
+opinion. From that gentleman's knowledge of the Courts
+of Europe, and the departments established for the despatch
+of business in each, particularly with that of Madrid,
+with which his Court had been so long and so intimately
+acquainted, I was induced to desire and confide in his
+information on that point. Very conclusive reasons, therefore,
+are necessary to induce a belief of his having been
+mistaken. But as it is of importance that all errors of
+this kind be known, and, if possible, corrected, I must request
+your attention to this matter in your next.</p>
+
+<p>I am at a loss to determine from your letter whether or
+not you have sent my despatches to M. Galvez. From
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span>
+your not having seen that gentleman, nor expecting to be
+introduced to him till the 17th instant, I conjecture that
+my letter did not reach him till that day; if so, I fear the
+delay will appear as singular to him as I confess it does
+to me. It does the more so to me, as my letter would
+have introduced you, and as you were apprised of my
+apprehension that pains would be taken to delay my receiving
+a decided answer, as to my reception, until the
+sentiments of France should be known. Perhaps the
+advice you received, as to the time and manner most proper
+for the delivery of it, was a little influenced by a desire
+of gaining time. I wished to have felt the pulse of
+Spain, and, by their conduct on this occasion, to have been
+enabled to determine whether their councils, with respect
+to the United States, are in any and in what degree independent
+of those of France, or whether directed by them.
+This would have been very useful in the further progress
+of the business, and might have been easily obtained, had
+my letter been delivered immediately on your arrival, because
+in that case, before the sentiments of the French
+Court could have been asked and received, sufficient time
+would have elapsed to justify your applying to M. Galvez
+for an answer; and, whatever that might have been, certain
+inferences would have been deducible from it. For
+these reasons, and not from an expectation of opposition
+from France, I regret this delay. But as my conjectures
+may prove groundless, and if just, you may have very
+cogent reasons, I forbear further remarks till I shall again
+have the pleasure of hearing from you.</p>
+
+<p>Are you sure that the intelligence you heard respecting
+M. Mirales is <i>certain</i>? I am sorry by this question to
+lengthen your next letter, especially as writing in cypher is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span>
+tedious and disagreeable. But that intelligence is important;
+if credited, it may have an influence on American
+measures, which, if it should be groundless, might be injurious.
+The transmission of information to Congress, by
+which their councils and determinations may be affected,
+is a very delicate business, and demands the greatest care
+and precision. It is not uncommon, you know, for one
+gentleman to think a matter certain, which another of no
+greater discernment, and judging by the same evidence,
+will deem somewhat doubtful. I would choose, therefore,
+with respect to all interesting intelligence, and particularly
+such as I may transmit to Congress, to possess as
+far as possible every circumstance necessary to form a
+judgment of its credibility, such as the rank and character
+of the informants, and the means they have of acquiring
+the information they give, that I may represent it as entitled
+to that degree of credit only, which, on full consideration,
+it may appear to deserve. I observe this less with
+reference to the case in question than as a general rule.
+Besides, as we correspond in cypher, no danger can result
+from being explicit.</p>
+
+<p>I am well satisfied that the short time you had been at
+Madrid did not admit of your writing on the several subjects
+contained in your instructions, on all of which, if
+allowed sufficient time, I am persuaded you will be able
+to obtain important information. However, as the object
+of your going to Madrid was to prevent delays in my receiving
+an answer to the letter to M. Galvez, the other
+instructions, however important, are to be considered as
+secondary, and though I wish that great and constant attention
+may be paid them, yet by no means to the neglect or prejudice
+of the first.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I am much obliged to you for the American paper enclosed
+in your letter. Everything from our country is
+interesting. If you should find any more of them, whose
+contents afford either information or entertainment, send
+them, and you shall receive from me all I may meet with
+here, which come under that description.</p>
+
+<p>The letter you gave me reason to expect from M. Gerard
+has not yet arrived; perhaps the next post will bring
+it. On the first occasion I have of writing to him, I shall
+take the liberty of mentioning the sense you have of his
+personal kindness and attention to you.</p>
+
+<p>The polite offers of the French Ambassador to be useful
+to me in all things that depend on him at Madrid, as
+well as his civilities to you, demand my acknowledgments,
+which I must beg the favor of you to present to him.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Dear Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Cadiz, February 29th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency in
+the enclosed papers,<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> all the intelligence I have received
+from Madrid. Mr Secretary Thompson will decypher
+them. An opinion begins to prevail, that America will be
+the theatre of war the ensuing campaign, and that the
+islands there will be the principal objects of contention.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> See above, p. <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, Mr Carmichael's letter, dated February 15th,
+and Mr Jay's reply, p. <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, dated February 25th. See also a letter
+in <i>Carmichael's Correspondence</i>, dated February 18th.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Cadiz, March 3d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Agreeably to my promise to the Marquis de la Flotte,
+I must inform your Excellency, that a Monsieur Jean Guy
+Guatier, merchant at Barcelona, recommended to the
+Marquis by Monsieur Aubere, the French consul there, is
+desirous of becoming the consul of the United States at
+that port. He had been encouraged, as M. Aubere says,
+to expect this appointment by Dr Franklin, but as he
+supposed my arrival would prevent the Doctor's interference,
+it became necessary to make the application to
+me. I told the Marquis that my commission did not
+authorise me to comply with his request, and that all I
+could do would be to mention his friend's application to
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>How far it may be proper to grant appointments of this
+sort to any but citizens of America, is a question whose
+importance will not, I am persuaded, escape the notice of
+Congress. A sensible, active consul is a very useful
+officer in many respects, and has many opportunities of
+doing essential services to those who employ him, or to
+whom he may be most attached. It is most certain, that for
+want of proper persons appointed to take care of our distressed
+seamen, who, escaping from captivity at Lisbon,
+Gibraltar, &amp;c. daily arrive here, America loses many of
+them. Humanity as well as policy calls for this provision.
+I have some of them now with me, destitute of bread
+and money, and almost of clothes, and of the means of
+getting either, unless by entering into the French or
+Spanish service. Such as may arrive here after my going
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span>
+to Madrid will be friendless unless I employ some person
+to take a little care of them, which I shall take the liberty
+of doing, being fully persuaded that the same principles
+which press me into that measure will induce Congress
+to approve it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Cadiz, March 3d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Captain Morgan being still here, waiting for a fair
+wind, I have an opportunity of transmitting to your Excellency
+a copy of a letter<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> just come to hand from the
+Count de Florida Blanca, in answer to mine to M. Galvez.</p>
+
+<p>Being apprehensive that if present I should probably be
+amused with verbal answers capable of being explained
+away if necessary, until the two courts could have time
+to consult and decide on their measures, I thought it more
+prudent that my first application should be by letter rather
+than in person.</p>
+
+<p>The answer in question, divested of the gloss which its
+politeness spreads over it, gives us, I think, to understand,
+that our independence shall be acknowledged, provided we
+accede to certain terms of treaty, but not otherwise; so
+that the acknowledgment is not to be made because we
+are independent, which would be candid and liberal, but
+because of the previous considerations we are to give for
+it, which is consistent with the principles on which nations
+usually act.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I shall proceed immediately to Madrid. There are
+many reasons (hereafter to be explained,) which induce
+me to suspect that France is determined to manage
+between us, so as to make us debtors to their influence
+and good correspondence with Spain for every concession
+on her part, and to make Spain hold herself obligated to
+their influence and good correspondence with us for every
+concession on our part. Though this may puzzle the
+business, I think it also promotes it.</p>
+
+<p>M. Gerard has often endeavored to persuade me, that a
+certain resolution of Congress would, if persisted in, ruin
+the business, which however he did not appear much
+inclined to believe, but, on the contrary, that if every
+other matter was adjusted you would not part on that
+point. I assured him that ground had, in my opinion,
+been taken with too much deliberation now to be quitted,
+and that expectations of that kind would certainly deceive
+those who trusted them. And, indeed, as affairs are now
+circumstanced, it would, in my opinion, be better for
+America to have no treaty with Spain, than to purchase
+one on such servile terms. There was a time when it
+might have been proper to have given that country something
+for their making common cause with us, but that day
+is now past. Spain is at war with Britain.</p>
+
+<p>I do not like the cypher in which I write, and shall
+therefore defer further particulars till Mr Thompson shall
+receive the one now sent him.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to be, with great respect and esteem,
+your Excellency's most obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> See this letter above, dated February 24th, p. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, April 6th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>We beg leave to congratulate your Excellency on your
+safe arrival in Europe. By principle warmly attached to
+the American cause, we could wish that we saw our
+States in a situation to acknowledge the independence of
+their sister Republic, and though we could only cultivate
+private connexions as yet, we took the liberty to address
+some intelligence to your Excellency when President of
+Congress. We should reckon ourselves extremely happy
+to know whether our letter came to hand before your
+Excellency left Philadelphia, and whether we may form
+any hopes that our zeal may prove successful for the
+benefit, as we intended, of both countries.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile we have the honor to be, with all possible
+regard, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ANSWER TO DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, April 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I have had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the
+6th instant, and am much obliged by your kind congratulations
+on my arrival in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The letters you mention to have written to Congress
+had been received before I left Philadelphia, and referred
+to a committee. This mark of attention was justly due to
+the interest you take in the American cause, and the disposition
+you manifest to serve it. I presume that the
+committee soon made a report, and that answers to your
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span>
+letters have been written, although perhaps the many
+hazards to which letters from America are exposed may
+have prevented their reaching you.</p>
+
+<p>When the rulers of your republic recollect in what
+manner and on what occasion they became free, I am persuaded
+they cannot but wish duration to our independence,
+nor forbear considering it as an event no less interesting
+to every commercial nation in Europe than important to
+America. These and similar considerations, added to the
+injustice they daily experience from England, will, I hope,
+induce them to call to mind that spirit of their forefathers,
+which acquired a glorious participation in the empire of the
+ocean, and laid the foundation of the commerce, affluence,
+and consideration they transmitted to their posterity.</p>
+
+<p>Permit me to assure you that I shall consider your correspondence
+as a favor, and that I am, with great respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, May 26th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my departure from America I have had the
+honor of writing the following letters to your Excellency,
+viz. 20th, 22d, 24th, 25th, 25th, 26th and 27th of December,
+1779, from Martinique; and 27th of January, 20th,
+28th and 29th of February, and 3d of March, 1780, from
+Cadiz. I am still uncertain whether any, and which of
+them, have come to your hands, and request the favor of
+particular information on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>Of such of them as respect immediately the business
+committed to me I now send duplicates, as well as copies
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span>
+of such other papers as, taken collectively, will give
+Congress a full and accurate state of their affairs here.</p>
+
+<p>This packet, of which an exact copy goes by another
+vessel, will appear voluminous. It will nevertheless be
+found interesting. I have interspersed such observations
+as to me appeared proper for the purpose of explanation.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of January, 1780, I arrived at Cadiz, without
+letters of credit or recommendation to any person there.
+The Chevalier Roche (a passenger with us) was so
+obliging as to procure me credit for about two hundred
+pounds sterling with a relation of his, to whom I was
+obliged to give a bill on Dr Franklin at a more than usual
+short sight. I afterwards became acquainted with the
+house of Le Couteulx and Company, who offered me
+what money I might want, and furnished me accordingly,
+with great cheerfulness. I was very disagreeably circumstanced.</p>
+
+<p>Finding reports ran hard against American credit, and
+that bills on Dr Franklin were held very cheap, by reason
+of his having, as was there said, postponed, delayed, and
+in some instances refused payment of them, on very
+frivolous pretences, I did, on the 26th of January, 1780,
+inform him by letter of my arrival, and of these reports.</p>
+
+<p>In answer to this, the Doctor, on the 7th of April,
+1780, wrote me a very friendly letter, asserting these
+reports to be false, and enclosing a certificate of his
+banker, which proved them to be so. Of this I have
+made the proper use, and as the same reports prevailed in
+Martinique, and probably in the other islands, I wish the
+remedy to be as extensive as the mischief, and therefore transmit
+the following extract from his letter on that
+subject, and a copy of the certificate mentioned in it.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title"><i>Extract of a Letter from his Excellency Dr Franklin,
+dated April 7th, 1780.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The reports you tell me prevail at Cadiz, that the
+Loan Office Bills, payable in France, have not been duly
+honored, are wicked falsehoods. Not one of them, duly
+endorsed by the original proprietor, was ever refused by
+me, or the payment delayed a moment. And the few not
+so endorsed have been also paid on the guarantee of the
+presenter, or some person of known credit. No reason
+whatever has been given for refusing payment of a bill,
+except this very good one that either the first, second,
+third or fourth of the same set had been already paid.
+The pretence that it was necessary for the whole set to
+arrive before the money could be paid, is too absurd and
+ridiculous for anyone to make use of, who knows anything
+of the nature of exchange. The unexpected large
+draughts made upon me by Congress and others, exclusive
+of these from the Loan Office, have indeed sometimes
+embarrassed me not a little, and put me to difficulties.
+But I have overcome those difficulties, so as never to have
+been obliged to make the smallest excuse, or desire the
+least delay of payment from any presenter of such bills.
+Those reports must therefore have been contrived by
+enemies to our country, or by persons who proposed an
+advantage to themselves by purchasing them at an under
+rate. Enclosed I send you a certificate of our banker in
+refutation of those calumnies."
+</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title"><i>Copy of the abovementioned Certificate.</i></p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"I, the subscriber, banker at Paris, and alone charged
+with the payment of the bills of the Loan Office, declare,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span>
+that I have paid, without exception or delay, all such bills
+to this date, accepted by his Excellency Dr Franklin;
+that, to my knowledge, no such bill has been refused
+payment; but that several have been presented after they
+had been once paid.</p>
+
+<p>"I declare further, that whatever is contradictory to
+this present is false.</p>
+
+<p>"In testimony of which I have here signed my name at
+Paris, this 15th of March, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">GRAND."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It appearing to me of importance that I should as soon as
+possible be informed of the measures, which Mr Arthur Lee
+might have taken leading to a treaty between the United
+States and Spain, I did, on the 26th of January, 1780,
+write him a letter, of which the following is a copy.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr Lee, in answer to this, wrote me a polite letter on
+the 17th of March, 1780. The following is a copy of it.<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>As, for reasons, which will appear in the course of the
+following papers, and which I hope will meet with the approbation
+of Congress, it became proper for me to remain in
+Spain, I apprised the Court of France of it by a letter to
+his Excellency the Count de Vergennes, on the 27th of
+January, 1780, of which the following is a copy.<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Count's answer to this is in the following words.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title">Translation.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">"Versailles, March 13th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I have received your favor of the 27th of January, and
+I am fully sensible of the confidence you have reposed in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span>
+me, by communicating to me the object of your mission.
+You know too well the attachment of his Majesty to the
+United States, not to feel assured that he sincerely wishes
+you success, and will be eager to contribute to it. The
+Count de Montmorin has received instructions accordant
+with this disposition, and I do not doubt that your confidence
+in him will enable him to fulfil them to your entire
+satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">DE VERGENNES."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the 9th of May, 1780, I replied to the Count as follows.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"Aranjues, May 9th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"The letter which your Excellency did me the honor
+to write me, on the 13th of March last, was delivered to
+me by the Count de Montmorin on my arrival at Madrid.</p>
+
+<p>"I should not have thus long delayed the pleasure of
+replying to it, if I could have prevailed upon myself to have
+given your Excellency complimentary professions, instead
+of sincere assurances. Unreserved confidence in an Ambassador
+of our great and good ally was just, as well as
+natural; and I am exceedingly happy to find that personal
+considerations, instead of forbidding, prompt it. M. Gerard,
+whose judgment I greatly respect, had given me a
+very favorable impression of this gentleman, and I am convinced
+from my own observation, that he was not mistaken.
+His conduct towards me has been that of a wise minister,
+and a candid gentleman. Your Excellency may therefore
+rely upon his receiving all that confidence from me, which
+these considerations dictate. Permit me to add, that I
+never indulge myself in contemplating the future happiness
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span>
+and independence of my country, without feeling the warmest
+attachment to the Prince and people, who are making
+such glorious exertions to establish them.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"With the most lively sentiments of respect and esteem,
+I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I requested the favor of M. Gerard to inform me, to
+which of the Ministers of Spain it would be proper to
+address any letters, which I might think proper to write to
+that court. He told me M. Galvez, and enumerated his
+reasons for thinking so. On the 27th of January, 1780, I
+wrote a letter to that Minister. The following is a copy
+of it.<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr Carmichael was the bearer of this letter, and as his
+going to Madrid to expedite an answer to it would give
+him an opportunity of acquiring, as well as giving information
+on several subjects, I gave him the following instructions.<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>I have desired Mr Carmichael, for greater certainty, to
+give me notes in writing of all the information he gained in
+pursuance of these instructions, but he has postponed it
+for the sake of enlarging them by some important additions.</p>
+
+<p>My letter to M. Galvez was answered the 24th of February,
+1780, by the Count de Florida Blanca, in the words
+following, viz.<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>To this letter I replied as follows, viz.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"Cadiz, March 6th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span>
+the 24th ultimo, which did not come to my hands till sometime
+after its arrival.</p>
+
+<p>"The sentiments which his Majesty is pleased to entertain
+of me, together with the polite manner in which your
+Excellency has been so obliging as to express them, demand
+my warmest acknowledgments, and give additional
+force to the many motives, which render me desirous of a
+permanent union between his Majesty and the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>"The honor and probity, which have ever characterised
+the conduct of Spain, together with the exalted reputation
+his Majesty has acquired, by being an eminent example of
+both, have induced the people of the United States to repose
+the highest confidence in the proofs they have received
+of his friendly disposition towards them; and to consider
+every engagement with this monarchy as guarantied by
+that faith, and secured by that ingenuousness, which have
+so gloriously distinguished his Majesty and this kingdom
+among the other Princes and nations of the earth.</p>
+
+<p>"Permit me to request the favor of your Excellency to
+assure his Majesty, that the people of the United States
+are convinced, that virtue alone can animate and support
+their governments; and that they can in no other way
+establish and perpetuate a national character, honorable to
+themselves and their posterity, than by an unshaken adherence
+to the rules which religion, morality, and treaties
+may prescribe for their conduct. His royal mind may also
+be persuaded, that gratitude will never cease to add the
+influence of inclination to the power of dignity, in rendering
+them solicitous for the happiness and prosperity of
+those generous nations, who nobly strengthened their opposition
+to a torrent of oppression, and kindly aided in freeing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span>
+them from the bondage of a nation, whose arrogance
+and injustice had become destructive of the rights of mankind,
+and dangerous to the peace and tranquillity of Christendom.</p>
+
+<p>"Having therefore the most perfect conviction, that the
+candor and benignity of his Majesty's intentions are equal
+to the uprightness and sincerity of those of Congress, I
+shall set out in a few days for Madrid, with the pleasing
+expectation that there will be little delay or difficulty in
+adjusting the terms of a union between a magnanimous
+Monarch and a virtuous people, who wish to obtain, by an
+alliance with each other, only reciprocal benefits and mutual
+advantages.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, with perfect respect and consideration,
+your Excellency's most obedient, and most
+humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the 4th of April, 1780, I arrived at Madrid, and Mr
+Carmichael delivered to me the following questions from
+the Count de Florida Blanca, to which he had declined
+giving answers, viz.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>Questions from the Count de Florida Blanca, dated the
+9th of March, 1780.</i></p>
+
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"Before entering into a discussion with Mr Jay or Mr
+Carmichael, jointly or separately, on the subject of the
+affairs of the United States of North America, and their
+mutual interest with respect to Spain, it is judged indispensable
+at Madrid, that the Catholic King should be exactly
+informed of the civil and military state of the American
+Provinces, and of their resources to continue the present
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span>
+war, not only for the defence of their own liberty, but also
+with respect to the aid and succors they may be able to
+afford Spain in its operations, in case hereafter this Crown
+should become the ally of America. The <i>Civil Affairs</i>
+ought to comprehend,</p>
+
+<p>"1st. A true account of the population and form of government
+of each Province of the Union, and the resolution
+of the inhabitants to continue the war with vigor, as long as
+it is necessary.</p>
+
+<p>"2dly. Whether there is any powerful party in favor of
+England, and what consequences are to be apprehended
+from it; whether the heads of this party suffer themselves
+to be seduced by the great promises of the British government.</p>
+
+<p>"3dly. A statement of the revenues of these Provinces,
+and of their ability to contribute to the general expense; to
+which may be added, whether they will be able long to
+support this burthen, and even to increase it should it be
+judged necessary.</p>
+
+<p>"4thly. A statement of the public debts, and of the
+particular debts of each State, taken collectively or
+separately, of their resources to lessen them, and the possibility
+of their being able to support their credit in all the operations
+of government, in the commerce of their inhabitants,
+and above all in the protection of national industry.</p>
+
+<p>"5thly. By what means, or with what branches of commerce,
+will the States of America have it in their power
+to indemnify Spain, whenever this power may second the
+views and operations of the Americans; and particularly
+the Court wishes to know, whether it may be convenient
+for the said States to furnish ships of war of the best construction
+for the Spanish marine, and likewise timber and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span>
+other articles for the King's arsenals, and the whole without
+loss of time, and fixing the terms on which they would
+make an agreement of this nature, and who would be
+commissioned to bring the vessels and these naval stores
+to Spain.</p>
+
+<p>"With respect to the <i>Military State</i> of America, it is
+necessary to be informed first, of the number and strength
+of the different bodies of troops armed by the Provinces,
+and of their present situation, in order to judge whether
+they are sufficient to oppose the enemy wherever they
+may go, and particularly in Carolina and Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>"Further, it may be expedient to know the means of
+augmenting the American army in case it is necessary, or
+to keep it always on the same footing, notwithstanding its
+daily losses. In what condition their clothing and arms
+are at present; whether they are partly in want of those
+articles, and how much it would require to remedy those
+defects.</p>
+
+<p>"The subsistence of an army being an object of the
+greatest consequence, the Court desires to know if proper
+measures have been taken for that purpose, that it may be
+ascertained whether it can act everywhere, if necessary,
+even in the above mentioned Provinces, without danger
+of being in want of necessaries.</p>
+
+<p>"It is highly essential for the Provinces of America to
+keep a marine to act against the common enemy, and to
+secure their own possessions during the present war. The
+Spanish Minister therefore is desirous of knowing its
+strength, including the armed vessels belonging to individuals,
+and by what means it may be augmented, and
+what succors will be necessary for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>"The Court of Spain, desirous of information on these
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span>
+subjects with all possible frankness and precision, does
+not pretend to dive into matters, which Mr Jay or Mr
+Carmichael may regard as reserved to themselves. Its
+only aim is to be acquainted with the present state of the
+American forces, their resources, and ability to continue
+the war, so that if it was in consideration for new allies to
+supply them with succors of any kind, the former might
+be able to plan on solid grounds their operations convenient
+for the common cause, and for the particular advantage
+of these States, without running the risk of being
+misled by false calculations for want of foresight and proper
+information."</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>Pardo, March 9th, 1780.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>My answer to these questions is contained in a letter I
+wrote to the Count de Florida Blanca, on the 25th of
+April, 1780; the removal of the Court to Aranjues, and
+his attending the King at that time at an annual chase, rendering
+it useless, and perhaps improper, to endeavor to
+call his attention to these matters sooner. The following
+is a copy of it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"Madrid, April 25th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"Mr Carmichael has delivered to me a paper he had
+the honor of receiving from your Excellency before my
+arrival here, containing heads of many important inquiries
+respecting which it was thought necessary, that his Catholic
+Majesty should be exactly informed before entering
+into a discussion with me and Mr Carmichael jointly or
+separately, on the subject of the affairs of the United States
+of North America, and their mutual interest with respect
+to Spain; but that the Court, though desirous of information
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span>
+on these several articles, with all possible frankness
+and precision, did not mean to dive into matters which
+Mr Carmichael and myself might regard as reserved to
+ourselves only.</p>
+
+<p>"Being persuaded, that direct and accurate information
+respecting the nature and extent of the commissions given
+to that gentleman and myself, would be very agreeable to
+your Excellency, I take the liberty of transmitting the
+following copies of each.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+'The delegates of the United States of New Hampshire,
+Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
+Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
+Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
+and Georgia, in Congress assembled, to all who
+shall see these presents, Greeting.</p>
+
+<p>'Whereas an intercourse between the subjects of his
+Catholic Majesty, and the citizens of these United States,
+founded on the principles of equality, reciprocity, and
+friendship, may be of mutual advantage to both nations,
+and it being the sincere desire of the United States to
+enter into a treaty of alliance and of amity and commerce
+with his Catholic Majesty, know ye, therefore, that we,
+confiding in the integrity, prudence, and ability of the
+Honorable John Jay, late President of Congress, and
+Chief Justice of the State of New York, have nominated
+and constituted, and by these presents do nominate and
+constitute him, the said John Jay, our Minister Plenipotentiary;
+giving him full power general and special to act
+in that quality, to confer, treat, agree, and conclude, with
+the Ambassador or Plenipotentiary of his Catholic Majesty
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span>
+vested with equal powers, of and concerning a treaty of
+amity and commerce, and of alliance, and whatever shall
+be so agreed and concluded for us and in our names, to
+sign, and thereupon make such treaty or treaties, conventions
+and agreements, as he shall judge conformable to the
+ends we have in view, in as ample form, and with the
+same effect, as if we were personally present and acted
+therein, hereby promising in good faith, that we will accept,
+ratify, fulfil, and execute whatever shall be agreed,
+concluded, and signed by our said Minister Plenipotentiary,
+and that we will never act, nor suffer any person to act,
+contrary to the same in the whole, or in any part.</p>
+
+<p>'In witness whereof, we have caused these presents to
+be given in Congress, at Philadelphia, the 29th day of
+September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven
+hundred and seventynine, and the fourth year of the independence
+of the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">'Signed by the President, and sealed with his seal.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_long">'SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, <i>President</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">'Attest, CHARLES THOMSON, <i>Secretary</i>.'</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>'The United States of America, in Congress assembled.
+To the Honorable William Carmichael, a delegate in Congress
+from the State of Maryland. Greeting.</p>
+
+<p>
+'We, reposing especial trust and confidence in your
+patriotism, ability, conduct, and fidelity, do, by these
+presents, constitute and appoint you, during our pleasure,
+Secretary to our Minister Plenipotentiary, appointed to negotiate
+a treaty of amity and commerce, and of alliance
+with his Catholic Majesty. You are, therefore, carefully
+and diligently to discharge the duty of Secretary, by doing
+and performing all things thereunto belonging, and, in case
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span>
+of the death of our said Minister, you are to signify it to
+us by the earliest opportunity, and on such event, we
+authorise and direct you to take into your charge all our
+public affairs, which were in the hands of said Minister at
+the time of his death, or which may be addressed to him
+before notice thereof, and proceed therein, according to the
+instructions to our said Minister given, until our further
+orders.</p>
+
+<p>'Witness, his Excellency, Samuel Huntington, President
+of the Congress of the United States of America, at Philadelphia,
+the 29th day of September, in the year of our
+Lord, 1779, and in the fourth year of our independence.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_long">'SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, <i>President</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">'Attest, CHARLES THOMSON, <i>Secretary</i>.'</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"The inquiries in question are numerous and important.
+They do honor to the sagacity which suggested them, and,
+if fully answered, would produce a very interesting history
+of the present condition of the American States. On some
+of the subjects proposed, I can give your Excellency full
+and positive intelligence; on others, only general and by
+no means precise information. On all, however, I shall
+write with candor.</p>
+
+<p>"Such is the nature of the American governments and
+confederacy, that the Congress, and all other rulers of the
+people, are responsible to them for their conduct, and cannot
+withhold from their constituents a knowledge of their
+true situation, without subjecting themselves to all the
+evils, which they experience, who substitute cunning in the
+place of wisdom. Hence it is, that a knowledge of their
+affairs is easily attainable by all who will be at the trouble
+of collecting it, and as it is neither the policy nor inclination
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span>
+of America to draw a veil over any part of their affairs,
+your Excellency may be persuaded, that every consideration
+forbids their servants, by a suppression, or misrepresentation
+of facts, to deceive or mislead those whose amity
+they so sincerely endeavor to cultivate, as they do that
+of Spain.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">I. THE CIVIL STATE OF NORTH AMERICA.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Excellency has with great propriety arranged
+the subjects of your inquiry under two heads; the
+<i>Civil</i> and <i>Military</i> States of North America. The first
+of these is again branched into several subdivisions, at the
+head of which, is the</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>Population of each State.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The exact number of inhabitants in the United States
+has not, I believe, been ascertained by an actual census in
+more than two or three of them. The only computation
+made by Congress was on the 29th of July, 1775; the
+manner and occasion of which exclude every suspicion
+of its exceeding the true number. Congress had emitted
+bills of credit to a very considerable amount, and were
+apprised of the necessity of emitting more. Justice demanded
+that this debt should be apportioned among the
+States according to their respective abilities; an equitable
+rule whereby to determine that ability became indispensable.
+After much consideration, Congress resolved,
+'that the proportion, or quota of each Colony, should be
+determined according to the number of the inhabitants
+of all ages (including negroes and mulattoes) in each
+Colony,' but as that could not <i>then</i> be ascertained <i>exactly</i>,
+they were obliged to judge of, and compute the number
+from circumstantial evidence. The delegates gave to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span>
+Congress an account of the population of their respective
+Colonies, made from the best materials then in their
+power, and so great was their confidence in each other,
+that from those accounts that computation was principally
+formed. Your Excellency will readily perceive, that the
+delegates were far from being under any temptations to
+exaggerate the number of their constituents; they were
+not ignorant, that by such exaggerations they would increase
+their portion of aids, both of men and money, and
+that whatever errors they might commit, could not be rectified
+by an actual numeration during the war. The computation
+then formed was as follows.</p></div>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Population of States">
+<tr><td class="lt">New Hampshire,</td><td class="rt">124,069</td><td class="lt">and a half</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Massachusetts Bay,</td><td class="rt">434,244</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Rhode Island,</td><td class="rt">71,959</td><td class="lt">and a half</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Connecticut,</td><td class="rt">248,139</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">New York,</td><td class="rt">248,139</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">New Jersey,</td><td class="rt">161,290</td><td class="lt">and a half</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Pennsylvania,</td><td class="rt">372,208</td><td class="lt">and a half</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Delaware,</td><td class="rt">37,219</td><td class="lt">and a half</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Maryland,</td><td class="rt">310,174</td><td class="lt">and a half</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Virginia,</td><td class="rt">496,278</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">North Carolina,</td><td class="rt">248,139</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">South Carolina,</td><td class="rt">248,139</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt"></td><td class="rt">_________</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt"></td><td class="rt">3,000,000</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Exclusive of the inhabitants of Georgia, who were not at
+that time represented in Congress, and of whose numbers
+I have no information that I can confide in.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>The Form of Government of each State.</i></p>
+
+<p>"In the pamphlets I have now the honor of transmitting
+to your Excellency, viz. No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span>
+and No. 5, you will find the constitutions of New York,
+New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and South Carolina.
+The others I have not with me. The great outlines of
+them all are very similar. By the last accounts from
+America, it appears that Massachusetts Bay had not as
+yet agreed upon their constitution, but had it then under
+consideration.</p>
+
+<p>"It cannot be necessary to observe to your Excellency,
+that these new modes of government were formed by
+persons named and authorised by the people for that express
+purpose; that they were, in general, instituted with
+great temper and deliberation upon such just and liberal
+principles, as on the one hand to give effectual security
+to civil and religious liberty, and on the other make
+ample provision for the rights of justice, and the due exercise
+of the necessary powers of government.</p>
+
+<p>"The articles of confederation agreed upon by Congress,
+and approved by every State in the Union except
+Maryland, provide for the general government of the Confederacy,
+and the ordering of all matters essential to the
+prosperity and preservation of the Union in peace and war.
+I ought also to inform your Excellency, that the reasons
+why Maryland has as yet withheld her assent to those
+articles, do not arise from any disaffection to the common
+cause, but merely from their not having adopted certain
+principles respecting the disposition of certain lands.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>The Union and Resolution of the Inhabitants to continue<br />
+the War with Vigor as long as may be necessary.</i></p>
+
+<p>"On this subject I can give your Excellency certain and
+positive information; the storm of tyranny and oppression,
+which had for some years been constantly growing more
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span>
+black and more terrible, began to burst with violence on
+the people of North America in the year 1774. It was
+seen and felt and deprecated by all except those, who expected
+to gather spoils in the ruins it was designed to
+occasion. These were those who enjoyed, or expected,
+emoluments from Great Britain, together with their immediate
+dependants and connexions; such as the officers
+of government throughout the Colonies, but with some
+very distinguished exceptions; those of the clergy of the
+church of England almost without exception, who received
+annual salaries from the society established in England
+for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts; foreign
+adventurers, buyers and sellers, who, being no further
+attached to the country than as it afforded the means of
+gain, soon prepared to speculate in confiscations, and
+courted the notice of their sovereign by intemperate zeal
+for the ruin of his subjects. With these exceptions, the
+great body of the people moved together, and united in
+such firm and considerate measures for the common safety,
+and conducted their affairs with such regularity, order,
+and system, as to leave no room to suppose them to be
+the work of only a prevailing party, as our enemies have
+always represented and affected to consider them.</p>
+
+<p>"There was, it is true, another class of persons not
+much less dangerous, though far more contemptible than
+those I first mentioned; persons who in every revolution,
+like floating weeds in every storm, obey the strongest
+wind, and pass from side to side as that happens to
+change. I mean the <i>neutrals</i>, a pusillanimous race, who
+having balanced in their minds the advantages and disadvantages,
+the gains and dangers of joining either side, are
+seduced by their fears to form a thousand pretexts for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span>
+joining neither; who, to manifest their loyalty to their
+King, when his armies were successful, gave them every
+aid in their power, except drawing their swords against
+their country, and who, when their countrymen prevailed,
+were ready to render them all possible service, except
+taking arms against their Prince.</p>
+
+<p>"The auxiliaries, whom the British measures and forces
+found in the country, consisted of persons from these
+classes. And although when these first appeared in, and
+wounded the bosom of America, she was obliged to extend
+her arms to repel the assaults of a foreign enemy,
+yet such was the union and spirit of her inhabitants, that
+she was soon enabled not only to put them under her feet,
+but on the ruins of her former governments to erect new
+ones in the midst of invasions from without, and treacherous
+combinations from within. Being able to obtain no
+other terms of peace than unconditional obedience, she
+had sufficient courage to declare herself independent in
+the face of one of the best appointed armies Britain could
+ever boast of, as well as sufficient strength to limit its operations,
+and reduce its numbers.</p>
+
+<p>"It may perhaps be observed, that the first object of the
+war was a redress of grievances; that the present object
+is <i>independence</i>; and it may be asked whether the people
+are as much united with respect to the last as they were
+with respect to the first.</p>
+
+<p>"I am certain that the people of America never were
+so well united as they are at present, in that of their independence.
+Exclusive of actual observation on the spot, I
+think so because,</p>
+
+<p>"1st. The Declaration of Independence was made by
+Congress at a time, when the great body of their constituents
+called for it.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">239</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"2dly. Because that declaration was immediately recognised
+by the general assemblies and legislatures of the
+several States, without exception.</p>
+
+<p>"3dly. Because the successful army under General Burgoyne
+was defeated and captured by a great collection of
+the neighboring militia, to whom he had offered peace and
+tranquillity on their remaining at home, terms which it was
+natural to suppose a great many of them would have accepted,
+had the Declaration of Independence been disagreeable
+to them.</p>
+
+<p>"4thly. Because the Congress, consisting of members
+annually elected, have repeatedly, expressly, and unanimously
+declared their determination to support it at every
+hazard.</p>
+
+<p>"5thly. Because their internal enemies have been either
+expelled or reduced, and their estates to a very great
+amount in some of the States confiscated and actually
+sold.</p>
+
+<p>"6thly. Because constitutions and forms of government
+have since been instituted and completely organised, in
+which the people participate, from which they have experienced
+essential advantages, and to which they have of
+consequence become greatly attached.</p>
+
+<p>"7thly. Because Congress unanimously refused to enter
+into treaty with the British Commissioners on any terms
+short of independence, and because every State, though
+afterwards separately solicited, refused to treat otherwise
+than collectively by their delegates in Congress.</p>
+
+<p>"8thly. Because the inhuman and very barbarous manner
+in which the war has been conducted by the enemy,
+has so alienated the affections of the people from the King
+and government of Britain, and filled their hearts with such
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">240</a></span>
+deep rooted and just resentments, as render a cordial
+reconciliation, much less a dependence on them, utterly
+impossible.</p>
+
+<p>"9thly. Because the doctrine propagated in America by
+the servants of the King of Great Britain, that no faith was
+to be kept with Americans in arms against him, and the
+uniformity with which they have adhered to it, in their
+practice as well as professions, have destroyed all confidence,
+and leave the Americans no room to doubt, but that,
+should they again become subjects of the King of Britain
+on certain terms, those terms would as little impede the
+progress of future oppression, as the capitulation of Limerick,
+in 1691, did with respect to Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>"10thly. Because the treaty with France, and consequently
+virtue, honor, and every obligation due to the reputation
+of a rising nation, whose fame is unsullied by violated
+compacts, forbid it.</p>
+
+<p>"11thly. Because it is the evident, and well known interest
+of North America to remain independent.</p>
+
+<p>"12thly. Because the history of mankind, from the earliest
+ages, with a loud voice calls upon those who draw their
+swords against a Prince, deaf to the supplication of his
+people, to throw away that scabbard.</p>
+
+<p>"13thly. Because they do not consider the support of
+their independence as difficult. The country is very defensible
+and fertile; the people are all soldiers, who with
+reason consider their liberty and lives as the most valuable
+of the possessions left them, and which they are determined
+shall neither be wrested or purchased from them but with
+blood.</p>
+
+<p>"14thly. Because for the support of their independence,
+they have expressly, by a most solemn act, pledged to each
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">241</a></span>
+other their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor; so
+that their bond of union, for this very purpose, thus formed
+of all the ties of common interest, common safety, mutual
+affection, general resentments, and the great obligations of
+virtue, honor, patriotism, and religion, may with reason be
+deemed equal to the importance of that great object.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>Whether there is any powerful Party in Favor of England,
+and what Consequences are to be apprehended from it?
+Whether the Heads of this Party suffer themselves to be
+seduced by the Promises of the British Government?</i></p>
+
+<p>"What has been already said, on the subject of the
+union of the people in North America, will I imagine in a
+great measure answer these questions.</p>
+
+<p>"If by a party in favor of England is meant a party for
+relinquishing the independence of the United States, and
+returning to the dominion of Britain, on any terms whatever,
+I answer there is no such party in North America;
+all the open adherents of the Crown of Great Britain having
+either voluntarily quitted or been expelled from the country.</p>
+
+<p>"That Britain has emissaries and masked adherents in
+America, industrious in their little spheres to perplex the
+public measures, and disturb the public tranquillity, is a
+fact of which I have not the most distant doubt, and it is
+equally true, that some of these wicked men are by a few
+weak ones thought to be patriots, but they cannot with
+any propriety be called a party, or even a faction. The
+chief mischief they do, is collecting and transmitting intelligence,
+raising false reports, and spreading calumnies of
+public men and measures; such characters will be found
+in every country so circumstanced, and America has not
+been negligent in providing laws for their punishment.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">242</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The obvious policy of the Court of London has induced
+them to boast perpetually of their party in America;
+but where it is? of whom composed? what it has done, or
+is doing? are questions to which they constantly give evasive
+answers. Much also have they said of the numbers
+that have joined their arms in America. The truth is, that
+at Boston, Rhode Island, New York, and Philadelphia,
+they gleaned some of that refuse of mankind, to be found
+and purchased by any body in all commercial cities. It is
+also true, that some men of weight and influence in the
+country, who joined the enemy on their first successes, did
+draw away with them several of their immediate dependents,
+whom they persuaded or otherwise influenced to enlist
+in their service. To these may also be added the prisoners,
+who at different times they forced into their service by
+famine, and other severities too numerous as well as barbarous
+to be here particularized. But I have no reason
+to believe, that all these aids put together ever exceeded
+three thousand men. This business, however, (except
+with respect to prisoners,) has long been over, and before
+I left America many of those deluded people had returned
+and implored the pardon of their country.</p>
+
+<p>"In America, as in all other popular governments, your
+Excellency knows there must and ever will be parties for
+and against particular measures and particular men. The
+enemy, adverting to this circumstance, have had address
+enough to ascribe differences and temporary heats arising
+from this source, in which they were not interested, to
+causes much higher, and more flattering to their importance;
+and this they have done with so much art, as to
+have imposed in some instances on the credulity of men
+high in reputation for sagacity and discernment.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">243</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"If your Excellency will be pleased to peruse a pamphlet
+marked No. 6, which you will find enclosed with the
+other papers I herewith transmit, and entitled 'Observations
+on the American Revolution,' you will perceive that
+nothing is to be apprehended from this supposed party in
+North America.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>A Statement of the Revenues of the States, and of their
+Ability to contribute to the General Expense; whether
+they will be able long to support this Burthen, and increase
+it if necessary?</i></p>
+
+<p>"The Confederated States have no fixed revenues, nor
+are such revenues necessary, because all the private property
+in the country is at the public service. The only
+restriction imposed by the people is, that it be taken from
+them with wisdom and justice, or to be more explicit, that
+the sums required be proportionate to the public exigencies,
+and assessed on the individuals in proportion to their
+respective abilities.</p>
+
+<p>"A nation can seldom be destitute of the means of continuing
+a war, while they remain unsubdued in the field,
+and cheerfully devote their all to that service. They may
+indeed experience great distress, but no distress being
+equal to that of subjection to exasperated oppressors, whose
+most tender mercies are cruel, the Americans had little
+difficulty in making their election.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>A Statement of the Public Debts.</i></p>
+
+<p>"This subject your Excellency will find fully discussed
+in an address of Congress to their constituents, in which
+they compute their debts, and mention the means they had
+taken to preserve the public credit. It is also herewith
+enclosed, and marked No. 7.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">244</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>A Statement of the Debts of each particular State.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Although exact accounts of these debts are contained
+in the public printed acts of each State, yet as I neither
+have any of those acts or extracts from them with me, and
+my general knowledge on this hand is very imperfect, I
+am deterred from giving your Excellency any information
+respecting it, by the very great risk I should run of misleading
+you on this point.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>The Resources to lessen these Debts.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Taxes; foreign and domestic loans; sales of confiscated
+estates, and ungranted lands.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>The possibility of their supporting their Credit in all the
+Operations of Government, in the Commerce of their
+Inhabitants, and, above all, in the Protection of National
+Industry.</i></p>
+
+<p>"As to the possibility of supporting their credit in the
+cases mentioned, there is no doubt it is very <i>possible</i>.
+How far it is <i>probable</i>, is a question less easy to answer.
+If the taxes called for by Congress last fall be duly paid,
+all will be safe. But whether they have been paid or not
+I am wholly uninformed, except that I find in a public
+paper that Virginia had made good her first payment. As
+I daily expect to receive advices from America on this
+subject, I shall postpone saying anything further on it at
+present, but your Excellency may rely on my communicating
+to you a full state of what intelligence I may have
+respecting it.</p>
+
+<p>"As to supporting their credit in <i>commerce</i>, it is attended
+with considerable, though not insurmountable difficulties.
+They are of two kinds, the want of sufficient commodities
+for remittances, and the risk of transporting them.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">245</a></span>
+North America abounds in valuable commodities, such as
+fish, oil, lumber, provisions of flesh and corn, iron, tobacco,
+and naval stores, peltry, indigo, potash, and other articles,
+all of which have greatly diminished since the war; the
+laborers formerly employed in producing them having been
+often called to the field, and by other effects of the war
+been prevented from regularly following their usual occupations.
+Of some of these articles America still produces
+more than is necessary for her own consumption, but the
+risk of transporting them to Europe renders her remittances
+very uncertain. The asylum, which all British armed
+vessels find in the ports of Portugal, enables them to cruise
+very conveniently and with great advantage off the Western
+Islands, and other situations proper for annoying vessels
+from thence to France, Spain, or the Mediterranean.
+Hence it is that the trade from America to St Eustatia has
+of late so greatly increased, it being carried on principally
+in small, fast sailing vessels, that draw but little water, and
+that the chief remittances to Europe have been in bills of
+exchange instead of produce.</p>
+
+<p>"With respect to the protection of <i>national industry</i>, I
+take it for granted that it will always flourish where it is
+lucrative, and not discouraged, which was the case in
+North America when I left it; every man being then at
+liberty, by the law, to cultivate the earth as he pleased, to
+raise what he pleased, to manufacture as he pleased, and
+to sell the produce of his labor to whom he pleased, and
+for the best prices, without any duties or impositions whatsoever.
+I have indeed no apprehensions whatever on this
+subject: I believe there are no people more industrious
+than those of America, and whoever recurs to their population,
+their former exports, and their present productions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">246</a></span>
+amidst the horrors of fire and sword, will be convinced
+of it.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>By what Means, or what Branches of Commerce, will the
+States of America have it in their Power to indemnify
+Spain, whenever this Power may second the Views and
+Operations of the Americans?</i></p>
+
+<p>"America will indemnify Spain in two ways, by fighting
+the enemy of Spain, and by commerce. Your Excellency
+will be pleased to remark that Spain as well as America is
+now at war with Britain, and therefore that it is the interest
+of both to support and assist each other against the
+common enemy. It cannot be a question whether Britain
+will be more or less formidable if defeated or victorious in
+America; and there can be no doubt but that every nation,
+interested in the reduction of her power, will be compensated
+for any aids they may afford America, by the immediate
+application of those aids to that express purpose at
+the expense of American blood.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Excellency's well known talents save me the
+necessity of observing, that it is the interest of all Europe
+to join in breaking down the exorbitant power of a nation,
+which arrogantly claims the ocean as her birthright, and
+considers every advantage in commerce, however acquired
+by violence, or used with cruelty, as a tribute justly due to
+her boasted superiority in arts and in arms.</p>
+
+<p>"By establishing the independence of America, the
+empire of Britain will be divided, and the sinews of her
+power cut. Americans, situated in another hemisphere, intent
+only on the cultivation of a country more than sufficient
+to satisfy their desires, will remain unconnected with
+European politics, and not being interested in their objects,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">247</a></span>
+will not partake in their dissensions. Happy in having for
+their neighbors a people distinguished for love of justice
+and of peace, they will have nothing to fear, but may flatter
+themselves that they and their posterity will long enjoy
+all the blessings of that peace, liberty, and safety, for which
+alone they patiently endure the calamities incident to the
+cruel contest they sustain.</p>
+
+<p>"While the war continues, the commerce of America
+will be inconsiderable; but on the restoration of peace it
+will soon become very valuable and extensive. So great is
+the extent of country in North America yet to be cultivated,
+and so inviting to settlers, that labor will very long remain
+too dear to admit of considerable manufactures.
+Reason and experience tell us, that when the poor have it
+in their power to gain affluence by tilling the earth, they
+will refuse the scanty earnings which manufacturers may
+offer them. From this circumstance it is evident, that the
+exports from America will consist of raw materials, which
+other nations will be able to manufacture for them at a
+cheaper rate than they can themselves. To those who
+consider the future and progressive population of that
+country, the demands it will have for the manufactures and
+productions of Europe, as well to satisfy their wants, as to
+gratify their luxury, will appear immense, and far more
+than any one kingdom in it can supply. Instead of paying
+money for fish and many other articles as heretofore,
+Spain will then have an opportunity of obtaining them in
+exchange for her cloths, silks, wines, and fruits; notwithstanding
+which, it is proper to observe, that the commerce
+of the American States will forever procure them such
+<i>actual wealth</i>, as to enable them punctually to repay whatever
+sums they may borrow.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">248</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>How far it may be convenient for these States to furnish
+Ships of War, Timber, and other Articles for the
+King's Arsenals, without Delay, and, if in their Power,
+on what Terms?</i></p>
+
+<p>"I am much at a loss to determine at present, and
+therefore will by no means give your Excellency my conjectures
+for intelligence.</p>
+
+<p>"It is certain, that in ordinary times, America can build
+ships as good, and cheaper than any other people, because
+the materials cost them less. The ships of war now in
+her service, as to strength and construction, are not exceeded
+by any on the ocean. On this subject I will write
+to America for information, and give your Excellency
+the earliest notice of it. Naval stores, and particularly
+masts and spars, may certainly be had there, and of the
+best quality, and I doubt not but that the Americans
+would carry them to the Havana or New Orleans, though
+I suspect, their being in a manner destitute of proper convoys
+for the European trade, would render them backward
+in bringing them to Spain, on terms equal to the risk
+of capture, on the one hand, and the expectations of
+purchasers on the other.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">II. THE MILITARY STATE OF NORTH AMERICA.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>The Number and Strength of the American Troops, their
+present Situation, and Ability to oppose the Enemy,
+especially in Georgia and Carolina.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Six months have elapsed since I left America, and I had
+not seen a return of the army for some time before that
+period. It did not, I am certain, amount to its full complement,
+and, in my opinion, did not in the whole exceed
+thirty or thirtyfive thousand men; I mean regular troops.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">249</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The Commander-in-Chief, whose abilities, as well as
+integrity, merit the highest confidence, was authorised to
+conduct all the military operations in the United States
+at his discretion, subject, nevertheless, to such orders as
+the Congress might think proper from time to time to give.
+It is impossible, therefore, for me (not having received a
+single letter from America on these subjects since my arrival)
+to decide in what manner or proportions these troops
+are employed or stationed, though I am confident it has
+been done in the best manner.</p>
+
+<p>"All the men of proper age in America are liable to do
+military duty in certain cases, and with a few exceptions,
+in all cases. The militia is for the most part divided
+into a certain number of classes, and whenever reinforcements
+to the main army, or any detachment of it are
+wanting, they are supplied by these classes in rotation.
+These reinforcements while in the field are subject to
+the like regulations with the regular troops, and with them
+submit to the severest discipline and duty. Hence it is,
+that the people of America have become soldiers, and that
+the enemy have never been able to make a deep impression
+in the country, or long hold any considerable lodgments
+at a distance from their fleets. Georgia and South
+Carolina, indeed, enjoy these advantages in a less degree
+than the other States, their own militia not being very
+numerous, and speedy reinforcements from their neighbors
+of North Carolina and Virginia rendered difficult by
+the length of the way. They have, nevertheless, given
+proofs of their spirit by various and great exertions, and I
+have reason to believe, that all possible care has been
+taken to provide for their safety, by furnishing them with a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">250</a></span>
+proper body of troops under Major General Lincoln, a
+very good officer, as well as a very good man.</p>
+
+<p>"Arms are still wanting in America, many of those imported
+proving unfit for use, and the number of inhabitants
+who were without proper arms at the beginning of the
+war, calling for great supplies. The army, and a considerable
+part of the militia, especially in the Northern States,
+have in general good arms.</p>
+
+<p>"The article of clothing has been, and still is a very interesting
+one to the American army. It is impossible to
+describe, and, indeed, almost impossible to believe, the
+hardships they have endured for want of it. There have
+been instances, and I speak from the most undoubted authority,
+of considerable detachments marching barefooted
+over rugged tracts of ice and snow, and marking the route
+they took by the blood that issued from their feet; but
+neither these terrible extremities, nor the alluring offers of
+the enemy, could prevail on them to quit their standard,
+or relax their ardor. Their condition, however, has of
+late been much bettered by supplies from France and
+Spain, and American privateers; but adequate provision
+has not yet been made for the ensuing winter, and I cannot
+conceal from your Excellency my anxiety on that
+head. A supply of clothing for twenty thousand men,
+added to what is engaged for them in France, would make
+that army and all America happy.</p>
+
+<p>"I foresee no other difficulties in providing subsistence
+for the American armies in every station in which they
+may be placed, than those which may attend the transportation
+of it. But when I reflect on the obstacles of this
+kind, which they have already met with and surmounted,
+I have little uneasiness about future ones. The last crops
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">251</a></span>
+in America promised to be plentiful when I left it, but
+whether there would be any and what considerable overplus
+for exportation was then undetermined, the damages
+done the wheat in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina
+by a fly, which infested those countries, not being to
+my knowledge at that time ascertained.</p>
+
+<p>"How many ships of war belong to Congress, is a
+question I cannot answer with certainty. I think there are
+not more than ten or twelve in the whole. Of privateers
+there are a great number, but how many exactly has not
+been computed. In my opinion, they exceed one hundred,
+several of them very fine ships. The Governor of
+Martinique told me, that in that Island alone, the American
+privateers had brought and sold above five thousand
+African slaves, which they had taken from the enemy.
+Nine tenths at least of all the rum and sugar used in North
+America, these three years past, have been obtained in the
+same way, and to their successes have the public been indebted
+for the most seasonable and valuable supplies of
+military stores which they have received. I left several
+vessels on the stocks at Philadelphia, and heard of more
+in other parts.</p>
+
+<p>"Upon the whole, his Majesty may rest perfectly assured,
+that the Americans are determined, though forsaken
+by all mankind, to maintain their independence, and to
+part with it only with their lives; the desolations and distresses
+of war being too familiar to them to excite any
+other passions than indignation and resentment.</p>
+
+<p>"That the country will supply its inhabitants with provisions,
+some clothing, and some articles of commerce.</p>
+
+<p>"That there is no party in America in favor of returning
+under the dominion of Britain, on any terms whatever.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">252</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"That the King of France is very popular in America,
+being in all parts of it styled the protector of the rights of
+mankind, and that they will hold the treaty made with him
+inviolate.</p>
+
+<p>"That the people in America have very high ideas of
+the honor and integrity of the Spanish nation, and of his
+Catholic Majesty especially, and that this respect and
+esteem unite with their interest in rendering them so desirous
+of his friendship and alliance.</p>
+
+<p>"That the greatest difficulty under which America labors
+arises from the great depreciation of her bills of
+credit, owing principally to a greater sum having been
+emitted than was necessary for a medium of commerce,
+and to the impossibility of remedying it by taxes before
+regular governments are established.</p>
+
+<p>"That great attempts, seconded by the general voice of
+the people, have been made to retrieve the credit of those
+bills by taxation, the issue of which was as yet uncertain,
+but if unsuccessful, a recurrence to taxes in kind was still
+left, and would be practised, though it is an expedient which
+nothing but necessity can render eligible.</p>
+
+<p>"That if France and Spain were to unite their endeavors
+to conquer Britain in America, by furnishing the latter
+with the necessary aids of ammunition, clothing, and some
+money, there is reason to believe, that the House of Bourbon
+would find it the most certain and least expensive
+method of reducing the power of their irreconcilable enemy,
+and not only command the gratitude and perpetual
+attachment of America, but the general approbation of all
+who wish well to the tranquillity of Europe, and the
+rights of mankind. Thus would that illustrious House
+erect glorious and lasting monuments to their virtues in the
+hearts of a whole people.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">253</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I fear your Excellency will consider the intelligence
+here given, less full and precise than you expected. I regret
+that it is not in my power to render it more so but it
+is not. I hope however it will be thought sufficient to open
+a way to those further discussions, which must precede
+the measures necessary to bind America to Spain, as well
+as to France, and thereby complete the division and consequently
+the humiliation of the British Empire; a work
+too glorious and laudable not to merit the notice of so magnanimous
+a Prince as his Majesty, and engage the attention
+of a Minister of such acknowledged abilities as your
+Excellency.</p>
+
+<p>"I flatter myself that the importance of the subject will
+apologise for my trespassing so long on your Excellency's
+patience so soon after your return to Aranjues.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p></div>
+
+<p>This letter gives occasion for many observations, which
+I am persuaded will not escape Congress, and therefore I
+forbear repeating them. Your Excellency will be pleased
+to observe, that on some of the subjects of it I ought to be
+without delay apprised of the intentions of Congress, and
+furnished with such information and instructions as may be
+necessary to enable me to fulfil them.</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of April last, I received at Madrid a
+letter from the Committee of Foreign Affairs, enclosing
+copies of the resolutions of Congress of the 23d
+and 29th of November, 1779, for drawing on Mr Laurens
+and myself for £100,000 sterling each. I went the next
+day to Aranjues, and the day after wrote to the Count de
+Florida Blanca, in the words following, viz.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">254</a></span></p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"Aranjues, April 29th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"By the address of Congress to their constituents on the
+subject of their finances, which I had the honor of transmitting
+to your Excellency, you have doubtless observed, that
+in September last Congress came to a resolution of emitting
+no more bills, than, with those already emitted and in
+circulation, would amount to 200,000,000 of dollars; that
+about the same time they called upon their constituents
+to raise money by taxes, and assigned the first day of January
+last for the first payment, at which day it was supposed,
+that the bills to be emitted would be nearly expended.</p>
+
+<p>"Congress perceiving that at once to stop the great
+channel of supplies, that had been open ever since the
+war, and to substitute another equally productive, was not
+one of those measures which operate almost insensibly
+without hazard or difficulty; and well knowing that if the
+first payment of these taxes should be delayed beyond the
+limited time, the treasury would be without money, and the
+public operations obstructed by all the evils consequent to
+it; they were of opinion, that collateral and auxiliary measures
+were necessary to ensure success to the great system
+for retrieving and supporting the public credit. So early,
+therefore, as the 23d day of November last, they took this
+subject into their most serious consideration, and although
+they had the highest reason to confide in the exertions of
+their constituents, yet having received repeated assurances
+of his Majesty's friendly disposition towards them, and
+being well persuaded, that they could avail themselves of
+his Majesty's friendship on an occasion more agreeable to
+him and advantageous to them, than on one so interesting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span>
+to the United States, and important to the common cause,
+they adopted a measure, which, but for these considerations,
+might appear extraordinary, viz. to draw bills upon me
+for £100,000 sterling, payable at six months' sight.</p>
+
+<p>"The drawing bills previous to notice of obtaining
+money to satisfy them may at first view appear indelicate,
+but when it is considered that the whole success of this
+measure depended on its taking place between the 23d of
+November, and the first of January last, in which period
+it was impossible to make the application, his Majesty's
+magnanimity will I am persuaded readily excuse it.</p>
+
+<p>"As I shall always consider it my duty to give your
+Excellency all the information in my power, that may enable
+his Majesty from time to time to form a true judgment
+of the state of American affairs, it is proper, that I should
+inform your Excellency, that Congress, having reasons to
+believe that a loan might be obtained in Holland, did
+shortly after my leaving America take measures for that
+purpose, and on the 23d of November last resolved to
+draw bills on Mr Henry Laurens, to whom that business
+had been committed, for the sum of £100,000 sterling.</p>
+
+<p>"I greatly regret that it was not in my power to advise
+your Excellency of these matters sooner; but it was not
+until the 27th instant, at Madrid, that I received the letter
+which informed me of them.</p>
+
+<p>"As further remarks would draw this letter into greater
+length, than the opinion I have of your Excellency's
+discernment will permit me to think necessary, I forbear
+longer to engage your time and attention, than to request
+the favor of your Excellency to lay it before his Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>"The eyes of America are now drawn towards him by
+their opinion of his virtues, and the situation of their affairs;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">256</a></span>
+and I flatter myself it will not be long before their
+hearts and affections will also be engaged by such marks
+of his Majesty's friendship, as his wisdom and liberality
+may prompt, and their occasions render expedient.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to
+be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p></div>
+
+<p>On the subject of this and my former letter, I had a
+conference with the Count, on the 11th of May 1780, of
+which the following are notes, taken immediately after it
+ended.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">Aranjues, May 11th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay having waited on the Count de Florida Blanca,
+in consequence of a message received on the evening of
+the 10th, the latter commenced the conversation by observing
+that he was sorry that his ignorance of the English
+language prevented him from speaking with that ease and
+frankness, with which he wished to speak in his conferences
+with Mr Jay, and which corresponded with his own
+disposition and character.</p>
+
+<p>He observed that he intended to speak on two points.
+The first related to the letter Mr Jay had written to him,
+on the subject of bills of exchange drawn on him by Congress,
+that being an affair the most pressing and more immediately
+necessary to enter upon. He said that the last
+year he should have found no difficulty on that head, but
+that at present, although Spain had money, she was in the
+situation of Tantalus, who, with water in view, could not
+make use of it; alluding to the revenue arising from their
+possessions in America, which they were not able to draw
+from thence. That their expenses had been so great in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">257</a></span>
+the year 1779, particularly for the marine, as to oblige
+them to make large loans, which they were negotiating at
+present. He entered into a summary of those expenses,
+and particularized the enormous expense of supporting
+thirtyfive ships of the line and frigates in French ports.
+He observed, that to do this they had prepared a very expensive
+and numerous convoy at Ferrol and other ports of
+Spain, loaded with provisions, naval stores, and every
+other article necessary for the squadron before mentioned,
+which convoy did not arrive at Brest until the day on
+which the Spanish fleet sailed from thence. That the
+supplies so sent had emptied their magazines at Cadiz,
+Ferrol, and other ports, and had frequently obliged them
+to buy at enormous prices the necessary stores to supply
+the fleet under the admirals Cardova and Gaston, on their
+arrival in the ports of Spain. That they had been forced
+to sell these stores thus sent to France, and others purchased
+for the same purpose at Bourdeaux, Nantes, and
+elsewhere, at half price; and added, that their loss on this
+occasion could scarce be calculated. This, joined to the
+other expenses, and the great losses they had sustained in
+their marine and commerce, but chiefly in the former, and
+the great expenses they were at in consequence thereof,
+rendered it difficult for the King to do for America what
+he could have done easily the last year, and which he declared
+repeatedly, and in the strongest manner, it was his
+intention to do, as might be judged from his conduct heretofore;
+touching slightly on the succors sent us from
+Spain, the Havana, and Louisiana, but dwelling on his
+conduct in the negotiation last year with Great Britain, in
+which he would on no account be brought to sacrifice the
+interests of America.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">258</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Such being his Majesty's disposition and intentions previous
+to the war, Mr Jay might easily judge, that he was
+not less determined at present to support their interests,
+whether formally connected with America by treaty or
+not. That, notwithstanding the losses and misfortunes sustained,
+the King's resolution, courage, and fortitude induced
+him to continue the war, and therefore they were
+obliged to incur much expense in order to fill their magazines
+and make the necessary preparations for this campaign
+and the next, yet that it was his Majesty's intention
+to give America all the assistance in his power. That it
+was as much his inclination as duty to second these dispositions,
+and that he had received the King's orders to
+confer with his colleagues thereon. He observed, however,
+that, although he was First Secretary of State, he
+must first confer with them on this subject; and from his
+own personal inclinations to second the King's intentions
+and to serve America, he was desirous of concerting with
+Mr Jay measures in such a manner as would prevent him
+from meeting with opposition from his colleagues, and
+therefore he spoke to him not as a minister, but as an
+individual.</p>
+
+<p>In order to facilitate this, he said it was necessary to
+make some overtures for a contract, in case Mr Jay was
+not absolutely empowered to make one; and then he
+pointed out the object most essential to the interests of
+Spain at the present conjuncture. He said that for their
+marine they wanted light frigates, cutters, or swift sailing
+vessels of that size. That for ships of the line, they could
+procure them themselves; that if America could furnish
+them with the former, they might be sent to their ports in
+Biscay, loaded with tobacco or other produce, and, discharging
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">259</a></span>
+their cargoes, be left at the disposition of Spain.
+He also mentioned timber for vessels, but said that was an
+article not so immediately necessary, though it might be an
+object of consequence in future. He observed that he
+mentioned this at present in order that Mr Jay might turn
+his thoughts on that subject as soon as possible, and that
+he would, in order to explain himself with more precision,
+send him, either on Saturday or Sunday next, notes containing
+his ideas on this subject, and adding that he hoped
+that the one, viz. Jay, would assist the other, meaning
+himself, to manage matters in such a way as to procure
+the means of obtaining for America present aid.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the bills of exchange which might be
+presented, he said that at the end of the present year, or
+in the beginning of the next, he would have it in his power
+to advance twentyfive, thirty, or forty thousand pounds
+sterling, and in the mean time, should these bills be presented
+for payment, he would take such measures as
+would satisfy the owners of them, viz. by engaging, in the
+name of his Majesty, to pay them, observing that the
+King's good faith and credit were so well known, that he
+did not imagine this would be a difficult matter. He also
+said, that in consequence of what Mr Jay had written with
+respect to clothing for the American army, it might be in
+his power to send supplies of cloth, &amp;c. which he would
+endeavor to do.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay, in answer, assured him of his high sense of the
+frankness and candor with which he had been so obliging
+as to communicate the King's intentions and his own sentiments,
+and gave him the strongest assurances that he
+should, for his part, with the same frankness and candor,
+give him all the assistance and information in his power to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">260</a></span>
+forward his generous intentions in favor of his country,
+and that be might depend that in doing this, he would
+neither deceive him in his information, nor mislead him by
+ill grounded expectations.</p>
+
+<p>The Count then expressed his confidence in these assurances,
+said he had been well informed of the characters,
+both of Mr Jay and Mr Carmichael, (who was present at
+the conference,) and said, that he considered them as <i>les
+hommes honnêtes</i>, and that no consideration could have
+prevailed upon him to have treated with men who did not
+sustain that reputation.</p>
+
+<p>The Count then proceeded to the second point, viz.
+with respect to the treaty in contemplation between Spain
+and America. He began by observing, that he now spoke
+as a Minister, and as such, that he would be as candid and
+frank as he had just been speaking as a private man; and
+that it was always his disposition to do so with those from
+whom he expected the same conduct. He then proceeded
+to observe, that there was but one obstacle from which he
+apprehended any great difficulty in forming a treaty with
+America, and plainly intimated that this arose from the
+pretensions of America to the navigation of the Mississippi.
+He repeated the information, which the Count had received
+from M. Mirales, that Congress had at one time relinquished
+that object; that he also knew from the same
+source, that afterwards they had made it an essential point
+of the treaty. He expressed his uneasiness on this subject,
+and entered largely into the views of Spain, with respect to
+the boundaries. (He mentioned Cape Antonio and Cape
+&mdash;&mdash;, and expressed their resolution if possible, of excluding
+the English entirely from the Gulf of Mexico.)
+They wished to fix them by a treaty, which he hoped
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">261</a></span>
+would be perpetual between the two countries. He spoke
+amply of the King's anxiety, resolution, and firmness on
+this point, and insinuated a wish that some method might
+be fallen upon to remove this obstacle. He observed, that
+the King had received all his impressions with respect to
+the necessity of this measure, previous to his being in place,
+and appeared to regard it as a point from which his Majesty
+would never recede, repeating that, still however he
+was disposed to give America all the aid in his power,
+consistent with the situation of his affairs, to distress the
+common enemy; that this point being insisted on, it would
+be necessary for the Court of Spain to obtain the most accurate
+knowledge of local circumstances, with which he
+supposed Mr Jay and his constituents were more fully
+apprised than his Majesty's Ministers could be. That for
+this purpose they had already written to the Havana and
+Louisiana, in order to obtain all the necessary information,
+which he gave reason to believe they had not yet received.
+He dwelt on the necessity of this information previous to any
+treaty, and expressed his own regret, that ways and means
+could not be found to obviate or overcome this impediment.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay here took an opportunity to mention, that many of
+the States were bounded by that river, and were highly interested
+in its navigation, but observed that they were equally
+inclined to enter into any amicable regulations, which might
+prevent any inconveniences with respect to contraband or
+other objects, which might excite the uneasiness of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The Count, still, however, appeared to be fully of opinion,
+that this was an object that the King had so much at
+heart, that he would never relinquish it, adding, however,
+that he hoped some middle way might be hit on, which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">262</a></span>
+would pave the way to get over this difficulty, and desired
+Mr Jay to turn his thoughts and attention to the subject, in
+which he assured him he was as well disposed to assist
+him, as in the means of procuring the assistance and succors
+for America beforementioned; always repeating the
+King's favorable disposition, his inviolable regard to his
+promises, &amp;c. &amp;c. On this subject he also subjoined, that
+whenever Mr Jay chose to go to Madrid, he desired to
+have previous notice of it; for in those cases, he would
+leave his sentiments in writing for him with Mr Carmichael,
+or, if he should also go to Madrid, that he would then write
+to Mr Jay there, to which he might return an answer by
+the <i>Parle</i> (a post which goes to and from Madrid) to
+Aranjues, every twentyfour hours.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay expressed his full confidence in what the Count
+had done him the honor to communicate to him, and assured
+him of his satisfaction and happiness in having the
+good fortune to transact a business so important to both
+countries, with a Minister so liberal and candid in his manner
+of thinking and acting.</p>
+
+<p>The conference ended with much civility on the one
+part and on the other, and with an intimation from the
+Count, that he should take an opportunity of having the
+pleasure of Mr Jay's company at dinner, and of being on
+that friendly footing on which he wished to be with him.</p></div>
+
+<p>What passed in the course of this conference needs no
+comment, though it calls for information and instructions.
+If Congress remains firm, as I have no reason to doubt,
+respecting the Mississippi, I think Spain will finally be content
+with equitable regulations, and I wish to know whether
+Congress would consider any regulations necessary to prevent
+contraband, as inconsistent with their ideas of free
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">263</a></span>
+navigation. I wish that as little as possible may be left to
+my discretion, and that, as I am determined to adhere
+strictly to their sentiments and directions, I may be favored
+with them fully, and in season.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Florida Blanca had upon all occasions
+treated me with so much fairness, candor, and frankness,
+that between the confidence due to him and the footing I
+was and ought to be on with the French Ambassador, I
+was embarrassed exceedingly, especially as there is little
+reason to doubt of their being on confidential terms with
+each other. I was reduced to the necessity, therefore, of
+acting with exquisite duplicity, a conduct which I detest
+as immoral, and disapprove as impolitic, or of mentioning
+my difficulties to the Count, and obtaining his answers.
+I preferred the latter, and wrote the following letter to the
+Count de Florida Blanca.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"Aranjues, May 12th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"It is with the utmost reluctance, that I can prevail upon
+myself to draw your Excellency's attention from the great
+objects that perpetually engage it. But the liberality,
+frankness, and candor, which distinguished your conduct
+towards me the last evening, has impressed me with such
+sentiments of correspondent delicacy, as to place me in a
+most disagreeable situation.</p>
+
+<p>"Deeply sensible of the benefits received by my country
+from their illustrious ally, prompted by duty and inclination
+to act not only with the highest integrity, but the
+greatest frankness towards him and his Minister, and influenced
+by the good opinion I have imbibed of the talents,
+attachment, and prudence of the Count de Montmorin, I
+have given him and his Court assurances that he should
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">264</a></span>
+receive from me all that confidence, which these considerations
+dictate. These assurances were sincere; I have
+most strictly conformed to them, and as no circumstances
+of delicacy forbid it, I have communicated to him the
+information I gave your Excellency relative to American
+affairs, and the resolution of Congress for drawing bills
+upon me, these being the only transactions within my
+knowledge and department, which related to that proposed
+connexion between Spain and America, for the accomplishment
+of which, the King of France has been
+pleased to interpose his kind offices with his Catholic
+Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>"But, Sir, my feelings will not allow me to permit the
+confidence due to one gentleman to interfere with that
+which may be due to another. Honor prescribes limits to
+each, which no consideration can tempt me to violate.
+You spoke to me the last evening in the character of a private
+gentleman, as well as of a public Minister, and in both
+without reserve. Let me entreat your Excellency therefore
+to inform me, whether I am to consider your conferences
+with me, either in the whole or in part, as confidential.
+I am apprised of the delicacy of this question.
+I wish I could know your sentiments without putting it.
+I assure you my esteem and respect are too sincere and
+too great, not to make me regret every measure, that can
+give you an uneasy sensation. On this occasion I am
+urged by justice to you as well as to myself, and that must
+be my apology.</p>
+
+<p>"Unpractised in the ways of courts, I rejoice in finding
+that I am to transact the business committed to me with
+a gentleman, who adorns his exalted station with virtues as
+well as talents, and looks down on that system of finesse
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">265</a></span>
+and chicanery, which, however prevalent, wisdom rejects
+and probity disapproves.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"With sentiments of attachment and esteem, I have the
+honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To this I received the following answer.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_subtitle">Translation.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">"Aranjues, May 14th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"Sensible of the favorable opinion you are pleased to
+entertain of my conduct, both as a minister and a private
+gentleman, I have the honor to assure you, that on every
+occasion, you shall experience nothing but frankness and
+candor on my part. Besides that my own principles are
+invariable on these points, I am certain thereby to follow
+the example and good intentions of the King my master.</p>
+
+<p>"The delicacy, which induced you to doubt, whether
+there would be any impropriety in communicating to the
+Ambassador of France the explanation we had in the
+course of our late conference, accords well with the idea
+I first formed of your character, and I am pleased with this
+mark of your attention. Besides, it appears to me that
+you may do it freely, especially as those explanations are
+founded on principles of equity and wisdom, for the benefit
+of the common cause. But if, hereafter, circumstances
+demand a more pointed reserve, by accidents we cannot
+now foresee, we shall always have time to agree upon
+those points, which it may be necessary to keep secret.</p>
+
+<p>"I am, Sir, with the most sincere attachment, and the
+most perfect consideration, your most humble and most
+obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed_long">COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">266</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I have not yet received from his Excellency the notes
+mentioned in the conference, and therefore cannot have
+the satisfaction of sending copies of them to Congress by
+this opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>On the 9th of April, 1780, Sir John Dalrymple arrived
+here from Portugal with his lady. On the evening of the
+10th I heard of it, and the next morning sent the following
+card to the French Ambassador at Aranjues, viz.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Mr Jay presents his compliments to his Excellency
+Count Montmorin, and informs him that Sir John Dalrymple
+arrived here the day before yesterday from Lisbon,
+and it is said, intends to be at Aranjues today. What
+business should call this gentlemen here, or enable him to
+obtain license to come, are questions which I am persuaded
+will receive from your Excellency all the attention
+due to their extent and importance.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>Madrid, May 11th, 1780.</i>"</p></div>
+
+<p>To this I immediately received the following answer on
+that subject, viz.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"M. de Montmorin received this morning Mr Jay's
+note, and thanks him for the information. M. de Montmorin
+is fully sensible of the importance of it, and although
+he is far from entertaining the least doubt on the sentiments
+of the Spanish Ministry, he will not fail to take
+the precaution to be informed of everything connected
+with Sir John Dalrymple's arrival. He advises Mr Jay to
+follow the same course. Courts are so beset with intrigues,
+that nothing should be neglected, which may tend
+to discover them. He repeats that he has not the slightest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">267</a></span>
+cause to suspect the Spanish Ministry, but on the contrary,
+has the strongest reasons for confiding in its integrity and
+honor. M. de Montmorin begs Mr Jay to accept his
+compliments, and to present his respectful homage to Mrs
+Jay."</p></div>
+
+<p>Learning that Sir John had obtained leave to go to
+France in his way to England, I apprised Mr Adams of it
+in a letter of the 26th of April, 1780, of which the following
+is an extrac</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+"Sir John Dalrymple is here; he came from Portugal
+for the benefit of his lady's health, as is said. He is now
+at Aranjues. He has seen the Imperial Ambassador, the
+Governor of the city, Senior Compomanes, the Duke of
+Alva, and several others named to him I suppose by Lord
+Grantham, who I find was much respected here. He will
+return through France to Britain. I shall go to Aranjues
+the day after tomorrow, and shall form some judgment of
+that gentleman's success by the conduct of the Court towards
+America."
+</p></div>
+
+<p>On waiting on the Count de Florida Blanca, a few days
+afterwards at Aranjues, he told me that Sir John had
+applied to him to obtain from him permission to go through
+Spain to France, and to the French Minister for a passport
+through that kingdom to England. The indisposition
+of his lady was the reason assigned for not going from
+Portugal by water. That in conversation, Sir John took
+occasion to say several things respecting the war, and the
+manner of drawing it to a conclusion. That the Count
+desired him to reduce what he would wish to say on that
+subject to writing, and that Sir John thereupon sent him a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">268</a></span>
+paper, entitled "A Historical Anecdote," of which the
+following is a copy.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title"><i>A Project of Lord Rochford to prevent the War.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Before the declaration of France in favor of America,
+Lord Rochford, formerly Ambassador in Spain and in
+France, formed a project to prevent the war. It was, that
+England should propose a great treaty of confederation between
+France, Spain, Portugal, and England, the objects
+of which should be the three following; the first, a mutual
+guarantee between these four powers of their possessions
+in America and the two Indies, with a proviso, that
+a war in Europe should never be a war in those remote
+regions on any pretext whatever, fixing also the number of
+troops and vessels to be furnished by the contracting powers
+against the power that should contravene the peace in
+those distant parts. The second object was, to grant a
+participation in the commerce of America to France,
+Spain, and Portugal, as far as such participation might not
+be incompatible with the common interests, and without
+the rivalship of English America and England. The third
+object was, the adjustment of the contested privileges of
+the Americans upon principles just and honorable for
+them. Lord Rochford was at that time Secretary of
+State. He told me, that the first person to whom he had
+communicated this project was the late Prince of Mazarano,
+Ambassador of Spain, and that though old and indisposed,
+he arose and embraced him, and said, 'Ah! my
+Lord, what divinity has inspired you?' Lord Rochford also
+communicated it to a friend of his, who was then, and still
+continues one of the Ministers of the King of England,
+who gave it his approbation; but Lord Rochford soon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">269</a></span>
+after quitted the Ministry and retired to the country, by
+which accident the project failed of being presented to the
+cabinet of the King.</p>
+
+<p>"I have given a relation of this anecdote, because I
+am one of the four or five persons who alone know the
+truth of it, and because I am of opinion, that it is not yet
+too late to revive a project, which will save a million of
+Christians from becoming widows and orphans. As to the
+first object of such a confederacy, Lord Rochford did not
+doubt of the proposition's being accepted by all the powers,
+because it was the interest of all to accept it. The
+losses of France in the two Indies the last war, and
+their misfortunes in the East Indies in the present one,
+where, in six weeks, they have lost all they possessed;
+the losses of the Spaniards in the last war in the two
+Indies, and even the stroke the other day in the Bay of
+Honduras, by a young captain with a handful of soldiers;
+the facility with which Portugal lost the Island of St
+Catharine in the Brazils, and the misfortunes of the English
+armies the three last years in America, all prove that
+France, Spain, Portugal, and England, have their tender
+parts in America and the two Indies, and of consequence,
+that they have all an interest in a mutual guarantee of their
+possessions in those three parts of the world.</p>
+
+<p>"As to the second object of the confederacy, I am sensible,
+that the idea of the other three powers participating
+in the commerce of America, under the limitation of its
+not being incompatible with the common interests of English
+America and England, is an idea somewhat vague,
+and subject to disputes. But, fortunately for humanity,
+there are five persons in those five countries, of characters
+which render them proper to draw the outlines of some
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">270</a></span>
+determinate regulations, which will admit of no disputes,
+and may enrich France, Spain, and Portugal, without impoverishing
+England and her Colonies. In America there
+is Doctor Franklin, perhaps the first genius of the age,
+who is well acquainted with the commercial connexions
+between America and England; France has her Comptroller-General,
+who, from his youth, has been brought up
+in the practice of commerce; in Spain, we find M. Campomanes,
+who has employed the maturity of his life in
+studies, that give him a superiority in discussions of this
+kind; Portugal will be assisted by the counsels of the
+Duke of Braganza, who has gathered knowledge in almost
+every field, in courts, in libraries, and even on the exchanges
+of the merchants of Europe; and as for England,
+she has a Minister who, thoroughly versed in the true interests
+of commerce, will not refuse to America what he
+has just granted to Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>"As to the third object of the confederation; England,
+who much boasts of her own <i>magna charta</i>, will make no
+difficulty in granting a <i>magna charta</i> to the liberties of
+America. Perhaps the best means to expedite this measure
+would be to give a <i>carte blanche</i> to Dr Franklin.
+A generous confidence is the surest means to secure a
+generous man. Spain has two very solid interests in
+the success of such a confederacy, and against the independence
+of America. The first is, that if English America
+becomes independent, Spanish America will be overrun
+with the contraband of the Americans thus independent
+of England. 1. England is bound by treaties with
+Spain not to carry on the contraband trade. 2. She is
+restrained by the fear of this contraband's drawing a war
+upon her in Europe, which was the consequence of it in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">271</a></span>
+the times of Sir Robert Walpole. 3. The dearness of English
+and European commodities sets natural bounds to the
+quantity of this contraband. But when the Americans are
+independent, they will say, first, they are not bound by
+the treaties of the English; secondly, they will not be restrained
+by fear, being so far from Spain, and having defended
+themselves against eighty thousand English soldiers
+and marines, they would but little dread the forces of Spain;
+and thirdly, the low price of American commodities will
+cover the Spanish Colonies with contraband. Indeed, necessity
+itself will oblige the Americans either to carry on
+this contraband, or to make war on Spanish and Portuguese
+America and their Islands. They have neither gold
+nor silver among themselves, and without these precious
+metals, they can neither cultivate their lands nor carry
+on commerce. They will only have four sources from
+whence to draw them; first, their commerce with Europe;
+secondly, pensions from France and Spain; thirdly,
+a contraband trade with the Provinces of Spain and Portugal
+in the new world; and fourthly, a war in these
+Provinces.</p>
+
+<p>"While the Americans continue in a state, which the
+English call rebellion, their commerce with Europe will be
+interrupted by English cruisers. Thus they will draw but
+a small quantity of these precious metals from this first
+source. The pensions of France and Spain will be much
+too inconsiderable to support the agriculture and manufactures
+of so extensive a country. Their only remaining
+source then for these metals will be in the contraband, or
+wars with the Spanish and Portuguese Provinces. To
+prevent this contraband, the treaty of confederation might
+make provision against the contraband both of the English
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">272</a></span>
+and Americans. It is a delicate point for an Englishman
+to suggest the means, but were the two nations sincerely
+disposed for peace, I could in a quarter of an hour suggest
+the infallible means.</p>
+
+<p>"Spain has another interest, perhaps still greater, against
+the independence of the Americans, and, consequently, in
+favor of the treaty in question. The Americans, who
+will be able to fly with their sails wherever they please,
+will make establishments in New Zealand, the Islands
+of Otaheite, or some other Islands in the South Sea,
+from whence they will torment the Spaniards in that sea,
+and even the English, the French, the Portuguese, and
+the Dutch, in the East India Seas. Being independent,
+no treaty will prevent their making such establishments.
+They may make them consistent with the laws of nations.
+Captain Cook in his last printed voyages says, there are
+fortyseven thousand seafaring people in the Island of Otaheite
+alone; and Captain Wallis, who discovered those
+Islands, told me at Lisbon a few days ago, that the inhabitants
+of Otaheite went to the mast-head of the English
+ships, and ran on the yard-arms as well in three days'
+time as the English mariners, and gave me two reasons for
+it. The first was, that living on fish, they are all seafaring
+people; and the second, that those who wear no shoes
+are always the most dexterous in mounting the upper parts
+of a ship. Captain Cook also in the same voyage gives
+a description of a port and city in New Zealand, which
+might in a few weeks be made impregnable, and one needs
+only look at the shape of the Islands in the South Seas, in
+the maps we have of them, to be convinced that they have
+no small number of these impregnable ports.</p>
+
+<p>"I show myself as much a friend to Spain, to France,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">273</a></span>
+to Portugal and Holland, as to England, in disclosing
+the following idea, which may have escaped others. Heretofore
+it was impossible to go to the South Seas with any
+safety, but in the months of December and January, and
+by the dreadful latitudes round Cape Horn. But the late
+discoveries of Captain Cook and other Englishmen have
+demonstrated the practicability of going thither in every
+month of the year, round the Cape of Good Hope, and
+the fine latitude of New Zealand, and in almost the same
+time; the one being a passage of four and the other of five
+months. Because the same west wind, which blows almost
+the whole of the year, and retards the vessels passing
+by Cape Horn, carries them with rapidity by the Cape of
+Good Hope and New Zealand. Hence it follows, that
+when the Americans quarrel with Spain, perhaps on the
+subject of the contraband, they will send their ships on the
+coast of Chili from their establishments in the South Seas,
+by the latitudes of New Zealand, and with the west winds,
+which always blow in that quarter. This is a voyage of
+only five weeks; for Captain Cook in one voyage, and Captain
+Fourneaux in another, went from New Zealand to Cape
+Horn in less time, and the journal of the winds annexed to
+the voyage of Captain Cook shews, that the west winds in
+those latitudes bear to the east the proportion of ten to
+one. When their vessels are on the coasts of Chili, they
+will take the advantage of the land wind, which, blowing
+constantly from south to north, will carry them along the
+coasts of Chili and Peru. With this wind they will go in
+fourteen days to the Bay of Panama, and in the course of
+this voyage they will ravage the sea coasts, and make prizes
+of all the vessels they meet. The naval force of Spain
+at Lima will not have it in their power to hinder them,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span>
+for the same south wind, which will push the Americans
+forward, will prevent the fleets of Spain going to meet
+them. From the Bay of Panama they will return by the
+great wind of the tropics, which never fails blowing from
+east to west, either to their settlements in the South Seas,
+or to sell their prizes in the seas of China or India, from
+whence they will perhaps again return with new vessels,
+newly manned, to repeat their ravages. Their return will
+either be by New Zealand in coming from the Indies, or
+by the latitude of forty north in coming from China. In this
+last case they will fall on Mexico, and profiting of the land
+winds which always blow there from north to the Bay of
+Panama, they will ravage Mexico as before they ravaged
+Chili and Peru. From the Bay of Panama they will return
+by the great tropic wind, either to their own homes
+in the South Seas, or to the seas of Asia to renew a war,
+insulting, tormenting, and without remedy.</p>
+
+<p>"On the other hand, when at war with England, France,
+Portugal, or Holland, they will direct their course from
+their establishments in the South Seas, and fall upon the
+possessions of those powers in the East Indies. They will
+have two great routes to go and return by; the one to the
+west of New Zealand, the other by the Islands between
+China and New Holland, and in this they will have as
+many passages as there are Islands. Thence follows the
+impossibility of waylaying their vessels, either going or on
+their return. These consequences may all be prevented
+by the treaty proposed by Lord Rochford, in which it
+might be stipulated that these Islands shall forever belong
+to their present inhabitants and their posterity, for certainly
+the nation who shall first possess herself of them
+will command the commerce of the South Seas and
+those of Asia.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">275</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Europe, wishing for the independence of America, resembles
+a man asleep on ice, and not sensible that ice
+thaws, and therefore to give the greater weight to the confederation,
+Holland and Denmark, who have interests in
+both the new worlds, might be invited to become contracting
+parties to those articles of treaty, which regard the mutual
+guarantee.</p>
+
+<p>"The reason of the frequent breach of treaties is, that
+they are made without provision for the future reciprocal
+interests of the contracting nations. The only ones that I
+know of, that pay attention to this object, are the treaties
+between Portugal and England; by which Portugal gains a
+preference for the sale of her wines in England, and England
+for the sale of her cloths in Portugal. The consequence
+is, that there never has, and in appearance never
+will be, a war between Portugal and England. It would
+not be difficult, either in the general confederation, or by
+separate treaties of commerce between England on the one
+part, and the three kingdoms of Spain, Portugal, and France
+respectively on the other, to advance infinitely the commercial
+interests of all three, by their connexions with England.
+Spain having wines, oil, fruits, salt, fine wools, and some
+other articles, which England has not, and England having
+iron, with coal in the same fields for the manufacturing of
+it, and by the moistness of her climate long wool for cloths
+of a low price, also tin, fish, with some other articles, which
+Spain has not, it follows, that when England is rich she
+will buy more articles of Spain, and when Spain is rich she
+will buy more articles of England, and consequently, that
+one cannot enrich herself without enriching the other. The
+same reasoning applies to the natural connexions between
+England and Portugal. There is even a natural connexion
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">276</a></span>
+between England and France in many articles of commerce,
+if the jealousy of fools, and misinformed persons
+did not perpetually interrupt it. I have heard from certain
+authority, that had the Abbé Terray continued in the
+Ministry of France, there would have been a tariff between
+France and England for the entry, on the most favorable
+conditions, of the wines and articles of mode of the one
+nation, and the manufactures of iron and wheat of the
+other, and England might have procured the consent of
+Portugal for the diminution of her commerce of wines with
+England by other indemnifications. England in favor of
+France, Spain, and Portugal, might, without injury to herself
+even permit the exportation of those wools, paying a
+duty at the exportation thereof. The exportation of the
+superfluous wool, would be an advantage to the proprietors
+of lands in England, to the King in furnishing him a
+new revenue, and to those three nations, in giving them an
+article necessary for their manufactures.</p>
+
+<p>"Unfortunately for humanity, the Abbé Terray is no
+more; but happily for humanity, Dr Franklin, the Comptroller-General
+of France, M. Compomanes, the Duke of
+Braganza, and Lord North are all still living, and the King
+of Spain, with the Count de Florida Blanca, may put all
+these five in motion.</p>
+
+<p>"For my part I have no authority from the English Ministers
+to present this project, but living in friendship with
+the greater part of them, and on an intimate footing with
+the others, I am certain that some of the sentiments in this
+memorial correspond with their manner of thinking on the
+subject. I confess I received a letter in Portugal, fourteen
+days before my departure for Spain, from Lord Rochford,
+who is not at present in the Ministry, but who is so taken
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">277</a></span>
+up with a project that does him so much honor, that he
+has advised me to feel the pulses on the possibility of
+making it succeed, and that I have a letter on the same
+subject from the Duke of Braganza, who entered into the
+views of my Lord Rochford not as a politician, but as a
+friend to humanity.</p>
+
+<p>"Encouraged by such men, and still more by the dictates
+of my own heart, I wrote to one of the English Ministers,
+that if I did not find minds too much heated, and
+there was no danger of giving offence, I intended to do
+justice to the project of my Lord Rochford, in Spain and
+in France, and begged him to send me an answer to Paris
+whether the Ministry of England approved or disapproved
+my intentions.</p>
+
+<p>"I have only to add, that my views being to unite, and
+not to separate nations, I have no objection that the Ministers
+of France and Dr Franklin should each have a copy
+of this memorial."</p></div>
+
+<p>The Count spoke of Sir John and his anecdote very
+properly, and concluded with assurances of the King's
+firmness.</p>
+
+<p>The manner in which Sir John speaks of Dr Franklin,
+however just, I impute to a design of injuring the confidence
+reposed in him by his constituents.</p>
+
+<p>The house of Gardoqui at Bilboa are rich, in favor
+with the Ministry, and friends to America. The Navy
+Board have sent to them for goods for the use of the navy,
+and have remitted to them only an inconsiderable part of
+the sum to which they will amount, desiring the residue on
+credit, and promising speedy payment. One of the House
+now here spoke to me on the subject; I advised him to
+complete the orders. It is of the utmost consequence that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">278</a></span>
+the Navy Board be punctual in their remittances. American
+credit is not high, and ought to be higher. I am the
+more anxious on this subject, as that House is exceedingly
+well disposed, and a disappointment would not only be
+injurious to them, but much more so to us. Perhaps it
+would be a good rule if the United States were to contract
+debts only with Governments, and never with individuals
+abroad.</p>
+
+<p>I received a letter last week from a Captain Hawkins at
+Cadiz, informing me that the Americans, who had escaped
+from captivity and were collected there, were fitting out a
+vessel for America, which they were arming, and wished
+to be enabled to act offensively and defensively in their
+way home, by having a proper commission from me for
+that purpose. As I had neither blank commissions nor
+authority to grant them, I referred him to Dr Franklin.</p>
+
+<p>Congress will be pleased to consider how far it may be
+proper to remove these obstacles, by sending me both.
+This leads me again to remind your Excellency of several
+letters I wrote you from Cadiz, respecting American seamen
+coming to Spain from captivity at Gibraltar and other
+places. As copies of these letters have been sent by different
+vessels, I presume some of them have reached
+you. It certainly is necessary that provision be made for
+these people, and in a regular established manner. I am
+very desirous of instructions on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>The credit given me by Congress on Dr Franklin is
+expended, and I am without other means of obtaining supplies
+than by private credit, which I am at a loss to satisfy.
+To apply to, and be maintained by the Court, is, in my
+opinion, too humiliating to be for the public good; and as
+yet I have neither received nor heard of remittances from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">279</a></span>
+America. It would give me pleasure to know in what
+manner Congress mean I should be supplied, and whether
+any measures have been taken for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>I am much embarrassed for the means of conveying
+and receiving intelligence. Being at a great distance from
+the sea, all my letters to and from thence here must either
+be conveyed by private couriers or the public post. All
+my letters by the latter, whether in France or Spain, are
+opened. By that conveyance, therefore, it would not always
+be proper to write either to Congress, to Dr Franklin,
+Mr Adams, or others, with that freedom which would
+often be useful, and sometimes necessary. The salary
+allowed me, so far from admitting the expense of private
+couriers, is inadequate for the common purposes for which
+it was given. This is a delicate subject, and I wish it was
+not my duty to say anything respecting it. This place is
+the dearest in Europe. The Court is never stationary,
+passing part of the year in no less than five different
+places, viz. Madrid, Pardo, Aranjues, St Ildefonso, and
+the Escurial; hence considerable expenses arise. I forbear
+enumerating particulars, my design being only to
+mention this matter to Congress, not to press it upon
+them. I shall always live agreeably to my circumstances;
+and if, from their being too narrow, inconveniences result
+to the public, they ought to be informed of it. I hope
+what I have said will be viewed in this light only; so far
+as I am personally interested, I am content.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Harrison, a gentleman of Maryland, now here, will
+be the bearer of this letter to Cadiz. I therefore embrace
+this good and unusual opportunity of being so minute and
+explicit in it.</p>
+
+<p>The family of Galvez is numerous and of weight. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">280</a></span>
+one on the Mississippi has written favorably of the Americans
+to his brothers here, three of whom are in office. It
+would be well to cultivate this disposition whenever opportunities
+of doing it offer.</p>
+
+<p>The resolution providing for Spanish prisoners at New
+York was well judged.</p>
+
+<p>Dr Franklin is more advantageously circumstanced
+than I am to gain and transmit to Congress intelligence of
+the disposition of Holland and of the Northern Powers.</p>
+
+<p>From the conduct of their ministers here, I have no
+reason to predict much to our advantage. They are cold,
+and I have received nothing more than common civility
+from any of them, except the Ministers of Holland and
+Sweden, and indeed not much more from them. Perhaps
+they have been rendered unusually cautious by an extract
+of a letter from Madrid in the Leyden paper, mentioning
+the precious reception Mr Carmichael met with here, and
+the attentions he received from the foreign Ministers.
+You have probably seen it in the <i>Courier de l'Europe</i>.</p>
+
+<p>From what I hear of the character of the Empress of
+Russia, I cannot but think that a prudent agent there
+would be very useful. They say she is sensible, proud,
+and ambitious. Hence I infer that such a mark of attention
+would be grateful, and consequently useful.</p>
+
+<p>I should have given your Excellency seasonable intelligence
+of the Spanish fleet and armament, which lately
+sailed from Cadiz, as I believe to the Havana, and whose
+objects I suspect to be the Floridas or Jamaica, or probably
+both, but I omitted writing on that subject previous to
+the departure of the fleet, from a persuasion that any
+letters by the post containing such advices would not be
+permitted to proceed, and therefore I thought it unnecessary;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">281</a></span>
+nor will I now swell the pages of this letter, already
+very voluminous, by entering into particulars relative to it,
+especially as that armament will probably have begun its
+operations before this letter will come to your Excellency's
+hands.</p>
+
+<p>The reports of dissensions in Congress, which prevailed
+here prior to my arrival, and the causes to which they
+were ascribed, had filled this Court with apprehensions;
+and it gives me pleasure to assure you, that the present
+appearance of union in Congress is attended here with
+very happy effects.</p>
+
+<p>The people in this country are in almost total darkness
+about us. Scarce any American publications have reached
+them, nor are they informed of the most recent and important
+events in that country. The affairs of Stony
+Point, Paulus Hook, &amp;c. &amp;c. have never been heard of
+here, except perhaps by the great officers of state, and
+they could scarcely believe that the Roman Catholic
+religion was even tolerated there.</p>
+
+<p>There are violent prejudices among them against us.
+Many of them have even serious doubts of our being civilized,
+and mention a strange story of a ship driven into
+Virginia by distress, about thirty years ago, that was plundered
+by the inhabitants, and some of the crew killed in a
+manner and under circumstances which, if true, certainly
+indicate barbarity. The King and Ministry are warm, yet
+I have reason to believe that the bulk of the nation is
+cold towards us; they appear to me to like the English,
+hate the French, and to have prejudices against us.</p>
+
+<p>I mention these things to show in a strong light the
+necessity of punctuality in sending me from time to time
+all American intelligence of importance, and observing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">282</a></span>
+such conduct towards Spaniards in general, as may tend
+to impress them with more favorable sentiments of us.
+There was a little uneasiness among the mercantile people
+at Cadiz respecting the capture of some Spanish vessels by
+privateers. I hope the former have had ample justice
+done them; it certainly is of great importance that they
+should have reason to be satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency may observe that I have written very
+particularly. Both this Court and that of France have
+very particular information respecting the proceedings of
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Want of prudence, rather than virtue, I believe to be the
+cause. I nevertheless think it my duty to give Congress
+from time to time full information of their affairs here, and
+shall not be restrained by the apprehension of any consequences,
+that may result from want of secrecy there. I
+make it a rule to write on these subjects only to Congress,
+and to them very particularly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. S.</i> Congress may think it extraordinary, that Mr
+Carmichael's handwriting does not appear in this letter.
+He is, with my approbation, now at Aranjues, and I must
+do him the justice to say, that he is always ready and
+willing to do his duty as Secretary.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">J. J.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> See above, dated January 26th, p. <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> See this letter in Arthur Lee's Correspondence, Vol. II p. 276.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> See above, p. <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> See above, p. <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, May 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of last month I had the pleasure of receiving
+your favor of the 11th of December, 1779, with copies
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">283</a></span>
+of the resolutions of Congress, for drawing on Mr Laurens
+and myself for one hundred thousand pounds sterling each.</p>
+
+<p>I had the honor of writing to Congress yesterday very
+fully respecting their affairs in this kingdom, and
+particularly on the subject of those resolutions.</p>
+
+<p>I have not yet had the pleasure of hearing of Mr Lauren's
+arrival, about which I am anxious. Be pleased to
+assure Congress, that Mr Laurens shall receive from me
+every mark of attention, and all the aid in my power to
+afford. The latter I fear will not be great.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JAMES LOVELL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, May 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Eight days ago I had the pleasure of receiving a packet
+containing journals and newspapers.</p>
+
+<p>From an endorsement I conjecture that I am indebted
+to you for it. There was no letter enclosed in it. I am
+much obliged by this attention. American intelligence is of
+more importance here (where they have little of it) than
+can well be imagined.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Aranjues, May 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since my letter of the 25th instant, I have very strong
+reason to believe, in consequence of conversations I have
+had with persons who ought to be well informed, that the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">284</a></span>
+fleet and troops, which sailed from Cadiz the 28th ultimo,
+are destined in the first instance to the Windward Islands,
+to act in concert with the squadron of the Count de Guichen,
+from thence as circumstances may render it proper
+they will proceed to Jamaica or the Floridas; for it appears
+to be the intention of the Spanish, as well as of the
+French Court, to detach a part at least of their force in the
+Islands to the continent, as soon as the hurricane season
+in the West Indies renders it dangerous for them to act
+against the enemy in that part of the world. I do not
+mention by letter my source of information, because I do
+not choose to hazard the loss of intelligence, which I may
+gain from the same persons, by the miscarriage of letters.
+I shall however mention it to you <i>vivâ voce</i>, in order to
+enable you to judge of the credit due to my information.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, May 28th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since closing my letter of the 26th instant, I have
+received from Mr Carmichael the interesting intelligence
+contained in the enclosed paper.<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> He is now here, and
+has communicated to me the channel through which he
+obtained it, from which I think his information deserves
+belief, and his address in obtaining it credit.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">285</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> See the preceding letter.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, May 28th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>In the journal of the proceedings of Congress of November,
+1779, I find that on the 8th day of that month
+they were pleased to come to the following resolution.
+"Resolved, that the late and former Presidents of Congress
+be desired to lodge, as soon as they conveniently can
+in the Secretary's office, copies of all public letters by
+them respectively written during their Presidentship." After
+I resigned the chair, and immediately on your Excellency's
+election, I delivered a book, containing copies of
+the public letters I had written during my Presidentship,
+to your Excellency, who promised to lodge it in the Secretary's
+office, which, I am persuaded, was accordingly
+done. It gives me concern therefore to find this resolution
+is made to extend to me, and I flatter myself Congress
+will do me the justice to let it appear, by the entry to be
+made on their journals of the receipt of this letter, that I
+had done that part of my duty in season, and without their
+express request.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, May 30th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 26th instant I had the honor of writing a very
+long and particular letter to your Excellency, by the way
+of Cadiz, of which a duplicate has also been sent. To
+the contents of that letter I have nothing new to add, except
+that two of the bills directed to be drawn upon me
+have arrived.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">286</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I shall go tomorrow to Aranjues, from whence I shall
+embrace the first opportunity of communicating to Congress
+the further progress of their affairs here.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Without date.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>By vessels lately arrived from the continent, and from
+St Eustatia, there appeared here some bills drawn by the
+Treasurer of Loans in America on Henry Laurens, Commissioner
+for the States in Amsterdam. Every body has
+been surprised at it, and we in particular, as we were
+directly applied to. We said at the first, that we expected
+Mr Laurens would be in town very soon, begging them to
+keep those bills a fortnight, and that, at all events, we
+would accept them. We have seen others since more
+willing to wait; but not knowing what sums may have
+been drawn for already, we are in hopes to be soon released
+from this anxiety by the arrival of the Minister.
+As we think your Excellency may have some intelligence
+about this matter, and have it in your power at the same
+time to save the credit of America, if Mr Laurens by any
+accident should not arrive, we beg the favor to be informed
+how to conduct ourselves. In the mean time we will
+do what lies in our power to prevent all noise and trouble
+about them. In case Mr Laurens should not arrive, your
+Excellency will have time left to make or provide for remittances,
+as the bills are drawn at six months' sight.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">We have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">287</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, June 1st, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Craving reference to our last, we have now the honor to
+propose to your Excellency on what terms we think all
+difficulty on account of the absence of Henry Laurens, as
+Commissioner from Congress here, may be prevented.
+We have written the same to Dr Franklin in France,
+offering him to accept all those bills, provided he gives us
+permission to re-draw directly on him for account of Congress,
+and to do it even at seven or eight months, until, by
+the arrival of Mr Laurens, or in some other way, this
+matter may be arranged, for there must certainly be provision
+made for those bills, and the sums we do not think
+will exceed two or three hundred thousand guilders before
+Mr Laurens's arrival here may be known in America, and
+matters are settled. We even offered those transactions
+without any view of interest, as for a commission. The
+importance of the business must have influence with every
+one, who has any regard for the United States; and this
+emboldened us even to trouble your Excellency with this
+relation, not doubting but you might equally find means to
+make matters easy at all events; for the terrible loss which
+there would be on such bills, if protested, must be prevented,
+and the honor of the credit of America must be
+saved. We hope our endeavor for it may be approved of,
+and have the desired end.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">We have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">288</a></span></p>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, June 8th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>In conformity with what we have informed you, that we
+had engaged for the acceptance of some of the bills drawn
+on Henry Laurens, since nothing has been heard of him
+as yet, we accepted those on the first instant, and we hope
+your Excellency, as well as Dr Franklin, may approve of
+our proceeding, and of the method we have proposed for
+our reimbursement, in case Mr Laurens may not appear,
+or that they should not be provided for in time. Certain
+it is that those bills should be honored for the credit of
+America. At the same time, it is not in the power of a
+mercantile house to stand for the whole; yet the measure
+proposed may make it easy, since the sums will not be so
+large but that they may be easily provided for in Spain
+and France by the Plenipotentiary Ministers. And for
+ourselves, we only desire to be properly empowered to
+draw again for any sums we may accept. As there was
+no time to get the matter previously adjusted, we will go
+on, and see how our plan may be agreed to and approved
+of.</p>
+
+<p>We have the honor to be always with the most devoted
+regard, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, June 16th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The embarrassments, which the depreciation of the
+currency had created in the public affairs at the time of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">289</a></span>
+your departure for Europe, were, as you may well remember,
+very distressing, and have, till lately, continued to
+increase. Congress, greatly anxious to avail themselves of
+every possible means of checking this evil, on the 23d of
+November last ventured on the expedient of drawing bills
+upon you for one hundred thousand pounds sterling, as you
+have been already advised by letter of December the 11th
+following. This they thought they might risk, considering
+the importance of the object. But as the time of your
+arrival in Europe could not be counted upon with certainty,
+and as the negotiation might not be immediately
+practicable, and moreover, as a disappointment would be
+highly injurious to the public faith, they determined to
+draw the bills at six months' sight, which we hope will
+allow sufficient leisure for every preparation.</p>
+
+<p>It will not be amiss to observe, that Congress have not
+taken this measure without some circumstances of encouragement,
+that a fund to satisfy the draft would not be unattainable.
+Since the agreeable news of your arrival, and
+to answer a purpose of great national utility, Congress, by
+their resolution of the 19th instant, have directed bills to
+be drawn for the additional sum of twentyfive thousand
+dollars, payable at sixty days' sight. The exertions necessary
+at this crisis require the command of a considerable
+sum of money; but these drafts, we hope, will not be
+increased till we have intelligence from you respecting
+your prospects and assurances. We have the pleasure to
+inform you, that from the measures, which have lately
+been adopted, and with which you are made acquainted
+by the journals, the finances begin to assume a better appearance,
+and our public affairs in general will, we hope,
+be delivered from many of the embarrassments under
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">290</a></span>
+which they have labored, but we earnestly entreat you to
+push every possible exertion for procuring aids of money
+from the Court of Spain, without which we are fearful the
+measures of Congress fully to restore the currency and
+prosecute the war with good effect will fall short of the
+desired success.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">We have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JAMES LOVELL,<br />
+ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON,<br />
+WILLIAM C. HOUSTON.<br /></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON, AT AMSTERDAM.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, June 18th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Accept my thanks for your favors on the subject of the
+bills drawn on Mr Laurens. The kind concern you take
+in the credit and prosperity of the United States merits
+their acknowledgments, and I shall take the first opportunity
+of communicating to Congress your very friendly
+propositions relative to the acceptance of the bills.</p>
+
+<p>Whether Dr Franklin is in circumstances to agree to
+these propositions I know not. They certainly are very
+generous and liberal, and would be attended with very
+happy effects. I am persuaded, that Congress would
+strain every nerve to fulfill them. I have no intelligence
+whatever of Mr Laurens, and am much at a loss to conjecture
+what should detain him.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">291</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, June 25th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Your favor of the 8th instant came to hand yesterday.
+The receipt of the letters referred to in it was acknowledged
+by the last post. Your plan for paying the bills
+drawn on Mr Laurens is noble and generous. I heartily
+wish it may succeed, and that things could be so adjusted
+as that you might not be exposed to loss or inconvenience
+by it. But, gentlemen, as to this matter, I have neither
+instructions, nor the means of preventing the evils you
+mention. If I had the money, or could procure it, I
+would, without hesitation, engage to repay you punctually,
+but that is not the case. That Congress will repay you
+with gratitude I am certain, but whether quite so soon as
+your convenience may require, is more doubtful, because
+the absence of Mr Laurens is an event they did not foresee,
+and consequently did not provide against. If you
+could make a loan for the United States in your country,
+the money might be applied for the discharge of these
+bills. I am sure you would do Congress a very acceptable
+service by it. I have not yet heard from Dr Franklin
+on this subject. You may rely on all the aid in my
+power to render, and I should be very happy if it could
+be equal to the present exigency. I am not without difficulties
+respecting the bills drawn upon me. If these
+difficulties should cease, and I should be in a capacity to
+assist you, I will immediately let you know it, but of this
+there is as yet no great prospect.</p>
+
+<p>As a man, I admire and esteem your conduct, and as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">292</a></span>
+an American I thank you. Be assured, therefore, that I
+shall omit no opportunity of convincing you of the regard
+and attachment, with which I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 10th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>As a late and particular letter from me to your Excellency
+is now on the way to America, and as I purpose to
+write again very fully by the successor of M. Mirales, I
+decline saying much in this letter, which I shall send by a
+circuitous and hazardous route.</p>
+
+<p>I have accepted bills to the amount of between eleven
+and twelve thousand dollars. They arrive slowly, and I
+am very glad of it. No news of Mr Laurens; I regret
+his absence. I hope the terms for the sale of the bills on
+me will not be lowered. Remittances have really become
+necessary. Distressed American seamen cost a great deal.
+The house of Le Couteulx has advanced money for them
+at Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p>I had yesterday an application from the director of a
+hospital at St Andeira, desiring to be informed whether I
+would be responsible for the ordinary expenses of receiving
+and curing a New England master of a vessel, who
+had escaped from captivity pennyless, having one of his
+legs so injured by iron fetters as to be in danger of losing
+it. These are calls of humanity, and I entreat Congress
+to enable me to obey them, and to establish specific regulations
+for the conduct of these affairs.</p>
+
+<p>The surrender of Charleston is the subject of much
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">293</a></span>
+speculation, and many unfavorable conjectures. I have
+received no public letters since I left America, except one
+from the Committee, enclosing the resolutions for drawing
+bills on me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, July 13th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Never letter could have been more welcome than the
+favor your Excellency honored us with of the 25th of the
+past month, since it expressed a true concern about the bills drawn
+on Mr Laurens, and your approbation of our conduct.
+As we from the beginning acted from principle
+in the American cause, and never will prevaricate, this is
+only from the same motive, but we shall be sorry if we
+should not be supported, and that it is out of your Excellency's
+power to do it. We cannot judge how far those
+drafts may go, and if we had not expected that your
+Excellency, as well as Dr Franklin, would have been
+willing and able to answer for a trifle, (one or two hundred
+thousand guilders) in such a matter as this, it would have
+been a folly to undertake it.</p>
+
+<p>Dr Franklin wrote to us, that people would be satisfied
+to have the bills enregistered, but we found the contrary;
+several of them would have them duly protested, and until
+today we have again accepted them all; but how it will
+go further we do not know. We were very sensible to
+the hint your Excellency was pleased to give us, of making
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">294</a></span>
+a loan here. We might from time to time have got
+some money in that way, if properly authorised; and our
+good will and influence certainly would have brought it
+further than it had been done by the House, which was
+formerly intrusted with it, and we have long ago desired
+a loan should be opened in our hands, but we never could
+properly obtain it. A trifle of allowance, and chiefly the
+largeness of the sum, which was required from us to answer
+for at once, prevented it; so we did not think proper
+to mention it again. We can and may work for glory, but
+on a large scale we cannot sacrifice our own interest.
+Every catastrophe in favor of or against America, has with
+our public a great influence. So the capture of Charleston
+would be very much against us at this moment for
+such a purpose; and though we could not flatter ourselves
+to go any length with it, a very particular circumstance
+might revive the American spirit; and it would even require
+some time before such a power was brought into due
+terms, whereon we could engage anything.</p>
+
+<p>This is certain, that in a moment as critical as the present,
+a small sum would save the honor of Congress, and in
+that light could not be paid for too dear; which made us
+think on a method, that your Excellency could employ a
+banker, and likewise Dr Franklin; that we, drawing on
+either of your Excellencies, if we were sure you would
+approve of it, could prolong terms in all probability, and
+without doubt as long as should be needful, and until the
+arrival of Mr Laurens, and that by his means and instructions
+proper measures could be taken.</p>
+
+<p>We must also expect, that Congress, (as on the first days
+of May they were informed, that Mr Laurens had not
+sailed,) will have been attentive to provide for those bills,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">295</a></span>
+and have considered the consequences, as we do in Europe.
+We write the same idea to Dr Franklin, and propose
+to him, if he should not approve of such a method,
+or find a better, to empower us for a loan, as we know he
+had formerly instructions thereon. We are too nice and
+anxious for the credit of Congress to make any use thereof,
+if it should hurt matters any way; but it is not possible
+to know what may be done before a proper trial; and
+we are obliged at last to speak plain, that whatever bills
+now further should offer, we cannot accept any more.
+We wish our proposals may not seem incongruous; we
+make them with the more assurance, as we are not guided
+by any other motive, than by the most extended desire to
+prevent every difficulty, which could in any way affect the
+reputation of the United States.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">We have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Amsterdam, July 28th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Since we had the honor of writing to your Excellency,
+it is but just, that we should inform you of the success of
+our proceedings in the acceptance of the bills drawn on
+Henry Laurens, for which Dr Franklin, by his last favor,
+has engaged, offering to accept further bills, when sent to
+him, until the arrival of Mr Laurens, or that some good
+reason may appear for the contrary. As this will answer
+the same purpose, and we think it best, that there should
+not seem to be any alteration, we offer today to continue
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">296</a></span>
+our acceptance until forbid, under guarantee of our being
+reimbursed in time. We are very much pleased, that the
+matter is thus far settled for the honor of Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">We have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 29th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>Your favor of the 13th instant was delivered to me last
+evening. I admire the generous principles, which lead
+you to take so decided and friendly a part in favor of
+America. I have too great confidence in the honor, justice,
+and gratitude of Congress to suspect, that they will
+permit you to be sufferers by your exertions in their favor.
+On the contrary, I am persuaded they will entertain a
+proper sense of your disinterested attachment, and with
+pleasure take every opportunity of acknowledging it.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Laurens's absence is much to be regretted; his
+endeavors, aided by your assistance, would probably have
+prevented the embarrassments, which have taken place.
+I have not as yet received any advices of his having sailed,
+and your information of his not having left America in
+May is true. By a letter from a gentleman at Cadiz of
+the 21st instant I learn, that a vessel from North Carolina
+had arrived in fortynine days, and left Mr Laurens there
+on his way to Philadelphia. I am at a loss to account for
+this, having no intelligence from America on the subject.
+Perhaps his design was to sail from Philadelphia. If so,
+we may still look out for him. Prudence, however, demands,
+that every possible step be taken to alleviate the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">297</a></span>
+inconveniences arising from his absence. If my power
+extended to this case, I should, without hesitation, authorise
+you in a proper manner to make a loan in Holland,
+and be much obliged to you for undertaking it. But my
+instructions do not reach so far; all I can do is to advise as
+an individual, and as a public servant, to represent in a
+true light to Congress your benevolent efforts to preserve
+their credit. If Dr Franklin has such instructions as you
+suppose, and his circumstances will admit of it, I can at
+present see no objections to his taking some such measures
+as you propose, until Mr Laurens's arrival; but of this, he
+alone can properly judge. I shall write to him on the
+subject, and you may rely on my doing everything in my
+power. I assure you I feel myself, as an American, so
+much obliged by your generous zeal to serve my country,
+that I shall be happy in being instrumental to render the
+issue of it as agreeable and honorable to you, as the principles
+on which you act are meritorious and noble.</p>
+
+<p>I flatter myself, that the unfavorable influence, which
+the capture of Charleston has on the public, will be of
+short duration. When they reflect, that America has
+nobly sustained a six years' war, fought hard battles with
+various success, and lost and regained several of their
+cities, they will find it ridiculous to believe, that the fate
+of the Thirteen States is involved in that of one or two
+towns. The like impressions were made, when New
+York, Philadelphia, and Ticonderoga fell into the enemy's
+hands; and those impressions were again removed by the
+battle of Trenton, the evacuation of Philadelphia, the
+battle of Monmouth, the defeat and capture of General
+Burgoyne and his army, and other victories on our side.
+Many of these great events happened when America had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">298</a></span>
+no ally, and when Britain had no other objects to divide
+her force. It is not reasonable, therefore, to imagine, that
+the power of Britain has been augmented by the accession
+of two formidable enemies, or that the power of America
+has been diminished in proportion as the number of her
+friends increased.</p>
+
+<p>Depend upon it, that as the spirit of America has
+always risen with the successes of her enemies they will
+not, on this occasion, throw away their arms, and ingloriously
+pass under the yoke of a nation whose conduct
+towards her has been marked by injustice and oppression
+in peace, and by malice and wanton barbarity in war.</p>
+
+<p>With sentiments of sincere regard and esteem, I have
+the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, August 16th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>My last to you was dated July 29th, in answer to yours
+of the 13th of the same month. I have since had the
+pleasure to receive your favor of the 28th of July, and am
+happy to hear that Dr Franklin has been able to take the
+step you mention. I cannot forbear again to repeat the
+sense I have of your very friendly conduct on this occasion.
+I assure you I shall rejoice in every opportunity of
+acknowledging the obligations you have conferred on my
+country. Such disinterested acts of friendship are not
+common, and ought never to be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With sentiments of great and sincere esteem and regard,
+I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">299</a></span></p>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO SILAS DEANE.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>If I could easily be angry with an old friend, I should
+be so with you. Your silence is unkind, and the more so
+as you might probably have communicated things useful,
+as well as entertaining. Before we parted in America,
+you gave me a cypher, and I really promised myself much
+from it on your arrival in Europe. I could almost wish
+that the winds had blown you this way. I would give a
+good deal for a day's conversation with you, but that is
+impossible. A correspondence is the only substitute, and
+perhaps you have detached yourself too much from public
+concerns and public men to be troubled with it. I hope
+this is not the case. It would be wrong to extend to a
+whole nation the resentments excited by a few. Perhaps
+other reasons may have induced your silence; whatever
+they may be I regret them.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Adieu. I am, dear Sir, your most obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, September 16th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This letter and several copies of it are to be sent by the
+next post to Bilboa, Cadiz, Nantes, &amp;c. The object of it
+is to inform you, that it is necessary immediately to cease
+drawing bills upon me for the present.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency may soon expect a full detail of particulars;
+you will then receive an answer to every question
+that may be raised upon this letter.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">300</a></span></p>
+
+<p>His Catholic Majesty has been pleased to offer his responsibility
+to facilitate a loan of one hundred and fifty
+thousand dollars for us, payable in three years, and to
+promise us some clothing. This need not be kept secret.
+I have written several letters to your Excellency, but have
+received only one from the Committee since I left America.
+It covered the resolutions respecting these bills.</p>
+
+<p>The Philadelphia bank, the ladies' subscriptions, and
+other indications of union and public spirit, have a fine
+effect here.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">In Congress, October 4th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>On the report of a committee to whom were referred
+certain instructions to the delegates of Virginia by their
+constituents, and a letter of the 26th of May, from the
+Honorable John Jay, Congress unanimously agreed to the
+following instructions to the Honorable John Jay, Minister
+Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, at the
+Court of Madrid.</p>
+
+<p>That the said Minister adhere to his former instructions,
+respecting the right of the United States of America
+to the free navigation of the river Mississippi into
+and from the sea; which right, if an express acknowledgment
+of it cannot be obtained from Spain, is not
+by any stipulation on the part of America to be relinquished.
+To render the treaty to be concluded between
+the two nations permanent, nothing can more effectually
+contribute, than a proper attention, not only to the present
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">301</a></span>
+but the future reciprocal interests of the contracting
+powers.</p>
+
+<p>The river Mississippi being the boundary of several
+States in the union, and their citizens, while connected
+with Great Britain, and since the revolution, having been
+accustomed to the free use thereof, in common with the
+subjects of Spain, and no instance of complaint or dispute
+having resulted from it, there is no reason to fear,
+that the future mutual use of the river by the subjects
+of the two nations, actuated by friendly dispositions, will
+occasion any interruption of that harmony which it is the
+desire of America, as well as of Spain, should be perpetual.
+That if the unlimited freedom of the navigation of
+the river Mississippi, with a free port, or ports below the
+31st degree of north latitude, accessible to merchant ships,
+cannot be obtained from Spain, the said Minister in that
+case be at liberty to enter into such equitable regulations
+as may appear a necessary security against contraband;
+provided the right of the United States to the free navigation
+of the river be not relinquished, and a free port or
+ports as above described be stipulated to them.</p>
+
+<p>That with respect to the boundary alluded to in his
+letter of the 26th of May last, the said Minister be, and
+hereby is instructed, to adhere strictly to the boundaries
+of the United States as already fixed by Congress. Spain
+having by the treaty of Paris ceded to Great Britain all
+the country to the northeastward of the Mississippi, the
+people inhabiting these States, while connected with Great
+Britain, and also since the revolution, have settled themselves
+at divers places to the westward near the Mississippi,
+are friendly to the revolution, and being citizens
+of these United States, and subject to the laws of those
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">302</a></span>
+to which they respectively belong, Congress cannot assign
+them over as subjects to any other power.</p>
+
+<p>That the said Minister be further informed, that in case
+Spain shall eventually be in possession of East and West
+Florida, at the termination of the war, it is of the greatest
+importance to these United States to have the use of the
+waters running out of Georgia through West Florida into
+the Bay of Mexico, for the purpose of navigation; and that
+he be instructed to endeavor to obtain the same, subject
+to such regulations as may be agreed on between the contracting
+parties; and that as a compensation for this, he be
+and hereby is empowered to guaranty the possession of
+the said Floridas to the Crown of Spain.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO DE NEUFVILLE &amp; SON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, October 4th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I have lately had the pleasure of receiving your favor of
+the 7th of September. After the proofs you have given of
+disinterested zeal in the cause of liberty and America, I
+cannot harbor a doubt of your opposing the measures of a
+Court industriously employed in attempts to destroy both.</p>
+
+<p>Your sentiments respecting the expediency of a connexion
+between the United States and your Republic concur
+with my own, and I am persuaded that those who
+know and wish well to the interests of both will assiduously
+promote it.</p>
+
+<p>As I have received no further intelligence respecting
+Mr Laurens, I can add nothing on that subject. I cannot
+doubt but that good reasons have detained him, though I
+do not know what they are. Congress, I am sure, will
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">303</a></span>
+continue their attention to the objects of his appointment,
+and will be happy in cultivating a friendly connexion with
+a people whose history exhibits many instances of heroic
+and glorious exertions in a cause similar to their own.
+Those among you who know history, and venerate the
+names and characters of their forefathers, cannot consent
+to be the instruments of despotism, to deprive others of
+those rights which were purchased for themselves by the
+blood of their own ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>When or how far it may consist with the views of Congress
+to make mercantile appointments in your country, I
+cannot determine; should they ever become necessary, I
+cannot doubt of your being remembered. The most
+powerful recommendation I can give them, will be by
+sending them our correspondence; and for that purpose,
+copies of all the letters that have passed between us are
+now preparing, and shall, together with duplicates and
+triplicates, be sent by the first vessels.</p>
+
+<p>As to the late ordinance of Spain establishing a paper
+currency, it is a subject on which I make no remarks, and
+for this very good reason, that the policy and propriety of
+that measure are objects without my sphere, on which I
+can have no influence, and which would not be altered by
+anything I might say or write about them.</p>
+
+<p>The Mexican dollars, mentioned in the bills drawn upon
+me, I understand to be only another name for Spanish
+milled dollars, which you know pass here at twenty reals
+of vellon. How far the sale or payment of these may be
+affected by the paper in question I know not, though I
+must confess that I do not apprehend so much evil from
+it as some others do. These bills will be on an equal
+footing with all others drawn on Spain, and you will
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">304</a></span>
+readily suppose it not to be in my power to put them on a
+better.</p>
+
+<p>The King of Spain has been so kind as to offer to become
+responsible to a certain amount for monies which I
+may borrow for Congress, payable in three years. Be so
+kind as to inform me whether this could be done in your
+country, on their <i>joint credit</i>, how far, and on what terms.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JAMES LOVELL.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, October 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your letter of the 11th of July gave me much pleasure.
+There is a degree of ease and cordiality in it, which, as
+mere letters of business do not require, I am the more
+obliged to you for.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that I might write to Congress very often,
+indeed by every vessel, and there are many of them.
+But how are my letters to get to the sea-side? By the
+post? They would be <i>all</i> inspected, and many suppressed.
+There is scarce a man in any of the ports, except
+Mr Harrison at Cadiz, with whom I would trust them; so
+that if, under different covers, I should get them there, the
+danger would not end. To write often, and write nothing
+material, would be useless; and when you see my public
+letters, by this opportunity, you will perceive, that, to be
+well understood, I must write a great deal.</p>
+
+<p>I would throw stones too, with all my heart, if I thought
+they would hit only the committee, without injuring the
+members of it. Till now I have received but one letter
+from them, and that not worth a farthing, though it conveyed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">305</a></span>
+a draft for one hundred thousand pounds sterling on
+the bank of hope.</p>
+
+<p>One good private correspondent would be worth twenty
+committees, made of the wisest heads in America, for the
+purpose of intelligence. What with clever wives, or
+pretty girls, or pleasant walks, or too tired, or too busy, or
+do you do it, very little is done, much postponed, and
+more neglected. If you are naturally industrious, and
+love your country, you would frequently take up your pen
+and your cyphers, and tell me how the wheel of politics
+runs, and what measures it is from time to time turning
+out. I should be better informed and Congress better
+served. I now get more intelligence of your affairs from
+the French Ambassador, than from all the members of
+Congress put together.</p>
+
+<p>I had written thus far, when I received a letter from M.
+Le Couteulx at Cadiz, enclosing a letter of the 16th of
+September, written at St Ildefonso from me to Congress.
+It had been enclosed in one to Mr Harrison, and that again
+put under cover to M. Le Couteulx, and, under these two
+covers, it was put into the post office. Now mark its fate.
+The Director of the post office at Cadiz showed it to M.
+Le Couteulx, naked and stripped of its two covers, of
+which he made no mention. He said it came from Bayonne,
+but M. Le Couteulx, knowing my hand writing,
+paid the postage, and returned it to me. This is only one
+among many instances of the fate to which my letters are
+subjected. To avoid it, I must now be at the expense
+of sending Colonel Livingston to the sea-side with my
+despatches.</p>
+
+<p>When at Cadiz, I heard some of our countrymen, who
+had been prisoners at Lisbon, speak handsomely of M.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">306</a></span>
+Dohrmer. They mentioned his having supplied them
+with necessaries, but at the same time told me that he had
+been employed for the purpose by Dr Franklin. Hence
+it happened that I declined mentioning his usefulness to
+Congress. I considered him as an agent of Dr Franklin,
+who did his duty faithfully, and thought it would be more
+proper for him to recommend his services to the notice of
+Congress than for me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, dear Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, November 6th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The last particular letter I had the honor of writing
+to your Excellency was dated the 26th of May, and, with
+a duplicate, was carried to Cadiz by Mr Harrison, who
+sent one by the Peacock, Captain Davis, to Boston, and
+the other by the General Arnold, Captain Jenkins, to
+Alexandria in Virginia. They both sailed in June last,
+and the former, I hear, arrived safe after a short passage.</p>
+
+<p>I have since written several letters to your Excellency,
+but as they went to the seaports by the post, none of
+them contained anything material, except one from St
+Ildefonso of the 16th of September, advising Congress of
+the necessity of suspending further drafts on me for the
+present.</p>
+
+<p>Congress will recollect, that my letter of the 26th of
+May contained notes of a conference I had with the Minister
+on the 11th of that month, on the subjects of my two
+former letters to him, the first in answer to his questions,
+and the latter relative to the resolution for drawing bills
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">307</a></span>
+upon me. It may be remembered also, that, in this conference,
+the Minister promised me his sentiments in writing
+in a few days, as well on the subject of the proposed
+treaty, as on the bills which were daily expected. The
+first I have not yet received, and it was not before the 7th
+of June that I was favored with the latter.</p>
+
+<p>In this interval there arrived here from England, by the
+way of Lisbon, an Abbé Hussey. He came to Lisbon in
+company with Mr Cumberland, one of Lord George Germain's
+secretaries, who, with his family, purposed, on obtaining
+permission, to come to Madrid. This priest was
+known to many, being a pensioner of the Spanish Court,
+and formerly in the late Prince Massarano's family. Indeed
+he took no pains to conceal himself, or his business,
+which was to obtain permission for his friend to proceed,
+on account of the bad health of a daughter. Mr Carmichael
+watched his motions with success and industry, and
+was the first who mentioned his arrival to me. He hired
+lodgings and a coach for Mr Cumberland, and visited
+several persons about the Court, particularly M. del
+Campo, First Secretary of the Minister.</p>
+
+<p>On the first of June I received a card from the Minister,
+desiring to see me at nine o'clock the next evening. I
+waited upon him accordingly. The following are notes of
+what passed upon that occasion.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>[Notes of a Conference between his Excellency the
+Count de Florida Blanca and Mr Jay, in the office of the
+former at Aranjues, 2d of June, 1780, reduced to writing,
+immediately after the conference ended, by Mr Carmichael,
+who was present at it.]</p>
+
+<p>In consequence of a card received by Mr Jay yesterday,
+from his Excellency the Count de Florida Blanca,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">308</a></span>
+appointing him a meeting at nine o'clock this evening, Mr
+Jay waited on him at that hour. The conversation commenced
+on the part of the Minister, with polite inquiries
+for the state of Mr Jay's health, which, he said, had induced
+him not to send the notes promised on the former
+meeting, at the time when appointed, as he had been informed
+that he was indisposed. He attributed to his own
+frequent ill state of health (a disorder of the nerves, occasioned
+by his necessary application to business) the disappointment
+and delay to which, without intending it, the
+business that passed through his hands was sometimes subjected.
+He then said, that on Sunday following, at eleven
+o'clock in the forenoon, if Mr Carmichael would wait on
+him, he would send Mr Jay the notes formerly promised
+him.</p>
+
+<p>He added that his reason for desiring to see him at
+present proceeded from something mentioned to him by
+the French Ambassador, of which he supposed he was informed.
+He recapitulated what he had before mentioned
+of the King's good faith and favorable disposition towards
+America, and entered more fully into his conduct in the
+negotiation with Great Britain, when the Court of Spain
+proposed a truce between that country and the United
+States, observing, that as the King at that period was determined
+not to sacrifice our interests, it could not be supposed
+that now, when at war with Great Britain, his
+Majesty would be less disposed to maintain them. After
+these reflections and assurances, he told Mr Jay that the
+person lately from England, by the way of Portugal, was
+the chaplain of their former Embassy at London; that he
+had been there for some time on his private affairs, and
+had at the same time instructions concerning an exchange
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">309</a></span>
+of prisoners, which their sufferings rendered expedient;
+that the death of an uncle, a chaplain of the Court, had
+obliged him to return; that an English gentleman and his
+family had come to Lisbon with him, under the pretext, or
+really on account of the ill health of a daughter, to whom
+the Duke of Dorset was much attached; that the opposition
+made by his friends to the marriage had affected her
+health, and that this family was desirous of passing through
+Spain to Italy. He added, that this gentleman was one of
+Lord George Germain's secretaries, and would perhaps
+have some proposals to make for an exchange of prisoners,
+and possibly others of a different nature, which he
+assured Mr Jay should be communicated to him as candidly
+as he had communicated the extravagant scheme
+presented by Sir J. Dalrymple. He desired Mr Jay,
+therefore, to make himself easy on this subject, giving new
+assurances of the King's strict regard to justice and good
+faith, and of his disposition to assist America.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay begged him to be persuaded of the perfect
+confidence of America and himself, and of their reliance
+on the good faith, justice, and honor of his Catholic
+Majesty; that he had no other apprehension from the circumstance
+of Englishmen resorting to this Court, than
+that the enemy would on this, as on former occasions,
+avail themselves of it, by endeavoring to alarm and deceive
+our people.</p>
+
+<p>The Count de Florida Blanca assured Mr Jay, that he
+would shortly give him such proofs of the King's intentions,
+as would enable him to prevent any bad effects
+from such misrepresentations, and convince America of his
+Majesty's favorable disposition and good faith. After repeating
+assurances of his full confidence, Mr Jay mentioned
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">310</a></span>
+that he had received two bills of exchange, drawn
+by order of Congress on him, and that he should take no
+measures on that subject, as he had before the honor of
+telling him, till he had consulted his Excellency. The
+Count, having asked the amount, and being told that the
+bills were for between six and seven hundred dollars, told
+him, smiling, that he might accept them, and he hoped so
+to arrange matters, as, in a short time, to make him easy
+on that head. He then said, that an expedition had been
+suggested to him, in which the Americans might co-operate;
+but, without entering into particulars, he recollected
+himself, and said he would send the project to Mr Jay
+by Mr Carmichael at the same time that he should give
+him the other papers. The conference ended with mutual
+compliments.</p>
+
+<p><i>June 4th.</i> This morning the Chevalier de Burgoing,
+Secretary of the French Embassy, waited on Mr Jay, and
+afterwards on Mr Carmichael, and told them the Ambassador
+had informed him, that the Count de Florida Blanca
+had received despatches from Versailles, which demanded
+his instant attention, and that, therefore, he could not see
+Mr Carmichael until the 5th, at the hour mentioned in the
+conference of the 2d. Mr Jay, however, having received
+no direct message from the Minister, thought it proper for
+Mr Carmichael to wait on him at the place and hour appointed.
+Accordingly he went to the Bureau of Foreign
+Affairs, and was told by order of the Minister, that he had
+desired the Ambassador to acquaint Mr Jay, that he could
+not see Mr Carmichael that day, but desired to see him
+next Monday, at eleven.</p>
+
+<p><i>June 5th.</i> Mr Carmichael waited on the Minister,
+agreeably to appointment, who, on his entrance, immediately
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">311</a></span>
+expressed his concern, that the arrival of a courier,
+which informed him of the intentions of the Court of Great
+Britain to expedite the sailing of their grand fleet, had
+engaged his attention so much as to prevent him from
+fulfilling his promise of sending the notes mentioned in the
+former conferences, that he would certainly do it on the
+Wednesday following, and desired Mr Carmichael to wait
+on him that day at the same hour to receive them. He
+then mentioned an expedition, which had been proposed
+to him from Bilboa, to intercept the homeward bound
+ships of the East India Company, by equipping some frigates
+in America at the expense of his Catholic Majesty,
+desiring Mr Carmichael to communicate this to Mr Jay,
+that he might turn his attention to that object, to enable
+him to judge of the probability of its success. He touched
+slightly on the subject of bills of exchange, and on the
+only difficulty of the treaty, viz. the navigation of the Mississippi,
+which he said he hoped some middle means
+might be hit on to obviate. He concluded by saying
+that he would give his sentiments on that, and other subjects
+to Mr Jay in writing at the time abovementioned, and
+hoped that he would believe the delay hitherto proceeded
+from no other motives than those he had mentioned. Mr
+Carmichael assured him, that Mr Jay was too sensible of
+the importance of his other occupations, and of his candor,
+to impute the delay to any other cause, and after common
+civilities he withdrew.</p>
+</div>
+<p>This conversation needs no comment. It promised
+well. On or about the 19th of June, Mr Cumberland, his
+wife, and two daughters arrived, appeared publicly, and
+were openly visited and received by persons of distinction.
+But although it was not difficult to know who he was, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">312</a></span>
+with whom he associated, his business and measures continue
+to this day mere objects of conjecture, further that
+he or the Minister has thought proper to communicate
+them.<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> The impression made by his arrival on the minds
+of the people is worthy of remark. They supposed his
+errand to be secret overtures for peace, and as far as I can
+judge were very glad of it. There is reason to believe
+that he favored these conjectures from the first. He has
+since said publicly, that he was authorised to offer to Spain
+Gibraltar, and other advantageous terms.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of June, I received from the Minister his
+notes on the subject of aids. They are in these words.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Aranjues, June 7th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>"His Catholic Majesty would be very glad to be able to
+furnish, at the present crisis, funds for the payment of the one
+hundred thousand pounds sterling, proposed to be addressed
+to Mr Jay, in order to evince the concern which the
+King takes in the prosperity and relief of the United States
+of North America, as well as in the personal satisfaction
+of the abovementioned gentleman. But the demands of
+the present war, and the great difficulty there would be to
+transport hither the treasures of the King's possessions in
+that part of the world, render it impracticable to furnish here,
+the said sum in specie, as could be wished. Some expedient,
+however, may be found to remedy this inconvenience.
+For example; if the owners of the bills of exchange
+would be content with the security or responsibility of his
+Catholic Majesty, to pay the sum already mentioned in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">313</a></span>
+the term of two years. The King will readily agree to
+such an arrangement, even if it should be found necessary
+to add a moderate interest. This security, given by such
+a sovereign as the King of Spain, would induce the owners
+of those bills of exchange, and the creditors of Congress
+to consent to a measure so advantageous, and would
+equally serve to sustain the credit and good faith of the
+same body.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr Jay, therefore, is entreated to reflect on the idea
+just stated to him, and in answer to inform us what measures
+he thinks suitable to this scheme, in order that they
+may be laid before the King, and his orders taken thereon.
+If the expedient in question should be adopted, it will at
+the same time be necessary to take measures in concert
+to reimburse to the King this considerable sum, as well as
+others already expended in favor of the United States.
+The first idea which offers for reciprocal convenience is
+that Congress should engage to build without delay some
+handsome frigates and other smaller vessels of war, fixing
+the price of each, and the time when they will be finished.</p>
+
+<p>"This point once settled, it will be proper immediately
+to take measures to equip these vessels as fast as they are
+ready; to point out what articles will be necessary to send
+from Spain for this purpose, and in what port they will
+have notice to receive them. After this it is expedient to
+be informed, whether the Americans themselves will engage
+to come to the ports of Bilboa, St Ander, Ferrol,
+or Cadiz, for the said articles, which they will find
+ready, and afterwards transport them in their own vessels
+of war or letters of marque to America. On this supposition
+it is conjectured, that it would be easy to find hands
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">314</a></span>
+enough in America to man these new built vessels, which
+will sail under Spanish colors. There are certainly among
+the subjects of the said United States many who have
+made the voyage, and are acquainted with the usual route
+of the ships of the English East India Company, and who
+know perfectly well the ports and places at which they
+stop. This fact established, it is proposed to equip in the
+ports of the United States four good frigates, and some
+other lighter vessels, with the effects which shall be sent
+from hence on account of Spain. This small squadron,
+under Spanish colors, shall be employed to intercept the
+convoys of the said Company by cruising in the proper latitudes.
+The measures just pointed out appear to be the
+most proper to reimburse, in some shape, the expenses
+already incurred by his Catholic Majesty, and to answer
+for such security as has been proposed to be given in this
+memoir. It being always understood, that a share of the
+prizes taken from the English by this small squadron shall
+be given to the crews, and even to Congress, in proportion
+to the assistance which they shall furnish for the equipment
+of the vessels.</p>
+
+<p>"A speedy and decisive answer to all the points here
+enumerated is requested, and Mr Jay is too enlightened
+not to perceive that the common cause is interested
+therein."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To this paper, which deserves much attention, I returned
+the following answer.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"Aranjues, June 9th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"The propositions which your Excellency did me the
+honor to send on the 7th inst. have been considered with
+all the attention, which their great importance demands.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">315</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The evidence they contain of his Majesty's friendly
+disposition towards the United States will, I am persuaded,
+make correspondent impressions on the citizens of
+America; and permit me to assure you, that his Majesty's
+desire of contributing to my personal satisfaction by measures
+conducive to the welfare of my country, has excited
+my warmest acknowledgments and attachment.</p>
+
+<p>"The enlarged ideas my constituents entertain of the
+power, wealth, and resources of Spain, are equal to those
+they have imbibed of the wisdom and probity of his
+Catholic Majesty, and of that noble and generous system
+of policy, which has induced him to patronize their cause,
+and, by completing their separation from Great Britain,
+effectually to disarm the latter. Such wise and liberal
+designs, followed by such great and extensive consequences,
+would add a bright page to the annals of a reign
+already signalised by important events. It is, therefore,
+with deep regret that Congress would receive information
+that the aid they solicit, small when compared with their
+ideas of the resources of Spain, has been rendered impracticable
+by the expenses of a war, which, on the part
+of Spain, is of a recent date. Nor will their disappointment
+be less than their regret, when they find their credit
+diminished by the failure of a measure, from the success
+of which they expected to raise it.</p>
+
+<p>"The kind disposition of his Majesty to become responsible
+at the expiration of two years for the amount of the
+bills in question, and that even with interest, is a proof of
+his goodness, by which I am confident the United States
+will consider themselves greatly obliged. But when it is
+considered that bills of exchange, immediately on being
+drawn and sold, become a medium in commerce, and pass
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">316</a></span>
+through various hands in satisfaction of various mercantile
+contracts; that the drawer and every endorser become
+responsible for their credit at every transfer; and that the
+object of the merchants last holding the bills, as well as of
+all other merchants, is money in hand or actively employed
+in trade, and not money lying still, at an interest greatly
+inferior to the usual profits to be gained in commerce; I
+say, on considering these things, it appears to me that,
+although no objection can be made to the good faith of his
+Majesty, which is acknowledged by all the world, yet that
+the last holders of the bills will prefer recovering the
+amount of them, with the usual damages on protests, to
+delay of payment for two years with interest.</p>
+
+<p>"Should these bills, therefore, meet with this fate, his
+Majesty will readily perceive its influence on the credit,
+operations, and feelings of the United States; on the
+common cause; on the hopes and spirits of the enemy.
+The necessity or prudence which detains his Majesty's
+treasure in his American dominions, is an unfortunate circumstance
+at a time when it might be so usefully employed.
+There is, nevertheless, room to hope, that the
+great superiority of the allied fleets and armaments in the
+American seas will, in the course of a year or eighteen
+months, render its transportation safe and easy, and that
+the greater part of it may arrive before the bills in question
+would become payable. This will appear more probable,
+when the time necessary to sell these bills, and the
+time which will be consumed in their passage from America,
+and the time which will be employed in their journey
+from different ports of Europe to this place, are all added
+to the half a year which is allotted for the payment of
+them after they have been presented. I am authorised
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">317</a></span>
+and ready to engage and pledge the faith of the United
+States for the punctual repayment, with interest, and
+within a reasonable term, of any sums of money which
+his Majesty may be so kind as to lend them.</p>
+
+<p>"As to the aids heretofore supplied to the United
+States, I am without information relative to the precise
+terms on which they were furnished, as well as their
+amount. When I left Congress, they appeared to me not
+to possess full and positive intelligence on these points. I
+ascribe this, not to omissions in their commissioner, who
+then had the direction of these affairs, but to those miscarriages
+and accidents, to which the communication of
+intelligence to a distant country is liable in time of war.
+If it should appear proper to your Excellency, in order
+that I may be furnished with an accurate and full statement
+of these transactions, I will do myself the honor of
+transmitting them immediately to Congress; and, as they
+happened prior to my appointment, I shall request particular
+instructions on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>"With respect to the plan proposed for the repayment
+of such sums as Spain may lend to the United States, viz.
+by the latter furnishing the former with frigates, &amp;c. &amp;c. I
+beg leave to submit the following remarks to your Excellency's
+consideration. In the United States there are
+timber, iron, masts, shipwrights, pitch, tar, and turpentine;
+and Spain can furnish the other requisites. But neither
+the timber, the iron, the masts, nor the other articles, can
+be procured without money. The Congress are in great
+want of money for the immediate purposes of self-defence,
+for the maintenance of their armies and vessels of war,
+and for all the other expenses incident to military operations.
+The Congress, pressed by their necessities, have
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">318</a></span>
+emitted bills of credit, till the depreciation of them forbids
+further emissions. They have made loans from their great
+and good ally, and, in aid of the system of gaining supplies
+by taxation and domestic loans, they have, for the
+reasons which I have already had the honor of explaining
+to your Excellency, drawn upon me the bills before mentioned.
+These bills will be sold in the United States for
+paper money, and that money will be immediately wanted
+for the purposes I have enumerated. If, therefore, this
+money was to be turned into frigates, the obvious ends of
+drawing those bills would not be attained. The war
+against the United States has raged without intermission
+for six years already, and it will not be in their power to
+pay their debts during its further continuance, nor until the
+return of peace and uninterrupted commerce shall furnish
+them with the means of doing it.</p>
+
+<p>"That excellent frigates and other vessels may be built
+in America cheaper than in Europe, I am persuaded.
+And I know, that Congress will cheerfully give every aid
+in their power to facilitate the execution of any plan of
+that kind, which his Majesty may adopt, but, Sir, their
+necessities will not permit them to supply money to those
+purposes, and I should deceive your Excellency with delusive
+expectations, were I to lead you to think otherwise.
+I would rather, that the United States should be without
+money than without good faith; and, therefore, neither my
+own principles of action, nor the respect due to his Majesty
+and reputation of my country, will ever suffer me (if
+my authority extended so far) to enter into any contracts,
+which I had not the highest reason to believe would be
+fully, fairly, and punctually performed on the part of my
+constituents. Nor, in case his Majesty should think proper
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">319</a></span>
+to cause frigates to be built in America, can I encourage
+your Excellency to expect, that they could be easily manned
+there for cruises. The fact is, that the American
+frigates often find difficulties in completing their compliments,
+principally because the seamen prefer going in
+privateers, which are numerous, and too useful to be discouraged.</p>
+
+<p>"The design of preparing an armament to intercept the
+English East Indiamen appears to me very judicious.
+The enemy draw their resources from commerce; to annoy
+the one, therefore, is to injure the other. Before the
+present war, there were several, but not a great many
+Americans, well acquainted with the route of the East
+Indiamen. But whether any number of these men could
+now be secretly collected is uncertain; for if by a particular
+selection of and inquiry for them, the enemy should
+become apprized of the design, they would naturally take
+measures to frustrate it. For my part, I should suppose,
+that many of these men are not necessary, and that the
+proper number may be had from France, if not from
+America.</p>
+
+<p>"The idea of the United States co-operating in the
+execution of this plan is flattering, and the terms proposed
+generous. But so far as this co-operation will depend on
+the building of frigates there as proposed, it cannot be
+effected from their want of money. Whether the American
+frigates could be employed in such an enterprise, that
+is, whether the services, for which they may be already
+destined, will admit of it, are, with other similar circumstances,
+necessary to be known before that question could
+possibly be answered. The distance from America, and
+the length of time necessary to ask for and receive information
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">320</a></span>
+and instructions from thence, are such, that it would
+probably be more expedient, that engagements for these
+purposes should be discussed and concluded there than
+here. The circumstances of the United States, while
+invaded, will be more fluctuating than those of Spain, and
+measures in which they might conveniently embark at
+one period, may shortly after be rendered impracticable
+by the vicisitudes of war. It is further to be observed,
+that a people, rising amidst such terrible struggles, with an
+extensive country to defend, and that country invaded,
+and, as it were, on fire in several places at once, are not in
+good condition for foreign enterprises; but, on the contrary,
+that it must generally be their interest, and of course
+their policy, to keep their forces and strength at home, till
+the expulsion of their enemies shall afford them leisure
+and opportunities for distant and offensive operations.</p>
+
+<p>"Whenever this period shall arrive, his Majesty may be
+assured, that the United States will not remain idle, but
+that, impelled by resentments too deep and too just to be
+transitory, as well as by unshaken attachment to their
+friends, they will persevere with firmness and constancy
+in the common cause, and cheerfully unite their efforts
+with those of France and Spain, in compelling the common
+enemy to accept of reasonable terms of peace. I can,
+also, with great confidence, assure your Excellency that
+the United States will be happy in every opportunity,
+which may offer during the war, of joining their arms to
+those of Spain, and in co-operating with them in any expeditions,
+which circumstances may render expedient
+against the Floridas, or other objects. The Americans
+would most cheerfully fight by the side of the Spaniards,
+and by spilling their blood in the same cause, and on the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">321</a></span>
+same occasion, convince them of their ardent desire to
+become their faithful friends and steadfast allies.</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot prevail upon myself to conclude, without
+expressing to your Excellency my apprehension of the
+anxiety, and painful concern, with which Congress would
+receive intelligence of the failure of their bills, and especially
+after the expectations they have been induced to
+conceive of the successful issue of their affairs here.
+What conclusions the enemy would draw from the inability
+of Spain to advance the sum in question, even to men
+actually in arms against Great Britain, I forbear to mention,
+nor would it become me to point out the several evil
+consequences flowing from such an event, to those who
+enjoy from nature and experience more discernment than
+I am blessed with.</p>
+
+<p>"I still flatter myself, that some expedients may be devised
+to surmount the present difficulties, and that the harvest
+of laurels now ripening for his Majesty in America
+will not be permitted to wither for want of watering.</p>
+
+<p>"Influenced by this hope, I shall delay transmitting any
+intelligence respecting this matter to Congress, till your
+Excellency shall be pleased to communicate to me his
+Majesty's further pleasure on the subject.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Your Excellency will doubtless observe, that this answer
+does not comprehend all the objections to which the
+Minister's plan is liable, such, for instance, as the proposal
+that the vessels proposed to be built in America, with the
+money of America, and to be navigated by Americans,
+should sail under <i>Spanish colors, &amp;c.</i> I thought it most
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">322</a></span>
+prudent to avoid taking notice of these and similar circumstances,
+lest objections, which might be ascribed to pride,
+as well as reason, might lose their force in that supposition,
+and, instead of convincing, serve only to irritate.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing further passed between the Minister and myself
+except a message or two respecting each other's health,
+until the 19th day of June, when I sent him the following
+card.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>"Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his
+Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, and takes the
+liberty of enclosing the copy of a note he has just received,
+respecting a bill drawn upon him for three hundred and
+thirtythree dollars. From this his Excellency will perceive
+the painful situation Mr Jay is in. He forbears
+making any reflections on it, being persuaded that his
+Excellency's wisdom and sensibility render them unnecessary.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>Madrid, June 19th, 1780.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the 20th instant I received the following answer.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Count de Florida Blanca will have no difficulty
+in paying the bill of three hundred and thirtythree dollars
+mentioned in Mr Jay's note of yesterday, both on account
+of its small value, and in consequence of what he had the
+honor to offer him at their last conference; but he cannot
+forbear observing to Mr Jay, that it will be impossible to
+show the same complaisance for other bills without consulting
+the pleasure of the King.</p>
+
+<p>"The means hitherto proposed not having been considered
+as agreeable to Congress, it has become necessary to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">323</a></span>
+seek for others, and Mr Jay will do well to think seriously
+on this subject, and communicate to the Count de Florida
+Blanca whatever his wisdom and information may
+suggest to him."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This looked dry, and indicated a degree of irritation,
+though it held up the idea of further means.</p>
+
+<p>I replied to it on the 22d of June, as follows.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"Madrid, June 22d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I received the note your Excellency did me the honor
+to write on the 20th instant, and I take the earliest opportunity
+of expressing my thanks for your Excellency's permission
+to accept the bills mentioned in it, which I have
+accordingly done.</p>
+
+<p>"Agreeably to your Excellency's recommendation in
+the first conference, I have turned my thoughts very seriously
+to the objects which were the subjects of it, relative
+to the bills drawn upon me; they were two.</p>
+
+<p>"1st. The means of paying these bills.</p>
+
+<p>"2dly. The proposed contract with America for light
+vessels, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"With respect to the <i>first</i>, it appeared to me, that the
+principal difficulty was removed by your Excellency's
+informing me, '<i>that at the end of the present year, it would
+be in your power to advance twentyfive, thirty, or forty
+thousand pounds sterling</i>.' Hence I inferred, that as much
+time would be taken up in the sale, negotiation, and transmission
+of those bills, and as so long a space as six months
+was assigned for their payment, after being presented,
+that the sums which it would be in your Excellency's
+power to advance at the end of the year, would probably
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">324</a></span>
+be equal to the amount of the bills which would then
+become payable; and that in the mean time such further
+means might be provided, as would obviate difficulties
+with respect to those that might afterwards become due.
+When I reflected that I was a stranger to the resources of
+Spain, and that your Excellency's acknowledged abilities
+comprehended all the objects and combinations necessary
+in determining what supplies they were capable of affording,
+and the manner and means most proper for the purpose,
+it appeared to me in the light of presumption to
+hazard to your Excellency any propositions on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>"2dly. On considering the proposed contract, it became
+important to distinguish between the building these vessels
+with the money of the United States, or with that of
+Spain. The latter was very practicable, and I gave your
+Excellency that opinion in my letter of the 9th instant.
+The former, on the contrary, appeared to me not to be
+within the power of the United States, and candor obliged
+me to make this known to your Excellency in the same
+letter.</p>
+
+<p>"I knew it to be impossible for Congress, consistent with
+good faith, to contract; that, notwithstanding their great want
+of money, the injuries of a six years' war, and their being
+actually invaded, they would repay immediately the monies
+lent them, either in ships or otherwise. It is not uncommon
+for ancient and opulent nations to find it necessary to borrow
+money in time of war, but I believe it very seldom happens,
+that they find it convenient to pay those debts till the return
+of peace. If this be the case with powerful and long
+established nations, more cannot be expected from a young
+nation brought forth by oppression, and rising amidst every
+species of violence and devastation, which fire, sword,
+and malice can furnish for their destruction.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">325</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"If attentive only to obtaining payment of these bills,
+and thereby relieving my country from the complicated
+evils which must result from their being protested, I had
+entered into the proposed engagements for immediate repayment,
+by building vessels, &amp;c. if I had done this, notwithstanding
+a full conviction, that the contract so made
+could not be fulfilled, my conduct, however convenient in
+its immediate consequences, would have been highly reprehensible.
+This reflection, therefore, will I hope convince
+your Excellency of the purity of my intentions, and
+induce you to ascribe my objections to the contract, to
+want of ability, and not to want of inclination in the United
+States to perform it. No consideration will ever prevail
+upon me to practise deception, and I am happy in a persuasion,
+that although truths may sometimes not please,
+yet that when delivered with decency and respect, they
+will never offend either his Majesty or your Excellency.</p>
+
+<p>"Believe me, Sir, the United States will not be able to
+pay their debts during the war, and therefore any plan
+whatever calculated on a contrary position must be fruitless.
+I am ready to pledge their faith for repaying to his
+Majesty, within a reasonable term after the war, and with
+a reasonable interest, any sums he may be so kind as to
+lend them. What more can I offer? What more can
+they do? If there be any services they can do to his
+Majesty, consistent with their safety and defence, they are
+ready and will be happy to render them. They respect
+the King and the nation, and at the very time they are
+requesting his aid, they are soliciting to be united to him
+by bonds of perpetual amity and alliance. Against his
+enemies as well as their own, they are now in arms; and
+the supplies they ask are not for the purpose of luxury
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">326</a></span>
+or aggrandizement, but for the sole and express purpose of
+annoying those enemies, and enabling France, Spain, and
+themselves, to obtain a peace honorable and advantageous
+to each.</p>
+
+<p>"Of his Majesty's kind disposition towards them, they
+had received not only professions but proofs. Hence they
+became inspired not only with gratitude, but with confidence
+in his friendship. Impelled by this confidence, and
+a particular concurrence of exigencies already explained
+to your Excellency, they drew the bills in question. The
+issue of this measure will be highly critical, and followed
+by a train of consequences very important and extensive.
+The single circumstance of your Excellency having permitted
+me to accept the first of these bills, will be considered
+by our enemies as an unfortunate omen. By predicting
+from it further aids, their ideas of the resources of Spain,
+and the resistance of America will naturally be raised, and
+their hopes of subduing the one, or reducing the power of
+the other, will naturally be diminished. They will impute
+these aids to a plan of the House of Bourbon, wisely
+concerted and firmly persisted in, to secure themselves
+and all Europe against the ambition of Britain, by completing
+the division of her empire, and they will cease
+to flatter themselves, that America thus aided will become
+destitute of resources to carry on the war. On the other
+hand, America will derive fresh vigor from this mark of
+friendship, and their attachment to his Majesty become
+proportionably more strong. By mutual good offices,
+friendship between nations, as between individuals, is only
+to be established; and it is always a happy circumstance
+when it subsists between those, whom nature has placed
+contiguous to each other. But your Excellency's time
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">327</a></span>
+is of too great importance to be engaged by such obvious
+reflections.</p>
+
+<p>"Permit me, Sir, still to indulge the pleasing expectation
+of being enabled to inform Congress, that his Majesty's
+magnanimity and friendship have prompted him,
+though inconvenient to his own affairs, to secure the credit
+of their bills; and I am persuaded that the benevolence of
+your Excellency's disposition will be gratified in being instrumental
+in a measure, which would make such agreeable
+impressions on the hearts and minds of so great a
+number of steadfast friends to the Spanish monarchy.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As this letter was, among other things, designed to establish
+the expectations and encouragement given me by
+the Minister, as to money, in the last conference, by obliging
+him either to deny them against truth, or admit them,
+at least, by his silence, I desired Mr Carmichael to deliver
+it with his own hands, which he accordingly did. It still
+remains unanswered.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency will be at no loss to perceive, that this
+was an improper season for pushing on the treaty, and that
+it would not have been prudent to have given poignancy to
+the Minister's feelings for the loss of his frigates, and the
+trouble of our bills, by disputes about the Mississippi, &amp;c.
+&amp;c. I therefore did not remind him of the notes he had
+promised, nor indeed say anything at all about the matter.</p>
+
+<p>About this time I met with a printed copy of an act of
+the State of Connecticut, reciting and adopting the resolutions
+of Congress of the 18th of March last, respecting
+the former and new paper emissions. This was the first
+advice I had of those resolutions. The promise of annual
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">328</a></span>
+interest in Europe appeared to me to be a hardy measure,
+though, in my opinion, the weakest side of the plan.</p>
+
+<p>Finding the Minister's heart and imagination much attached
+to his favorite idea of getting American frigates at
+the expense of the United States, I gave him the following
+hint.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"Madrid, June 28th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency,
+herewith enclosed, a copy of an act of the State of Connecticut,
+just come to hand, in which are recited certain
+resolutions of Congress, passed the 18th of March last.</p>
+
+<p>"These resolutions are calculated to put the American
+finances on a permanent footing. They direct, among
+other things, that bills be issued, redeemable in specie,
+with interest, at the expiration of six years. The interest
+to be paid at the redemption of the bills, or at the election
+of the holder annually, at the American Loan Offices, in
+sterling bills of exchange on the commissioners in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Excellency will perceive, that when this plan, so
+well concerted, shall be fully executed, it will furnish the
+United States with resources equal to all the exigencies of
+the war, and probably enable them to supply his Catholic
+Majesty with vessels, &amp;c, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"I take the liberty, therefore, of submitting to your Excellency's
+consideration, whether it would not be for the
+benefit of both nations, that his Majesty, on the one hand,
+should engage his responsibility for the credit of a certain
+proportion of the sum so to be emitted; and that the
+United States, on the other hand, should not only pledge
+their faith to indemnify his Majesty, but also furnish him
+with certain aids in vessels, &amp;c.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">329</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"If your Excellency should think this hint worthy of
+your attention, it will be easy to improve it, and adjust the
+particulars.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This letter was accompanied with the following one, on
+the subject of some more bills that had just arrived.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+"Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his Excellency
+the Count de Florida Blanca, and has the honor
+of informing him, that he has been called upon to accept
+bills to the amount of between ten and eleven thousand
+dollars; that the far greater part of them belong to
+Messrs Joyce of this city, who have agreed to wait for an
+answer until Monday next.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr Jay exceedingly regrets his being obliged to give
+his Excellency so much trouble, but still flatters himself,
+that, when his Excellency considers it as his duty which
+imposes that necessity upon him, his goodness will excuse
+it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">  <i>Madrid, June 28th, 1780.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I ought also to add, that I had sent to the Count a representation
+on the subject of a very high handed stretch of
+power in the Governor of Teneriffe, towards a prize carried
+there by some Americans. On the next day I received
+the following answer to these three papers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">"Aranjues, June 29th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>"The Count de Florida Blanca has had the honor of
+the three last letters, which Mr Jay has been pleased to
+write him.</p>
+
+<p>"The first relates to a privateer detained in the Canaries.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">330</a></span>
+On this point he can say nothing until he has obtained
+some further information thereon.</p>
+
+<p>"The second respects some new bills of exchange just
+presented by Messrs Joyce, to the amount of between ten
+and eleven thousand dollars. The Count can give no
+positive answer hereon, without first taking the orders of
+the King, his master, and having a meeting with the other
+Ministers, and some of these having already gone to
+Madrid, a determination cannot be immediately had,
+which renders it necessary for Mr Jay to require Messrs
+Joyce to wait some days longer for the answer in question.</p>
+
+<p>"The third contains a project of an arrangement, by
+which his Majesty should oblige himself for his responsibility
+for certain sums in favor of Congress, and they, on
+their part, for the indemnification of the said sums at a
+certain period, by furnishing some vessels, &amp;c. Mr Jay is
+therefore entreated to draw out a more clear and precise
+plan on this subject, noting therein the sum to which the
+responsibility of the King should extend, and on which
+they may converse at their first interview.</p>
+
+<p>"In the meanwhile the Count has the honor of assuring
+him of the sincerity of his esteem and attachment."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Congress will observe, that the Minister still kept up the
+idea of an interference in favor of these bills. On the 3d
+of July, the Count having removed to Madrid, he wrote
+me a note expressing the same idea. It is in these words</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments
+to Mr Jay, and prays to be informed when the last
+bills of exchange, which he mentioned the other day as
+being in the hands of Messrs Joyce, and amounting to about
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">331</a></span>
+ten or eleven thousand dollars, will become payable. At
+the Palace, 3d of July, 1780."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus things were apparently in good train, when the
+news of the loss of Charleston became credible. The
+effect of it was as visible the next day, as that of a hard
+night's frost on young leaves.</p>
+
+<p>I requested a conference with the Minister, and had one
+on the evening of the 5th of July. The following are
+notes of it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 5th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay waited on the Count de Florida Blanca agreeably
+to an appointment made by the latter to meet at his
+house at half past eight this evening.</p>
+
+<p>After the usual compliments, the bad news relative to the
+surrender of Charleston, just received, became the
+topic of conversation. The Count mentioned the channels
+through which he had received it, viz. by an express despatched
+by the Spanish Ambassador at Lisbon, in consequence
+of intelligence which Governor Johnson had received
+and published in that city, and by letters from the
+Count d'Aranda, with the accounts printed at London of
+the affair. He expressed his sorrow on the occasion, but
+observed, that the Count d'Aranda flattered him, that the
+arrival of the Chevalier de Ternay in that part of the
+world would totally change the face of affairs, particularly
+as there would be eight vessels of the line, and more than
+five thousand troops instead of three thousand, and three
+vessels of the line which he had been informed were demanded
+by General Washington.</p>
+
+<p>He seemed to think it strange, that the place had not
+been better defended, and that more vigorous measures
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">332</a></span>
+had not been taken to impede the enemy's progress, and
+observed, that if the town was not in a condition to stand a
+siege, it would have been better to have withdrawn the
+troops and stores, and reserved them for the defence of
+the country. Mr Jay replied, that probably when all circumstances
+relative to this affair were known, there might
+be reasons which would account for the conduct of the
+Americans on this occasion; to the truth of which remark
+the Count appeared to assent. He then mentioned
+the death of M. Mirales, and regretted his loss at this
+time. He said, he had recommended to his Majesty a
+person to succeed him, whom we knew, that spoke English,
+whom he expected soon, and to whom he would explain
+his ideas on the subject of the bills, and on other matters,
+touching which Mr Jay had written to him, and
+who would confer also with Mr Jay on those subjects.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay mentioned, that if it was agreeable to his Excellency
+to permit M. Del Campo (a confidential secretary
+of the Count, who speaks English, and who translated all
+the letters to and from the Count) to be present, he should be
+able to explain his sentiments more fully and
+clearly. Though the Count did not object to this proposal,
+he appeared disinclined to it, and said, that with the
+assistance of Mr Carmichael, then present, they could understand
+each other very well.</p>
+
+<p>He then proceeded to speak of the bills of exchange in
+the possession of the Messrs Joyce, and seemed to be surprised
+that that House should be possessed of so many of
+them. He advised Mr Jay to be cautious of those gentlemen,
+saying, that they were as much English in their hearts
+as the Ministry of that country; that he had known them
+long, that he thought their conduct extraordinary in being
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">333</a></span>
+so urgent for the acceptance of these bills. Mr Jay then
+informed his Excellency, that he had paid those gentlemen
+a visit in order to obtain further time, and that they
+had consented to wait until Monday next. The Count
+mentioned a fortnight or three weeks as necessary, in order
+that he might have an opportunity of seeing the person he
+had sent for, and making some arrangements with him.
+He said, that it would be more agreeable to his Majesty to
+pay those bills at Cadiz, Bilboa, or Amsterdam, than
+here; lamented the precipitancy with which Congress had
+entered into this measure, saying, that if they had previously
+addressed the King on the subject, ways and means
+might have been found, either to transport from their possessions
+in America specie for the service of Congress, or
+to have enabled them to have drawn bills of exchange at a
+shorter sight, which would have prevented the loss of one
+third of the money to which Congress had subjected themselves,
+by the terms on which the present bills were sold.
+Mr Jay assured his Excellency, that by letters he had received
+from America, from members of Congress and
+others, he was informed, that the terms were judged so unfavorable
+to the buyers, that the bills drawn on him sold
+heavily from that circumstance solely, and not from any
+doubt of their credit and payment.</p>
+
+<p>This did not, however, appear to convince his Excellency,
+who spoke much of the deranged state of our finances
+and credit; of the advantages taken of Congress by
+merchants and others, who availed themselves of that circumstance,
+which he called cruel extortions, frequently
+expressing the King's wishes and his own to render America
+all the service in their power in this crisis of their
+affairs; but observed, that it was impossible to obtain
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">334</a></span>
+much money in Europe while France, England, and
+Spain, were making use of every resource to obtain it for
+the enormous expenses of the war, and while the channel
+through which the European merchants received supplies
+of specie was stopped, viz. the arrival of the usual quantity
+from America. This induced him to mention the arrival
+at Cadiz of three millions of piastres, all of which was on
+account of the merchants, and again to dwell on what he
+had before said of the possibility of transmitting specie to
+the States from the Spanish possessions abroad, and of the
+effect that this would have in re-establishing the credit of
+our money. Mr Jay observed in reply, that if a supply of
+specie could be sent to America, and his Excellency
+thought that measure more convenient and advisable than
+bills, the Congress would, in his opinion, readily suspend
+drawing, on receiving that information; to which the Count
+answered, that when the person he had sent for arrived,
+this matter might be further discussed.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay then proceeded to observe, that by papers
+which he had transmitted to his Excellency, he would see
+that Congress had adopted a system to redeem and destroy
+the former emissions, and to emit other bills to be
+paid in Europe with interest in a certain term of years,
+and in fully establishing this system, it would be probably
+in their power, not only to sustain the credit of their
+money, but to contribute, in some measure, to assist Spain
+in the way proposed by his Excellency, viz. in building of
+frigates, &amp;c. &amp;c. He added, that as his Majesty's treasure
+was detained in America, and as much expense would
+be incurred by the armaments employed by Spain there,
+that bills on the Havana in favor of the United States
+might be more convenient to Spain, and equally contribute
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">335</a></span>
+to the end proposed. The Count did not seem to disapprove
+of the idea, but did not enlarge upon it. He asked
+Mr Jay, if America could not furnish Spain with masts
+and ship timber. Mr Jay replied, that those articles
+might be obtained there. The Count then said that he
+would defer further remarks on this head, till the arrival of
+the person whom he expected would succeed M. Mirales,
+and appeared desirous of leaving this subject, and, indeed,
+all other matters relative to American affairs to be discussed
+when he came.</p>
+
+<p>In the further course of conversation, he recurred to the
+subject of the bills in question, and told Mr Jay if an immediate
+acceptance of them was insisted on, that he might
+accept them payable at Bilboa, but rather seemed to wish
+that their acceptance might be delayed till the coming of
+the abovementioned person. Mr Jay expatiated on the
+impression, which the acceptance of these bills and every
+other mark of friendship would make in America at this
+particular crisis, and the Count, in a very feeling and
+warm manner, assured him that his desire to serve the
+States increased in consequence of their distresses. By
+his whole conversation he endeavored to show how much
+he interested himself in the prosperity of our affairs, more
+than once desiring Mr Jay not to be discouraged, for that
+with time and patience all would go well, expatiating on
+the King's character, his religious observation of, and
+adherence to his promises, and his own desire of having
+Mr Jay's entire confidence. Mr Jay seized this opportunity
+of assuring him of his full reliance on the King's
+justice and honor, and his particular and entire confidence
+in his Excellency, asserting to him that all his letters to
+Congress breathed these sentiments. The Count appeared
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">336</a></span>
+much pleased with this declaration, and, seeming to speak
+without reserve, hinted his hopes that the combined fleets
+would soon be in condition to give the law to that of England
+in the seas of Europe, repeating that measures would
+be taken, on the arrival of the person expected, to provide
+for the payment of the bills of exchange, and that other
+arrangements would be made with the same person, which
+would contribute to relieve, as much as it was in his Majesty's
+power, the present distresses of America, of which
+he frequently spoke very feelingly in the course of this
+conversation.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay reminded his Excellency, in a delicate manner,
+of the supplies of clothing, &amp;c. &amp;c. which had been
+promised in a former conference, and said that if they
+could be sent in autumn, they would be essentially useful.
+The Count assured him that measures would be taken for
+this purpose, with the person so often hinted at in the
+course of the conference; that probably these goods
+would be embarked from Bilboa, as everything was so
+dear at Cadiz. He also once more told Mr Jay, that at
+all events he might accept the bills presented by Messrs
+Joyce, payable at Bilboa, though he appeared to wish that
+this measure might be delayed for a fortnight if possible.
+The conference ended with compliments and assurances
+on the one part and the other, the Count endeavoring to
+persuade Mr Jay of his Majesty's desire to assist the
+States, and Mr Jay assuring him of his reliance on his
+Excellency, and of the good effects which such proofs of
+his Majesty's friendship would have in America at the
+present juncture.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In this conference not a single nail would drive. Everything
+was to be postponed till the arrival of the person intended
+to succeed M. Mirales.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">337</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of July I wrote the Count the following
+note.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his Excellency
+the Count de Florida Blanca, and has the honor
+of informing him, that Don Carlos Maria Maraci of this
+place has presented to him, for acceptance, bills amounting
+in the whole to one thousand six hundred and sixtyfive
+dollars. The Messrs Joyce consent to having their bills
+payable at Bilboa, but have acquainted Mr Jay that the
+name of the House there, by whom they are to be paid,
+should accompany the acceptance of the bills, it being
+necessary to their further negotiation.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>Madrid, July 11th, 1780.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To this note the following answer was returned.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"In answer to the note the Count de Florida Blanca
+has just received from Mr Jay, dated yesterday, he has
+the honor to acquaint him, that he intends writing to
+Bilboa on the subject of the bills in the hands of Messrs
+Joyce, and which are to be accepted, so that it will be
+necessary to wait some days to fix the House at which the
+acceptance will be made.</p>
+
+<p>"As to the bills presented by Don Carlos Maraci to the
+value of one thousand six hundred and sixtyfive dollars,
+the Count recommends to Mr Jay to request, in like manner,
+a delay of fifteen days for their acceptance, this time
+being necessary, that the Count may have an interview
+with a person not at present in Madrid.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>At the Palace, July 12th, 1780.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I was obliged to wait with patience, and endeavor to
+keep the holders of the bills from returning them, noted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">338</a></span>
+for non-acceptance. The Count went to St Ildefonso;
+the time limited for the arrival of the person expected
+having expired, I wrote the Count three notes on the
+subject of the bills, and in one requested his permission
+for Mr Harrison of Maryland to remain at Cadiz, from
+whence he was threatened to be removed in pursuance of
+the King's ordinance against Irishmen. To these I received
+the following answer, dated the 29th of July.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments
+to Mr Jay, and acquaints him that he has duly received
+his three last letters.</p>
+
+<p>"For the satisfaction of Mr Jay, orders shall be given
+for Mr Harrison to remain at Cadiz, the general regulations
+established by the King notwithstanding.</p>
+
+<p>"On the subject of the acceptance of the bills of exchange,
+the Count can only say that he still waits for the
+person in question, who has informed him that he was on
+the point of setting out on his journey.</p>
+
+<p>"He is moreover very sensible of the attention in communicating
+to him the last advices received respecting the
+affair of Charleston, and persuades himself that Mr Jay
+will always observe the same complaisance.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>Saturday, July 29th.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I immediately wrote him a letter of thanks for his
+civility to Mr Harrison, and nothing further passed between
+us till the 11th of August, when I sent him the following
+note.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his Excellency
+the Count de Florida Blanca, and has the honor
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">339</a></span>
+of informing him, that since the date of his last, bills to the
+amount of six thousand and six hundred dollars have been
+presented to him for acceptance. Mr Jay has prevailed
+on the holders of these bills to wait six or eight days for
+his answer, on a promise that the time for their payment,
+if accepted, shall be computed from the day on which
+they were presented.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>Madrid, August 11th, 1780.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>To this was written the following answer.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Count de Florida Blanca has just received Mr
+Jay's note of yesterday, on the subject of the new bills,
+which have been presented to him. He is mortified not
+to be able to return a positive answer today, respecting
+the acceptance of said bills, and must repeat, that he still
+waits for the person of whom mention has been made in
+preceding notes.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>St Ildefonso, August 12th, 1780.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mrs Jay's illness, and the death of a child, detaining me
+at Madrid, I requested the Count to give me notice when
+it would be necessary I should wait upon him, and in the
+mean time Mr Carmichael went to St Ildefonso.</p>
+
+<p>Congress will be pleased to remember, that in the conference
+of July 5th, the Minister, speaking of the person
+intended to succeed M. Mirales, said that he spoke English,
+and that we knew him. I supposed, that he alluded
+to one of the Gardoquis, three of whom speak English, and
+I was well acquainted with one of them. But as another
+of them had been heretofore employed by the Court,
+it appeared most probable that he was the person meant.
+They are brothers and have a strong family likeness.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">340</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the 10th, Mr Carmichael wrote me, that he had
+seen the Count, and was informed by him, that the
+person so long expected had not yet arrived, and when he
+did he would give notice of it. On the 12th he wrote me
+that a person had arrived, whom he suspected to be the
+one so long expected. It seems that a person much
+resembling the Gardoqui family had arrived at the same
+inn where Mr Carmichael lodged, and was seen by him.</p>
+
+<p>The holders of the bills becoming extremely uneasy,
+I wrote the Count the following reply to his last note.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"Madrid, August 16th, 1780.</p>
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"The letter, which your Excellency did me the honor
+to write on the 12th instant, was delivered to me yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>"The kind concern you are pleased to express for the
+delay, which suspends my receiving a positive answer
+respecting the bills, demands my acknowledgments, and
+is an additional proof of that generous sensibility, which
+induced your Excellency to tell me, that your friendship
+for America should rise with her distresses. A sentiment
+so evincive of magnanimity will be received by Congress
+with all the admiration and gratitude it merits, and will not
+cease to inspire me with that confidence in your Excellency,
+which greatness of mind seldom fails to excite.</p>
+
+<p>"I ought to mention, that the holders of the bills here
+begin to grow impatient, and frequently repeat their applications
+to me for acceptance.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"With sentiments of great respect and regard, I have
+the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>No answer.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">341</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The next day I received a card from the house of
+Joyce, informing me of their having received peremptory
+orders to return their bills, and that they could not delay
+it longer than the next post. Of this I sent a copy to the
+Count without any observations.</p>
+
+<p>No answer.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th of August, I wrote the Count the following
+letter.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"Madrid, August 18th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I never find myself more disagreeably circumstanced,
+than when my duty constrains me to be troublesome to
+those, whom I wish to afford only pleasure and satisfaction.
+Such is my present situation. Monday next I perceive is
+to be a critical day. Other bills besides Messrs Joyce are
+then to be re-presented.</p>
+
+<p>"M. Gardoqui of Bilboa writes me, that he has received
+bills on me for thirteen thousand three hundred and thirtyfive
+dollars, with orders immediately to ship the amount
+in goods to America. They will be presented tomorrow,
+and he expects an answer by Monday's post. If an immediate
+acceptance or refusal should be insisted on by
+any one of them, a protest must ensue, and American
+credit be reduced to the lowest ebb. What am I to do?
+If your Excellency should direct me to accept these bills
+payable at Bilboa, they will, as before, demand at what
+House they are to be paid.</p>
+
+<p>"I must entreat your Excellency to relieve me and my
+country from this painful situation, and to pardon the
+trouble I am obliged to give you.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to
+be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">342</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"<i>P. S.</i> The enclosed contains intelligence from
+America."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>No answer.</p>
+
+<p>Having first visited the holders of the bills, and obtained
+further time till Monday next, on the 24th I set out
+for St Ildefonso. I arrived the next day, and wrote the
+Count the following letter.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"St Ildefonso, August 25th, 1780.</p>
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I arrived here this morning, but was prevented from
+immediately doing myself the honor of paying my respects
+to your Excellency, by fatigue and indisposition.</p>
+
+<p>"In a letter I had the honor of writing to your Excellency
+on the 16th instant, I mentioned, that the holders of the
+bills began to grow impatient. On the 18th instant, I informed
+your Excellency by another letter, that their applications
+to me for acceptance had become so pressing, as
+that I found myself under the necessity of again requesting
+your directions.</p>
+
+<p>"I have accepted Messrs Joyce's bills payable at Bilboa,
+agreeable to your Excellency's directions on the
+5th of July last, and they have agreed to wait some time
+for the name of the House there, which may be employed
+to pay them. The other gentlemen were induced to delay
+requiring of me a decisive answer until Monday next, on
+my assurances, that they should then receive one.</p>
+
+<p>"The inducements and reasons, which urged Congress
+into this measure, are known to your Excellency, and it
+would be no less unnecessary than improper to recapitulate
+the consequences, which must ensue from the success
+or failure of it.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">343</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I fear your Excellency thinks I am too solicitous, too
+importunate. But when it is considered, that the holders
+of these bills are not under my control, and that they
+require an answer from me, I flatter myself that the
+trouble I give your Excellency on this subject will appear
+to arise from a sense of my duty, and not from the impulse
+of impatience.</p>
+
+<p>"I sincerely congratulate your Excellency on the late
+important naval success against the common enemy, and
+have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>No Answer.</p>
+
+<p>The next morning I went to pay my respects to the
+Minister, but being told he was sick, I left a card. The
+French Ambassador, however, and others, had been with
+him in the morning, and he rode out as usual in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Carmichael informed me, that in passing by a wicket-gate
+of the King's private gardens, he had seen the person,
+whom he had before seen at the inn, walking in them, and
+that his servant had learned from a barber of his acquaintance,
+that he dressed a gentleman who spoke English, and
+lodged at M. Del Campo's. He also informed me, that
+the French Ambassador had lately received a letter from
+Count de la Luzerne, dated the 12th of May; that he was
+present when it was opened, that it was in cypher, and that
+the Ambassador said, he supposed he was impatient to
+hear the news; that he afterwards expressed a desire to
+see this letter, and that the Ambassador referred him for
+it to the Secretary; that the Secretary gave him some
+important papers, adding, that he had <i>mislaid</i> the letter.
+Hence it seems, as if the Ambassador intended at first to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">344</a></span>
+communicate the letter, but that its contents on being decyphered
+forbad it.</p>
+
+<p>It appeared to me proper to mention my embarrassments
+to the French Ambassador, who had always been
+friendly, and ask his advice and aid on the subject. The
+next day I had a conference with him, and the following
+are notes of it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, August 27th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay waited on the Count de Montmorin this morning
+at nine o'clock, agreeably to appointment the day before.
+The former commenced the conversation by observing,
+that in his first conferences with the Minister of
+Spain, at Aranjues, the Minister divided the subject into
+two parts, and spoke largely on that of the bills drawn on
+Mr Jay, and on the treaty proposed to be entered into
+between Spain and America. Mr Jay recapitulated the
+Minister's assurances relative to the former, and informed
+the Ambassador, that the result of this conference was a
+promise of the Minister to send him written notes on <i>both</i>
+points, a few days afterwards. That with respect to the
+notes relative to the treaty, Mr Jay had not received them
+as yet. That on the other point, he had received notes,
+which, as well as his answer, he had shown to the
+Ambassador. That on the 5th of July he had another conference
+with the Minister at Madrid, in which he had endeavored
+to turn the conversation to the several objects
+of his business and mission here, but that the Minister
+postponed the discussion of them, until a person for whom
+he had sent, with a view to succeed M. Mirales, should
+arrive, when all the necessary arrangements should be
+made. He indeed told Mr Jay, that if the Messrs Joyce
+were pressing, he might accept their bills, payable at Bilboa,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">345</a></span>
+and throughout the whole conference, had given Mr
+Jay warm and repeated assurances, not only of the King's
+good faith and friendly disposition towards America, but
+of his own personal attachment to her interest, on both
+of which, as well as in his candor and promises, he desired
+him to place the greatest reliance.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay proceeded further to inform the Ambassador,
+that being exceedingly pressed by Messrs Joyce and
+others, holders of the bills, for a decisive answer, which
+they had required to have on the Monday last past, he had
+signified the same to the Minister by three letters, requesting
+his directions, to none of which he received any answers.
+That he had accepted Messrs Joyce's bills, payable,
+as directed, by the Minister, and had prevailed on the
+other to wait until Monday next. That on his arrival here
+on Friday he wrote another letter to the Minister on the
+same subject, and the next day called at his house to pay his
+respects, but not being able to see him had left a card; that
+being thus circumstanced he was under the necessity of
+requesting the favor of him to speak to the Count, and obtain
+an answer from him.</p>
+
+<p>The Ambassador told Mr Jay, that he ought to ask an
+audience of the Minister. To this Mr Jay replied, that
+he could not hope to have an answer to this request, as he
+had not been able to procure one to the different applications
+he had already made. The Ambassador said, that
+he would willingly speak to the Minister, but that he feared
+he should not be able to enter fully into the subject with
+him until Wednesday, both the Minister and himself having
+their time employed on objects, which at present and for
+some time past, had engrossed much of their attention.
+He then asked Mr Jay if he had written to Congress to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">346</a></span>
+stop drawing bills on him. Mr Jay replied, that he could
+not with propriety give such information to Congress, after
+the general and repeated assurances made him by the
+Count de Florida Blanca ever since his arrival here, and
+particularly the Minister's declaration, that he should be
+able to furnish him with thirty or forty thousand pounds
+sterling, at the end of the present or commencement of
+the next year, and that in the meantime, other arrangements
+might be taken to pay such bills as might become
+due after that period. He added, that if the Count had
+candidly told him that he could not furnish him with
+money to pay the bills, he should then immediately have
+informed Congress of it, who would have taken of course
+the proper measures on the occasion, but that should he
+now send a true account of all that had passed between
+the Count de Florida Blanca and himself thereon, he
+could not answer for the disagreeable effects such intelligence
+would produce. The Count seemed to think the
+Spanish Minister would pay the bills that had been already
+presented, and had probably delayed giving Mr Jay an
+answer until the arrival of the person he expected, who he
+understood was detained by the necessity of making some
+arrangements in his family before he left it.</p>
+
+<p>On this Mr Jay remarked, that this did not accord with
+the information the Minister had given him near three
+weeks before, that the said person was then about to set
+out.</p>
+
+<p>The conference ended with a promise of the Count de
+Montmorin, that he would endeavor to speak to the Count
+de Florida Blanca on the subject, but that he was afraid
+he should not be able to do it fully until Wednesday
+next.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">347</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Finding that the Ambassador could not do anything till
+Wednesday next, and that the Minister's determined
+silence left no room to hope much from him very soon, I
+despatched letters by express to the holders of the bills,
+and requested a little more time. I was apprehensive that
+if I should accept them without the Minister's consent, it
+might become an objection to his providing for their payment,
+and appearances led me to suspect, that any tolerable
+excuse for such refusal would have been very grateful.</p>
+
+<p>The French Ambassador did not, as usual, return my
+visit. I dined with him, nevertheless; but his behavior,
+though polite, was dry, and not cordial and open as before.
+He mentioned not a syllable of his having received
+a letter from Philadelphia. These circumstances increased
+my apprehensions that his letter contained some things
+unpleasant.</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday afternoon, 30th of August, I waited on
+the Ambassador, to know the result of the conversation he
+had promised to have with the Minister on our affairs.
+He did not appear very glad to see me. I asked him
+whether he had seen the Minister, and conversed with him
+on our affairs. He said he had seen the Minister, but that
+as Count d'Estaing was present, he had only some general
+and cursory conversation with him, and slipping away from
+that topic, went on to observe, that I would do well to
+write another letter to the Minister, mentioning the number
+of letters I had already written, my arrival here, and
+my desire of a conference with him. I told the Ambassador,
+that while four letters on the subject remained unanswered,
+it could not be necessary to write a fifth. That
+these letters had been written with great politeness and
+circumspection; that the last was written the day of my
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">348</a></span>
+arrival at St Ildefonso; that I had also gone to the Minister's
+house, to pay my respects to him, and on being told
+he was sick, had left a card; and that, notwithstanding
+these marks of attention and respect, I still continued unanswered
+and unnoticed. I observed to him further, that
+this conduct accorded ill with the Minister's assurances;
+that unless I had met with more tenderness from the
+holders of the bills, they would have been returned noted
+for non-acceptance; that if such an event should at last
+take place, after the repeated promises and declarations of
+the Minister, there would of necessity be an end to the
+confidence of America in the Court of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>He replied, that he hoped things would take a more
+favorable turn; that to his knowledge the Minister had
+been of late much occupied and perplexed with business;
+that I ought not to be affected with the inattention of his
+conduct; that I should continue to conduct the business
+smoothly, having always in view the importance of Spain,
+and remembering that we were as yet only rising States,
+not firmly established, or generally acknowledged, &amp;c.
+and that he would by all means advise me to write the
+Minister another letter, <i>praying</i> an audience.</p>
+
+<p>I answered, that the object of my coming to Spain was
+to make <i>propositions</i>, not <i>supplications</i>, and that I should
+forbear troubling the Minister with further letters, till he
+should be more disposed to attend to them. That I considered
+America as being, and to continue independent in
+<i>fact</i>, and that her becoming so in <i>name</i> was of no further
+importance than as it concerned the common cause, in the
+success of which all the parties were interested; and that
+I did not imagine Congress would agree to purchase from
+Spain the acknowledgment of an undeniable fact at the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">349</a></span>
+price she demanded for it; that I intended to abide patiently
+the fate of the bills, and should transmit to Congress
+an account of all matters relative to them; that I
+should then write the Minister another letter on the subject
+of the treaty, and if that should be treated with like
+neglect, or if I should be informed that his Catholic Majesty
+declined going into that measure, I should then consider
+my business at an end, and proceed to take the
+necessary measures for returning to America; that I knew
+my constituents were sincerely desirous of a treaty with
+Spain, and that their respect for the House of Bourbon,
+the desire of France signified in the Secret Article, and
+the favorable opinion they had imbibed of the Spanish
+nation, were the strongest inducements they had to wish
+it; that the policy of multiplying treaties with European
+nations was with me questionable, and might be so with
+others; that, for my own part, I was inclined to think it
+the interest of America to rest content with the treaty
+with France, and, by avoiding alliances with other nations,
+remain free from the influence of their disputes and politics;
+that the situation of the United States, in my opinion,
+dictated this policy; that I knew it to be their interest,
+and of course their disposition, to be at peace with all the
+world; and that I knew too it would be in their power,
+and I hoped in their inclination, always to defend themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The Ambassador was at a stand; after a little pause, he
+said, he hoped my mission would have a more agreeable
+issue. He asked me if I was content with the conduct of
+France. I answered, most certainly; for that she was spending
+her blood as well as treasure for us. This answer was
+too general for him. He renewed the question, by asking
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">350</a></span>
+whether I was content with the conduct of France relative
+to our proposed treaty with Spain. I answered, that, as
+far as it had come to my knowledge, I was. This required
+an explanation, and I gave it to him, by observing,
+that, by the Secret Article, Spain was at liberty to accede
+to our treaty with France whenever she pleased, and with
+such alterations as both parties might agree to; that Congress
+had appointed me to propose this accession now, and
+had authorised me to enter into the necessary discussions
+and arguments; that, to give their application the better
+prospect of success, they had directed me to request the
+favorable interposition of the King of France with the
+King of Spain; that I had done it by letter to Count de
+Vergennes, who, in answer, had assured me of the King's
+disposition to comply with the request of Congress; and
+informed me that instructions analogous to this disposition
+should be given to the Ambassador at Madrid; that it
+gave me pleasure to acknowledge that his conduct towards
+me had always been polite and friendly, but that I still remained
+ignorant whether any, and what progress had been
+made in the mediation. He seemed not to have expected
+this; but observed, that all he could do was to be ready
+to do me any friendly office in his power, for that he did
+not see how his <i>mediation</i> could be proper, except in
+cases where points of the treaty were discussed, and could
+not be agreed upon. To this I replied, that these were
+only <i>secondary</i> objects of the expected mediation, and that
+the <i>primary</i> one was to prevail upon the King of Spain to
+commence the negotiation, and enter upon these discussions;
+but that I remained uninformed of what he might
+have done on that subject. The Ambassador made no
+direct reply to these remarks, but again proceeded to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">351</a></span>
+repeat his advice, that I should try one more letter to the
+Minister. I told him I had, after much consideration,
+made up my mind on that subject, and that it appeared to me
+inexpedient to follow his advice in this instance; and
+that when he should see the letters I had already written,
+he would probably be of the same opinion. I promised to
+show him the letters the next day, and took my leave.
+How far the tone of this conversation may be judged to
+have been prudent, I know not. It was not assumed,
+however, but after previous and mature deliberation. I
+reflected that we had lost Charleston, that reports ran
+hard against us, and therefore that this was no time to
+clothe one's self with humility.</p>
+
+<p>On considering the earnestness with which the Ambassador
+had pressed me to write another letter to the Minister,
+I began to suspect that it might be the wish of the
+latter, who, conscious of having gone rather too far, might
+desire this way to retreat through. I concluded, therefore,
+to adhere to my resolution of not writing, but that if
+the Ambassador should confirm my suspicions by again
+pressing the measure, in that case to consent to send Mr
+Carmichael to the Minister with my compliments, and a
+request that he would favor me with a conference at such
+time as might be most convenient to him.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, Thursday, the 31st of August, I visited
+the French Ambassador, and showed him the four last letters
+I had written to the Minister. He confessed they
+were perfectly unexceptionable, but again advised me to
+write another; I told him, I could not think of it, but that
+I would so far follow his advice, as to send Mr Carmichael
+to request of the Minister the favor of a conference. The
+Ambassador expressed much satisfaction at this proposal,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">352</a></span>
+and immediately promised to speak to the Minister on the
+subject. He advised, however, that I should delay the
+measure till Saturday, on account of some urgent business
+which then employed the Minister. To this I agreed. I
+hinted to him, that the person expected to succeed Mr
+Mirales was in town. He said he did not know, and
+waived the subject. I thought if that was really the case,
+it could do no harm that the Minister should know I suspected
+it. In the afternoon, the Ambassador's secretary
+paid me a visit, and seemed desirous of entering into particular
+conversation on the subject of our affairs, but as I
+did not approve of talking with the Ambassador through
+his secretary, I avoided it, by turning the conversation to
+light and general topics. He asked me several leading
+questions, and among others, whether there was a <i>M.
+Gardoqui</i> in town. I told him many persons came and
+departed that I was ignorant of, and passed on to another
+subject. Two persons about the Court mentioned to Mr
+Carmichael this evening, that this person was arrived.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday morning, the 2d of September, I committed
+my message for the Minister to Mr Carmichael, with
+directions, first to call on the French Ambassador, and ask
+him whether anything new had occurred to render the delivery
+of it improper. He told Mr Carmichael, he had
+mentioned to the Minister my desire of seeing him that
+day, but that the Minister said, he was so much occupied
+that it would be impossible. He, nevertheless, told Mr
+Carmichael <i>he might go and see</i>. This being mentioned
+to me, I told Mr Carmichael to go on.</p>
+
+<p>After being long detained in the ante-chamber, he had
+an opportunity of delivering his message, and received for
+answer, that the Minister could not possibly see me till the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">353</a></span>
+next Tuesday evening, and that Mr Carmichael should
+call again on Tuesday morning, to be informed whether it
+would be in his power to see me <i>then</i>; that the person so
+long expected was arrived; that he had been preparing
+instructions for him, and would endeavor in the meantime
+to send him to converse with me.</p>
+
+<p>On Sunday, the 3d of September, Don Diego Gardoqui,
+of Bilboa, presented me a note from the Count de
+Florida Blanca, in these words.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments
+to Mr Jay, and recommends to him to form an acquaintance
+with the bearer of this letter, being the person
+in question, whom he had expected from day to day."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is observable, that M. Gardoqui's name is not mentioned
+in this letter, which appears the more singular, as
+the Count had never mentioned to me the <i>name</i> of the
+<i>person expected</i>. This was being very wary. Mr Carmichael
+told me, he took this to be the same person whom
+he saw first at the inn, and afterwards walking in the private
+gardens.</p>
+
+<p>Hence it appears, that these strange delays were not
+unavoidable. Probably, the desire of further intelligence
+of the enemy's operations in America, and the undecided
+state of Mr Cumberland's negotiation, might have given
+occasion to them. To these may perhaps be added an
+expectation that our distresses would render us more
+pliant, and less attached to the Mississippi. But these are
+conjectures, and as men sometimes act without any settled
+system, it may not be prudent to scan their conduct by a
+supposed plan, however probable.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">354</a></span></p>
+
+<p>M. Gardoqui began the conversation by assurances of
+his personal attachment to our cause and country, which
+gave occasion to mutual and complimentary professions
+too unimportant to repeat. I told him, that the holders of
+the bills, after having shown me great forbearance and
+delicacy, were at length perfectly tired; that the house of
+Casa Mayor had sent their bills after me, but that as I was
+not to expect the honor of a conference with the Minister
+until Tuesday evening, at soonest, I had requested time
+till Wednesday to give my answer. I therefore begged
+the favor of him to mention this to the Minister, and obtain
+his directions what I should do. He asked to what
+amount Congress had resolved to draw. I told him. He
+observed, that the Court ought previously to have been
+applied to. In answer to which, I recapitulated the reasons
+before given to the Minister. He dwelt largely on
+the necessities of the State, and I expatiated on the extensive
+ideas entertained of Spanish opulence in America.
+He assured me they were mistaken, and spoke of the
+difficulties occasioned by the detention of their treasures
+abroad. He then remarked, that we offered no <i>consideration</i>
+for the money we solicited. I replied, that we
+offered the same consideration that other nations did who
+borrowed money, viz. the repayment of the principal with
+interest. He asked me if we had nothing further to offer,
+and mentioned ship timber. I said we had ship timber,
+but that as it belonged to individuals, the public could not
+get it otherwise than by purchase, and that it could answer
+no purpose to borrow money with one hand and instantly
+repay it with the other, for that a repayment in money, or
+in ship timber, was the same thing in fact, and differed only
+in name. Besides, that if Spain wanted timber from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">355</a></span>
+America, it would be better in case he went there, that he
+should be charged with that business, than that it should
+be under the direction of Congress, for that public works
+were always more expensive than private. He agreed in
+this. He again asked me whether I could think of nothing
+else to offer. I told him no. Whether there was nothing
+on the side of the Mississippi that I could offer. I told
+him nothing that I could think of except land, and that I
+did not think it would be worth the King's while to buy a
+hundred thousand pounds worth of land there, considering
+the immense territories he already possessed. He inquired
+whether I thought Congress would draw for the whole
+sum. I answered that it was in my opinion not improbable,
+for that they would consider the acceptance of ten or
+twelve thousand dollars as a prelude to further aids, naturally
+supposing, that if the King afforded us any supplies at
+all, they would be such as would correspond with his dignity,
+and not be limited to that little pittance. He desired
+me to meet him the next day at M. Del Campo's, which I
+promised to do.</p>
+
+<p>I shortly after saw the French Ambassador, who among
+other things mentioned the proposed meeting at Del Campo's,
+which, with various other circumstances, shows his
+being on confidential terms with the Minister.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening M. Gardoqui again paid me a visit, and
+pointedly proposed my offering the navigation of the Mississippi,
+as a consideration for aids. I told him that object
+could not come in question in a treaty for a loan of one
+hundred thousand pounds, and Spain should consider, that
+to render alliances permanent, they should be so formed as
+to render it the interest of both parties to observe them;
+that the Americans, almost to a man, believed that God
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">356</a></span>
+Almighty had made that river a highway for the people of
+the upper country to go to the sea by; that this country
+was extensive and fertile; that the General, many officers,
+and others of distinction and influence in America, were
+deeply interested in it; that it would rapidly settle, and
+that the inhabitants would not readily be convinced of the
+justice of being obliged, either to live without foreign commodities,
+and lose the surplus of their productions, or be
+obliged to transport both over rugged mountains, and
+through an immense wilderness, to and from the sea, when
+they daily saw a fine river flowing before their doors, and
+offering to save them all that trouble and expense, and that
+without injury to Spain. He observed, that the present
+generation would not want this navigation, and that we
+should leave future ones to manage their own affairs, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, that is, the 4th of September, I met M.
+Gardoqui at M. Del Campo's. After some unconnected
+conversation, I observed to M. Del Campo, that as all the
+papers between the Minister and myself had passed through
+his hands, it was unnecessary to give him any information,
+except what related to the present state of the bills drawn
+upon me, which I proceeded to state in a short, but particular
+manner. He replied by making several strictures
+on the impropriety of drawing bills without previous notice
+and consent. He remarked, that they might with more
+propriety have been drawn on France, with whom we
+were allied, and who were richer than they; that the
+King must first take care of his own people, before he
+could supply us; that Spain had been brought into the war
+by our quarrel, but received no advantage from us; that
+they had been told of our readiness to assist in taking Pensacola,
+&amp;c. but instead of aids, he had heard of nothing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">357</a></span>
+but demands from us; that our situation was represented
+as being deplorable, and that the enemy talked of the submission
+of some of the States, and of negotiations being on
+foot for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Whether this style proceeded from natural arrogance, or
+was intended to affect my temper, I cannot say; in either
+case, I thought it most prudent to take no notice of it, but
+proceed calmly and cautiously, and the more so as this was
+the first time I had ever conversed with this man. I told
+him in substance, though more at large, that the assurances
+given Congress of the friendly disposition of Spain by M.
+Mirales and others had been confided in, and had induced
+Congress to expect the aids in question. That if this application
+could be called a demand, it was still the first they
+had made to my knowledge; that men in arms against the
+enemies of Spain were serving her as well as themselves,
+and therefore might without impropriety request her aid;
+that our separation from Britain was an object important to
+Spain, and that the success, with which we had opposed her
+whole force for six years, showed what the power of both,
+if under one direction, might be capable of; that I knew
+nothing of Spain's having been drawn into the war by or for
+us, and that this was not to be found among the reasons
+she had alleged for it; that an attack on Pensacola could
+not be expected to be made by troops actually employed
+in repelling the enemy's assaults from their own doors, and
+that the principles of self-defence would not permit or justify
+it; that Spain had much to expect in future from our
+commerce, and that we should be able as well as willing to
+pay our debts; that the tales told of our despondency and
+submission resulted from the policy of the enemy, not from
+fact, and I believed no more of their private negotiations
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">358</a></span>
+between America and Britain, than I did of there being
+private negotiations between Spain and Britain for a separate
+peace, which the Minister assured me was not the
+case; that if on the arrival of the bills, I had been told
+plainly that no money could be advanced, further drafts
+would soon have been prevented; but that a contrary
+conduct having been adopted, other expectations had
+been excited; that as to France, she had done, and was
+still doing much for us, and that her being our ally did not
+confer propriety upon every request that we could make to
+her. He still pressed this point, and complained that the
+greater part of the money heretofore advanced by Spain
+had been laid out in France. He saw that France was
+deriving great commercial advantages from us, but that our
+commerce never would be an object with Spain, because
+all her productions would find a better market in her own
+Colonies. He desired a note of the bills which had arrived,
+and then made some reflections on the proposal of a
+treaty. We agreed perfectly well, that mutual interest
+should be the basis of it, and I added, that the good opinion
+entertained of the King and nation by America, was
+also a pleasing circumstance. He said, however that might
+be, America did not seem inclined to gratify Spain, in the
+only point in which she was deeply interested. Here followed
+much common-place reasoning about the navigation
+of the Mississippi, of which your Excellency has heretofore
+heard too much to require a repetition. He spoke
+also much of the difficulties of Spain, as to money matters,
+saying that their treasures in America could at present be
+of no use to them, as they had given orders that none
+should be sent home during the war, even if it continued
+these ten years; and this was done in order, by stopping
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">359</a></span>
+the usual current of specie into Europe, to embarrass the
+measures which Britain must take to obtain her necessary
+supplies.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th of September, M. Gardoqui brought me
+word, that I might accept the bills of Casa Mayor, amounting
+to one thousand one hundred and ten dollars, which I
+accordingly did. The proposed conference was postponed,
+nor indeed was it obtained until the 23d of September.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th, the French Ambassador's Secretary
+called upon me, by the Ambassador's direction, to inform
+me, that an express was going to Paris, and to know
+whether anything further had been done in our affairs
+since he had seen me. I told him things continued in
+the same situation. He again commenced a conversation
+on the subject, and as he came directly from the Ambassador
+I entered into it. He expressed some concern for
+the delays I met with. I told him such things must be
+expected. He said he hoped I was content with France.
+I replied, that I apprehended France considered an
+interference in our negotiations, as a delicate matter, for that
+as she had probably held up the exclusive navigation of
+the Mississippi, and Gulf of Mexico, among other objects
+to induce Spain to take a part in the war, she might hesitate
+about pressing Spain into a treaty with us on terms,
+that would not comprehend this object. He said M. Gerard
+had reasoned well about those matters, but that he
+did not believe France would be backward, nor indeed
+that she had promised this to Spain to bring her into the
+war. I told him, I should not be surprised to find, that
+the delay arose from a desire of hearing further news from
+America, and probably from Philadelphia. He said, that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">360</a></span>
+could not be the case, for since M. Mirales's death, Spain
+had no person there to give them intelligence. I told
+him that Spain might be waiting the issue of new motions
+respecting the Mississippi in Congress, and that I was sure
+Count de la Luzerne would readily be at the trouble of
+communicating to them any interesting information on <i>that</i>
+or any other subject. Whether he drew any conclusions
+from the manner in which this was said, I cannot say,
+but in a way that looked like exculpating that Minister,
+he told me, that Count de la Luzerne had only mentioned
+to the French Ambassador, that two Members of Congress,
+with whom he had talked over the affair of the
+Mississippi, thought it would be best not to bring on the
+question of the navigation until Spain should become possessed
+of the adjacent country, for that then it might be
+ceded with a better grace. He mentioned no names.
+This explains the letter herein before mentioned. The
+inferences which flow from it are obvious. I incline to
+suspect, that what I said in my letters on that head returned
+here by the same conveyance.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of September, M. Gardoqui delivered me
+the following verbal message from Count de Florida
+Blanca. "That the exigencies of the State would not
+permit his Majesty to provide for the payment of more of
+the bills drawn upon me than had been already accepted."
+I expressed my regret that this had not been told me at
+first, and told him it appeared a little extraordinary that
+the Minister should employ himself and me three months
+in making and answering propositions relative to a loan
+which it was not in his power to make. I touched also on
+the assurances from time to time given me, and intimated,
+that something, which I could not at present see through,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">361</a></span>
+must have caused this change; that I lamented it the
+more, as it would weaken the foundations on which I
+wished to see a cordial union laid between the two
+countries.</p>
+
+<p>I dined with the French Ambassador. He was a little
+out of spirits, and on talking to him on what had happened,
+I told him there was nothing now left but for me
+to apply to France. He encouraged the idea, and agreed
+with me, that the bills ought to be by all means saved from
+protests. He imputed the conduct of Spain to resentment
+against M. Necker, for opposing a certain scheme of
+Spanish finance, which he thought interfered with his
+plan. It is a curious one, but I shall omit it at present,
+as I fear Congress already wish this letter at an end. As
+the Count de Florida Blanca's message to me by M. Gardoqui
+was a verbal one, and might hereafter be denied
+or explained away as convenience might dictate, I thought
+it important to establish it, and for that and other reasons
+which need no explanation, I wrote the Count the following
+letter.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"St Ildefonso, September 14th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"The information I received yesterday from your Excellency
+by M. Gardoqui, has drawn the affair of the bills
+of exchange to a conclusion. He told me, that the exigencies
+of the State would not permit his Majesty to provide
+for the payment of more of those bills than were
+already accepted, amounting to about fourteen thousand
+dollars.</p>
+
+<p>"As it is important that every nation at war should
+know exactly the state of their resources, and as America
+has been induced to consider the friendship of his Catholic
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">362</a></span>
+Majesty as among the number of hers, I must request the
+favor of your Excellency to tell me frankly whether the
+United States may expect any, and what aids from Spain.
+The general assurances of amity, which that country has
+received from this, together with what has passed between
+your Excellency and myself relative to clothing for our
+troops, and supplies of specie in America, will I hope be
+considered as authorising this question; and the more so,
+as M. Gardoqui, to whose arrival your Excellency postponed
+the discussion of these matters, informs me he is
+not instructed to say anything to me on these, or indeed
+any other subjects.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On this day some glorious reports from America arrived.
+It seemed as if she had risen like a giant refreshed with
+sleep, and was doing wonders. I sent the news to the
+Count as usual, without appearing to be affected by his
+late conduct. I began again to be seen, and in a few instances
+to be known.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, the 15th of September, M. Gardoqui
+delivered to me a paper by way of answer to my letter of yesterday
+to the Minister. It is in these words;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>"The following answer has been dictated to me in his
+Excellency's name by Don Bernardo del Campo, to be
+delivered to the honorable John Jay.</p>
+
+<p>"That it is not his Majesty's intention to stop assisting
+the States, whenever means can be found to do it, but that
+it will be impossible to supply them with money in Europe,
+there being none to spare, for that which ought to have
+come this year from America, has neither come, nor is it
+known when it will, and that which would have facilitated
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">363</a></span>
+a far advanced negotiation is likely to produce no effect,
+in a great measure, <i>through the undermining of some persons
+of rank in France</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"The States not giving timely advice, nor having taken
+his Majesty's previous consent, he could not arrange his
+affairs beforehand, in order to assure the acceptance and
+payment of the bills they have drawn, for which reasons,
+and that Congress has not to this day given any tokens
+of a recompense, his Majesty might have just cause of disgust,
+but notwithstanding he does not, nor will change his
+ideas, and will always retain those of humanity, friendship,
+and compassion, that he has had towards the colonies.
+That, consequently, if Mr Jay or his constituents should
+find money upon credit, to the sum of one hundred or one
+hundred and fifty thousand dollars, that his Majesty will be
+answerable for the said sum, payable in the space of three
+years; that his Majesty will besides exert all that is possible
+to assist them with clothing and other things, and,
+finally, in order that his Majesty may extend his further
+dispositions, it is precisely necessary that they should give
+sure and effective tokens of a good correspondence, proposing
+reciprocal measures of a compensation that may
+establish a solid friendship and confidence, without reducing
+it to words and protests of mere compliment.</p>
+
+<p>"This being the substance, I would further suggest to Mr
+Jay's consideration, that the continuance of assisting the
+States by answering the sum expressed in a manner much
+more public than that of paying the money privately, shows
+plainly the sincerity of his Majesty, although the States
+have not to this day proposed any equivalent to the assistance
+already given, and to the expenses occasioned by a
+war, which had its true origin from them, to all which must
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">364</a></span>
+be added, (though by the way no credit is given to it,) that
+there are hints of some understanding between the colonies
+and England.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>St Ildefonso, September 15th, 1780.</i></p>
+
+<p class="signed">JAMES GARDOQUI."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is to be observed, that this paper when first delivered
+was not signed, and suspecting that this omission might not
+be accidental, I mentioned it to M. Gardoqui a day or two
+afterwards. After some hesitation, and doubts of its being
+necessary, he signed it. I made no remarks at all to M.
+Gardoqui on any part of this paper except the last article,
+which I treated with great indignation.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th I wrote a short letter and many copies to
+your Excellency, informing you of the necessity of suspending
+further drafts upon me for the present.</p>
+
+<p>Three days afterwards, I had a long and satisfactory
+conversation with the French Ambassador, in which he was
+very unreserved, candid, and confidential. He read to me
+part of a letter he intended to send to Count de Vergennes
+on our affairs, and justice calls upon me to say, that we
+are obliged to him for it.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of September, I sent the following letter to
+Count de Vergennes by one of the Ambassador's couriers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"St Ildefonso, September 22d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I have never taken up my pen with so much reluctance
+as I now do, although my design is to write a letter to your
+Excellency. But, Sir, there are few sensations more painful
+than those which they experience, who, already covered
+with benefits, are impelled by cruel necessity to ask for
+more. Such is my present situation, and hence proceeds
+my regret.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">365</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"My uniform and unreserved communications to the
+Count Montmorin, who has my fullest confidence, precludes
+the necessity and consequently the propriety of a
+minute detail of American affairs here.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Excellency will recollect the resolution of Congress
+for drawing bills on me, as well as the reasons assigned
+for that measure. In my first conference with the
+Minister on that subject, he enlarged on the necessities of
+the State, but nevertheless told me, he should be able, at
+the end of the present or beginning of the next year, to
+advance thirty or forty thousand pounds sterling, and that
+further arrangements respecting the residue should then be
+made.</p>
+
+<p>"I afterwards received and answered propositions for
+the reimbursement of this money; and from time to time,
+was permitted to accept such of the bills as were most
+pressing.</p>
+
+<p>"Things remained in this state till the 5th of July,
+when, after many warm assurances of friendship and good
+will, the further discussion of these matters was postponed
+by the Minister until the arrival of a person intended to
+succeed M. Mirales, the late Spanish agent at Philadelphia,
+and I was told that they should then be arranged and
+adjusted.</p>
+
+<p>"Several weeks elapsed after the time assigned for his
+arrival had expired. The holders of the bills became importunate,
+and insisting on my accepting or refusing them.</p>
+
+<p>"I wrote several letters to the Minister, requesting his
+directions, but was not favored with an answer to any of
+them.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 3d instant, after fruitless endeavors to see the
+Minister, I received the following note from him by the
+hands of M. Gardoqui;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">366</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>'The Count de Florida Blanca sends his compliments to
+Mr Jay, and advises him to become acquainted with the
+bearer of this letter, who is the person that has been expected
+from day to day.'</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"This gentleman made many remarks tending to show
+the propriety of America's offering some specific consideration
+for this money, and hinted at the navigation of the
+Mississippi, ship timber, vessels, tobacco, &amp;c. &amp;c. I replied,
+that the only consideration Congress could offer,
+was that which all other nations at war, who borrowed
+money, offered, viz. to repay the principal with a reasonable
+interest after the war; that I should deceive him,
+were I to enter into contracts to pay it sooner; that the
+proposition of paying it during the war, in ship timber, tobacco,
+or other articles, did not lessen the difficulty, for
+that these things were worth, and cost money in America,
+as well as in Europe; and that as to the Mississippi, it
+could not come in question as a consideration for one
+hundred thousand pounds. The conversation was concluded,
+by his desiring me to meet him at M. Del
+Campo's the next morning. M. Gardoqui then, and
+since, behaved with temper, candor, and politeness.</p>
+
+<p>"The next day we saw M. Del Campo. He was liberal
+in his censures on the measure of drawing the bills in question
+on Spain. He informed me, that the King must first
+take care of his own people before he gave supplies to
+others; that Spain, instead of deriving advantage from
+America, heard of nothing but demands. That if Congress
+wanted money, they should have drawn on France, with
+whom they were in alliance, and who had all the profit of
+their trade; that we ought to have distinguished between
+our allies, and those who only wished us well, and that applications
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">367</a></span>
+for aid might be proper to the one, which were
+not so to the other; that our affairs were in a ruinous condition,
+and that it was even said some of the States were
+holding secret negotiations for peace with the enemy, &amp;c.
+&amp;c. &amp;c. My replies were such as the subject naturally
+suggested, and as prudence dictated; there are seasons
+when men mean not to be convinced, and when argument
+becomes mere matter of form. On such occasions, we
+have little more in our power than moderation and temper.
+I gave M. Del Campo credit for his frankness, and wish I
+could with propriety have extended it to his delicacy.</p>
+
+<p>"A day or two afterwards, viz. the 6th instant, I was
+permitted to accept bills to the amount of one thousand
+one hundred and ten dollars.</p>
+
+<p>"On the 13th, M. Gardoqui, by order of the Minister,
+told me, that the exigencies of the State would not permit
+the King to provide for the payment of more of the
+bills than had been already accepted, amounting to about
+fourteen thousand dollars. This gave occasion to my
+letter to the Minister of the 14th, and to his answer
+of the 15th, which was dictated by him to M. Del
+Campo, and by M. Del Campo to M. Gardoqui, copies
+of both of which your Excellency will receive from Count
+Montmorin. The Minister's answer made a conference
+between us expedient. I requested that favor the 15th
+instant, and have been informed that the Count de Florida
+Blanca will endeavor to see me on Saturday evening
+next.</p>
+
+<p>"I forbear remarks on this singular conduct. I wish it
+could be explained in a manner compatible with the reputation
+Spain enjoys in North America. I much fear
+partial resentments, which ought not to affect America,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">368</a></span>
+have been permitted to have an undue degree of influence,
+and that the Minister forgot in his zeal for a certain
+scheme of finance, that it was unjust to wound opponents
+through the sides of their friends. But whatever may
+have been the cause; the effect, unless removed, will be
+destructive, and France only can at present afford the
+means of doing it.</p>
+
+<p>"When I consider, on the one hand, that France was
+our first, and is still our best, and almost only friend; that
+she became our ally on terms of equality, neither taking,
+nor attempting to take ungenerous advantages of our situation;
+that she has clothed and armed our troops, and is
+at this moment assisting us with her fleets, her armies, her
+treasure, and her blood; gratitude and generosity forbid
+me to solicit a further tax on her magnanimity. But, on
+the other hand, when I reflect that the loss of American
+credit would be a loss to the common cause, and an eventual
+injury to France; that such an event would be a
+matter of triumph to our common enemy; and of pain to
+our friends; that the honor of Congress, suspended on the
+fate of these bills, now hangs as it were by a hair, and that
+our enemies here and elsewhere are doing all in their
+power to cut it; when I consider, that America would feel
+more sensibly the loss of reputation in this instance, than
+the loss of battles in many others; I say, Sir, when I consider
+these things, I find it to be my duty to request your
+Excellency to interpose the amity of France, and that his
+Majesty will be pleased to add this strong link to the chain
+of benefits, by which he has already bound the affections of
+America to his family and people.</p>
+
+<p>"I ought to inform your Excellency, that bills for about
+fifty thousand dollars remain unaccepted. The greater
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">369</a></span>
+part of these are in the hands of merchants, who waited
+my answer with a degree of patience, I could not have
+expected; some of them ever since the month of June
+last. Further delays, therefore, were not to be asked or
+obtained, and I was reduced to the necessity, either of
+promising to accept them, or permit the credit of Congress
+to perish with them. I could not long hesitate. I promised
+to accept them. Fortunately, these bills have hitherto
+come on slowly, though, it is probable, that the assurances
+of Spain, which I have communicated to Congress,
+may quicken their pace. A period, however, will soon
+be put to their drawing, as I have written to them by several
+conveyances immediately to stop.</p>
+
+<p>"I ought also to inform your Excellency, that a promise
+made me in June last of some clothing for our troops has
+been renewed, and that his Majesty has been pleased to
+offer us his responsibility to facilitate a loan of one hundred
+and fifty thousand dollars. I shall endeavor to make the
+most of this offer, and your Excellency may rest assured,
+that I shall gladly embrace every measure, which may be
+calculated to lessen the weight with which the American
+cause presses on the finances of France.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I also sent a copy of this letter to Dr Franklin, enclosed
+in one of which the following is a copy.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, Sept. 22d, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I have lately written to you several letters. Enclosed
+is a copy of one to Count de Vergennes, which Count
+Montmorin, who also writes to him on the same subject, is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">370</a></span>
+so obliging as to send together with this, by a courier to
+Bayonne.</p>
+
+<p>"The papers you have heretofore received from me,
+with those now sent, will enable you to understand it, and
+I am persuaded your abilities and influence will be exerted
+to promote the success of the application contained in it.
+It appears to me absolutely necessary, that the bills drawn
+on me be saved at all events. If contrary to my ideas of
+the wisdom and affection of France, she should not lend us
+money for the purpose, we must endeavor to borrow it of
+individuals, though at a higher than usual interest; nay, on
+any terms, rather than not get it. Almost anything will be
+better than a protest; for exclusive of the disgrace, which
+is intolerable, the consequences of it would cost Congress
+more than the expense of saving their credit, be it almost
+what it will.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I am, &amp;c.</p>
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Ambassador informed me, that he had received despatches
+from Philadelphia, which gave him and the Court
+great pleasure, viz.&mdash;That Congress had, at the instance of
+the Chevalier de la Luzerne and Don Francisco, agreed to
+make a diversion to the southward in order to facilitate the
+Spanish operations in that quarter; that a noble spirit was
+pervading all ranks of people; that we had been successful
+in Jersey, &amp;c. &amp;c. and in short, that the Chevalier de la
+Luzerne was much pleased with Congress and the general
+aspect of affairs in America. I lamented in silence, that I
+should have no other intelligence of all this, but from a
+French Ambassador.</p>
+
+<p>He informed me further, that he believed we should
+now be able to get some of the clothing taken from the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">371</a></span>
+enemy by Admiral Cordova; that he had, and would continue
+to cherish the idea. We had a long conversation;
+he gave me much good advice, some useful information,
+and many assurances of cordiality and good will.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 23d, I was admitted to the honor
+of a conference with his Excellency the Count de Florida
+Blanca; and M. Gardoqui, who understands Spanish and
+English exceedingly well, performed the part of interpreter.</p>
+
+<p>The following notes of the conference are very exact as
+to every particular.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>Notes of a Conference between his Excellency the Count
+de Florida Blanca and Mr Jay, at St Ildefonso, on
+Saturday Evening, September 23d, 1780</i>.</p>
+
+<p>After the usual civilities the Count began the conference
+by informing Mr Jay, that the Court had received intelligence
+from the Havana, of Congress having so far
+complied with the request made to them to permit the
+exportation of provisions for the use of his Majesty's fleets
+and armies there, as to give license for shipping three
+thousand barrels of flour, circumstances not admitting of
+further supplies at that time; that this business was conducted
+by Mr Robert Morris in a manner with which he
+was well pleased; that Congress had also, in order to promote
+the success of the Spanish operations against Pensacola,
+&amp;c. agreed to make a diversion to the southward, to
+detach a considerable body of regular troops and militia to
+South Carolina under General Gates; that his Majesty
+was well pleased with, and highly sensible of, these marks
+of their friendly disposition, and had directed him to desire
+Mr Jay to convey his thanks to them on the occasion.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">372</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay expressed his satisfaction at this intelligence,
+and promised to take the earliest opportunity of conveying
+to Congress the sense his Majesty entertained of their
+friendship, manifested by these measures. He told the
+Count it gave him pleasure to hear the business of the
+Spanish supplies was committed to Mr Robert Morris, and
+assured him, that the fullest confidence might be reposed
+in that gentleman's abilities and integrity. He requested
+his Excellency again to assure his Majesty, that he might
+rely on the good disposition of Congress, and of their evincing
+it in every way, which the situation of their affairs and
+the interest of the common cause might render practicable
+and expedient. The Count told Mr Jay, that he had
+proposed to the French Ambassador to send to Congress
+for the use of their army, clothing for ten regiments lately
+taken in the convoy bound from Britain to Jamaica, and
+in which the two Crowns were equally interested; that
+the Ambassador approved the proposition, but had not yet
+given his final answer. He then observed, that a negotiation
+for a peace between Britain and Spain appeared
+at present more distant than ever; that the former had
+offered his Majesty everything he could desire to induce
+him to a separate peace; but that the King, adhering to
+the same resolutions in favor of America, which had influenced
+his conduct in his mediation for a general peace
+and since, had rejected them, and that Congress might
+rely on his Majesty's determination never to give up or
+forsake America, but on the contrary continue affording
+her all the aids in his power.</p>
+
+<p>He told Mr Jay, that the Court of London, disappointed
+in their expectations of detaching Spain, had it in contemplation
+again to send Commissioners to America to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">373</a></span>
+treat with Congress on the subject of an accommodation
+with them; that this measure was at present under the
+consideration of the Privy Council, and that there was
+reason to suppose it would be adopted. He observed,
+that the English had hitherto discovered much finesse and
+little true policy; that first they endeavored by their intrigues
+in France to separate that kingdom and America,
+but not succeeding there, they sent Commissioners to America;
+that the last year they attempted to detach France,
+and this year Spain, and that being unsuccessful in both
+they would again attempt America; that the best way of
+defeating their designs was mutual confidence in each
+other. He remarked, that America could not rely on
+any promise of Britain, and asked if she was once detached
+from France and Spain, who could compel an observance
+of them? Mr Jay thanked the Count for this communication,
+and assured him, that Congress would not only
+adhere to their engagements from motives of interest, but
+from a regard to their honor, and the faith of treaties;
+that the opinion of Congress on this subject corresponded
+with that of his Excellency, and that their conduct, with
+respect to the former English Commissioners, gave conclusive
+evidence of their sentiments on the subject. Mr Jay
+promised in case he received any intelligence relative to this
+matter, his Excellency might depend on its being communicated
+immediately to him.</p>
+
+<p>The Count appeared satisfied with this, and again repeated
+his former assurances of the King's good disposition
+towards America, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay informed his Excellency, that the subject on
+which he was desirous of conversing with him, arose from
+the paper he had received from M. Gardoqui the 15th
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">374</a></span>
+instant, containing his Excellency's answer to Mr Jay's
+letter of the 14th.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay then requested the Count to communicate to
+his Majesty his thanks for the offer he had been pleased
+to make, of his responsibility in order to facilitate a loan
+of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and also for the
+promise of clothing, &amp;c. &amp;c. and to assure him, that the
+gratitude of the States would always be proportionate to
+the obligations conferred upon them; he observed to the
+Count, that he intended to attempt this loan in Spain,
+France, and Holland, and begged to be informed in what
+manner he should evidence the responsibility of his Majesty
+to the persons, who might be disposed to lend the
+money, for that in this and other similar cases, he meant to
+be guided by his Excellency's directions. The Count
+replied, that as this matter fell within the department of
+M. Musquir, the Minister of Finance, he would consult him
+upon it on Tuesday evening next, and immediately thereafter
+inform Mr Jay of the result. He then apologized,
+and expressed his regret for not being able to furnish the
+money he had expected to supply (alluding evidently to
+the <i>thirty or forty thousand pounds</i> which, in the conference
+at Aranjues, the 11th day of May last, he said he expected
+to be able to supply by the end of this or beginning
+of next year.) He said he had been disappointed in the
+remittances expected from America, for he was advised,
+that two ships, which he had expected would arrive from
+thence with treasure in December or January next, would
+not come, and that this and other circumstances rendered it
+impossible for him to advance us any money in Europe.
+But that he would, nevertheless, agreeably to the King's
+intentions, give us all the assistance in his power.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">375</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay desired to be informed, whether any steps were
+necessary for him to take for forwarding the clothing at
+Cadiz to America. The Count answered, that he waited
+the French Ambassador's answer on the subject, and that
+he had as yet no inventory of them, but that he would
+again speak to the Ambassador, and make arrangements
+for sending them on to America as soon as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay then proceeded to regret that the pleasure he
+derived from these instances of his Majesty's friendship to
+the United States, was mingled with pain from being informed
+by the abovementioned paper, that the King conceived
+he might have just cause to be disgusted with
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Because, 1st; they had drawn the bills of exchange without
+his previous consent; and, 2dly, because they had not
+given any tokens of a recompense. Mr Jay reminded his
+Excellency that these bills were drawn upon himself, and
+not on Spain, and although that Congress might have
+hoped, for reasons already assigned, to have been enabled
+to pay them by a loan from his Majesty, yet that every
+other usual measure was left open for that purpose. That
+an application to Spain for such a loan could give no
+just cause of offence, for that if it had not been convenient
+to her to make it, all that she had to was to have
+told him so, and he was then at liberty to take such
+measures for procuring it elsewhere as he might think
+proper. The Count replied, that what Mr Jay observed
+was true, but that certainly the bills were drawn with an
+expectation of their being paid by Spain, and that this
+might probably have been done if previous notice of the
+measure had been given. That he always intended to
+have done something towards their payment, but had been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">376</a></span>
+prevented by disappointments, and the exigencies of the
+State. Mr Jay continued to observe, that the second
+cause assigned for this disgust, viz. that Congress had
+given no tokens of a recompense, must have risen from a
+mistake. He reminded his Excellency, that he had never
+requested a donation from Spain, but that on the contrary
+he had repeatedly offered to pledge the faith of the United
+States for the repayment with interest, within a reasonable
+time after the war, of whatever sum his Majesty might be
+so kind as to lend them. To these remarks the Count
+said only, that interest for the money would have been no
+object with them; that they would gladly have lent it to us
+without interest, and repeated his regret at the disappointment
+which had prevented them. He appeared rather
+uneasy and desirous of waiving the subject.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay next called the Count's attention to a part of
+the paper in question, which informed him "that there
+were hints (though no credit was given to it) of some
+understanding between America and the Court of London."
+He observed, that this subject was both delicate
+and important; that so far as this understanding related to
+Congress, or the governments of either of the States, he
+was sure that this insinuation was entirely groundless; that
+there might possibly be intriguing individuals, who might
+have given cause to such suspicions; that if there were
+such men or bodies of men it would be for the good of
+the common cause that they should be detected, and their
+designs frustrated. He therefore requested, that if his
+Excellency had any evidence on this subject, he would be
+pleased to communicate it, and thereby enable him to
+give Congress an opportunity of taking such measures as
+circumstances might render proper. The Count said, he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">377</a></span>
+had nothing specific or particular as yet to communicate.
+That he was pursuing measures for further discoveries,
+and that he would mention to Mr Jay whatever information
+might result from them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay resumed his animadversions on the paper in
+question by observing, that it assured him it was necessary,
+"that Congress should give sure and effective tokens of
+a good correspondence, proposing reciprocal measures of
+a compensation, &amp;c. in order that his Majesty might extend
+his further dispositions towards them." That for
+his part he could conceive of no higher tokens, which one
+nation could give to another of friendship and good will,
+than their commissioning and sending a person for the
+express purpose of requesting his Majesty to enter into
+treaties of amity and alliance with them, and that on terms
+of reciprocity of interest and mutual advantage. To this
+the Count replied, that to this day he was ignorant of these
+terms, and that no particular propositions had been made
+him. Mr Jay then reminded him of his letters from
+Cadiz, and of the conference on the subject at Aranjues
+on the 2d day of June last, in the latter of which, after
+conferring on the subject of aids, and of the treaty, his
+Excellency had promised to reduce his sentiments on both
+to writing, and send him notes on each; that as to the
+first, Mr Jay had received the notes, but not on the last;
+that he had been in constant expectation of receiving them,
+and that delicacy forbade pressing his Excellency on that
+matter, or offering anything further till he should have
+leisure to complete them.</p>
+
+<p>He said he thought he had given them to Mr Jay or Mr
+Carmichael, which both of them assured him he had not.
+Of this the Count appeared after a little time satisfied,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">378</a></span>
+when Mr Jay resumed the subject by remarking, that the
+order of conducting that business appeared to him to be
+this; that as a right was reserved by the Secret Article
+to his Majesty to accede to the treaty between France and
+America whenever he thought proper, and that the latter
+would go into a discussion of any alteration the King might
+propose, that should be founded on reciprocity of interest,
+the first question was whether his Majesty would accede
+to it as it was, or whether he would propose any and what
+alterations.</p>
+
+<p>The Count here interrupted Mr Jay by saying, that the
+interest of France and Spain with respect to America were
+so distinct, as necessarily to render different treaties necessary.
+Mr Jay answered, that admitting this to be the
+case, the treaty with France might be made the basis, and
+then go on <i>mutatis mutandis</i>. The Count proceeded to
+say, that it would not conduce to the general pacification to
+hurry on the treaty; that finding Congress were not disposed
+to cessions, without which the King would not make
+a treaty, he thought it best by mutual services and acts of
+friendship, to continue making way for more condescensions
+on both sides, and not excite animosities and warmth
+by discussing points which the King would never yield.
+That, therefore, Mr Jay might take time to write to Congress
+on the subject, and obtain their instructions.</p>
+
+<p>He said, that previous to Mr Jay's or M. Gerard's arrival
+at Madrid, M. Mirales had informed him that Congress
+would yield the navigation of the Mississippi, but that M.
+Gerard informed him that Congress had changed their
+resolution on that subject; that he had mentioned these
+obstacles to Mr Jay and Mr Carmichael, and it was probable
+that having done this, he had neglected or forgotten to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">379</a></span>
+give Mr Jay the notes in question. Mr Jay here reminded
+his Excellency, that the conference between them of the
+2d day of June last turned among other points on these
+obstacles, and that they had then mutually expressed hopes
+that regulations calculated to remove them in a manner
+satisfactory to both parties might be adopted, and that the
+conferences respecting them were concluded by his Excellency's
+promising to give Mr Jay notes of his sentiments
+on the proposed treaty. The Count admitted this, and
+made several observations tending to show the importance
+of this object to Spain, and its determination to adhere to
+it, saying, with some degree of warmth, that unless Spain
+could exclude all nations from the Gulf of Mexico, they
+might as well admit all; that the King would never relinquish
+it; that the Minister regarded it as the principal
+object to be obtained by the war, and <i>that obtained</i>, he
+should be perfectly easy whether or no Spain procured
+any other cession; that he considered it far more important
+than the acquisition of Gibraltar, and that if they
+did not get it, it was a matter of indifference to him whether
+the English possessed Mobile or not; that he chose always
+to speak his sentiments plainly and candidly on those occasions,
+for which reason he generally acted differently from
+other politicians, in always choosing to commit himself to
+paper, and appealing to the knowledge of the French Ambassador
+and others, who had done business with him, for
+the proofs of this being the principle of his conduct. He
+concluded by saying he would give his sentiments in
+writing on this subject to Mr Jay.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay made no reply to the Count's remarks on the
+navigation, but observing, that being little acquainted with
+the practice of politicians, he was happy in having to treat
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">380</a></span>
+with a Minister of his Excellency's principles. He added,
+that there were many points necessary to be adjusted in
+order to a treaty; that they might proceed to agree upon
+as many as they could, and with respect to the others, he
+should state them clearly to Congress, and attend their
+further instructions.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay then again turned the conference to the paper
+beforementioned, by observing to the Count, that it appeared
+from it, that the King also expected from Congress
+equivalents to the supplies formerly afforded, and also
+the expenses of the war, which it alleged had its origin
+from them. That as to the first he could only repeat what
+he had before said, that a general account of them was
+necessary. That he neither knew the amount of them, nor
+the terms on which they were granted; that it was a transaction
+previous to his appointment; that on being furnished
+with the necessary information, he would transmit it to
+Congress, and wait their instructions; that an expectation
+of an equivalent to the expenses sustained by Spain in the
+war, was inadmissible on every principle. He read the
+passage in question and remarked, that America could no
+more be justly chargeable with the expenses of the war
+sustained by Spain, than Spain could be justly chargeable
+with the expenses of the war sustained by America. The
+Count replied, that Mr Jay had mistaken his meaning, and
+that he urged it merely to show that as the States were
+deriving considerable advantages from very expensive operations
+on the part of Spain, that consideration should incline
+them to more condescension towards the latter.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay assured his Excellency that he knew it to be
+the disposition of Congress to contribute all in their power
+to the success of the common cause, and that they would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">381</a></span>
+on every occasion give proofs of it, and among others,
+that he was confident they would permit his Majesty to
+export from thence, <i>during the war</i>, ship timber and masts
+for the royal navy, and would readily consent to such
+measures as might be proper and necessary for facilitating
+it. He further observed that having been informed by
+M. Gardoqui that his Majesty would like to take and finish
+a seventyfour gun ship now on the stocks in one of the
+eastern ports, on which it was said no work was doing, he
+would with pleasure write to Congress, and propose their
+transferring her to his Majesty at prime cost. That this
+previous step was necessary, as Congress might perhaps
+intend that vessel for particular services, but he was confident
+they would otherwise be happy in indulging his
+Majesty's inclinations. The Count appeared pleased with
+this. He said, that with respect to timber they stood most
+in need at present of yards, and should be glad to obtain a
+supply of them from Congress. That as to the ship, he
+wished to be informed exactly of her present state, and the
+materials wanted to complete and equip her, which he
+observed might be sent from the Havana, and whether a
+crew of Americans could be had to navigate her there.
+Mr Jay replied, that though he was sure that Congress
+would readily give their aid in these and other matters
+interesting to Spain, yet he could not forbear reminding his
+Excellency as a friend, that public business done under the
+direction of public bodies was always more expensive
+than when done by individuals. That, therefore, he would
+submit it to his consideration whether it would not be more
+advisable to commit the management of those affairs to the
+agent, intended to succeed M. Mirales, who, by being on
+the spot, would have opportunities of acting on exact information,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">382</a></span>
+and in a manner more consistent with the views
+of his Excellency. The Count agreed in this opinion,
+and promised to communicate to Mr Jay his further intentions
+on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay informed the Minister, that as his further stay
+here would now be unnecessary, and business called him
+to Madrid, he purposed to return there on Monday next.
+The Count concurred and the conference ended.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Congress will permit me to observe that many things
+in this conference are important, and demand instructions.
+I forbear to point them out, because they are obvious; and
+I take the liberty of giving this hint from a knowledge of
+the delays attending the proceedings of large bodies.</p>
+
+<p>I returned to Madrid on the day appointed; and whether
+to accept or not to accept the bills became a very serious
+question. After reviewing all the reasons for and against
+it, which are numerous, and which Congress will readily
+perceive without a particular enumeration, I determined to
+put a good face on the business, and accept all that should
+be presented, which I have accordingly done, and am daily
+doing. What the event will be I cannot pretend to decide.
+All that I can say is, that my endeavors shall not be wanting
+to render it successful. The responsibility of the King
+will not produce much, and the difficulty of borrowing
+money has been increased, by the number of agents sent to
+Europe for that purpose by several of the different States,
+who I am told have imprudently bidden on each other.</p>
+
+<p>M. Gardoqui returned to Madrid a few days after I did,
+and brought me word from the Minister, that instructions
+should be sent to their Ambassadors in Holland and
+France, to assure in due form the responsibility of the
+King to such persons as might there incline to lend us
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">383</a></span>
+money on the credit of it, and that the Minister would do
+the same here. He told me further, that the Minister
+hoped I would not be discouraged, nor consider this
+only on the dark side, for that it was still his intention to
+afford America every aid in his power. All this I ascribe
+to the exertions of America, and I am confident, that it
+will always be necessary for the United States to be formidable
+at home, if they expect to be respectable anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>For my own part, I shall be disappointed, if I find
+Courts moving on any other principle than political ones,
+and, indeed, not always on those. Caprice, whim, the interests
+and passions of individuals, must and will always
+have greater or less degrees of influence. America stands
+very high here, at present. I rejoice at it, though I must
+confess I much fear that such violent exertions may be
+followed by languor and relaxation. What the plan of this
+Court is with respect to us, or whether they have any, is
+with me very doubtful. If they have rejected all the overtures
+of Britain, why is Mr Cumberland still here? And why
+are expresses passing between Madrid and London through
+Portugal? If Spain is determined that we shall be independent,
+why not openly declare us so, and thereby diminish
+the hopes and endeavors of Britain to prevent it?
+She seems to be desirous of holding the balance, of being
+in some sort a mediatrix, and of courting the offers of
+each by her supposed importance to both. The drawing
+of bills on me was considered as a desperate measure,
+prompted by our imbecility, and was a bad card to play at
+a time we were endeavoring to form a treaty, and when
+prudence demanded that the importance of Spain to us
+should not have been brought forward, or placed in such a
+glaring point of view.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">384</a></span></p>
+
+<p>One good consequence, however, has resulted from it.
+The cordiality of Spain has been tried by it. For I
+know of a certainty, that it was in her power easily to have
+made the loan we asked. Indeed, we shall always be deceived,
+if we believe that any nation in the world has, or
+will have, a disinterested regard for us, especially absolute
+monarchies, where the temporary views or passions of the
+Prince, his Ministers, his women, or his favorites, not the
+voice of the people, direct the helm of State. Besides,
+from the manner in which the war is carrying on, it would
+seem as if it was the design of France and Spain that the
+longest <i>purse</i>, not the longest <i>sword</i>, should decide it.
+Whether such be really their intention, or how far it may
+be politic, I cannot pretend to determine. This, however,
+is certain, that it would be putting the affair on a hard
+issue for us. It is also certain, that some respect is due
+to appearances and probable events, and we should be
+cautious how we spend our money, our men, or our public
+spirit, uselessly.</p>
+
+<p>In my opinion, we should endeavor to be as independent
+on the charity of our friends, as on the mercy of our
+enemies. Jacob took advantage even of his brother's
+hunger, and extorted from him a higher price than the
+value of the Mississippi even for a single dinner. The
+way not to be in <i>Esau's</i> condition, is to be prepared to
+meet with <i>Jacob's</i>.</p>
+
+<p>From what I can learn of the King's character, I am
+persuaded, that a present from Congress of a handsome
+fast sailing packet boat would be very acceptable, and
+consequently very useful.</p>
+
+<p>I am informed, and believe, that a loan from individuals
+in France is impracticable. Here nothing can be done in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">385</a></span>
+that way. What may be expected from the like attempts
+in Holland, I am unable to say.</p>
+
+<p>I have received no answer to my letter to Count de
+Vergennes; the Ambassador informs me, that the Count
+has written him on the subject, and the following is an extract
+from his letter.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"I doubt whether I shall be able to render Mr Jay the
+service he requests of me, independently of what the Ministry
+has furnished the Americans in the course of the
+year. Dr Franklin is urgent for a million extra, to meet
+the drafts of Congress to the 31st of December. I am
+sensible how important it is to prevent them from being returned
+protested, but the difficulty is to find the means. I
+shall do my best in this exigency, but am not sure of success;
+beyond this, it would be impossible for me to go."
+</p></div>
+
+<p>Dr Franklin has obtained some more money from his
+Court, and I am to have twentyfive thousand dollars of it;
+perhaps he may be able to advance more, but how much,
+I cannot say.</p>
+
+<p><i>November 1st, 1780.</i> No orders have as yet been given
+respecting the clothing. I have applied and reapplied,
+and have been promised and repromised. I employed
+Mr Harrison, at Cadiz, (with the Minister's concurrence)
+to make the purchase, and he has several weeks been
+waiting for these orders.</p>
+
+<p>General Gates is defeated, and Mr Laurens in the
+Tower. Our sky in this quarter is again darkened with
+clouds not in my power to dispel.</p>
+
+<p>I had flattered myself with receiving before this time
+some regulations respecting American seamen.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">386</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The house of Le Couteulx have refused to continue
+their care of them, or to advance more money on that account.
+They complain that the American Captains under
+various pretexts refuse to give them passages, without being
+paid for them. This is cruel.</p>
+
+<p>The following are copies of their letter to me on the
+subject, and my answer.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title">LE COUTEULX &amp; CO. TO JOHN JAY.</p>
+<p class="letter_head">"Cadiz, October 3d, 1780.</p>
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"Our supplies for the American sailors amount at this
+day to &mdash;&mdash; We will continue to render them every
+service in our power, but will confess to you ingenuously,
+that if you do not furnish us with an order from Congress,
+by which you empower us to oblige all American Captains,
+who come here, to take a certain number of people, in
+proportion to their bulk, free of passage, and afterwards so
+many more on paying them a certain sum for their provisions,
+we can advance nothing; as all the Captains who
+come here never fail of showing good motives for not taking
+any of their fellow countrymen, without paying them a
+passage, which forces us to let the people go on board neutral
+vessels; and instead of fulfilling your views of sending
+them back as soon as possible, this is a means by which
+they get still further from it, and a great many engage in
+the English service."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title">
+TO LE COUTEULX &amp; CO.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">"Madrid, October 15th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>"I have been honored with your favor of the 3d instant,
+and am much obliged by your attention to the letter it enclosed.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">387</a></span>
+You were not mistaken in supposing that the
+handwriting was mine. That letter was enclosed in one
+for Mr Harrison, and sent under cover to you.</p>
+
+<p>"It gives me concern to find that you have so much
+trouble with American seamen, and I much lament that it
+is not in my power to comply with the terms on which
+alone you incline to continue it. I have written more than
+once to Congress on the subject, and submitted to their
+consideration the propriety of establishing proper regulations
+for the conduct of that business, but as yet I have
+received none. I presume that their attention has been so
+engaged by other matters of higher and more pressing importance,
+as not to have had leisure for making these arrangements.
+The refusal of American Captains to give
+passages to their unfortunate countrymen is certainly unkind.
+I shall communicate to Congress, and I hope
+proper measures will be taken to remove that obstacle.
+At any rate, however, I cannot leave these unhappy captives
+friendless, in a strange country. The unfeeling treatment
+of the Captains rather stimulates than represses my
+commiseration, and, therefore, Gentlemen, as it is not
+convenient to you to proceed in your care of them, but on
+terms not in my power to comply with, I find myself reduced
+to the necessity of requesting that favor from others.
+For this purpose I have written to Mr Harrison of your
+city, and proposed his undertaking it, and have desired
+him in case he consented, to mention it to you. On that
+event I must beg the favor of you to give him such information
+and advice, as may be useful to him in the management
+of those affairs. Be pleased also to liquidate your
+accounts with him; they shall be paid without further
+delay.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">388</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The attention and kind offices you have regularly paid
+to Americans, and the personal civilities that myself and
+family experienced from you, while at Cadiz, will always
+continue to excite my warmest acknowledgments, and lead
+me to omit no opportunity of convincing you of the esteem
+and regard, with which I am, Gentlemen, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I have before mentioned to Congress my difficulties as
+to correspondence. They continue, and I am obliged to
+give Colonel Livingston the trouble of carrying this letter
+to Bilboa, and delivering it with his own hands to the Captain
+of some American vessel. Congress might have letters
+from me every month, if orders were given to the
+Captains of the vessels bringing despatches for me, to send
+a trusty officer with them to me. I know that all are
+opened, and some suppressed, and I can think of no other
+way of avoiding these inconveniences. It is important that
+our correspondence be uninterrupted.</p>
+
+<p>I have written very particularly, perhaps more so than
+may be prudent, but as I think it my duty, I pay no regard
+to consequences. If Congress will be equally well satisfied
+with less minute information, I wish to be told so, that their
+direction on this head may govern me in future. I cannot
+forbear again observing, that few of their proceedings remain
+long secret. I have very good authority for saying
+that copies of the letters, which passed between the Committee
+and the late Commissioners in France, are now in
+the hands of a certain foreigner. How he got them I do
+not know, but such is the fact, and in my opinion it calls
+for more care in future.</p>
+
+<p>If my letters meet with the same fate, my remaining here
+will become a useless expense to my country.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">389</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I think I have written everything material to enable
+Congress to know the exact state of their affairs here. If,
+however, there should be any questions to which an answer
+would be agreeable to Congress, I wish to be informed of
+them; for since I left America, I have made it a rule to be
+always in a capacity to render a reason for every part of
+my conduct, and state with accuracy every fact relative
+to it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> A full account of Mr Cumberland's proceedings in Spain may
+be found in his <i>Memoirs</i> published many years afterwards.</p></div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, November 30th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed certain
+papers from Morocco, viz.</p>
+
+<p><i>No. 1.</i> Containing a letter of the 21st of April last, to
+me from Audibert Caille, who styles himself the "Consul
+appointed by the Emperor for such foreign nations as have
+none of their own in his dominions, to protect the strangers
+who may come to traffic in his ports pursuant to two proclamations
+published last year."</p>
+
+<p><i>No. 2.</i> My answer.</p>
+
+<p><i>No. 3.</i> Copy of M. Audibert's appointment.</p>
+
+<p><i>No. 4.</i> Copy of a declaration of the Emperor, 20th of
+February, 1778.</p>
+
+<p><i>No. 5.</i> A letter from M. Audibert Caille to Congress of
+6th of September, 1779. Also, six printed copies of M.
+Audibert Caille's certificates.</p>
+
+<p>These papers ought to have been sent with my letters of
+May last, but recollecting as I was then about to put them
+up, that if the originals should be lost on the passage, it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">390</a></span>
+might be difficult to obtain others, I thought it most prudent
+to detain them to be copied, and wait for some other
+opportunity of getting them to the sea; none has, however,
+since occurred, and I did not think them of sufficient
+importance to render it necessary that either Mr Carmichael
+or Colonel Livingston should carry them to one of
+the sea ports.</p>
+
+<p>It is proper that your Excellency should be informed,
+that on the 8th instant I had a conference with the Minister
+at the Escurial, in which I received many good <i>words</i>
+and friendly assurances, but time only can decide how
+they will terminate. I received a letter yesterday from
+Mr Harrison, of the 24th instant, and then no orders had
+arrived about the clothing. These delays may seem singular,
+but they are not uncommon. Mr Cumberland is
+still here. The French and English fleets are at sea.</p>
+
+<p>Although appearances are not very flattering at present,
+I hope they will in time become more so. Patience, prudence,
+and perseverance, sometimes effect much. It is
+in my opinion very important that no dissatisfaction be expressed
+in America at the conduct of Spain. Complaint
+and disgust can answer no good purpose, but may be productive
+of many disagreeable consequences. A cautious
+silence is the more necessary, as I am confident that there
+are persons in America, who would make a merit of collecting
+and transmitting the sentiments of Congress, or
+<i>members</i> of Congress, on subjects interesting to the views
+and objects of persons in power here.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Livingston would have returned this fall at the
+expiration of the term expressed in his leave of absence, had
+I not taken the liberty of advising him to remain, and taken
+upon myself to adjust this matter with Congress. As he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">391</a></span>
+is employed, and industrious in obtaining knowledge, which
+may enable him to be useful in future to his country, I
+must join with him in requesting that Congress will be so
+kind as to extend his leave of absence to such further
+period as may be agreeable to them.</p>
+
+<p>The enclosed paper marked No. 6, is a copy of a State
+of the Revenues and Expenditures of Spain, in the year
+1778. It was formed by a Secretary to one of the embassies,
+and a copy of it was given to Mr Carmichael. I
+received it the last day of July, and had no safe opportunity
+of sending it before. What credit may be due to this
+account I cannot determine, and I have reason to think
+that there are few men in the kingdom who can. This
+government, disposed to concealment and mystery in most
+matters, will not probably permit an accurate knowledge
+of their revenues to be easily attained. This account is
+perhaps as near the truth as any other. The gentleman, it
+is said, took much pains in forming it, and it also met with
+the approbation of some foreign Ministers; but how far
+those Ministers were judges of the subject I am uninformed.
+The remarks subjoined to this account are Mr
+Carmichael's, and were added to the copy I received from
+him.</p>
+
+<p>I send copies of several letters, which passed between
+Messrs de Neufville and Son, of Amsterdam, and myself,
+relative to the bills drawn on Mr Laurens.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> The conduct
+of that House has been so friendly and disinterested, that I
+think Congress should be particularly informed of it, and
+by taking proper notice of it, induce others to follow the
+example.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> These have been inserted in the order of their several dates.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">392</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>No. 1.<br />
+FROM D'AUDIBERT CAILLE TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Aranjues, April 21st, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>By order of his Majesty the Emperor of Morocco, I
+wrote on the 6th of September in the last year to the Congress
+of the United States of North America, by way of
+his Excellency Dr Franklin, their Plenipotentiary at the
+Court of France, to inform them of the pacific intentions
+of that sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>Not having yet received any answer on their part, I fear
+they have not received my letter, and by way of precaution,
+send your Excellency herewith joined an open copy,
+that after perusing it, you may make such use of it as you
+may think proper. I also send you a copy of the two
+manifests therein mentioned, as well as a translation of the
+patent of the consuls for foreign nations, with which his
+Majesty the Emperor has been pleased to honor me, and
+some copies of the certificates which he ordered me to
+give to the captains of ships, which sail under his flag.</p>
+
+<p>I wish, Sir, that you may receive all these papers with
+pleasure, and I request your Excellency to honor me with
+an answer, that I may be able to convince his Majesty, the
+Emperor of Morocco, that I have executed the commission
+he gave me to make known to Congress, that the subjects
+of the said United States might come and traffic under
+their own flags, in the ports of the empire of Morocco, in
+the like manner as they formerly did under the English
+flag.</p>
+
+<p>Before I had the commission to write to Congress I had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">393</a></span>
+already written on this subject to his Excellency Dr Franklin,
+and I offered to interest myself cheerfully in establishing
+a good understanding between his Majesty, the Emperor
+of Morocco, and the Northern United States.</p>
+
+<p>In case that Congress should be equally well pleased
+to be at peace with his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco,
+it will be proper to instruct the captains of American armed
+ships to let freely pass all ships sailing under the flag of his
+Majesty, the Emperor, and will be provided with a certificate
+similar to the within mentioned copies.</p>
+
+<p>I shall probably be obliged to remain here some days;
+as soon as my business shall be despatched, I shall set out
+for Cadiz, and from thence go to Salé, the place of my
+residence.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever your Excellency may be pleased to honor me
+with your orders, you may address your letters to Messrs
+Paul Greppi, Azarino, and Company, merchants at Cadiz,
+who will take care to forward them to me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am with profound respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>No. 2.<br />
+TO D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your favor of the 21st day of April, 1780, with the
+papers enclosed in it, has come safe to hand.</p>
+
+<p>The declaration of his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco,
+does honor to his liberality and wisdom, and I shall with
+great pleasure transmit the copy of it, as well as of the
+other papers enclosed with it, to his Excellency the President
+of Congress.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">394</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Although I have no particular instructions on the subject,
+yet the knowledge I have of the sentiments of Congress
+enables me to give assurances of their disposition to
+cultivate peace and harmony with all nations. I am persuaded
+that his Majesty's declaration will be very agreeable
+to them, and that a correspondent conduct on their
+part towards the subjects of Morocco, will convince him of
+the truth of these assurances. I am much obliged to you
+for this mark of attention, and I flatter myself that by
+extending your good offices to such Americans as may resort
+to the ports of Morocco, they will have reason to consider
+you among the number of their friends.</p>
+
+<p>Should anything interesting to America occur in Morocco,
+I request the favor of you to communicate it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>No. 3.<br />
+
+COPY OF M. D'AUDIBERT CAILLE'S APPOINTMENT.</h3>
+
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Copy of a French translation of a writing in Arabic, the
+most authentic of those that are written at the Court of his
+Majesty the Emperor of Morocco.</p>
+
+<p>"Let the name of the only God be praised; there is
+neither wisdom nor power but what proceeds from the
+Lord most high and most mighty.</p>
+
+<p>"We make known by this our present and generous
+writing, that we have appointed the Christian, D'Audibert
+Caille, who is the bearer hereof, to officiate as consul for all
+those nations who have no consuls in our dominion, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">395</a></span>
+who are, the empire of Germany, Russia, Prussia, Naples,
+Sardinia, Rome, Tuscany, the States of America, Genoa,
+Ragusa, Hamburg, Lubec, and Dantzic; all of whom
+may come into our ports, and each of them there traffic
+under the flag of his nation, such as it may be. The said
+consul will assist them, by our order, in whatever may be
+useful to them in like manner as the other consuls do towards
+the subjects of their nations. And all the officers
+and governors of our ports will acknowledge him for a
+consul as they do the other consuls, and whichsoever of
+the said nations shall come into our ports, they shall not be
+molested by any of our officers or commandants whatsoever,
+of our ports. To all our captains whom we shall
+order to cruise by sea, the said consul will give a passport,
+and we renew our order to him to hoist the flag of peace
+at his house, without being therein opposed by anybody.
+He may also hoist it in any port whatever, where he may
+have a house of commerce, and he shall be mediator between
+us and the said nations, because we esteem him.
+Given the 8th of the moon of Alcahda, 1193. (1st of November,
+1779.)"</p>
+
+<p class="signed">Signed by the Emperor.</p></div>
+
+<p>We, Stephen d'Audibert Caille, a French merchant
+resident at Salé, appointed by his Majesty, the Emperor
+of Morocco, consul of those foreign nations who have
+none in his dominions to protect them in that capacity
+on all occasions, and to be mediator between him and
+those nations, certify to all whom it may concern, that
+the above copy is conformable to the original, compared
+by Don Miguel Cassori, the interpreter of his Catholic
+Majesty. In faith of which we sign the present certificate,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">396</a></span>
+sealed with the seal of the consulate of peace at Salé.
+Done at Aranjues, where I happen to be in passing, the
+21st of April, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">S. D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>No. 4.<br />
+Translation.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_subtitle">
+<i>Copy of the Declaration, which his Majesty the Emperor
+of Morocco (whom God preserve) orders to be notified
+to all the Consuls and Christian Merchants, who reside
+in the Ports of Tangier, Salé, and Mogadore, dated the
+20th of February, 1778.</i></p>
+
+<p>
+"That in future all vessels, which carry Russian, German,
+Prussian, Hungarian, Neapolitan, Sardinian, Tuscanian,
+Genoese, Maltese, or American flags, may freely
+enter into the ports of his dominions; and in consequence
+of his determination, he has given orders to the commanders
+of his vessels, that they let freely pass, all ships and
+other vessels carrying the said flags without molesting
+them. To the end, that they may arrive at his ports, take
+refreshments, and enjoy in them the same privileges and
+immunities, with those of the other nations with whom
+his Imperial Majesty maintains peace."
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I, the underwritten, employed by his Imperial Majesty
+for foreign affairs, certify, that the contents of the preceding
+declaration are conformable to the truth. And in faith
+thereof, I sign this present certificate. At Salé, the 30th
+of October, 1779.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">PEDRO UMBERT.</p>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">397</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We, Stephen d'Audibert Caille, a French merchant
+residing at Salé, appointed by his Majesty, the Emperor
+of Morocco, to be consul of the foreign nations who have
+none in his dominions to protect them in that capacity on
+all occasions, and to be mediator between him and those nations,
+certify, whom it may concern, that the said Don
+Pedro Umbert, who has signed the above certificate, is
+employed for foreign affairs at the Court of Morocco, and
+that in the said quality faith is to be given to his signature.
+In witness whereof we sign these presents, sealed with the
+seal of the consulate of peace, at Salé, the 1st of December,
+1779.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">S. D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>No. 5.<br />
+D'AUDIBERT CAILLE TO CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Salé, September 6th, 1779.</p>
+
+<p>In quality of a French merchant, who has resided in this
+town since the year 1773, and whom his Majesty, the Emperor
+of Morocco, has lately named consul for those foreign
+nations who have none in his dominions to protect the strangers
+who might come to traffic in his ports, in pursuance of
+the two manifestoes which he published last year, I have
+the honor to inform your Excellencies, that it is his intention
+to be at peace with the United States of North America,
+and that their subjects can come to trade freely in his ports
+under American colors, with the like safety with those of
+the principal maritime powers in Europe who enjoy peace
+with him. Besides the good reception, which the governors
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">398</a></span>
+of the ports of this empire will give to the subjects of
+the United States of North America, I will on my part
+render them all the services, which may depend upon
+me as consul for those foreign nations who have none,
+and as being charged to invite them to come and traffic
+freely in these ports, in like manner as they formerly did
+under the English flag.</p>
+
+<p>In order that I may be able to convince his Majesty,
+the Emperor of Morocco, that I have executed the commission
+he gave me to write as above to the Congress, I
+entreat your Excellencies to be pleased to honor me with
+an answer. If you think proper to write at the same time
+to his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, relative to what I
+have written to you on his part, I will take care to obtain
+a very satisfactory answer; and I offer to interest myself
+very willingly, as far as may depend upon me, that a treaty
+of peace may be made between his Majesty, the Emperor
+of Morocco, and the United States of North America,
+nearly similar to those which the principal maritime powers
+have with him.</p>
+
+<p>That this letter may the more safely pass to you, I address
+it to his Excellency Dr Franklin, your Plenipotentiary
+with his Most Christian Majesty. Your Excellencies
+may answer me through the same channel, or directly by
+the way of Cadiz, addressing your letter to the Sieurs Paul
+Grippi, Azarino, and Company. My address is, to Stephen
+d'Audibert Caille, consul for those foreign nations who
+have none in the dominions of his Majesty the Emperor of
+Morocco, residing at Salé, or simply "to D'Audibert, Santigo,
+and Company," which is that of my house of commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, with the most profound respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">399</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>No. 6.</h3>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>General State of the Revenues and Expenses of Spain in
+the Year 1778.</i></p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">REVENUES.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Spanish Revenues">
+<tr><td class="lt"></td><td class="ct">Reals de vel.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Provincial duties,</td><td class="rt">70,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Duties on tobacco,</td><td class="rt">55,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Duties on salt,</td><td class="rt">20,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Duties on wool,</td><td class="rt">17,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">General duties,</td><td class="rt">48,060,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Duties on brandy,</td><td class="rt">4,525,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">2 per cent duty on the Octrois, former grants</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of the Crown,</td><td class="rt">500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Taxes on the houses in Madrid,</td><td class="rt">1,200,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">1. King's domain in the Serrara,</td><td class="rt">140,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Post office and couriers,</td><td class="rt">34,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Tax on cards,</td><td class="rt">1,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Stamp paper,</td><td class="rt">4,312,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Tax on the taverns in Madrid,</td><td class="rt">196,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Various revenues farmed,</td><td class="rt">6,418,552</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">2 Manufacture of glass at St Ildefonso,</td><td class="rt">1,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">3 Manufactures of St Ferdinando and</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Guaudalaxa,</td><td class="rt">1,800,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Extraordinary effects,</td><td class="rt">35,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Books of Advocates and Attorneys,</td><td class="rt">62,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Fines in the chamber of Castille,</td><td class="rt">72,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Effects in the same chamber,</td><td class="rt">786,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Tax on the Grand Masters,</td><td class="rt">1,800,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Do. arising from the secular annals and</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">&nbsp;&nbsp;vacancies,</td><td class="rt">1,300,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Royal lottery,</td><td class="rt">4,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Cruzada,</td><td class="rt">20,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">4 Effects of the kingdom of Navarre,</td><td class="rt">47,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">American revenue<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>,</td><td class="rt">200,600,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Clergy,</td><td class="rt">13,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt"></td><td class="rt">&mdash;-&mdash;-&mdash;-&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt"></td><td class="rt">562,273,152</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">400</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">EXPENSES.</p>
+
+<div class="center">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Spanish Expenses">
+<tr><td class="lt"></td><td align="right">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reals de vel.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">The Court<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>,</td><td class="rt">108,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">5 Land forces,</td><td class="rt">204,202,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">6 Marine,</td><td class="rt">100,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Secretary of the Indies,</td><td class="rt">8,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Department of Finance,</td><td class="rt">4,500,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">Favers and justice,</td><td class="rt">1,100,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">To support the tribunals,</td><td class="rt">8,422,769</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">7 Secretary of state and foreign affairs,</td><td class="rt">9,873,288</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt">8 Extraordinary expenses,</td><td class="rt">30,000,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt"></td><td class="rt">&mdash;-&mdash;-&mdash;-&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="lt"></td><td class="rt">474,598,251</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>I subjoin the result of my inquiries touching the articles
+marked No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.</p>
+
+<p>No. 1, 2, 3. The sums mentioned in the preceding
+statement as arising from the revenues numbered as above
+may be deducted, as concurrent testimony induces me to
+believe, that the expenses consume near the whole of the
+revenue.</p>
+
+<p>No. 4. I have been also assured, that this article is
+much exaggerated.</p>
+
+<p>No. 5. The expenses of this establishment have greatly
+increased, but I have not been able to ascertain the sum.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">401</a></span></p>
+
+<p>No. 6. I have heard from good authority, that the expenses
+of the marine in 1776 amounted to one hundred
+and twentyfour millions of reals, owing to the expedition
+against Portuguese America. In 1777 they amounted to
+eightyeight millions of reals, and in 1779 to near four
+hundred millions of reals; which information induces me
+to conclude, that there were great arrears of the expenses
+of 1778, or that the estimate for that year is not exact.</p>
+
+<p>No. 7, 8. The expenses of these departments have
+greatly augmented.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> The American revenue is difficult to ascertain from this circumstance;
+that not arriving regularly and annually, it is necessary to
+have the receipts for several years to be able to form an exact calculation
+of the modium communibus annis.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> The birth of the Infant has increased the Court expenses.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, November 30th, 1780.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>I have had the honor of receiving from you a letter of
+the 16th of June, and another of the 12th of July, 1780,
+with the several papers mentioned in them. With respect
+to the subjects of the first, you will find them fully discussed
+in my letter to the President of Congress, which
+will accompany this. The description of the bills will, I
+hope, answer good purposes.</p>
+
+<p>How far the resolution, which immediately follows the
+one respecting Mr Dohrman, can be fully executed, is hard
+to determine. Had I funds necessary for the purpose, I
+should meet with few difficulties. The measure is a wise
+one, and my attention to it shall be unremitted. In a future
+letter I shall say more on this subject; as yet nothing has
+had time to ripen.</p>
+
+<p>I must request your attention to the necessity of putting
+your correspondence with the public servants in Europe
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">402</a></span>
+on a better footing. I am now at the expense of sending
+Colonel Livingston to the sea side with my despatches,
+with orders to wait for American vessels, and deliver them
+to the Captain with his own hands. I receive no letters
+by the post, but with marks of inspection, and after much
+delay. Some that I write never come to hand, and I
+know of letters having arrived from America for me, which
+I have never seen, and never expect to see. I know of
+but one man at the sea ports whom I can confide in, viz.
+Mr Harrison, at Cadiz. I cannot even find a courier, that
+I can depend on. Is it not time for America like other
+nations to provide against these inconveniences by proper
+regulations and establishments? Would it not be well to
+have American agents or consuls in one or more of the
+ports of France and Spain? Public despatches might be
+sent by packet boats, or other vessels to these agents, and
+should on no account be delivered to any other person;
+the agents might be ordered to send them to the Courts, to
+which they may be directed, by a trusty American; one
+of the officers of the ship, for example; and he should be
+ordered to wait for, and return with, the despatches of the
+Minister.</p>
+
+<p>Would it not also be proper to provide for the safe conduct
+of letters to Congress after their arrival in America?
+I have reason not only to suspect, but to believe, that certain
+persons in America are attentive to these matters, and
+care should be taken to keep American letters out of their
+way.</p>
+
+<p>This is an important subject and merits attention. For
+my own part I find several persons here, who have more
+intelligence from America than myself; and it is the more
+mortifying when considered, that they are probably often
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">403</a></span>
+indebted for their information to the contents of letters
+directed to me.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">In Congress, February 15th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Congress having since their instructions to you of the
+29th of September, 1779, and 4th of October, 1780,
+relative to the claim of the United States to the free navigation
+of the river Mississippi, and to a free port or ports
+below the thirtyfirst degree of north latitude, resumed the
+consideration of that subject, and being desirous to manifest
+to all the world, and particularly to his Catholic Majesty,
+the moderation of their views, the high value they
+place on the friendship of his Catholic Majesty, and their
+disposition to remove every reasonable obstacle to his accession
+to the alliance subsisting between his Most Christian
+Majesty and these United States, in order to unite the
+more closely in their measures and operations three powers
+who have so great a unity of interests, and thereby to
+compel the common enemy to a speedy, just, and honorable
+peace; have resolved, and you are hereby instructed
+to recede from the instructions above referred to, so far as
+they insist on the free navigation of that part of the river
+Mississippi, which lies below the thirtyfirst degree of north
+latitude, and on a free port or ports below the same; provided
+such cession shall be unalterably insisted upon by
+Spain; and provided the free navigation of the said river,
+above the said degree of north latitude, shall be acknowledged
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">404</a></span>
+and guarantied by his Catholic Majesty to the citizens
+of the United States in common with his own subjects.
+It is the order of Congress, at the same time, that
+you exert every possible effort to obtain from his Catholic
+Majesty the use of the river aforesaid, with a free port or
+ports below the said thirtyfirst degree of north latitude for
+the citizens of the United States, under such regulations
+and restrictions only, as may be a necessary safeguard
+against illicit commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_long">SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, <i>President</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN JAY</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">February 20th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The President sends you instructions passed in Congress
+the 15th.</p>
+
+<p>Personally, I am mortified that no letters from you since
+September 16th have reached us. We have not waited
+for the minute information promised in yours of that date,
+nor have we received any notice of your receipt of our instructions
+of October 4th, before we discussed anew the
+old subject. There has been unfair dealing with your despatches.
+I apprehend that we are allowed to see only
+sentiments somewhat different from yours. Perhaps the
+enclosed memorandum may be some clue to your scrutiny.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th of January, Congress resolved to establish
+an office for foreign affairs, which I hope will make your
+station more easy and reputable. I wish most earnestly to
+have a choice made of the secretary, to whom I may deliver
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">405</a></span>
+all the papers in my possession connected with his
+duty.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, your friend and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JAMES LOVELL,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;<i>For the Committee</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">March 9th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>You will herewith receive gazettes and journals, also a
+resolve respecting the complete ratification of the articles
+binding the Thirteen States as a confederated body. The
+delay of that business appears now like all the other circumstances
+of our rise and growth; for the present is
+really the best of all times for that particular event. Our
+enemies have been ripening themselves for this capital
+<i>mentitis</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We have no letters from you or Mr Carmichael later
+than those mentioned in my last, a copy of which attends
+this.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, your friend and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JAMES LOVELL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, March 22d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I ought, and wish to write your Excellency a long
+letter, but not by the post. The French fleet is not yet
+sailed. It will, in my opinion, be late in the summer before
+the fleet at Rhode Island will be reinforced. This
+Court has promised me one hundred and fifty thousand
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">406</a></span>
+dollars. Some clothing is now shipping on account of
+Congress from Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p>Russia has offered her mediation to England and the
+States-General. The latter have accepted it. The answer
+of the former (if given) is not known here. If she
+should refuse, Russia will probably take part with the
+Dutch; if she accepts, she will doubtless be obliged
+either to agree to terms consistent with the armed neutrality,
+or continue the war. The consequences of either are
+obvious.</p>
+
+<p>M. Necker has published a state of the French finances,
+much to his honor and their credit. Perhaps a complimentary
+order to translate and publish it would be useful.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Cumberland will set out on his return, through
+France, in a few days.</p>
+
+<p>This letter is intended to go by Captain Trask, from
+Bilboa. I am told he will sail much sooner than had been
+given out, and that unless my letters go by this evening's
+post, they would arrive too late. Hence I am obliged to
+write in haste, and say little, there being no time for
+cyphers. I have received some letters from your Excellency.
+Their dates shall be mentioned another time.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, April 25th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have had the honor of receiving your Excellency's
+letters of the 6th and 17th of October last, with the enclosures.
+They arrived the 30th day of January last. There
+is more than reason to suspect, that the French Court
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">407</a></span>
+were apprised of their contents before they arrived, and to
+believe that the construction of the treaty, by which the
+navigation of the Mississippi is supposed to be comprehended
+in the guarantee, does not correspond with their
+ideas on that subject. This Court continues pertinaciously
+to insist on our ceding that navigation, nor will they, as
+yet, listen to any middle line. Whether this be their
+real motive for declining a treaty with us at present, or
+whether the bills drawn upon me have inspired an expectation
+of profiting by our necessities, or whether they
+flatter themselves with a future majority of Congress on
+that point, or whether they choose, by continuing free
+from engagements with us, to be better enabled to improve
+to their advantage the casualties of the war, are questions
+which still remain undecided. Indeed, the movements of
+this Court in general, when compared with the great rules
+of national policy applicable to their situation, is so inexplicable,
+that I should not be surprised, if it should appear in
+future, that they had no fixed system whatever.</p>
+
+<p>My last particular letter informed your Excellency, that
+having, in September last, been told that his Majesty
+could not advance us any money, but could be responsible
+for a loan to the amount of one hundred and fifty thousand
+dollars, I determined to continue accepting the bills, to
+attempt the loan, and by a representation of my situation
+to the French Court, endeavor to save the necessity of
+protesting them for non-payment.</p>
+
+<p>I tried to borrow here on the security of this responsibility,
+but without the least success. I attempted it in
+France, but it would not do. I made the like attempt in
+Holland, and a gleam of hope appearing there, I was about
+improving it, when a letter from America informed me,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">408</a></span>
+that Mr Adams was authorised to execute the business,
+which had been committed to Mr Laurens. I had heard
+before of his being in Holland, but did not know the object
+which had called him there. Several letters passed between
+Messrs De Neufville and myself on the subject of
+this loan. The following is a copy of my last to them
+about it.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<h3>TO DE NEUFVILLLE &amp; SON.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">"Madrid, January 8th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Gentlemen,</p>
+
+<p>"I have had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the
+4th ult. together with the one referred to in it.</p>
+
+<p>"England has, it seems, declared war against the United
+Provinces, and that in a style of such eminent superiority,
+as I am persuaded will remind your countrymen, that the
+United Netherlands are not comprehended among the territories
+depending on the Crown of Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>"The English Ministry, by charging the States with
+having acted under French influence, intend to alarm their
+national pride, and, by making Holland the particular object
+of their resentment, to sow the seeds of dissensions
+among them, and render that most important Province
+obnoxious to the others. The tone of the whole declaration
+is that of a nation going rather to give correction to
+disobedient vassals, than to war upon a free and independent
+people. It could have been assumed only upon a
+persuasion, that the same supposed timidity, to which they
+ascribed the long forbearance of the Dutch under multiplied
+insults and injuries, would, on this ostentatious display
+of terror, reduce them to the humiliating measure of
+imploring forgiveness for having acted like freemen, and
+purchasing peace at the expense of their honor and liberty.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">409</a></span>
+Every other nation must expect better things of you, and
+can never believe, that the present generation will want
+firmness to assert the rights and vindicate the honor of a
+Republic, which owes its very existence to the glorious
+spirit and magnanimity of its ancestors.</p>
+
+<p>"It gives me great satisfaction to hear that Mr Adams
+has conversed with you on the subject of a loan, and I am
+persuaded that business will be much advanced by it.
+The impropriety of two loans at a time is evident. My
+chief motive in proposing one at the time I did was, that
+no time might be lost by the absence of Mr Laurens, in
+prosecuting a measure, which appeared to me highly useful
+to my country. I have no views or objects separate from
+her, and, provided she is effectually served, I am well content
+that the honor of doing it should devolve on others.
+As the management of our affairs in your country is committed
+to Mr Adams, I request the favor of you to give
+him all the aid in your power. When that gentleman went
+to Holland, I was ignorant of the business which called
+him thither; and the first knowledge I had of it was from
+America, long after Mr Laurens's capture. It cannot now
+be necessary, that my name should appear in the affair of
+the proposed loan, but should it be in my power to be useful,
+Mr Adams may rely upon my zealous endeavors to
+promote that, and every other measure for the public good.
+Indeed, as matters now stand, delicacy forbids me to interfere
+further than as a mere auxiliary to Mr Adams, to
+whom, and to whose affairs I beg you to extend the influence
+of that generous regard for America, which has
+placed you so high in the esteem of</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"Gentlemen, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">410</a></span></p>
+</div>
+<p>My last particular despatches contained a copy of my
+letter to Count de Vergennes, requesting his aid. I received
+from Count de Montmorin an extract of a letter
+he had received from the Minister on that subject, in
+which he mentions the advances made to Dr Franklin,
+and the improbability of his being able to assist me, but
+concluded with saying, he would do his best. Shortly
+after, I received a letter from Count de Vergennes, which
+left me without hopes of succor from that quarter, except
+that Dr Franklin promised to accept my drafts to the
+amount of twentyfive thousand dollars.</p>
+
+<p>In December following, I had a long and interesting
+conference with Count de Florida Blanca, the particulars
+of which it is not necessary minutely to enumerate by this
+opportunity. He expressly promised me one hundred
+and fifty thousand dollars. As the bills afterwards became
+due, I applied for money to pay them, and received it to
+the amount of thirtyfour thousand eight hundred and eighty
+dollars.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th of March I sent him a list of the bills payable
+in April, which amounted to eightynine thousand and
+eightythree dollars.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th, I was informed that the payment of this
+sum could not then be possibly made, but that the balance
+due on the one hundred and fifty thousand dollars promised,
+should be paid in the course of six months.</p>
+
+<p>I communicated this matter to the Ambassador of
+France, and I must do him the justice to say, that his conduct
+on this occasion merits our thanks. All he could
+obtain from this Court was, that the amount of the April
+bills should be paid me in six equal monthly payments.
+This arrangement still leaving me unprovided with the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">411</a></span>
+means of satisfying the approaching demands, the Ambassador
+made personal application to a rich banker here, and
+on his personal credit and my consenting that the aforesaid
+six monthly payments should be applied to the repayment,
+obtained a loan for me of the whole sum wanted for April.
+I have passed my note for it, payable as soon as possible,
+with interest at the rate of six per cent. But this provision
+not extending beyond April, the fate of the bills payable
+in the succeeding months still remained dubious.
+That nothing in my power might be left undone, I sent on
+the 1st of April an express to Dr Franklin representing to
+him my true situation, and the injuries our credit would
+sustain from the protest of a single bill drawn by order of
+Congress. I desired him to communicate my letter to
+Colonel Laurens, to whom I also wrote on the subject.
+The express returned on the 19th instant, with a letter
+from Dr Franklin, by which I am authorised to draw upon
+him as occasion may require, to the amount of one hundred
+and fortytwo thousand two hundred and twenty dollars,
+towards paying the bills that become due between
+May and September.</p>
+
+<p>My endeavors, however, to obtain further aids from
+Spain, shall not be relaxed. They seem very desirous of
+having the ships of the line, still unfinished on the stocks at
+Boston and Portsmouth. I have written to your Excellency
+on this subject, and have as yet received no answer. When
+I consider that the state of our finances has so long prevented
+the completing those ships, and the difficulties heretofore
+experienced in providing for those in service; when
+I recollect that the finishing and fitting out those ships will
+bring money into our country, and probably prepare the
+way for Spain's building more vessels in it, and lastly, when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">412</a></span>
+I consider how much these ships seem to be an object, I
+am almost prevailed upon to engage positively that Spain
+shall have at least one of them at prime cost. To exercise
+a power not clearly within the limits of those confided
+to me, is a delicate and disagreeable business. This is
+the first time I ever found myself disposed to hazard it,
+and yet so many circumstances lead me to think, that the
+public good would be promoted by the sale of these ships,
+that in case I should be again pressed on this subject, I
+believe I shall run the risk, from a persuasion that though
+such conduct ought not to be approved or encouraged by
+Congress, yet that when directed by the purest motives,
+and for the best purpose, it may obtain forgiveness.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed a copy
+of the invoice of prize clothing, taken by Admiral Cordova,
+and presented by the Courts of France and Spain to Congress.
+The Count de Montmorin was very much an
+American on this occasion also. Mr Harrison, at Cadiz,
+has my orders to ship these goods in different vessels to
+America; part of them is now on the ocean, and the rest
+will soon follow. Your Excellency will receive a letter of
+advice with each parcel from Mr Harrison, of whom I have
+a very good opinion. He charges no commission for doing
+this business, being contented with the satisfaction of serving
+his country.</p>
+
+<p>I have often mentioned to Congress the necessity of
+more effectual provision for our captive seamen; for want
+of money I cannot pay that attention to them, which their
+misfortunes and usefulness demand. I am already greatly
+in arrears on their account, and Mr Harrison, unless reimbursed,
+must soon stop his hand.</p>
+
+<p>Portugal, though overawed by France and Spain, fears
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">413</a></span>
+and perhaps loves England; her conduct will be determined
+by future events. The Minister here has promised
+me to interpose the good offices of his Court with that of
+Lisbon in our behalf. In time something good may result
+from it. I have not received a line from Mr Dohrman; I
+fear he is obliged to be very circumspect and cautious.
+The letters herewith enclosed from Dr Franklin were left
+open for my perusal, the short stay of my courier not
+allowing time for copies to be made of the information conveyed
+in and with them. The intercepted letters will be
+found interesting. One of them ascertains the price paid
+Arnold.</p>
+
+<p>I perceive that Dr Franklin desires to retire. This
+circumstance calls upon me to assure Congress, that I have
+reason to be perfectly satisfied with his conduct towards
+me, and that I have received from him all the aid and
+attention I could wish or expect. His character is very
+high here, and I really believe that the respectability, which
+he enjoys throughout Europe, has been of general use to
+our cause and country.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency may rely on my cordially adopting and
+pursuing any measures, that can conduce to the enlargement
+of Mr Laurens, and I regret that no occasion has yet
+offered in which I could do anything towards the attainment
+of that desirable object.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Cumberland is on the road home. I much suspect
+that he was sent and received, from mutual views in the
+two Courts of deceiving each other. Which of them has
+been most successful is hard to determine. I believe in
+point of intelligence, England has had the advantage. As
+to the assurances of the Minister on this subject, they are
+all of little consequence, because on such occasions Courts
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">414</a></span>
+only say what may be convenient; and therefore may or
+may not merit confidence. Time and circumstances will
+cast more light on this subject.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever we may get from this Court is clear gain.
+We have no demands upon it, and if we had, are not in a
+capacity to insist upon them. In my opinion, therefore, it
+is of the utmost importance to avoid appearances of discontent,
+and rather to impress other nations with an opinion of
+the friendship of Spain for us, than otherwise. Indeed, I
+really believe the King means well towards us, and that
+the Prime Minister is also well disposed; but whether as
+much can be said of the Minister's confidential and I believe
+influential secretary, M. Del Campo, is by no means
+a clear point. It is proper that Congress should know, that
+the gentleman intended to succeed M. Mirales was recommended
+by M. Del Campo, with whom he has long been
+on terms of intimacy and friendship.</p>
+
+<p>I have nevertheless no room to doubt of this gentleman's
+attachment to our cause, though I am inclined to think his
+conduct will be conformable in a certain degree with the
+views of his patron. This ought to remain a secret. He
+is still here, although he expects daily to be despatched.</p>
+
+<p>I represented the case of the Dover cutter to the Ministry
+here the 22d of June last. In December I obtained a
+promise that it should be appraised, and the value paid to
+the captors, and two days ago I was again assured, that
+measures were taking to bring this matter to a conclusion.
+<i>Festina Lente</i> seems to be the first maxim in Spanish politics
+and operations. It is the fashion of the country and
+strangers must conform to it.</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate Congress on the victory obtained by General
+Morgan, and the success of the French in the Chesapeake.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">415</a></span>
+The enclosed gazette contains much good news
+from the East Indies. These events will probably give
+Lord George Germain other ideas than those which appear
+in his intercepted letters.</p>
+
+<p>M. Toscan, who goes to reside as Vice Consul of
+France at Boston, will carry this letter to America, and
+perhaps to Philadelphia. He was ready to set out when
+my courier returned from France. I was obliged to delay
+my letters till his arrival, and M. Toscan has been so obliging
+as to wait till I could complete them.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">In Congress, May 28th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your letter of the 6th of November last, detailing your
+proceedings from the 26th of May down to that period,
+has been received by the United States in Congress assembled.
+At the same time was received your letter of
+the 30th of November, with the several papers therein referred
+to.</p>
+
+<p>It is with pleasure, Sir, I obey the direction of Congress
+to inform you, that throughout the whole course of your
+negotiations and transactions, in which the utmost address
+and discernment were often necessary to reconcile the respect
+due to the dignity of the United States with the
+urgency of their wants, and the complaisance expected by
+the Spanish Court, your conduct is entirely approved by
+them. It is their instruction that you continue to acknowledge,
+on all suitable occasions, the grateful impression
+made on these States by the friendly disposition manifested
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">416</a></span>
+toward them by his Catholic Majesty, and particularly
+by the proofs given of it in the measures which he has
+taken, and which it is hoped he will further take, for preserving
+their credit, and for aiding them with a supply of
+clothing for their army. You are also authorised and
+instructed to disavow, in the most positive and explicit
+terms, any secret understanding or negotiation between the
+United States and Great Britain; to assure his Catholic
+Majesty, that such insinuations have no other source than
+the invidious designs of the common enemy, and that as
+the United States have the highest confidence in the honor
+and good faith both of his Most Christian and of his Catholic
+Majesty, so it is their inviolable determination to take
+no step, which shall depart in the smallest degree from
+their engagements with either.</p>
+
+<p>Should the Court of Spain persist in the refusal intimated
+by its Minister to accede to the treaty between the
+United States and his Most Christian Majesty, or to make
+it the basis of its negotiation with you, the difficulty, it is
+conceived, may easily be avoided by omitting all express
+reference to that treaty, and at the same time conforming
+to the principles and tenor of it; and you are accordingly
+authorised so far to vary the plan of your original instructions.
+As his Most Christian Majesty however may justly
+expect, in a matter which so nearly concerns him, and
+which was brought into contemplation in the treaty he so
+magnanimously entered into with these States, the strongest
+marks of attention and confidence, you will not fail to maintain,
+in the several steps of your negotiation, a due communication
+with his Minister at the Court of Spain, and to
+include his interests as far as circumstances will warrant.</p>
+
+<p>You are authorised to acquaint his Catholic Majesty
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">417</a></span>
+that not only entire liberty will be granted, during the war
+at least, to export naval stores for the royal marine, but
+that every facility will be afforded for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>As Congress have no control over the captains of private
+vessels, however proper your hints may be of obliging
+them to give a passage to American seamen returning
+home from foreign ports, and to send an officer with despatches
+intrusted to them for foreign Ministers, it is impracticable
+to carry them into execution, you will therefore
+continue to provide for these objects for the present, in
+the best manner you can. As soon as the United States
+are in condition to establish consuls in the principal ports of
+the States with which they have intercourse, the difficulty
+will be removed; or if any other practicable remedy be
+suggested in the meantime, it will be applied.</p>
+
+<p>The letter, of which you enclose a copy, from Stephen
+d'Audibert Caille, styling himself consul for unrepresented
+nations at the Court of Morocco, had before been received
+through the hands of Dr Franklin. If you shall have no
+objection to the contrary, you will correspond with him,
+and assure him in terms the most respectful to the Emperor,
+that the United States in Congress assembled entertain
+a sincere disposition to cultivate the most perfect
+friendship with him, and that they will embrace a favorable
+occasion to announce their wishes in form.</p>
+
+<p>The generous and critical services rendered these United
+States by Messrs Neufville and Son, have recommended
+them to the esteem and confidence of Congress. You will
+signify as much to them, and that their services will not be
+forgotten, whenever a proper occasion offers of promoting
+their interests.</p>
+
+<p>Your intimation with respect to complimenting his Catholic
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">418</a></span>
+Majesty with a handsome, fast sailing packet-boat,
+claims attention; but the variety of public embarrassments
+will render the execution of it very uncertain.</p>
+
+<p>Congress agree to an extension of Colonel Livingston's
+furlough, till the further order of Congress, which you will
+make known to him.</p>
+
+<p>Your letter of the 16th of September last was received
+on the 4th day of December. No bills have been drawn
+on you since. That of the 28th of January was received
+on the 27th day of April; and in consequence of it the
+sale of the bills already drawn, but then remaining on hand,
+was countermanded.</p>
+
+<p>By a letter from Mr Carmichael, dated the 22d of February,
+and received on the 27th of April last, Congress
+are informed that you had received despatches from them
+dated in October. These must have contained their instructions
+to you to adhere to the claim of the United
+States to the navigation of the Mississippi. A reconsideration
+of that subject determined Congress, on the 15th day
+of February last, to recede from that instruction so far as
+it insisted on their claim to the navigation of that river below
+the thirtyfirst degree of north latitude, and to a free
+port or ports below the same. On the receipt of this latter
+instruction, Congress have little doubt that the great obstacle
+to your negotiations will be removed, and that you will
+not only be able without further delay to conclude the proposed
+alliance with his Catholic Majesty, but that the liberality
+and friendly disposition manifested on the part of the
+United States by such a cession, will induce him to afford
+them some substantial and effectual aid in the article of
+money. The loss attending the negotiation of bills of exchange
+has been severely felt. A supply of specie through
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">419</a></span>
+the Havana would be much more convenient and acceptable.</p>
+
+<p class="signed_long">SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, <i>President</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Aranjues, May 29th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>My last to your Excellency was of the 25th ult. and
+was the more particular, as Mr Toscan, who is appointed
+Vice Consul of France at Boston, and was the bearer of
+it; he sailed from Bilboa.</p>
+
+<p>On the 18th instant I received from Mr Lovell three
+letters written on one sheet, viz. 20th of February, 9th and
+31st of March last. No other copies of these letters ever
+reached me. They arrived at Cadiz in the Virginia; but
+the papers and journals said to accompany them never
+came to my hands, nor have I received any letters from
+your Excellency since January last.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23d instant I waited upon his Excellency, the
+Count de Florida Blanca, and informed him of the facts
+stated in the above memorial. He said, he had not as yet
+heard anything upon the subject; that there was such an
+ordinance, and that prudence demanded that the admission
+of letters from abroad, especially in time of war, should
+be under the direction of government. That the situation
+of North America rendered new regulations necessary,
+that he would turn his thoughts to it, and do what should
+appear equitable. The next day I sent him Mr Harrison's
+memorial in a letter on the subject of it.</p>
+
+<p>As this letter will go by the post, I must omit being
+minute about many matters, which I wish to communicate
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">420</a></span>
+to Congress. Cyphers would probably impede the progress
+of this letter, if not stop it.</p>
+
+<p>The captors of the Dover cutter still remain unsatisfied.
+My first memorial on that subject was dated and presented
+the 22d of June last. In the winter I was promised, that
+the prize should be appraised, and the value paid. At
+present I am assured that informations about it are taking.</p>
+
+<p>M. Gardoqui, it is said, will set out in June. If a safe
+conveyance, which I am encouraged to expect in about
+a fortnight's time, should offer, I shall write your Excellency
+a long letter, and mention the dates of my former
+ones. If not, I shall take another method, not proper to
+explain in this letter, which, notwithstanding its different
+covers, will, I doubt not, be inspected before it reaches
+Cadiz.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, June 4th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I enclose a resolve of Congress, of May 24th, respecting
+an interest of Messrs Dumain and Lyon, with their petition
+annexed. I also add the copy of a resolve of September
+the 27th, 1780, and of a short letter of mine to a gentleman
+in Teneriffe, to serve as a memorandum in case you
+have not already procured justice for Mr Magnall and his
+associates, who took the Dover cutter. Mr McCarrick
+of Santa Cruz is knowing to all the circumstances of that
+affair. Magnall has been unfortunate from the time he
+left this place last October; he is now here. I do not
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">421</a></span>
+know whether this is the matter referred to in the letter of
+Mr Carmichael of December 24th, where he says, "The
+Minister also engaged to do justice to certain Americans,
+who carried a British privateer to the Canaries." I send
+you an extract from instructions given to Dr Franklin concerning
+M. d'Audibert Caille, which may serve to govern
+your conduct towards that gentleman.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Your humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JAMES LOVELL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, June 15th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th I transmitted to you a resolve of May 24th,
+respecting an interest of Messrs Dumain and Lyon, with
+their petition annexed. You will herewith receive other
+copies of those papers by opportunities, which the party
+concerned will industriously find. I recommend the business
+afresh to your attention, those worthy men having
+already met with vexatious delays on this side of the
+water.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With much esteem I am, Sir, your friend,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JAMES LOVELL.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, July 4th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>The derangement of our money affairs, the enormity of
+our public expenditures, the confusion in all our departments,
+the languor of our general system, the complexity
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">422</a></span>
+and consequent inefficacy of our operations; these are
+some among the many reasons which have induced Congress
+to the appointment of a Superintendent of Finance.
+I enclose you copies of their resolutions on that subject,
+with such other papers as will fully explain to you my appointment
+and powers.</p>
+
+<p>The use of this office must be found in a progress
+towards the accomplishment of these two capital objects,
+the raising a revenue with the greatest convenience to the
+people, and the expenditure of it with the greatest economy
+to the public.</p>
+
+<p>The various requisitions of Congress to the several
+States, none of them entirely complied with, create a considerable
+balance in favor of the United States, and the
+claiming this balance is delivered over to me as revenue;
+while on the other hand, the dangerous practice of taking
+articles for the public service and giving certificates to the
+people, has created a very general and a very heavy debt.
+The amount of this debt is swelled beyond all reasonable
+bounds, nor can the extent of it be at present estimated.
+These things need no explanation, but it may be proper
+to observe, that if the certificates were not in my way,
+there is still an infinite difference between the demand of
+a balance from the States, and an effectual revenue. The
+latter can be obtained only in consequence of wise laws
+generally adopted, and as generally executed with vigor
+and decision. Were all that is necessary on these heads
+accomplished, something further would still remain to be
+done, in order that the produce of taxes should he subject
+to the sole and absolute disposition of the United States,
+or of their officers. To you who are acquainted with republican
+governments, it is unnecessary to observe on the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">423</a></span>
+delays which will arise, the obstacles which will be raised,
+and the time which will be consumed, in placing the revenue
+of America on a proper footing. Yet this is absolutely
+necessary before credit can be established, and the
+indispensable supplies obtained on terms of economy.</p>
+
+<p>To reform our expenditure is an object of equal importance
+with the other, and it is in some degree within my
+power, as you will perceive it to have been subjected to
+my authority. But even here I find myself trammeled
+by the want of necessary funds. To contract, for instance,
+with any one, in order to obtain bread for our troops, requires
+the previous certainty of being able to make the
+stipulated payments. And so in every other case, I shall
+be unable to act with decision, unless I have the command
+of money. On the other hand, the people will bear with
+great reluctance the necessary imposition of heavy burthens,
+while they can perceive any want of arrangement,
+method, or economy, in the administration of their affairs.</p>
+
+<p>If for a moment we suppose, that this country, amid the
+confusions of a revolution, and the rage of war, could be
+governed with all the regularity, wisdom, and prudence,
+of ancient and peaceable nations; yet we must be convinced,
+that no annual revenue she is able to raise could
+equal the annual expense in an offensive war against so
+powerful a nation, as that which we now contend with.
+A great balance, therefore, must remain, and it must be
+provided for by loans or subsidies.</p>
+
+<p>To expect loans within the United States, presupposes
+an ability to lend, which does not exist in any considerable
+number of the inhabitants. The personal property, not
+immediately engaged, either in commerce or the improvement
+of lands, was never very considerable. Little as it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">424</a></span>
+was, it has been greatly diminished by the pernicious effects
+of a depreciating medium. This expedient, which was
+adopted in the beginning from necessity, and too pertinaciously
+adhered to in the sequel, has not only exhausted
+the funds of those who might have been willing to trust
+the United States, but it has so wounded our public credit,
+that even the will would be wanting if the ability existed,
+which as I said before, it really does not.</p>
+
+<p>While we have neither credit nor means at home, it is
+idle to expect much from individuals abroad. Our foreign
+credit must be nurtured with tenderness and attention before
+it can possess any great degree of force, and it must
+be fed by substantial revenue, before we can call it into
+active exertion or derive beneficial effects from its application.</p>
+
+<p>All reasonable expectation, therefore, is narrowed down
+to the friendly interposition of those sovereigns, who are
+associates in the war. From Holland, we can properly
+ask nothing; nor is she, I believe, in a capacity to grant
+it if we did ask. The active efforts of France require all
+the resources of that great nation, and of consequence the
+pecuniary aid which she affords us can but little advance
+the general cause, however it may relieve our immediate
+distress.</p>
+
+<p>We must then turn our eyes to Spain, and we must ask
+either loans or subsidies to a very considerable amount.
+Small sums are not worth the acceptance. They have the
+air of obligation without affording relief. A small sum,
+therefore, is not an object to the United States, for they
+do not mean to beg gratuities, but to make rational requests.</p>
+
+<p>As Congress have empowered you to remove the obstacles,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">425</a></span>
+which have hitherto impeded your negotiations, you
+will doubtless proceed with prudent despatch in forming
+the important treaties, which are to be the basis of our
+national connexion. Your own integrity, and the dispositions
+which you certainly feel, as the true representative
+of your Sovereign, to gratify the wishes of his Catholic
+Majesty, will give you just claim to the confidence and
+friendly support of his Ministers. And on the other hand,
+his Majesty's known piety and justice, will certainly induce
+him to facilitate a permanent union between the two countries,
+and to overturn that power, whose ambition is known,
+felt, and detested, throughout the habitable globe.</p>
+
+<p>Having a perfect confidence in the wisdom of his Majesty's
+Ministers, I must request that you will submit to their
+consideration the reasons, which operate in favor of
+the advances we expect. In doing this, it will immediately
+strike you and them, that the enemy carries on the
+operations against us at an expense infinitely greater than
+that by which they are opposed. By enabling us, therefore,
+to increase our resistance, and redouble our offensive
+efforts, the British will be reduced to the necessity of increasing
+their force in America, or of submitting beneath a
+decided superiority. Either must be fatal to them. In
+the first instance, they will be crushed by the weight of
+expense; and, in the second, they must, while they lose
+an actual force, and part forever with the object in contest,
+feel the increased weight of the American arms, and make
+head against those resources, applied to a marine, which
+are now consumed in land operations.</p>
+
+<p>Money ought, therefore, to be supplied to us from the
+Havana, which will at the same time save the risk of
+transporting it to Europe, while, as I have already observed,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">426</a></span>
+it must, when employed among us, absolutely ruin
+the common enemy. For, when once they are driven
+from the United States, they must, at a considerable expense,
+defend, or, at a great loss, relinquish the rest of
+their American possessions; and, in either case, the resources
+of this country will enable France and Spain to
+carry on operations for the subjection of the British
+Islands.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to our finance, I am further to observe,
+that the resolutions of Congress, of the 18th of March,
+1780, have neither been so regularly adopted by the
+States as was hoped and expected, nor been productive of
+those consequences, which were intended. It is unnecessary
+to travel into the causes, or to explain the reasons of
+this event. The fact is clear. The new money is depreciated,
+and there is the strong evidence of experience to
+convince us, that the issuing of paper, at present, must be
+ineffectual. Taxation has not yet been pursued to that
+extent, which was necessary. Neither is it reasonable to
+expect that it should. Time has been required under all
+governments to accustom the people by degrees to bear
+heavy burdens. The people of America have so patiently
+endured the various calamities of the war, that there is
+good reason to expect they will not shrink at this late hour
+from the imposition of just and equal taxes. But many
+arrangements are necessary to this purpose, and, therefore,
+an immediate pecuniary assistance is the more necessary
+to us. Our debts, under which I comprise, as well those
+of the individual States, as those of the Union, are but
+trifling, when we consider the exertions which have been
+made. The debt I have already mentioned on certificates
+is heavy, not from the real amount, but because it is beyond
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">427</a></span>
+what the supplies obtained were reasonably worth,
+and because it impedes taxation and impairs its effects.
+But the amount of other debts so small, that a few years
+of peace would bring it within the bounds of a revenue
+very moderate, when compared with the wealth of our
+country. You well know the rapid increase of that
+wealth, and how soon it would relieve us from the weight
+of debts, which might be in the first instance very burdensome.
+There can, therefore, be no doubt, that we shall
+be able to pay all those, which it may be necessary to
+contract. But, as I have already observed, our great
+difficulty is the want of means in our people, and of credit
+in our government.</p>
+
+<p>It gives me, however, very great pleasure to inform
+you, that the determined spirit of the country is by no
+means abated either by the continuance of the war, the
+ravages of our enemy, the expense of blood and treasure
+we have sustained, or the artifices, falsehoods, and delusions
+of an insidious foe. These last become daily more
+and more contemptible in America, and it appears equally
+astonishing, that they should longer attempt them here, or
+boast the success of such attempts in Europe. Uniform
+experience has shown the futility of their efforts, and the
+falsehood of their assertions. I know they take the advantage
+of every little success to vaunt the prowess of their
+troops and proclaim hopes of conquest, which they do not
+feel. But those, who know anything of our history or situation,
+must have the utmost contempt for all these gasconades.
+It is impossible they should make impression upon
+any but weak minds, and I should hardly have thought of
+mentioning them, but I learn by letters from Spain, that
+men, who are uninformed, have been led into misapprehensions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">428</a></span>
+from circumstances, which were here considered
+as trivial and even favorable.</p>
+
+<p>I could hardly have supposed that our enemies had still
+the folly to repeat, as I am told they do, that there is an
+English party in America. Bribes and deceit have induced
+some wicked and weak men to join them; but
+when we consider the sums they have expended, and the
+falsehoods they have used, our wonder is not, that they
+have got so many, but that they have gained so few. The
+independence of America is considered here as established;
+so much so, that even those of equivocal character
+accustom themselves to cherish the idea; for the doubt is
+not now, whether an acknowledgment of it will take place,
+but when that acknowledgment will be made. Our exertions
+also, in the present moment, are not so much directed
+to establish our liberties, as to prevent the ravages
+of the enemy, abridge the duration and calamities of the
+war, and faithfully contribute to the reduction of a power,
+whose ambition was equally dangerous and offensive to
+every other.</p>
+
+<p>All reasonings on this subject must be deeply enforced,
+by paying attention to what has happened in the Southern
+States. The progress of the enemy, while in appearance
+it menaced the conquest of that extensive region, tended
+only, in effect, to exhaust him by fruitless efforts, so that at
+length a handful of men have rescued the whole from his
+possession. The attack on Virginia (if the piratical incursions
+there can deserve that name) has been equally futile.
+The commanders may indeed have enriched themselves
+by plunder, and many worthy families have been distressed;
+but what is the consequence? Indignation and
+resentment have stimulated even the weak and indolent to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">429</a></span>
+action. The wavering are confirmed, and the firm are
+exasperated, so that every hour, and by every operation,
+they create enemies, instead of gaining subjects.</p>
+
+<p>Our armies, though not very numerous, are powerful.
+The regular troops are so much improved in discipline and
+the habits of a military life, that they are at least equal to
+any troops in the world. Our militia are becoming more
+and more warlike, so as to supply the wants of regular
+troops, when the enemy (taking advantage of that convenience,
+which their ships afford them) transfer the scene of
+action from one place to another. The number of the
+British diminishes daily, and of consequence, our superiority
+becomes daily more decisive. The greatest plenty
+of subsistence is to be had for our armies, and the prospects
+from the present harvest are beyond all former experience.
+I wish I could add, that clothing and military
+stores were as abundant as those other requisites for war.
+This is not the case; our soldiers, indeed, are well armed,
+and, in some degree, they are clothed. We have also
+ammunition abundantly sufficient for the common operations
+of the field. But many of our militia are unarmed,
+and the sieges, which will be necessary to expel the enemy,
+must make a heavy deduction from our military stores.</p>
+
+<p>The proposed siege of New York will soon be commenced,
+and would undoubtedly be successful, if we could
+maintain a decided superiority at sea. This must depend
+on contingencies, which are not in our power, nor perhaps
+in the power of any human being. I am not without hopes,
+even if we should not possess that superiority; but the
+expense will, from the want of it, be very considerably
+enhanced, and this is a circumstance which I cannot but
+deplore, for I repeat it again, the want of money can alone
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">430</a></span>
+prevent us from making the greatest exertions. What our
+exertions have already been, our enemies themselves must
+acknowledge, and while from insidious views, they assert
+that they could not make an impression on us with ninety
+thousand soldiers and seamen, we are certainly authorised
+to conclude from this confession, that these States form a
+considerable balance in the scale against them.</p>
+
+<p>I am now, therefore, again led to reiterate my request
+of a considerable sum of money from Spain; for I also
+again repeat, that small sums are not worth our acceptance,
+and I may add, they are unworthy the dignity of his Catholic
+Majesty. There can be no doubt, nor will the Spanish
+Ministry deny, that there is a considerable risk in transporting
+their money from the new world to the old, besides,
+that when expended there, it necessarily runs through the
+different channels of commerce, to feed the wants and invigorate
+the forces of the enemy. There is, therefore, a
+double policy in expending a part of it here, where it can
+not only be brought with safety and despatch, but be employed
+to an immense advantage, when compared with its
+effects in Europe. If it be asked, what advantages Spain
+will derive in particular during the war, and what recompense
+can be made her after the peace? I answer, that the
+weakening more the common enemy by a given sum, is in
+itself a great advantage, and that to do this, by sparing the
+blood of Spanish subjects, is an advantage still greater. I
+add, that when relieved from the enemy, we may assist
+her in the reduction of the Floridas and Bahamas, and,
+perhaps, of Jamaica. We shall then, also, be in a situation
+to secure Nova Scotia, thereby depriving Great Britain
+of her principal resource for ship-timber, and enable us
+to furnish that essential article to the navy of Spain, on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">431</a></span>
+cheaper and better terms, than it can be had elsewhere.
+On this last subject, I have further to observe, that there is
+hardly anything in which the maritime power of Spain is so
+much interested; for if we do not possess that country, it
+will be impracticable to furnish those supplies of masts and
+spars, which both France and Spain may stand in need
+of; so that, of consequence, their positive and absolute
+strength at sea will be the less, while that of the enemy is
+positively and absolutely greater. The comparative inferiority,
+therefore, will be still more considerable. Nor is
+this all. A marine requires men, as well as ships. The
+fisheries and collieries are two pillars, which support the
+marine of Britain, so far forth as seamen are required. But
+it is evident, that the fisheries could not long continue in
+her hands, if she were deprived of Nova Scotia. Here
+again, we are also to consider, that there is an immense
+difference between that patient resistance, whose opposition
+must at length weary the enemy into granting our independence,
+and those vigorous active operations, which may
+wrest from them their present possessions. Money is
+necessary for the latter, and I can say with confidence, that
+money alone is necessary.</p>
+
+<p>But to return. The advantages which will flow to
+Spain at a peace, from giving effectual aid to our finances
+now, will be, in the first place, the common compensation
+of repayment, should his Catholic Majesty prefer loans to
+subsidies. The having expelled the English from the Bay
+of Mexico, and having, by that means, prevented the contraband
+commerce, so destructive to his revenue, will be
+another striking advantage, which cannot have escaped the
+penetration of his Ministers. But this is not all. The
+opening a port in East Florida, on the shores of the Atlantic,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">432</a></span>
+under proper regulations and restrictions, would enable
+us to carry on a commerce very advantageous to Spain, because
+we could furnish all such supplies of provisions, &amp;c.
+as their possessions might stand in need of, and in return,
+take at port, cocoa, logwood, Nicaragua wood, and, indeed,
+any other commodities, which his Catholic Majesty should
+find it for the advantage of his dominions to permit the exportation
+of. Our commerce with Spain is also, in itself,
+a very considerable object. At this moment, we take
+from thence wine, oil, fruit, silk, cloth, &amp;c. And after the
+conclusion of the war, our remittances of wheat, corn, fish,
+and naval stores, will be of very great consequence to the
+commerce of that country. Another article of commerce
+will be the building of ships, which can be had on cheaper
+and better terms here than elsewhere; and there can be
+no doubt but that the construction of ships in this country
+is equal, if not superior, to that in any other. Even now,
+ships might be built on his Majesty's account, though by
+no means so cheaply as in times of peace; besides that,
+as there is now no seasoned timber in the country, such
+ships would not be durable, and, therefore, it might, perhaps,
+be imprudent to get any more than are immediately
+necessary.</p>
+
+<p>To all the other advantages, which would arise to his
+Catholic Majesty, I may add, (although that is not so properly
+within my department,) the security, which his dominions
+would derive from our guarantee. This is an advantage,
+which must be the more evident from a consideration
+of what might have happened, had this country continued
+in union with Great Britain, and had Great Britain pursued
+those schemes of universal empire, which the virtue and fortitude
+of America first checked, and which it is the object
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">433</a></span>
+of the present war to frustrate. Our enemies do, I know,
+allege, that our weakness is unable to withstand them, and
+that our force is dangerous to Spain. The serious refutation
+of such absurd contradictions would involve an absurdity.
+It may not, however, be improper to observe,
+that the attention of this country, for a century past, has
+been, and for a century to come, most probably will be,
+entirely turned to agriculture and commerce. We must
+always, therefore, be useful neighbors, and never dangerous,
+except to those who may have views of dominion.
+Spain can never be in this predicament, though the British
+may and will. Their solicitude, therefore, to inspire apprehensions
+of us is, and ought to be, the strongest argument
+against entertaining them. But, if this evident reasoning
+did not exist, still the conduct of Congress, with
+regard to his Catholic Majesty, has been so just, and even
+generous, not only in being willing to secure his rights, but
+to gratify him by foregoing their own, that there is not
+room for the shadow of suspicion. This conduct, I should
+suppose, would alone have weight sufficient to procure
+what it is my object to request, if the other very cogent
+and conclusive reasons for it did not apply. And, after
+all, if it be considered how much greater is the interest of
+Spain at the vigorous continuance of the present war,
+than that of any other of the associates, I cannot permit
+myself one moment to doubt of your success. I am the
+more sanguine from the character of the Catholic King,
+and of his Ministers, for wisdom, candor, and integrity.
+These qualities will, I am sure, meet such corresponding
+dispositions in the United States, that the most thorough
+harmony and coalition must inevitably take place. This is
+an object of the greatest importance to both countries.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">434</a></span>
+Mutual benefits and the reciprocation of good offices will
+endear a connexion between them, and their interests require
+that this connexion should be of the closest kind.</p>
+
+<p>In every point of view, therefore, that we can consider
+the subject, the advance I have mentioned must appear alike
+beneficial. If the Governor of Cuba, or any other person,
+were duly authorised, stipulations might even now be
+entered into for furnishing all necessary supplies of provisions
+to the fleets and armies of his Catholic Majesty,
+which would certainly facilitate their operations. The advance
+of money also by Spain would enable the fleets and
+troops of France to subsist cheaper than at present, because
+it would tend to raise the exchange here, which is
+now too low.</p>
+
+<p>Your own good sense will suggest to you many other
+most forcible arguments, as well as the proper time and
+manner of applying them. It is necessary to mention, that
+the sum of five million dollars may, perhaps, be sufficient
+for our present emergencies; but if a greater sum can be
+obtained, we shall thereby become more extensively useful.
+Whatever the grant may be, it will be proper that it
+be sent hither in some Spanish ships of war from the
+Havana, or advanced to us there; in which latter case,
+we will devise the means of bringing it away. Whether
+to ask for subsidies, or loans, as well as the terms on
+which either are to be obtained, these, Sir, are objects,
+which you are fully competent to determine upon. I have
+only to wish that your applications may meet with that
+success, which I am confident you will not fail to merit.
+As the means of facilitating your views, I shall apply to
+the Minister of his Most Christian Majesty here, to write
+on the same subject to the French Ambassador at Madrid.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">435</a></span>
+The generous conduct of France gives just ground of reliance
+on her friendly assistance; and you are too well
+convinced of this, not to act in the most perfect harmony
+with the servants of that Court, especially on an occasion
+so important as the present. I need not stimulate your
+activity, by observing how precious is every moment of
+time in those affairs, on which the fate of Empires depends;
+nor need I suggest the importance of a treaty, and
+particularly a subsidiary treaty with Spain, in that moment,
+when the judgment of Europe is to be passed on the
+fate of America. For, however impracticable it may be
+to subdue us, it is undoubtedly of moment to hasten the
+approach of that period, when the acknowledgment of our
+independence shall give the blessings of peace to so many
+contending nations. To spare the present lavish effusion
+of blood and treasure, is a serious object with those, who
+feel, as you do, the emotions of benevolence; and I am
+confident, that the patriotism, which has inspired your conduct,
+will prompt you to obtain a peace honorable for your
+country and advantageous to her friends. The only probable
+method to effect these things, is a thorough union of
+forces and resources, to reduce the pride and power of
+that aspiring nation, whose ambition embroils the universe.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">With all possible respect, I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT MORRIS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, July 7th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>This will accompany my former letter of the 4th instant,
+which you will perceive to be so written, as that it may be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">436</a></span>
+shown, if necessary, to the Spanish Minister. You will
+make such use of it as prudence may dictate. I would
+gladly now give you details of our situation and plans for
+reforming it, but I have not yet sufficiently obtained the
+one, nor matured the other. Whenever I am in capacity
+to apprize you fully of these things, you shall hear from
+me at large on the subject. At present I can only inform
+you that a sum of hard money will, from particular circumstances,
+afford us relief and turn to our advantage far
+beyond what might be supposed from the amount. Although
+I have stated the demand at five millions, yet I
+beg you will take as much as you can obtain, though it be
+far short of that sum. But at the same time, I repeat,
+that a very small one is not worth the acceptance. Knowing
+our wants to be great, you will judge properly as to
+what we can accept consistently with our dignity.</p>
+
+<p>I enclose you a cypher, and with the duplicate of my
+letters I will send you another. Should both arrive safe,
+you will be so kind as to hand one to Mr Carmichael, letting
+me know which you keep and write by.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient
+and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT MORRIS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Office of Finance, July 9th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Observing by your correspondence with Congress, that
+you are put to a good deal of expense by American seamen
+arriving from captivity at Cadiz, where they also grow
+very troublesome, I offer the following proposal to your
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">437</a></span>
+consideration. Authorise Mr Harrison, or whoever may
+be your agent at Cadiz, to enter into contracts with such
+Americans as present themselves for the bounty of their
+country, to proceed from Cadiz, in such ship or vessel as
+he may provide for the purpose, for such port within the
+United States as he may appoint, at the monthly wages of
+six or eight Spanish dollars, to be paid as soon after their
+arrival in America as the cargo of the vessel shall be landed.
+After they sign such contract, he is to supply their wants
+sparingly, until he collects a sufficient number to man a
+suitable vessel, which he may procure either by charter or
+purchase, whichever may be in his power, and shall appear
+most eligible at the time. If he charter, it should be on
+such terms that the owners risk their vessel, putting in
+their own master, and, if they choose it, part of the seamen.
+The vessel to be loaded with salt for account and
+risk of the United States; freight so much per bushel or
+so much per ton to America and back. But in that case,
+let it be always a condition, that the vessel may be ordered
+from the first place she arrives, to any one other port in
+America; because, it may happen that she will arrive
+where there cannot be got a cargo to load her back, or
+where the salt would be of no use.</p>
+
+<p>If your funds will admit of it, and vessels can be furnished
+cheap, this would be the more eligible mode of
+doing the business, because I could then either send the
+vessels back, or sell, as might suit best. In case of purchase,
+they should be fast sailers, with good sails and rigging,
+well found and fitted, and if armed, so much the better.
+Honest, active, industrious, and faithful masters must
+be provided for these vessels, and they must all come
+addressed to my order, directed for this port, with liberty
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">438</a></span>
+however to get into any safe port they can. The master
+to give me immediate notice of his arrival, when I shall
+give proper orders, or probably have them previously
+ready. An account of the moneys advanced to each person
+on board these vessels, as well as the cost and outfit of
+the ship and cost of the cargo, must be sent me by each
+vessel, in order that proper deductions may be made from
+the people, and proper credits be given for the costs.
+You will observe, I am duly empowered by Congress to
+export and import for account and risk of the United
+States; and I think this plan so likely to benefit the public,
+that I very freely give my sanction to it, provided you
+can find the money. Your agent must give me regular
+advice of every expedition, and inform you also whenever
+he commences them. When a ship is provided and a
+master appointed, all the men should sign articles for the
+voyage in the common form.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Dear Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT MORRIS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, July 13th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I enclose you in this packet the plan of a national bank,
+which I have been induced to adopt for the following reasons.
+The issuing of a large paper medium converted the
+coin of the country into a commodity, so that much of it
+was exported and the remainder concealed. The depreciation
+of our paper has so lessened our currency, that
+there is not a sufficiency for commerce and taxation, without
+creating by the latter such distress in the former, as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">439</a></span>
+must injure every order of men in the community. It is
+necessary, therefore, to fill up the deficiency in such proportion
+as it may be called, and with such medium as may
+preserve its value.</p>
+
+<p>I have already in my letter of the 4th instant stated the
+want of ability in the people to lend, and of credit in the
+government to borrow. An additional reason, therefore,
+for establishing a bank is, that the small sums advanced by
+the holders of bank stock may be multiplied in the usual
+manner by means of their credit, so as to increase the
+resource, which government can draw from it, and at the
+same time, by placing the collected mass of private credit
+between the lenders and borrowers, supply at once the
+want of ability in the one, and of credit in the other.</p>
+
+<p>An additional reason for this institution is, to supply the
+place of all our other paper, which it is my design to absorb
+as soon as possible, and thereby to relieve the people from
+those doubts and anxieties, which have weakened our
+efforts, relaxed our industry, and impaired our wealth.
+But this must not be done, without the substitution of other
+paper, for reasons which I have already assigned, and
+because that our commerce would suffer for the want of
+that facility in money transactions, which paper alone can
+give.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, one very strong motive, which has impelled my
+conduct on this occasion, is to unite the several States
+more closely together, in one general money connexion,
+and indissolubly to attach many powerful individuals to the
+cause of our country, by the strong principle of self-love,
+and the immediate sense of private interest. It may not
+be, perhaps, improper to show and explain this plan to the
+Spanish Ministry. They will then perceive how, by an
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">440</a></span>
+advance of money, they may in this instance increase our
+resources and our efforts in a degree much superior to the
+immediate sum, and they may be assured, that on a variety
+of other occasions, similar benefits will result from it.
+I take this opportunity, however, to observe to you, that
+I do not mean this, or any other communication, should be
+absolutely made. It is, on the contrary, my unalterable
+opinion, that a prudent Minister on the spot should be left
+to act with large discretionary power, being always furnished
+with such details, as will enable him to judge with
+propriety, and act with decision.</p>
+
+<p>It will undoubtedly strike your observation, that the sum
+of four hundred thousand dollars is very small, considering
+the object which it is my design to effect. I acknowledge
+that it is so, and when I tell you, that I was very apprehensive
+that we should be unable to fill a larger subscription,
+and when I add, that it is far from certain we shall
+get all of this moderate sum, you will see still more clearly
+the force of those observations which I have already made.
+But it is weakness to be deterred by difficulties from a
+proper pursuit. I am, therefore, determined that the bank
+shall be well supported, until it can support itself, and then
+it will support us. I mean that the stock, instead of four
+hundred thousand dollars, shall be four hundred thousand
+pounds, and perhaps more. How soon it will rise to that
+amount, it is impossible to foresee. But this we may venture
+to assert, that if a considerable sum of specie can be
+speedily thrown into it, the period when its force and
+utility will be felt and known is not far off.</p>
+
+<p>After I had determined to make the application to the
+Court of Madrid, which is contained in my letters, it was
+my next object to obtain for you such support as might
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">441</a></span>
+materially favor your operations. For this purpose I have
+written to Dr Franklin, and have told him, that you would
+receive by this conveyance, and forward to him, copies
+of those resolutions and letters, which may be necessary to
+explain my appointment and powers. I lay this task on
+your Secretaries, because the want of clerks in my office,
+and the many things to be done, together with the short
+time allowed me by the departure of the vessel, prevent
+me from having duplicates made out. I have written to
+the Doctor to apply to the Court of Versailles, to further
+your negotiations with their influence. I am confident his
+application will not be unsuccessful; but how you may
+derive most benefit from the cooperation of the French
+Court, you best can tell. Major Franks, therefore, is instructed
+to take your orders for Passy, and return thence
+to Philadelphia; so that you will have an opportunity of
+communicating fully with the Doctor on any subject you
+think proper. You may write to me by any opportunity,
+if this should arrive safe, because our cypher will prevent
+you from being exposed to interested or impertinent
+curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>To obtain for you still further assistance, I have applied
+(in the absence of M. de la Luzerne, who is gone to camp,)
+to M. de Marbois for letters to their Ambassador at the
+Court of Madrid. I have stated my views, my hopes, and
+wishes, with that candor which is proper on such occasions,
+and which I wish to preserve on all occasions. M. de
+Marbois has, in consequence, written a letter on the subject,
+in which he informs the Ambassador of our conversation,
+states the disorders of our finances, and makes
+polite mention of my operations, my designs, and abilities,
+as well as the confidence reposed in me by Congress, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">442</a></span>
+by the people at large. He details the proposed plans,
+and particularly that of the Bank, and shows forcibly the
+advantages, which would result from a considerable advance
+of money by Spain. He assigns also very proper
+reasons to show why it ought to be considerable, if it be
+made at all. The great interest of France in this business,
+as well as the open and candid manner, which has marked
+all transactions I have hitherto had with the Minister of
+that nation, induces me to believe that this letter is more
+than a compliment, and that as it is intended, so it will operate
+to produce the desired effect.</p>
+
+<p>That nothing in my power might be wanting to the success
+of a business, which you must be convinced I have
+very much at heart, I have also applied to Don Francisco
+Rendon, who at present acts here for Spain, and I have
+every reason to believe that he will write to the Spanish
+Court such a letter as I wish. But after all, much, my
+Dear Sir, must depend on your prudence, your activity,
+and your attentions to incline, to stimulate, to lead the Ministry
+into our views, to remove the obstacles, surmount the
+difficulties, and crush the procrastinations, which retard the
+completion of an object so essential to your country. I
+am happy to add, that I have the utmost confidence in
+your abilities, your industry, and integrity.</p>
+
+<p>There is a possibility that money may be obtained from
+Portugal, and though I confess there is not a very solid
+ground to build on, and though it must be owned that
+appearances are against us, yet I think it best not too much
+to trust appearances, either favorable or unfavorable, and to
+leave nothing unattempted which may be useful. It was
+for reasons of this sort that my letter of the 9th instant,
+which I enclose you a copy of, was written to Congress.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">443</a></span>
+In consequence of it, on the 11th they passed a resolution,
+of which I also enclose you a copy, and have only to add,
+that you will act entirely according to your own discretion
+on this occasion. I cannot pretend to know the situation
+of the Court of Lisbon, and therefore I will not attempt to
+measure out a line of conduct to be pursued there. You
+are, for every reason, more competent to this business than
+I am, and therefore I submit it to your management entirely.</p>
+
+<p>You will observe that a material part of my letter of the
+9th remains unnoticed by Congress. The Committee had
+not yesterday reported upon it. Should anything be done
+previous to the departure of this vessel, you shall know it.
+But you are so well acquainted with the delays incident to
+public assemblies, that you will not be surprised if you hear
+nothing further on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>It is unnecessary for me to make any other mention of
+Major Franks, except to inform you, that after a critical
+examination into his conduct by a court of inquiry, he was
+honorably acquitted of all improper connexion with his late
+General.<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> For the rest, you are perfectly acquainted
+with him, and will therefore take that notice of him which
+he deserves.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Dear Sir, your most obedient and humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT MORRIS.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTE:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Major Franks was Aid to General Arnold at the time his treachery
+was discovered, but he was honorably acquitted from all suspicion
+of having any knowledge of Arnold's designs.</p></div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">444</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>Plan of a Bank, referred to in the preceding Letter.</i></p>
+
+<p>1. That a subscription be opened for four hundred
+thousand dollars, in shares of four hundred dollars each, to
+be paid in gold or silver.</p>
+
+<p>2. That the subscription be paid into the hands of
+George Clymer and John Nixon, or their agents.</p>
+
+<p>3. That any subscriber of less than five shares, pay
+the whole sum on the day of his subscription.</p>
+
+<p>4. That every subscriber of five shares or upwards,
+pay one half the sum on the day of his subscription, and
+the other half within three months of that day.</p>
+
+<p>5. That every holder of a share shall be entitled to
+vote by himself, his agent, or proxy, properly appointed,
+at all elections for directors, and that he have as many
+votes as he holds shares. And that every subscriber may
+sell and transfer his share or shares at his pleasure, the
+transfer being made in the bank book, in presence and
+with the approbation of the proprietor or his lawful attorney,
+the purchaser then to become entitled to the right of
+voting, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>6. That there be twelve directors chosen from among
+those entitled to vote, who at this first meeting shall choose
+one as president.</p>
+
+<p>7. That there be a meeting of the directors quarterly,
+for the purpose of regulating the affairs of the bank; any
+seven of the directors to make a board, and that the board
+have power to adjourn from time to time.</p>
+
+<p>8. That the board of directors determine the manner
+of doing business, and the rules and forms to be pursued,
+appoint the various officers, which they may find necessary,
+and dispose of the money and credit of the bank for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">445</a></span>
+the interest and benefit of the proprietors, and make from
+time to time such dividends out of the profits as they may
+think proper.</p>
+
+<p>9. That the board be empowered from time to time,
+to open new subscriptions, for the purpose of increasing
+the capital of the bank on such terms and conditions as
+they shall think proper.</p>
+
+<p>10. That the board shall, at every quarterly meeting,
+choose two directors to inspect and control the business of
+the bank for the ensuing three months.</p>
+
+<p>11. That the inspectors so chosen shall, on the evening
+of every day, Sundays excepted, deliver to the superintendent
+of the finances of America, a state of the cash
+account, and of the notes issued and received.</p>
+
+<p>12. That the bank notes, payable on demand, shall by
+law be made receivable in the duties and taxes of every
+State in the union, and from the respective States, by
+the Treasury of the United States, as specie.</p>
+
+<p>13. That the superintendent of the finances of America
+shall have a right at all times to examine into the affairs
+of the bank, and for that purpose shall have access to all
+the books and papers.</p>
+
+<p>14. That any director or officer of the bank, who shall
+convert any of the property, monies, or credits thereof to
+his own use, or shall any other way be guilty of fraud or
+embezzlement, shall forfeit all his share or stock to the
+company.</p>
+
+<p>15. That laws shall be passed making it felony, without
+benefit of clergy, to commit such fraud or embezzlement.</p>
+
+<p>16. That the subscribers shall be incorporated under
+the name of the President, Directors and Company of the
+Bank of North America.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">446</a></span></p>
+
+<p>17. That none of the directors shall be entitled to any
+pecuniary advantage for his attendance on the duties of his
+office of director, or as president, or inspector, unless an
+alteration in this respect shall hereafter be made by the
+consent of a majority of the stockholders at a general election.</p>
+
+<p>18. That as soon as the subscription shall be filled,
+Mr George Clymer and Mr John Nixon shall publish a list
+of the names and sums respectively subscribed, with the
+places of abode of the subscribers, and appoint a day for the
+choice of directors, to whom, when chosen, they shall deliver
+over the money by them received.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="embed_subtitle"><i>Observations on the above Plan.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 1st. The objects and use of a bank are too obvious
+to need illustration. But it may not be amiss to take
+notice, that the first moment of its getting into action, the
+credit arising from its funds can be made use of by the
+government of the United States in anticipation of taxes, in
+consequence of special agreements to be made between
+their superintendent of Finance and the directors for that
+purpose; and as the capital and credit of the bank increase,
+so may this mode of anticipation be increased, to
+answer all the purposes of government. It is, however,
+evident at the first view, that four hundred thousand dollars
+are not sufficient for those purposes, nor those of private
+commerce, because no considerable circulation of paper
+can be founded on so narrow a basis; yet it is dangerous
+to attempt more. It is not possible to determine what is
+the highest sum, that could speedily be obtained by subscription.
+To ask more than could be obtained would
+have a fatal effect; to ask less is a partial evil. It is,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">447</a></span>
+however, an evil which admits of a remedy, as is provided
+in the plan.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 2d. Before the corporation is formed, and much
+more so before the subscription is opened, by which the
+company is to be determined, no authority can be bestowed
+under the corporation. At the same time, it must be remembered,
+that in circumstances like ours, the loss of time
+involves in it the loss of many advantages. It becomes
+necessary, therefore, to appoint individuals to manage the
+subscription and receive the money. Mr Clymer and Mr
+Nixon having been formerly directors of the Bank of Pennsylvania,
+and being thereby generally known in that line,
+their names naturally present themselves for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 3d &amp; 4th. The difference as to payments of
+large and small, is so common an incitement to subscribers,
+on such occasions, as to speak for itself.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 5th. The subscribers, it is expected, will consist
+of citizens of every State in the Union; and, possibly,
+foreigners may subscribe or purchase bank stock; therefore
+the necessity and propriety of enabling them to vote
+by proxy; and this being a monied institution, it is just
+that every share be entitled to a vote.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 6th. As the stockholders will mostly be absent
+from the place where the bank is kept, the number of
+twelve seems quite sufficient for the direction, as they will
+generally be chosen from the residents, and there ought to
+be room left for rotation among these.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 7th &amp; 8th. This plan, if adopted, will be considered
+as the constitution of the Bank, and therefore necessary
+to establish in it the powers of government by by-laws,
+rules, and regulations, and making dividends out of the
+profits; it is meant that they should annually pay a dividend
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">448</a></span>
+of five or six per cent to the proprietors of the stock, and
+then settling the accounts of the bank, declare publicly, if
+necessary to give credit and confidence, what capital remains
+after such dividend. It will be observed, that such
+dividends are confined to be made out of the profits; consequently,
+the capitals can never be touched.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 9th. When the directors, by paying a dividend
+out of the profits, establish the credit of the bank firmly in
+the minds of the stockholders, and by declaring the capital
+stock at the same time to be increased, give it equal confidence
+in the general opinion, there is little doubt but they
+may open new subscriptions for increasing the capital with
+certainty of success.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 10th, 11th &amp; 12th. As credit is the soul of all
+operations of this kind, every precaution should be taken to
+support it. In the course of things, much of the private
+property of America may be dependent on the conduct of
+affairs at the bank. Care, therefore, should be taken to
+prevent fraud and mismanagement. If the transactions
+were opened to public inspection, it would be impossible to
+do the business amidst the continued interruption; besides
+that, in this way, the national enemies would be apprized
+of our resources and operations. It is necessary, therefore,
+by instituting a check, to guard against the ill consequences
+which lie in the way, as the public will have much connexion
+with the bank, and, at times, deposit considerable
+sums of money in it, and always be availing themselves of
+its credit. The check should be in the hands of that officer
+who is appointed to manage the monied interests of
+America.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 13th &amp; 14th. The penalties on fraud and embezzlement
+are derived from the same source, and are supported
+by the same reasoning.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">449</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art.</span> 15th &amp; 16th. The necessity of incorporating the
+bank is obvious, and the propriety of rendering the office
+of a director honorable, rather than lucrative, arises from
+this circumstance, over and above the difference between
+motives of fame and interest, that at present, any adequate
+salaries would absorb the profits, and in future the care of
+their own interests as stockholders will be an additional
+inducement to the first characters to accept the direction,
+for it is not doubted but every subscriber will increase his
+capital in the bank, so soon as he finds not only the national
+advantages it will produce, but sees clearly his private
+interest advanced beyond his most sanguine expectations.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Office of Finance, August 15th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Enclosed you have a list of sundry bills of exchange
+drawn on you. I wrote you relatively to these bills on the
+29th day of July last, with sundry enclosures explanatory
+of my letter. I am now to inform you, that the advices
+contained in that letter must, from particular circumstances,
+be totally disregarded. Should any of the bills, mentioned
+in the enclosed list, come to your hands, you will
+be pleased to protest them, and assign, if you please, as a
+reason therefor, that you have express instructions to that
+purport. The uncertainty, whether you have received my
+cypher, prevents my using it on this occasion. The importance
+of the subject obliges me to write, and as I send
+many copies, the risk of capture and inspection is too great
+to be more particular.</p>
+
+<p>The gazettes will furnish you with our latest intelligence.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">450</a></span>
+That of New York announces the arrival of near three
+thousand Hessian troops, and the capture of the Trumbull
+frigate. Neither of these is a very agreeable circumstance.
+However, we must wait the course of events, and
+struggle, as well as we can, against adverse fortune. Our
+affairs to the southward wear no unpleasing aspect. And,
+although it is impossible, at this distance, to determine
+what effect European movements may have on American
+politics, our government acquires daily a firmness and stability,
+which will not easily be shaken.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT MORRIS.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>JAMES LOVELL TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, August 15th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Herewith you will receive according to the resolution of
+Congress of the 10th, such information relative to the surrender
+of Pensacola, and the subsequent arrival of the
+garrison at New York, as I have been able to obtain,
+which you will make use of according to your discretion,
+and the spirit of the enclosed resolution.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, your friend and very humble servant,</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JAMES LOVELL.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. S. August 16th.</i>&mdash;It appears to me not amiss to
+enclose to you a report of a committee on the 10th, as it
+stands negatived on the journals of Congress. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;J. L.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">451</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, September 20th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency's favor of the 5th of July last, with the
+papers therewith enclosed, were delivered to me on the
+29th ult. by Major Franks, whom the procrastination of
+the Minister still obliges me to detain.</p>
+
+<p>The new commissions, with which Congress have honored
+me, argue a degree of confidence, which demands
+my warmest acknowledgments, and which, so far as it
+may be founded on an opinion of my zeal and integrity,
+they may be assured will not prove misplaced.</p>
+
+<p>At the commencement of the present troubles, I determined
+to devote myself, during the continuance of them,
+to the service of my country, in any station in which she
+might think it proper to place me. This resolution, for
+the first time, now embarrasses me. I know it to be my
+duty, as a public servant, to be guided by my own judgment
+only in matters referred to my discretion, and in
+other cases faithfully to execute my instructions, without
+questioning the policy of them. But there is one among
+those which accompanies these commissions, which occasions
+sensations I never before experienced, and induced
+me to wish that my name had been omitted.</p>
+
+<p>So far as personal pride and reluctance to humiliation
+may render their appointment contra-agreeable, I view it as
+a very unimportant circumstance, and should Congress, on
+any occasion, think it for the public good to place me in a
+station inferior and subordinate to the one I now hold,
+they will find me ready to descend from the one, and
+cheerfully undertake the duties of the other. My ambition
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">452</a></span>
+will always be more gratified in being useful than
+conspicuous; for, in my opinion, the solid dignity of a
+man depends less on the height or extent of the sphere allotted
+to him, than on the manner in which he may fulfil
+the duties of it.</p>
+
+<p>But, Sir, as an American, I feel an interest in the dignity
+of my country, which renders it difficult for me to
+reconcile myself to the idea of the sovereign independent
+States of America submitting, in the persons of their Ministers,
+to be absolutely governed by the advice and opinions
+of the servants of another sovereign, especially in a
+case of such national importance.</p>
+
+<p>That gratitude and confidence are due to our allies, is
+not to be questioned, and that it will, probably, be in the
+power of France almost to dictate the terms of peace for
+us, is but too true. That such an extraordinary extent of
+confidence may stimulate our allies to the highest efforts
+of generous friendship in our favor is not to be denied,
+and that this instruction receives some appearance of
+policy from this consideration may be admitted.</p>
+
+<p>I must, nevertheless, take the liberty of observing, that
+however our situation may in the opinion of Congress
+render it necessary to relax their demands on every
+side, and even to direct their Commissioners ultimately to
+concur (if nothing better could be done) in any peace or
+truce not subversive of our independence, which France
+determined to accede to, yet that this instruction, besides
+breathing a degree of complacency not quite republican,
+puts it out of the power of your Ministers to improve those
+chances and opportunities, which in the course of human
+affairs happens more or less frequently to all men. Nor
+is it clear, that America, thus casting herself into the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">453</a></span>
+arms of the King of France, will advance either her interest
+or reputation with that or other nations.</p>
+
+<p>What the sentiments of my colleagues on this occasion
+may be, I do not as yet know, nor can I foresee how far
+the negotiation of the ensuing winter may call for the execution
+of this commission. Thus circumstanced, at such
+a distance from America, it would not be proper to
+decline this appointment. I will, therefore, do my best
+endeavors to fulfil the expectations of Congress on this
+subject, but, as for my own part, I think it improbable,
+that serious negotiations for peace will soon take place.
+I must entreat Congress to take an early opportunity of
+relieving me from a station, wherein, in character of their
+Minister, I must necessarily receive (and almost under
+the name of opinions) the directions of those on whom
+I really think no American Minister ought to be dependent,
+and to whom, in love for our country and zeal for
+her service, I am sure that my colleagues and myself are
+at least equal.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. S.</i> I had an interview last evening with the Minister.
+Nothing was promised or denied. A person is to be
+named on Sunday to confer in earnest, as it is said, with
+me about the treaties. I do not despair, though having so
+many bills to pay, and no money, perplexes me extremely.
+The treasury of Spain is very low; much of the money
+for the expenses in this war costs them between thirty
+and forty per hundred, by mismanagement and want of
+credit. This ought not to be public. His Excellency
+still looks at your ships on the stocks, but I shall, without
+refusing, not consent to their changing masters.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;J. J.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">454</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, October 3d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>My letter of the 25th of April last, by Mr Toscan, informed
+Congress, that on the 30th day of January preceding,
+I had the honor of receiving their letters of the 6th
+and 17th of October, 1780, the latter of which states particularly
+and ably the right of the United States to the free
+navigation of the river Mississippi, and enumerates the
+various reasons which induce them to decline relinquishing
+it.<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p>Among these reasons is the guarantee contained in the
+treaty with France. I hinted to Congress, that it was
+more than probable, that the contents of this interesting
+letter were well known to the French Court before it came
+to my hands. I am well persuaded, that this was the
+case. Shortly after receiving it, I took occasion to converse
+generally with the Ambassador on the subject of the
+Spanish pretensions to that navigation, and remarked, as
+it were inadvertently, how unreasonable it was for them to
+expect, that we should relinquish a territorial right, which
+both justice and the guarantee of France enabled us to
+retain. The thought did not appear new to him, but he
+strongly combated this construction of the treaty, and endeavored
+to explain it away by observing, that the guarantee
+could not comprehend claims, whose objects we had
+never possessed, &amp;c. &amp;c. I mention this only to show how
+improper it would have been for me to have communicated
+this part of your Excellency's letter to the Spanish
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">455</a></span>
+Minister. It could have answered no good purpose,
+because, as France would have disputed this construction,
+Spain could with propriety have refused to admit the force
+of any argument drawn from it, and it might have done
+much mischief, not only by bringing on an unseasonable
+explanation between France and us, but also between
+Spain and France.</p>
+
+<p>If I had given the Spanish Minister a copy of every
+other part of this letter, except those paragraphs which
+contain the reasoning in question, the omission might in
+future have been urged by France, who I verily believe
+has a copy of that whole letter, as an argument for my
+having yielded that point as not tenable; and though my
+opinion might not be of much consequence, it appeared to
+me most prudent to avoid doubts about it. For my own
+part I really did, and do think, that this guarantee does
+comprehend the navigation in question, though I also think,
+that no question should be raised about it at present. So
+circumstanced, I thought it most advisable to make no
+written communications of any parts or part of this letter,
+but from time to time to press every argument contained
+in it in the course of conversations with the Spanish Minister,
+except those drawn from the guarantee.</p>
+
+<p>The Minister, however, did not at any time enter into
+the merits of these arguments, nor appear in the least
+affected by them. His answer to them all was, that the
+King of Spain must have the Gulf of Mexico to himself,
+that the maxims of policy adopted in the management of
+their colonies required it; and that he had hoped the
+friendly disposition shown by this Court towards us would
+have induced a compliance on the part of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>As to a free port below the northern limits of West
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">456</a></span>
+Florida, or anywhere else in the vicinity, the Minister
+sometimes wished certain regulations, some middle line
+might be devised, to reconcile the views of both parties,
+but he did not see how it could be done. The King had
+always been accustomed to consider the exclusive navigation
+of the Gulf of Mexico as a very important object to
+Spain, more so indeed than even Gibraltar, and he was persuaded,
+that his Majesty would never be prevailed upon to
+change his ideas on that subject. At other times he spoke
+clearly, and decidedly against it, saying, that it was their
+desire to exclude all nations from the Gulf, and that it
+made little or no difference, whether they admitted all nations
+or only one.</p>
+
+<p>In my letter of the 25th of April last, I informed your
+Excellency, that on the 25th of March preceding, the
+Minister sent me word, that the money necessary to pay
+the bills due in April could not be advanced to me. The
+constant inconsistency I experienced between the Minister's
+promises and conduct often surprised, as well as embarrassed
+me. This last instance appeared to me to be
+really cruel; for if he had intended to withhold the necessary
+supplies, he ought to have given me notice of it, and
+not by keeping up my expectations to within a few days
+before the holders of the bills were to call upon me for
+their money, (and the bills of April amounted to eightynine
+thousand and eightythree dollars,) reduce me to such
+imminent danger of being obliged to protest them. Speaking
+on this subject with the French Ambassador, he intimated,
+that the Court expected I should have made them
+some further overtures respecting the Mississippi. I told
+him I had no authority to make any others than what I
+had already made. He replied, that the Minister believed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">457</a></span>
+I had. At that time I had received no letters, public or
+private, which gave me the least reason to suspect, that
+Congress had passed the resolution of the 15th of February
+last,<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> and it was not before the 18th of May, that a
+letter, I then received from Mr Lovell, enabled me to understand
+the reason of the Minister's belief. I then recalled
+to mind his frequent assurances of frankness, and of
+his speaking without reserve, often adding, that he was
+well informed of our affairs, and had minute information
+of what was passing at Philadelphia. There can be no
+doubt but that some copies of the President's letters to
+me have fallen into his hands, and that he supposed I
+had received others, though this was not in fact the case.
+Hence it appears, that the double miscarriage, if I may so
+call it, of these letters, had an unfavorable influence on
+our hopes of pecuniary aids, for it is highly probable, that
+in this instance they were so critically withheld on purpose
+to extort overtures from me, which the Minister, though
+mistaken, had reason to believe I was in a capacity to
+make.</p>
+
+<p>Your Excellency will perceive from this, how important
+it is, that your letters, to and from your Ministers, be
+transmitted in a manner not subject to these inconveniences.</p>
+
+<p>It was not, as I said before, until the 18th of May, that
+Mr Lovell's letter, enclosing a copy of the resolution of
+Congress of the 15th of February, reached me. It was
+brought to Cadiz by the Virginia, and it is remarkable,
+that none of the journals, or gazettes, nor the letter from
+Congress, which Mr Lovell gave me reason to expect, ever
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">458</a></span>
+came to my hands. But as all the papers brought by the
+Virginia passed through the hands of the Governor of
+Cadiz, and afterwards through the Post Office, the suppression
+of some of them may be easily accounted for.</p>
+
+<p>As Mr Lovell's letter did not appear to be official, nor
+the copy of the instruction of the 15th of February authenticated,
+I was much at a loss to determine how far it was
+to be considered as a measure finally concluded upon,
+and this difficulty was increased by another, viz. whether
+my having no letter on the subject from the President
+was to be imputed to the miscarriage of it, or to a reconsideration
+of the instruction in question; for I recollected,
+that resolutions had in some former instances been reconsidered,
+and either altered or repealed a few days after
+their date; for these reasons it appeared to me imprudent
+immediately to hazard overtures on the ground of this
+instruction.</p>
+
+<p>The next day, the 19th of May, I thought it expedient
+to wait upon the Minister, and again renew the subject of
+our proposed treaty, expecting that if he was acquainted
+with the contents of my letter, something might drop from
+him in the course of conversation, which would lead me to
+judge of what he might, or might not know on that subject,
+and others connected with it.</p>
+
+<p>He received me with more than usual cordiality. The
+conversation turned at first on the situation of the southern
+States, the late combat between the fleets in the Chesapeake,
+and General Greene's retreat. He appeared to
+apprehend much danger from what he called the delicate
+situation of our army there, and the blockade of the reinforcement
+intended for it, under the Marquis de la Fayette.
+I endeavored to remove such of his fears as appeared to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">459</a></span>
+be ill-founded, and (though without leaving room to suppose
+that the operations of Spain were indispensable to our
+safety,) represented to him the good policy and probable
+success of France and Spain's seriously turning their attention
+and force to the expulsion of the enemy from
+America. I then repeated what I had often before remarked
+to him, respecting the influence which the hesitations
+and delays of Spain in forming a treaty with us must
+naturally have on the hopes and fears of Britain. I announced
+to him formally the completion of our confederation
+by the accession of Maryland, and after dwelling on
+the advantages, which the States and their allies might expect
+from it, I endeavored to impress him with an opinion,
+that a cordial union between France, Spain, Holland, and
+America, supported by vigorous measures, would soon
+reduce the enemy to the necessity of listening to reasonable
+terms of peace.</p>
+
+<p>The Count replied, generally, that he was very minutely
+informed of the state of our affairs. That the good dispositions
+of Congress towards Spain had not as yet been
+evinced in a manner the King expected, and that no one
+advantage had hitherto been proposed by America to
+Spain, to induce the latter to come into the measures we
+desired. That the views of Congress were such as would
+not permit his Majesty to form a treaty with the States,
+but that the King was an honest man, and I might again
+and again assure Congress, that he would never suffer them
+to be sacrificed to Britain, but on the contrary would with
+constancy maintain the friendship he had professed for
+them. That Britain had in vain attempted to deceive
+Spain; that Mr Cumberland had been sent here for that
+express purpose, but that, however possible it might be for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">460</a></span>
+Britain to vanquish, she would never be able to deceive
+Spain; that he wished Congress had been more disposed
+to oblige the King. He knew indeed that opposition in
+sentiments must necessarily prevail in public bodies, but
+that he hoped for the best. That I ought to preach to
+them forcibly, for that he thought a good preacher (<i>un bon
+prédicateur</i>,) would do much good, thereby intimating, as I
+understood it, that Congress were not sufficiently apprised
+of the importance of Spain, and the policy of complying
+with her demands.</p>
+
+<p>To all this I briefly remarked, that his Excellency's
+knowledge of American affairs must convince him, that it
+was not in their power to give his Majesty other proofs of
+their attachment than what they had already done, and that
+if he alluded to the affair of the Mississippi, I could only
+add one remark to those which I had often made to him
+on that head, viz. that even if a desire of gratifying his
+Majesty should ever incline Congress to yield to him a
+point so essential to their interest, yet it still remained a
+question whether new delays and obstacles to a treaty
+would not arise to postpone it.</p>
+
+<p>The Count smiled, said he always spoke frankly, and
+that whenever I should announce to him my having authority
+to yield that point, I might depend on his being
+explicit, and candid, but as matters stood at present, he
+could say nothing on that head. He then informed me,
+that M. Gardoqui would set out for America the beginning
+of June. He said it might be in my power to furnish
+some useful hints and observations relative to the objects
+and conduct of his mission, adding that he reposed full
+confidence in me, and wished that I would also consider
+whether there were any particular reasons which might
+render it advisable, either to hasten or retard his going.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">461</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I suspected there was too much meaning in all this to
+admit of my entering into these discussions without time
+for further reflection; and, therefore, without seeming to
+avoid it, I told the Count I was happy to hear, that M.
+Gardoqui was so near his departure. That I considered
+myself much honored by his requesting my remarks relative
+to it, and that I was sure Congress would draw agreeable
+conclusions from his mission. That I should write by
+him to Congress, and as they would expect to learn from
+me the precise character in which they were to receive,
+and consider him, it became necessary, that his Excellency
+should favor me with that information, as well to
+enable me to transmit the proper advices to Congress, as
+to make the remarks which he had done me the honor to
+request. That I conceived this to be the more indispensable,
+because if M. Gardoqui should carry no public testimonials
+from this Court to Congress, he could only be
+considered by them as a private gentleman, and all his intercourse
+with Congress would of consequence be subjected
+to all the inconveniences resulting from it.</p>
+
+<p>This topic carried the conversation off the delicate
+ground to which the Count had led it. He admitted the
+propriety of my being exactly apprized of the nature of
+M. Gardoqui's commission, said that as yet it was not
+decided, and therefore for the present could only give me
+his opinion of what it would probably be.</p>
+
+<p>He observed that circumstances did not render it
+proper, that he should go as Minister, though perhaps it
+might he proper to give him contingent powers. That it
+was the common practice, where Courts sent to each other
+persons charged with their affairs, in a character below that
+of Minister, to give no other credentials than a letter of advice
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">462</a></span>
+from the Minister of the Court sending to the Minister
+of the Court receiving the person in question. That the
+same practice was about to be pursued by Spain towards
+Prussia, and had been observed in other instances; therefore,
+he believed the like method would be adopted in this
+case. That if it should be purposed to give M. Gardoqui
+a letter authenticating his being an agent of Spain, it would
+be either to the President, or the Secretary of Congress,
+and asked me which of the two would be the most proper.</p>
+
+<p>Whether he really was uninformed on this point, or
+whether he asked the question merely to try my candor,
+cannot easily be determined. I told him honestly, that
+Congress had no Secretary or Minister of State for general
+purposes, nor for foreign affairs particularly, and that
+neither the President nor Secretary of Congress could regularly
+be considered in that light. That there was a committee
+of Congress, whose appointment came near to that of
+Secretary for foreign affairs, but that I had heard Congress
+were about establishing a more proper and regular mode of
+conducting the affairs committed to that committee, and
+had perhaps already done it. That therefore it was difficult
+for me to give his Excellency a clear and decided
+opinion on the subject, and the more so as the letters
+which I daily expected to receive from the President, and
+which probably contained exact information relative to this
+very matter, had not yet come to my hands. He seemed
+very well satisfied, and extended his civilities so far as to
+say, that if at any time the warmth of his temper had led
+him into any harshness of expression, he hoped I would
+forget it. I told him, and that was the fact, that I did not
+recollect any part of his behavior to me, which required
+that apology. He desired me to wait upon him again on
+the Wednesday next.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">463</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As to the instructions of the 15th of February, I had every
+reason to wish it had been a secret to the Ministry.
+The propriety of them is a subject without my province.
+To give decided opinions of the views and designs of
+Courts always appeared to me hazardous, especially as
+they often change, and as different men will often draw
+different conclusions from the same facts. This consideration
+has constantly induced me to state facts accurately
+and minutely to Congress, and leave them to judge for
+themselves, and be influenced only by their own opinions.</p>
+
+<p>I could not forbear, however, seeing the danger to which
+the proviso contained in that instruction exposed me. I have
+no reason to flatter myself, that, more fortunate than others,
+the propriety and policy of my conduct will not be drawn,
+at least impliedly, into doubt. If I should, on a persuasion
+that this cession would be unalterably insisted upon
+by Spain, yield that point, I am certain that many little
+half-created doubts and questions would be cast into, and
+cultivated in America. If, on the other hand, I should be
+of opinion that this point could be gained, and the event
+prove otherwise, it would soon be whispered, what rich
+supplies and golden opportunities the United States had
+lost by my obstinacy.</p>
+
+<p>I permitted my mind to dwell on these considerations,
+merely that I might, by the utmost degree of circumspection,
+endeavor to render the uprightness and propriety of
+my conduct as evident as possible.</p>
+
+<p>My only difficulty arose from this single question.
+Whether I could prudently risk acting on a presumption,
+either that Spain did not already, or would not soon be
+acquainted with the contents of this instruction. If such a
+presumption had been admissible, I should, without the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">464</a></span>
+least hesitation, have played the game a little further,
+keeping this instruction in my hand as a trump card, to
+prevent a separate peace between Spain and Britain, in
+case such an event should otherwise prove inevitable.
+Had Spain been at peace with our enemies, and offered
+to acknowledge, guaranty, and fight for our independence,
+provided we would yield them this point, (as once seemed
+to be the case) I should, for my own part, have no more
+hesitation about it now than I had then. But Spain being
+now at war with Great Britain, to gain her own objects,
+she doubtless will prosecute it full as vigorously as if she
+fought for our objects. There was and is little reason to
+suppose that such a cession would render her exertions
+more vigorous, or her aids to us much more liberal. The
+effect, which an alliance between Spain and America
+would have on Britain and other nations, would certainly
+be in our favor, but whether more so than the free
+navigation of the Mississippi is less certain. The cession
+of this navigation will, in my opinion, render a future war
+with Spain unavoidable, and I shall look upon my subscribing
+to the one as fixing the certainty of the other.</p>
+
+<p>I say I should have played this game a little further, if
+the presumption before mentioned had been admissible,
+because it has uniformly been my opinion, that if after
+sending me here Congress had constantly avoided all
+questions about the Mississippi, and appeared to consider
+that point as irrevocable, Spain would have endeavored to
+purchase it by money, or a free port, but as her hopes
+of a change in the opinion of Congress were excited, and
+kept alive by successive accounts of debates, and intended
+debates on that question, and as Congress by drawing bills
+without previous funds had painted their distress for want
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">465</a></span>
+of money in very strong colors, Spain began to consider
+America as a petitioner, and treated her accordingly.
+But as by the intervention of Dr Franklin, our bills for
+near six months were safe, and as after this resolution of
+the 15th of February, there was reason to expect that the
+subject of it would not soon be resumed in Congress, I
+should, in case I could have depended on this instruction's
+being and remaining a secret, have thought it my duty
+to have given the United States a fair trial for the Mississippi,
+or at least for a free port near it. With this view
+I should have appeared to give myself no concern about
+the bills, applied for no aids, made no offers, and on all
+proper occasion have treated an alliance with Spain as an
+event, which, though wished for by us, was not essential to
+our safety, and as the price demanded for it appeared to
+us unreasonable, it was not probable we should agree. I
+think we should then have been courted in our turn,
+especially as the Minister was very desirous of having our
+men-of-war on the stocks, and that thus dealing with them
+on terms of equality, would have produced some concessions
+on their part, as inducements to greater ones on ours.
+I am persuaded in my own mind, that prudent self-respect
+is absolutely necessary to those nations, who would wish
+to be treated properly by this Court, and I have not the
+least doubt but that almost any spirit will prosper more
+here, than that of humility and compliance. I had no doubt
+but that this plan of conduct would have been perfectly
+consistent with that part of the instruction, which
+orders me to make every possible effort to obtain from his
+Catholic Majesty the use of the river aforesaid, &amp;c. For
+whatever might have been, or may be, my private sentiments,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">466</a></span>
+they shall never in mere questions of policy influence
+me to deviate from those of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>But on the other hand there being abundant circumstantial
+evidence to induce a firm persuasion, that the
+Ministry were well acquainted with the contents of this
+instruction, this plan would have been idle. The moment
+they saw that the cession of this navigation was made to
+depend upon their persevering to insist upon it, it became
+absurd to suppose, that they would cease to persevere.
+All that remained for me therefore to do was, in the next
+conference to break this subject as decently as possible,
+and in such a manner as would account for my not having
+mentioned this instruction at our last meeting.</p>
+
+<p>On Wednesday evening, the 23d of May, I waited upon
+the Count agreeably to his appointment. The Count
+seemed a little hurried in his spirits, and behaved as if he
+wished I had not come. He asked me rather abruptly, if
+I had anything particular to communicate to him, and
+whether I had received any further letters. I told him I
+had received some private ones from L'Orient, but that
+none from the President of Congress had as yet, reached
+me, though I had reason to expect one by that opportunity,
+as well as by the vessel lately arrived at Cadiz. I
+informed him of my having received from Mr Harrison a
+copy of his memorial to the Governor of Cadiz, complaining
+that letters brought for him by the Virginia, from Philadelphia,
+had been stopped at the gates, on pretence, that
+they must agreeably to an ordinance for that purpose be
+put into the post office, and charged with the like postage
+as if brought from Spanish America. He said he had
+not yet received a copy of the memorial, but that there
+was such an ordinance, and that it was highly proper the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">467</a></span>
+admission of letters into the kingdom, especially in time of
+war, should be under the direction of government. That
+letters from North America rendered new regulations
+necessary, and that he would turn his thoughts to this subject,
+and do what should appear equitable. This was
+another proof of what I before suspected, and looked like
+an indirect apology for opening my letters.</p>
+
+<p>It surprised me a little that he said nothing of the remarks
+he had desired me to make on M. Gardoqui's
+going to America, especially as he had appointed this
+meeting for that purpose. To give him further time, I
+started a new subject, and begged he would take the earliest
+opportunity of completing the business of the Dover
+cutter. Notwithstanding all that had before passed between
+us about this affair, he affected to be very ignorant
+of it, and asked me a number of questions. I recapitulated
+the circumstances of the capture, my several applications to
+him on the subject, his promise finally to order the
+prize to be appraised, and the value to be paid to the captors,
+the arrival of one of them at Madrid, &amp;c. &amp;c. He
+replied, with some degree of quickness and perplexity, that
+it was not a lawful prize, the crew not having authority to
+do what they did; that he had sent to the Canaries for
+particular information respecting the value, &amp;c. that two
+of the packet boats had been taken; that he would pay
+some gratuity to the captors, and wished I would give him
+another state of the whole case in writing, to refresh his
+memory, which I promised to do, and have since done.</p>
+
+<p>He then resumed the subject of the letter, which I expected
+from Congress. He expressed his regret at its not
+having arrived, said he was preparing instructions for M.
+Gardoqui, who would certainly depart in June, and that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">468</a></span>
+until I could give him precise information of the dispositions
+of Congress, he could not enter into any further conversations
+on the subject of the proposed treaty. I joined
+in regretting the miscarriage of my public letter, and the
+more so, as my private ones gave me reason to expect
+instructions, which would enable me to comply so far with
+his Majesty's views, as that I hoped no further delays
+would intervene to prevent a perfect union between Spain
+and the United States. That my correspondence had
+given me to understand that Congress viewed the speedy
+accomplishment of this union as very important to the
+common cause; and, therefore, if Spain would consent
+forthwith to come into it, in that case they would gratify
+his Majesty by ceding to him the navigation of the Mississippi,
+below their territories, on reasonable terms.</p>
+
+<p>He replied, that he earnestly desired to see all difficulties
+on this point removed, but that the treaties subsisting
+between Spain and other nations, as well as the particular
+policy and determination of Spain, rendered it necessary
+that she should possess the exclusive navigation of the
+Gulf of Mexico. After a variety of other remarks of little
+importance, he made a very interesting observation, which
+will help us to account for the delays of the Court, viz.
+That all these affairs could with more facility be adjusted
+at a general peace than now, for that such a particular, and
+even secret treaty with us might then be made, as would
+be very convenient to both. That he nevertheless wished
+to know exactly the views and intentions of Congress, but
+that I must wait for the arrival of my letters, and that he
+would in the meantime finish M. Gardoqui's instructions,
+whose going to America, he did not doubt, would make a
+useful impression on the English Court. I was beginning
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">469</a></span>
+to reply to what he said when he interrupted me, by mentioning
+his not having time at present to prolong the conference.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the whole of this conversation, the Count
+appeared much less cordial than in the preceding one; he
+seemed to want self-possession, and to that cause I ascribe
+his incautiously mentioning the general peace as the most
+proper season for completing our political connexions. I
+had, nevertheless, no reason to suspect that this change in
+his behavior arose from any cause more important than
+those variations in temper and feelings, which they, who
+are unaccustomed to govern themselves often experience
+from changes in the weather, in their health, from fatigue of
+business, or other such like accidental causes.</p>
+
+<p>As I had not as yet received any letter from the President,
+either by the Virginia, or the vessel lately arrived
+at L'Orient, nor by Colonel Laurens, who, I was informed,
+had brought letters for me, I concluded it would
+be most prudent to wait ten days, or a fortnight, before I
+proceeded to act on the copy of my instruction received
+from Mr. Lovell, expecting that such other letters as might
+then have arrived in France or Spain for me, would reach
+me in the course of that interval, if at all. And I determined,
+in case I should receive none, to proceed, without
+further loss of time, to make a formal overture to the Minister
+for a treaty on the ground of this instruction. It happened,
+however, that the Minister was so occupied during
+the remaining time that the Court staid at Aranjues, by
+the expedition preparing to sail from Cadiz, under the
+Duke of Crillon, and other matters, that it was impossible
+to engage a moment of his attention to American affairs.
+The removal of the Court to Madrid necessarily consumed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">470</a></span>
+some time, and as soon as they were well settled
+there, I wrote the Count the following letter; none of the
+letters expected from America having come to my hands.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title">TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 2d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"When Congress were pleased to order me to Spain,
+with the commission of which I have had the honor of presenting
+a copy to your Excellency, I left my country with
+the most sanguine expectations, that the important objects
+of it would be speedily accomplished. The proofs they
+had received of his Majesty's friendship for them, the interests
+of a common cause, and the information they had
+received from persons whom they conceived in capacity to
+give it, all conspired to infuse these hopes.</p>
+
+<p>"On my arrival, your Excellency gave me to understand,
+that the realising these expectations would turn on
+one point, and I have uniformly since been informed, that
+this point was the navigation of the Mississippi below the
+territories of the United States, in which Congress desired
+to retain a common right, but of which the maxims of
+policy adopted by his Majesty required the exclusive use.</p>
+
+<p>"I have now the honor of informing your Excellency,
+that Congress, in order to manifest in the most striking
+manner the sincerity of their professions to his Majesty,
+and with a view that the common cause may immediately
+reap all the advantages naturally to be expected from a
+cordial and permanent union between France, Spain, and
+the United States, have authorised me to agree to such
+terms relative to the point in question, as to remove the
+difficulties to which it has hitherto given occasion.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">471</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Permit me, therefore, to hope, that his Majesty will
+now be pleased to become the ally of the United States,
+and for that purpose authorise some person or persons to
+adjust with me the several points of compact necessary to
+form a union, which, by being founded on mutual interest,
+may be no less satisfactory than it certainly will be important
+to both countries.</p>
+
+<p>"Your Excellency will oblige me exceedingly, by putting
+it in my power to give Congress early, explicit, and,
+let me add, agreeable information of his Majesty's pleasure
+and intentions on the subject of this letter.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Although it was sufficiently evident, that the Court of
+France could not, for the reasons assigned in my letter to
+Congress, of the 6th of November, 1780, openly and
+warmly interpose their good offices to bring about this
+treaty, it nevertheless appeared to me most prudent, to
+behave on this occasion towards the Ambassador, as if I
+knew nothing of those reasons, and, therefore, sent him a
+copy of the aforegoing letter to the Minister, enclosed in
+one of which the following is a copy.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title">TO THE COUNT DE MONTMORIN.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">"Madrid, July 2d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency
+herewith enclosed, a copy of a letter I have this day written
+to his Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca. I
+have thereby informed him of my being authorised to remove
+the objections hitherto made by the Court of Spain
+to a treaty of alliance with the United States, and again
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">472</a></span>
+requested that the measures necessary for the purpose
+may now be taken.</p>
+
+<p>"Permit me to request, that the favorable interposition of
+our kind and generous ally with his Catholic Majesty
+may be exerted to commence the proposed negotiation,
+and bring it to a speedy and happy conclusion.</p>
+
+<p>"The confidence justly reposed by America in the
+amity and assurances of his Most Christian Majesty, forbid
+me to urge this request by any arguments, (persuasives
+being indelicate, when not warranted by doubts of inclination.)
+I am happy in reflecting, that his instructions on
+this subject are committed to the execution of a Minister,
+from whose attachment, as well as from whose talents and
+address, the American cause may expect to derive advantage.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+<p>The instructions above alluded to are those, which
+Count de Vergennes, in his letter to me of the 13th of
+March, 1780, assures me should be sent to their Ambassador
+here. I must confess to Congress, that I very
+much doubt his ever having received any other instructions,
+than generally to favor the treaty, and to manage his
+interference in such a delicate manner, as, without alarming
+the pride of Spain, to give both parties reason to think
+themselves obliged.</p>
+
+<p>The French Ambassador sent me no answer to this
+letter, which, in my opinion, gives a greater degree of
+probability to my conjectures. I must, nevertheless, do
+him the justice to say that I have great reason to believe
+him to be in sentiment, and with sincere attachment, a
+friend to our cause; and that he considers the honor and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">473</a></span>
+interest of France deeply concerned in the success and
+support of it.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of July, having received no answer from
+the Minister, I waited upon him. He told me, he had received
+my letter, but that the short time the Court would
+remain at Madrid, and the multiplicity of business that he
+was obliged to despatch, would not admit of his attending
+to our affairs till after the arrival of the Court at St Ildefonso.
+He then informed me, that a vessel had arrived at
+Cadiz, which had brought despatches for me, and that his
+courier had brought them to Madrid. He then delivered
+me a number of letters, among which was one from his
+Excellency the President, of the 28th of May last.<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p>
+
+<p>I need not observe, that all these letters bore evident
+marks of inspection, for that has uniformly been the case
+with almost every letter I have received.</p>
+
+<p>I do not recollect to have ever received a letter that
+gave me more real pleasure. When I considered, that
+almost the whole time since I left America had afforded
+me little else than one continued series of painful perplexities
+and embarrassments, many of which I neither expected,
+nor ought to have met with; that I had been
+engaged in intricate and difficult negotiations, often at a
+loss to determine where the line of prudence was to be
+found, and constantly exposed by my particular situation to
+the danger of either injuring the dignity and interest of my
+country on the one hand, or trespassing on the overrated
+respectability and importance of this Court, on the other;
+I say, Sir, that on considering these things, the approbation
+of Congress gave me most singular and cordial satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">474</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I was also happy to perceive from this letter, that the
+plan of my late letters to the Minister and French Ambassador,
+of the 2d of July, above recited, happens to correspond
+exactly with the views of Congress, respecting the
+manner of conducting this negotiation.</p>
+
+<p>It appearing to me, that the communication I was directed
+to make to this Court could not be better made
+than in the very words of this letter, which seemed exceedingly
+well calculated for the purpose, I recited them
+in a letter, which I wrote two days afterwards to the Minister,
+viz.</p>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title">TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, July 13th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I have now the honor of communicating to your Excellency
+a copy of certain instructions I have just received
+from Congress, dated the 28th of May, 1781, and which
+were included in the despatches, which your Excellency
+was so obliging as to deliver to me the evening before the
+last, viz.</p>
+
+<p>"It is their instruction, that you continue to acknowledge
+on all suitable occasions, the grateful impression made on
+these States by the friendly disposition manifested towards
+them by his Catholic Majesty, and particularly by the
+proofs given of it in the measures which he has taken, and
+which it is hoped he will further take for preserving their
+credit, and for aiding them with a supply of clothing for
+their army.</p>
+
+<p>"You are also authorised and instructed to disavow in
+the most positive and explicit terms, any secret understanding
+or negotiation between the United States and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">475</a></span>
+Great Britain, to assure his Catholic Majesty that such
+insinuations have no other source than the insidious designs
+of the common enemy, and that as the United States
+have the highest confidence in the honor and good faith,
+both of his Most Christian and his Catholic Majesty, so it
+is their inviolable determination to take no step, which shall
+depart in the smallest degree from their engagements with
+either.'</p>
+
+<p>"It gives me pleasure to observe that these instructions
+confirm, in the fullest manner, the assurances and professions
+I have heretofore made to your Excellency respecting
+the sentiments and dispositions of the United States,
+and I flatter myself that his Majesty will be pleased to consider
+the assurances they contain, as receiving unquestionable
+proofs of sincerity from the offer I have already made
+to confirm them by deeds, no less important to the interests
+than, I hope, consistent with the views and desires of his
+Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot omit this occasion of presenting my congratulations
+on the success of his Majesty's arms at Pensacola.
+This event cannot fail of being followed by important consequences
+to the common cause, and may perhaps induce
+the enemy to expect greater advantages from concluding
+a reasonable peace, than continuing to protract an unrighteous
+war.</p>
+
+<p>"Having understood, shortly after receiving my letters
+from your Excellency, that the Court had also received
+despatches from Philadelphia, I presumed that the communication
+of any gazettes from thence, which indeed contain
+all the intelligence I have, would be useless, and therefore
+did not send them; but on considering that it was
+possible that the papers I had might be of later date than
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">476</a></span>
+those which your Excellency might otherwise receive, I
+now take the liberty of enclosing two, which contain accounts
+somewhat interesting. If they should be new to
+your Excellency, I beg that their not being sooner sent will
+receive an apology from the abovementioned circumstance;
+and that your Excellency will remain assured of the perfect
+respect and consideration with which I have the honor
+to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+<p>I also took the earliest opportunity of mentioning to
+the Ambassador of France, that my letters from America
+gave me reason to believe that our union was daily growing
+more warm and intimate, and that Congress, in writing of
+their affairs here, had expressed themselves in the strongest
+terms of attachment to his Most Christian Majesty, and not
+only approved of my communicating freely and confidentially
+with his Ambassador here, but also directed me in
+express terms to endeavor, in the course of my negotiations,
+to include and promote the interests of France.</p>
+
+<p>The Ambassador was much pleased. He told me his
+letters assured him that the best understanding subsisted
+between the French and American troops, and that much
+good might be expected from the increasing harmony and
+intercourse between the two countries.</p>
+
+<p>The Court removed to St Ildefonso without the Minister's
+having either given any instructions to M. Gardoqui,
+answered my abovementioned letters, or taken the least
+notice of my late representations to them about the Dover
+cutter, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The events of the campaign were as yet undecided, and
+little money in the treasury.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">477</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the 21st of July the Minister wrote me the following
+note, in which there was ample field left open for procrastination.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments
+to Mr Jay, and has the honor of acquainting him, that he
+has duly received his two letters of the 2d and 13th instant.
+The short stay of the Court at Madrid allowing
+time only to despatch the most pressing business, the
+Count de Florida Blanca has not been able to take into
+consideration the points, which form the object of the
+abovementioned letters. He proposes therefore to do it
+at present, in order to render an account thereof to the
+King, and in the meanwhile he has the honor to repeat to
+Mr Jay the assurances of the most perfect esteem and consideration.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>St Ildefonso, July 21st, 1781.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the 4th of August, I arrived here. I did not see the
+Minister till the 8th, he being, as I was told, from home.
+He had made no communications to the King. He had
+been sick; he had been busy, and was so still. I requested
+to be informed when it would be most convenient
+to him to confer with me on the subject of my late letters,
+and to give me such information relative to his Majesty's
+intentions, as he might be prepared to communicate to me.
+He answered, that he could not then fix a time, being
+exceedingly hurried by pressing business. He asked
+how long I proposed to stay, I told him till the Court removed.
+He then promised to take an early opportunity
+of conferring with me on the subject of our affairs, and
+promised to send me word when he should be ready to
+receive me.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">478</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I remained in this state of suspense and expectation
+until the 18th of August, when having been for a week
+past very much indisposed with a fever and dysentery,
+and fearing lest that circumstance might become a ground
+of delay, I wrote the Count word, "that my health would
+permit me to wait upon his Excellency at any time and
+place he might do me the honor to name." He replied
+two days afterwards, in a manner which indicated his supposing
+I had gone to Madrid and had returned. He must
+have known better, for none of my family had been absent
+from hence, and one or other of them were almost daily
+about the palace and gardens.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Count de Florida Blanca is charmed to learn, that
+Mr Jay has sufficiently recovered from his last indisposition
+to make the journey from Madrid to this place, and
+thanks him for his attention in communicating it to him.</p>
+
+<p>"The very pressing business with which he finds himself
+at present surrounded does not permit him to fix the day
+for a conference with Mr Jay, but the moment he shall
+be a little disengaged, he will have the honor to advise
+Mr Jay of it.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>St Ildefonso, August 20th, 1781.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the 22d I sent him a note enclosing a newspaper,
+which contained an account of General Greene's operations,
+the capture of Fort Watson, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>The Count answered this note by another, expressing
+his thanks for the intelligence, but not a word of a conference.</p>
+
+<p>On the 30th of August Major Franks arrived here with
+interesting despatches, of which I must not here take
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">479</a></span>
+notice, lest I interrupt the thread of this letter, which I devote
+particularly to the affair of our negotiations for a treaty.</p>
+
+<p>There was indeed among these despatches a very sensible
+letter from Mr R. Morris to me about money matters,<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>
+&amp;c. excellently well calculated for being shown
+entire to the Minister.</p>
+
+<p>I consulted with the French Ambassador on the propriety
+of giving the Minister a copy of it. He advised me
+to do it, and much commended the letter. As it might
+have suffered from being carelessly translated, I had it
+put into very good French.</p>
+
+<p>I was very glad to see the Major. The nature of the
+despatches he brought being a secret occasioned speculation,
+and gave me an opportunity of drawing further advantages
+from his arrival. His accounts of American affairs
+were favorable to us, and the manner of his behavior and
+conversation has not done discredit to himself, nor prejudice
+to his country.</p>
+
+<p>The Ambassador of France having assured me that the
+Minister had really been a good deal indisposed, I thought
+it would be best to write him a letter in a style somewhat
+adapted to his situation. He certainly appears to be fatigued,
+and worn down by business. He looks as I have
+seen some members of Congress look, after two years'
+attendance.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title">TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">"St Ildefonso, September 3d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"When I consider that the delicate state of your Excellency's
+health demands a greater degree of leisure and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">480</a></span>
+relaxation, than the various business of your office will permit,
+it is with great reluctance, that I can prevail upon
+myself to remind your Excellency, that since our conference
+at Aranjues, the affairs of the United States at this
+Court have made no progress.</p>
+
+<p>"The short residence of his Majesty at Madrid, I am
+persuaded, made it necessary to postpone the discussion of
+these affairs to this place; and since my arrival here on
+the 4th of August last, I have daily flattered myself with
+being enabled to communicate to Congress his Majesty's
+pleasure on the important subjects, which by their order
+I have had the honor of laying before your Excellency.</p>
+
+<p>"It has also for some time past been my duty to have
+requested your Excellency's attention to some other objects,
+which, though of less public importance, are nevertheless
+interesting to individuals, as well as to the commercial
+intercourse of the two countries, but it did not appear
+to be consistent with the respect due to your Excellency
+to solicit your attention to new objects, while this former
+remained undespatched for want of time.</p>
+
+<p>"It would give me great pleasure to have it in my power
+to regulate all my applications by your Excellency's convenience,
+and though I am happy to see the connexion
+between our two countries daily increasing, yet as that
+circumstance will naturally render necessary applications
+to government more frequent, I fear the duties of my situation
+will often press me to be troublesome to your Excellency.</p>
+
+<p>"On Friday evening last I received some important
+despatches from Congress, which I shall do myself the
+honor of communicating at any time, which your Excellency
+may be pleased to name. The gentleman who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">481</a></span>
+brought them, will after passing on to Paris, return immediately
+to Philadelphia, and will with pleasure execute any
+orders which your Excellency may honor him with, for
+either of those places. His stay here will be but short.
+As soon as I can ascertain the day of his departure, your
+Excellency shall have immediate notice of it. As Congress
+will naturally expect to receive by him particular
+information respecting their affairs here, I cannot forbear
+expressing how anxious I am to make him the bearer of
+welcome tidings; and permit me to hope, that your Excellency's
+sensibility will suggest an apology for the solicitude
+which appears in this letter.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, with great respect, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the 5th, I received the following answer, viz.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Count de Florida Blanca has been much mortified
+not to be able to receive the visit of Mr Jay, not only on
+account of the too pressing business, which has engaged
+all his time, but also by reason of the indisposition he
+has suffered, and still suffers.</p>
+
+<p>"Although he be not in a situation to engage in long
+and serious conferences for the reasons abovementioned,
+he will, nevertheless, be charmed to converse a moment
+with Mr Jay, one of those leisure evenings when there is
+no business with the King; in which case, Mr Jay may, if
+he thinks proper, bring with him the officer in question.</p>
+
+<p>"Saturday, for instance, towards eight o'clock, the interview
+may take place."</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i>Wednesday, the 5th of September.</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">482</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Your Excellency will be pleased to observe, that the
+Minister in the above note intimates a desire that I should
+bring Major Franks with me. I thought it best to do so;
+but lest his presence should be a check upon business, and
+as it was natural to suppose, that the Count would begin
+by asking him questions about our affairs, I desired the
+Major to relate to him the impression made in America by
+that article in the capitulation of Pensacola, which permitted
+the garrison to go to New York. I also desired the
+Major to retire into the ante-chamber and leave me alone
+with the Minister, as soon as the latter should appear to
+have finished with him.</p>
+
+<p>At the time appointed, viz. the evening of the 8th of
+September, we waited upon the Minister.</p>
+
+<p>The Count received us very politely. He spoke much
+of his want of health, and how greatly it incapacitated him
+for business. He then asked the Major several questions
+about our military operations. The Major answered them
+clearly, and, in speaking of the proposed siege of New
+York, very naturally introduced an account of the surprise
+and apprehensions occasioned by the permission given to
+the Pensacola garrison to join that of New York. The
+Count confessed it was ill done; said it was very unexpected,
+and that they ought to have been sent to Europe; that
+the like should not happen in future, and that proper orders
+upon that subject should be despatched to their Generals.
+He then observed, that our fears were not altogether
+well founded, for that those troops were restrained by the
+capitulation from taking arms against the allies of Spain
+till exchanged, and could not operate against our troops
+without also operating against those of France, who were
+joined with them, and who, it was well known, were the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">483</a></span>
+allies of Spain. The Major replied, that it was feared that
+the enemy would attempt to evade this reasoning, by insisting
+that the French troops in America were only to be
+considered as auxiliaries to the United States, and that
+though that argument might be fallacious, yet, that in matters
+affecting America, the enemy had invariably neglected
+good faith, whenever they found it convenient.</p>
+
+<p>The Count asked how long the Major would stay here.
+I told him, that I only detained him in expectation of being
+soon enabled by his Excellency to write something decisive
+by him to Congress on the subjects under his consideration.
+He said he hoped in the course of next week
+to enter into serious conferences with me on those subjects,
+and that he would give me notice of the day. He
+offered to give the Major letters to the Spanish Ambassador
+at Paris, and to do him any other services in his
+power. He then rose from his chair in a manner indicating
+indisposition, said he was unable to do business, and
+that M. Del Campo should inform me when it would be
+convenient for him that I should see him again. I expressed
+my regret at his illness, and gave him the French translation
+of Mr Morris's letter, adding, that I had intended to
+offer him some remarks on the subject of it. He said he
+would read it with pleasure. He spoke of Mr Morris's
+appointment, and after conversing a few minutes about the
+good consequences expected from it, and of the services
+done by that gentleman to Spain, in some business they
+had committed to his care, we parted.</p>
+
+<p>Thus this conference ended as fruitless as the last.</p>
+
+<p>Eight days elapsed. I heard nothing from the Minister.
+He was daily at Court, and every evening took his ride.</p>
+
+<p>I repeatedly mentioned and complained of these delays
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">484</a></span>
+to the French Ambassador. He regretted them, promised
+to speak to the Minister on the subject; but, I believe,
+did not. I appeared much dissatisfied, though not
+with him; and told him, that if Major Franks returned to
+America with no other intelligence than that of repeated
+delays, it was more than probable that Congress would be
+much hurt, as well as much disappointed. He had the
+same fears, and advised me to detain the Major.</p>
+
+<p>It became in my opinion important, that the Minister,
+as well as the French Ambassador, should be seriously apprehensive
+of my dismissing the Major with letters, that
+would render Congress very little disposed to make sacrifices
+to this Court. The manner of doing this required
+some caution. I could think of nothing better than to prepare
+a letter to the Minister, and send the Ambassador a
+fair copy of my draft for his consideration and advice.</p>
+
+<p>The following are copies of that letter, and of the one
+I sent with it to the Ambassador.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title">TO THE COUNT DE MONTMORIN.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_head">"St Ildefonso, September 16th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"The paper herewith enclosed is the draft of a letter,
+which I think of writing to his Excellency, the Count de
+Florida Blanca.</p>
+
+<p>"The subject, as well as the occasion, demands that dexterous
+and delicate management, of which they only are
+capable, who possess an accurate judgment and much experience
+in affairs of this kind.</p>
+
+<p>"I am happy, therefore, that on such occasions I can
+avoid the risk of committing errors, by recurring to your
+friendly advice. Without compliment, but with sincerity,</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">485</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_title">
+TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.</p>
+
+<p>"Whatever may be the issue of the American revolution,
+whether that country shall continue independent, or
+be doomed to reunite her power with that of Great Britain,
+the good will and affection of the people of North America
+cannot in either case be unimportant to their neighbors;
+nor will the impressions made upon their minds by
+the benefits or injuries, which they may receive from other
+nations in the course of their present struggles, ever cease
+to have a certain degree of influence on their future conduct.</p>
+
+<p>"Various circumstances led Congress at an early period
+to suppose, that the Court of Spain had wisely and generously
+determined to take a decided part in their favor.
+The supplies granted to them by his Catholic Majesty,
+soon after the British armies became numerous in America,
+spoke this language in strong terms, and the assurances
+repeatedly given me by your Excellency, that his Majesty
+would firmly support their cause, and never consent to
+their being reduced to the subjection of Britain, left no
+room to doubt of his friendly disposition and intentions
+towards them.</p>
+
+<p>"Many obvious considerations prompted Congress to
+desire, that an intimate connexion might speedily be established
+between the two countries by such treaties as
+would take from the enemy every prospect of success, and
+secure to Spain and the United States the permanent enjoyment
+of mutual advantages and reciprocal attachment.
+With this view Congress were pleased to send me to Spain,
+and the first letter I had the honor of receiving from your
+Excellency gave me reason to believe, that the object of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">486</a></span>
+my mission was not displeasing to his Majesty; unavoidable
+and long delays were, nevertheless, created by differences
+respecting a certain important right, which America
+wished to retain. So strong, however, was the reliance of
+Congress on his Majesty's assurances of support, and such
+was their disposition to render the proposed treaties consistent
+with his inclinations, that they have since agreed to
+remove the only obstacle, which seemed to prevent his
+Majesty from realising those assurances by substantial aids
+and an open declaration of his intentions.</p>
+
+<p>"But unfortunately for America, and perhaps for the general
+cause, the delays in question have not ceased with the
+cause to which they were ascribed, and although the confidence
+reposed by Congress in his Majesty's assurances
+will not permit them to doubt of his determination to support
+their independence, yet the silent inattention, with
+which their offers to remove the former obstacle to a treaty
+have long laid unanswered, must appear to them as being
+very singular. Your Excellency has indeed repeatedly
+promised me to name a time when I should have an opportunity
+of conferring with you on that and other subjects
+submitted to your consideration, but it constantly happened
+that the expectations excited by these promises proved
+abortive.</p>
+
+<p>"Knowing that Congress would expect to receive by the
+return of Major Franks particular information respecting
+their affairs here, I was anxious to send them some intelligence
+more welcome than I have reason to think a detail
+of delays and procrastination would be, in a season when
+they would be indulging the most flattering expectations
+from the measures they had taken to gratify his Majesty.
+For this reason I informed your Excellency, that I should
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">487</a></span>
+detain Major Franks for the present, and your Excellency
+promised me on the 8th instant, that you would appoint
+some time in the ensuing week for entering into a serious
+conference about these matters, and that M. Del Campo
+should give me notice of it. That week, however, has
+passed away without having been witness to any such
+notice or conference.</p>
+
+<p>"I think your Excellency will do me the justice to acknowledge
+that the utmost respect, delicacy, and patience,
+have been observed in all my transactions with your Excellency,
+and therefore I cannot forbear hinting that my
+constituents are at least entitled to that species of attention,
+which the most dignified sovereigns usually pay to the
+friendly propositions of such States, as solicit either their
+aid or alliance in a decent manner, viz. a candid answer.</p>
+
+<p>"I am sensible that Spain possesses a higher degree on
+the scale of national importance than the United States,
+and I can readily admit, that the friendship of this Court
+is of more immediate consequence to America, than that
+of America to the Spanish empire. But as his Catholic
+Majesty and his Ministers doubtless extend their views
+beyond the present moment, it would ill become me to
+remark, how essential it is to the happiness of neighboring
+nations, that their conduct towards each other should be
+actuated by such passions and sentiments only, as naturally
+tend to establish and perpetuate harmony and good will
+between them. Most certain it is, that in whatever manner
+the negotiations between Spain and North America
+may terminate, various good or evil consequences will in
+future naturally and necessarily flow from it to both.</p>
+
+<p>"There is good reason to believe, that the apparent indecision
+of Spain, relative to an open acknowledgment of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">488</a></span>
+independence of the United States, has inspired other nations
+with doubts and conjectures unfavorable to the American
+cause, and on the other hand, it is more than probable
+that, if his Catholic Majesty would be pleased to declare to
+the world, that the United States were his allies, and that
+he had given his royal word to support their independence,
+Holland and many other nations would follow his
+example.</p>
+
+<p>"On such an event, also, it might not be difficult to form
+a permanent alliance between France, Spain, the Dutch
+and the United States, and thereby not only prevent a separate
+peace between the Dutch and English, but effectually
+reduce the latter to reasonable terms of general pacification.</p>
+
+<p>"The limits of a letter forbid my enlarging on these
+topics. The eyes of America, and indeed of all Europe,
+are turned towards Spain. It is in the power of his Catholic
+Majesty to increase his friends and humble his enemies.
+I will only add my most sincere wishes, that the
+annals of America may inform succeeding generations, that
+the wisdom, constancy, and generous protection of his
+Catholic Majesty, Charles the Third, and of his Minister,
+the Count de Florida Blanca, are to be ranked among the
+causes that insured success to a revolution, which posterity
+will consider as one of the most important and interesting
+events in modern history.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Ambassador called upon me in the evening to answer
+my letter.</p>
+
+<p>He observed, that the delays of which I complained
+were not singular, but that others, and even himself, experienced
+the like. That he had reason to believe this
+Court were really disposed to treat with us, though the time
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">489</a></span>
+when might be doubtful. That the remarks made in the
+draft of my intended letter were but too just; that he
+feared they would give offence; that at any rate, he
+thought I had better postpone it, and for the present write
+one less pointed, and more laconic. We had much conversation
+on the subject, unnecessary to repeat. It ended
+in my consenting to pursue his advice.</p>
+
+<p>It is observable, that he did not offer to return me the
+draft of this letter, though I had agreed to suppress it.</p>
+
+<p>The letter which, agreeable to the Ambassador's advice,
+I substituted in the place of the other, is in these words, viz.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">St Ildefonso, September 17th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"A reluctance to despatch Major Franks without transmitting
+by him to Congress the information they expect to
+receive, on the subject I have had the honor of submitting
+to your Excellency's consideration, has induced me hitherto
+to detain him, especially as I was encouraged to hope
+that your Excellency would have found leisure last week
+for entering into serious conference with me on those important
+points. The same reluctance prevails upon me to
+detain him another week, and I think it my duty to inform
+your Excellency that he will set out on Saturday next.</p>
+
+<p>"I need not remark to your Excellency, that if the letter
+I may then write by him should not contain the desired
+intelligence, Congress will naturally be led to apprehend
+that their expectations of forming an intimate union with
+Spain were not well founded.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_490" id="Page_490">490</a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the 19th, I received the following answer.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Count de Florida Blanca would have been charmed
+to have had it in his power to have a long conference
+with Mr Jay, if his ordinary indispositions had not prevented
+him; he will, therefore, have the honor to see
+him this evening about eight o'clock, if Mr Jay will give
+himself the trouble of waiting on him, either alone or with
+Major Franks, and in communicating to the King the result
+of their conference, he will endeavor to prevail on
+his Majesty to name some other person to confer with Mr
+Jay in case of need, in order to avoid, as much as possible,
+the embarrassments which Mr Jay has hitherto experienced.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1"><i>Wednesday, 19th of September, 1781.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I waited upon the Count at the time appointed. The
+following is a copy of my notes of that conference.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="embed_subtitle">
+<i>Notes of a Conference held at St Ildefonso, on Wednesday
+Evening, the 19th of September, 1781, between his
+Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, and Mr Jay,
+agreeably to the appointment of the former.</i></p>
+
+<p>The Count introduced the conference by asking for
+Major Franks, and why Mr Jay did not bring him with
+him. Mr Jay answered, that as Major Franks was not
+charged with the transaction of any business with his Excellency,
+and had, at a former interview, answered such
+questions relative to American affairs as the Count had
+thought proper to ask him, Mr Jay did not think his attendance
+on this occasion necessary, as he supposed his
+Excellency meant to enter at present into the discussion
+of the matters referred to in Mr Jay's last letter.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_491" id="Page_491">491</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Count then proceeded to enumerate the various
+obstacles arising from his ill health, the multiplicity of
+business, which had so long subjected Mr Jay to the delays
+he had hitherto experienced, and which, for his part, he could
+not but regret; that agreeable to his promise made to Mr.
+Jay soon after his arrival, and frequently afterwards repeated,
+he had attempted to commit to paper his sentiments
+on the various points on which the proposed treaties
+must turn, and although he had made some progress in it,
+he had, for the reasons abovementioned, been obliged to
+leave it imperfect; that daily experience convinced him
+that his official business was too extensive and various to
+admit of his application to other objects, especially as his
+indisposition often rendered it impracticable for him to pay
+a due attention to it; that he, therefore, conceived it
+necessary that some person, duly authorised to confer with
+Mr Jay on these subjects, should be appointed by his Majesty;
+that he intended on Sunday next to recommend
+this measure to the King, to whom he would at the same
+time communicate the copy of Mr Morris's letter to Mr
+Jay, which the latter had given him; that in order to the
+putting of this matter in proper train, it would be expedient
+for Mr Jay previously to commit to paper his ideas
+of the outlines of the proposed treaties, and particularly to
+state the propositions he might think proper to make relative
+thereto; that he had been informed, that the treaties
+between France and America had been preceded by the
+like measures; for that the American Commissioners had
+first offered a plan of propositions, and then M. Gerard
+was appointed to confer with them before those treaties
+were drawn into the state they now appear, and finally
+concluded. That the like proceedings were rendered
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_492" id="Page_492">492</a></span>
+particularly necessary in this case, by the variety and importance
+of the points necessary to be adjusted between
+Spain and America; that in forming political connexions
+between nations, constant regard must be had to their reciprocal
+interests, and care taken, by previous arrangements,
+to avoid the inconveniences which would result
+from any clashing of interest; that three great points presented
+themselves, as requiring great attention, in forming
+the proposed connexion between Spain and America.</p>
+
+<p>1st. The aids requested by America, as stated in Mr
+Morris's letter, were very considerable; that it would be
+necessary, on the part of Spain to determine what pecuniary
+aids it might be in their power to grant either by
+loan or subsidy, as well as the time, place, and manner of
+payment; for that great punctuality was requisite in such
+transactions, as well that the royal engagements might be
+properly fulfilled, as that Congress might not be subjected
+to inconveniences and disappointments; that on the part of
+America, it must be ascertained what compensation they
+should make, as well as the time and manner of doing it;
+and that it might be well to consider how far such compensation
+might be made in ship timber, or other productions
+of that country; that a compensation would be indispensable,
+for that the King, being only the guardian of his
+dominions, would not think himself justifiable in dispensing
+with the just rights of his people.</p>
+
+<p>2dly. That the commercial concerns of the two countries
+was another point, which would call for very accurate
+and important regulations. That so far as this commerce
+would respect the United States and old Spain, the
+difficulty would not be very great; for that such commerce
+being in a considerable degree permitted to other
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_493" id="Page_493">493</a></span>
+nations, America ought also to participate in the benefits of
+it. But with respect to the Spanish dominions in America,
+as all other nations were excluded from any direct commerce
+with any part of them, the United States could not
+reasonably expect to be on a better footing than other
+nations, and particularly the French, who were the near
+allies of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>3dly. That with respect to the proposed treaty of alliance,
+Mr Jay must be sensible, that the several engagements,
+which would thereby be rendered necessary between
+the parties, the matters of boundary, and the navigation
+of the Mississippi, would give occasion to several important
+articles, which ought to be maturely considered
+and well digested. To this end, he wished that Mr Jay
+would immediately turn his thoughts on these subjects,
+and offer him such a set of propositions, as might become
+the basis of future conferences between him and the person
+whom he expected his Majesty would appoint.</p>
+
+<p>The Count then took occasion to observe, that he had
+long wished Mr Jay had offered him such propositions, but
+that his Court had as yet received from Congress nothing
+but good words and fair assurances, and that though his
+Majesty had given them some little aids, yet they had discovered
+no disposition, by acts, to acknowledge them. Mr
+Jay reminded his Excellency of his having, at a very early
+day, undertaken to commit to paper the outlines of the
+proposed treaties, and that the constant expectations of his
+perfecting it, had restrained Mr Jay from offering anything
+of the like nature on the subject. That he could conceive
+of nothing in the power of Congress to do, which could
+more fully evidence their disposition to gratify his Majesty,
+than their having offered to recede from their claims to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_494" id="Page_494">494</a></span>
+navigation of the Mississippi, though the preservation of it
+was deemed of the highest importance to their constituents.
+The Count admitted the propriety of both these
+observations, and said he hoped that the delays, which had
+so long embarrassed Mr Jay, would soon be terminated.</p>
+
+<p>Mr Jay expressed his anxiety to be enabled to communicate
+to Congress some decided intelligence, respecting
+the aids they might expect from this Court; to which the
+Count replied, that the sum requested was great, the expenses
+of the kingdom very extensive, and the means of
+obtaining the sums necessary to defray them subject to
+many difficulties; that he would, as he had before mentioned,
+communicate Mr Morris's letter to the King, and,
+until that was done, he could not be in capacity to say anything
+further on the subject; that as the appointment of a
+person to confer with Mr Jay would rest with his Majesty,
+he could not say who in particular it would be, but he
+hoped, and was persuaded that it would be some person
+well-intentioned towards America; that he was the more
+confirmed in this expectation, from the friendly disposition,
+which the King had early and constantly manifested towards
+that country; that he would again repeat what he
+had before told Mr Jay, viz. that the King, when acting in
+capacity of mediator for a peace, had refused to permit that
+country to be sacrificed; that since the rupture with Britain,
+tempting and advantageous offers had been made to
+him to withdraw his protection from America, and conclude
+a separate peace; that he had rejected these offers,
+and still continued determined to support the States; that
+this conduct ought to be viewed as extremely generous,
+as no political connexions or engagements did then, or do
+as yet subsist between the two countries. Mr Jay assured
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_495" id="Page_495">495</a></span>
+his Excellency that the magnanimity of this conduct had
+made a deep impression on the people of America; that
+nothing but want of opportunity would ever prevent their
+expressing it more strongly than by words, and that the
+sense they entertained of it, had greatly influenced the late
+measure they had taken to comply with his Majesty's desires.
+The Count then pressed Mr Jay again to send him
+the paper above mentioned before Sunday, adding that he
+sincerely wished nothing might be wanted to put the business
+in a proper train; that for his part, he had the best
+disposition towards America, as well as personal regard
+for Mr Jay, and, after adding some complimentary expressions
+relative to the character of the latter, he concluded.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I was a little surprised that the Count should expect to
+receive from me, in the course of three days, formal propositions
+on the several points stated in this conference. But
+it would not have been proper for me to desire further
+time.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of September, I sent him the following letter
+and propositions.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"St Ildefonso, September 22d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">"Sir,</p>
+
+<p>"I have the honor of transmitting, herewith enclosed, the
+propositions requested by your Excellency on Wednesday
+evening last.</p>
+
+<p>"I have endeavored to render them as short and simple
+as possible, and I flatter myself that the unreserved frankness
+with which they are written will be no less agreeable
+to your Excellency, than I am sure it is consistent with the
+desire and disposition of my constituents.</p>
+
+<p>"As the issue of this measure will in a great degree ascertain
+the expectations which Congress entertain from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_496" id="Page_496">496</a></span>
+their negotiations here, and as they flatter themselves with
+receiving information on this subject by the return of Major
+Franks, they will doubtless excuse my detaining him
+another week, unless your Excellency should sooner be
+enabled to communicate to me his Majesty's pleasure relative
+to the proposed treaty.</p>
+
+<p>"Permit me to entreat your Excellency, therefore, to
+enable me to transmit by him such intelligence to Congress,
+as may relieve them from their present distressing doubts
+and uncertainties.</p>
+
+<p>"I sincerely hope it may be such as may make them
+happy in a prospect of soon seeing an intimate and lasting
+union established between France, Spain, and the United
+States, a union which, by being raised on the solid foundation
+of mutual interest and reciprocal advantages, may secure
+to each the blessings of uninterrupted tranquillity.
+This generous policy pervades the treaties already formed
+between his Most Christian Majesty and the United States,
+and I am happy in being persuaded, that the magnanimity
+of his Catholic Majesty's conduct towards my country, on
+this and other occasions, will furnish materials for some
+bright pages in the American annals.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"I have the honor to be, Sir, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here follow the propositions alluded to, and sent enclosed
+in the preceding letter.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="letter_head">"St Ildefonso, September 22d, 1781.</p>
+
+<p>"As the time allowed Mr Jay for offering such propositions,
+as may become the basis of the proposed treaty between
+his Catholic Majesty and the United States of North
+America, is very short, he should fear the consequences of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_497" id="Page_497">497</a></span>
+haste and inaccuracy, if he were not persuaded that the
+candor, with which they will be received, will secure him
+from the inconveniences to which these circumstances
+might otherwise expose him.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr Jay presumes that it is not expected he should offer
+a plan of a treaty drawn at length, but only general propositions,
+which may be so modified and enlarged, as on due
+consideration and discussion may appear expedient. With
+this view, he begs leave to present the following as the
+basis of a treaty of amity and alliance, viz.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">PROPOSITIONS.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">I.</p>
+
+<p>"There shall forever subsist an inviolable and universal
+peace and friendship between his Catholic Majesty and the
+United States, and the subjects and citizens of both.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">II.</p>
+
+<p>"That every privilege, exemption, and favor, with respect
+to commerce, navigation, and personal rights, which
+now are, or hereafter may be granted, by either, to any the
+most favored nation, be also granted by them to each
+other.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">III.</p>
+
+<p>"That they mutually extend to the vessels, merchants,
+and inhabitants of each other, all that protection, which is
+usual and proper between friendly and allied nations.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">IV.</p>
+
+<p>"That the vessels, merchants, or other subjects of his
+Catholic Majesty, and the United States, shall not resort to,
+or be permitted (except in cases which humanity allows to
+distress,) to enter into any of those ports or dominions of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_498" id="Page_498">498</a></span>
+the other, from which the most favored nation shall be excluded.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">V.</p>
+
+<p>"That the following commerce be prohibited, and declared
+contraband between the subjects of his Catholic Majesty
+and the United States, viz.</p>
+
+<p>"All such as his Catholic Majesty may think proper to
+specify.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Remarks.</span> "On this proposition Mr Jay can offer nothing,
+but an assurance of his being ready to concur in every
+reasonable regulation that may be proposed.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">VI.</p>
+
+<p>"The United States shall relinquish to his Catholic Majesty,
+and in future forbear to use, or attempt to use, the
+navigation of the river Mississippi from the thirtyfirst degree
+of north latitude, that is, from the point where it
+leaves the United States, down to the ocean.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Remarks.</span> "The impression made upon the United
+States by the magnanimity of his Majesty's conduct towards
+them; the assistance they hope to receive from the
+further exertions of the same magnanimity; the deep
+wound which an alliance with so great a monarch would
+give to the hopes and efforts of the enemy; the strong
+support it would afford to their independence; the favorable
+influence which the example of such a King would
+have on other nations, and the many other great and
+extensive good consequences which would result at this
+interesting period from his Majesty's taking so noble and
+decided a part in their favor, have all conspired in prevailing
+upon Congress to offer to relinquish in his favor, the
+enjoyment of this territorial and national privilege, the importance
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_499" id="Page_499">499</a></span>
+of which, to their constituents, can only be estimated
+by the value they set upon his Majesty's friendship.</p>
+
+<p>"By this proposition, the United States offer to forego
+all the advantages and conveniences, which nature has
+given to the country bordering on the upper parts of that
+river, by ceasing to export their own, and receiving in
+return the commodities of other countries by that only
+channel, thereby greatly reducing the value of that country,
+retarding its settlement, and diminishing the benefits
+which the United States would reap from its cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr Jay thinks it his duty frankly to confess, that the
+difficulty of reconciling this measure to the feelings of
+their constituents, has appeared to Congress in a serious
+light, and they now expect to do it, only by placing in the
+opposite scale the gratitude due to his Catholic Majesty,
+and the great and various advantages, which the United
+States will derive from the acknowledgment and generous
+support of their independence by the Spanish monarchy,
+at a time when the vicissitudes, dangers, and difficulties
+of a distressing war, with a powerful, obstinate, and
+vindictive nation, renders the friendship and avowed protection
+of his Catholic Majesty in a very particular manner
+interesting to them. The offer of this proposition,
+therefore, being dictated by these expectations and this
+combination of circumstances, must necessarily be limited
+by the duration of them, and consequently, that if the acceptance
+of it should, together with the proposed alliance,
+be postponed to a general peace, the United States will
+cease to consider themselves bound by any propositions, or
+offers, which he may now make in their behalf.</p>
+
+<p>"Nor can Mr Jay omit mentioning the hopes and expectations
+of Congress, that his Majesty's generosity and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_500" id="Page_500">500</a></span>
+greatness of mind will prompt him to alleviate, as much
+as possible, the disadvantages to which this proposition subjects
+the United States, by either granting them a free port,
+under certain restrictions, in the vicinity, or by such other
+marks of his liberality and justice, as may give him additional
+claims to the affection and attachment of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">VII.</p>
+
+<p>"That his Catholic Majesty shall guaranty to the United
+States all their respective territories.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">VIII.</p>
+
+<p>"That the United States shall guaranty to his Catholic
+Majesty all his dominions in North America.</p>
+
+<p class="embed_title">Lastly.</p>
+
+<p>"As the aforegoing propositions appear to Mr Jay the
+most essential, he omits proposing those less and subordinate
+ones, which seem to follow of course. He therefore
+concludes this subject with a general offer and propositions
+to make and admit all such articles as, in the course of this
+negotiation, shall appear conducive to the great objects of
+the proposed treaty.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Remarks</span>. "Nothing on Mr Jay's part shall be wanting
+to expedite the happy conclusion of this business, by adhering
+constantly to the dictates of candor, frankness, and
+unsuspecting confidence.</p>
+
+<p>"He is ready to receive the treaty between the United
+States and his Christian Majesty, as a model for this, or
+with such alterations as, founded on the principles of reciprocity,
+may be more agreeable to his Catholic Majesty, it
+being his earnest desire to arrive at the important objects
+of his mission in any way his Majesty may be pleased to
+prefer.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_501" id="Page_501">501</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The subject of aids, either by subsidy or loan as may
+be most convenient to his Majesty, will require a particular
+convention, but as the manner, extent, and terms depend
+on his Majesty's pleasure, it is impossible for Mr
+Jay, without some knowledge of it, to offer propositions
+adapted thereto. All that he can at present say on that
+subject is, that Congress are ready to do everything in
+their power. He will not, however, endeavor to conceal
+their incapacity to do much in the way of compensation,
+while the enemy shall continue to make the United States
+the theatre of a desolating war, and the object of their
+predatory operations. But when those obstacles shall
+cease, it will be in their power, as well as their inclination,
+to make retribution, and render important services to his
+Majesty. Mr Jay will therefore continue to decline attempting
+to induce his Majesty to take any measures, however
+favorable to his country, by delusive promises, or
+rash engagements; but on the other hand, he is ready to
+enter into such reasonable ones, as he may have good
+reason to say shall be faithfully and punctually performed.</p>
+
+<p>"A particular treaty regulating the conduct to be observed
+by his Catholic Majesty, and the United States,
+towards each other during the war, also appears to Mr
+Jay important to both; but as the proper plans and articles
+of such a treaty can only result from a free conference
+on the subject, he can upon this occasion only
+express his readiness to concur in every provision, which
+may be calculated to give energy and success to the operations
+and objects of both.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Your Excellency will be pleased to observe, that among
+my remarks on the sixth proposition, I have limited the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_502" id="Page_502">502</a></span>
+duration of the offer contained in it. I did this from a
+persuasion, that such limitation was not only just and reasonable
+in itself, but absolutely necessary to prevent this
+Court's continuing to delay a treaty to a general peace.
+Besides what the Minister dropped upon this head in his
+conference with me at Aranjues, I think it probable that
+they still wish to adhere to that idea. To me they appear
+desirous of avoiding the expense that the aids, which a
+treaty we should expect would render unavoidable, and
+which at present would not be very convenient for them.
+They wish to see our independence established, and yet
+not be among the first to subscribe a precedent, that may
+one day be turned against them. They wish not to exclude
+themselves, by any present engagements, from taking
+advantage of the chances and events of the war, not choosing
+on the one hand, that in case we sink, that we should
+be fastened to them by any particular ties, nor on the other
+hand, in case we survive the storm, to be so circumstanced
+as not to make the most of us. I think it is their design,
+therefore, to draw from us all such concessions as our
+present distress, and the hopes of aid may extort, and by
+protracting negotiations about the treaty, endeavor to avail
+themselves of these concessions at a future day, when our
+inducements to offer them shall have ceased. As this would
+evidently be unjust, I think the limitation in question can
+give them no offence, and I hope Congress will be pleased
+to communicate to me their sentiments on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>I must also remark, that after what has passed, and considering
+how well they are acquainted with my instructions,
+it would not only have been useless, but absurd, to have
+made these propositions otherwise than agreeably to those
+instructions.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">503</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Congress may at first view be a little surprised at the
+extent of the fifth proposition, but when they compare it
+with the second, I am persuaded they will find it sufficiently
+restrained.</p>
+
+<p>In forming these propositions, it was my determination
+to leave them so free from disputed, or disputable points,
+as that no plausible pretexts for delay should arise from
+the face of them. I am well apprised, nevertheless, that
+in the course of the negotiation, it will be impossible for
+me to prevent their practising as much procrastination as
+they may find convenient. Almost the only hope I have
+of their seriously doing business arises from their fearing,
+that the instruction respecting the Mississippi will be recalled
+the moment that either any very decided successes
+on our part in America may render a treaty with Spain
+of less importance to us, or a general treaty of peace give
+us different views and prospects.</p>
+
+<p>These are my conjectures and opinions. Perhaps they
+may prove erroneous; as facts accompany them, Congress
+will be enabled to judge for themselves. I will add,
+that from everything I can hear, the King is honestly disposed
+to do us good, and were he alone to be consulted in
+this business, I believe it would soon be concluded.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23d of September, the foregoing propositions
+were to be laid before the King. I heard nothing further
+from the Minister until the 27th, when he sent me the
+following note.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="translation">Translation.</p>
+
+<p>"Although the last letter of Mr Jay, accompanied with
+a certain plan, was transmitted on Saturday in the evening
+to the Count de Florida Blanca, and although he could
+not inform himself of their contents until translated from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">504</a></span>
+the English, he nevertheless did not fail to render an account
+thereof to the King in his despatch of Sunday. His
+Majesty having then shown himself disposed to appoint
+some person to confer with Mr Jay, it is become necessary
+to prepare a suitable instruction, and present it to the King
+for his approbation. The Count de Florida Blanca flatters
+himself, that he shall be able to arrange this affair
+before the departure of the Count for the Escurial, and in
+the meanwhile, he has the honor to transmit to Mr Jay a
+passport for Major Franks.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">"<i>Thursday, September 27th, 1781.</i>"</p>
+</div>
+<p>I have been given to understand, though not officially,
+that M. Del Campo, the Minister's Secretary, is the person
+who will be appointed to confer with me, and though
+that gentleman is constantly about the Minister, yet it
+seems, that a set of formal instructions are to be prepared
+for him. When the Minister will be able to find either
+time or health to complete them is uncertain.</p>
+
+<p>There is reason to believe, that still less progress would
+have been made in this affair, had Major Franks not have
+arrived. I regret his detention, but hope the reasons
+assigned for it will be deemed sufficient; I am perfectly
+satisfied with him.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding Congress had given me reason to expect,
+that the plan of drawing bills upon me had been laid aside,
+I have now bills to the amount of between seventy
+and eighty thousand dollars to pay, and no funds provided.
+What am I to do? Dr Franklin writes me, that so far
+from being able to give me further aids, he does not
+expect to have it in his power even to pay our salaries in
+future.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">505</a></span></p>
+
+<p>From the facts stated in this letter, Congress will perceive
+that this Court neither refuse nor promise to afford us
+further aid. Delay is their system; when it will cease I
+cannot conjecture, for that is a question which I doubt
+whether they themselves have as yet determined.</p>
+
+<p>I am indebted largely to Mr Harrison for money advanced
+by him to distressed seamen. He ought to be
+paid, and it is so far from being in my power to do it, that
+I have been reduced to the mortifying necessity of desiring
+him for the present to hold his hand. A great many of
+this valuable class of people are confined in English gaols,
+without other means of obtaining their enlargement than by
+entering into the enemy's service. They complain bitterly
+of being neglected by their country, and I really think not
+without reason. Retaliation ought to be practised, and if
+we have not a sufficient number of marine officers and
+seamen in our power to make the objects of it, why would
+it be improper to substitute landsmen?</p>
+
+<p>As to Portugal, I have more than once spoken to the
+Minister on the subject. He admits the justice of our being
+treated by that as by other neutral nations. He has
+promised to interfere in our behalf, but nothing efficacious
+has yet been done. To send an agent there, could do no
+harm, and might do good; I am therefore for it. The
+Ambassador of France thinks with me, that before that
+step is taken, it ought to be confidentially communicated to
+this Court, and I am persuaded difficulties will arise from
+it. I shall do my best.</p>
+
+<p>M. Gardoqui's departure is uncertain. He is still attending
+the orders of the Court. I doubt his receiving them
+till the campaign closes, and perhaps not then.</p>
+
+<p>I do not despair of seeing some good result, finally, from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">506</a></span>
+all this complication of political solecisms. It would not
+surprise me if we should in the end be the gainers by
+them. My greatest fears are about the fate of the bills.
+If protested, for want of payment, they will become the
+source of much evil.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. S.</i> I have this instant received a letter from Commodore
+Gillon, dated at Corunna, the 28th of September,
+and one from Colonel Searle of the 26th of September. I
+herewith enclose copies of them. Their contents are interesting.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;J. J.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> See these letters at large in the <i>Secret Journal of Congress</i>, Vol.
+II. pp. 323, 326. The latter was drawn up by Mr Madison.</p></div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Secret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. p. 393.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Secret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. p. 404.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> See this letter above, p. <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Madrid, October 18th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Major Franks delivered me the despatches committed to
+his care on the 30th of August. He set out for France
+the 5th instant. My letters by him to your Excellency
+will account for his remaining here so long. I also beg
+leave to refer to them for other more interesting particulars.</p>
+
+<p>Congress will doubtless be informed that I have refused
+to accept some of their bills. As the enemies of America
+in Europe had, with some success, endeavored to render
+the credit of our paper suspected, it appeared to me expedient
+to state the reasons for these refusals very particularly,
+and I caused them to be recited at large in the protests.
+I have sent copies of them to Dr Franklin and Mr.
+Adams, that in case these transactions should be represented
+to our disadvantage, either in France or Holland,
+they might be enabled to set the matter right. I now send
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">507</a></span>
+copies to Congress, to prevent their being alarmed at any
+general report that may arrive in America, of my having
+refused to accept their bills drawn upon me.</p>
+
+<p>Our merchants would, in my opinion, do well to write
+their endorsements on bills at length, and in their own
+hand writing. There is reason to believe that the enemy
+often turn blank endorsements to good account.</p>
+
+<p>M. Gardoqui is here. Those ships of the Spanish flotilla,
+which carried the treasure, are arrived at Cadiz.
+Trenches are not yet opened against Fort St Philip at
+Minorca. Another expedition is preparing at Cadiz; its
+destination is uncertain.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I have the honor to be, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">JOHN JAY.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, November 1st, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your letter to Congress of April last having been read
+and answered by them, though not so minutely as I would
+wish, I forbear making any remarks upon it, because I am
+not yet perfectly acquainted with their sentiments, (and
+would not wish any which might interfere with them) having
+just entered upon the office, in consequence of which I
+open this correspondence, though long since appointed. I
+beg of you, agreeably to the directions of Congress, to
+address in future your public letters to me, and to notify
+the Count de Florida Blanca of this alteration in our system,
+our unacknowledged situation rendering it improper
+to do it formally.</p>
+
+<p>Congress have at length completed the organization of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">508</a></span>
+their executive departments, by the choice of General Lincoln
+for their Secretary at War. It is expected that order
+and system will arise out of this mode of doing business,
+and the strictest economy.</p>
+
+<p>If the great powers of Europe, with every advantage
+that settled governments enjoy, feel themselves under the
+necessity of making foreign loans, can it be expected that
+a war of six years, in the heart of our country, should
+not have abridged the resources of a State, which had
+every necessary for their army to import; which never
+manufactured for itself; which had no marine; and which,
+with a number of internal enemies in their bosom, had civil
+governments to establish? Perhaps it would be impossible
+to offer a better picture of the resources of this country,
+and the stability of her funds when they shall be well managed,
+than by comparing our present debt with the duration
+of the war and the exertions we have made. For
+though our enemies may allege, that our debt was relieved
+by the depreciation of our bills, yet it must be remembered,
+that that very depreciation was a tax, though an
+unequal one, borne by the people of these States, and as
+it has not produced national ruin, it must follow, that the
+States had sufficient resources to bear this burthen.
+These resources, though lessened, still remain.</p>
+
+<p>The only object for which Britain continues the war, is
+the recovery of this country. What better plan of finance
+then can be adopted by France or Spain, than by timely
+aids of ships and money to blast this hope, and by a
+speedy peace to terminate their expenses? If, on the contrary,
+they wish to linger out the war till Britain is more
+exhausted, this country affords them the easiest means of
+doing it.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">509</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Armies may be maintained here for one third of the expense
+that Britain lays out upon hers. This France has
+experienced. Though her affairs were not perhaps managed
+with the strictest economy, though her bills were extremely
+low, her supplies cost at least one third less than
+the British paid at New York, without taking into account
+the hire of transports, the seamen employed, paid, and fed
+in that service, and the number of them that fell into our
+hands. Be persuaded yourself, and endeavor to persuade
+others, that if this is a war of finance, which all modern
+wars are, Britain is most vulnerable in America.</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate you upon the important success of our
+aims in South Carolina and Virginia, of which I enclose
+you official accounts. On the returns you will remark a
+number of British American nominal regiments. These
+were recruiting in Virginia and North Carolina, and their
+success will show the truth of what Britain advances with
+respect to the number of her partisans in America. I will
+venture to say, that with similar advantages, their recruiting
+parties would have been more successful in any country
+in Europe. Besides the troops mentioned in the returns,
+the enemy lost during the siege near two thousand negroes.
+Previous to the surrender, they had a naval engagement
+with the Count de Grasse. The Terrible, a
+British seventyfour, was burnt, so that our affairs here
+stand upon the most respectable footing imaginable.&mdash;[Upwards
+of thirty lines follow interspersed with a cypher,
+the key to which is not to be found.]</p>
+
+<p>But this is a delicate subject, and I quit it till I am more
+fully acquainted with the views of Congress thereon, for I
+confess to you, that the sentiments I have hazarded are
+rather my own, than any that I know to be theirs, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">510</a></span>
+should weigh accordingly with you. The provision trade
+with the Havana being very considerable and important to
+Spain, while she has fleets and armies to maintain there, it
+might be proper to suggest to the Spanish Ministry the advantage
+of allowing small convoys of frigates, which would
+enable us to carry it on in vessels of greater burden, and
+by that means diminish the expense of freight and insurance,
+both of which, eventually, fall upon Spain. A few
+frigates would answer the purpose, as the stations of the
+enemy's ships are almost always known on this coast, and,
+indeed, they seldom have any out but frigates cruising
+singly.</p>
+
+<p>Another thought strikes me, which, perhaps, if digested,
+might be ripened into a plan advantageous to France,
+Spain, and America. While France keeps an army here,
+she must draw bills, or export money. She has, for the
+most part, preferred the former, at the loss of forty per
+cent discount. The money of Spain is lodged at the
+Havana, and cannot be brought to Europe without great
+hazard; whereas the risk of sending it here under convoy
+is extremely small. It may be vested in European bills to
+such advantage, as to pay the whole expense of transportation,
+and even an interest, till the bills are negotiated in
+Europe. This plan affords France a market for her
+bills, Spain a cheap and easy way of bringing her money
+home, and America a circulating medium, which enables
+her to tax with advantage.</p>
+
+<p>The enclosed act of Congress informs you of the appointment
+of Mr Hanson, of Maryland, to the Presidentship.</p>
+
+<p>I shall write very frequently to you, and shall in return
+expect that you will omit no opportunity of letting me hear
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">511</a></span>
+from you. A Court kalendar, if one is printed with you,
+with notes of your own thereon, might be of some service
+to us. I shall use our private cypher, as corrected by that
+sent by Mr Toscan, till you receive the one transmitted by
+Mr Thomson, in which case, as it is less troublesome, be
+pleased to use that, if you are sure it came safe.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">I am, dear Sir, with the sincerest regard and esteem,
+&amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<h3>ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN JAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="letter_head">Philadelphia, November 28th, 1781.</p>
+
+<p class="letter_open">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I wrote so fully to you not long since, that I should not
+trouble you at this time, if I had not determined to omit
+no opportunity of letting you hear from this side of the
+water, and enabling you at all times to meet any falsehood
+the enemy may find it politic to publish.</p>
+
+<p>Since the capture of Cornwallis, nothing very material
+has happened. The ravaging parties on the northern frontiers
+have been defeated with great loss by the militia.
+The armies have taken their stations for the winter quarters;
+the French, in Virginia and Maryland; our troops,
+on the Hudson, excepting some detachments under General
+St Clair, destined to reinforce General Greene.
+They have orders to take Wilmington in their way, where
+the enemy have about six hundred men; it is probable
+they will not wait the attack. General Greene will have
+men enough to shut up the enemy, but not to force their
+strong holds. Want of money cramps all our exertions,
+and prevents our making a glorious winter campaign.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">512</a></span>
+The enemy are all shut up on two or three points of land,
+which is all they possess of the immense country they
+hope to conquer; and even these they hold by a very
+precarious tenure. Disaffection, which has languished for
+some time past, died when Cornwallis surrendered.</p>
+
+<p>Congress are occupied in taking measures for an active
+campaign; and they feel themselves satisfied with everything
+both at home and abroad.</p>
+
+<p>Congress have dissolved Mr Adams's powers to make a
+treaty of commerce with Great Britain; and, as you know,
+joined Dr Franklin and Mr Laurens in his other commission,
+if England should at length be wise enough to wish
+for peace.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis de Lafayette is the bearer of this. He
+has promised to convey it with safety to you, and to correspond
+with you in such a manner as to enable you to
+avail yourself of the knowledge which he has acquired,
+that may be of use to you. The resolves of Congress, of
+which I enclose a copy, show their sense on this subject,
+and the confidence which they very justly repose in him.
+His Aid waits for this. Adieu my dear Sir.</p>
+
+<p class="indent1">Believe me to be, with the highest respect and esteem, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="signed">ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.</p>
+
+<div class="thought_break"></div>
+
+<p class="volume_end">END OF THE SEVENTH VOLUME.</p>
+
+<div class="section_break"></div>
+<div id="trannote">
+<h2>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE.</h2>
+
+<p>Omitted words, shown as blank spaces in the original, have been
+transcribed as '&mdash;&mdash;'.</p>
+
+<p>Every effort was made to match the original text.
+Spelling variations between letters have been preserved.
+Apparent typos
+and misspellings were retained, including the following:</p>
+<table summary="Transcriber's Note">
+<tr>
+<td>Page</td>
+<td>Original text</td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;<a href="#Page_47">47</a></td>
+<td>"supprised"</td>
+<td>possible misspelling</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td>
+<td>"he did not embark till June 1st, 1794"</td>
+<td>1784?</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td ><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td>
+<td>"Marquis de la Flolte"</td>
+<td>possible misspelling</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td ><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td>
+<td>"Jean Guy Guatier"</td>
+<td>possible misspelling</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td>
+<td>"The following is an extrac"</td>
+<td>possible misspelling</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td>
+<td>"May 28th, 1780"</td>
+<td>date is given as May 30th in Table of Contents</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#Page_399">399</a></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>sum of Revenues does not appear correct</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#Page_400">400</a></td>
+<td>&nbsp;</td>
+<td>sum of Expenses does not appear correct</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution
+       Volume 7.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Jared Sparks
+
+Release Date: November 1, 2011 [EBook #37898]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DIPLOMATIC ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Frank van Drogen, Melissa McDaniel and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by the Bibliotheque nationale de France
+(BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF THE
+
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+VOL. VII.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF THE
+
+AMERICAN REVOLUTION;
+
+BEING
+
+THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN ADAMS, JOHN JAY,
+ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM
+CARMICHAEL, HENRY LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M. DUMAS,
+AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
+DURING THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;
+
+TOGETHER WITH
+
+THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, AND THE
+SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+ALSO,
+
+THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS, GERARD AND LUZERNE,
+WITH CONGRESS.
+
+Published under the Direction of the President of the United States,
+from the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably
+to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818.
+
+EDITED
+
+BY JARED SPARKS.
+
+
+VOL. VII.
+
+
+BOSTON:
+
+NATHAN HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN;
+
+G. & C. & H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.
+
+
+1830.
+
+
+
+
+Steam Power Press--W. L. Lewis' Print.,
+
+No. 6, Congress Street, Boston.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+OF THE
+
+SEVENTH VOLUME.
+
+
+JOHN ADAMS'S CORRESPONDENCE,
+
+CONTINUED.
+
+                                                                 Page.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, December 14th, 1782,             3
+
+        The King of Sweden's compliment to the United
+        States.--The signing of the preliminaries announced to
+        Parliament.--Quotes a note from the Courier de
+        l'Europe.--Requests leave to return.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to John Adams. Philadelphia, December
+    19th, 1782,                                                      4
+
+        Mr Jefferson accepts his appointment.--Financial
+        arrangements for raising a revenue.
+
+    To Charles W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 1st, 1783,                6
+
+        M. Brantzen.--Conversation with Mr Oswald on freedom of
+        navigation.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, January 22d, 1783,               8
+
+        Preliminaries and armistice between England, and Spain,
+        and France, signed and sealed.--Terms England offers to
+        the Dutch.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, January 23d, 1783,              10
+
+        Grounds of Mr Adams's opinions of European politics.--Mr
+        Laurens's services.--The northern powers friendly to
+        America.--America has suffered by reposing confidence in
+        a certain minister.
+
+    To C. W. F. Dumas. Paris, January 29th, 1783,                   13
+
+        Proceedings of Congress in reference to the armed
+        neutrality.--America is ready to accede to its
+        principles.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, February 5th, 1783,             14
+
+        Causes of the revocation of his commission for
+        negotiating a treaty of commerce with Great
+        Britain.--Recommends the appointment of a Minister to
+        England for negotiating a treaty of commerce.--Mr
+        Adams's idea of the qualifications necessary for an
+        American Minister, particularly at the English
+        Court.--Address and fluency in speaking French of little
+        importance.--Mr Jay's services and qualifications.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to John Adams. Philadelphia, February
+    13th, 1783,                                                     23
+
+        Financial embarrassments of the country.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, March 2d, 1783,                 25
+
+        Transmitting an application from a French house at
+        Leghorn to be appointed consul or commercial agent of
+        the United States.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to John Adams. Philadelphia, April 14th,
+    1783,                                                           26
+
+        Ambiguous expressions in the declaration of the
+        cessation of hostilities.--Affairs of the Dutch.--Mr
+        Adams's accounts.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, April 14th, 1783,               28
+
+        Mr Hartley succeeds Mr Oswald.--Prospect of a general
+        congress at Paris.
+
+    To Robert Morris. Paris, May 21st, 1783,                        30
+
+        The Dutch loan; perplexities and embarrassments.--Wishes
+        to be at home to persuade the Americans to pay taxes and
+        build ships.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, May 24th, 1783,                 31
+
+        A temporary regulation of commerce with England will be
+        necessary.--The American ministers invited to London
+        with a promise that they should be treated as the
+        ministers of other sovereign states.--The English court
+        wishes to interchange ministers with America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, May 30th, 1783,                 34
+
+        Receives the ratification by Congress of the treaty with
+        Holland.--Delay in the negotiations of the definitive
+        treaty.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 9th, 1783,                 35
+
+        "Letters from a Distinguished American," written by Mr
+        Adams.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 16th, 1783,                36
+
+        Ambiguities in the articles of the provisional treaty
+        occasioned by the critical state of affairs.--The Dutch
+        have been of important service in bringing about the
+        termination of the war.--Expresses a wish to return; is
+        unwilling to remain in Europe if the embassy to England
+        is given to any other person.--Policy to be pursued in
+        raising a loan in Holland.--Conduct of General
+        Washington during the discontent in the army.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 23d, 1783,                 41
+
+        Obstacles in the way of agreeing upon a regulation of
+        commerce.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 23d, 1783,                 42
+
+        Embarrassments of the English Ministry.--A party in
+        England in favor of restricting the commerce of the
+        Americans.--America and the West Indies are mutually
+        necessary to each other.--Thinks it politic to revive
+        the trade on the former footing, if necessary.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 24th, 1783,                45
+
+        Fictions of the European Gazetteers.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 27th, 1783,                46
+
+        Progress of the negotiations of the other
+        powers.--Expects to obtain nothing more favorable than
+        the terms of the provisional treaty.--Conduct,
+        character, and materials of the British Ministry.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 27th, 1783,                48
+
+        American ships arrive in England.--Dubious policy of
+        the Ministry.--The American Ministers would effect more
+        in England.--France does not desire a reconciliation
+        between England and the United States.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 3d, 1783,                  51
+
+        The American Ministers make visits to the Ministers of
+        all the powers.--The coalition.--The commerce with the
+        West Indies.--Receives a visit from the Ambassador of
+        the Emperor of Germany.--The other Ministers return his
+        visit.
+
+    To Robert Morris. Paris, July 5th, 1783,                        56
+
+        State of affairs in Europe at the moment of signing the
+        peace.--Expediency of signing it without consulting the
+        French Minister.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 7th, 1783,                 59
+
+        The British Ministry avoid any definitive
+        propositions.--The West India commerce in regard to the
+        different powers.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 9th, 1783,                 63
+
+        Mediation of the Imperial Courts.--Explains the
+        necessity for concealing the separate article from
+        France; and for signing the treaty without a previous
+        communication of it to the French Court.--The foreign
+        Ministers cease to treat the American Ministers with
+        reserve.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 10th, 1783,                67
+
+        French policy in regard to the fisheries.--Letter of M.
+        Marbois.--M. de Rayneval's correspondence with Mr
+        Jay.--France wishes the exclusion of the Americans from
+        the West Indies.
+
+    To Robert Morris. Paris, July 10th, 1783,                       70
+
+        Means of raising a loan in Holland.
+
+    To Robert Morris. Paris, July 11th, 1783,                       72
+
+        Necessity of sustaining the credit of the United States
+        by providing for the prompt settlement of all claims.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 11th, 1783,                74
+
+        Obligations of America to France.--Reasons for
+        maintaining a close connexion with France.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 12th, 1783,                75
+
+        Algiers.--Negotiations with Portugal.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 13th, 1783,                77
+
+        Reasons for forming a treaty of commerce with the
+        Emperor of Germany.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 14th, 1783,                81
+
+        Jealousy of American ships and trade in France and
+        England.--Proclamation of the English court permitting
+        intercourse between America and the West Indies in
+        British vessels.--Fish, potash and pearlash not
+        admitted.--This measure is the result of French
+        policy--Remedies to be applied by America.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 14th, 1783,                85
+
+        Exclusive policy of the European powers in regard to
+        commerce.--Views of Austria and Russia towards the Black
+        Sea, the Danube, the Archipelago and Turkey.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 15th, 1783,                88
+
+        Mr Hartley offers no definitive
+        propositions.--"Observations on the American States."
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 16th, 1783,                89
+
+        Visit to the Count de Vergennes.--Conversation relative
+        to the West India commerce.--Means of retaliating the
+        British restrictions on the commerce with their
+        islands.--The Americans ought to send ships to
+        China.--Doubtful complexion of British politics.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 17th, 1783,                94
+
+        Conversation with Mr Hartley on the English trade and
+        policy in the East.--Importance of forming commercial
+        connexions with the Dutch.--Conversation with the Duc de
+        la Vauguyon relative to the French and English policy in
+        Eastern Europe; on the colonial commerce.--The British
+        restrictive policy will produce wars.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, July 18th, 1783,                99
+
+        The United States must counteract French and British
+        policy by forming connexions with other
+        nations.--Necessity of a common authority in America for
+        managing foreign affairs, regulating commerce, raising a
+        revenue, &c.--The friendship of the Dutch must be
+        secured.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 23d, 1783,            103
+
+        Sugar trade, and sugar refineries may be carried on by
+        Americans as well as by the Dutch.--Conversation with M.
+        Visscher and M. Van Berckel on the trade with the Dutch
+        Colonies.--M. Van Berckel's remarks on a loan in
+        Holland.--Conversation with the Prince of Orange on the
+        ranks of foreign Ministers.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 25th, 1783,           109
+
+        Intrigues of the English to restore their former
+        connexions with Holland.--The Dutch complain of having
+        been deceived by the French Ministers.--No progress in
+        the negotiations between England and Holland.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783,           112
+
+        Sugar trade.--American loan in Holland.--Loans of the
+        other powers there.
+
+    To Robert Morris. Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783,                  115
+
+        The loan in Holland.--Suggests the expediency of sending
+        out ships loaded by the States with their respective
+        staples.--Probability of obtaining a loan in England.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 30th, 1783,           117
+
+        Trade with the Dutch Colonies.--Account of the limits,
+        &c. of the Dutch West India Company received from the
+        secretary.--General commerce with the European West
+        India Colonies.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, July 31st, 1783,           122
+
+        Conversation with the Sardinian Minister, who advises
+        the sending of a circular by Congress to the European
+        powers, giving an account of the Declaration of
+        Independence, of the acknowledgment by other powers,
+        &c.; recommends commercial connexions with Italy;
+        remarks on the Austrian policy towards Turkey.--Efforts
+        to detach Holland from her connexion with France.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 1st, 1783,          127
+
+        Conversation with the Portuguese Minister on commercial
+        matters.--Dr Franklin's treaty with Portugal.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 2d, 1783,           131
+
+        Conversation with M. Berenger on the European politics
+        of the day.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. The Hague, August 3d, 1783,           133
+
+        Necessity of securing reciprocity in the commercial
+        treaties.--Dissatisfaction in Holland with France.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 10th, 1783,             136
+
+        Interview with the Spanish and Portuguese Ministers on
+        commercial subjects.--Extraordinary increase of the
+        commerce of the neutrals.--No progress in the
+        negotiation.--Causes of the delay.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 13th, 1783,             140
+
+        Exchange ratifications of the provisional treaty with Mr
+        Hartley.--The project of a definitive treaty produced by
+        Mr Hartley in the words of the provisional treaty.--Mr
+        Hartley objects to the mediation of the Imperial Courts.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 13th, 1783,             143
+
+        Probable policy of France in regard to
+        Turkey.--Situation of the Count de Vergennes considered
+        precarious.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 13th, 1783,             145
+
+        Expresses his discontent with Dr Franklin's negotiating
+        treaties with several powers without communicating with
+        other Ministers.--Remarks on the treaty with Denmark.
+
+    To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, August 15th, 1783,             149
+
+        The belligerent powers except Holland are
+        agreed.--Remarks of M. Brantzen on the conduct, policy,
+        and situation of the Count de Vergennes.--The Queen and
+        some of the council are opposed to him.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Paris, September 5th, 1783,      152
+
+        The definitive treaty signed, sealed, and delivered.--A
+        new commission necessary for negotiating a treaty of
+        commerce.--The Count de Vergennes was not desirous of
+        admitting the mediation of the Imperial Courts.--Mr
+        Adams regrets not having admitted the mediation.--Policy
+        of forming commercial connexions with the European
+        powers.
+
+    To Elias Boudinot, President of Congress. Paris, September
+    8th, 1783,                                                     156
+
+        Accepts the joint commission for negotiating a treaty of
+        commerce with England.--Advises that it be extended to
+        the other powers.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Paris, September 8th, 1783,      158
+
+        Management of the European Journals.--Courier de
+        l'Europe.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Paris, September 10th, 1783,     160
+
+        Advises the opening of negotiations with all the Courts
+        of Europe, and with the Barbary powers.
+
+
+JOHN JAY'S CORRESPONDENCE.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 20th, 1779,                                           171
+
+        Action at sea between the French and English.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 22d, 1779,                                            172
+
+        Repairs of the ship.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 24th, 1779,                                           174
+
+        An account of the condition of the ship, and the causes
+        of his favoring the steering for Martinique.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 25th, 1779,                                           190
+
+        Recommends Mrs Smith to the attention of Congress.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 25th, 1779,                                           191
+
+        Draws on the fund for the payment of his salary for a
+        hundred guineas, to be distributed among the officers of
+        the Confederacy.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Pierre's, Martinique,
+    December 26th, 1779,                                           192
+
+        M. Gerard proposes to send home the Confederacy to
+        refit.--She is permitted to refit in Martinique, and a
+        French frigate is ordered to carry Mr Jay and M. Gerard
+        to France.--Mr Bingham's services.
+
+    To Arthur Lee. Cadiz, January 26th, 1780,                      194
+
+        Requests of Mr Lee information.
+
+    To the Count de Vergennes. Cadiz, January 27th, 1780,          195
+
+        Recapitulation of former proceedings relative to
+        Spain.--Requests the interposition of the King in favor
+        of America.
+
+    To Don Joseph Galvez, Minister of the Spanish Court. January
+    27th, 1780,                                                    199
+
+        Stipulation in the treaty between France and the United
+        States providing for the accession of Spain.--Mr Jay
+        appointed to carry it into effect.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Cadiz, January 27th, 1780,       202
+
+        Reasons for his landing in Cadiz.
+
+    Instructions to William Carmichael. Cadiz, January 27th,
+    1780,                                                          203
+
+        Directions as to his conduct towards M. Galvez, the
+        Spanish Minister, and the French Ambassador, for
+        procuring information.
+
+    William Carmichael to John Jay. Madrid, February 15th, 1780,   207
+
+        Cordial reception by the French Ambassador.--Should have
+        been addressed to the Count de Florida Blanca.--Prospect
+        of reception by the Spanish Ministry.--M. Miralles has
+        been instructed to assist in the conquest of
+        Florida.--There is no coldness between the French and
+        Spanish Courts.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Cadiz, February 20th, 1780,      209
+
+        Mr Bingham advanced the hundred guineas distributed
+        among the officers of the Confederacy.
+
+    Count de Florida Blanca to John Jay. Pardo, February 24th,
+    1780,                                                          210
+
+        Expresses his Majesty's satisfaction with Mr Jay's
+        arrival, and declares there is no obstacle to his coming
+        to Court in an informal character.
+
+    To William Carmichael. Cadiz, February 25th, 1780,             211
+
+        Was informed by M. Gerard that M. Galvez was the
+        Minister with whom all business with the United States
+        was to be transacted.--Wished to have discovered the
+        sentiments of Spain towards America, independently of
+        French influence.--Requests further information as to
+        the instructions to M. Miralles.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Cadiz, February 29th, 1780,      215
+
+        Transmitting papers.--Generally believed that the
+        American islands will be the theatre of the next
+        campaign.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Cadiz, March 3d, 1780,           216
+
+        M. Guatier of Barcelona desires to be American consul
+        there.--Necessity for consuls in Spain.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Cadiz, March 3d, 1780,           217
+
+        Reason for not making personal application to the
+        Ministry at first.--Policy of France.--M. Gerard's
+        opinion.--Spain is already at war with England.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, April 6th, 1780,    219
+
+        Congratulations on his arrival.
+
+    Answer to De Neufville & Son. Madrid, April 27th, 1780,        219
+
+        Their letters to Congress were received before his
+        departure.--The success of America important to Holland.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 26th, 1780,          220
+
+        Arrival at Cadiz.--Draws on Dr Franklin.--Extract of a
+        letter from Dr Franklin (April 7th, 1780), contradicting
+        the report that the Loan Office bills payable in France
+        were not honored.--Certificate of Mr Grand to the same
+        effect.--Correspondence with Mr Lee.--Letter of the
+        Count de Vergennes in reply to that of Mr Jay announcing
+        his arrival.--Reply of Mr Jay (Aranjues, May 9th, 1780),
+        to the Count de Vergennes assuring him of his confidence
+        in M. de Montmorin.--M. Gerard informs him that he
+        should address himself to M. Galvez.--Writes to that
+        Minister.--Answered by the Count de Florida
+        Blanca.--Letter of Mr Jay (Cadiz, March 6th, 1780), to
+        the Count, expressing the confidence of the United
+        States in the King's favorable disposition, and
+        declaring his intention of setting out for
+        Madrid.--Arrives at Madrid.--Questions from the Count de
+        Florida Blanca (dated March 9th, 1780), requesting
+        information on the civil and military state of the
+        American Provinces.--Reply of Mr Jay (Madrid, April
+        25th, 1780), to the preceding questions, comprising his
+        commission and that of Mr Carmichael, with details in
+        reply to the questions; the democratic nature of the
+        American governments renders a knowledge of their
+        affairs easily attainable. 1. THE CIVIL STATE;
+        population of each State; government of each State and
+        the Articles of the Confederation; disposition of the
+        people, who were at first only desirous of a redress of
+        grievances; but now determined on independence, with the
+        grounds of this opinion; there is no British party in
+        America; revenues; public debts; resources; possibility
+        of supporting their credit in the operations of
+        Government, in commerce, in the protection of the
+        national industry; advantages to result to Spain from
+        the independence of American States, in the reduction of
+        the British power, and in the commerce with America;
+        ability of the United States to furnish naval stores.
+        2. THE MILITARY STATE; number of the troops; the
+        commander in chief; means of recruiting by the militia;
+        deficiency of arms, of clothing; means of subsistence;
+        naval forces; the people will not submit; their
+        disposition towards the Kings of France and of Spain;
+        financial embarrassments; sending supplies to America
+        would be the surest means of humiliating Great
+        Britain.--Receives the resolutions of Congress drawing
+        on Mr Laurens and himself for L100,000 sterling
+        each.--Letter of Mr Jay (Aranjues, April 29th, 1780), to
+        the Count de Florida Blanca in consequence of the
+        foregoing resolution, giving an account of the financial
+        operations of Congress, and requesting aid from his
+        Majesty.--Conference with the Count on the subject of
+        the preceding letter; the Count states that Spain has
+        been subject to heavy expenses during the preceding
+        year, but that his Majesty intends to give America all
+        assistance in his power, and has directed him to confer
+        with his colleagues in the Ministry on this point;
+        wishes Mr Jay to contract to furnish Spain with frigates
+        and light vessels; promises to engage in the King's name
+        to pay the bills of exchange if presented; the
+        pretensions of America to the navigation of the
+        Mississippi an obstacle to a treaty.--Letter of Mr Jay
+        (Aranjues, May 12th, 1780), to the Count de Florida
+        Blanca stating his confidential connexion with the
+        French Ambassador, and wishing to know if he may
+        communicate to him the subject of the conference.--Reply
+        of the Count de Florida Blanca (Aranjues, May 14th,
+        1780).--Mr Jay's note to the French Ambassador informing
+        him of Sir J. Dalrymple's arrival at Madrid.--Note of M.
+        de Montmorin in reply, declaring his entire confidence
+        in the Spanish Ministry.--Extract of a letter from Mr
+        Jay (April 26th 1780), to Mr Adams informing him of Sir
+        J. Dalrymple's arrival at Aranjues.--Sir J. Dalrymple
+        requests permission to go through Spain, and a passport
+        through France.--Sir J. Dalrymple presents to the Count
+        de Florida Blanca Lord Rochford's project to prevent the
+        war by a confederation between France, Spain, Portugal
+        and England; the confederates to guaranty mutually their
+        Colonial possessions; to participate in the commerce of
+        the English Colonies under certain limitations, to be
+        settled by five persons, one from each country; to
+        settle the contested privileges of the Americans on just
+        principles; disadvantages resulting to Spain from the
+        independence of the English American Colonies, first by
+        promoting a contraband trade between the American States
+        and the Spanish Colonies, and secondly by exposing the
+        Spanish Colonies to the attacks of the Americans, who
+        will soon form establishments in the South Seas; all
+        Europe is interested in preventing the independence of
+        America.--The Gardoquis; Mr Jay is destitute of
+        resources; difficulty of conveying intelligence;
+        expenses of a Minister at the Spanish Court; coldly
+        treated by the Ministers of the Northern powers;
+        ignorance of American affairs in Spain; the secrets of
+        Congress well known to the Spanish and French Courts.
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, May 27th, 1780,   282
+
+        Mr Laurens is not arrived.
+
+    To James Lovell. Madrid, May 27th, 1780,                       283
+
+        Want of intelligence from America.
+
+    William Carmichael to John Jay. Aranjues, May 27th, 1780,      283
+
+        Destination of the Spanish fleet.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 28th, 1780,          284
+
+        Enclosing the preceding, the information in which he
+        considers authentic.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 30th, 1780,          285
+
+        Receives the resolution of Congress, desiring the
+        Ex-Presidents of Congress to lodge their public
+        correspondence in the Secretary's office.--Mr Jay did
+        this at the time of his retirement from the office.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, May 30th, 1780,          285
+
+        Bills drawn upon him are arrived.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Without date,                  286
+
+        Bills drawn on Mr Laurens, who is not arrived.--Have
+        promised the holders to accept them.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, June 1st, 1780,     287
+
+        Are willing to accept the bills drawn on Mr Laurens,
+        provided they are permitted to draw on Dr Franklin at
+        seven or eight months.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, June 8th, 1780,     288
+
+        Have accepted the bills on Mr Laurens, and request that
+        some method of reimbursing them may be adopted.
+
+    Committee of Foreign Affairs to John Jay. Philadelphia, June
+    16th, 1780,                                                    288
+
+        Reasons for drawing on him.--Have drawn for an
+        additional sum.
+
+    To De Neufville & Son, at Amsterdam. Madrid, June 18th, 1780,  290
+
+        Thanking them for their offer to accept the bills drawn
+        on Mr Laurens.
+
+    To De Neufville & Son. Madrid, June 25th, 1780,                291
+
+        Is uncertain whether he shall be able to reimburse them
+        for their advances.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, July 10th, 1780,         292
+
+        Remittances from America are necessary.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, July 13th, 1780,    293
+
+        Cannot accept any more bills.--Would undertake a loan if
+        authorised.
+
+    De Neufville & Son to John Jay. Amsterdam, July 28th, 1780,    295
+
+        Dr Franklin has offered to accept further bills drawn on
+        Mr Laurens; they will therefore continue to accept those
+        presented.
+
+    To De Neufville & Son. Madrid, July 29th, 1780,                296
+
+        Has not power to authorise them to raise a loan.--The
+        capture of Charleston will have no effect on the
+        determination of the Americans.
+
+    To De Neufville & Son. Madrid, August 16th, 1780,              298
+
+        Expresses his sense of their friendly conduct towards
+        America.
+
+    To Silas Deane. St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1780,             299
+
+        Desires to correspond with him.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Ildefonso, September 16th,
+    1780,                                                          299
+
+        It is necessary to cease drawing bills on him.--The King
+        of Spain has offered his responsibility to facilitate a
+        loan.
+
+    Instructions to John Jay. In Congress, October 4th. 1780,      300
+
+        Directing him to insist on the navigation of the
+        Mississippi.--The boundary.--Florida.
+
+    To De Neufville & Son. Madrid, October 4th, 1780,              302
+
+        Connexion between Holland and the United States.--Shall
+        recommend their house to Congress.--Spanish ordinance
+        establishing a paper currency.--Effect of this measure
+        on the bills drawn on him; wishes to know if money could
+        be raised in Holland for Congress on the joint credit of
+        Spain and the United States.
+
+    To James Lovell. Madrid, October 27th, 1780,                   304
+
+        Difficulties of finding a safe conveyance for his
+        letters.--Receives little information from the
+        committee.--M. Dohrmer.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, November 6th, 1780,      306
+
+        The Abbe Hussey arrives at Madrid with Mr
+        Cumberland.--Notes of Mr Jay's conference with the Count
+        de Florida Blanca.--Conference of Mr Carmichael with the
+        Minister.--Note from the Count de Florida Blanca
+        (Aranjues, June 9, 1780); to Mr Jay on the subject of
+        aids; his Majesty is willing to become responsible at the
+        expiration of two years to the holders of the bills drawn
+        on Mr Jay, provided Congress will build four frigates and
+        some light vessels for the King; the Americans may send
+        for stores to the Spanish ports for this purpose; the
+        squadron manned by Americans and under Spanish colors to
+        intercept the English East India vessels.--Reply of Mr
+        Jay (Aranjues, June 9th, 1780); expectations of the
+        Americans from Spain; the holders of the bills will
+        prefer recovering the amount on protest, to waiting for
+        the payment two years; the Spanish treasure from America
+        may arrive before the bills become payable; Mr Jay is
+        authorised to pledge the faith of the United States for
+        the repayment of any sums his Majesty may lend; former
+        aids; Congress has not the resources necessary for
+        building ships; difficulty of manning them with American
+        sailors, who prefer sailing in privateers; the country is
+        not in a condition to undertake foreign enterprises; the
+        Americans will always be ready to cooperate with Spain
+        against the Floridas or elsewhere; unfavorable
+        conclusions will be drawn as to the condition of Spain,
+        if she cannot supply such aid to men in arms against her
+        enemy.--Mr Jay's reasons for not touching on other points
+        of the proposition.--Note from Mr Jay to the Count,
+        informing him of a new draft.--Reply of the Count,
+        promising to pay the bill, and declaring that no more can
+        be paid without consulting the King; the proposition of
+        the Count having been rejected, it becomes necessary for
+        Mr Jay to devise other means.--Reply of Mr Jay to the
+        preceding (Madrid, June 22d, 1780), proposing as a means
+        of paying the bills the advance of the L25,000 to L40,000
+        sterling promised; the sum necessary for building the
+        ships cannot be raised by Congress; America cannot pay
+        the debts occasioned by the war till peace; advantages
+        resulting to Spain by the furnishing of aid to
+        America.--Reasons for not pushing the treaty at this
+        time.--Letter from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida Blanca
+        (Madrid, June 28th, 1780), transmitting the resolutions
+        of Congress, directing that bills be issued redeemable in
+        specie in six years; this plan may enable the United
+        States to supply the vessels, his Majesty becoming
+        responsible for a certain part of the sum so
+        issued.--Note from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida Blanca,
+        stating that he has been called on to accept new
+        bills.--Reply of the Count de Florida Blanca, declaring
+        nothing can be done in regard to the new drafts without
+        consulting the King and the other Ministers; requests
+        further explanations of Mr Jay's plan for furnishing the
+        ships and engaging the responsibility of the King.--Note
+        from the Count de Florida Blanca to Mr Jay, requesting to
+        know when the bills lately arrived will become due.--News
+        of the capture of Charleston.--Mr Jay's notes of a
+        conference with the Count de Florida Blanca, July 5th;
+        capture of Charleston; death of M. Miralles; the Count
+        advises Mr Jay to be cautious of Messrs Joyce, who hold
+        the bills; regrets the precipitancy of Congress in
+        drawing; specie might have been remitted from the Spanish
+        Colonies directly to the United States; remarks on the
+        deranged state of the finances of the United States; the
+        difficulty of raising money in Europe; wishes to wait the
+        arrival of a certain person; Mr Jay observes, that
+        Congress have adopted measures for restoring the
+        finances; suggests that Spain might furnish aid by bills
+        on Havana; states in reply to a question of the Count,
+        that ship timber may be furnished from America; urges the
+        importance of accepting the bills; reminds the Minister
+        of the promise of clothing; evasive and uncertain nature
+        of this conference.--Note from Mr Jay to the Count de
+        Florida Blanca (Madrid, July 11th, 1780), informing him
+        that new bills have been presented; the Messrs Joyce
+        consent to have their bills payable at Bilboa.--Answer of
+        the Count to the preceding, desiring a delay till the
+        arrival of a certain person.--Mr Jay requests that Mr
+        Harrison be allowed to remain at Cadiz.--Note from the
+        Count de Florida Blanca (July 29th), granting Mr Harrison
+        permission to remain at Cadiz; still waits the arrival of
+        the person above mentioned.--Note from Mr Jay to the
+        Count de Florida Blanca (August 11th), announcing the
+        presentation of more bills.--Reply of the Count de
+        Florida Blanca, regretting that he must still wait the
+        arrival of a certain person.--Letter of Mr Jay (Madrid,
+        August 16th, 1780), to the Count de Florida Blanca,
+        stating that the holders of the bills grow
+        impatient.--Letter of Mr Jay to the Count de Florida
+        Blanca (Madrid, August 18th, 1780), informing him that
+        bills have been received by the Gardoquis, which will be
+        immediately presented.--Letter from Mr Jay to the Count
+        de Florida Blanca (St Ildefonso, August 25th, 1780),
+        urging the necessity of providing for the acceptance of
+        the bills.--Mr Jay's notes of a conference with the
+        French Ambassador, August 27th; Mr Jay gives an account
+        of his proceedings since his arrival, and requests the
+        Ambassador to obtain an answer for him from the Spanish
+        Minister; Mr Jay was encouraged to expect that he should
+        be supplied with money to meet the bills; the Ambassador
+        thinks that the Spanish Minister will pay the bills, and
+        promises to speak to him on the subject.--Subsequent
+        coolness of the French Ambassador.--Second visit to him;
+        he advises Mr Jay to write again to the Count de Florida
+        Blanca, praying an audience; Mr Jay declines making any
+        supplications, or purchasing by concessions the
+        acknowledgment of independence; declares his
+        determination to write on the subject of the treaty, and
+        if treated with the same neglect to return; conduct of
+        France.--Mr Jay consents to send Mr Carmichael to the
+        Minister.--Note from the Count de Florida Blanca
+        introducing M. Gardoqui.--Conversation with M. Gardoqui
+        on the subject of the bills; second conversation with M.
+        Gardoqui, who proposes the surrender of the navigation of
+        the Mississippi.--Objections to this
+        measure.--Conversation with M. Del Campo on the same
+        subjects.--Conversation with the Secretary of the French
+        Ambassador.--M. Gardoqui informs him from the Count de
+        Florida Blanca that no more bills can be paid by
+        Spain.--Letter of Mr Jay (St Ildefonso, September 14th,
+        1780), to the Count de Florida Blanca, requesting to know
+        if any aid is to be expected from Spain.--Answer to the
+        preceding, dictated by M. Del Campo, in the name of the
+        Count de Florida Blanca, to M. Gardoqui, declaring the
+        readiness of his Majesty to assist the States.--Letter
+        from Mr Jay to Count de Vergennes (St Ildefonso,
+        September 22d, 1780), giving an account of his
+        proceedings in Spain; requesting the aid of France in
+        meeting the bills.--Letter of Mr Jay to Dr Franklin (same
+        date), on the same subject.--Notes of a conference
+        between Mr Jay and the Count de Florida Blanca (September
+        23d); satisfaction of the King with the measures of
+        Congress for supplying the Spanish forces in the West
+        Indies; plan of the English Court to attempt an
+        accommodation with America; Mr Jay enters upon the points
+        mentioned in the paper dictated to M. Gardoqui; on the
+        manner of making known the King's responsibility; on the
+        King's being disgusted with the drawing of bills without
+        his consent, and without terms of recompense; the bills
+        were drawn on Mr Jay, and the faith of the United States
+        was pledged for the payment of any sum advanced; Mr Jay
+        wishes the evidence of an understanding between America
+        and England; Congress had given proofs of friendship by
+        sending a Minister to negotiate treaties of amity and
+        alliance; the delaying of the negotiations owing to the
+        Minister not sending the promised notes on the subject;
+        terms of such a treaty; Spain ought not to expect the
+        expenses of the war will be refunded; America will be
+        ready to render every assistance possible.--Mr Jay
+        returns to Madrid and accepts the bills.--Equivocal
+        nature of the Spanish policy.--Extract of a letter from
+        the Count de Vergennes to the French Ambassador, stating
+        that it will be difficult to make advances to Mr
+        Jay.--Letter from Messrs Couteulx and Co. to Mr Jay
+        (Cadiz, October 3d, 1780), complaining of the expenses
+        and difficulty of supplying and sending home American
+        seamen.--Mr Jay to Messrs Couteulx and Co. (Madrid,
+        October 15th, 1780), directing them to settle accounts
+        with Mr Harrison.--Difficulties in the conveyance of
+        correspondence.--A copy of the correspondence of the
+        Commissioners in France in the hands of a certain
+        foreigner.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, November 30th, 1780,     389
+
+        Enclosing copies of papers from Morocco.--Delays of the
+        Spanish Court.--Remarks on the enclosed account of the
+        revenues and expenditures of Spain for 1778.
+
+    From D'Audibert Caille to John Jay. Aranjues, April 21st,
+    1780,                                                          392
+
+        Is authorised to declare the pacific intentions of the
+        Emperor of Morocco towards the United States.
+
+    To D'Audibert Caille,                                          393
+
+        Expresses his satisfaction with the disposition of the
+        Emperor of Morocco.
+
+    Copy of M. D'Audibert Caille's Appointment,                    394
+
+        Copy of M. D'Audibert Caille's appointment to officiate
+        as consul of all nations who have no consul in Morocco.
+
+    Copy of the Declaration by the Emperor of Morocco, February
+    20th 1778,                                                     396
+
+        Certificate of Pedro Umbert, that the above is
+        conformable to the truth.
+
+    Certificate of M. D'Audibert Caille. December 1st, 1779,       397
+
+        Certificate of M. D'Audibert Caille that Don Pedro
+        Umbert is employed for foreign affairs at the Court of
+        Morocco.
+
+    D'Audibert Caille to Congress. Sale, September 6th, 1779,      397
+
+        The Emperor of Morocco intends to be at peace with the
+        United States.
+
+    General State of the Revenues of Spain in the Year 1778,       399
+
+    To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Madrid, November 30th,
+    1780,                                                          401
+
+        Necessity of providing means for the safe conveyance of
+        the public correspondence.--His letters are opened and
+        many kept back both in Spain and the United States.
+
+    Instructions to John Jay. In Congress, February 15th, 1781,    403
+
+        Instructing him to recede from the demand of a free
+        navigation of the Mississippi below 31 deg..
+
+    James Lovell to John Jay. February 20th, 1781,                 404
+
+        Has received no letters from him of late.
+
+    James Lovell to John Jay. March 9th, 1781,                     405
+
+        Ratification of the articles of the Confederacy.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, March 22d, 1781,         405
+
+        Supplies from Spain.--Russian mediation.--M. Necker's
+        report.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, April 25th, 1781,        406
+
+        Spain insists on the exclusive navigation of the
+        Mississippi.--Letter from Mr Jay to De Neufville and Son
+        (Madrid, January 8th, 1781), renouncing the idea of a
+        loan in Holland separate from that negotiated by Mr
+        Adams.--Mr Jay's proceedings in regard to the payment of
+        the bills.--Advises that the unfinished ships be sold to
+        Spain.--Disposition of Portugal.--Dr Franklin.--Mr
+        Cumberland's mission.--Disposition of Spain.
+
+    The President of Congress to John Jay. In Congress, May 28th,
+    1781,                                                          415
+
+        Expressing the satisfaction of Congress with his
+        conduct.--Instructs him to disavow any understanding
+        between the United States and Great Britain; to avoid
+        referring to the treaty with France in his negotiations
+        with Spain; to declare that facilities will be granted
+        for the exportation of naval stores for the Spanish
+        marine; to continue to provide as far as possible for
+        American seamen in Spain; to open a correspondence with
+        M. D'Audibert Caille.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Aranjues, May 29th, 1781,        419
+
+        Conversation with the Count de Florida Blanca on the
+        admission of letters.
+
+    James Lovell to John Jay. Philadelphia, June 4th, 1781,        420
+
+        The affair of the Dover cutter.
+
+    James Lovell to John Jay. Philadelphia, June 15th, 1781,       421
+
+        Case of Dumain and Lyon.
+
+    Robert Morris to John Jay. Philadelphia, July 4th, 1781,       421
+
+        Mr Morris is appointed Superintendent of
+        Finance.--Objects to be accomplished by this
+        office.--Expectations of aid from Spain.--State of the
+        finances.--Disposition of the nation.--State of the
+        army.--Advantages that will result to Spain by aiding
+        America.--The United States cannot be dangerous to
+        Spain.--Amount desired.
+
+    Robert Morris to John Jay. Philadelphia, July 7th, 1781,       435
+
+        Necessity of immediate aids.
+
+    Robert Morris to John Jay. Office of Finance, July 9th, 1781,  436
+
+        Proposes a plan for sending home American seaman.
+
+    Robert Morris to John Jay. Philadelphia, July 13th, 1781,      438
+
+        Reasons which induced him to adopt the enclosed plan of
+        a national bank.--Wants aid from Spain.--Suggests that
+        an attempt should be made to obtain money from Portugal.
+
+    Robert Morris to John Jay. Office of Finance, August 15th,
+    1781,                                                          449
+
+        Directing to protest certain bills, assigning as a
+        reason his instructions.
+
+    James Lovell to John Jay. Philadelphia, August 15th, 1781,     450
+
+        Surrender of Pensacola.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Ildefonso, September 20th,
+    1781,                                                          451
+
+        Regrets that instructions should have been given the
+        American Ministers to concur in any terms to which
+        France should accede.
+
+    To the President of Congress. St Ildefonso, October 3d, 1781,  454
+
+        Conversation with the Count de Florida Blanca, who
+        complains that Congress has not shown any disposition to
+        oblige the King; remarks relative to M. Gardoqui.--Mr
+        Jay regrets that the instructions concerning the
+        Mississippi had not been kept secret; use that might
+        have been made of the claim.--Has another interview with
+        the Minister; stoppage of the letters from America; the
+        affair of the Dover cutter; cession of the claims of the
+        United States to the navigation of the Mississippi; the
+        Count remarks that these affairs can be settled at a
+        general peace.--Letter from Mr Jay (Madrid, July 2d,
+        1781), to the Count de Florida Blanca, declaring that he
+        has been instructed to cede the exclusive navigation of
+        the Mississippi.--Letter from Mr Jay (Madrid, July 2d,
+        1781), to the Count de Montmorin, communicating the
+        above.--Receiving no answer from the Minister, Mr Jay
+        calls upon him, and is informed that he cannot attend to
+        the matter.--Letters from Mr Jay (Madrid, July 13th,
+        1781), to the Count de Florida Blanca communicating his
+        instructions.--Note from the Count de Florida Blanca (St
+        Ildefonso, July 1st, 1781), to Mr Jay proposing to
+        attend to American affairs.--Mr Jay visits the Minister
+        with Major Franks; general conversation.--Renewed
+        delays.--Letter from Mr Jay (St. Ildefonso, September
+        16th, 1781), to the Count de Montmorin, enclosing the
+        draft of a letter to the Count de Florida Blanca, and
+        requesting the advice of the Ambassador.--Note from the
+        Count de Florida Blanca to Mr Jay requesting him to call
+        upon him.--Notes of the conference between Mr Jay and
+        the Count de Florida Blanca (September 19th, 1781); the
+        Count requests Mr Jay to draw up an outline of the
+        proposed treaties; aids; commercial connexion; treaty of
+        alliance; the Count observes that Congress has done
+        nothing to gratify the King; a person will be appointed
+        to confer further with Mr Jay.--Letter from Mr Jay (St
+        Ildefonso, September 22d, 1781), to the Count de Florida
+        Blanca requesting that some decisive measure be taken in
+        regard to American affairs.--Propositions toward a plan
+        of a treaty, with remarks; the subject of aids will
+        require a separate convention; also the regulation of
+        the mutual conduct of the parties during the war.--Mr
+        Jay's reason for limiting the duration of the offer
+        contained in the sixth proposition, relating to the
+        navigation of the Mississippi; arts of Spain.--Note from
+        the Count de Florida Blanca to Mr Jay, expressing a hope
+        that some progress will soon be made in the
+        consideration of the propositions.--Embarrassments in
+        providing for the payment of the bills.--Mr Harrison's
+        services.--Proposes the sending of an agent to Portugal.
+
+    To the President of Congress. Madrid, October 18th, 1781,      506
+
+        Has protested some of the bills.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, November 1st,
+    1781,                                                          507
+
+        Organization of the new executive departments.--The debt
+        of the United States not so large as might have been
+        expected.--British American recruits.--Proposes that
+        Spain should furnish a convoy between Havana and the
+        United States.--Plan for paying the French troops in
+        specie from Havana.
+
+    Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, November
+    28th, 1781,                                                    511
+
+        State of military affairs.--The Marquis de la Fayette.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN ADAMS,
+
+ONE OF THE COMMISSIONERS TO FRANCE, MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY TO
+HOLLAND, AND ONE OF THE COMMISSIONERS FOR NEGOTIATING THE TREATY OF
+PEACE.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN ADAMS.
+
+CORRESPONDENCE CONTINUED.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           Paris, December 14th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+There is more matter than time to write at present. The King of Sweden
+has done the United States great honor in his commission to his
+Minister here, to treat with them, by inserting, that he had a great
+desire to form a connexion with States, which had so fully established
+their independence, and by their wise and gallant conduct so well
+deserved it; and his Minister desired it might be remembered, that his
+sovereign was the first who had voluntarily proposed a treaty with
+us.[1]
+
+Mr Secretary Townshend announced, on the 3d of December, in a letter
+to the Lord Mayor, the signature of our preliminaries. On the 5th, his
+Majesty announced it in his speech to both Houses. Addresses of
+thanks, in both Houses, passed without a division.
+
+There is a note in the _Courier de l'Europe_, of the 6th instant,
+worth transcribing, viz. "We mark these three lines in italics, to
+notice at present the assertion, which we shall consider more fully
+hereafter, that we do not owe to any of the causes assigned at
+present, even in the two Houses of Parliament, the peace, the
+blessings of which we consider as certain, but to the armed
+neutrality. This peace will be durable."
+
+I have transcribed this note, because it falls in with an opinion,
+that I have long entertained. The armed neutrality, and even Mr Dana's
+mission to it, have had greater effects, than the world is yet
+informed of, and would have had much greater, if his hands had not
+been tied.
+
+On the 4th instant, I wrote a resignation of all my employments in
+Europe, which I have now the honor to confirm, and to request, that
+the acceptance of it may be transmitted to me several ways, by the
+first ships.
+
+  I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[1] See Dr Franklin's letter on this subject, dated June the 25th,
+1782. _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. III. p. 371.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, December 19th, 1782.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The enclosed letter for Mr Dana you will open and peruse. It may
+possibly contain information, that may be useful to you, which it will
+be unnecessary to repeat here.
+
+I mentioned in my last, Mr Jefferson's appointment; I have the
+pleasure of adding now, that I have received an account from him of
+his acceptance of the place. He will be here in the course of ten or
+twelve days, and sail with Count de Rochambeau, who proposes to return
+to France. The French troops have embarked with the Marquis de
+Vaudreuil, and are to sail for the West Indies, unless they should
+receive counter orders, by a frigate, which is now in the river. Her
+letters are not yet come up, as she unfortunately ran ashore at Dover;
+it is yet uncertain whether she will be saved.
+
+The great political question, which at present engages the attention
+of Congress, is the means of providing for the payment of the public
+debts, or at least establishing such funds for the regular discharge
+of the interest, as may set their creditors at ease as to their
+capitals. It was imagined, that a duty of five per cent upon all
+imposts would afford a fund adequate to this. Congress accordingly
+recommended it to the several States to impose the duty. They have all
+complied, except Rhode Island. Her refusal renders the other laws
+nugatory, as they contain clauses suspending their operation until the
+measure is generally adopted. Congress are about to send down a
+committee to endeavor to persuade Rhode Island to comply with a
+measure, that they deem so essential to public credit. It is extremely
+difficult in a country, so little used to taxes as ours is, to lay
+them directly, and almost impossible to impose them so equally as not
+to render them too oppressive on some members of the community, while
+others contribute little or nothing. This difficulty is increased by
+the continued change of property in this country, and by the small
+proportion the income bears to the value of lands.
+
+By a short letter just received from Mr Jay, it appears, that England
+has at length swallowed the bitter pill, and agreed to treat with the
+"Thirteen United States of America." I am still at a loss to account
+for this commission's being directed to Mr Oswald, while Mr
+Fitzherbert's continues in force; or is that revoked?[2] I will not
+trouble myself with guesses, as I must receive despatches today, that
+will explain the mystery, if either Dr Franklin or Mr Jay have kept
+their words with me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[2] The two commissions were for distinct purposes; Mr Oswald's to
+treat with the American Commissioners alone; and Mr Fitzherbert's to
+treat for a general peace with the European powers, then at war with
+England.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO CHARLES W.F. DUMAS.
+
+                                             Paris, January 1st, 1783.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Returning this evening from Versailles, where I had been to make the
+compliments of the season, I found your favors of the 26th and 27th of
+December. The letters enclosed shall be forwarded, as you desire.
+
+The Dutch Ministers here have no occasion for my assistance. _Non tali
+auxilio._ I have the honor to be more particularly acquainted with M.
+Brantzen, who is certainly a very able man, and universally
+acknowledged to be so by all who know him. The arguments, which I know
+he has used with the British Minister, are such as can never be
+answered, both upon the liberty of navigation, and the compensation
+for damages. He is an entire master of his subject, and has urged it
+with a degree of perspicuity and eloquence, that I know has much
+struck his antagonists.
+
+Unnecessary, however, as any exertions of mine have been, I have not
+omitted any opportunity of throwing in any friendly suggestions in my
+power, where there was a possibility of doing any good to our good
+friends, the Dutch. I have made such suggestions to Mr Fitzherbert.
+But with Mr Oswald, I have had several very serious conversations upon
+the subject. So I have also with Mr Vaughan and Mr Whiteford.
+
+To Mr Oswald I urged the necessity of Great Britain's agreeing with
+the Dutch upon the unlimited freedom of navigation, from a variety of
+topics, some of which I may explain to you more particularly
+hereafter. Thus much I may say at present, that I told him, that it
+was impossible for Great Britain to avoid it; it would probably be
+insisted upon by all the other powers. France and Spain, as well as
+Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia, the Emperor, and Portugal, as well
+as Holland, had already signed the armed neutrality. The United States
+of America had declared themselves ready to sign, and were ready. The
+combination being thus powerful, Great Britain could not resist it.
+But if she should refuse to agree to it with Holland, and the other
+powers should acquiesce, and Holland should make peace without it
+(which would never, however, be the case,) yet all would be
+ineffectual, for Holland would forever be able to make use of other
+neutral bottoms, and would thus enjoy the benefit of this liberty and
+reality, though denied it by treaty, and in appearance. It would,
+therefore, be more for the honor and interest of Great Britain to
+agree to it with a good grace, in the treaty with Holland. Nay, the
+wisest part she could act would be to set on foot a negotiation
+immediately for signing herself the Treaty of Armed Neutrality, and
+then admitting it into the treaty with Holland would be a thing of
+course. At one of these conversations Dr Franklin was present, who
+supported me with all his weight; at another, Mr Jay seconded me with
+all his abilities and ingenuity. Mr Oswald has several times assured
+me, that he had written these arguments and his own opinion, in
+conformity with them, to the King's Ministers in London, and I doubt
+not they will be adopted.
+
+With respect to the compensation for damages, it is impossible to add
+anything to the arrangements M. Brantzen has urged to show the justice
+of it, and if Britain is really wise, she will think it her policy to
+do everything in her power to soften the resentment of the Dutch, and
+regain their good will and good humor.
+
+The rage of Great Britain, however, has carried her to such
+extravagant lengths, in a cause unjust from beginning to end, that she
+is scarcely able to repair the injuries she has done. America has a
+just claim to compensation for all her burnt towns and plundered
+property, and indeed for all her slaughtered sons, if that were
+possible. I shall continue to embrace every opportunity that presents,
+of doing all the little service in my power to our good friends the
+Dutch, whose friendship for us I shall not soon forget. This must be
+communicated with great discretion, if at all.
+
+My best respects to all.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, January 22d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Upon a sudden notification from the Count de Vergennes, Dr Franklin
+and myself, in the absence of Mr Jay and Mr Laurens, went to
+Versailles, and arrived at the Count's office at ten o'clock on
+Monday, the 20th of this month. At eleven, arrived the Count d'Aranda
+and Mr Fitzherbert. The Ministers of the three Crowns, signed and
+sealed the preliminaries of peace and an armistice, in presence of
+Doctor Franklin and myself, who also signed and sealed a declaration
+of an armistice between the Crown of Great Britain and the United
+States of America, and received a counter declaration from Mr
+Fitzherbert. Copies of these declarations are enclosed.[3]
+
+The King of Great Britain has made a declaration concerning the terms,
+that he will allow to the Dutch; but they are not such as will give
+satisfaction to that unfortunate nation, for whom, on account of their
+friendship for us, and the important benefits we have received from
+it, I feel very sensibly and sincerely. Yesterday we went to
+Versailles again to make our court to the King and royal family upon
+the occasion, and received the compliments of the Foreign Ministers.
+
+The Count d'Aranda invited me to dine with him on Sunday next, and
+said he hoped that the affairs of Spain and the United States would be
+soon adjusted _a l'aimable_. I answered, that I wished it with all my
+heart. The two Floridas and Minorca are more than a _quantum meruit_
+for what this Power has done, and the Dutch unfortunately are to
+suffer for it. It is not in my power to say when the definitive treaty
+will be signed. I hope not before the Dutch are ready, in six weeks or
+two months at farthest I suppose.
+
+It is no longer necessary for Congress to appoint another person in my
+place in the commission for peace, because it will be executed before
+this reaches America. But I beg leave to renew the resignation of the
+credence to the States-General, and the commission for borrowing money
+in Holland, and to request, that no time may be lost in transmitting
+the acceptance of this resignation, and another person to take that
+station, that I may be able to go home in the spring ships.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[3] Contained in the Correspondence of the Ministers for negotiating
+peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, January 23d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The letters you did me the honor to write on the 6th, and 18th of
+November, came safe to hand.
+
+You do me honor, Sir, in applauding the judgment I have formed from
+time to time of the Court of Britain, and future ages will give me
+credit for the judgment I have formed of some other Courts. The true
+designs of a Minister of State are not difficult to be penetrated by
+an honest man of common sense, who is in a situation to know anything
+of the secret of affairs, and to observe constantly the chain of
+public events; for whatever ostensible appearances may be put on,
+whatever obliquities may be imagined, however the web may be woven, or
+the thread doubled and twisted, enough will be seen to unravel the
+whole.
+
+My opinions, as you observe, sometimes run counter to those generally
+received; but the reason of this has generally been, that I have had
+earlier evidence than the generality, and I have had the satisfaction
+to find, that others have formed the same judgment, when they have
+had the same intelligence. I do not affect singularity, nor love to be
+in a minority, though truth and justice have sometimes obliged me to
+be so. You say, that nothing can be more conformable to your wishes
+than the instructions I transmitted. I am not surprised at this; it is
+very natural. Had I never been on this side of the Atlantic, I believe
+I should have been of your mind in this particular. At present I
+cannot be, and I believe, by this time, the Dutch regret having given
+them. You will hear enough of the reason of it. I have lived long
+enough, and had experience enough of the conduct of governments, and
+people, nations, and courts, to be convinced, that gratitude,
+friendship, unsuspecting confidence, and all the most amiable passions
+in human nature, are the most dangerous guides in politics. I assure
+you, Sir, if we had not been more cautious than the Dutch, we should
+have been worse off than they, and our country would have suffered
+much more.
+
+Mr Laurens has been here, and has behaved with great caution,
+firmness, and wisdom. He arrived so late, as only to attend the two
+last days of the conferences, the 29th and 30th of November. But the
+short time he was with us, he was of great service to the cause. He
+has done great service to America in England, where his conversation
+has been such as the purest and firmest American could wish it, and
+has made many converts. He is gone again to Bath, and his journey will
+do as much good to his country as to his health. He will return to the
+signature of the definitive treaty.
+
+The ratifications of my contracts have been received.
+
+The release of Captain Asgill was so exquisite a relief to my
+feelings, that I have not much cared what interposition it was owing
+to. It would have been a horrid damp to the joys of peace, if we had
+received a disagreeable account of him.
+
+The difference between Denmark and Holland is of no serious nature.
+The clue to the whole is, the Queen Dowager is sister to the Duke of
+Brunswick; but there is nothing to fear from Denmark. As to the
+northern powers, we have nothing to fear from any of them. All of
+them, and all the neutral powers, would have acknowledged our
+independence before now, by receiving Mr Dana to sign the principles
+of the armed neutrality, if he had not been restrained from acting.
+The unlimited confidence of Congress has been grossly abused, and we
+should have been irreparably injured, if we had not been upon our
+guard. As our liberties and most important interests are now secured,
+as far as they can be, against Great Britain, it would be my wish to
+say as little as possible of the policy of any Minister of our first
+ally, which has not been as we could desire, and to retain forever a
+grateful remembrance of the friendly assistance we have received. But
+we have evidence enough to warn us against unlimited confidence in any
+European Minister of State.
+
+I have never drawn upon Dr Franklin for any money, since the end of my
+two and a half years' salary; and he tells me he has made no use of
+the bills. I had received money for my subsistence of Messieurs
+Willinks, and as it will be but a few months more, at farthest, that I
+shall have to subsist in Europe, I beg leave to proceed to the end in
+the same way. I shall receive only the amount of my salary, and settle
+the account with Congress on my return.
+
+I hope to be safely landed on my native shore in the month of June;
+and to this end, I beg that an appointment may be made to the Dutch
+mission, and the acceptance of my resignation be transmitted to me by
+the first ships.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                          TO C. W. F. DUMAS.
+
+                                            Paris, January 29th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Upon receiving the letter, which you did me the honor to write me on
+the 24th, late last evening, I went immediately to consult with my
+colleague, Mr Jay, and we agreed to go this morning to Dr Franklin.
+Accordingly today we went together to Passy, and communicated your
+letter to him, and after recollecting the powers we have received, we
+all agreed that I should make you the following answer.
+
+You will readily recollect the resolutions of Congress, which I did
+myself the honor two years ago to communicate to the President of
+their High Mightinesses, and to the Ministers of Russia, Sweden, and
+Denmark, at the Hague. The letter to the President was sent "_au
+greffe_," and there may, perhaps, be now found. These resolutions
+contained the approbation of Congress, of the principles of the
+declaration of the Empress of Russia, and authorised any of the
+American Ministers in Europe, if invited thereto, to pledge the faith
+of the United States to the observance of them.
+
+Sometime after this, Congress sent Mr Dana a commission with full
+power to accede to the principles of the Marine Treaty between the
+neutral powers, and he is now at Petersburg, vested with these powers,
+and, according to late intelligence received from him, has well
+founded expectations of being soon admitted.
+
+It is the opinion of my colleagues, as well as my own, that no
+commission of mine to their High Mightinesses contains authority to
+negotiate this business, and we are all of opinion, that it is most
+proper that Mr Dana should negotiate it.
+
+But as there has been no express revocation of the power given to all
+or any of us, by the first resolutions, and if the case should happen,
+that Mr Dana could not attend in season, on account of the distance,
+for the sake of accelerating the signature of the definitive treaty of
+peace, we should not hesitate to pledge the faith of the United States
+to the observance of the principles of the armed neutrality. I wish it
+were in my power to give you a more satisfactory answer, but candor
+will warrant no other.
+
+With great respect to the gentlemen, as well as to you,
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            Paris, February 5th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The resolution of Congress of the 12th of July, 1781, "That the
+commission and instructions, for negotiating a Treaty of Commerce
+between these United States and Great Britain, given to the Honorable
+John Adams, on the 29th day of September, 1779, be, and they are
+hereby revoked," was duly received by me in Holland; but no
+explanation of the motives to it, or the reasons on which it was
+founded, was ever transmitted to me by Congress, or the Committee of
+Foreign Affairs, or any individual member, nor has anybody in Europe,
+or America, ever once attempted, that I know of, to guess at the
+reason. Whether it was intended as a punishment to me, or with a
+charitable design not to lead me into temptation; whether it was
+intended as a punishment to the English for their insolence and
+barbarity; whether it was intended to prevent or remove suspicions of
+allies, or the envy and green eyed jealousy of copatriots, I know not.
+Of one thing, however, I am fully satisfied, that Congress had
+reasons, and meant well; but whether those reasons were founded on
+true or mistaken information, I know not.
+
+When I recollect the instructions, which were given and revoked with
+that commission, I can guess, and only guess, at some considerations,
+which might, or might not, operate with Congress. In these
+instructions, Congress determined,
+
+1st. That the common right of fishing should in no case be given up.
+
+2dly. That it is essential to the welfare of all these United States,
+that the inhabitants thereof, at the expiration of the war, should
+continue to enjoy the free and undisturbed exercise of their common
+right to fish on the Banks of Newfoundland, and the other fishing
+banks and seas of North America, preserving inviolate the treaties
+between France and the said States, &c. &c.
+
+3dly. "That our faith be pledged to the several States, that without
+their unanimous consent no Treaty of Commerce shall be entered into,
+nor any trade or commerce whatever carried on with Great Britain,
+without the explicit stipulation hereinafter mentioned. You are,
+therefore, not to consent to any Treaty of Commerce with Great
+Britain, without an explicit stipulation on her part, not to molest or
+disturb the inhabitants of the United States of America, in taking
+fish on the Banks of Newfoundland, and other fisheries in the American
+seas, anywhere, excepting within the distance of three leagues of the
+shores of the territories remaining to Great Britain at the close of
+the war, if a nearer distance cannot be obtained by negotiation. And
+in the negotiation you are to exert your most strenuous endeavors to
+obtain a nearer distance in the Gulf of St Lawrence, and particularly
+along the shores of Nova Scotia; as to which latter we are desirous,
+that even the shores may be occasionally used for the purpose of
+carrying on the fisheries by the inhabitants of these States."
+
+These instructions are very decisive in favor of our indubitable right
+to the fisheries; and it is possible, that Congress might be of
+opinion, that commerce would be the strongest inducement to the
+English to make peace, and at the same time, that there was something
+so naval in the fisheries, that the dread of acknowledging our right
+to them would be the strongest obstacle in the way of peace. They
+might think, too, that peace was of more importance to the United
+States, than a British acknowledgment of our right to the fisheries,
+which, to be sure, would have been enjoyed by our people in a good
+degree without it.
+
+Reasonings like these might influence Congress to revoke the
+commission and instructions in question. But whatever probability
+there might appear in them at that time, experience has since shown,
+that they were not well founded. On the contrary, arguments have been
+found to convince the British Ministers themselves, that it was the
+interest of their King and country, not only to acknowledge the
+American right to the fisheries, but to encourage the unrestrained
+exercise of it. These considerations, therefore, can be no longer of
+any weight against a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, or against
+accrediting a Minister to the Court of St James. Nor can I conceive of
+any motive now existing against this measure. On the contrary, so many
+advantages present themselves to view, that I think it my duty to
+recommend them to Congress as proper to be adopted without loss of
+time. If there are in Congress any of those gentlemen, with whom I had
+the honor to serve in the years 1775 and 1776, they may possibly
+remember, that in arguing in favor of sending Ministers to Versailles,
+to propose a connexion with that Court, I laid it down as a first
+principle, that we should calculate all our measures and foreign
+negotiations in such a manner, as to avoid a too great dependence upon
+any one power of Europe; to avoid all obligations and temptations to
+take any part in future European wars. That the business of America
+with Europe was commerce, not politics or war. And above all, that it
+never could be our interest to ruin Great Britain, or injure or weaken
+her any further than should be necessary to support our independence,
+and our alliances; and that as soon as Great Britain should be brought
+to a temper to acknowledge our sovereignty and our alliances, and
+consent that we should maintain the one, and fulfil the others, it
+would be our interest and duty to be her friends, as well as the
+friends of all the other powers of Europe, and enemies to none.
+
+We are now happily arrived, through many tremendous tempests, at that
+period. Great Britain respects us as sovereign States, and respects
+all our political engagements with foreign nations, and as long as she
+continues in this temper of wisdom, it is our duty to respect her. We
+have accordingly made a treaty with her and mutually sworn to be
+friends. Through the whole period of our warfare and negotiations, I
+confess I have never lost sight of the principles and the system, with
+which I set out, which appeared to me to be the sentiments of Congress
+with great unanimity, and I have no reason to believe that any change
+of opinion has taken place; if there has not, every one will agree
+with me, that no measure we can pursue will have such a tendency to
+preserve the government and people of England in the right system for
+their own and our interest, and the interest of our allies too, well
+understood, as sending a Minister to reside at the Court of London.
+
+In the next place, the Court of London is the best station to collect
+intelligence from every part, and by means of the freedom of the press
+to communicate information for the benefit of our country, to every
+part of the world. In time of peace, there is so frequent travelling
+between Paris, London, and the Hague, that the correspondence of our
+Ministers at those Courts may be carried on by private hands, without
+hazarding anything from the infidelity of the posts, and Congress may
+reasonably expect advantages from this circumstance.
+
+In the third place, a treaty of commerce with Great Britain is an
+affair of great importance to both countries. Upon this occasion I
+hope I shall be excused if I venture to advise, that Congress should
+instruct their Minister not to conclude such a treaty, without sending
+the project to them for their observations and fresh instructions, and
+I think it would not be improper, on this occasion, to imitate the
+Dutch method, and take the project, _ad referendum_, and transmit it
+to the Legislatures of all the States for their remarks, before
+Congress finally resolve. Their Minister may be authorised and
+instructed, in the mean time, to enter into a temporary convention for
+regulating the present trade, for a limited number of months or years,
+or until the treaty of commerce shall be completed.
+
+In the fourth place, it is our part to be the first to send a Minister
+to Great Britain, which is the older, and as yet the superior State.
+It becomes us to send a Minister first, and I doubt not the King of
+Great Britain will very soon return the compliment. Whereas if we do
+not begin, I believe there will be many delicacies at St James',
+about being the first to send. I confess I wish a British Minister at
+Philadelphia, and think we should derive many benefits from his
+residence there. While we have any foreign Ministers among us, I wish
+to have them from all the great powers with whom we are much
+connected. The _Corps Diplomatique_ at every Court is, or ought to be,
+a system representing at least that part of the system of Europe, with
+which that Court is most conversant.
+
+In the same manner, or at least from similar reasons, as long as we
+have any one Minister abroad at any European Court, I think we ought
+to have one at every one to which we are most essentially related,
+whether in commerce or policy, and therefore while we have any
+Minister at Versailles, the Hague, or London, I think it clear we
+ought to have one at each, though I confess I have sometimes thought,
+that after a very few years, it will be the best thing we can do to
+recall every Minister from Europe, and send embassies only on special
+occasions.
+
+If, however, any members of Congress should have any delicacies, lest
+an American Minister should not be received with a dignity becoming
+his rank and character at London, they may send a commission to make
+a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, to their Minister at Madrid,
+or Versailles, or the Hague, or St Petersburg, and instruct him to
+carry on the negotiation from the Court where he may be, until he
+shall be invited to London, or a letter of credence may be sent to one
+of these, with instructions to go to London, as soon as the King shall
+appoint a Minister to go to Philadelphia.
+
+After all, however, my opinion is, that none of these manoeuvres are
+necessary, but that the best way will be to send a Minister directly
+to St James', with a letter of credence to the King, as a Minister
+Plenipotentiary, and a commission to treat of a treaty of commerce,
+but with instructions not to come to any irrevocable conclusion, until
+Congress and all the States have an opportunity to consider of the
+project, and suggest their amendments.
+
+There is one more argument in favor of sending a Minister forthwith;
+it is this, while this mission lies open, it will be a source of
+jealousy among present Ministers, and such as are or may be candidates
+to be foreign Ministers, a source of intrigue and faction among their
+partisans and adherents, and a source of animosity and division among
+the people of the States. For this reason, it is a pity, that the
+first choice had not been such as Congress could have continued to
+approve, and the first measure such as Congress could have constantly
+persevered in. If this had been the case, the door of faction would
+have been kept shut. As this, however, was once my department, by the
+voice of eleven States, in twelve present, and as I will be answerable
+at any hazard, it will never be the department of any one by a greater
+majority, there seems to be a propriety in my giving my advice
+concerning it, on taking leave of it, if such is the will of
+Congress, as I have before done in this letter, according to the best
+of my judgment. And if it should not be thought too presumptuous, I
+would beg leave to add, what is my idea of the qualifications
+necessary for an American foreign Minister in general, and
+particularly and above all to the Court of St James'.
+
+In the first place, he should have had an education in classical
+learning, and in the knowledge of general history, ancient and modern,
+and particularly the history of France, England, Holland, and America.
+He should be well versed in the principles of ethics, of the law of
+nature and nations, of legislation and government, of the civil Roman
+law, of the laws of England, and the United States, of the public law
+of Europe, and in the letters, memoirs, and histories of those great
+men, who have heretofore shone in the diplomatic order, and conducted
+the affairs of nations, and the world. He should be of an age to
+possess a maturity of judgment, arising from experience in business.
+He should be active, attentive, and industrious, and above all, he
+should possess an upright heart, and an independent spirit, and should
+be one, who decidedly makes the interest of his country, not the
+policy of any other nation, nor his own private ambition or interest,
+or those of his family, friends, and connexions, the rule of his
+conduct.
+
+We hear so much said about a genteel address, and a facility in
+speaking the French language, that one would think a dancing master
+and a French master the only tutors necessary to educate a statesman.
+Be it remembered, the present revolution, neither in America nor
+Europe, has been accomplished by elegant bows, nor by fluency in
+French, nor will any great thing ever be effected by such
+accomplishments alone. A man must have something in his head to say,
+before he can speak to effect, how ready soever he may be at
+utterance. And if the knowledge is in his head, and the virtue in his
+heart, he will never fail to find a way of communicating his
+sentiments to good purpose. He will always have excellent translators
+ready, if he wants them, to turn his thoughts into any language he
+desires.
+
+As to what is called a fine address, it is seldom attended to after a
+first or second conversation, and even in these, it is regarded no
+more by men of sense of any country, than another thing, which I heard
+disputed with great vivacity among the officers of the French frigate,
+the Sensible. The question was, what were the several departments of
+an Ambassador and a Secretary of Legation. After a long and shrewd
+discussion, it was decided by a majority of votes, "that the
+Secretary's part was to do the business, and that of an Ambassador to
+keep a mistress." This decision produced a laugh among the company,
+and no ideas of the kind will ever produce anything else, among men of
+understanding.
+
+It is very true, that it is possible, that a case may happen, that a
+man may serve his country by a bribe well placed, or an intrigue of
+pleasure with a woman. But it is equally true, that a man's country
+will be sold and betrayed a thousand times by this infamous commerce,
+where it will be once served. It is very certain, that we shall never
+be a match for European statesmen in such accomplishments for
+negotiation, any more than, I must and will add, they will equal us in
+any solid abilities, virtues, and application to business, if we
+choose wisely among the excellent characters, with which our country
+abounds.
+
+Among the Ministers, who have already crossed the Atlantic to Europe,
+there have been none exceeding Mr Jay and Mr Dana, in all the
+qualifications I have presumed to enumerate, and I must say, that if I
+had the honor to give my vote in Congress, for a Minister at the Court
+of Great Britain, provided that injustice must be finally done to him,
+who was the first object of his country's choice, such have been the
+activity, intelligence, address, and fortitude of Mr Jay, as well as
+his sufferings in his voyage, journeys, and past services, that I
+should think of no other object of my choice than that gentleman. If
+Congress should neglect all their old Ministers, and send a fresh one
+from America, they cannot be at a loss, for there are in that country
+great numbers of men well qualified for the service. These are most
+certainly better known by name to Congress than to me, and, therefore,
+I shall venture no further, but conclude, by wishing this arduous
+business well settled, and by assurances to Congress, and to you, Sir,
+of my warmest attachment and respect.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, February 13th, 1783.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+On my return, the night before last, from a journey to the State of
+New York, I found your favors of the 6th, the 7th, the 17th, the 19th,
+and the 23d of September. They contain important and useful
+information; and that particularly of the 6th is replete with matter,
+which deserves an attention, that I lament not having it in my power
+to give it at this moment, as the express, by which this goes to
+Baltimore, is on the wing.
+
+I congratulate you most sincerely upon having surmounted all the
+obstacles, that opposed themselves to the completion of our important
+connexion with the United States [of Holland]. It has, I think, given
+the last blow to the pride of Britain. Its power, so far as it could
+endanger us, was past recovery before, except as it derived force from
+its pride, which, like the last struggles of a dying man, gave an
+appearance of vigor to the body, which it was about to destroy.
+
+This covers a ratification of the treaty. The first copy sent by Mr
+Jefferson has not been signed by me, owing to my absence. That
+gentleman has not yet sailed from Baltimore, having been delayed by a
+number of the enemy's cruisers, which infest the Bay.
+
+We this day received the speech of his Britannic Majesty. It breathes
+so much the language of peace, that I begin to think it will be
+unnecessary to give Mr Jefferson the trouble of going over at all. The
+delays he has met with leave you longer without intelligence from
+hence, than I would ever wish you to be, though no important event has
+taken place, except the evacuation of Charleston. Our distress for
+want of money has rather increased, than diminished. This object will
+demand your attention, full as much if the war should be terminated,
+as if it should continue. The army, and the other public creditors,
+begin to grow very uneasy, and our present exhausted situation will
+not admit of internal loans, or such taxes as will suffice to give
+them relief.
+
+I have sent you three different sets of cyphers, not thinking it
+advisable to send duplicates. Be pleased to let me know whether any
+and which have arrived safe.
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, March 2d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I am very much of your opinion, that all places in general, in foreign
+countries, under the United States, should be filled with Americans,
+but am sometimes requested to transmit to Congress applications and
+recommendations in so pressing a manner, and by persons of
+distinction, that it would be scarcely civil to refuse.
+
+Such an instance is the following, and if Congress should depart from
+the general rule, I suppose, that no person at Leghorn has so good
+pretensions.
+
+The application to me is this,--"Messrs Touissaint, Doutremont & Co.,
+merchants of great credit at Leghorn, who obtained, fortyfive years
+ago, letters of nobility from the Court of France, pray the gentlemen,
+the deputies of the United States of America, to grant them the place
+of Consul, or of Agent of their commerce at Leghorn."
+
+At least, if Congress, or their Ministers, have occasion for a
+correspondent in that city, they will not be at a loss.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN ADAMS.
+
+                                       Philadelphia, April 14th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I received two days ago your favors of the 22d and 23d of January,
+with the declarations for the cessation of hostilities, on which a
+doubt of much importance to the people of this country is started, to
+wit, to know at what period hostilities ceased on this coast, that is,
+what is meant by "as far as the Canaries." If it means in the same
+_latitude_, hostilities ceased here the 3d of March, and a great
+number of vessels must be restored. If it does not mean a latitudinal
+line, what does it mean, which carries any certainty with it? The
+terms of the provisional treaty also occasion much debate. A variety
+of questions have been started, but these I shall speak of in my
+letter to you in conjunction with your colleagues, that you may, if
+opportunity should offer before the Definitive Treaty is concluded,
+find some means to rid them of their ambiguity.
+
+It would give me pain to find, that the Dutch do not attain their
+objects in the close of the war, and still more to impute their
+misfortunes to any desertion of their interests by France, since I
+confess freely to you, that her conduct, as far as I have observed it,
+has appeared to me in the highest degree generous and disinterested.
+The extreme langour of the Dutch, their divisions, and the less than
+nothing that they have done for themselves, entitle them to little.
+Without the uncommon exertions of France, they would not have had a
+single settlement left, either in the East or West Indies. So that
+they lay absolutely at her mercy, and, therefore, I was pleased to
+find their instructions to their Ministers so expressed as to leave no
+room to fear, that they would obstruct the peace, when they
+contributed so little to the prosecution of the war. But I rather
+pitied, than blamed their weakness; they were torn by factions, and
+clogged by an executive, which strove to find reasons for having no
+execution.
+
+Congress, the day before yesterday, agreed to ratify the Provisional
+Articles as such, and to release their prisoners, in which the British
+took the lead. The tories have little reliance upon the effect of the
+recommendations of Congress; great numbers of them have sailed, and
+are daily sailing for Nova Scotia.
+
+With respect to your salary, I must pray you to settle with Dr
+Franklin the amount of bills drawn in your favor. You will, with those
+that go by this conveyance, receive the amount of three quarters'
+salary, at two thousand seven hundred and seventyseven dollars and
+sixtyeight ninetieths per quarter, which were laid out in bills at six
+shillings three pence, this money, for five livres, which was a very
+advantageous exchange for you. This, however, Congress have directed,
+by the enclosed resolution, to be altered, and your salaries to be
+paid in bills at the rate of five livres, five sous per dollar. As
+this resolution retrospects you will have, with the bills transmitted
+to you, livres more than is due for three quarters' salary. This will
+be deducted from the last quarter, for which I will get a warrant, and
+leave it with the Treasury here for you or your order. By settling
+this matter with Dr Franklin, and redrawing upon your banker in
+Holland, you will leave my accounts unembarrassed, which is of
+consequence to me, as I have determined to quit the place I now hold,
+in the course of a few weeks, and enjoy in retirement the pleasures of
+peace. I have charged no commissions on these money transactions, nor
+do I propose to charge any.
+
+Your account of contingent expenses is before a committee. Should
+Congress agree to accept your resignation, (which I am sorry to see
+you offer, since the connexions you have formed, and the experience
+you have acquired, might render you particularly serviceable in
+Holland) it will be best that you settle it with them yourself on your
+arrival. The want of permanent funds, and the opposition which some
+States have given to every attempt to establish them, the demands of
+the public creditors, and particularly of the army, have excited much
+uneasiness here. Satisfactory measures will, I hope, be adopted to
+calm it, and do ample justice. The army, whose proceedings I transmit,
+have done themselves honor by their conduct on this occasion. Too much
+praise could not be given to the commander-in-chief, for the share he
+had in the transaction, if he was not above all praise.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                              Paris, April 14th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+You may easily imagine our anxiety to hear from America, when you know
+that we have no news to this hour, either of your reception of the
+news of peace, or that of the treaty with Holland, four copies of
+which I put on board different vessels at Amsterdam, in October.
+
+We have been in equal uncertainty about the turn, which affairs might
+take in England. But by letters from Mr Laurens we expect him every
+day, and Mr David Hartley with him, in order to complete the
+definitive treaty. It would have been more agreeable to have finished
+with Mr Oswald. But the present Ministry are so dissatisfied with what
+is past, as they say, though nobody believes them, that they choose to
+change hands.
+
+It will be proposed, I believe, to make a temporary arrangement of
+commercial matters, as our powers are not competent to a durable one,
+if to any. Congress will, no doubt, soon send a Minister with full
+powers, as the treaty of commerce with Great Britain is of great
+importance, and our affairs in that country require an overseer.
+
+It is confidently asserted, in letters from Holland, that M. Markow,
+the Minister Plenipotentiary from the Empress of Russia, has received
+from his mistress a full power to come to Paris, to the assistance of
+the Prince Bariatinski at a Congress for a general pacification. There
+is, as yet, no answer received from the Emperor. If the two Imperial
+Courts accept of the mediation, there will be a Congress; but I
+suppose it will relate chiefly to the affairs of Holland, which are
+not yet arranged, and to the liberty of neutral navigation, which is
+their principal point. I wish success to that Republic in this
+negotiation, which will help to compose their interior disorders,
+which are alarming.
+
+I know not whether it will be insisted or expected, that we should
+join in the Congress, nor do I know what we have to do in it, unless
+it be to settle that point as far as it relates to us. There is
+nothing in difference between us and Great Britain, which we cannot
+adjust ourselves, without any mediation.
+
+A spring passage to America is so great an object, that I should be
+very sorry to have the negotiations spun out to such a length as to
+oblige me to lose it, and I take it for granted, I shall now receive
+the acceptance of my resignation by the first ships.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                          TO ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+                                                Paris, May 21st, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I am just now honored with yours of the 19th of January, by the way of
+London. We have not yet had the happiness to receive, as we should be
+disposed to do with open arms, our excellent old friend Jefferson, and
+begin to fear that the news of peace has determined him not to come.
+
+I thank you, Sir, for your polite congratulations; when the tide
+turned, it flowed with rapidity, and carried the vessel, as I hope,
+into a safe harbor.
+
+As to the loan in Holland, I have never troubled you, nor any one else
+in America, with details of the vexations of various kinds, which I
+met with in the negotiation of it; indeed, I never thought it prudent
+or safe to do it. If I had told the whole truth, it could have done no
+good, and it might have done infinite mischief. In general, it is now
+sufficient to say, that private interest, party spirit, factions,
+cabals, and slanderers, have obstructed, perplexed, and tortured our
+loan in Holland, as well as all our other affairs, foreign and
+domestic. But as there has been a greater variety of clashing
+interests, English, French, Stadtholderian, Republican, and American,
+mixing in the affair of our loan in Holland, it has been more puzzled
+than anything else. If, in the bitterness of my soul, I had described
+the fermentation, and mentioned names, and drawn characters, I might
+have transmitted a curious tale, but it would have only served to
+inflame old animosities, and excite new ones.
+
+A great many things are said to me, on purpose that they may be
+represented to you or to Congress. Some of these I believe to be
+false, most of them I suspect, and some of them that are true would do
+no good. I think it necessary, therefore, to employ a little
+discretion in such cases.
+
+Messrs Willinks & Co. will write you from time to time, as they tell
+me they have done, the state of the loan. Mr Grand wants all the
+money, but they wait your orders. The loan has been and will be damped
+by transmitting the money to France, but your necessities were so
+urgent, that you could not avoid it.
+
+In my opinion, if you had a Minister at St James's, and he were
+authorised to borrow money generally, in England or elsewhere, it
+would serve you greatly, by causing an emulation even in Holland,
+besides the money you would procure in London, which would not be a
+trifling sum.
+
+I wish I were in Congress, that I might assist you in persuading our
+countrymen to pay taxes and build ships.
+
+With great esteem and respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, May 24th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have the honor to enclose copies, to be laid before Congress, of
+several papers. 1st. Mr Hartley's full powers of May 14th. 2dly. The
+order of the King of Great Britain in Council, for regulating the
+American trade, of May 14th. 3dly. Articles proposed by the American
+Ministers to Mr Hartley, April 29th. 4thly. Mr Hartley's observations
+left with us May 21st. And 5thly. Mr Hartley's proposition of the same
+day.[4]
+
+This proposition, however, upon inquiry, we find Mr Hartley does not
+incline to subscribe to, before he sends it to his Court for their
+orders. So that we have not yet given him our opinion of it. He has
+sent a courier to London, before whose return we hope to have further
+intelligence from Philadelphia.
+
+The present British Ministry discover an indecision and timidity,
+which indicate instability. Some persons from England imagine, that my
+Lord Shelburne will come in again. The change would produce a longer
+delay; but I think would be no disadvantage to America. If he had
+continued in power, I think we should have finished, or been ready to
+finish, before now with Mr Oswald. Mr Hartley's dispositions, however,
+are very good, and if left to his own judgment, would be liberal and
+fair.
+
+The idea of reviving the trade, upon the plan of the laws of Great
+Britain before the war, although those laws were calculated so much
+for the advantage of that country and so little for the advantage of
+ours, might be admissible for a few months, until Ministers could be
+appointed on both sides to frame a treaty of commerce; provided no
+advantage should be ceded by it, in the negotiation of such treaty,
+and provided, that such a temporary convention for trade should
+neither delay nor influence the definitive treaty. It is much to be
+wished, that the definitive treaty of peace, and a permanent treaty of
+commerce, could be signed at the same time. This, however, seems now
+to be impossible; and, therefore, some temporary regulation of
+commerce seems unavoidable. But we are as yet too uncertain of the
+sentiments of the Court of St James, to be able to foresee, whether we
+shall be able to agree with them. Mr Hartley has been here four weeks,
+and nothing has been done, although he was very sanguine before he
+left London, that he should send home a convention in less than half
+of four days.
+
+Congress will see by Mr Hartley's commission, that they are become the
+"good friends" of the King of Great Britain. Mr Hartley on his first
+arrival here communicated to us in form, an invitation from the
+Ministers, with the knowledge and consent of the King, to all the
+American Ministers to go to London, with the assurance, that we should
+be there presented at Court, and treated in all respects like the
+Ministers of any other sovereign State. He also communicated the
+desire of his Court, that the two Powers should interchange Ministers
+as soon as possible. I hope that the first ship will bring a Minister
+for that Court, or a commission to some one to go there, because I
+think it would have been useful to us to have had one there three
+months ago, and that it would not be less useful now. The permanent
+treaty of commerce, nevertheless, should not he hastily concluded, nor
+before Congress shall have had an opportunity to judge of the project,
+suggest their amendments, and transmit their orders.
+
+No preliminaries are yet signed with the Dutch, and I am very anxious
+for their lot.
+
+With great respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[4] These papers will be found in the Correspondence of the
+Commissioners for making peace.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, May 30th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 28th of this month, the letter which you did me the honor to
+write me on the 13th of February, which arrived at the Hague, I
+received, enclosed with the ratification of the treaty with their High
+Mightinesses, which will be exchanged by M. Dumas, as the conferences
+here for the definitive treaty will not admit of my taking so long a
+journey at this time.[5]
+
+This arrival in season to exchange the ratifications before the
+departure of M. Van Berckel, which is to be in about three weeks, is
+fortunate. I hope that the first ships from America will bring my
+letter of recall from that Republic, and another Minister, or credence
+to some one now in Europe, to take my place.
+
+I am happy to find that any letters of mine in September last
+contained information that you think of consequence, although, not
+having my letter book here, I am not able to recollect the subject.
+The final completion of the negotiation with Holland gives me a
+pleasure, which will not be equalled, but by that of the definitive
+treaty of peace, which languishes at present for want of decisive
+instructions from Mr Hartley, in such a manner, as gives cause to
+suspect that the present Ministry are not firm in their seats.
+
+The presence of a Minister in Holland would encourage your loan of
+money there, but it would be quickened still more, by your sending a
+Minister to London, with powers to borrow money there. Emulation is
+the best spring; or call it rivalry, or jealousy, if you will, it will
+get you money if you put it in motion.
+
+I have received two cyphers from you, Sir, one beginning with No. 1,
+and ending with No. 1011. The other beginning with Amsterdam, and
+ending with Provinces.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[5] The particulars of the ratification will be seen in M. Dumas's
+Correspondence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, June 9th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The enclosed, No. 121 of the _Politique Hollandais_ having translated
+a few sentences of mine, and the author intending to insert more, as
+he has already inserted a good deal of the same correspondence, I
+think it proper to transmit you a short relation of it.
+
+In 1780, at Paris, a number of pamphlets of Mr Galloway's were sent me
+from England. I wrote to a friend an answer to them. He sent it to
+London to be published. But whether the printers were afraid, or from
+what other motive, I know not. I heard nothing of them until the
+spring and summer of 1782, when some of them appeared in print, in
+Parker's General Advertiser, under the title of "_Letters from a
+distinguished American_," &c. but with false dates.
+
+There are in those letters so many of the characteristic features of
+the Provisional Treaty, of the 30th of November, 1782, that the
+publication of them in England, at the time when they appeared, may be
+supposed to have contributed, more or less, to propagate such
+sentiments as the more private circulation of them before had
+suggested to a few. And as they were written by one of your Ministers
+at the conferences for peace, who repeated and extended the same
+arguments to the British Ministers in the course of the negotiation,
+it is proper that you should be informed of them. Whether I have in
+any former letter mentioned this subject, or not, I do not recollect.
+If I have, I pray you to excuse the repetition.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, June 16th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday afternoon, the duplicate of your letter of the 14th of
+April, No. 16, was brought in to me, with the post-mark "Brest" upon
+it. As soon as I had read it, I went out to Passy, in hopes that other
+despatches had arrived there, but I found none. While I was there, a
+packet of newspapers addressed to us all was brought in, with the
+post-mark of Brest on it. I still hope and believe, that other
+despatches, by the same conveyance, will appear in a few days, but
+whether they are still in the post office, or whether the Duc de
+Lauzun intends to bring them in person, is uncertain.
+
+I think, Sir, there is no room to doubt the justice of your opinion,
+that the latitude of the Canaries is meant, and, consequently, that
+hostilities ceased on the whole coast of the United States on the 3d
+of March.
+
+I am well aware, that a variety of questions may be started upon the
+provisional articles. The great points of sovereignty, limits, and
+fisheries, are sufficiently clear. But there are too many other things
+in much obscurity. No one of us alone would ever have put his hand to
+such a writing. Yet there is no one to blame. It must be confessed,
+that it was done in haste, but that haste was inevitable. The peace
+depended absolutely upon the critical moment, when that treaty was
+signed. The meeting of Parliament was so near, and the state of the
+Ministry so critical, that if that opportunity had been lost, there
+would have been at least another campaign. There were never less than
+three of us, and there were finally no less than three to be consulted
+on the other side. These inaccuracies are much to be lamented, but
+they were quite unavoidable. We shall endeavor to explain them in the
+definitive treaty, but I fear without success.
+
+I hope, Sir, you will excuse me, if I think your expressions fall
+short of the real merit of the Dutch. If they had accepted the Russian
+mediation for a separate peace, we should have seen a very formidable
+difference. The vast weight of the Dutch in the East Indies, being
+added to that of France, has influenced the minds of the natives in
+such a manner, as to turn the scale against England. The Cape of Good
+Hope was indispensable to France, and we are not yet informed what
+proportion of the expense of French operations in the East Indies is
+to be borne by the Dutch East India Company, at whose solicitations,
+by their agents, sent early to Versailles, they were undertaken. From
+twelve to fifteen British ships of the line, in the best condition,
+with the best officers and men, have been kept almost constantly in
+the North seas to watch the Dutch, a momentous diversion, which made
+the balance more clear in favor of the allies in the East and West
+Indies, as well as in the Channel; and it may be added, and that with
+strict truth, the battle of Doggerbank imprinted more terror on the
+imaginations of the British navy and nation, than all the other sea
+engagements of the war.
+
+Your observations of their unfortunate situation are, however, very
+just, and their exertions have not been such as they might and ought
+to have been. But this was the fault of the enemies of France in
+Holland, not of their friends, and, unhappily, those enemies are to be
+gratified by the terms of peace prescribed to that power, and those
+friends mortified. And this misfortune probably arises from the
+instructions in question, by which they made themselves of no
+importance, instead of acting the part of a sovereign, independent,
+and respectable power. If they had held their own negotiations in
+their own hands, they would probably have obtained better terms. I
+could mention many facts and anecdotes of much importance; but these
+have been communicated to me in confidence, and as this is a
+discussion that concerns us only indirectly, and as our instructions
+were parallel to theirs, although the execution of them was different,
+and the event different, I shall waive any further observations upon
+the subject.
+
+We are happy to learn, that Congress have ratified the treaty,
+imperfect as it is, and that each side has released its prisoners. Mr
+Hartley communicated to us officially, two days ago, that orders were
+gone to New York to evacuate the United States.
+
+Dr Franklin has never made any use of the bills for my salary, and I
+have never received any part of them. I shall easily settle that
+matter when I get home, which your letter encourages me to hope will
+be very soon. The connexions I have formed in Holland may be of use to
+the public, wherever I may be, in America, or elsewhere, as well as
+even in that country itself. Those connexions will readily become
+those of any Minister Congress may send there. It cost me all my
+happiness, and had very nearly cost me my life, to form them; it cost
+me more; it has left me in an ill state of health, which I never shall
+fully repair. I shall carry Holland in my veins to my grave. It will
+cost no man anything to go there now. His mind will be at ease, and he
+will have spirits necessary to take care to preserve his health. To me
+it has become physically necessary, as well as a moral and religious
+duty, to join my family. This can be done only by going to them, or
+bringing them to me; and to bring them to Holland is what I cannot
+think of, both because, that on account of my own health, as well as
+theirs, and on other considerations, I should not choose to live among
+those putrid lakes, and because I think I can do my country more and
+better service at home than there.
+
+I will not disguise another motive, which would be altogether
+insurmountable, if it were alone. I do not think it consistent with
+the honor of the United States, any more than with my own, for me to
+stay in Holland, after the appointment of any other Minister
+whatsoever to the mission upon which I came to Europe, and which has
+been taken from me without assigning any reason. Congress are the
+sovereign judges for themselves and the public of the persons proper
+for all services, excepting that every citizen is a sovereign judge
+for himself. I have never adopted the principle, that it is a
+citizen's duty to accept of any trust, that is pointed out to him,
+unless he approves of it. On the contrary, I think it a right and a
+duty, that no law of society can take away, for every man to judge
+for himself, whether he can serve consistently with his own honor, and
+the honor and interest of the public.
+
+When the existence of our country and her essential interests were at
+stake, it was a duty to run all risks, to stifle every feeling, to
+sacrifice every interest, and this duty I have discharged with
+patience and perseverance, and with a success, that can be attributed
+only to Providence. But in time of peace, the public in less danger
+abroad than at home, knowing I can do more good at home, I should do a
+very wrong thing to remove my family to stay in Holland, merely for
+the sake of holding an honorable commission, making and receiving
+bows, and compliments, and eating splendid suppers at Court.
+
+There is one piece of advice I beg leave to offer to the Minister who
+may go to Holland, respecting a future loan of money. It is, to
+inquire whether the house of Hope would undertake a loan for us,
+either in conjunction with the houses who have the present one, or
+with any of them, or alone. In my private opinion, which ought to be
+kept as secret as possible, we might obtain a large loan in that way,
+and that we cannot in any other. The people in that interest have the
+money. I am not personally known to that House, nor any one of them to
+me, but I know they are all powerful in money matters, and I believe
+they would engage.
+
+The happy turn given to the discontents of the army, by the General,
+is consistent with his character, which, as you observe, is above all
+praise, as every character is whose rule and object are duty, not
+interest, nor glory, which I think has been strictly true with the
+General from the beginning, and I trust will continue to the end. May
+he long live, and enjoy his reflections, and the confidence and
+affections of a free, grateful, and virtuous people.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, June 23d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 14th of April, No. 16, acknowledged the receipt of
+mine of the 21st and the 22d of January, but took no notice of any
+letters, which went by Captain Barney. Neither Dr Franklin, Mr Jay,
+nor myself have any answer to the despatches, which went by this
+express; although yours to me, No. 16, gave cause to expect letters to
+us all, with instructions concerning the Definitive Treaty. This
+profound silence of Congress, and the total darkness in which we are
+left, concerning their sentiments, is very distressing to us, and very
+dangerous and injurious to the public.
+
+I see no prospect of agreeing upon any regulation of commerce here.
+The present Ministry are afraid of every knot of merchants. A clamor
+of an interested party, more than an evil to their country, is their
+dread. A few West India merchants, in opposition to the sense and
+interest of the West India planters, are endeavoring to excite an
+opposition to our carrying the produce of the West India Islands from
+those islands to Europe, even to Great Britain. There are also secret
+schemes to exclude us, if they can, from the trade of Ireland, to
+possess themselves of the carrying trade of the United States, by
+prohibiting any American vessel to bring to Great Britain any
+commodity but those of the State to which it belongs. Thus, a
+Philadelphia vessel can carry no tobacco, rice, or indigo, nor a
+Carolina vessel wheat or flour, nor a Boston vessel either, unless
+grown in its own State. In this way, a superficial party think they
+can possess themselves of the carriage of almost all the productions
+of the United States, annihilate our navigation and nurseries of
+seamen, and keep all to themselves more effectually than ever. They
+talk too of discouraging the people of the United States, and
+encouraging those of Canada and Nova Scotia, in such a manner as to
+increase the population of those two Provinces, even by migrations
+from the United States. These are dreams, to be sure; but the dreamers
+are so many, as to intimidate the present Ministry, who dare venture
+upon nothing that will make a clamor. I have lately heard, that the
+merchants in America are waiting to hear the regulations of trade made
+here. They will wait, I know not how long. There is no present
+prospect of our agreeing at all upon any regulations of trade.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, June 23d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The British nation and Ministry are in a very unsettled state; they
+find themselves in a new situation, and have not digested any plan.
+Ireland is in a new situation; she is independent of Parliament, and
+the English know not how to manage her. To what an extent she will
+claim a right of trading with the United States, is unknown. Canada
+too, and Nova Scotia, are in a new situation; the former, they say,
+must have a new government. But what form to give them, and, indeed,
+what kind of government they are capable of, or would be agreeable to
+them, is uncertain. Nothing is digested.
+
+There is a party, composed probably of refugees, friends of the old
+hostile system, and fomented by emissaries of several foreign nations,
+who do not wish a cordial reconciliation and sincere friendship
+between Great Britain and the United States, who clamor for the
+conservation of the navigation act, and the carrying trade. If these
+should succeed so far as to excite Parliament or the Ministry to adopt
+a contracted principle, to exclude us from the West India trade, and
+from trading with Canada and Nova Scotia, and from carrying freely, in
+vessels belonging to any one of the Thirteen States, the production of
+any other to Great Britain, the consequences may be to perplex us for
+a time, may bind us closer to France, Spain, Holland, Germany, Italy,
+and the northern nations, and thus be fatal to Great Britain, without
+being finally very hurtful to us.
+
+The nations of Europe, who have islands in the West Indies, have, at
+this moment, a delicate part to take. Upon their present decisions,
+great things will depend. The commerce of the West India Islands, is a
+part of the American system of commerce. They can neither do without
+us, nor we without them. The Creator has placed us upon the globe in
+such a situation, that we have occasion for each other. We have the
+means of assisting each other, and politicians and artful contrivances
+cannot separate us. Wise statesmen, like able artists of every kind,
+study nature, and their works are perfect in proportion as they
+conform to her laws. Obstinate attempts to prevent the islands and the
+continent, by force or policy, from deriving from each other those
+blessings, which nature has enabled them to afford, will only put
+both to thinking of means of coming together. And an injudicious
+regulation at this time may lay a foundation for intimate
+combinations, between the islands and the continent, which otherwise
+would not be wished for, or thought of by either.
+
+If the French, Dutch, and Danes, have common sense, they will profit
+of any blunder Great Britain may commit upon this occasion. The ideas
+of the British cabinet and merchants, at present, are so confused upon
+all these subjects, that we can get them to agree to nothing. I still
+think, that the best policy of the United States is, to send a
+Minister to London to negotiate a treaty of commerce, instructed to
+conclude nothing, not the smallest article, until he has sent it to
+Congress, and received their approbation. In the meantime, Congress
+may admit any British or Irish ships, that have arrived, or may
+arrive, to trade as they please.
+
+For my own part, I confess I would not advise Congress to bind
+themselves to anything, that is not reasonable and just. If we should
+agree to revive the trade upon the old footing, it is the utmost that
+can, with a color of justice or modesty, be requested of us. This is
+not equal, but might be borne. Rather than go further, and deny
+ourselves the freight from the West Indies to Europe, at least, to
+Great Britain, especially rather than give away our own carrying
+trade, by agreeing that the ships of one State should not carry to
+Great Britain the produce of another, I would be for entering into
+still closer connexions with France, Spain, and Holland, and purchase
+of them, at the expense of Great Britain, what she has not wisdom
+enough to allow us for her own good.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, June 24th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The gazettes of Europe still continue to be employed, as the great
+engines of fraud and imposture to the good people of America.
+Stockjobbers are not the only people, who employ a set of scribblers
+to invent and publish falsehoods for their own peculiar purposes.
+British and French, as well as other politicians, entertain these
+fabricators of paragraphs, who are stationed about in the various
+cities of Europe, and take up each other's productions in such a
+manner, that no sooner does a paragraph appear in a French, Dutch, or
+English paper, but it is immediately seized on, and reprinted in all
+the others; this is not all; in looking over the American newspapers,
+I observe, that nothing is seized on with so much avidity by the
+American _nouvellists_, for republication in their gazettes, as these
+political lies. I cannot attribute this merely to the credulity of the
+printers, who have generally more discernment than to be deceived. But
+I verily believe, there are persons in every State employed to select
+out these things, and get them reprinted.
+
+Sometimes the invention is so simple, as really to deceive. Such, I
+doubt not, will be that of a long paragraph in the English papers, all
+importing that Mr Hartley had made a treaty of commerce with us, or
+was upon the point of concluding one. Nothing is further from the
+truth. We have not to this hour agreed upon one proposition, nor do I
+see any probability that we shall at all, respecting commerce.
+
+We have not, indeed, as yet, agreed upon a point respecting the
+definitive treaty. We are waiting for those instructions of yours,
+which you mentioned in yours of the 14th of April, which I have not
+yet received.
+
+Americans should be cautious of European newspapers, as well as of
+their own; more so, indeed, because they have not so much knowledge,
+and so good opportunities to detect the former as the latter. There is
+a great number of persons in Europe, who insert things in the papers
+in order to make impressions in America. Characters are in this way
+built up and pulled down, without the least consideration of justice,
+and merely to answer sinister purposes, sometimes extremely pernicious
+to the United States.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, June 27th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday Dr Franklin, Mr Jay, and myself, met to prepare the
+definitive treaty, and made so much progress in it, that tomorrow we
+shall be ready to communicate to Mr Hartley the result. But I have
+small hopes of obtaining anything more by the definitive treaty.
+
+The Duke of Manchester, and Count d'Aranda have arranged everything
+between England and Spain, and are ready to finish for their two
+Courts. France, I presume, waits only for Holland, or perhaps for some
+other negotiation with the Imperial Courts. If all the other parties
+were now to declare themselves ready, we should be puzzled. In such a
+case, however, I am determined (and I believe, but do not know, that
+my colleagues would join me) to declare myself ready to sign the
+provisional treaty, _totidem verbis_, for a definitive treaty.
+
+From all I can learn, I am persuaded we shall gain nothing by any
+further negotiation. If we obtain anything by way of addition or
+explanation, we shall be obliged to give more for it than it is worth.
+If the British Minister refuses to agree to such changes as we may
+think reasonable, and refuses to sign the provisional articles as
+definitive ones, I take it for granted, France will not sign till we
+do. If they should they are still safe, for the provisional articles
+are to constitute the treaty as soon as France has made peace, and I
+should rather have it on that footing, than make any material
+alteration.
+
+I have put these several cases, because I should be supprised at
+nothing from the present British Ministry. If they have any plan at
+all, it is a much less gracious one towards America, than that of
+their immediate predecessors. If Shelburne, Townshend, Pitt, &c. had
+continued, we should have had everything settled long ago, to our
+entire satisfaction, and to the infinite advantage of Great Britain
+and America, in such a manner as would have restored good humor and
+affection, as far as in the nature of things they can now be restored.
+
+After the great point of acknowledging our independence was got over,
+by issuing Mr Oswald's last commission, this Shelburne administration
+conducted towards us like men of sense and honor. The present
+administration have neither discovered understanding nor sincerity.
+The present British administration is unpopular, and it is in itself
+so heterogeneous a composition, that it seems impossible it should
+last long. Their present design seems to be not to commit themselves
+by agreeing to anything. As soon as anything is done, somebody will
+clamor. While nothing is done, it is not known what to clamor about.
+If there should be a change in favor of the Ministry that made the
+peace, and a dissolution of this profligate league, which they call
+the coalition, it would be much for the good of all who speak the
+English language. If fame says true, the coalition was formed at
+gambling tables, and is conducted as it was formed, upon no other than
+gambling principles.
+
+Such is the fate of a nation, which stands tottering on the brink of a
+precipice, with a debt of two hundred and fiftysix millions sterling
+on its shoulders; the interest of which, added to the peace
+establishment only, exceeds by above a million annually all their
+revenues, enormously and intolerably as they are already taxed. The
+only chance they have for salvation is in a reform, and in recovering
+the affection of America. The last Ministry were sensible of this, and
+acted accordingly. The present Ministry are so far from being sensible
+of it, or caring about it, that they seem to me to be throwing the
+last dice for the destruction of their country.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, June 27th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A few vessels have arrived in England from various parts of America,
+and have probably made the Ministry, merchants, and manufacturers less
+anxious about a present arrangement of commerce. Whether these vessels
+have rashly hazarded these voyages against the laws of their country,
+or whether they have permission from Congress, or their States, we are
+not informed.
+
+It would have been better, no doubt, to have had an agreement made
+before the trade was opened, but the eagerness of both sides may not
+easily be restrained. Whether it is practicable for Congress to stop
+the trade, I know not, or whether it would be expedient if
+practicable, I doubt.
+
+The balance of parties in England is so nicely poised, that the
+smallest weight shifts the scales. In truth nothing can be done
+without changing the Ministry, for whatever is done raises a cry
+sufficient to shake those who do it. In this situation, it is a
+question whether it is best to keep things in suspense, or bring them
+to a decision. If Congress were to prohibit all trade with England,
+until a Treaty of Commerce were made, or some temporary convention at
+least, it might bring on a decision, by exciting a cry against the
+Ministry for not making a convention. But the moment a convention is
+made, a cry will be raised against them for making it. The present
+Ministry, to judge by their motions hitherto, will hazard the clamor
+for not making one, rather than that for making one. They think it
+least dangerous to them, especially since they have seen so many
+American vessels arrive in England, and have heard, that British ships
+are admitted to an entry in the ports of America, particularly
+Philadelphia.
+
+The most difficult thing to adjust in a Treaty of Commerce, will be
+the communications we shall have with the West India Islands. This is
+of great importance to us, and to the islands, and I think to Great
+Britain too. Yet there is a formidable party for excluding us at least
+from carrying the produce of those islands to Great Britain.
+
+Much will depend upon the Minister you first send to London. An
+American Minister would be a formidable person to any British Minister
+whatever. He would converse with all parties, and if he is a prudent,
+cautious man, he would at this moment have more influence there than
+you can imagine.
+
+We are chained here on the only spot in the world, where we can be of
+no use. If my colleagues were of my mind, we would all go together to
+London, where we could negotiate the Definitive Treaty, and talk of
+arrangements of commerce to some purpose. However, one Minister in
+London, with proper instructions, would do better than four. He would
+have the artifices of French emissaries to counteract, as well as
+English partizans; for you may depend upon it, the French see with
+pleasure the improbability of our coming soon and cordially together,
+as they saw with manifest regret, the appearances of cordial
+reconciliation under the former administration. These sentiments are
+not unnatural, but we are under no obligation, from mere complaisance,
+to sacrifice interests of such deep and lasting consequence. For it is
+not merely mercantile profit and convenience, that is at stake; future
+wars, long and bloody wars, may be either avoided or entailed upon our
+posterity, as we conduct wisely or otherwise the present negotiation
+with Great Britain.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                 Paris, July 3d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the last Ambassador's day, which was last Tuesday, Dr Franklin, Mr
+Jay, and myself waited on the Count de Vergennes, who told us, he
+thought he had agreed with the Duke of Manchester, but that his Grace
+had not yet received the positive approbation of his Court. The Count
+advised us to make a visit altogether to the Ambassadors of the two
+Imperial Courts. Accordingly, yesterday morning we went, first to the
+Count de Mercy Argenteau, the Ambassador of the Emperor of Germany,
+and King of Hungary and Bohemia. His Excellency was not at home, so we
+left our card.
+
+We went next to the Prince Bariatinski, Minister Plenipotentiary from
+the Court of Russia; our servant asked if the Prince was at home, and
+received for answer, that he was. We were shown into the Prince's
+apartment, who received us very politely. While we were here, Mr
+Markoff came in. He also is a Minister Plenipotentiary, adjoined to
+the Prince in the affair of the mediation. I told him we proposed to
+do ourselves the honor of calling on him. He answered, "As you are an
+old acquaintance I shall be very happy to see you." Whether this was a
+turn of politeness, or whether it was a political distinction, I know
+not. We shall soon know, by his returning, or not returning, our
+visit. The Prince asked where I lodged, and I told him. This indicates
+an intention to return the visit.
+
+We went next to the Dutch Ambassador's, M. de Berkenrode. He was not
+at home, or not visible. Next to the Baron de Blome, Envoy
+Extraordinary of the King of Denmark; not at home. Next to M.
+Markoff's. The porter answered, that he was at home. We alighted, and
+were going to his apartment, when we were told he was not come in. We
+left a card, and went to the other Dutch Ambassador's, M. Brantzen,
+who was not at home; _en passant_, we left a card at the Swedish
+Minister's, and returned home, the heat being too excessive to pursue
+our visits any further.
+
+Thus, we have made visits to all the Ministers, who are to be present
+at the signature of the definitive treaty. Whether the Ministers of
+the Imperial Courts will be present, I know not. There are many
+appearances of a coldness between France and Russia, and the Emperor
+seems to waver between two opinions, whether to join in the war that
+threatens, or not. Perhaps the Ministers of the Imperial Courts will
+write for instructions whether to return or not our visit.
+
+After I had begun this letter, Captain Barney came in, and delivered
+me your duplicate of No. 12, November the 6th, 1782; duplicate of No.
+14, December the 19th, 1782, and triplicate of No. 16, April the 14th,
+1783, and the original of your letter of the 18th of April, 1783, not
+numbered. The last contained my account. But as I have never received
+any of this money from Dr Franklin, or M. Gerard, but have my salary
+from Messrs Willinks & Co. at Amsterdam, I am extremely sorry you have
+had so much trouble with this affair.
+
+Although in your later letters you say nothing of my resignation, or
+the acceptance of it, I expect to receive it soon, and then I shall
+have an opportunity to settle the affair of my salary at
+Philadelphia.
+
+After reading your letters to me, I went out to Passy to see those
+addressed to us all. Dr Franklin, Mr Jay, and myself, (Mr Laurens
+being still in England) read them all over together. We shall do all
+in our power to procure the advantages in the definitive treaty, you
+mention. The state of parties is such in England, that it is
+impossible to foresee when there will be a Ministry, who will dare to
+take any step at all. The coalition between Lord North and his
+connexions, and Mr Fox and his, is a rope of sand. Mr Fox, by pushing
+the vote in the House of Commons disapproving the peace, and by
+joining so many of the old Ministers in the new administration, has
+justly excited so many jealousies of his sincerity, that no confidence
+can be placed in him by us. I am extremely sorry, that the most
+amiable men in the nation, Portland, and the Cavendishes, should have
+involved themselves in the same reproach.
+
+In short, at present, Shelburne, Pitt, Townshend, and the
+administration of which they were members, seem to have been the only
+ones, who, for a moment, had just notions of their country and ours.
+Whether these men, if now called to power, would pursue their former
+ideas, I know not. The Bible teaches us not to put our trust in
+Princes, and _a fortiori_ in Ministers of State.
+
+The West India commerce now gives us most anxiety. If the former
+British Ministry had stood, we might have secured it from England,
+and, in that case, France would have been obliged to admit us to their
+islands, _se defendendo_. The first maxim of a statesman, as well as
+that of a statuary, or a painter, should be to study nature; to cast
+his eyes round about his country, and see what advantages nature has
+given it. This was well attended to, in the boundary between the
+United States and Canada, and in the fisheries. The commerce of the
+West India Islands, falls necessarily into the natural system of the
+commerce of the United States. We are necessary to them and they to
+us; and there will be a commerce between us. If the government forbid
+it, it will be carried on clandestinely; France can more easily
+connive at a contraband trade than England. But we ought to wish to
+avoid the temptation to this. I believe, that neither France nor
+England will allow us to transport the productions of their Islands to
+other parts of Europe.
+
+The utmost we may hope to obtain would be permission to import the
+productions of the French Islands into France, giving bond to land
+them in some port of that kingdom, and the productions of the English
+Islands into some port of Great Britain, giving bonds to land them
+there. It must, however, be the care of the Minister, who may have to
+negotiate a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, to obtain as ample
+freedom in this trade as possible.
+
+While I was writing the above, my servant announced the Imperial
+Ambassador, whom I rose to receive. He said, that he was happy that
+the circumstances of the times afforded him an opportunity of forming
+an acquaintance with me, which he hoped would be improved into a more
+intimate one. I said, his Excellency did me great honor, and begged
+him to sit, which he did, and fell into a conversation of an hour. We
+ran over a variety of subjects, particularly the commerce which might
+take place between the United States and Germany, by the way of
+Trieste and Fiume, and the Austrian Netherlands, and the great
+disposition in Germany to migration to America. He says he knows the
+country round about Trieste very well, having an estate there; that
+it is a very extensive and a very rich country, which communicates
+with that maritime city, and that the navigation of the Adriatic sea,
+though long, is not dangerous. I asked him what we should do with the
+Barbary powers. He said, he thought all the powers of the world ought
+to unite in the suppression of such a detestable race of pirates, and
+that the Emperor had lately made an insinuation to the Porte upon the
+subject. I asked him if he thought France and England would agree to
+such a project, observing that I had heard that some Englishmen had
+said, "if there were no Algiers, England ought to build one." He said,
+he could not answer for England.
+
+It is unnecessary to repeat any more of the conversation, which turned
+upon the frugal and industrious character of the Germans, the best
+cultivators in Europe, and the dishonorable traffic of some of the
+German Princes in men, a subject he introduced and enlarged on
+himself. I said nothing about it. Rising up to take leave, he repeated
+several compliments he had made when he first came in, and added, "The
+Count de Vergennes will do me the honor to dine with me one of these
+days, and I hope to have that of your company. We will then speak of
+an affair upon which the Count de Vergennes and you have already
+conversed."
+
+This shows there is something in agitation, but what it is I cannot
+conjecture; whether it is to induce us to make the compliment to the
+two Imperial Courts to sign the definitive treaty as mediators,
+whether there is any project of an association for the liberty of
+navigation, or whether it is any other thing, I cannot guess at
+present, but I will write you as soon as I know. Whatever it is, we
+must treat it with respect, but we shall be very careful how we
+engage our country in measures of consequence without being clear of
+our powers, and without the instructions of Congress.
+
+I went out to Passy, and found from Mr Jay, that he had made his visit
+there, in the course of the day, but had said nothing to Dr Franklin
+or him about the dinner with the Count de Vergennes. In the course of
+the day, I had visits from the Prince Bariatinski and M. de Markoff,
+the two Ministers of the Empress of Russia. The porter told these
+gentlemen's servants, that I was at home, but they did not come up,
+but only sent up their cards.
+
+While I was gone to Passy, Monsieur de Blome, Envoy Extraordinary from
+the King of Denmark, called and left his card. Thus the point of
+etiquette seems to be settled, and we are to be treated in character
+by all the Powers of Europe.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+                                                Paris, July 5th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favors of the 12th and 29th of May were delivered to me on the 3d
+of this month by Captain Barney. Every assistance, in my power, shall
+be given to Mr Barclay. Mr Grand will write you the amount of all the
+bills which have been paid in Holland, which were accepted by me. You
+may banish your fears of a double payment of any one bill. I never
+accepted a bill without taking down in writing a very particular
+description of it, nor without examining the book, to see whether it
+had been accepted before. I sent regularly, in the time of it, copies
+of these acceptances to Dr Franklin, and I have now asked him to lend
+them to me, that I may copy them and send them to you. The Doctor has
+promised to look up my letters, and let me have them. The originals
+are at the Hague, with multitudes of other papers, which I want every
+day.
+
+Among the many disagreeable circumstances attending my duty in Europe,
+it is not the least, that instead of being fixed to any one station, I
+have been perpetually danced about from "post to pillar," unable to
+have my books and papers with me, unable to have about me the
+conveniences of a house-keeper for health, pleasure, or business, but
+yet subjected in many articles to double expenses.
+
+Mr Livingston has not informed me of any determination of Congress
+upon my letter to you of the 17th of November, which distresses me
+much on Mr Thaxter's account, who certainly merits more than he has
+received, or can receive, without the favor of Congress.
+
+I thank you, Sir, most affectionately for your kind congratulation on
+the peace. Our late enemies always clamor against a peace, but this
+one is better for them than they had reason to expect after so mad a
+war. Our countrymen too, I suppose, are not quite satisfied. This
+thing and that thing should have been otherwise, no doubt. If any man
+blames us I wish him no other punishment than to have, if that were
+possible, just such another peace to negotiate, exactly in our
+situation. I cannot look back upon this event without the most
+affecting sentiments, when I consider the number of nations concerned,
+the complications of interests, extending all over the globe, the
+characters of actors, the difficulties which attended every step of
+the progress, how everything labored in England, France, Spain, and
+Holland, that the armament at Cadiz was upon the point of sailing,
+which would have rendered another campaign inevitable, that another
+campaign would have probably involved France in a continental war, as
+the Emperor would in that case have joined Russia against the Porte;
+that the British Ministry was then in so critical a situation, that
+its duration for a week or a day depended upon its making peace; that
+if that Ministry had been changed, it could have been succeeded only
+either by North and Company, or by the coalition; that it is certain,
+that neither North and Company, nor the coalition, would have made
+peace upon any terms, that either we or the other Powers would have
+agreed to; and that all these difficulties were dissipated by one
+decided step of the British and American Ministers. I feel too
+strongly a gratitude to Heaven for having been conducted safely
+through the storm, to be very solicitous whether we have the
+approbation of mortals or not.
+
+A delay of one day might, and probably would, have changed the
+Ministry in England, in which case all would have been lost. If, after
+we had agreed with Mr Oswald, we had gone to Versailles to show the
+result to the Count de Vergennes, you would have been this moment at
+war, and God knows how or when you would have got out. What would have
+been the course? The Count de Vergennes would have sprinkled us with
+compliments, the holy water of a Court. He would have told us; "you
+have done, gentlemen, very well for your country. You have gained a
+great deal. I congratulate you upon it, but you must not sign till we
+are ready; we must sign altogether here in this room." What would have
+been our situation? We must have signed against this advice, as Mr
+Laurens says he would have done, and as I believe Mr Jay and I should
+have done, which would have been the most marked affront, that could
+have been offered, or we must have waited for France and Spain, which
+would have changed the Ministry in England, and lost the whole peace,
+as certainly as there is a world in being. When a few frail vessels
+are navigating among innumerable mountains of ice, driven by various
+winds, and drawn by various currents, and a narrow crevice appears to
+one, by which all may escape, if that one improves the moment and sets
+the example, it will not do to stand upon ceremonies, and ask, which
+shall go first, or that all may go together.
+
+I hope you will excuse this little excursion, and believe me to be,
+with great respect and esteem, your most obedient and most humble
+servant,
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, July 7th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+We cannot as yet obtain from Mr Hartley, or his principals, an
+explicit consent to any one proposition whatever. Yet England and
+France, and England and Spain are probably agreed, and Holland, I
+suppose, must comply. Our last resource must be to say, we are ready
+to sign the Provisional Treaty, _totidem verbis_, as the Definitive
+Treaty.
+
+I think it is plain, that the British Ministry do not intend to sign
+any treaty till Parliament rises. There are such dissensions in the
+Cabinet, that they apprehend a treaty laid before Parliament, if it
+did not obtain advantages, of which they have no hope, would furnish
+materials to overthrow them. A new administration is talked of, under
+Lord Temple. The West India commerce is now the object, that interests
+us the most nearly. At dinner with the Duc de la Vauguyon, on Saturday
+last, he told me, that he believed the commerce between the French
+West India Islands and the United States, would be confined to ships
+built in France, and navigated by French seamen.
+
+"So then, M. le Duc," said I, laughing, "you have adopted the ideas of
+the British navigation act. But suppose the United States should adopt
+them too, and make a law, that no commerce should be carried on with
+any West India Islands, French, English, Spanish, Dutch, or Danish,
+but in ships built in America, and navigated with American seamen? We
+can import sugar from Europe. But give me leave to tell you, that this
+trade can never be carried on without a great number of seamen, which
+the French vessels being all large require, and your navigators are
+too slow. The trade itself was only profitable to us as a system, and
+little vessels, with a few hands, run away at any season of the year,
+from any creek or river, with a multitude of little articles,
+collected in haste. Your merchants and mariners have neither the
+patience to content themselves with much and long labor, and dangerous
+voyages for small profits, nor have they the economy, nor can they
+navigate vessels with so few hands." "Aye, but we think," said the
+Duke, "if we do not try, we shall never learn to do these things as
+well and as cheap as you." The Duke told me, some days before, that he
+had had a great deal of conversation with the Count de Vergennes, and
+he found he had a great many good ideas of commerce. The Count
+himself told me a few weeks ago, "in our regulations of the commerce
+between our Islands and you, we must have regard to our shipping, and
+our nurseries of seamen for our marine; for," said he, smiling
+politely enough, "without a marine, we cannot go to your succor."
+
+In short, France begins to grow, for a moment, avaricious of
+navigation and seamen. But it is certain, that neither the form of
+government, nor the national character, can possibly admit of great
+success in it. Navigation is so dangerous a business, and requires so
+much patience, and produces so little profit among nations who
+understand it best, and have the best advantages for it, where
+property is most secure, lawsuits soonest and cheapest ended, (and by
+fixed certain laws,) that the French can never interfere much with the
+Dutch, or Americans, in ship building or carrying trade. If any French
+merchants ever begin to carry on this commerce, between America and
+the Islands, they will break to pieces very soon, and then some new
+plan must be adopted. The English, for aught I know, will make a
+similar law, that the communications between us and their Islands
+shall be carried on in British built ships, or ships built in Canada
+or Nova Scotia, and navigated by British seamen. In this case, we must
+try what we can do with the Dutch and Danes. But the French and
+English will endeavor to persuade them to the same policy, for the Duc
+de la Vauguyon told me, that he thought it a common tie (_lien
+commun_.) In this they will not succeed, and we must make the most we
+can of the Dutch friendship, for luckily, the merchants and Regency of
+Amsterdam had too much wit to exclude us from their Islands by the
+treaty. Happily, Congress will have a Dutch Minister, with whom they
+may consult upon this matter, as well as any others, but I should
+think it would not be convenient to invite an English or French
+Minister to be present at the consultation.
+
+I am at a loss, Sir, to guess what propositions made to us Congress
+have been informed of, which they had not learned from us. None have
+been made to us. The Dutch Ambassadors did once propose a meeting to
+us, and had it at my house. Dr Franklin came, but Mr Jay did not, and
+Mr Laurens was absent. The Ambassadors desired to know, whether we had
+power to enter into any engagements, provided France, Spain, and
+Holland, should agree to any, in support of the armed neutrality. We
+showed them the resolution of Congress, of the 5th of October, 1780,
+and told them, that Mr Dana had been since vested with a particular
+commission to the same effect. We never heard anything further about
+it.
+
+Not seeing, at the time, any probability that anything would come of
+this, nor intending to do anything of any consequence in it, if we
+should hear further of it, without the further orders of Congress, we
+did not think it necessary to write anything about it, at least, till
+it should put on a more serious appearance. If the Count de Mercy's
+dinner, to which we are to be invited, with the Count de Vergennes,
+should produce any insinuations on this subject, (which I do not,
+however, expect) we shall inform you, and request the orders of
+Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                                Paris, July 9th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since the dangerous fever I had in Amsterdam, two years ago, I have
+never enjoyed my health. Through the whole of the last winter and
+spring, I have suffered under weaknesses and pains, which have
+scarcely permitted me to do business. The excessive heats of the last
+week or two have brought on me a fever again, which exhausts me in
+such a manner, as to be very discouraging, and incapacitates one for
+everything. In short, nothing but a return to America will ever
+restore my health, if even that should do it.
+
+In these circumstances, however, we have negotiations to go through,
+and your despatches to answer. The liberal sentiments in England
+respecting the trade are all lost for the present, and we can get no
+answer to anything. It is the same thing with the Dutch. One of the
+Dutch Ambassadors told me yesterday at Versailles, that now, for five
+weeks, the English had never said one word to them, nor given them any
+answer. These things indicate, that the Ministry do not think
+themselves permanent.
+
+The Count de Vergennes asked Dr Franklin and me, yesterday, if we had
+made our visits. We answered, that we had, and that they had been
+promptly returned. "The thing in agitation," says the Count, "is for
+you to determine whether your definitive treaty shall be signed under
+the mediation of the two Imperial Courts, or not. Ours and the Spanish
+treaty with England are to be so finished, and if you determine in
+favor of it, you have only to write a letter to the Ministers of the
+Imperial Courts, who are here." I told him, in the present case, I
+did not know what a mediation meant. He smiled, but did not seem to
+know any better than I; at least, he did not explain it. We told him
+we would determine upon it soon.
+
+How we shall determine, I cannot say. For my own part, I see no harm
+in accepting the mediation, nor any other good, than a compliment to
+the two empires. In Europe it may be thought an honor to us, and,
+therefore, I shall give my voice, as at present informed, in favor of
+it, as it seems rather to be the inclination of the Count de Vergennes
+that we should.
+
+Your late despatches, Sir, are not well adapted to give spirits to a
+melancholy man, or to cure one sick with a fever. It is not possible
+for me, at present, to enter into a long detail in answer to them. You
+will be answered, I suppose, by all the gentlemen jointly. In the
+meantime, I beg leave to say to you a few words upon two points.
+
+1st. The separate article never appeared to me of any consequence to
+conceal from this Court. It was an agreement we had a right to make;
+it contained no injury to France or Spain. Indeed, I know not what
+France has, or ever had, to do with it. If it had been communicated to
+this Court, it would probably have been communicated to Spain, and she
+might have thought more about it than it was worth. But how you could
+conceive it possible for us to treat at all with the English, upon
+supposition, that we had communicated every, the minutest thing, to
+this Court, when this Court were neither obliged, nor thought proper,
+to communicate anything whatever to us, I know not. We were bound by
+treaty no more than they to communicate. The instructions were found
+to be absolutely impracticable. That they were too suddenly
+published, is very true.
+
+2dly. A communication of the treaty to this Court, after it was agreed
+upon, and before it was signed, would have infallibly prevented the
+whole peace. In the first place, it was very doubtful, or rather, on
+the contrary, it is certain, the English Minister never would have
+consented that we should have communicated it. We might, it is true,
+have done it without his consent or knowledge; but what would have
+been the consequence? The French Minister would have said, the terms
+were very good for us, but we must not sign till they signed; and this
+would have been the continuance of the war for another year, at least.
+It was not so much from an apprehension, that the French would have
+exerted themselves to get away from us terms that were agreed on, that
+they were withheld. It was then too late, and we have reasons to
+apprehend, that all of this kind had been done, which could be done.
+We knew they were often insinuating to the British Ministers things
+against us, respecting the fisheries, tories, &c. during the
+negotiation, and Mr Fitzherbert told me, that the Count de Vergennes
+had "fifty times reproached him for ceding the fisheries, and said it
+was ruining the English and French commerce both." It was not
+suspicion, it was certain knowledge, that they were against us on the
+points of the tories, fisheries, Mississippi, and the western country.
+
+All this knowledge, however, did not influence us to conceal the
+treaty. We did not, in fact, conceal it. Dr Franklin communicated the
+substance of it to the Count and M. de Rayneval. So did I. In a long
+conversation with the Count and M. de Rayneval together, I told them
+the substance of what was agreed upon, and what we further insisted
+on, and the English then disputed. But the signing before them is the
+point. This we could not have done, if we had shown the treaty, and
+told them we were ready. The Count would certainly have said to us,
+you must not sign till we sign. To have signed after this would have
+been more disagreeable to him, and to us too. Yet we must have signed
+or lost the peace. The peace depended on a day.
+
+Parliament had been waiting long, and once prorogued. The Minister was
+so pressed, he could not have met Parliament and kept his place,
+without an agreement upon terms, at least, with America. If we had not
+signed, the Ministry would have been changed, and the coalition come
+in, and the whole world knows the coalition would not have made peace
+upon the present terms, and, consequently, not at all this year. The
+iron was struck in the few critical moments when it was of a proper
+heat, and has been moulded into a handsome vessel. If it had been
+suffered to cool, it would have flown in pieces like glass. Our
+countrymen have great reason to rejoice, that they have obtained so
+good a peace, when, and as they did. With the present threatening
+appearances of a northern war, which will draw in France, if our peace
+was still to be made we might find cause to tremble for many great
+advantages, that are now secured. I believe the Count himself, if he
+were now to speak his real sentiments, would say, he is very glad we
+signed when we did, and that without asking his consent.
+
+The Duc de la Vauguyon told me and M. Brantzen together, last
+Saturday, "if you had not signed when you did, we should not have
+signed when we did." If they had not signed when they did, d'Estaing
+would have sailed from Cadiz, and in that case nobody would have
+signed to this day. It is not possible for men to be in more
+disagreeable circumstances than we were. We are none of us men of
+principles or dispositions to take pleasure in going against your
+sentiments, Sir, much less those of Congress. But in this case, if we
+had not done it, our country would have lost advantages beyond
+computation.
+
+On Monday, Sir, we pursued our visits, and today we finish. Yesterday
+at Court all the foreign Ministers behaved to us without reserve, as
+members of the _Corps Diplomatique_, so that we shall no longer see
+those lowering countenances, solemn looks, distant bows, and other
+peculiarities, which have been sometimes diverting, and sometimes
+provoking, for so many years.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 10th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In the present violent heat of the weather, and feverish state of my
+health, I cannot pretend to sit long at my pen, and must pray you to
+accept of a few short hints only.
+
+To talk in a general style of confidence in the French Court, &c. is
+to use a general language, which may mean almost anything, or almost
+nothing. To a certain degree, and as far as the treaties and
+engagements extend, I have as much confidence in the French Court as
+Congress has, or even as you, Sir, appear to have. But if, by
+confidence in the French Court is meant an opinion, that the French
+Office of Foreign Affairs would be advocates with the English for our
+rights to the fisheries, or to the Mississippi river, or our Western
+Territory, or advocates to persuade the British Ministers to give up
+the cause of the refugees, and make Parliamentary provision for them,
+I own I have no such confidence, and never had. Seeing and hearing
+what I have seen and heard, I must have been an idiot to have
+entertained such confidence, I should be more of a Machiavelian, or a
+Jesuit, than I ever was, or will be, to counterfeit it to you, or to
+Congress.
+
+M. Marbois' letter is to me full proof of the principles of the Count
+de Vergennes. Why? Because I know, (for it was personally communicated
+to me upon my passage home, by M. Marbois himself,) the intimacy and
+confidence there is between these two. And I know further, that letter
+contains sentiments concerning the fisheries, diametrically opposite
+to those, which Marbois repeatedly expressed to me upon the passage,
+viz. "That the Newfoundland fishery was our right, and we ought to
+maintain it." From whence I conclude, M. Marbois' sentiments have been
+changed by the instructions of the Minister. To what purpose is it
+where this letter came from? Is it less genuine, whether it came from
+Philadelphia, Versailles, or London? What if it came through English
+hands? Is there less weight, less evidence in it for that? Are the
+sentiments more just, or more friendly to us for that?
+
+M. de Rayneval's correspondence too with Mr Jay. M. de Rayneval is a
+_Chef de Bureau_. But we must be very ignorant of all Courts not to
+know that an Under Secretary of State dares not carry on such a
+correspondence without the knowledge, consent, and orders of the
+principal.
+
+There is another point now in agitation, in which the French will
+never give us one good word. On the contrary, they will say everything
+they can think of to persuade the English to deprive us of the trade
+of their West India Islands. They have already, with their emissaries,
+been the chief cause of the change of sentiment in London on this head
+against us. In general they see with pain every appearance of
+returning real and cordial friendship, such as may be permanent
+between us and Great Britain. On the contrary, they see with pleasure
+every seed of contention between us. The tories are an excellent
+engine of mischief between us, and are, therefore, very precious.
+
+Exclusion from the West India Islands will be another. I hold it to be
+the indispensable duty of my station, not to conceal from Congress
+these truths. Do not let us be dupes, under the idea of being
+grateful. Innumerable anecdotes happen daily to show, that these
+sentiments are general. In conversation, a few weeks ago, with the Duc
+de la Vauguyon, upon the subject of the West India trade, I endeavored
+to convince him, that France and England both ought to admit us freely
+to their islands. He entered into a long argument to prove, that both
+ought to exclude us. At last, I said, the English were a parcel of
+sots to exclude us, for the consequence would be, that in fifteen or
+twenty years we should have another war with them. _Tant mieux! tant
+mieux! je vous en felicite_," cried the Duke, with great pleasure.
+"_Tant mieux pour nous_," said I, because we shall conquer from the
+English in that case all their islands, the inhabitants of which would
+now declare for us, if they dared. But it will not be the better for
+the English. They will be the dupes, if they lay a foundation for it.
+"Yes," said the Duke, "I believe you will have another war with the
+English." And in this wish he expressed the vows of every Frenchman
+upon the face of the earth. If, therefore, we have it in contemplation
+to avoid a future war with the English, do not let us have too much
+confidence in the French, that they will favor us in this view.[6]
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[6] See a letter from Dr Franklin, containing remarks on Mr Adams's
+opinions of the policy and designs of the French Court, dated July the
+22d, 1783. _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. IV. p. 138. Also a letter
+from Mr Laurens, Vol. II. p. 486.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+                                               Paris, July 10th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Upon the receipt of the despatches by Barney, I sent off your letters
+for Messrs Willinks & Co. and I received last night an answer to the
+letter I wrote them upon the occasion. They have engaged to remit Mr
+Grand a million and a half of livres in a month, which has relieved Mr
+Grand from his anxiety.
+
+This Court has refused to Dr Franklin any more money. They are
+apprehensive of being obliged to take a part in the northern war, and
+their own financiers have not enough of the confidence of the public
+to obtain money for their own purposes.
+
+Your design of sending cargoes of tobacco and other things to
+Amsterdam, to Messrs Willinks & Co. is the best possible to support
+our credit there. The more you send, the more money will be obtained.
+Send a Minister too; residing there, he may promote it much. It is a
+misfortune, that I have not been able to be there, but this post
+cannot be deserted. Instruct your Minister to inquire whether the
+House of Hope could be persuaded to engage with Willinks in a new
+loan. This should be done with secrecy and discretion. If that House
+would undertake it, you would find money enough for your purpose, for
+I rely upon it, the States will adopt a plan immediately for the
+effectual payment of interest. This is indispensable. The foundation
+of a happy government can only be laid in justice; and as soon as the
+public shall see, that provision is made for this, you will no longer
+want money.
+
+It is a maxim among merchants and monied men, that "every man has
+credit who does not want it." It is equally true of States. We shall
+want it but little longer, if the States make provision for the
+payment of interest, and therefore we shall have enough of it. There
+is not a country in the world whose credit ought to be so good,
+because there is none equally able to pay.
+
+Enclosed is a pamphlet of Dr Price's, for your comfort. You will see
+by it, that the only nation we have reason to fear wants credit so
+much, that she is not likely to have it always, and this is our
+security. By some hints from Mr Hartley, he will probably return to
+London, and not be here again. The present Ministry is so undecided
+and feeble, that it is at least doubtful whether they will make the
+definitive treaty of peace.
+
+With great respect, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+                                               Paris, July 11th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In my letter to you of yesterday, I hinted in confidence, at an
+application to the house of Hope. This is a very delicate measure. I
+was induced to think of it merely by a conversation which M. Van
+Berckel, (who will soon be with you, as he sailed the 26th of June
+from the Texel,) had with M. Dumas. It would be better to be steady to
+the three Houses already employed, if that is possible. You will now
+be able to converse freely with that Minister upon the subject. I
+should not advise you to take any decisive resolution at Philadelphia,
+but leave it to your Minister to act as shall appear to him best upon
+the spot. The Houses now employed are well esteemed, and I hope will
+do very well. But no House in the Republic has the force of that of
+Hope.
+
+All depends, however, upon the measures to be taken by Congress and
+the States for ascertaining their debts, and a regular discharge of
+the interest. The ability of the people to make such an establishment
+cannot be doubted; and the inclination of no man who has a proper
+sense of public honor can be called in question. The Thirteen States,
+in relation to the discharge of the debts of Congress, must consider
+themselves as one body animated by one soul. The stability of our
+confederation at home, our reputation abroad, our power of defence,
+the confidence and affection of the people of one State towards those
+of another, all depend upon it. Without a sacred regard to public
+justice no society can exist; it is the only tie which can unite men's
+minds and hearts in pursuit of the common interest.
+
+The commerce of the world is now open to us, and our exports and
+imports are of so large amount, and our connexions will be so large
+and extensive, that the least stain upon our character in this respect
+will lose us in a very short time advantages of greater pecuniary
+value than all our debt amounts to. The moral character of our people
+is of infinitely greater worth than all the sums in question. Every
+hesitation, every uncertainty about paying or receiving a just debt,
+diminishes that sense of moral obligation of public justice, which
+ought to be kept pure, and carefully cultivated in every American
+mind. Creditors at home and abroad, the army, the navy, every man who
+has a well founded claim upon the public, have an unalienable right to
+be satisfied, and this by the fundamental principles of society. Can
+there ever be content and satisfaction? Can there ever be peace and
+order? Can there ever be industry or decency without it? To talk of a
+sponge to wipe out this debt, or of reducing or diminishing it below
+its real value, in a country so abundantly able to pay the last
+farthing, would betray a total ignorance of the first principles of
+national duty and interest.
+
+Let us leave these odious speculations to countries that can plead a
+necessity for them, and where corruption has arrived at its last
+stages; where infamy is scarcely felt, and wrong may as well assume
+one shape as another, since it must prevail in some.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 11th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As there are certain particulars, in which it has appeared to me, that
+the friendship of a French Minister has been problematical, at least,
+or rather, not to exist at all, I have freely mentioned them to
+Congress; because I hold it to be the first duty of a public Minister,
+in my situation, to conceal no important truth of this kind from his
+masters.
+
+But ingratitude is an odious vice, and ought to be held in detestation
+by every American citizen. We ought to distinguish, therefore, between
+those points, for which we are not obliged to our allies, from those
+in which we are.
+
+I think, then, we are under no particular obligations of gratitude to
+them for the fisheries, the boundaries, exemption from the tories, or
+for the progress of our negotiations in Europe.
+
+We are under obligations of gratitude, for making the treaty with us
+when they did; for those sums of money, which they have generously
+given us, and for those, even, which they have lent us, which I hope
+we shall punctually pay, and be thankful still for the loan; for the
+fleet and army they sent to America, and for all the important
+services they did. By other mutual exertions, a dangerous rival to
+them, and I may be almost warranted in saying, an imperious master,
+both to them and us, has been brought to reason, and put out of the
+power to do harm to either. In this respect, however, our allies are
+more secure than we. The House of Bourbon has acquired a great
+accession of strength, while their hereditary enemy has been weakened
+one half, and incurably crippled.
+
+The French are, besides, a good natured and humane nation, very
+respectable in arts, letters, arms, and commerce, and, therefore,
+motives of interest, honor, and convenience, join themselves to those
+of friendship and gratitude, to induce us to wish for the continuance
+of their friendship and alliance. The Provinces of Canada and Nova
+Scotia in the hands of the English are a constant warning to us to
+have a care of ourselves, and, therefore, a continuance of the
+friendship and alliance of France is of importance to our
+tranquillity, and even to our safety. There is nothing, which will
+have a greater effect to overawe the English, and induce them to
+respect us and our rights, than the reputation of a good understanding
+with the French. My voice and advice will, therefore, always be for
+discharging, with the utmost fidelity, gratitude, and exactness, every
+obligation we are under to France, and for cultivating her friendship
+and alliance by all sorts of good offices. But I am sure, that to do
+this effectually, we must reason with them at times, enter into
+particulars, and be sure that we understand one another. We must act a
+manly, honest, independent, as well as a sensible part.
+
+With great respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 12th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Reports have been spread, that the Regency of Algiers has been
+employed in fitting out ships to cruise for American vessels. There
+are reports too, that Spain has an armament prepared to attack their
+town. How much truth there may be in either, I cannot pretend to say.
+
+Whether Congress will take any measures for treating with these
+piratical States, must be submitted to them. The custom of these
+Courts, as well as those of Asia and Africa, is to receive presents
+with Ambassadors. The Grand Pensionary of Holland told me, that the
+Republic paid annually to the Regency of Algiers a hundred thousand
+dollars. I hope a less sum would serve for us; but in the present
+state of our finances, it would be difficult to make any payment. Mr
+Montgomery, of Alicant, has ventured to write a letter to the Emperor
+of Morocco, in consequence of which, his Majesty was pleased to give
+orders to all his vessels to treat American vessels with all
+friendship. Mr Montgomery ventured too far, however, in writing in the
+name of the United States, and what will be the consequences of the
+deception I know not.
+
+Dr Franklin lately mentioned to Mr Jay and me, that he was employed in
+preparing, with the Portuguese Ambassador, a treaty between the United
+States and Portugal. The next Ambassador's day at Versailles, I asked
+him if we could be admitted to the Brazils? He said, no, they admitted
+no nation to the Brazils. I asked, if we were admitted to the Western
+Islands? He said he thought Madeira was mentioned. I told him, I
+thought it would be of much importance to us to secure an admission to
+all the Azores, and to have these Islands, or some of them, made a
+depot for the sugars, coffee, cotton, and cocoa, &c. of the Brazils.
+He liked this idea, and went immediately, and spoke to the Ambassador
+upon it. He said, the Ambassador had told him, that they could furnish
+us with these articles at Lisbon, fifteen per cent cheaper than the
+English could from their West India Islands.
+
+This treaty, I suppose, will be submitted to Congress before it is
+signed, and I hope Congress will give a close attention to it, in
+order to procure an exemption from as many duties as possible, and as
+much freedom and security of trade in all their ports of Europe and
+the Western Islands as possible. If any particular stipulations should
+be necessary, concerning the free admission of all the articles of our
+produce, as rice, wheat, flour, salt-fish, or any other, the members
+of Congress may readily suggest them.
+
+I could wish that the Court of Lisbon had sent a Minister to
+Philadelphia to negotiate a treaty there. I wish that advantages may
+not be lost by this method of preparing treaties here, by Ministers
+who have made no particular study of the objects of them.[7] Benefits
+on both sides may escape attention in this way. A good treaty with
+Portugal is of so much consequence to us, that I should not wonder if
+Congress should think it necessary to send a Minister to Lisbon to
+complete it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[7] See the draft of a Treaty with Portugal, in _Franklin's
+Correspondence_, Vol. IV. p. 150.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 13th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday Colonel Ogden arrived with the originals of what we had
+before received in duplicates by Captain Barney. The ratification of
+the Dutch treaty had been before received and exchanged. The
+ratification of their High Mightinesses is in the safe custody of M.
+Dumas, at present at the Hague.
+
+I believe we shall accept of the mediation of the two Imperial Courts
+at the definitive treaty, as it is a mere formality, a mere
+compliment, consisting wholly in the Imperial Ministers putting their
+names and seals to the parchment, and can have no ill effect. The
+inclination of the Count de Vergennes seems to be, that we should
+accept it, and as he calls upon us to decide in the affirmative or
+negative, I believe we shall give an answer in the affirmative.
+
+The Empress has promised to receive Mr Dana, as soon as the definitive
+treaty shall be signed, and he has prepared a treaty of commerce,
+which will be valuable if he can obtain it.
+
+The Emperor of Germany has caused to be intimated several ways, his
+inclination to have a treaty of commerce with us; but his rank is so
+high, that his House never makes the first formal advance. I should
+think it advisable, that we should have a treaty with that power for
+several reasons.
+
+1st. Because, as Emperor of Germany, and King of Bohemia and Hungary,
+he is at the head of one of the greatest interests and most powerful
+connexions in Europe. It is true it is the greatest weight in the
+scale, which is, and has been, from age to age, opposite to the House
+of Bourbon. But for this very reason, if there were no other, the
+United States ought to have a treaty of commerce with it, in order to
+be in practice with their theory, and to show to all the world, that
+their system of commerce embraces, equally and impartially, all the
+commercial States and countries of Europe.
+
+2dly. Because the present Emperor is one of the greatest men of this
+age. The wisdom and virtue of the man, as well as of the monarch; his
+personal activity, intelligence, and accomplishments; his large and
+liberal principles in matters of religion, government, and commerce,
+are so much of kin to those of our States, (perhaps indeed so much
+borrowed from them, and adopted in imitation of them,) that it seems
+peculiarly proper we should show this respect to them.
+
+3dly. Because, that if England should ever forget herself again so
+much as to attack us, she may not be so likely to obtain the alliance
+or assistance of this Power against us. A friendship once established
+in a treaty of commerce, this power would never be likely to violate,
+because she has no dominions near us, and could have no interest to
+quarrel with us.
+
+4thly. Because the countries belonging to this power upon the Adriatic
+sea, and in the Austrian Flanders, are no inconsiderable sources of
+commerce for America. And if the present negotiations between the two
+Imperial Courts and the Porte shall terminate in a free navigation of
+the Danube, the Black sea, and the Archipelago, the Emperor's
+hereditary dominions will become very respectable commercial
+countries.
+
+5thly. Because, although we have at present a pleasant and joyful
+prospect of friendship and uninterrupted alliance with the House of
+Bourbon, which I wish may never be obscured, yet this friendship and
+alliance will be the more likely to continue unimpaired, for our
+having the friendship and commerce of the House of Austria. And (as in
+the vicissitudes of human affairs all things are possible) if in
+future times, however unlikely at present, the House of Bourbon
+should deal unjustly by us, demand of us things we are not bound to
+perform, or any way injure us we may find in the alliance, of Austria,
+England, and Holland a resource against the storm. Supernumerary
+strings to our bow, and provisions against possible inconveniences,
+however improbable, can do us no harm.
+
+If we were not straitened for money, I should advise Congress to send
+a Minister to Vienna. But as every Mission abroad is a costly article,
+and we find it difficult, at present, to procure money for the most
+necessary purposes, I should think it proper for Congress to send a
+commission to their Minister at Versailles, London, Madrid,
+Petersburg, or the Hague, who might communicate it to the Court of
+Vienna, by means of the Imperial Ambassador. The Emperor in such a
+case would authorize his Ambassador at that Court to prepare and
+conclude a treaty, and in this way the business may be well done,
+without any additional expense.
+
+M. Favi, _Charge d'Affaires_ of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, the
+Emperor's brother, has called upon me so often to converse with me
+upon this subject, that I doubt not he has been employed, or at least
+knows that it would be agreeable to his Court and their connexions,
+although he has never made any official insinuations about it. This
+gentleman has been employed by the Republic of Ragusa to consult
+American Ministers upon the subject of commerce too. I have told him,
+that the American ports were open to the Ragusan Vessels, as well as
+to all others, and have given him the address, by which they propose
+to write to Congress.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 14th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+A jealousy of American ships, seamen, carrying-trade, and naval power,
+appears every day more and more conspicuous. This jealousy, which has
+been all along discovered by the French Minister, is at length
+communicated to the English. The following proclamation, which will
+not increase British ships and seamen in any proportion as it will
+diminish those of the United States, will contribute effectually to
+make America afraid of England, and attach herself more closely to
+France. The English are the dupes, and must take the consequences.
+
+This proclamation is issued in full confidence, that the United States
+have no confidence in one another; that they cannot agree to act in a
+body as one nation; that they cannot agree upon any navigation act,
+which may be common to the Thirteen States. Our proper remedy would be
+to confine our exports to American ships, to make a law, that no
+article should be exported from any of the States in British ships,
+nor in the ships of any nation, which will not allow us reciprocally
+to import their productions in our ships. I am much afraid there is
+too good an understanding upon this subject between Versailles and St
+James's.
+
+Perhaps it may be proper for Congress to be silent upon this head
+until New York, Penobscot, &c. are evacuated. But I should think, that
+Congress would never bind themselves by any treaty built upon such
+principles. They should negotiate, however, without loss of time, by a
+Minister in London. A few weeks' delay may have unalterable effects.
+
+                           PROCLAMATION
+
+         _At the Court of St James, the 2d of July, 1783._
+
+    Present, the King's Most Excellent Majesty in Council.
+
+    "Whereas, by an Act of Parliament, passed this session,
+    entitled an 'Act for preventing certain instruments from
+    being required from ships belonging to the United States of
+    America, and to give his Majesty, for a limited time, certain
+    powers for the better carrying on trade and commerce, between
+    the subjects of his Majesty's dominions, and the inhabitants
+    of the said United States;' it is amongst other things
+    enacted, that, during the continuance of the said act, 'it
+    shall and may be lawful for his Majesty in Council, by order
+    or orders to be issued and published from time to time, to
+    give such directions, and to make such regulations, with
+    respect to duties, drawbacks, or otherwise, for carrying on
+    the trade and commerce between the people and territories
+    belonging to the Crown of Great Britain, and the people and
+    territories of the said United States, as to his Majesty in
+    Council shall appear most expedient and salutary, any law,
+    usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding;' his
+    Majesty doth, therefore, by and with the advice of his Privy
+    Council, hereby order and direct, that pitch, tar,
+    turpentine, hemp and flax, masts, yards, and bowsprits,
+    staves, heading, boards, timber, shingles, and all other
+    species of lumber, horses, neat cattle, sheep, hogs, poultry,
+    and all other species of live stock, and live provisions;
+    peas, beans, potatoes, wheat, flour, bread, biscuit, rice,
+    oats, barley, and all other species of grain, being the
+    growth, or production of any one of the United States of
+    America, may, until further order, be imported by British
+    subjects, in British built ships, owned by his Majesty's
+    subjects, and navigated according to law, from any port of
+    the United States of America, to any of his Majesty's West
+    India Islands; and that rum, sugar, molasses, coffee,
+    cocoa-nuts, ginger, and pimento, may, until further order, be
+    exported by British subjects, in British built ships, owned
+    by his Majesty's subjects, and navigated according to law,
+    from any of his Majesty's West India Islands, and to any port
+    or place within the said United States, upon payment of the
+    same duties on exportation, and subject to the like rules,
+    regulations, securities, and restrictions, as the same
+    articles by law are, or may be, subject and liable to, if
+    exported to any British colony or plantation in America. And
+    the Right Honorable the Lords Commissioners of his Majesty's
+    Treasury, and the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, are
+    to give the necessary directions herein, as to them may
+    respectively appertain.
+
+                                               STEPHEN COTTRELL."
+
+One of the most remarkable things in this proclamation is, the
+omission of salt-fish, an article, which the islands want as much as
+any that is enumerated. This is, no doubt, to encourage their own
+fishery, and that of Nova Scotia, as well as a blow aimed at ours.
+There was, in a former proclamation concerning the trade between the
+United States and Great Britain, an omission of the articles of
+_potash_ and _pearlash_. These omissions discover a _choice love_ for
+New England. France, I am afraid, will exclude fish too, and imitate
+this proclamation but too closely; if, indeed, this proclamation is
+not an imitation of their system adopted, as I believe it is, upon
+their advice and desire.
+
+These, however, are important efforts. Without saying, writing, or
+resolving anything suddenly, let us see what remedies or equivalents
+we can obtain from Holland, Portugal and Denmark. Let us bind
+ourselves to nothing, but reserve a right of making navigation acts
+when we please, if we find them necessary or useful. If we had been
+defeated of our fisheries, we should have been wormed out of all our
+carrying-trade too, and should have been a mere society of
+cultivators, without any but a passive trade. The policy of France has
+succeeded, and laid, in these proclamations, if persisted in, the sure
+source of another war between us and Great Britain.
+
+The English nation is not, however, unanimous in this new system, as
+Congress will see by the enclosed speculations,[8] which I know to
+have been written by a confidential friend of my Lord Shelburne; I
+mean Mr Benjamin Vaughan. This Minister is very strong in the House of
+Lords, and Mr Pitt, in the House of Commons, has attached to him many
+members in the course of this session. If that set should come in
+again, we shall have a chance of making an equitable treaty of
+commerce. To this end a Minister must be ready; and I hope in mercy to
+our country, that such an opportunity will not be lost in delays, in
+compliance to our allies.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[8] This paper is missing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON
+
+                                               Paris. July 14th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The United States of America have propagated far and wide in Europe
+the ideas of the liberty of navigation and commerce. The powers of
+Europe, however, cannot agree, as yet, in adopting them in their full
+extent. Each one desires to maintain the exclusive dominion of some
+particular sea, or river, and yet to enjoy the liberty of navigating
+all others. Great Britain wishes to preserve the exclusive dominion of
+the British seas, and, at the same time, to obtain of the Dutch a free
+navigation of all the seas in the East Indies. France has contended
+for the free use of the British and American seas; yet she wishes to
+maintain the Turks in their exclusive dominion of the Black sea, and
+of the Danube, which flows into it through some of their Provinces,
+and of the communication between the Black Sea and the Archipelago, by
+the Dardanelles. Russia aims at the free navigation of the Black Sea,
+the Danube, and the passage by the Dardanelles, yet she contends, that
+the nations, which border on the Baltic, have a right to control the
+navigation of it. Denmark claims the command of the passage of the
+Sound, and by the late Marine Treaty between the neutral powers, it
+was agreed, that the privateers of all the belligerent powers should
+be excluded from the Baltic. France and Spain too begin to talk of an
+exclusive dominion of the Mediterranean, and of excluding the Russian
+fleet from it; or, at least, France is said to have menaced Russia
+with a fleet of observation in the Mediterranean, to protect her
+commerce to the trading seaport towns of the Levant. But, as England
+possesses Gibraltar, and the Emperor of Morocco the other side of the
+Straits, France and Spain cannot command the entrance; so that it will
+be difficult for them to support their pretensions to any exclusive
+dominion of the Mediterranean, upon the principle on which the
+northern powers claim that of the Baltic, and the Porte the passage of
+the Dardanelles.
+
+France, at present, enjoys a large share of the trade to the Levant.
+England has enjoyed a share too, and wishes, no doubt, to revive it.
+The Emperor and the Empress, if they succeed in their views of
+throwing open the Danube, Black Sea, and Archipelago, will take away
+from France and England a great part of this trade; but it is not
+likely that England will join with France in any opposition to the
+Emperor and Empress.
+
+In order to judge of the object, which the two Empires have in view,
+we should look a little into the geography of those countries.
+
+The project of setting at liberty the whole country of ancient Greece,
+Macedonia, and Illyricum, and erecting independent Republics in those
+famous seats, however splendid it may appear in speculation, is not
+likely to be seriously entertained by the two Empires, because it is
+impracticable. The Greeks of this day, although they are said to have
+imagination and ingenuity, are corrupted in their morals to such a
+degree, as to be a faithless, perfidious race, destitute of courage,
+as well as of those principles of honor and virtue, without which
+nations can have no confidence in one another, nor be trusted by
+others.
+
+The project of conquering the Provinces of Albania, Romelia,
+Wallachia, Moldavia, and Little Tartary, from the Turks, and dividing
+them between the two Empires, may be more probable; but the Turks, in
+Asia and Europe together, are very powerful, and, if thoroughly
+awakened, might make a great resistance; so that it is most probable,
+the two Imperial Courts would be content, if they could obtain by
+negotiation, or by arms, the free navigation of the Danube, Black Sea,
+and Archipelago. This freedom alone would produce a great revolution
+in the commerce of Europe. The river Don or Tanais, with its branches,
+flows through the Ukraine, and a considerable part of the Russian
+dominions, into the Black Sea. The Danube flows very near Trieste,
+through the Kingdom of Hungary, and then through a Turkish Province
+into the Black Sea. If, therefore, the Black Sea and the Danube only
+were free, a communication would be immediately opened between Russia
+and Hungary quite to Trieste, to the great advantage of both Empires.
+But if, at the same time, the passage of the Dardanelles was laid
+open, all the Levant trade would be opened to the two Empires, and
+might be carried to Trieste, either by the Danube, or through the
+Archipelago and the Gulf of Venice. This would be such an accession of
+wealth, commerce, and naval power to the two Empires, as France is
+jealous of, and may be drawn into a war to prevent.
+
+It is a question how the King of Prussia will act. It is the general
+opinion, that, as he is advanced in years, loves and enjoys his
+laurels and his ease, and cannot hope to gain anything by the war, he
+will be neuter. If he is, the issue cannot be foreseen. The Emperor is
+vastly powerful, and his preparations are immense. Perhaps France may
+not think it prudent to declare war. I should be sorry to see her
+again involved in a war, especially against the principles she has
+lately espoused with so much glory and advantage.
+
+For my own part, I think nature wiser than all the Courts and States
+in the world, and, therefore, I wish all her seas and rivers upon the
+whole globe free, and am not at all surprised at the desire of the two
+Empires to set those near them at liberty.
+
+I think, however, that whatever turn these negotiations may take, they
+cannot directly affect us, although we may be remotely interested in
+the freedom of the Levant trade, and of the seas and rivers in the
+neighborhood of it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 15th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Enclosed are copies of papers, which have passed between Mr Hartley
+and the American Ministers. We have not thought it prudent to enter
+into any written controversy with him, upon any of these papers. We
+have received whatever he has offered us. But he has offered nothing
+in the name of his Court, has signed nothing, and upon inquiry of him
+we have found that he has never had authority to sign officially any
+proposition he has made.
+
+I think it is evident, that his principals, the coalition, do not
+intend to make any agreement with us about trade, but to try
+experiments by their proclamations. I think, too, that they mean to
+postpone the definitive treaty as long as possible. We can get no
+answer, and I believe Mr Hartley gets no decisive answers to anything.
+
+Enclosed also is a pamphlet, entitled, "Observations on the American
+States," said to have been published by Lord Sheffield, and to have
+been composed by four American renegadoes. The spirit of it needs no
+comments. It deserves to be attended to, however, by Congress. It is a
+fatal policy, as it appears to me, to see a British Ambassador at
+Versailles, and a French Ambassador at St James's, and no American
+Minister at the latter. This is admired at Versailles, I doubt not,
+but not because they think it for our interest.
+
+I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 16th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday we waited on the Count de Vergennes at Versailles, and
+showed him the project of a letter to the Ministers of the two
+Imperial Courts, which he read and approved. We told him, that we were
+at a loss what might be the effect of the mediation; possibly we might
+be involved in difficulties by it; possibly the British Ministers
+might persuade the mediators to offer us their advice upon some
+points, respecting the royalists for example, which we could not
+comply with. The Count said, that he had told them, that as soon as he
+had fully agreed with England upon all points, their mediation should
+be accepted, and they should sign the treaty as such; and we might
+agree to it in the same manner. He said we were not obliged to this,
+but as they were to be present and sign one treaty, it would look
+better to sign both. It would be a very notorious, public, and
+respectable acknowledgment of us, as a power, by those Courts. Upon
+this footing we left the letter with him to be shown to the Imperial
+Ministers.
+
+We asked the Count if he had seen the British proclamation of the 2d
+of July. He answered, that he had. I asked him if the King had
+determined anything on the subject of salt provisions, and salt-fish,
+whether we might import them into his islands. He said we might depend
+upon it, they could not supply their islands with fish, that we had
+two free ports in their islands, St Lucia, and a port in Martinique.
+By the thirtysecond article of the Treaty of Commerce, these free
+ports are secured to us; nothing, he said, was determined concerning
+salt beef and pork, but the greatest difficulty would be about flour.
+I told the Count, that I did not think it would be possible either for
+France or England to carry on this commerce between the islands and
+continent; it was profitable to us only as it was a part of a system;
+that it could not be carried on without loss in large vessels,
+navigated by many seamen, which could sail only at certain seasons of
+the year, &c. Upon the whole, I was much pleased with this
+conversation, and conclude from it, that we shall do very well in the
+French West India Islands, perhaps the better in them the worse we are
+treated by the English.
+
+The Dutch and Danes will, I doubt not, avail themselves of every
+error, that may be committed by France or England. It is good to have
+a variety of strings to our bow; and, therefore, I wish we had a
+Treaty of Commerce with Denmark, by which a free admission of our
+ships into their ports in the West Indies might be established. By
+means of the Dutch, Danes, and Portuguese, I think we shall be able to
+obtain finally proper terms of France and England.
+
+The British proclamation of the 2d of this month, is the result of
+refugee politics; it is intended to encourage Canada and Nova Scotia,
+and their fisheries, to support still the ruins of their navigation
+act, and to take from us the carriage even of our own productions. A
+system, which has in it so little respect for us, and is so obviously
+calculated to give a blow to our nurseries of ships and seamen, could
+never have been adopted but from the opinion, that we had no common
+legislature for the government of commerce.
+
+All America from the Chesapeake Bay to St Croix I know love ships and
+sailors, and those ports to the southward of that bay have advantages
+for obtaining them when they will, and therefore I hope the Thirteen
+States will unite in some measures to counteract this policy of
+Britain, so evidently selfish, unsocial, and I had almost said
+hostile. The question is, what is to be done? I answer, perhaps it
+will be most prudent to say little about it at present, and until the
+definitive treaty is signed, and the States evacuated. But after that,
+I think in the negotiation of a treaty of commerce with Great Britain,
+Congress should tell them, that they have the means of doing justice
+to themselves. What are these means? I answer, let every State in the
+Union lay on a duty of five per cent on all West India articles
+imported in British ships, and upon all their own productions exported
+in British ships. Let this impost be limited in duration, until Great
+Britain shall allow our vessels to trade to their West Indies. This
+would effectually defeat their plan, and encourage our own carrying
+trade more than they can discourage it.
+
+Another way of influencing England to a reasonable conduct, is to
+take some measures for encouraging the growth in the United States,
+of West India articles; another is to encourage manufactures,
+especially of wool and iron among ourselves. As tilt-hammers are now
+not unlawful, and wool may be water-borne, much more may be done now
+than could have been done before the war. But the most certain method
+is, to lay duties on exports and imports by British ships. The sense
+of a common interest and common danger, it is to be hoped, will induce
+a perfect unanimity among the States in this respect. There are other
+ways of serving ourselves, and making impressions upon the English to
+bring them to reason. One is to send ships immediately to China. This
+trade is as open to us as to any nation, and if our natural advantages
+at home are envied us, we should compensate ourselves in any honest
+way we can.
+
+Our natural share in the West India trade, is all that is now wanting
+to complete the plan of happiness and prosperity of our country.
+Deprived of it, we shall be straitened and shackled in some degree. We
+cannot enjoy a free use of all our limits without this; with it, I see
+nothing to desire, nothing to vex or chagrin our people, nothing to
+interrupt our repose or keep up a dread of war.
+
+I know not what permission may be expected from Spain to trade to the
+Havana, but should think that this resource ought not to be neglected.
+
+I confess I do not like the complexion of British politics. They are
+mysterious and unintelligible. Mr Hartley appears not to be in the
+secret of his Court. The things which happen appear as unexpected to
+him as to us. Political jealousies and speculations are endless. It is
+possible the British Ministers may be secretly employed, in fomenting
+the quarrel between the two Imperial Courts and the Porte, and in
+secretly stirring up the French to join the Turks in the war. The
+prospect of seeing France engaged in a war may embolden them to adopt
+a system less favorable to us. The possibility of these things should
+stimulate us, I think, to form as soon as possible treaties of
+commerce with the principal powers, especially the Imperial Courts,
+that all our questions may be decided. This will be a great advantage
+to us, even if we should afterwards be involved in a war. I put this
+supposition with great reluctance. But if England should in the course
+of a few years or months have the art to stir up a general war in
+Europe, and get France and Spain seriously involved in it, which is at
+least a possible case, she may assume a tone and conduct towards us,
+which will make it very difficult for us to avoid taking a part in it.
+If such a deplorable circumstance should take place, it will be still
+a great advantage to us, to have our sovereignty explicitly
+acknowledged by these powers, against whom we may be unfortunately
+obliged to act. At present they are all disposed to it, and seem
+desirous of forming connexions with us, that we may be out of the
+question.
+
+The politics of Europe are such a labyrinth of profound mysteries,
+that the more one sees of them, the more causes of uncertainty and
+anxiety he discovers.
+
+The United States will have occasion to brace up their confederation,
+and act as one body with one spirit. If they do not, it is now very
+obvious, that Great Britain will take advantage of it in such a manner
+as will endanger our peace, our safety, and even our very existence.
+
+A change of Ministry may, but it is not certain that it will, give us
+better prospects.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 17th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Last evening Mr Hartley spent two hours with me, and appeared much
+chagrined at the proclamation, which had never been communicated to
+him by his principals. He has too much contempt of the commercial
+abilities of the French, and, consequently said, that the French could
+derive but little benefit from this step of his Court, but he thought
+the Dutch would make a great advantage of it. I endeavored to discover
+from him, whether he suspected that his Court had any hand in stirring
+up the two Imperial Courts to make war upon the Turks. I asked him
+what was the state of their Mediterranean trade, and Levant trade. He
+said, it was dead, and that their Turkey Company was dead, and,
+therefore, he did not think his Court cared much about either, or
+would ever do anything to prevent the Empires. He thought it possible,
+that they might rather encourage them.
+
+I am quite of Mr Hartley's mind, that the Dutch will profit by all the
+English blunders in regulating the West India trade, and am happy that
+M. Van Berckel will be soon with Congress, when its members and
+Ministers may communicate through him anything they wish to their High
+Mightinesses. They may inquire of him what are the rights of the East
+and West India Companies? To what an extent our vessels may be
+admitted to Surinam, Curacoa, Demerara, Essequibo, Berbice, St
+Eustatia? What we may be allowed to carry there? and what bring from
+thence to the United States, or to Europe? Whether we may carry
+sugars, &c. to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, &c.? There are at Rotterdam and
+Amsterdam one hundred and twentyseven or eight refineries of sugar.
+How far these may be affected, &c.?
+
+I lay it down for a rule, that the nation which shall allow us the
+most perfect liberty to trade with her Colonies, whether it be France,
+England, Spain, or Holland, will see her Colonies flourish above all
+others, and will draw proportionally our trade to themselves; and I
+rely upon it, the Dutch will have sagacity to see it, and as they are
+more attentive to mercantile profit, than to a military marine, I have
+great hopes from their friendship. As there will be an interval before
+the signature of the definitive treaty, I propose a journey of three
+weeks, to Amsterdam and the Hague, in hopes of learning in more detail
+the intentions of the Dutch in this respect. I am in hopes too of
+encouraging the loan to assist our Superintendent of Finance. The
+Dutch may be a great resource to us in finance and commerce. I wish
+that cargoes of produce may be hastened to Amsterdam to Messrs
+Willinks & Co. for this will give vigor to the loan, and all the money
+we can prevent England and the two Empires from obtaining in Holland,
+will not only be nerves for us, but, perhaps, be useful too to France
+in her negotiations.
+
+I have spent the whole forenoon in conversation with the Duc de la
+Vauguyon. He thinks that England wishes to revive her trade to the
+Levant, to Smyrna, Aleppo, &c. and her carrying trade in Italy; and
+although she might be pleased to see France involved in a war with the
+Emperor and Empress, yet he thinks her funds are not in a condition to
+afford subsidies to either, and, therefore, that she will be perfectly
+neutral. Quere, however, whether if by a subsidy or a loan of a
+million or two a year, she could make France spend eight or ten
+millions, she would not strive hard to do it? The Duke thinks, that
+France will proceed softly, and endeavor, if possible, to avert the
+furious storm that threatens, and to compose the disputes of the three
+Empires, if possible; but she will never suffer such a usurpation as
+the conquest of the Turkish Provinces in Europe. France will certainly
+defend Constantinople. He thinks that the Empress of Russia has not
+revenues, and cannot get cash to march and subsist vast armies, and to
+transport great fleets, and that the Emperor has not revenues to
+support a long war.
+
+This is, however, a serious business, and France lays it so much to
+heart, and looks upon the chance of her being obliged to arm, as so
+probable, that I presume this to be the principal motive of her
+refusal to lend us two or three millions of livres more.
+
+As to our West India questions, the Duke assures me, that the French
+Ministry, particularly the Count de Vergennes, are determined to do
+everything they can consistent with their own essential interests, to
+favor and promote the friendship and commerce between their country
+and ours. That they, especially the Count, are declared enemies of the
+French fiscal system, which is certainly the most ruinous to their
+commerce, and intend to do everything they can to make alterations to
+favor commerce; but no change can be made in this, without affecting
+their revenues, and making voids, failures, and deficiencies, which
+they cannot fill up. They must, therefore, proceed softly. That France
+would favor the commerce between Portugal and America, because it
+would tend to draw off that kingdom from her dependence on England.
+That England, by her commercial treaty with the Portuguese, in 1703,
+has turned them into an English Colony, made them entirely dependent,
+and secured a commerce with them of three millions value. France would
+be glad to see this, or as much of it as possible, turned to America.
+
+The Duke agrees fully with me in the maxim, that those Colonies will
+grow the most in wealth, improvement, population, and every sort of
+prosperity, which are allowed the freest communication with us, and
+that we shall be allowed to carry lumber, fish, and live stock, to
+their islands, but that the export of their sugars to us, he thinks,
+must be in their own ships, because they are afraid of our becoming
+the carriers of all their commerce, because they know and say, that we
+can do it cheaper than they can. These sentiments are different from
+those, which he mentioned to me a few days ago, when he said, the West
+India trade with us must be carried on in French bottoms.
+
+The Duke said, the English had been trying to deceive us, but were now
+developing their true sentiments. They pretended, for awhile, to
+abolish the navigation act and all distinctions, to make one people
+with us again, to be friends, brothers, &c. in hopes of drawing us off
+from France, but not finding success, they were now showing their true
+plan. As to the pretended system of Shelburne, of a universal free
+commerce, although he thought it would be for the good of mankind in
+general, yet, for an English Minister, it was the plan of a madman,
+for it would be the ruin of that nation. He did not think Shelburne
+was sincere in it; he only meant an illusion to us. Here I differ from
+the Duke, and believe, that the late Ministry were very sincere
+towards us, and would have made a treaty with us, at least to revive
+the universal trade between us, upon a liberal plan. This doctrine of
+ruin, from that plan, to the English, has been so much preached of
+late in England by the French and the American refugees, who aim at
+establishments in Canada and Nova Scotia, and by the old Butean
+administration and their partisans, that I do not know whether any
+Ministry could now support a generous plan. But if Temple, Thurlow,
+Shelburne, Pitt, &c. should come in, I should not despair of it. It is
+true, the Shelburne administration did encourage the ideas of cordial,
+perfect friendship, of entire reconciliation of affections, of making
+no distinction between their people and ours, especially between the
+inhabitants of Canada and Nova Scotia and us, and this, with the
+professed purpose of destroying all seeds of war between us. These
+sentiments were freely uttered by Fitzherbert, Oswald, Whiteford,
+Vaughan, and all who had the confidence of that Ministry; and in these
+sentiments they were, I believe, very sincere. And they are, indeed,
+the only means of preventing a future war between us and them, and so
+sure as they depart from that plan, so sure, in less than fifteen
+years, perhaps less than seven, there will break out another war.
+Quarrels will arise among fishermen, between inhabitants of Canada and
+Nova Scotia and us, and between their people and ours in the West
+Indies, in our ports, and in the ports of the three kingdoms, which
+will breed a war in spite of all we can do to prevent it. France sees
+this and rejoices in it, and I know not whether we ought to be sorry;
+yet I think we ought to make it a maxim to avoid all wars, if
+possible; and to take care that it is not our fault if we cannot. We
+ought to do everything, which the English will concur in, to remove
+all causes of jealousies, and kill all the seeds of hostility as
+effectually as we can; and to be upon our guard to prevent the French,
+Spaniards, and Dutch, from sowing the seeds of war between us, for we
+may rely upon it they will do it if they can.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                               Paris, July 18th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+There is cause to be solicitous about the state of things in England.
+The present Ministry swerve more and more from the true system, for
+the prosperity of their country and ours. Mr Hartley, whose sentiments
+are at bottom just, is probably kept here, if he was not sent at
+first, merely to amuse us, and to keep him out of the way of
+embarrassing the coalition. We need not fear, that France and England
+will make a common cause against us, even in relation to the
+carrying-trade to and from the West Indies. Although they may mutually
+inspire into each other false notions of their interests at times, yet
+there can never be a concert of operations between them. Mutual enmity
+is bred in the blood and bones of both, and rivals and enemies at
+heart they eternally will be.
+
+In order to induce both to allow us our natural right to the
+carrying-trade, we must negotiate with the Dutch, Danes, Portuguese,
+and even with the Empires; for the more friends and resources we have,
+the more we shall be respected by the French and English; and the more
+freedom of trade we enjoy with the Dutch possessions in America, the
+more will France and England find themselves necessitated to allow us.
+
+The present Ministers in England have very bad advisers; the refugees,
+and emissaries of various other sorts, and we have nobody to watch
+and counteract, to correct or prevent anything.
+
+The United States will soon see the necessity of uniting in measures
+to counteract their enemies, and even their friends. What powers
+Congress should have for governing the trade of the whole, for making
+or recommending prohibitions, or imposts, deserves the serious
+consideration of every man in America. If a constitutional legislative
+authority cannot be given them, a sense of common danger and necessity
+should give to their recommendations all the force upon the minds of
+the people, which they had six years ago.
+
+If the union of the States is not preserved, and even their unity, in
+many great points, instead of being the happiest people under the sun,
+I do not know but we may be the most miserable. We shall find our
+foreign affairs the most difficult to manage of any of our interests;
+we shall see and feel them disturbed by invisible agents, and causes,
+by secret intrigues, by dark and mysterious insinuations, by concealed
+corruptions of a thousand sorts. Hypocrisy and simulation will assume
+a million of shapes; we shall feel the evil, without being able to
+prove the cause. Those, whose penetration reaches the true source of
+the evil, will be called suspicious, envious, disappointed, ambitious.
+In short, if there is not an authority sufficiently decisive to draw
+together the minds, affections, and forces of the States, in their
+common foreign concerns, it appears to me we shall be the sport of
+transatlantic politicians of all denominations, who hate liberty in
+every shape, and every man who loves it, and every country that enjoys
+it. If there is no common authority, nor any common sense to secure a
+revenue for the discharge of our engagements abroad for money, what
+is to become of our honor, our justice, our faith, our universal,
+moral, political, and commercial character? If there is no common
+power to fulfil engagements with our citizens, to pay our soldiers,
+and other creditors, can we have any moral character at home? Our
+country will become the region of everlasting discontents, reproaches,
+and animosities, and instead of finding our independence a blessing,
+we shall soon become Cappadocians enough to wish it done away.
+
+I may be thought gloomy, but this ought not to discourage me from
+laying before Congress my apprehensions. The dependence of those who
+have designs upon us, upon our want of affection to each other, and of
+authority over one another, is so great, that in my opinion, if the
+United States do not soon show to the world a proof, that they can
+command a common revenue to satisfy their creditors at home and
+abroad, that they can act as one people, as one nation, as one man, in
+their transactions with foreign nations, we shall be soon so far
+despised, that it will be but a few years, perhaps but a few months
+only, before we are involved in another war.
+
+What can I say in Holland, if a doubt is started, whether we can repay
+the money we wish to borrow? I must assure them in a tone, that will
+exclude all doubt that the money will be repaid. Am I to be hereafter
+reproached with deceiving the money-lenders? I cannot believe there is
+a man in America, who would not disdain the supposition, and therefore
+I shall not scruple to give the strongest assurances in my power. But
+if there is a doubt in Congress, they ought to recall their borrowers
+of money.
+
+I shall set off tomorrow for Holland, in hopes of improving my health,
+at the same time that I shall endeavor to assist the loan, and to
+turn the speculations of the Dutch merchants, capitalists and
+statesmen, towards America. It is of vast importance that the Dutch
+should form just ideas of their interests respecting the communication
+between us and their islands, and other colonies in America. I beg
+that no time may be lost in commencing conferences with M. Van Berckel
+upon this subject, as well as that of money; but this should not be
+communicated to the French nor the English, because we may depend upon
+it, both will endeavor to persuade the Dutch to adopt the same plan
+with themselves. There are jealousies on both sides the Pass of
+Calais, of our connexions and negotiations with the Dutch. But while
+we avoid as much as we can to inflame this jealousy, we must have
+sense and firmness and independence enough not to be intimidated by
+it, from availing ourselves of advantages, that Providence has placed
+in our power. There ever have been, and ever will be, suspicions of
+every honest, active, and intelligent American, and there will be as
+there have been insidious attempts to destroy or lessen your
+confidence in every such character. But if our country does not
+support her own interests, and her own servants, she will assuredly
+fall. Persons, who study to preserve or obtain the confidence of
+America, by the favor of European statesmen, or Courts, must betray
+their own country to preserve their places.
+
+For my own part, I wish Mr Jay and myself almost anywhere else but
+here. There is scarce any other place where we might not do some good.
+Here we are in a state of annihilation.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                            The Hague, July 23d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On Saturday last I left Paris, and arrived here last night. This
+morning I sent M. Dumas to M. Van Berckel and M. Gyselaer, to inform
+them of my arrival, and to desire a conversation with them, upon the
+subject of the commerce between the United States and the Dutch
+establishments in the West Indies.
+
+M. Van Berckel told M. Dumas, "that St Eustatia and Curacoa were open
+to the vessels of all nations, and to the commerce of all the world;
+but that it was not the interest of the West India Company alone, but
+that of the whole State, that obliged them to confine the commerce of
+their sugars to themselves, because of the great number of their
+refineries of sugar. That all their own sugars were not half enough to
+employ their sugar-houses, and that at least one half of the sugars
+refined in Holland were the production of the French West India
+Islands."
+
+I suppose that some of these sugars may have been carried first to St
+Eustatia, and brought from thence to Holland, and some others may have
+been purchased in the ports of France, and imported raw from thence. I
+do not know that Dutch vessels were permitted to purchase sugars in
+the French Islands, and export them from thence. This matter deserves
+to be examined to the bottom. If France has not sugar-houses for the
+refinement of her own sugars, but is obliged to carry them, or to
+permit their being carried, to Amsterdam and Rotterdam for
+manufacture, why should she not be willing, that the same sugars
+should be carried by Americans to Boston, New York, and Philadelphia?
+Surely France has no predilection for Holland rather than America. But
+what is of more weight, all the sugars, which America takes, will be
+paid for in articles more advantageous to the Islands, and to France,
+than the pay that is made by the Dutch. If any sugars refined in
+Holland are afterwards sold in France, surely it would be more for the
+interest of France, or rather less against her interests, to have the
+same sugars refined in America, and afterwards sold in France, because
+the price of them would be laid out by us in France. There is this
+difference between us and the Dutch, and all other nations, we spend
+in Europe all the profits we make and more, the others do not. But if
+the French sugars, refined in Holland, are afterwards sold in other
+parts of Europe, it would be just as well that we should sell them. We
+have sugar-houses as well as the Dutch, and ours ought not to be more
+obnoxious to French policy or commerce than theirs.
+
+Sugars are a great article. There is a great consumption in America.
+It is not the interest of any nation, that has sugars to sell, to
+lessen the consumption there. All such nations should favor that
+consumption, in order to multiply purchasers, and quicken the
+competition, by which the price is raised. None of these nations then
+will wish to prevent our having sugar, provided we offer as high, or a
+higher price. How they will be able to arrange their plans, so that we
+may have enough for our own consumption, without having more, without
+having some for exportation, I do not know.
+
+We have now St Eustatia and Curacoa, St Lucia and Martinique, St
+Thomas and St Martin's, no less than six free ports in the West
+Indies; and perhaps England may be induced, necessitated indeed, to
+add two more to the number, and make eight. At these free ports, it
+will be hard if we cannot find sugars, when we carry thither all our
+own productions, in our own ships. And if the worst should happen, and
+all the nations, who have sugar Islands, should forbid sugars to be
+carried to America in any other than their own bottoms, we might
+depend upon having enough of this article at the free ports, to be
+brought away in our own ships, if we should lay a prohibition or a
+duty upon it in foreign ships. To do either, the States must be
+united, which the English think cannot be. Perhaps the French think so
+too, and in time, they may persuade the Dutch to be of the same
+opinion. It is to be hoped we shall disappoint them all. In a point so
+just and reasonable, when we are contending only for an equal chance
+for the carriage of our own productions, and the articles of our own
+consumption, when we are willing to allow to all other nations even a
+free competition with us in this carriage, if we cannot unite, it will
+discover an imperfection and weakness in our constitution, which will
+deserve a serious consideration.
+
+M. Visscher, Pensionary of Amsterdam, who came in to visit me, when I
+had written thus far, showed me a list of the Directors of the West
+India Company, and refers me to M. Bicker, of Amsterdam, as one of the
+most intelligent of them. He says, that the Colonists of Surinam,
+Berbice, Essequibo, and Demarara, have been in decay, and obliged to
+borrow money of the merchants at home, and have entered into contracts
+with those merchants, to send them annually all the productions of
+their plantations to pay the interest and principal of their debts;
+that this will make it difficult to open the trade.
+
+Soon after M. Visscher went out, M. Van Berckel came in. I entered
+into a like conversation with him, and told him that I thought the
+decay of their plantations in the West Indies had been owing to the
+rivalry of other nations, especially the English, whose Islands had
+greater advantages from a freer communication with North America; and
+I thought it might be laid down as a rule, that those Islands would
+flourish most in population, culture, commerce, and wealth, which had
+the freest intercourse with us, and that this intercourse would be a
+natural means of attracting the American commerce to the metropolis.
+He thought so too.
+
+I then mentioned to him the loan; and asked him, if he thought that
+the States-General, the States of Holland, or the Regency of
+Amsterdam, would be likely, in any way, to aid us? He said, no; that
+the country was still so much divided, that he could not depend upon
+any assistance in that way. That the Council of Amsterdam was well
+enough disposed; but that the Burgomasters were not so. That M.
+Temmink, M. Huggens, and M. Rendorp, were not to be depended on in
+such an affair. That, therefore, our only resource was, to endeavor to
+gain upon the public opinion and the spirit of the nation, and that,
+in this respect, he would do me all the service in his power. He
+thought that the present uncertainty about the definitive treaty, and
+the fate of the Republic, would be an obstacle; but the definitive
+treaty once signed, he thought our loan would succeed very well. I
+asked him, whether he thought that the junction of three houses in my
+loan was any obstruction to it? and whether any one of them, or
+whether any other house, would do better? I told him what his brother,
+(now I hope in Philadelphia,) had said to M. Dumas, viz. that the
+house of Wilkem and Van Willink alone would succeed sooner than the
+three. I asked him, whether he thought the house of Hope, either
+alone, or in conjunction with that of the Willinks, or any other,
+would undertake it? He said, this might well be, and that if they saw
+their interest in it they would, for those mercantile houses had no
+other object in view. He promised me to make inquiry into this matter,
+and let me know the result.
+
+Upon this occasion, I must inform Congress, that it is absolutely
+necessary they should send another Minister to this Republic, without
+loss of time; because our three present houses, before they would
+undertake the loan, extorted a promise from me, not to open another
+with any other house until the five millions should be full. This
+engagement I took for myself alone, however, and expressly premised
+that Congress should not be bound by it; that Congress should be
+perfectly free, and that any other Minister they might send here
+should be perfectly free to open another loan, when and with whom they
+pleased. A new Minister, therefore, may open a loan when he will, with
+Hope, Willink, or whom he will, and I am persuaded it would succeed to
+a good amount.
+
+I made visits to day, the 25th of July, to the Grand Pensionary, the
+Secretary Fagel, the President of the week, and M. Gyselaer; and
+returned visits to M. Van Berckel and M. Visscher. M. Gyselaer says,
+that at present there is no ready money (_argent comptant_) in the
+Republic, but in two months there will be, and the loan will go very
+well.
+
+At noon I went to the house in the Grove, to make my court to the
+Prince and Princess of Orange.
+
+The Prince either happened to be in a social humor, or has had some
+political speculations lately, for he thought fit to be uncommonly
+gracious and agreeable. He made me sit, and sat down by me, and
+entered into familiar conversation about the negotiations of peace. He
+asked many questions about it, and the probability of a speedy
+conclusion of the definitive treaty. At length, he asked me, if Dr
+Franklin was left alone? I answered, that Mr Jay was with him. He
+asked, if I returned before the signature? I answered, that such was
+my intention. He asked, whether Dr Franklin was an Ambassador? I
+answered, that he was a Minister Plenipotentiary only. He asked, if
+none of us were Ambassadors? I answered, that we all had the same rank
+of Ministers Plenipotentiary, and that Congress had never yet made an
+Ambassador. He said, he was astonished at that; that he had a long
+time expected to hear, that we had displayed the character of
+Ambassadors. I asked his Highness, what reason he had for this, and
+what advantage there was in it? "Why," said he, "I expected that your
+Republic would early assert her right to appoint Ambassadors.
+Republics have been generally fond of appointing Ambassadors, in order
+to be on a footing with crowned heads. Our Republic began very early.
+We had eight Ambassadors at the peace of Munster; one for each
+Province, and one supernumerary. And we always choose to appoint
+Ambassadors, for the sake of being upon an equality with crowned
+heads. There are only crowned heads, Republics, and the Electors of
+the Empire, who have a right to send Ambassadors; all others can only
+send Envoys, and Ministers Plenipotentiary. Princes cannot send
+Ambassadors. I cannot, as Stadtholder, nor as Prince, nor in any other
+quality, send a Minister of any higher order, than an Envoy, or
+Minister Plenipotentiary." He asked me, what was the reason the
+Congress had not made use of their right? I answered his Highness,
+that really I did not know. It was a subject I had never much
+reflected on; perhaps Congress had not. Or they might think it a
+matter of ceremony and of show, rather than substance; or might think
+the expense greater than the advantage. He said, it was very true, the
+dignity of the rank must be supported, but he thought the advantage
+worth more than the expense.
+
+I am utterly at a loss for his Highness' motives for entering so
+minutely into this subject. Whether M. Van Berckel, before his
+departure, had mentioned it; whether he thought he should please me by
+it; whether he thought to please Congress by it; whether he affected
+to interest himself in the honor of the United States; or whether any
+of the politicians of this, or any other country, have put him upon
+it, or whether it is mere accident, I know not. They are the words of
+a Prince, and I have reported them very exactly.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, July 25th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It is the general opinion here both among the members of the States,
+and at the _Hotel de France_, that the delays of the definitive
+pacification are contrived by the Court of London, in order to set all
+their instruments at work in this Republic, to induce it to renew its
+ancient connexions with Great Britain, particularly their alliance,
+offensive and defensive, by which each power was bound to furnish the
+other, if attacked, a certain number of ships and troops. Against this
+the patriotic party is decided, and they are now very well satisfied
+with the Grand Pensionary, Bleiswick, because he openly and roundly
+takes their side, and the Court is said to be discontented with him
+for the same reason. There is, no doubt, an intelligence and
+correspondence between the two Courts of London and the Hague, to
+bring about this point. The Grand Pensionary told me yesterday, that
+the Court of London desired it, and there were persons here who
+desired it, and he knew very well who they were; but that most
+certainly they would not carry their point. Van Berckel, Visscher, and
+Gyselaer, all assured me of the same, and added, that the fear of this
+had determined them not to send a Minister to London, but to go
+through with the negotiation at Paris, although they were all highly
+dissatisfied with the conduct of France, and particularly with that of
+the Count de Vergennes.
+
+They all say, he has betrayed and deserted them, played them a very
+bad trick, (_tour_) and violated his repeated promises to them. They
+do not in the least spare M. Berenger and M. Merchant, who conduct the
+French affairs here in the absence of the Duc de la Vauguyon, but hold
+this language openly and freely to them. These gentlemen have
+sometimes found it hard to bear, and have winced, and sometimes even
+threatened; but their answer has been more mortifying still; "Do as
+you please, drive the Republic back into the arms of England, if you
+will. Suppress all the friends of France, if you choose it." And some
+of them have said, "we will go to America." They all say, that France
+had the power to have saved them. That the acquisition of Tobago was
+no equivalent to France for the loss of the Republic, &c. &c. &c. They
+are all highly pleased with the conduct of their own Ambassador,
+Brantzen, with his activity, intelligence, and fidelity. They all say,
+that they would send a Minister to London to negotiate there, if they
+were sure of being able to carry an election for a man they could
+depend upon. But the Court here would have so much influence in the
+choice, that they would run a risk of sending a man, who would
+insensibly lead them into a revival of the old ties with England,
+which, they say, is enslaving the Republic to that kingdom.
+
+I learn here from all quarters, a confirmation of what I had learned
+before at Paris from M. Brantzen and the Duc de la Vauguyon, viz. that
+the Duke of Manchester had given them no answer, nor said a word to
+them for six weeks, in answer to the propositions they had made; among
+which was an offer of an equivalent for Negapatnam. They offered some
+establishments in Sumatra and Surat. Lately the Duke of Manchester has
+received a courier, and has given an answer, that a real equivalent
+might be accepted. No answer is given to any other point, and this is
+vague; so that another courier must go to London and return.
+Parliament is now up, and perhaps the Ministers may now be more
+attentive, and less timorous.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I find, upon inquiry, that there are in this Republic, at Amsterdam,
+Rotterdam, and Dort, near one hundred and thirty sugar-houses. The
+whole of the raw sugars produced in Surinam, Berbice, Essequibo, and
+Demarara, are wrought in these houses; and, besides, raw sugars were
+purchased in Bordeaux and Nantes, after being imported from the French
+islands, in French bottoms. Raw sugars were also purchased in London,
+which went under the general name of Barbadoes sugars, although they
+were the growth of all the English Islands, and imported to London in
+British bottoms. I have learnt further, that great quantities of raw
+Brazil sugars were purchased in Lisbon, and that these were cheaper
+than any of the others. All these raw sugars were imported into
+Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Dort, and there manufactured for
+exportation. We must endeavor to obtain a share in this trade,
+especially with Lisbon, or the Western Islands.
+
+Since it is certain, that neither Portugal, France, nor England has
+been able to manufacture all their raw sugars, but each of them sold
+considerable quantities to the Dutch, I suppose that we may
+undoubtedly purchase such sugars in future in Lisbon, Bordeaux,
+Nantes, London, and perhaps Ireland, and carry them where we please,
+either home to America, or to Amsterdam, or to any part of Europe, and
+there sell them, and in this way promote our own carrying-trade, as
+well as enable ourselves to make remittances. I cannot see why the
+English, or French, should be averse to their sugars going to America
+directly; and if they insist upon carrying them in their own ships,
+we may still have enough of them. The Dutch have the most pressing
+commercial motives to bring home their West India produce; yet they
+would really gain the most by opening a free communication with us,
+because they would the most suddenly make their colonies flourish by
+it.
+
+Molasses and rum we shall have, probably, from all the islands,
+English, French, and Dutch, in our own bottoms, unless the three
+nations should agree together to keep the whole trade of their islands
+in their own ships, which is not likely.
+
+I have made all the inquiries I could, and have sown all the seeds I
+could, in order to give a spur to our loan. Three thousand obligations
+have been sold, and the other two thousand are signed; but at this
+time there is a greater scarcity of money than ever was known. The
+scarcity is so great, that the agio of the bank, which is commonly at
+four or five per cent, fell to one and a half. The Directors, at
+length, shut up the bank, and it continues shut. The English omnium,
+which at first was sold for eight or ten per cent profit, fell to one
+and a half. The scarcity of money will continue until the arrival of
+the Spanish flotilla at Cadiz. Seven eighths of the treasures of that
+flotilla will come here, and make money plenty. Then we may expect,
+that my obligations will sell.
+
+In the meantime, I have great pleasure in assuring you, that there is
+not one foreign loan open in this Republic, which is in so good
+credit, or goes so quick as mine. The Empress of Russia opened a loan
+of five millions, about the same time that I opened mine. She is far
+from having obtained three millions of it. Spain opened a loan with
+the House of Hope, at the same time, for two millions only, and you
+may depend upon it, it is very far from being full. Not one quarter
+part of the loan of France upon life-rents, advantageous as it is to
+the lender, is full. In short, there is not one power in Europe, whose
+credit is so good here as ours. Russia and Spain, too, allow of
+facilities to undertakers and others, in disposing of their
+obligations, much more considerable than ours; yet all does not
+succeed. You will see persons and letters in America, that will
+affirm, that the Spanish loan is full, and that France and Spain can
+have what money they please here. Believe me, this is all stockjobbing
+gasconade. I have made very particular inquiries, and find the
+foregoing account to be the truth. Of all the sons of men, I believe
+the stockjobbers are the greatest liars. I know it has been given out,
+that the Spanish loan, which was opened at Hope's, was full the first
+day. This I know has been affirmed in the hearing of Americans, with a
+confidence peculiar, and with a design, I suppose, that it should be
+written or reported to Congress. But I am now assured, that it is so
+far from being true, that it is not near full to this hour. Let me beg
+of you, Sir, to give Mr Morris an extract of this, because I am so
+pressed for time, that I cannot write to him.
+
+Upon further inquiry concerning sugars, I find, that the Dutch were
+used to purchase annually considerable quantities of the raw sugars of
+Spain, as well as of France, England and Portugal. Some of these they
+obtained by a clandestine trade between Curacoa and Havana, and St
+Domingo; but the greater part were purchased at Cadiz.
+
+I suppose our merchants and musters of vessels will be as adroit at
+inventing and executing projects of illicit trade, as others. But
+this is a resource, that Congress and the States cannot depend on, nor
+take into their calculations. Illicit trade will ever bear but a small
+proportion to that which is permitted. And our governments should take
+their measures for obtaining by legal and honorable means from Spain,
+Portugal, France, England, Holland, and Denmark, all the productions
+which our people may want for consumption, for manufacture, and for
+exportation.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, July 28th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Upon inquiry of those who best know, I see no probability of success
+from any application to authority in this country, for reasons which I
+have explained to our Minister of Foreign Affairs. Our only resource
+is in the public opinion, and the favor of the nation.
+
+I know of nothing which would operate so favorably upon the public, as
+the arrival of a few vessels with cargoes of American produce,
+addressed to your bankers, and appropriated to the payment of
+interest. The report of such an event would greatly augment our
+credit, by spreading the opinion of our ability and disposition to
+pay.
+
+It would be presumption in me, at this distance, to undertake to
+advise you, who are upon the spot, and much better informed. But I beg
+leave to suggest the question, whether an application of Congress to
+the States would not succeed? Suppose Congress should represent to the
+States the necessity of an exertion, in order to obtain a loan at
+present, to enable you to satisfy the most urgent demands of the army,
+and other public creditors, until the States can agree upon some
+permanent establishment, and should recommend to each State to furnish
+a cargo of its produce, in proportion to its rate upon the list. For
+example, South Carolina and Georgia a quantity of rice or indigo;
+Virginia and Maryland, of tobacco; Pennsylvania, of wheat or flour;
+and the Northern States, of fish or any other thing. Suppose these
+cargoes, which need not be expensive for the Thirteen States, should
+be sent to Amsterdam or anywhere else in Europe, the proceeds of sale
+to be remitted to Amsterdam to your bankers. The reputation of this,
+if well planned, adopted, and executed, would give a strong impulsion
+to your loan, if adopted here.
+
+I am but just arrived, and have not yet seen our bankers. Saturday and
+Sunday are usually spent at country seats. But before I leave this
+place, I shall be able to inform you more precisely, whether you may
+depend on anything from hence. No pains of mine shall be spared. The
+British stocks are so low that we may hope for something. If a
+Minister is sent to London, you should give him a commission to borrow
+money. If he conducts the matter with secrecy and caution, he may
+probably obtain a considerable sum there. There are monied men in that
+country who wish us well. There are others who may easily be inspired
+with more faith in our funds, than they can rationally have in their
+own. If upon advising with proper persons, he should not judge it
+prudent to open a loan there, he might easily put things in a train
+for some individuals to purchase obligations in your loan in
+Amsterdam. So dismal are the prospects in England, that many men are
+on the wing to fly, and some would be willing to transfer their
+property across the Atlantic.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, July 30th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have been the more particular in my letters to you concerning that
+extensive manufacture and commerce of refined sugars in this country,
+because the proximity of all the sugar colonies to us renders a share
+in it naturally useful and convenient, both to us and them. Fifty
+thousand hogsheads of raw sugar are annually wrought in this Republic,
+and exported at a great profit to Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Russia,
+Poland, and Italy. At Amsterdam I visited a number of respectable
+merchants, in order to discover their sentiments concerning the
+communication between us and their Islands and sugar colonies. They
+all agree, that St Eustatia and Curacoa are and will be commercial
+Islands, open and free to all our vessels. St Martin's is divided
+between the French and Danes and the Dutch, whose share of it does not
+flourish. The colonies upon the continent, Surinam, Berbice, Demarara,
+and Essequibo, are at a greater distance from us. But they will be
+open to our vessels and their cargoes, because they all agree, that
+those colonies cannot subsist without our horses, lumber and
+provisions, nor without the sale to us of their molasses. We shall be
+allowed to take in return molasses, with which some quantities of
+sugar, coffee, and other produce are always smuggled, as they say. But
+although nothing has been as yet determined, it is the general
+opinion, that the produce of the colonies must be brought home in
+Dutch ships, as heretofore, molasses excepted.
+
+From the Secretary of the West India Company I have obtained a few
+minutes, in so bad French, that I almost despair of rendering them
+intelligible. I have attempted it, however, in the following
+translation, viz.
+
+    "In the grant of the West India Company, renewed, or more
+    properly newly erected, in the year 1700, continued in 1730,
+    prolonged afterwards in the year 1760 for two years, and in
+    the year 1762, from the first of January to the thirtyfirst
+    of December, 1791, are found the limits fixed, only for the
+    inhabitants of these Seven United Provinces, under the name
+    of the United Company of these Provinces, upon the coasts and
+    country of Africa, computing from the Tropic of Cancer to the
+    southern latitude of the Equinoctial Line, with all the
+    Islands in this district, situated upon the said coast, and
+    particularly the Islands of St Thomas, Annebon, Islands of
+    Principia and Fernando Po, as also the places of Essequibo
+    and Baumenora, situated upon the Continental Coasts of
+    America, as also the Islands of Curacoa, Amaba and Buen Aire.
+    All the other limits of the ancient grant being open for the
+    commerce of all the inhabitants of the Republic, without
+    exception, upon condition, however, that if the Company,
+    oriental and occidental, should judge proper to navigate to
+    the Islands situated between the coasts of Africa and
+    America, beginning at the Ascension and further south, or any
+    of them, and should occupy it before any other should have a
+    private grant, with exclusion of all others for so long time
+    as it shall occupy its places, and in case they should
+    desist, these places should return under the second class,
+    open for the navigation of every individual of the Republic,
+    paying an acknowledgment, &c. That the said particulars,
+    trading in the said districts, shall be obliged to
+    acknowledge the Western Company, and to pay them for the
+    right of convoy, and consequently in form of acknowledgment,
+    viz. for the productions and merchandises for the West
+    Indies, two per cent, and returning from thence into these
+    Provinces, two per cent more for the commodities in return.
+    And further, the ships navigating to places farther distant
+    in America, contained in the ancient grant, both in going and
+    returning, should pay five florins per last, or more or less
+    as their High Mightinesses shall judge proper to determine
+    hereafter; observing, nevertheless, that these five florins
+    per last shall not be demanded of ships navigating to the
+    Caribee Islands, which shall pay the ordinary duty for convoy
+    to the Colleges of the Admiralty from which they sail, and
+    the said private navigators shall be held, moreover, for the
+    satisfaction of the Western Company, to give sufficient
+    caution, that they will not navigate, nor cause to be
+    navigated, the places contained in the first class, ceded to
+    the Company with exclusion of all others. And if any one is
+    found to act contrary, and to navigate to any place situated
+    in the prescribed limits, and granted to the Company, his
+    ship and cargo shall be confiscated and attacked in force, by
+    the ships belonging to the said Company; and if such ships
+    and merchandises or commodities, shall be sold or entered
+    into any other country or foreign port, the owner and his
+    accomplice shall be liable to execution, for the value of the
+    said ships and merchandises or commodities.
+
+    "The Company has also the right to require an acknowledgment
+    of all those who shall navigate, import or export any
+    merchandise to or from places belonging to the said Company,
+    notwithstanding they may be subject, and may belong to the
+    domination of other Kings or Princes, situated within the
+    limits stipulated in the grant; and especially of every
+    foreign vessel, bringing any commodities or merchandises from
+    the West Indies, or the limits stipulated in the grants into
+    the Provinces, whether upon its own account, or freight, or
+    on commission, whether such foreign vessel shall come
+    directly from the West Indies; and the limits of the grant,
+    into the Provinces, or whether she shall have carried her
+    cargo to other countries or kingdoms, for what reason soever
+    this may be done. Excepting only in case the merchandises of
+    the proprietor should by negotiation be changed in nature,
+    and that the duty of this country fixed to the place should
+    be paid, which any one alleging shall be obliged to prove
+    sufficiently, according to the amount of the merchandises.
+    Declaring, moreover, for the further elucidation of the said
+    grant, that under the name of the New Low Countries, in
+    consequence of the three per cent, which the Company has a
+    right to require for the merchandises sent there, or brought
+    from thence, is understood that part of North America, which
+    extends itself west and south of the northern part of
+    Newfoundland as far as the Cape of Florida, and for what
+    regards the payment of the two per cent under the name of the
+    West Indies, to be computed from the Cape of Florida, to the
+    river Oronoco, and the Islands of Curacoa. For what concerns
+    the other places of America, contained in the most ancient
+    and precedent grant, in regard to the five florins per last,
+    upon the vessels there navigating, shall be understood all
+    the Carribee Islands, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Porto
+    Rico, as also all the other coasts and countries, computing
+    from the river Oronoco aforesaid, by the straits of Magellan,
+    Le Maire, or other passages or straits, situated under these,
+    as far as the strait of Aryan, both upon the sea of the
+    north, and the Islands situated upon the other side, and
+    between them, as also the southern countries, situated
+    between the two meridians, touching at the east the Cape of
+    Good Hope, and in the west the eastern part of New Guinea,
+    inclusively."
+
+If this paper is not very clear to Congress, it is not more so to me,
+and perhaps to the Dutch themselves. There is a dispute likely to
+arise between the West India Company and the College of the Admiralty
+about it, which will be explained further as it proceeds, by whatever
+Minister you may send here.
+
+Upon the whole matter of our communications with the European
+establishments in the West Indies; we shall carry freely our
+commodities to the French and Dutch, excepting, perhaps, flour to the
+French, which however will be carried, I suppose, to St Lucia and Port
+Royal, as well as St Eustatia and Curacoa, St Thomas's and St
+Martin's, and there sold to any nation that will purchase it. Molasses
+and rum we shall bring away freely from the French and Dutch. And if
+we can obtain of them the liberty of carrying sugars, coffee, &c. from
+their possessions in the West Indies to their ports in Europe, giving
+bonds with surety to land them in such ports, it will be as much as we
+can expect. If they will allow raw sugars, coffee, cotton, &c. to be
+sent freely to the United States in their own vessels, this would be
+an advantage for us, though not so considerable as to bring them in
+ours. What the English will do is uncertain. We are not to take the
+late proclamation for a law of the Medes. The Ministry who made it
+are not firm in their seats. If Shelburne comes in we shall do better;
+and, to be prepared to take advantage of so probable an event, you
+should have a Minister ready. We have one infallible resource, if we
+can unite in laying a duty or a prohibition. But this measure must not
+be hastily taken, because by negotiation, I apprehend, the point may
+be carried in England. To this end it may be proper to instruct your
+Minister, and authorise him to say, that the States will find
+themselves obliged, against their inclination, to lay a prohibition or
+heavy duty upon all West India goods imported, and all American
+productions exported in British bottoms, if the trade is not regulated
+by treaty upon an equitable footing.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, July 31st, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The last evening at Court in the house in the Grove, where all the
+foreign Ministers supped, the Count Montagnini de Mirabel, the
+Minister Plenipotentiary from the King of Sardinia, took an
+opportunity to enter largely into conversation with me. As he and I
+were at a party of politics, while the greatest part of the company
+were at cards, for two or three hours, we ran over all the world, but
+nothing occurred worth repeating except what follows.
+
+The Count said, that his advice to Congress would be to write a
+circular letter to every power in Europe, as soon as the definitive
+treaty should be signed, and transmit with it a printed copy of the
+treaty. In the letter, Congress should announce, that on the 4th of
+July, 1776, the United States had declared themselves a sovereign
+State, under the style and title of the United States of America; that
+France, on the 6th of February, 1778, had acknowledged them; that the
+States-General had done the same on the 19th of April, 1782; that
+Great Britain, on the 30th of November, 1782, had signed with them a
+treaty of peace, in which she had fully acknowledged their
+sovereignty; that Sweden had entered into a treaty with them, on the
+5th of February, 1783; and that Great Britain had concluded the
+definitive treaty under the mediation of the two Empires, if that
+should be the fact, &c. Such a notification to all the other powers
+would be a regular procedure, a piece of politeness, which would be
+very well received, and the letter would be respectfully answered by
+every power in the world, and these written answers would be explicit,
+and undeniable acknowledgments of our sovereignty.
+
+It might have been proper to make this communication in form,
+immediately after the declaration of independence; it might have been
+more proper to do it after the signature of the provisional treaty;
+but that it was expected it would be done after the definitive treaty.
+That these circular letters might be transmitted to your Ministers for
+peace, or such of them as may remain, or to any of your Ministers in
+Europe, to be by them delivered to the Ministers at the Court where
+they are, or transmitted any other way. That Congress must be very
+exact in the etiquette of titles, as this was indispensable, and the
+letters could not be answered nor received without it. That we might
+have these titles at the Count de Vergennes' office with precision,
+&c.
+
+The Count then proceeded to commerce, and said, that all the cabinets
+of Europe had lately turned their views to commerce, so that we should
+be attended to and respected by all of them. He thought we should find
+our account in a large trade in Italy, every part of which had a
+constant demand for our tobacco, and salt-fish, at least. The
+dominions of the King, his master, could furnish us in exchange,
+oranges, citrons, olives, oil, raisins, figs, anchovies, coral, lead,
+sulphur, alum, salt, marble of the finest quality and gayest colors,
+manufactures of silk, especially silk stockings twenty per cent
+cheaper than France, hemp, and cordage. He said, we might have great
+advantages in Italy in another respect. We had it in our power to
+become the principal carriers for the people of Italy, who have little
+skill or inclination for navigation or commerce. The (_cabotage_)
+carrying-trade of Italy had been carried on by the English, French,
+and Dutch; the English had now lost it, the French had some of it, but
+the Dutch the most, who made an immense profit of it; for to his
+knowledge they sold in the Baltic, and even in Holland, many Italian
+productions, at a profit of five or six for one. That we should have
+the advantage of them all. By bringing our tobacco and fish to Italy,
+we might unload at some of their ports, take in cargoes upon freight
+for other ports of Italy, and thus make coasting voyages, until we had
+made up our cargoes for return, or we might take in cargoes on freight
+for Germany, or the Baltic. The Dutch, he said, would be the greatest
+losers by this rivalry, but as long as the Italians and Americans
+would be honestly gainers, neither need be anxious for that. That
+there was a very good port in his master's dominions, which was
+perfectly free, where we might go in and out at pleasure, without
+being subject to duties, searches, or visits.
+
+We then made a transition to Turkey; the Count could not, for his
+part, blame the Emperor for wishing to open the navigation of the
+Danube; his kingdom of Hungary was one of the finest countries in the
+world; it was one of the most fertile, producing in great abundance
+wines of various sorts, all excellent, though Tokay was the best;
+grains of every sort in great quantities, metals of all sorts, gold,
+silver, copper, iron, quicksilver; yet all these blessings of nature
+were rendered in a manner useless by the slavery of the Danube. The
+Emperor was very unfortunate, in having the Danube enslaved on one
+side, and the Scheldt on the other; and in this age, when the liberty
+of navigation and commerce was the universal cry, he did not wonder at
+his impatience under it. He did not think, that England would meddle
+in the dispute, as her trade to the Levant had declined. The Dutch had
+some still, but France had now the greatest part of it to Smyrna,
+Alexandria, Aleppo, in short, to all the trading towns of Turkey in
+Asia, for this is what is understood by the Levant trade. France, he
+thought, could not venture to engage in the war in earnest, in the
+present state of her finances.
+
+I have learnt, since I came here, that France is desirous that this
+Republic should declare herself concerning this Turkish war. But she
+will avoid it. Unhappily, France has lost much of her influence here.
+Her friends fear, that the odium of losing Negapatnam will fall upon
+them among the people. The English and the Stadtholderians are
+endeavoring to detach the Republic entirely from France, and to revive
+the ancient connexions, particularly the ancient alliance, offensive
+and defensive in the treaty of 1674. A Mr Shirley, at Paris, has
+lately proposed to M. Boers, and M. Van der Pere, two agents of the
+Dutch East India Company, who have been a year or two at Paris, and
+are reputed to be in the Stadtholder's interest, that England had the
+best dispositions towards the Republic, and would give them ample
+satisfaction if they would treat distinctly from France, and renew the
+ancient cordial friendship, and proposed an interview with the Dutch
+Ambassadors upon this subject. The agents proposed it, but Brantzen
+refused, to the great satisfaction of the principal republicans. Yet
+M. Berenger tells me, that some of the republican members begin to be
+afraid, and to think they shall be obliged to fall in with the
+English.
+
+Upon conversing with many people in the government and out of it, in
+Amsterdam as well as the Hague, they all complain to me of the conduct
+of France. They all confess, that the Republic has not done so much in
+the war as she ought, but this is the fault of the friends of England,
+they say, not those of France, and the worst evils of all, that befall
+the latter, are the reproaches of the former, who now say insultingly,
+"this comes of confiding in France, we always told you, that you would
+be cheated," &c. France ought, they say, to have considered this, and
+not have imputed to the Republic the faults of her enemies, because
+the punishment falls wholly on her friends.
+
+I mention these things to you, because, although we are not
+immediately interested in them, they may have consequences which may
+affect us; and, therefore, you ought to know them. I think, however,
+upon the whole, the Republic will stand firm, and refuse to receive
+the alliance, though they sacrifice Negapatnam. France wishes to win
+the Republic into an alliance, but feels an awkwardness about
+proposing it, and, indeed, I doubt whether she would now succeed; she
+might have succeeded heretofore. But, in plain English, Sir, the
+Count de Vergennes has no conception of the right way of negotiating
+with any free people, or with any assembly, aristocratical or
+democratical. He cannot enter into the motives which govern them; he
+never penetrates their real system, and never appears to comprehend
+their constitution. With empires, and monarchs, and their Ministers of
+State, he negotiates aptly enough.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                          The Hague, August 1st, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I had last evening some conversation with D. Joas Theolonico de
+Almeida, the Envoy Extraordinary of Portugal, who desired to meet me
+today at any hour at his house or mine. I promised to visit him at
+twelve, which I did.
+
+He said, he had heard that the French Minister had proposed to the
+Duke of Manchester, at Versailles, to reduce the duties upon French
+wines in England to the level of those upon Portugal wines, and begged
+of me to inform him if it were true, because, if it were, Portugal
+must endeavor to indemnify herself by opening a trade with America, or
+some other way, for such a project will be ruinous to the sale of
+their wines in England, which was their only market. I answered, that
+I had heard of such a project among multitudes of others in private
+conversation, but knew no authority for it. We have a treaty, says he,
+made in 1703, by which we have stipulated with the English, to permit
+the importation of their cloths, upon condition that they allow the
+importation of Portugal wines upon paying one third of the duty upon
+French wines; if they violate the treaty, says he, we shall be rid of
+it.
+
+I asked him, if his Court permitted the English, or any other nation,
+to go to the Brazils? In the last century, said he, between 1660 and
+1670, we did agree with Charles the Second, who married a daughter of
+Portugal, that the English should go to the Brazils, and after that,
+the Dutch sued for permission to go there too, and we granted it. But
+we found it inconvenient, and in 1714 or 1715, at the treaty of
+Utrecht, we agreed upon an article with Spain, to exclude all nations
+from the Brazils, and as the English Ambassadors were there, we have
+since held that nation bound, and have confiscated their vessels as
+well as the Dutch which venture there. The English have sometimes made
+strong remonstrances, but we have always told them, if we admit you,
+we must admit the Dutch too, and such has been their jealousy of the
+Dutch, and dread of their rivalry, that this has always quieted them,
+choosing rather to be excluded themselves, than that the Dutch should
+be admitted. So that this commerce has been a long time carried on in
+Portuguese ships only, and directly between the Brazils and Lisbon.
+
+I asked him, whether we might not have free communication with all
+their Western Islands, and whether one or all of them might not be
+made a depot for the produce of the Brazils, so that Portuguese ships
+might stop and deposit cargoes there, and American vessels take them?
+He said, he would write about it to his Court by the next post. At
+present, Brazil communicated only with Lisbon, and, perhaps, it might
+be difficult for government to secure the duties at the Western
+Islands. I asked, if there were any refineries of sugar at Lisbon? He
+said, none. Their sugars had all been brought here by the Dutch for
+refining; that all their carrying-trade with other parts of Europe had
+been carried on by the English and Dutch; that their mercantile
+navigation (_marine marchand_) before this war, had been upon a very
+poor footing, but it was now much changed, and they began to carry on
+their trade in their own vessels. I observed, if their trade should
+continue to be carried on by others, it must be indifferent to them
+whether it were done in English, Dutch, or American vessels, provided
+it was done to their equal advantage. But if they should persist in
+the desire to conduct it in their own vessels, they might purchase
+ships ready built in America cheaper than they could build them or buy
+them elsewhere. All this, he said, was true. That they could supply us
+with sugars, coffee, cocoa, Brazil wood, and even with tea, for they
+had an island, called Macao, near China, which was a flourishing
+establishment, and sent them annually a good deal of tea, which the
+Dutch usually bought very cheap at Lisbon to sell again.
+
+He asked, whether Portugal wines had been much used in America. I
+answered, that Port wines, common Lisbon, and Caracavalles, had been
+before the war frequently used, and that Madeira was esteemed above
+all other wine. That it was found equally wholesome and agreeable, in
+the heats of summer and the colds of winter, so that it would probably
+continue to be preferred, though there was no doubt that a variety of
+French wines would now be more commonly used than heretofore. He said,
+they should have occasion for a great deal of our fish, grain, and
+perhaps ships or ship-timber, and naval stores, and other things, and
+he thought there was a prospect of a very beneficial trade with us,
+and he would write largely to his Court upon it. I replied, that I
+wondered his Court had not sent a Minister to Philadelphia, where the
+members and Ministers of Congress, and even the merchants of the city,
+might throw much light upon the subject, and assist in framing a
+treaty to the greatest possible advantage for both countries. He said,
+he would write for a commission and instructions to negotiate a treaty
+with me. I told him, that I believed his Court had already instructed
+their Ambassador at Versailles to treat with Dr Franklin; but that I
+thought that Philadelphia or Lisbon were the proper places to treat,
+and that I feared mutual advantages might be lost by this method of
+striking up a bargain in haste in a distant country, between Ministers
+who could not be supposed to have made of commerce a study.
+
+In a letter from Paris yesterday, I am informed that a project of a
+treaty with Portugal, and another with Denmark, are to go home by
+Captain Barney.[9] These projects have never been communicated to me,
+nor to Mr Jay. I hope that Congress will not be in haste to conclude
+them, but take time to inform themselves of everything which may be
+added to the mutual advantage of the nations and countries concerned.
+I am much mistaken, if we have not lost advantages by a similar piece
+of cunning in the case of Sweden.
+
+With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[9] For these treaties, and some account of them, see _Franklin's
+Correspondence_, Vol. IV. pp. 114, 115, 130, 141, 150.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, August 2d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+M. Berenger, the Secretary of the French Legation, has this moment
+left me. He came in to inform me of the news. The Empress of Russia
+has communicated to the King of Prussia, a treaty of alliance between
+the Emperor of Germany and her, defensive against the Christian powers
+and offensive against the Turks. The King of Prussia has answered her,
+"that he is very sensible, upon this communication, as one is upon the
+communication of things of great importance." Thus wrapped up in an
+impenetrable reserve is this great warrior and statesman. We may
+discern by this answer, what all the world would know without it, viz.
+that his Majesty has no joy in this new alliance. Still he expresses
+no sorrow; and maintains a perfect liberty to take which side he will,
+or neither, at his pleasure, and the same reserve he will probably
+hold to the end of the war.
+
+M. Berenger says, if Prussia is neutral France must be so too, for she
+cannot cope by land with the two Empires; that this Republic is
+desired to declare, but does not choose it; that they are
+dissatisfied, and the republicans murmur a good deal, and are
+wavering, and that the other party will do nothing; that England
+hitherto has favored an accommodation between Russia and the Turks;
+that the British Ambassador, at Constantinople, has co-operated with
+the French to bring about an accommodation; that the Turks have
+offered Russia the free navigation of the Black Sea and passage of the
+Dardanelles, and the same with a free navigation of the Danube to the
+Emperor, but they will not accept it, but are determined to drive the
+Turks from Europe; that France has determined to put her army upon a
+war footing, because it has been much neglected during the late war;
+that he believes France and Spain will shut the Mediterranean against
+a Turkish fleet, as Russia, Sweden, and Denmark excluded warlike
+vessels from the Baltic in the last war; that this state of things
+gives him great pain, and must embarrass the Count de Vergennes. It is
+a great and difficult question, whether France should take a side. If
+she does not, and the Empires should prevail, it will be an immense
+aggrandizement of the House of Austria, which, with Russia, will
+become two great maritime powers; that England will act an insidious
+part; pretend to favor peace, secretly foment war, and join in, at the
+end, if she sees a favorable opportunity to crush France. These are
+sensible observations of M. Berenger, who added, that a new difficulty
+in the way of the definitive treaty had arisen between England and
+Spain, respecting the Musquito shore, so that more couriers must go
+and return.
+
+I confess myself as much in pain at this state of things as M.
+Berenger, and, therefore, I wish most ardently, that we may omit no
+proper means of settling our question with every Court in Europe, and
+especially our plan of commerce with Great Britain. If this is too
+long left in uncertainty, the face of things may soon change, so as to
+involve us in the complicated, extensive, and long war, which seems to
+be now opening.
+
+The prospect of returning to Paris, and living there without my
+family, in absolute idleness, at a time when so many and so great
+things want to be done for our country elsewhere, is very
+disagreeable. If we must live there, waiting for the moving of many
+waters, and treaties are to be there negotiated with the powers of
+Europe, or only with Denmark and Portugal, I pray that we may all be
+joined in the business, as we are in the commission for peace, that,
+at least, we may have the satisfaction of knowing what is done, and of
+giving a hint for the public good, if any one occurs to us, and that
+we may not be made the sport and ridicule of all Europe, as well as of
+those who contrive such humiliations for us.
+
+With the greatest respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                           The Hague, August 3d, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The fiscal systems of the powers of Europe have such an ill influence
+on commerce, that they deserve the serious attention of Congress and
+their Ministers, whenever they have under consideration a treaty with
+any foreign power. In conversation yesterday with M. d'Asp, the
+_Charge d'Affaires_ of Sweden, I inquired of him what imposts were
+payable in their ports upon the importation and exportation of
+merchandises, and observed to him, that I had lately seen in the
+gazettes, that the King had taken off certain duties upon the
+importation of merchandises from America, in Swedish ships. He agreed
+that such a thing had been done. This ought to alarm us. All the
+powers of Europe, who are called neutral, have felt a sudden increase
+of their navigation in the course of the late war, and the profits
+they have made have excited a desire to augment it still further. If
+they should generally exact duties of our ships, and none of their own
+upon the importation of our produce, this will be as great a
+discouragement to our navigation as it will be an encouragement to
+theirs. Whether this has been attended to in the treaty with Sweden I
+know not, for I have not seen it. But it ought to be carefully
+considered by those who negotiate the treaties with Denmark and
+Portugal, the Emperor and Empress, and all other powers. We have a
+good right to insist, that no distinction shall be made in their ports
+between their ships and ours; that we should pay in their ports no
+higher duties than they pay in ours.
+
+I should think it therefore advisable for Congress to instruct their
+negotiators, to endeavor to obtain equity in this respect. This is the
+time for it, if ever. If we cannot obtain it by negotiation, we must
+think and talk of doing ourselves justice by making similar
+distinctions in our own ports between our vessels and theirs. But here
+again comes in the difficulty of uniting our States in such measures;
+a difficulty which must be surmounted, or our commerce, navigation,
+and marine will still be ruined, notwithstanding the conservation of
+the fisheries. It deserves to be considered by whom this new method of
+huddling up treaties at Paris is contrived, and for what purposes. It
+may well be conjectured, that it is done with the secret intention of
+preventing these things from being attended to; for there are persons
+who had rather that any other people should have navigation than the
+Americans. I have good reason to believe that it was known at
+Versailles, that Mr Dana had well digested his thoughts upon this
+subject, which was reason enough for some people to endeavor to take
+Sweden out of his hands, in whose department it was. Their success is
+much to be lamented.[10]
+
+I had yesterday and the day before long conversations with the Baron
+Van der Capellen de Pal, and M. Gyselaer. They both complain to me, in
+the most pathetic terms, of the cruel situation of the friends of
+America and France in this Republic. They both say, that they are
+looking round every way like drowning men for support. The Province of
+Friesland, their great dependence, wavers, and many of their
+fellow-laborers are discouraged. They both inquired of me very
+earnestly, if closer connexions could not be formed with us; if we
+could not agree to warrant to each other the liberty of navigation, or
+enter into an alliance, offensive and defensive. They see they shall
+be obliged to make a shameful peace, and that the blame of it will
+fall upon them, which will give a triumph to the Court, and put their
+persons even in danger. They say, the King of France, by his
+Ambassador, in July, 1782, gave them a positive assurance that he
+would never separate his cause from theirs. In consequence of this,
+they had instructed their Ambassadors never to separate their cause
+from his. On their part the agreement had been sacredly observed, but
+not on the other. With Great Britain enraged against them, with a
+formidable party in the Republic furious against them, with the King
+of Prussia threatening them, and abandoned by France, their prospects
+are, they say, as disagreeable as can be conceived.
+
+There are many appearances of designs to excite the people to
+seditions, and I think it probable that the Court of London studies
+delays of the Definitive Treaty in this hope. I still believe,
+however, that the people will be wise and the Republic firm, and
+submit to the immense losses of the war, and that of Negapatnam,
+rather than renew their old submission to the Court and to England.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[10] The plan of the treaty with Sweden was sent out to Dr Franklin by
+Congress, and adopted with hardly a verbal alteration. See the plan,
+and the treaty as adopted, in the Secret Journals of Congress, Vol.
+III. pp. 227, 369.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, August 10th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 6th I left the Hague, and last night arrived here. I had
+several interviews, on some of the last days at the Hague, which I had
+not time to give you an account of, as a great part of my time was
+taken up with visits to take leave of the Court, the President, the
+Grand Pensionary, Greffier, &c. ceremonies which must be repeated at
+every coming and going, and upon many other occasions, to the no small
+interruption of business of more importance.
+
+I asked the Count de Sanafee, the Spanish Minister, with whom I have
+always lived upon very good terms, whether it might not be possible to
+persuade his Court, that it would be good policy for them to allow to
+the citizens of the United States of America a free port, in some of
+their islands at least, if not upon the Continent of South America? He
+said he did not know; that he thought, however, his Court would be
+afraid of the measure, as free ports were nests of smugglers, and
+afforded many facilities of illicit trade, (_le commerce interlope_.)
+
+I asked him further, whether measures might not be taken at Madrid, to
+the end that the sugars, coffee, cocoa, &c. of their Colonies might be
+carried to the free ports of France, Holland, and Denmark, in the West
+Indies or one of them, in Spanish vessels, that they might be there
+purchased by Americans? He said he was not able to foresee any
+objection against this. I asked him again, what objections there
+could be to admitting American vessels to the Spanish Islands of Cuba
+and Hispaniola, to carry their produce and purchase molasses, as they
+did in the French and Dutch Colonies. Such a commerce would be useful
+and profitable both to them and to us. He said that he could not
+pretend to give any opinion upon any of these points. But that we must
+negotiate them at Madrid. I hope Congress will instruct their Minister
+at the Court of Madrid to propose all these things, and endeavor to
+obtain them.
+
+The Portuguese Envoy, Don Almeida, returned my visit, and brought with
+him a copy of the treaty between Spain and Portugal, made at Utrecht
+in 1715. This treaty was signed under the warranty of Great Britain,
+and one article of it is, that each nation shall confine the commerce
+with its possessions in America to its own subjects. I had much
+satisfaction in the conversation of this Minister, who, though a young
+man, appears possessed of more than common intelligence, and a desire
+to inform himself of everything which can affect his nation. He is, as
+he told me, a nephew of the present Prime Minister at the Court of
+Lisbon. He says, that the _King his master_, (a style which they
+continue to use, although the Queen is the sovereign, and her husband
+is but her subject) allows but sixty thousand Dutch guilders a year to
+his Ambassador at Versailles, which not being sufficient for his
+expenses at that Court, he is continued there because he is very rich;
+but that he is not a man of business.
+
+He again enlarged upon the subject of Portuguese navigation, which has
+been prettily increased, (_tres joliment augmente_) during the late
+war, and would have been still doubled if the war had continued
+another year; that their merchants and mariners had pushed their
+navigation with more spirit than skill; had sent their wines and other
+things in prize vessels purchased in France and Spain, all over
+Europe; but that their seamen not being experienced, many vessels had
+been lost, so that the price of insurance was ten per cent with them,
+when it was not more then three or four with other neutral nations;
+that the profits had nevertheless been so considerable, as to excite a
+strong inclination still to increase their shipping and
+carrying-trade. These observations are worth repeating to Congress,
+because all the other neutral powers have felt a like advantage. The
+commerce of the northern powers was so increased, and had turned the
+course of business that way to such a degree, as occasioned to the
+Danish Minister at Versailles, for example, a loss of forty per cent
+upon his salary. So much was exchange affected.
+
+The late belligerent powers, having observed this sudden increase of
+the commerce of the neutrals, and that it was owing to the sudden
+growth of their navigation, are alarmed. So that the attention of all
+the commercial nations is now turned to navigation, carrying-trade,
+coasting-trade, &c. more than ever. We should be apprised of this, and
+upon our guard. Our navigation and carrying-trade is not to be
+neglected. We have great advantages for many branches of it, and have
+a right to claim our natural share in it.
+
+This morning I went out to Passy, and found from Dr Franklin and Mr
+Jay, that nothing farther had been done since my departure, but to
+deliver to Mr Hartley a fair copy of the project of a definitive
+treaty, which I had left with my colleagues; that Mr Laurens had been
+here in my absence, and returned to England; that he was of opinion,
+the present British Ministry would not remain a fortnight; that Mr
+Hartley had been seven weeks without a letter from his principals, and
+then received only an apology for not having written, a promise to
+write soon, and authority to assure the American Ministers that all
+would go well. These last are words of course. There are but three
+ways in which I can account for this conduct of the British Ministry.
+1st. The fact is, that they foresee a change, and do not choose to
+commit themselves, but wish to reserve everything for the foundation
+of a future opposition, that they may attack the definitive treaty
+which may be made by a future Ministry, as they attacked the
+provisional and preliminary one, made by the last. 2dly. That they are
+exciting secretly and insidiously the troubles in the north, in hopes
+of involving France, and then assuming a higher tone. 3dly. That they
+are in expectation, that seditions may be excited in Holland, and the
+Dutch induced to renounce France, and renew the ancient alliance with
+England.
+
+I see no more appearance of the definitive treaty, than I have done
+these six months. Mr Hartley, I am told by Mr Jay, thinks that the
+French Court wish to delay the signature; that they do not wish to see
+the peace finished between England and America, while matters are
+uncertain in the north. There are so many considerations on both sides
+of the question, whether the French Minister wishes to finish soon or
+not, that it is hard to decide it. Neither Court possibly is very
+zealous to finish, while so great a scene as the northern war lies
+under so much obscurity.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, August 13th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday I went to Court with Dr Franklin, and presented to the Count
+de Vergennes our project of a definitive treaty, who told us he would
+examine it and give us his sentiments upon it.
+
+It was Ambassadors' day, and I had conversations with a number of
+Ministers, of which it is proper I should give you an account.
+
+The Dutch Ambassador, Berkenrode, told me, that last Saturday the
+Count de Vergennes went to Paris, and dined with the Imperial
+Ambassador, the Count de Mercy, in company with the Duke of
+Manchester, the Count d'Aranda, the Prince Bariatinski, and M.
+Markoff, with their Secretaries; that after dinner the Secretaries in
+presence of all the Ministers read over, compared, and corrected the
+definitive treaties between France and Great Britain, and between
+Spain and Great Britain, and finally agreed upon both. So that they
+are now ready for signature by the Ministers of Great Britain, France,
+and Spain as principals, and by those of the two Imperial Courts as
+mediators.
+
+The Duke of Manchester told me, that Mr Hartley's courier, who carried
+our project of a treaty, arrived in London last Saturday, and might be
+expected here on next Saturday on his return.
+
+In the evening, on my return from Versailles, Mr Hartley called upon
+me at my house, and informed me, that he had just received a courier
+from Westminster, who had brought him the ratification of our
+provisional treaty, under the King's own hand, and under the great
+seal of the kingdom, enclosed in a silver box, ornamented with golden
+tassels as usual, which he was ready to exchange tomorrow morning. He
+informed me farther, that he had received very satisfactory letters
+from the Duke of Portland and Mr Fox, and the strongest assurances,
+that the dispositions of his Court were very good to finish
+immediately, and to arrange all things upon the best footing; that he
+had farther received plenary authority to sign the definitive treaty
+tomorrow, or tonight, if we pleased; that he had received a draft
+ready formed, which he would show us.
+
+We agreed to go together in the morning to my colleagues, and this
+morning we went out in Mr Hartley's carriage, exchanged the
+ratifications, and he produced to us his project of a definitive
+treaty. It is the provisional treaty in so many words; without
+addition or diminution. It is only preceded with a preamble, which
+makes it a definitive treaty. And he proposed to us, that all matters
+of discussion respecting commerce or other things should be left to be
+discussed by Ministers, to be mutually appointed to reside in London
+and Philadelphia. We told him, that it had been proposed to us, that
+the Ministers of the two Imperial Courts should sign the treaty as
+mediators, and that we had answered, that we had no objection to it.
+
+He said, he had unanswerable ones. First, he had no authority, and
+could not obtain any certainly under ten days, nor probably ever. For
+secondly, it would, he thought, give great offence to his Court, and
+they never would agree that any nation should interfere between them
+and America. Thirdly, for his part, he was fully against it, and
+should write his opinion to his Court. If he was about to marry his
+daughter, or set up a son in the world, after he was of age, he would
+never admit any of his neighbors to interfere, and sign any contract
+he might make, as mediators. There was no need of it.
+
+We told him there was no need of warmth upon the occasion, or any
+pretence for his Court to take offence; that it had been proposed to
+us, that the Imperial Ministers should sign as mediators. Our answer
+had been, that we had no objections, that we were willing and ready to
+consent to it, or even to request it. His Court had a right to consent
+or dissent, as it thought proper. To be sure, the mediation could not
+take place without their consent. That he might write to his Court the
+proposition, and if he received orders to consent or dissent, it would
+be equally well. In the meantime, we were ready to sign the definitive
+treaty, either with or without the mediation, whenever the other
+parties were ready to sign, according to his project just received
+from his Court, that is, simply a repetition of the provisional
+treaty.
+
+We have agreed to this, because it is plain, that all propositions for
+alterations in the provisional articles will be an endless discussion,
+and that we must give more than we can hope to receive. The critical
+state of things in England, and at the Court of Versailles, and in all
+the rest of Europe, affords pressing motives to get this business
+finished.
+
+Mr Hartley told us from his Court, that they had expected an American
+Minister at St James's these three months, and that all further
+matters might be there discussed.
+
+He also announced to us the birth of another Princess, the fifteenth
+child of the Queen, upon which event he received our congratulations,
+which I hope Congress will approve and repeat by their Minister in
+London; for these personal and family compliments are more attended
+to in Courts, and have greater effects than may be imagined.
+
+I lament very much, that we cannot obtain an explanation of the
+article respecting the refugees, and that respecting debts; but it is
+plain, we must give more than they are worth for such explanations;
+and what is of more decisive importance, we must make a long delay,
+and put infinitely greater things at hazard by this means.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, August 13th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The question before the French cabinet, whether they shall involve
+themselves in a war against two Christian Empires, in order to support
+a Turkish one, is of a serious nature on many accounts. If the Turks
+should be driven out of Europe, France would lose some of the Levant
+trade, and some of the coasting trade of Italy; and these commercial
+and naval considerations are enforced by others, which lie deeper in
+the human heart, the ancient rivalry between the great Houses of
+Bourbon and Austria, and between the vast countries of Germany and
+France, and between all the lesser powers, which depend upon them. To
+these considerations is to be added, that an Austrian Princess is now
+upon the throne of France, to whom it is no doubt a melancholy
+consideration, that there is danger of a war between a husband and a
+brother.
+
+The city politicians are looking out for alliances with Prussia,
+Holland, and even England, but can find none. It cannot be expected
+that either will engage; yet the French Minister has gone far towards
+compromising his master, by augmenting the array to a war
+establishment, and by threatening to shut up the Mediterranean Sea.
+
+In this posture of affairs, it is not surprising, that there should be
+a fermentation at Versailles, and since my return to Paris, I find it
+is the general topic of conversation. Monsieur de Breteuil, late
+Ambassador to the Court of Vienna, who is supposed to be esteemed by
+the Queen, and connected with her friends, is lately, about a
+fortnight ago, called to the King's council, and the Mareschal de
+Castries, who is in the same interest, is said to be new modelling the
+subordinate offices in his department.
+
+From these, and many other considerations, it is generally concluded,
+that Count de Vergennes' continuance in the Ministry is precarious. Mr
+Hartley last night and today began conversation with me upon the
+subject, and is very sanguine that his Minister will continue in place
+but a very short time, and assures me that the Duke of Manchester is
+of the same opinion. I pretend to form no opinion, because I have ever
+carefully avoided conversations and connexions, which might be
+misinterpreted into an attachment to persons or parties in this
+kingdom.
+
+I know, that for the last nine months many sensible people have
+thought this Minister in a tottering situation; others think he will
+weather out the storm, which all people agree is preparing for him.
+Time will discover. One thing is agreed on all hands, that he is not
+in favor with the Queen, and as he has taken up the cause in a pretty
+high tone against the Emperor and Empress, if he should be now
+displaced, Congress, I think, may infer from it, that France will not
+take a part in the war; on the contrary, if he remains, it is probable
+she will.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, August 13th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday at Versailles, the Baron de Walterstorff came to me and told
+me he had delivered to Dr Franklin, a project of a treaty between the
+Court of Denmark and the United States, and asked me if Dr Franklin
+had shown it to me? I answered him, that I knew nothing of it. He
+said, he wondered at that, he presumed it was because of my absence at
+the Hague, for that it had been shown to Mr Jay. There by the way he
+was misinformed, for upon my return from Versailles, I called upon Mr
+Jay on purpose to ask him, and he assured me he had not seen it. I
+asked Walterstorff, if his orders were to propose his project to us
+all. He said no, this Court had been informed, that Dr Franklin was
+the Minister authorised and empowered by Congress to treat with all
+the powers of Europe, and they had for this reason sent him orders to
+deliver the project to Dr Franklin, but he supposed Dr Franklin would
+consult his colleagues. The same information, I doubt not, has been
+given to the Court of Portugal, and every other Court in Europe, viz.
+that Dr Franklin is alone empowered to treat with them; and in
+consequence of it, very probably, propositions have been or will be
+made to him from all of them, and he will keep the whole as secret as
+he can from Mr Jay, Mr Laurens, Mr Dana, and me.[11]
+
+Now I beg to be informed by Congress, whether he has such authority or
+not? Having never been informed of such powers, I do not believe he
+has them. I remember there was seven years ago a resolution of
+Congress, that their Commissioners at Versailles should have power to
+treat with other powers of Europe; but upon the dissolution of that
+commission this authority was dissolved with it; or if not, it still
+resides in Mr Deane, Mr Lee, and myself, who were once in that
+commission, as well as Dr Franklin. And if it is by virtue of this
+power he acts, he ought at least to communicate with me, who alone am
+present. I think, however, that neither he nor I have any legal
+authority, and therefore that he ought to communicate everything of
+this kind to all the Ministers here or hereabout, Mr Jay, Mr Laurens,
+and myself, at least.
+
+It is not from the vain wish of seeing my poor name upon a treaty,
+that I write this. If the business is well done, it is not of much
+importance in itself who does it.
+
+But my duty to my country obliges me to say, that I seriously believe
+this clandestine manner of smuggling treaties is contrived by European
+politicians on purpose, that Mr Jay and I may not have an opportunity
+of suggesting ideas for the preservation of American navigation,
+transport-trade, and nurseries of seamen. But in another point of view
+it is of equal importance. This method reflects contempt and ridicule
+on your other Ministers. When all Europe sees, that a number of your
+Ministers are kept here as a kind of satellites to Dr Franklin in the
+affair of peace, but that they are not to be consulted or asked a
+question, or even permitted to know the important negotiations which
+are here going on with all Europe, they fall into contempt. It cannot
+be supposed that Congress mean to cast this contempt upon us, because
+it cannot be supposed they mean to destroy the reputation, character,
+influence, and usefulness of those to whom in other respects they
+intrust powers of so much consequence; and therefore I am persuaded,
+that Congress is as much imposed on by it as the Courts of Europe are.
+
+I asked the Baron, what was the substance of the treaty. He said his
+Court had taken for a model, my treaty with Holland. I said nothing to
+him in answer to this, but I beg leave to say to Congress, that the
+negotiation with Holland was in very different circumstances. We were
+then in the fiercest rage of the war. A treaty with that Republic was
+at that time of as much weight in the war, as the captivity of
+Burgoyne or Cornwallis. A treaty with any power was worth a battle or
+a siege, and no moments of time were to be lost, especially in a
+country so divided, that unanimity being necessary, every proposition
+was dangerous. At present the case is altered, and we may take time to
+weigh and inquire. The Baron tells me, that St Thomas and St John, two
+of their Islands, are free ports, but that St Croix, which is of more
+importance than both, is not. That foreign vessels, our vessels, are
+permitted to bring our produce, and carry away half the value in
+sugar, &c. The Island produces, _communibus annis_, twenty thousand
+hogsheads of sugar, and their molasses is better than that of the
+French, because they make only "_sucres crutes_." He says, they have
+some sugar-houses at Copenhagen. But notwithstanding this, I think it
+is worth while for Congress to try if they cannot, by the treaty,
+obtain a right to take away cargoes, to the full value of those they
+bring. It is worth while to try too, if we cannot obtain a tariff, to
+ascertain the duties to be paid in exportation and importation. It is
+worth while too, to endeavor to get the duties ascertained in the
+Danish ports in Europe, at least that we may not pay in their ports
+more than they pay in ours; or that our vessels may not be obliged to
+pay more than theirs, especially when we import our own produce. I
+pretend not to be a master of these commercial subjects, but I think
+that Dr Franklin has not studied the subject more than myself, that
+both of us need the advice of Mr Laurens and Mr Jay, and that all of
+us want that of American merchants, and especially of Congress. I am
+therefore against this secret and hasty method of concluding treaties,
+at this time, when they may be more maturely reflected on.
+
+I know very well to what ill-natured remarks these reflections are
+liable, but they shall not hinder me from doing my duty. I do
+sincerely believe, there are clandestine insinuations going about to
+every commercial nation in the world, to excite them to increase their
+own navigation and seamen at the expense of ours, and that this
+smuggling of treaties is one means of accomplishing the design,
+although Dr Franklin may not be let into the secret of it. For, from
+long experience and observation, I am persuaded that one Minister at
+least and his dependants would prefer, that the navigation of any
+nation in the world, even that of the English, should grow, rather
+than ours. In the last _Courier de l'Europe_, it is said, that all the
+commercial powers are concerting measures to clip the wings of the
+eagle, and to prevent us from having a navy. I believe it. That is to
+say, I believe measures are taken with them all to bring them into
+this system, although they are not let into the secret design, and do
+not know from whom the measures come, nor with what views promoted.
+
+With great regard, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[11] Franklin did not assume this authority, but reported to Congress,
+that propositions for treaties had been made, and desired that
+authority to conclude them might be sent to him, or _some other
+person_. See on this subject, _Franklin's Correspondence_, Vol. IV.
+pp. 74, 97, 99, 110, 114, 141. For the treaty with Sweden he had a
+special authority. _Secret Journals_, Vol. III. p 240.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                       TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+                                             Paris, August 15th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+France, England, Spain, and America are all agreed; but Mr Hartley is
+sanguine, that the treaty will not be signed, because, he says, the
+Count de Vergennes does not mean to sign it. His reasons for this
+opinion I know not, and I think he is mistaken. It is very certain,
+however, that the French Minister is embarrassed, and would not,
+perhaps, be sorry to find good reasons for postponing the signature
+for some time.
+
+Congress may judge in some degree of the situation of things, by the
+following conversation, which I had this morning with M. Brantzen, the
+Ambassador Extraordinary from the States-General, to whom I returned
+the visit he made me yesterday, when I was abroad.
+
+He told me, "that he was as far, and indeed farther than ever, from an
+agreement with the Duke of Manchester. He had given up, he said, all
+pretensions to a compensation for the unjust damages of the war, and
+he had in a manner waived his claim of the restitution of Negapatnam.
+But the Duke of Manchester now insisted peremptorily upon, not only
+all the ancient salutations from the Dutch flag to the English, but
+upon an unlimited liberty of navigation in all the seas of the East
+Indies. He had despatched an express to the Hague the day before
+yesterday, who would arrive today; but the Grand Pensionary was sick,
+and the States of Holland not sitting; so that there must be some time
+before he could have an answer. Concerning the salutes to the flag,
+there would be different opinions, but they would be all of a mind
+against the liberty of navigation in the Indies. He could not,
+therefore, expect from their High Mightinesses permission to sign, and
+the Count de Vergennes would be embarrassed. All the other powers were
+ready, and to make them wait would raise a cry.
+
+"To sign without Holland would raise a terrible storm in Holland
+against the Count, and no small one in France. And even, if the States
+should authorise him to sign a shameful peace, this would raise no
+less clamor in Holland and France against the Count. He will,
+therefore, not know what to do, and will seek to postpone; for the
+parties of the Marquis de Castries and of M. de Breteuil will take
+advantage of every clamor against the Count, as these parties wish M.
+de Breteuil in his place. I am persuaded, therefore, that the Count
+himself looks upon his own situation as very hazardous. It has been so
+a long time. It was his instability in his place that made him sign
+the preliminaries, for money to carry on the war could not be obtained
+without M. Necker, and M. Necker would not come in with the Count, as
+they were and are sworn enemies to each other. He was, therefore,
+reduced to the dilemma to make peace or go out. I have good reasons to
+believe, that the Mareschal de Castries disapproves of the Count's
+conduct towards our Republic. He certainly deceived me. The
+States-General did very wrong to bind me to leave so much to the
+French Minister; but I thought him an honest man, and that I could
+trust him; so I left things to him, according to my instructions,
+depending on his word, and, at last, I found myself the dupe. No, not
+a dupe, for I am always upon my guard not to be a dupe. But he
+deceived me; and when one, whom I have reason to believe an honest
+man, deceives me, I cannot call myself a dupe, for I can do no other
+than believe an honest man, when he gives me his word."
+
+In several of your letters, Sir, you have insisted on my reciting to
+you my conversations with foreign Ministers. You must not esteem them
+infallible oracles. They are often mistaken in their facts, and
+sometimes wrong in their reasonings. But these sentiments of M.
+Brantzen are of so much importance, that I thought proper to recite
+them. It will, indeed, be necessary for your foreign Ministers to be
+more inquisitive than we have been, and to transmit to Congress more
+information concerning the intrigues of Courts, than we have done. If
+the Mareschal de Castries and M. de Breteuil, who is now in the
+Council, and M. Necker are not friends to the Count de Vergennes, and
+all the world here agree they are not, Congress ought to know it.
+Although I would have so much respect to the Queen, as not to name her
+Majesty upon unnecessary occasions, yet, upon this, when she is sister
+to the Emperor, and the question at Court is, whether there shall be a
+war with her brother, it is obviously a matter of so much importance,
+as to make it a duty to communicate to Congress her sentiments, which
+all men here agree are favorable to de Castries and Breteuil, but not
+partial to the present Minister of foreign Affairs. I said in a former
+letter, if this Minister continues, there will be war; but I am told
+by some, if there is war, he cannot continue; for neither he, nor his
+friends, can raise the money. M. de Rayneval, however, affirmed
+positively to Mr Hartley, that nothing but death could remove the
+Count.[12]
+
+All these things show the critical and uncertain constitution of this
+Court, and the uncertainty when the definitive treaty will be signed,
+notwithstanding that four powers are agreed, and, therefore, I can
+give Congress no clear information upon that head. This is a great
+chagrin to me, both on account of the public and myself, because I am
+as uncertain about my own destiny as that of the public.
+
+With great respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[12] This affirmation was verified. The Count de Vergennes continued
+in the Ministry till his death, which happened, February 13th, 1787.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            Paris, September 5th 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On Wednesday, the 3d day of this month, the American Ministers met the
+British Minister at his lodgings at the _Hotel de York_, and signed,
+sealed, and delivered the Definitive Treaty of Peace between the
+United States of America and the King of Great Britain. Although it is
+but a confirmation or repetition of the provisional articles, I have
+the honor to congratulate Congress upon it, as it is a completion of
+the work of peace, and the best that we could obtain. Nothing remains
+now to be done but a treaty of commerce; but this in my opinion cannot
+be negotiated without a new commission from Congress to some one or
+more persons. Time, it is easy to foresee, will not be likely to
+render the British nation more disposed to a regulation of commerce
+favorable to us, and therefore my advice is to issue a commission as
+soon as may be.
+
+There is another subject on which I beg leave to represent to Congress
+my sentiments, because they seem to me of importance, and because they
+differ from many sanguine opinions, which will be communicated to the
+members of that assembly from partisans both of England and France.
+
+In the late deliberations concerning an acceptance of the mediation of
+the Imperial Courts, the British Minister refused it, and in the
+conferences we had with the Count de Vergennes upon this subject, it
+was manifest enough to me that he was not fond of our accepting it;
+for although he maintained a perfect impartiality of language, neither
+advising us for, nor against the measure, yet at last, when it was
+observed that Mr Hartley was averse to it, he turned to Dr Franklin
+and said, that we must agree with Mr Hartley about it, with such a
+countenance, air, and tone of voice (for from these you must often
+collect the sentiments of Ministers) as convinced me he did not wish
+the mediation should take place.
+
+It was not a subject which would bear insisting on either way. I
+therefore made no difficulty. But I am, upon recollection, fully of
+opinion that we should have done wisely to have sent our letter to the
+Imperial Ministers, accepting the mediation on our part. The signature
+of these Ministers would have given reputation in Europe and among our
+own citizens. I mention these, because I humbly conceive that Congress
+ought, in all their proceedings, to consider the opinion that the
+United States or the people of America will entertain of themselves.
+We may call this national vanity or national pride, but it is the main
+principle of the national sense of its own dignity, and a passion in
+human nature, without which nations cannot preserve the character of
+man. Let the people lose this sentiment, as in Poland, and a partition
+of their country will soon take place. Our country has but lately been
+a dependent one, and our people although enlightened and virtuous,
+have had their minds and hearts habitually filled with all the
+passions of a dependent and subordinate people; that is to say, with
+fear, with diffidence, and distrust of themselves, with admiration of
+foreigners, &c. Now I say, that it is one of the most necessary and
+one of the most difficult branches of the policy of Congress to
+eradicate from the American mind, every remaining fibre of this fear
+and self-diffidence on one hand, and of this excessive admiration of
+foreigners on the other.
+
+It cannot be doubted one moment, that a solemn acknowledgment of us by
+the signature of the two Imperial Courts would have had such a
+tendency in the minds of our countrymen. But we should also consider,
+upon every occasion, how our reputation will be affected in Europe. We
+shall not find it easy to keep up the respect for us, that has been
+excited by the continual publication of the exploits of this war. In
+the calm of peace, little will be said about us in Europe unless we
+prepare for it, but by those who have designs upon us. We may depend
+upon it, everything will be said in Europe and in the gazettes, which
+anybody in Europe wants to have repeated in America, to make such
+impressions upon the minds of our citizens, as he desires. It will
+become us, therefore, to do everything in our power to make reasonable
+and just impressions upon the public opinion in Europe. The signature
+of the two Imperial Courts would have made a deep and important
+impression in our favor, upon full one half of Europe, as friends to
+those Courts, and upon all the other half as enemies.
+
+I need not explain myself further. I may however add, that Americans
+can scarcely conceive the decisive influence of the governments of
+Europe upon their people. Every nation is a piece of clockwork, every
+wheel is under the absolute direction of the sovereign as its weight
+or spring. In consequence of this, all that moiety of mankind that are
+subject to the two imperial Courts and their allies, would, in
+consequence of their mediation have been openly and decidedly our
+friends at this hour, and the other half of Europe would certainly
+have respected us more for this. But at present, the two Imperial
+Courts not having signed the treaty, all their friends are left in a
+state of doubt and timidity concerning us. From all the conversations
+I have had with the Count de Mercy and M. Markoff, it is certain that
+the two Courts wished, as these Ministers certainly were ambitious to,
+sign our treaty. They and their sovereigns wished that their names
+might be read in America, and there respected as our friends. But this
+is now past. England and France will be most perfectly united in all
+artifices and endeavors to keep down our reputation at home and
+abroad, to mortify our self-conceit, and to lessen us in the opinion
+of the world. If we will not see, we must be the dupes; we need not,
+for we have in our own power, with the common blessing, the means of
+everything we want. There is but one course now left to retrieve the
+error, and that is to send a Minister to Vienna with power to make a
+treaty with both the Imperial Courts. Congress must send a Minister
+first, or it will never be done. The Emperor never sends first, nor
+will England ever send a Minister to America, until Congress shall
+have sent one to London.
+
+To form immediate commercial connexions with that half of Europe,
+which ever has been, and with little variations ever will be, opposite
+to the House of Bourbon, is a fundamental maxim of that system of
+American politics, which I have pursued invariably from the beginning
+of this war. It is the only means of preserving the respect of the
+House of Bourbon itself; it is the only means in conjunction with our
+connexions with the House of Bourbon, already formed, to secure us the
+respect of England for any length of time, and to keep us out of
+another war with that kingdom. It is, in short, the only possible
+means of securing to our country that peace, neutrality, impartiality,
+and indifference in European wars, which, in my opinion, we shall be
+unwise in the last degree, if we do not maintain. It is, besides, the
+only way in which we can improve and extend our commercial connexions
+to the best advantage.
+
+With great respect, I am,
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              TO ELIAS BOUDINOT, PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Paris, September 8th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Yesterday morning Mr Jay informed me, that Dr Franklin had received,
+and soon after the Doctor put into my hands, the resolution of
+Congress of the 1st of May,[13] ordering a commission and instructions
+to be prepared to those gentlemen and myself for making a Treaty of
+Commerce with Great Britain. This resolution, with your Excellency's
+letter, arrived very seasonably, as Mr Hartley was setting off for
+London with information from us, that our powers were executed.
+
+I am very sensible of the honor, that is done me by this resolution of
+Congress, and of the great importance of the business committed to our
+care; and shall not, therefore, hesitate to take a part in it. I can
+attend to this business, and at the same time have some care of your
+affairs in Holland; and in case the present loan should be full in the
+course of the next winter, I can open a new one, either by going to
+Amsterdam, or by having the obligation sent to me in Paris to be
+signed. In this way there will be no additional expense to the public,
+as I have informed M. Dumas, that there must be no expense made at the
+Hague on my account, or on account of Congress, but that all his
+expenses must be borne by himself, or he must at least settle them
+with Congress. I have so much regard for this gentleman, and such an
+opinion of his worth and merit, that I cannot but recommend him upon
+this occasion to Congress, for the commission of Secretary of that
+Legation, but as economy is and ought to be carefully attended to, I
+presume not to point out the salary, which will be proper. There are
+so many ways of pillaging public men in Europe, that it will be
+difficult for Congress to conceive the expenses, which are unavoidable
+in these countries.
+
+If the principle of economy should restrain Congress from sending
+Ministers to Vienna, Petersburg, Copenhagen and Lisbon, they will
+probably send a commission to Paris to negotiate treaties there,
+because I think it will appear to be of great importance, both in a
+political and commercial light, to have treaties with these powers. If
+this should be the case, as three of us will be now obliged to attend
+at Paris the tedious negotiation with every Court, we can all at the
+same time and with the same expense attend to the negotiations with
+the other powers; which will afford to all an opportunity of throwing
+in any hints, which may occur for the public good, and will have a
+much better appearance in the eyes of Europe and America. I do not
+hesitate, therefore, to request, that if such a commission or
+commissions should be sent, that all your Ministers in Europe may be
+inserted in it. If the arrangement should make any difficulty in
+America, it will make none with me; for although I think there was
+good reason for the order in which the names stand in the new
+commission for peace, and in the resolution for a new commission for a
+treaty of commerce, that reason will not exist in any future
+commission.
+
+Mr Hartley's powers are sufficient to go through the negotiation with
+us, and I suppose it will be chiefly conducted at Paris, yet we may
+all think it proper to make a tour to London, for a few weeks
+especially, in case any material obstacle should arise. We are told,
+that such a visit would have a good effect at Court and with the
+nation; at least, it seems clear it would do no harm.
+
+With the greatest respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, Sir,
+your most obedient and most humble servant,
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[13] "Ordered, That a commission be prepared to John Adams, Benjamin
+Franklin, and John Jay, authorising them, or either of them in the
+absence of the others, to enter into a treaty of commerce between the
+United States of America and Great Britain, subject to the revisal of
+the contracting parties previous to its final conclusion; and, in the
+meantime, to enter into a commercial convention, to continue in force
+one year."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Paris, September 8th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As the resolution of Congress of the 1st of May has determined it to
+be my duty to remain in Europe, at least another winter, I shall be
+obliged to say many things to your Excellency by letter, which I
+hoped to have had the honor of saying upon the floor of your house.
+Some of these things may be thought at first of little consequence,
+but time, and inquiry, and consideration, will show them to have
+weight. Of this sort, is the subject of this letter.
+
+The views and designs, the intrigues and projects of Courts, are let
+out by insensible degrees, and with infinite art and delicacy in the
+gazettes.
+
+These channels of communication are very numerous; and they are
+artificially complicated in such a manner, that very few persons are
+able to trace the sources from whence insinuations and projects flow.
+The English papers are an engine, by which everything is scattered all
+over the world. They are open and free. The eyes of mankind are fixed
+upon them. They are taken by all Courts and all politicians, and by
+almost all gazetteers. Of these papers, the French emissaries in
+London, even in time of war, but especially in time of peace, make a
+very great use; they insert in them things which they wish to have
+circulated far and wide. Some of the paragraphs inserted in them will
+do to circulate through all Europe, and some will not do in the
+_Courier de l'Europe_. This is the most artful paper in the world; it
+is continually accommodating between the French and English Ministry.
+If it should offend the English essentially, the Ministry would
+prevent its publication; if it should sin against the French
+unpardonably, the Ministry would instantly stop its circulation; it
+is, therefore, continually under the influence of the French
+Ministers, whose under-workers have many things translated into it
+from the English papers, and many others inserted in it originally,
+both to the end, that they may be circulated over the world, and
+particularly that they may be seen by the King of France, who reads
+this paper constantly. From the English papers and the _Courier de
+l'Europe_, many things are transferred into various other gazettes,
+the _Courier du Bas Rhin_, the _Gazette de Deux Ponts_, the _Courier
+d'Avignon_, and the _Gazette des Pays Bas_. The Gazettes of Leyden and
+Amsterdam, are sometimes used for the more grave and solid objects,
+those of Deux Ponts and d'Avignon for popular topics, the small talk
+of coffee-houses, and still smaller and lower circles.
+
+All these papers and many others discover a perpetual complaisance for
+the French Ministry, because they are always in their power so
+entirely, that if an offensive paragraph appears, the entrance and
+distribution of the gazette may be stopped by an order from Court, by
+which the gazetteer loses the sale of his paper in France, which is a
+great pecuniary object. Whoever shall hereafter come to Europe in any
+public employment, and take in the papers above enumerated, will
+acknowledge his obligations to me for mentioning them. He will find
+them a constant source of amusement, and sometimes of useful
+discoveries. I may hereafter possibly entertain Congress with some
+curious speculations from these gazettes, which have all their
+attention fixed upon us, and very often honor us with their
+animadversions, sometimes with their grave counsels, but oftener still
+with very subtle and sly insinuations.
+
+With great respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          Paris, September 10th, 1783.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As I am to remain in Europe for some time longer, I beg leave to take
+a cursory view of what appears necessary or expedient to be further
+done in Europe; for I conceive it to be not only the right but the
+duty of a Foreign Minister, to advise his Sovereign, according to his
+lights and judgments, although the more extensive information and
+superior wisdom of the Sovereign, may frequently see cause to pursue a
+different conduct.
+
+With Spain no doubt Congress will negotiate by a particular Minister,
+either the present one or another, and perhaps it would be proper that
+the same should treat with Naples. With the two Empires, Prussia,
+Denmark, Portugal, Sardinia and Tuscany, I humbly conceive, it might
+be proper to negotiate, and perhaps with Hamburg; but there are other
+powers with whom it is more necessary to have treaties than it ought
+to be, I mean Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.
+
+I presume that Congress will not think it expedient to be at the
+expense of sending Ministers to all these powers, if to any. Perhaps
+in the present state of our finances it may not be worth while to send
+any. Yet the present time is the best to negotiate with all. I submit
+it to consideration then, whether it is not advisable to send a
+commission to such Minister as you judge proper, with full powers to
+treat with all, to the Ministers now in Paris, or to any others. But I
+humbly conceive, that if powers to treat with all or any of these
+States are sent to any of your Ministers now here, it would be for the
+public good, that they should be sent to all. If Congress can find
+funds to treat with the Barbary Powers, the Ministers here are the
+best situated, for they should apply to the Court of Versailles and
+their High Mightinesses in the first place, that orders should be sent
+to their Consuls according to treaties to assist us. Ministers here
+may carry on this negotiation by letters, or may be empowered to send
+an agent if necessary. I have no private interest in this business. My
+salary will be the same, my expenses more, and labor much increased by
+such a measure. But as it is of public importance, I think, that no
+unnecessary delicacies should restrain me from suggesting these hints
+to Congress. Whatever their determination may be, will be satisfactory
+to me.
+
+I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, your Excellency's,
+&c.
+
+                                                           JOHN ADAMS.
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN JAY;
+
+
+MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY TO THE COURT OF SPAIN, AND ONE OF THE
+COMMISSIONERS FOR NEGOTIATING PEACE.
+
+
+
+
+John Jay was a member of the first Congress, which assembled at
+Philadelphia in September, 1774, having been, with four other persons,
+chosen a delegate from the city and county of New York. He was also in
+the Congress of the following year, but after the organization of the
+government of New York he was made Chief Justice of the State, and
+retired from Congress. On the 21st of October, 1778, even while he
+held the office of Chief Justice, he was elected by the Assembly a
+delegate to Congress for a specific object, till the first of March
+following. The Assembly at the same time declared, that by the
+constitution of New York both these stations were consistent with each
+other.
+
+Mr Jay joined the Congress on the 7th of December, and was elected
+President of that body three days afterwards, as the successor of
+Henry Laurens. He discharged this office with great dignity and credit
+to himself till September 27th, 1779, when he was appointed Minister
+Plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty of amity and alliance with
+Spain. He sailed for France about the first of November in the same
+ship with M. Gerard, who had been the late French Minister in the
+United States. Accidents at sea compelled the Captain of the vessel to
+put into Martinique, whence Mr Jay sailed in another vessel for
+Europe, and arrived at Cadiz on the 22d of January, 1780. Here he
+remained between two and three months, and then proceeded to Madrid,
+and entered on the duties of his mission.
+
+The two principal objects, which Mr Jay was instructed to obtain, were
+a grant of aids in money and military supplies from Spain, to assist
+in prosecuting the war against the common enemy, and a treaty between
+Spain and the United States. After encountering for more than two
+years innumerable embarrassments, vexatious delays, cold treatment,
+and a provoking indifference, that would have exhausted the patience,
+if not ruffled the temper of most men, he met with very little success
+in the former object, and none at all in the latter. The Spanish Court
+seemed nowise inclined to recognize the independence of the United
+States, or to show them any substantial marks of friendship, and yet
+there was evidently a willingness to keep on terms, and be prepared to
+act according to the issue of events. Tardy promises of money were
+made by the Minister, which he was reluctant to fulfil, and it was
+with extreme difficulty at last, that Mr Jay succeeded in procuring
+from his Catholic Majesty the pitiful loan of one hundred and fifty
+thousand dollars. In the treaty he made no progress, but was put off
+from time to time, with pretences as frivolous as they were insincere.
+He was never received in his public capacity, nor in any other
+character than that of a private gentleman empowered to act as Agent
+for the United States. In short, it must be confessed, that the
+conduct of Spain, in regard to this country during the revolutionary
+war, was not such as to inspire the gratitude or respect of succeeding
+generations.
+
+Meantime, on the 13th of June, 1781, Mr Jay was chosen one of the
+Commissioners for negotiating a peace, when the parties at war should
+be prepared for such an event. Having already made considerable
+progress with Mr Oswald in the treaty; and being persuaded that the
+British government were in earnest as to their professed desire for
+peace, Dr Franklin wrote to Mr Jay requesting him to repair to Paris,
+and join in the negotiation. He arrived in that city on the 23d of
+June, 1782, and shortly afterwards engaged in the duties of his
+commission with his colleague. Mr Adams did not arrive till the 26th
+of October. The preliminary articles were signed on the 30th of
+November.
+
+Mr Jay continued in Europe the year following, and signed, with the
+other Commissioners, the Definitive Treaty, September 3d, 1783.
+Several months previously he had asked permission to return home, but
+he did not embark till June 1st, 1794. He arrived in New York on the
+24th of July following.
+
+It having been understood that he would soon return, Congress had
+elected him Secretary of Foreign Affairs on the 7th of May, as
+successor to Mr Livingston, who had resigned some time before. He
+accepted this appointment, and took charge of the office, which he
+filled with the same dignity and ability, that had marked his conduct
+in every public station.
+
+
+
+
+THE CORRESPONDENCE
+
+OF
+
+JOHN JAY.
+
+
+          INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN JAY, MINISTER FOR NEGOTIATING
+                         A TREATY WITH SPAIN.
+
+                                    In Congress, September 29th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+By the treaties subsisting between his Most Christian Majesty and the
+United States of America, a power is reserved to his Catholic Majesty
+to accede to the said treaties, and to participate in their
+stipulations, at such time as he shall judge proper, it being well
+understood, nevertheless, that if any of the stipulations of the said
+treaties are not agreeable to the Court of Spain, his Catholic Majesty
+may propose other conditions analogous to the principal aim of the
+alliance, and conformable to the rules of equality, reciprocity, and
+friendship. Congress is sensible of the friendly regard to these
+States manifested by his Most Christian Majesty, in reserving a power
+to his Catholic Majesty of acceding to the alliance entered into
+between his Most Christian Majesty and these United States; and,
+therefore, that nothing may be wanting on their part to facilitate
+the views of his Most Christian Majesty, and to obtain a treaty of
+alliance, and of amity and commerce with his Catholic Majesty, have
+thought proper to anticipate any propositions, which his Catholic
+Majesty might make on that subject, by yielding up to him those
+objects, which they conclude he may have principally in view; and for
+that purpose have come to the following resolution;
+
+That if his Catholic Majesty shall accede to the said treaties, and,
+in concurrence with France and the United States of America, continue
+the present war with Great Britain for the purpose expressed in the
+treaties aforesaid, he shall not thereby be precluded from securing to
+himself the Floridas; on the contrary, if he shall obtain the Floridas
+from Great Britain, these United States will guaranty the same to his
+Catholic Majesty; provided always, that the United States shall enjoy
+the free navigation of the river Mississippi into and from the sea.
+
+You are, therefore, to communicate to his Most Christian Majesty the
+desire of Congress to enter into a treaty of alliance, and of amity
+and commerce with his Catholic Majesty, and to request his favorable
+interposition for that purpose. At the same time, you are to make such
+proposal to his Catholic Majesty, as in your judgment, from
+circumstances, will be proper for obtaining for the United States of
+America equal advantages with those, which are secured to them by the
+treaties with his Most Christian Majesty; observing always the
+resolution aforesaid as the ultimatum of the United States.
+
+You are particularly to endeavor to obtain some convenient port or
+ports below the thirtyfirst degree of north latitude, on the river
+Mississippi, for all merchant vessels, goods, wares, and merchandises,
+belonging to the inhabitants of these States.
+
+The distressed state of our finances, and the great depreciation of
+our paper money, inclined Congress to hope that his Catholic Majesty,
+if he shall conclude a treaty with these States, will be induced to
+lend them money; you are, therefore, to represent to him the great
+distress of these States on that account, and to solicit a loan of
+five millions of dollars upon the best terms in your power, not
+exceeding six per cent per annum, effectually to enable them to
+co-operate with the allies against the common enemy. But before you
+make any propositions to his Catholic Majesty for a loan, you are to
+endeavor to obtain a subsidy in consideration of the guarantee
+aforesaid.[14]
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[14] The above is the form in which the instructions were reported by
+a committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                         St Pierre's, Martinique, December 20th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This is the only opportunity of transmitting a letter to Philadelphia
+since our arrival; and as the route, which this is to take, will be
+very circuitous and doubtful, it will be short and general.
+
+Having lost our bowsprit, all our masts, and many of our sails, as
+well as split our rudder, off the Banks of Newfoundland, we steered
+for this Island, and arrived yesterday afternoon. The Governor and
+Admiral are at Port Royal. They are informed of our being here, and I
+shall see them either at this or that place, according as we shall
+find it to be their intention to come to the one, or remain at the
+other. Till then, it must continue doubtful, whether we shall be able
+to obtain a passage in a French frigate, or speedily refit our own;
+neither of which can be done without the interposition of government.
+
+Two days hence, a vessel will sail for St Eustatia. I shall write more
+particularly by her, and it is more than probable, that those letters
+will come to hand before this.
+
+Yesterday, a fleet of twentyfive merchant-men under the convoy of a
+frigate, bound from France to this place, were attacked on the
+southern coast of Martinique, near Port Royal, by a number of the
+enemy's ships of war from St Lucia. Fourteen merchant-men were
+captured, and two driven on shore. The rest escaped during a very
+severe action between three line of battle ships under Monsieur le
+Motte Piquet, (who went from Port Royal to their relief) and double
+the number of the enemy. This intelligence was communicated to me this
+morning by the commanding officer here.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                          St Pierre's, Martinique, December 22d, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+By a message received yesterday afternoon from the Marquis de Boullie,
+I find there is no reason to expect him or the Admiral here very soon.
+We shall, therefore, set out for Port Royal early tomorrow morning,
+and endeavor to get our ship refitted as soon as possible. She will
+follow us in a day or two, and, as the enemy's ships of war are
+frequently cruising near the Island, she will go under convoy; four of
+them are now in sight of this town.
+
+It seems agreed on all hands, that the expense of refitting the
+Confederacy will be very considerable. To reduce this matter to
+greater certainty, I have desired the captain to make out an estimate
+of his wants; he promised to prepare it, and give me a copy this
+evening. If I receive it before nine o'clock, it will accompany this
+letter, otherwise it will be transmitted by the next conveyance.
+
+The agent here tells me, he is without cash, and in debt on the public
+account. I fear he has been neglected. I shall, however, defer saying
+anything further on his subject till I shall be better informed.
+Should an opportunity offer of writing to your Excellency from Port
+Royal, I shall embrace it, if not, I shall take the first after my
+return. As the government here will, I hope, advance the money
+necessary for preparing the frigate for sea, I am anxious that you may
+have the earliest intelligence of it, that timely provision may be
+made for the payment.
+
+Of the fleet mentioned in my letter of the 20th instant, only nine
+were taken or destroyed.
+
+_7 o'clock._--I had written thus far, when Captain Harding called upon
+me. He has made out an estimate of the ship's wants, and given it to
+Mr Bingham, without having made a copy for me, which it is now too
+late to do to go by this vessel.
+
+On our return from Port Royal, the captain will transmit particular
+accounts of everything respecting the ship, which he ought to
+communicate. He has been too much engaged to prepare his despatches to
+go by this vessel, and, therefore, postpones writing for the present,
+especially as he would have leisure only to repeat the general account
+of our misfortune contained in my letter.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                         St Pierre's, Martinique, December 24th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My former letters to your Excellency of the 20th and 22d instant, (a
+triplicate of the former, and a duplicate of the latter are herewith
+enclosed) have already informed Congress of the disaster, which
+imposed upon us the necessity of coming hither. But as that necessity
+has been and still continues the subject of much inquiry and
+investigation, it is proper that the facts from which it arose be
+minutely stated.
+
+On the 7th day of November last, between the hours of five and six in
+the morning, in latitude 41 03 N. and longitude 50 39 W. the Captain
+being in bed indisposed, and the master and second lieutenant on deck,
+the ship going nine knots an hour in a brisk breeze and rough sea, but
+by no means hard weather, her bowsprit and all her masts gave way in
+less than three minutes. The day was employed in clearing the ship of
+the wreck, and getting up a little sail; towards evening a heavy gale
+came on. During the night, the tiller was lashed fast, and she lay too
+very well, the wind blowing hard at south east. The next morning the
+shank of the rudder was found to be so much wrenched and split, that
+the Captain then told me he thought it a greater misfortune than the
+loss of the masts. There were two French gentlemen on board, who, it
+was said, and I believe with truth, were well skilled in maritime
+affairs, having been bred to that business from their infancy, viz.
+Monsieur Roche, a Knight of the Order of St Louis, and a Captain
+Remuy, of Marseilles. Either this day or the next, I am not certain
+which, M. Gerard remarked to me, that without any previous counsel,
+it seemed to be the unanimous opinion of all the naval officers on
+board to go to the West Indies, and that he believed it would be best,
+though he said he was at first inclined to oppose it. The first
+expedient to steer the ship was by the cable and a spar; below the
+split in the rudder there was a bolt with two rings, to which it had
+been intended to fix a chain for the purpose of steering the ship in
+case of such accidents, but the fixing the chains had been omitted;
+through this ring the Captain passed a chain, and to each end of it
+fastened a strong rope, which was conducted over the quarters, and
+this was the second mode of steering her; but from the uncommon
+breadth of the rudder by which its power became unusually great, and
+the acuteness of the angle between it and the chains rendering a
+greater force necessary than if it had approached nearer to a right
+angle; the bolt, though to appearance a good one, broke nearly in the
+middle, and came out.
+
+It seems the rudder of this ship was hung after she had been launched,
+and that to do it the more easily an eyebolt had been fixed in each
+side of the rudder below the shank; to these eyebolts two chains were
+then fixed, which crossing the edge of the rudder in opposite
+directions, were fastened to pennants made of cordage, provided for
+the breechings of our twelve pounders. These pennants passed through
+blocks at the end of spars, run out of the ports of the cabin. From
+thence they were led through blocks in opposite ports of the main deck
+to the capstan, by means of which they were very conveniently managed,
+and the ship without much difficulty steered. Such however was the
+force and wear they underwent before our arrival in calmer latitudes
+and smoother seas, that they generally gave way every day or two; and
+the Captain tells me, no less than six hundred weight of that cordage
+has been consumed in that service.
+
+So great was the swell off the Banks, and so high, though not severe
+the winds, that near a fortnight elapsed before the ship was put in
+her present condition for sailing. The same obstacles also retarded
+the repairing of the rudder, which after all was so weak that it was
+not thought advisable to steer by the tiller, and to prevent any
+further injury from its striking against the ship, which it constantly
+did in calm weather, bags stuffed with oakum were placed on each side
+of it, and a man employed night and day to tend them.
+
+Some days before the 23d day of November, the Captain told me, he
+thought it advisable to call a council of his officers, and submit to
+their consideration the propriety of continuing our course towards
+Europe. M. Gerard shortly after mentioned to me the sitting of this
+council, and said, he could assure me that the Chevalier Roche and
+Monsieur Remuy would not give their opinions on the subject but in
+writing, and on being requested to do it in writing by the Captain.
+This intelligence appeared to me extraordinary, but as it was not
+necessary that my sentiments relative to it should be known, I made no
+reply to M. Gerard, but by degrees turned the conversation to another
+subject; nor did I give the least hint of it to the Captain, but
+observed a perfect silence relative to it. It appeared to me that
+those gentlemen either overrated their importance, or entertained
+improper ideas of the merit of our officers, and I confess it gave me
+pleasure to hear that they were not consulted at all.
+
+The council of officers was held the 23d of November last. The
+Captain gave me their report, together with a return of the provisions
+and water on board, and assured me of his readiness to proceed to any
+port whatever, that M. Gerard and myself should direct. I gave these
+papers to M. Gerard, and although I did not think it expedient by
+consulting the French officers to give them reason to suppose, that I
+concurred in sentiments with them as to the importance of their
+opinions, yet I told M. Gerard, I was well satisfied he should
+communicate to them the report of our officers, and obtain their
+sentiments on the question stated in it, and the better to enable him
+to do it, I proposed that we should postpone the discussion of the
+subject till the next day, or longer if necessary. He took the papers,
+said it was very well, and that he would speak to those gentlemen. A
+day or two after, being on deck, M. Gerard took me aside and gave me
+the papers, telling me he had seen these gentlemen, and that they both
+declined giving any opinion about it; that they had always been, and
+still were, ready to do anything for the benefit of the ship; that had
+they been requested to give their opinions while the matter was in
+agitation, they would have done it; that it was now over, and
+determined; that under these circumstances their opinion would be of
+no avail, and that they did not choose, by declaring their sentiments,
+either to confirm the report, or give it ineffectual opposition. M.
+Gerard further intimated, that those gentlemen seemed to think their
+giving their advice in the course of our troubles had given offence to
+the officers of the ship; but I had never reason to think their
+apprehensions well founded. Upon this conduct of those gentlemen, I
+briefly observed to M. Gerard, that as they were passengers, we had
+no right to demand their opinions, and that they had a right to
+withhold them, or not, as they pleased, and for such reasons as they
+might think proper; but that as the Captain of the ship had been
+directed by the marine committee to obey such orders as he should
+receive from us, it was necessary that in the present conjuncture we
+should decide on the report; that the Captain, in my opinion, would
+not be justifiable in further pursuing his course against the solemn
+and unanimous opinion of all the officers, unless by our express
+orders; and he would be culpable in changing it, without a previous
+application to us for direction. M. Gerard observed, that he was
+sensible of the honor done him by the order alluded to, but that it
+was not convenient to him to give any opinion or direction on the
+subject. It did not appear to me prudent to reply to this, and
+therefore I took the first opportunity of turning the conversation to
+another topic. As this circumstance prevented the Captain's receiving
+any positive orders from us on the subject, he was of course left to
+pursue his own judgment, but being desirous of my opinion, I gave it
+to him, in the manner endorsed on the report of the council, of which
+a copy is herewith enclosed.
+
+The reasons on which this opinion was grounded are, in part, contained
+in this report, but there were others not mentioned in it. That
+Congress may the better judge of their force, it is necessary that
+they be informed of some previous circumstances.
+
+The first fair day after losing our masts, I went to the door of M.
+Gerard's room on the deck, which was open, to bid him good morning.
+Chevalier Roche was with him; they were conversing on the course most
+proper for us to steer, and the port most proper to make for. M.
+Gerard was for going to Cadiz; he had an excellent set of charts, and
+he had then one of the Atlantic Ocean, with its American, European,
+and African Coasts, and the intervening islands, before him. By the
+assistance of this map we perfectly understood his reasoning. The
+Chevalier at that time inclined to the West Indies, and I heard him,
+on leaving the room, tell M. Gerard, that to endeavor to get to Europe
+in the present condition of the ship, would be to "_run a very great
+risk of perishing in the ocean_." Some time after this, M. Gerard
+perceiving that I had adopted no decided opinion on the subject, (and
+that was really the case) in the course of an evening he spent with us
+in the cabin, (none of the officers of the ship being present) desired
+me to attend particularly to his several reasons for going to Cadiz,
+and consider them maturely before I made up my judgment. I promised
+him to do it, and was as good as my word. He proceeded to observe;
+
+1st. That the distance to Cadiz and to Martinique differed but little,
+and that no weighty argument could be drawn from this difference.
+
+2dly. That between us and Cadiz lay the Western and Canary Islands,
+into some one or other of which we might run, if necessary.
+
+3dly. That if, on our arrival at either of these Islands, it should
+appear impracticable or imprudent to proceed further, our persons at
+least would be safe, and we might get to Europe in one of the many
+vessels, which frequent those Islands; whereas, on the other hand,
+there were no Islands between us and Martinique, and we should, in
+steering southward, be obliged to run all that distance without
+finding any place by the way, at which we might touch, or, in case of
+danger, find shelter.
+
+4thly. That if calmer seas were our object, we should find them in
+going eastward as well as southward; that we must not expect to meet
+with the trade winds at that season but in a very remote southern
+latitude; that in crossing the latitude of Bermudas, we should meet
+with heavy squalls, and bad weather; that in the latitude between that
+and the trade winds, we must expect variable winds, and particularly
+long calms, which are often more dangerous, and more to be dreaded
+than hard winds.
+
+5thly. That in a voyage to Cadiz, we should have nothing to apprehend
+from the enemy, but to Martinique, everything.
+
+6thly. That if we should arrive safe at Martinique, we should probably
+be detained there until next Spring; that the vessels, which usually
+sail from thence for France every fall, would have departed before the
+time we should reach the Island; that he had reason to believe it
+would be very difficult, if not impracticable, to obtain a frigate,
+and, among other reasons, urged the absence of Count d'Estaing, and
+the improbability that any subordinate officer would undertake without
+his orders to grant us one, even admitting what was very unlikely,
+that one might be spared from the service.
+
+7thly. That the ship might remain long at Martinique without being
+made ready for sea, for want of naval stores, provisions, &c.
+
+These were M. Gerard's reasons for our steering for Cadiz, by the way
+of the Azores, and I do not remember to have afterwards heard an
+additional one. Whether the French officers really thought them
+conclusive, or whether they found it convenient to make a compliment
+of their sentiments to a gentleman very able to serve them, is
+uncertain; but I believe they in appearance inclined to M. Gerard's
+opinion, and gave him implied reasons to think their sentiments
+corresponded with his.
+
+The matter appeared to me in a serious light, and to require caution
+on many accounts. Every consideration called me to Spain; private as
+well as public good forbade a difference with M. Gerard. I had reason
+to believe him well disposed towards me; I perceived, clearly, that he
+could not with any patience admit the idea of being absent from Europe
+at so important a season, and that he could scarcely treat with common
+decency the reasons urged for going to Martinique. Hence it appeared
+obvious, that should I be the means of his losing his objects, or
+should any public inconveniences result from our not being in Europe
+during the winter, I should be censured, not only by him, but by all
+those who judge of the propriety of a measure only by its
+consequences, of which number are the far greater part of mankind.
+Thus circumstanced, I found myself in a very unpleasant situation,
+without any way of extricating myself, but by agreeing to a sort of
+middle proposal; viz. to order the Captain to land us on one of the
+Western Islands, and then leave the ship to shift for herself. This
+would have satisfied M. Gerard, and we should have been as good
+friends as ever. I thought it my duty, however, to form my decision
+carefully, and honestly, and abide by it firmly. It was that we should
+proceed to Martinique. Some of the reasons for it are set forth in the
+report of the council of officers. The whole together were briefly
+these.
+
+1st. That the officers of the ship, including the carpenter, who were
+to be presumed to be better judges than M. Gerard or myself, were of
+opinion, that we ought not to attempt to go to Europe, and had this
+reason stood single and unexplained, I should not readily have
+ventured to reject it, especially as it appeared to me against the
+interest of the officers to come to the West Indies, and I have heard
+them constantly and uniformly regret the necessity of it; but I also
+thought they decided on good grounds; for
+
+2dly. The rudder daily gave us infinite trouble, almost everyday a
+pennant breaking, and on every such occasion the ship for some time
+left to the direction of the wind and waves, a circumstance which
+might be fatal in hard weather, and near land; the quantity of cordage
+consumed in this way of steering; the doubt of our having sufficient
+for the purpose without stripping the guns, which would thereby be
+rendered useless; the rudder irons daily becoming more and more loose,
+and, by the nails drawing out, opening a passage for the water into
+the stem of the ship. By this circumstance our bread had been damaged;
+the danger of our being obliged to get rid of the rudder entirely, and
+steering only by the cable, which in northern seas, and winter season,
+is very inadequate. This event would have arrived in case either of
+the eye bolts in the rudder had given way, as the first mentioned one
+had done, or the upper irons become entirely loose; and for this event
+it was thought necessary to prepare, by removing the obstacles to
+unhanging the rudder. Indeed the upper irons in the course of our
+passage here, with fair winds and no storms, became so loose as to
+render it necessary to lash the head of the rudder with ropes to a
+bolt fixed for the purpose in the cabin floor.
+
+3dly. The sails we had left were bad, having been originally made, as
+Mr Vaughan the second Lieutenant told me, of damaged canvass; they
+frequently split; we had none to replace them, nor a sufficient stock
+of twine to mend them, eight pounds only being left of the twenty odd
+we brought from Philadelphia; nor were we much better supplied with
+cordage, for which there was a daily demand and some of which was very
+bad.
+
+4thly. Our jury masts were not calculated for hard weather, the
+foremast being sprung a few feet below the top, and not able to endure
+a hard storm.
+
+For these reasons the rough weather common in northern latitudes was
+by all means to be avoided, and smooth seas sought.
+
+As to the conveniences to be derived from the Islands laying between
+us and Cadiz, I took some pains to examine into that matter. We had
+maps and descriptions of them all, and our master had been at many of
+them. I found there was not a single harbor in any one of them in
+which a ship could ride at anchor in every wind; on the contrary
+neither of them has anything more than open roads, out of which it is
+necessary for ships to make the best of their way, and put to sea
+whenever certain winds blow, a task which our ship was very far from
+being in condition to perform.
+
+From this and other circumstances it was evident we could not refit in
+either of those Islands, not even so much as get a new rudder; for
+admitting materials for the latter could be had, yet such was the
+difficulty, if not impossibility, of hanging it in an open road, from
+whence the ship was every moment exposed to the necessity of going to
+sea by an unfavorable wind, that we could expect to derive no
+advantage from these Islands, except the prospect of obtaining some
+refreshments, which we could do without, and the value of which would
+not have compensated for the risk of approaching them in our
+condition.
+
+As to the idea of our steering that course with a view of being landed
+on one of those Islands, and from thence going to Europe in another
+vessel, leaving our own to her fate, no earthly consideration could
+ever have reconciled me to it. The reasoning which was insisted on,
+that our being seasonably in Europe was of more importance to the
+United States than a frigate, and that in time of war, and for the
+public good, lives were to be risked by sea as well as by land, was a
+species of reasoning which applied to this case led to conclusions,
+which never have been, and I pray God never may be, among my
+principles of action. Had this plan of being landed on one of the
+Azores or Canaries been adopted, we should have either landed the crew
+with us or not; if the first, the frigate would have been given to
+destruction. This appeared to me inconsistent with the public good,
+because, if we reached Martinique, I had no doubt of a passage, and my
+arrival in France eight weeks sooner or later did not appear to me of
+equal importance to the United States with the frigate. Had the crew
+been left on board, it must have been with a view of saving the ship,
+either by her reaching Europe or the West Indies. The probability of
+her effecting either became then a most important question, as the
+lives of between two and three hundred Americans depended on the
+event. Against it were opposed the dangers of the seas, and the want
+of provisions; the former would have increased with the approach of
+winter, and therefore the longer the ship was detained to the
+northward, the more she had to suffer, and to fear. The frigate after
+having landed us on either of the Islands, must either have gone on
+towards Europe, or endeavored to get to the West Indies.
+
+All the considerations abovementioned opposed the first, and whoever
+compares the time necessary for a voyage for a ship under jury masts,
+and almost without a rudder, from the banks of Newfoundland to the
+Azores or Canaries, and from thence to the West Indies, with our stock
+of provisions, will find them inadequate to the purpose, and be
+convinced of the cruelty of subjecting one's fellow citizens to such
+extremities. For these reasons I positively refused to join in this
+system.
+
+As to the position in favor of going to Europe, that we should find
+the seas calmer as we advanced eastward, equally as we went southward,
+all the officers of the ship testified against it, nor would they
+admit that we had as much to dread from calms as from hard gales. The
+supposed difficulty of obtaining a passage from Martinique made but
+little impression on me. I could not suppose the Islands left
+unprotected by ships of war, or that the commanding officer would
+refuse to order a frigate on this service, if M. Gerard would
+represent it to be of importance, which I was sure he would do. How
+long our ship might be refitting here was not to be ascertained, but I
+could not prevail upon myself to believe, that the King of France
+would keep so considerable a fleet in those seas, without providing
+for the usual accidents they would be exposed to from the sea and the
+enemy. At the worst the ship would be in a safe port, and among a
+people bound by treaties and by interest to afford aid and protection,
+at least until Congress should be informed of her situation, and have
+an opportunity of providing for her wants. As to ourselves, in case we
+meet with the imagined difficulties respecting a passage, it would be
+easy by passing over to St Eustatia to get very safely in a Dutch ship
+to Holland.
+
+On these reasons the advice I gave to the captain to come here was
+founded. I thought them right then, and was daily more and more
+confirmed in an opinion of their propriety. In the course of our run
+here, we had all the way fine, fair breezes; and, except in the
+latitude of Bermuda, smooth seas and scarce any calms. The night
+before we made the land, it was thought proper to lay the ship too,
+after the moon set, which was between twelve and one o'clock, and she
+continued in that position only four hours and a half. Such, however,
+was the effect of it upon the rudder, and so much damage did it
+receive from it, that had the ship continued as much longer in the
+same state, it was agreed on all sides, that the rudder would have
+been rendered useless.
+
+M. Gerard, hurt by being disappointed in his expectation of being
+seasonably in France, and perhaps mortified at my preferring my own
+sentiments to his, ceased to observe that cordiality and frankness,
+which had before attended his conduct towards me. Nay, he once went
+so far as to tell me I had my reasons for coming here. I appeared not
+to understand him, and continued to endeavor to render the
+conversation as light and general as possible. This was a tax imposed
+on my feelings by regard to public good; as a private man, I should
+have acted differently.
+
+Thus matters continued till about ten or twelve days before our
+arrival here, when M. Gerard observed to me in the presence of the
+captain, that it was time to think which side of the island of
+Martinique it would be most prudent for the ship to go, the north or
+south side, and proceeded to state the reasons which ought to induce
+us to prefer the north; particularly, that in the present condition
+of the ship, she would if she went to the south side be in great
+danger of running by the island to the leeward; for that as we might
+expect the wind at northeast, she would not be able to lay
+sufficiently close to the wind, to reach Port Royal or St Pierre's;
+besides, that she would be in danger of calms, and being in sight of
+St Lucia, would be exposed to the enemy's ships of war, without having
+reason to expect succor from any French ships of war; none of which,
+he said, cruised off the eastern part of the island, between
+Martinique and St Lucia. He then showed the advantages of going the
+other side, by an enumeration of many circumstances, of which I have
+notes, but which it would be too tedious to mention. The obvious
+meaning of all this appeared to me to be, that we should direct the
+captain to go to the northward of the island; but as I neither thought
+myself authorised, nor found myself inclined to interfere with the
+particular navigation of the ship, to which I was not competent, I
+only observed to M. Gerard, that his reasoning appeared to me to have
+weight; that it was a subject I did not understand, but that I thought
+his observations merited attention. On this the captain remarked, and
+I thought with propriety, that it was impossible to determine on which
+side of the island it would be best to go, until we were at or near
+the parting point, for that circumstances at present unforeseen might
+render that way rash, which we might now think prudent; for instance,
+an unexpected change in the wind, or the appearance of an enemy. He
+therefore thought a decision on the question improper, till we arrived
+off the eastern part of the island. This appeared to me so perfectly
+reasonable, that I thought no more about the matter, and I did not
+suspect that M. Gerard would have felt any further anxiety about it;
+but it nevertheless so happened, that in the afternoon of the 14th
+instant, there was a conversation in the cabin relative to a wager,
+which of the two we should see first, land or a sail. In the course of
+this conversation, M. Gerard observed, that it would depend on our
+going on the north or south side of the island, and insensibly leaving
+the subject of the wager, proceeded minutely to recapitulate his
+reasons for the one, and his objections to the other. In the progress
+of this disquisition, he grew warmer and warmer, and at length
+addressing himself more particularly on the captain, said, he was
+surprised that those facts and observations should meet with so little
+attention; that he owed it to his conscience and personal safety to
+mention and enforce them, and that he should represent the whole
+matter to his Court, &c. The captain repeated what he had before said
+relative to the impropriety of deciding on which side of the island we
+were to go, until we had made the land, observed whether any vessels
+were on the coast, and knew how the wind would be. He then questioned
+some matters relative to the navigation round the island, on which M.
+Gerard had insisted.
+
+For my own part, as the subject was so serious, I wished to be
+informed of some others, which appeared to me to want explanation. The
+captain had informed me, that the master had been at the taking of
+Martinique last war, and was well acquainted with its bays, harbors,
+and coasts. I desired the captain to send for the master, which was
+immediately done. On this, M. Gerard more animated than usual, said,
+he pretended to no extraordinary knowledge on the subject, but that he
+had made inquiries, and was satisfied with the opinion he had given;
+then repeated what he had before said, about his conscience, personal
+safety, and Court, and was opening the door to go on deck, when I
+asked him if he would not stay, and hear what the master had to say.
+He said, no, he did not want to hear anything farther about it; he had
+done his duty in delivering what he had to us, and we might do as we
+pleased about the matter. I made no reply, but proceeded to examine
+the master, and one of the lieutenants. On the whole it did not appear
+to me necessary, but on the contrary invidious to give the captain any
+positive orders on the subject; nor did I enter into any farther
+conference respecting it with M. Gerard. I knew that no good would
+result from altercation, and that the best way of treating
+unreasonable propositions, cavalierly dictated, was silently to go my
+own way, uninfluenced by them.
+
+This last business rendered M. Gerard still more dissatisfied with me.
+We observed, nevertheless, and still observe great politeness towards
+each other, but it proceeds more from the head than the heart. On
+coming ashore, I flattered myself we should have left all these
+controversies behind us; but this city was soon entertained with them.
+The opinions of French officers were taken by M. Gerard about the
+sufficiency of the rudder to have gone to Europe; the question about
+the northern and southern navigation was stated and agitated. M.
+Gerard claims the merit of having saved the ship, by having, as he
+insinuates, dragged us into the measure of taking the northern
+passage, &c. &c. As we are safe in the harbor, these matters are now
+of no consequence, and therefore I constantly avoid the subject. How
+they may be represented at Philadelphia is of some moment, and
+therefore it appears to me expedient to trouble myself and Congress
+with this narration.
+
+I cannot conclude this letter without expressing my satisfaction with
+the attention and politeness observed by the captain and other
+officers towards the passengers, as far at least as my knowledge
+extends.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                         St Pierre's, Martinique, December 25th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As singular instances of humanity and patriotism always merit, and
+sometimes meet with public notice, I take the liberty of transmitting
+to Congress a copy of the Rev. Mr Keith's narrative of the conduct of
+a Mrs Smith, at New York, to the Americans there, who had been taken
+at Fort Washington.
+
+Conversing, while at sea, with Mr Keith (our chaplain, who had been
+one of those prisoners) respecting the cruelties exercised towards
+them by the enemy, and the manner in which they were treated by the
+inhabitants of the city, he mentioned the behavior of this Mrs Smith;
+whose conduct appeared to me so remarkably liberal, disinterested, and
+christianlike, that I desired him to commit it to paper, with a design
+to enclose it to your Excellency. I know nothing more of this woman
+than what Mr Keith told me; but, as from his profession and character
+I am induced to credit what he says, I transmit this account of her,
+that if, on further inquiry, it be found to be just, Congress may have
+an opportunity of saving from poverty and distress a widow, who
+generously divested herself of a decent maintenance, and applied it to
+the relief of many citizens and servants of the United States, who
+were then gloriously enduring the most extreme cruelties, for their
+faithful attachment to the rights of their country and mankind.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                        St Pierre's, Martinique, December 25th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have done, what perhaps I shall be blamed for, but my pride as an
+American, and my feelings as a man, were not on this occasion to be
+resisted. The officers of the Confederacy were here without money, or
+the means of getting any. The idea of our officers being obliged to
+sneak, as they phrase it, from the company of French officers, for
+fear of running in debt with them for a bottle of wine, or a bowl of
+punch, because not able to pay for their share of the reckoning, was
+too humiliating to be tolerable, and too destructive to that pride and
+opinion of independent equality, which I wish to see influence all our
+officers. Besides, some of them wanted necessaries too much to be
+comfortable, or, in this country, decent. In a word, I have drawn on
+the fund, pointed out for the payment of part of my salary, for one
+hundred guineas in their favor, to be divided among them according to
+their respective ranks. Indeed, it would have given me pleasure to
+have done something towards covering the nakedness of the crew; but
+the expense I have been put to by coming here; and the preparations
+for another voyage, would not admit of it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                         St Pierre's, Martinique, December 26th, 1779.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On our arrival here, M. Gerard told me that he was about to write to
+the Governor and Admiral at Port Royal, and asked me whether I also
+chose to write, or would leave to him the necessary communication;
+offering to mention to them whatever I might desire. As I was well
+satisfied that he should take the lead in the business, I replied,
+that I was obliged to him, but did not think it necessary for him to
+communicate anything to those gentlemen from me, except our arrival,
+and the confidence I had in their readiness to afford us aid.
+
+I thought it would have been improper to apply for a passage in one of
+their ships, till I know in what time our own could be refitted, and
+on this subject it appeared to me most advisable, that application
+should be made by our agent here; and that I should reserve all
+interference, till it should be rendered necessary by obstacles. Mr
+Bingham accordingly wrote without delay to the Governor, and had
+immediate and full assurances of his readiness to afford us every aid
+in his power. Nothing now remained to be ascertained, but the time in
+which the repairs could be made, and this depended on the state of
+their naval stores.
+
+Mr Bingham went with us to Port Royal, on a visit to the officers of
+government, (a compliment paid them by all strangers.) The Governor
+again assured him, that everything should be done for the ship that
+was possible, and some orders were given for the purpose. This passed,
+I believe, without M. Gerard's knowledge. About two hours after our
+arrival at Port Royal, he took me aside, observed that great
+difficulties and delays would attend the Confederacy's refitting
+there; that there were no masts or spars in store, and the expectation
+of supplies uncertain; that an old mast of a merchant-man had been
+purchased for one of their ships of war, and that a main yard for
+another had been made of four pieces for want of a proper spar, and,
+after some general hints about expenses, provision, &c. proposed, that
+the frigate should be provided with a new rudder, and proceed to
+America to refit. I objected, that, contrary to our expectations, the
+English had an acknowledged superiority in these seas; that three
+French frigates were at that instant flying from four ships of the
+line, which were in full chase of them; that a frigate under jury
+masts would find no safety in flight; that it would be more prudent
+for Captain Harding to remain here without being refitted, till he
+could get materials and supplies from America, or receive orders from
+Congress, than expose his ship to such imminent danger, and,
+therefore, that I could not possibly come into the measure he
+proposed.
+
+M. Gerard replied, that she might be convoyed to sea by the French
+squadron here; but this required no answer. It was not to be supposed,
+that the French squadron, which, in their present state of
+inferiority, choose to keep their eyes constantly on Port Royal, would
+expose themselves to very unequal combat, for no higher object than
+that of convoying the Confederacy seventy or eighty leagues off the
+coast, or, that if they did, she would then be out of that degree of
+danger, to which no ship in her condition ought to be exposed.
+Besides, I could not reconcile it to the wisdom of France long to
+leave their fleet here destitute of naval stores, or to disgust their
+allies by a conduct neither just nor politic. We agreed to leave the
+matter till the next day, when we expected to see the Admiral; but in
+an hour or two afterwards the Admiral came in; and a very little time
+elapsed when the Governor, and shortly after M. Gerard told me, the
+"_whole arrangement_ was completed; that the same attention should be
+paid to the Confederacy as if she had been a French frigate, and that
+the Aurora, of thirty odd guns, should carry us to France." The fact
+is, that the officers of government in general, and the Governor in
+particular, are strongly attached to everything that is American.
+
+Our agent here is in high estimation. I really believe, from
+everything I hear, that he has done his duty faithfully, and that he
+well deserves the notice and approbation of Congress. This leads me to
+take the liberty of remarking, that it would, probably, be much for
+the public interest, if Congress were to pay off all private debts due
+from them to subjects of France, and have none but national
+engagements with that kingdom. The debts unavoidably contracted here,
+for the outfit of the Deane, &c. ought certainly to be paid. Our
+credit and reputation suffer from such delay. We sail tomorrow
+morning, at six o'clock.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO ARTHUR LEE.
+
+                                            Cadiz, January 26th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As a knowledge of the measures you may have taken and the information
+you may have acquired, relative to the objects of your commission
+from the United States of America to conclude treaties with his
+Catholic Majesty, would probably enable me with greater facility and
+advantage to execute the duties of my appointment, permit me, Sir, to
+request the favor of you to communicate the same to me in such manner
+as you may judge most prudent.
+
+I have in my possession some letters directed to you; they are
+voluminous, and probably contain printed papers. They may also be
+confidential and important to you. Under these circumstances I can
+only judge of your inclination by what would be my own in a similar
+situation. I should wish that they might be detained till I could have
+an opportunity of directing the manner of their conveyance. Upon this
+principle they shall remain among my papers till I receive your orders
+what to do with them.[15]
+
+I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[15] See the answer to this letter in Arthur Lee's Correspondence,
+Vol. II, p. 276.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     TO THE COUNT DE VERGENNES.
+
+                                            Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+It is with very sensible pleasure that I commence a correspondence
+with a Minister, of whose disposition and abilities to promote the
+happiness of my country we have received repeated proofs, and on a
+subject that affords His Most Christian Majesty an opportunity of
+perceiving the desire and endeavors of the United States to become
+cordial and steadfast friends and allies to an illustrious branch of
+his royal house.
+
+By the treaties subsisting between His Most Christian Majesty and the
+United States of America, His Most Christian Majesty, in consequence
+of his intimate union with the King of Spain, did expressly reserve to
+his Catholic Majesty the power of acceding to the said treaties, and
+to participate in their stipulations at such time as he should judge
+proper. It being well understood, nevertheless, that if any of the
+said stipulations should not be agreeable to the King of Spain, his
+Catholic Majesty might propose other conditions analogous to the
+principal aim of the alliance, and conformable to the rules of equity,
+reciprocity, and friendship. And the Deputy of the said States,
+empowered to treat with Spain, did promise to sign, _on the first
+requisition_ of his Catholic Majesty, the act or acts necessary to
+communicate to him the stipulations of the treaties abovementioned,
+and to endeavor in good faith the adjustment of the points in which
+the King of Spain might propose any alteration, conformable to the
+principles of equality, reciprocity, and perfect amity.
+
+But as the above reservation has always been no less agreeable to the
+United States than to their great and good ally, both considerations
+conspired in inducing them to make the first advances towards
+attaining the object of it. And, therefore, instead of waiting till
+the requisitions mentioned in the said article should be made, they
+have thought proper to assure his Most Catholic Majesty, not only of
+their readiness to comply with the terms of it, but of their desire to
+obtain his confidence and alliance, by carrying it immediately into
+execution on the most liberal principles. Trusting also that the same
+wise reasons which induced his Most Christian Majesty to give birth
+to the said article, would lead him to facilitate the endeavors of his
+allies to execute it, they resolved that their desire to enter into
+the said treaties should be communicated to his Majesty, and that his
+favorable interposition should be requested.
+
+The more fully to effect these purposes, the Congress were pleased, in
+September last, to do me the honor of appointing me their Minister
+Plenipotentiary, and, in pursuance of this appointment, I sailed from
+America for France on the 26th of October last, with M. Gerard, who
+was so obliging as to wait till I could embark in the frigate assigned
+for his service. After being thirteen days at sea, the frigate was
+dismasted, and her rudder so much damaged that it was thought
+imprudent to proceed on our voyage. We therefore steered for
+Martinique, and arrived there on the 18th of December. I cannot, on
+this occasion, forbear expressing my warmest acknowledgments for the
+very polite attention and hospitality with which we were received and
+treated, both by the officers of government and many respectable
+inhabitants of that island. We left Martinique on the 28th day of the
+same month, in the Aurora, in which I expected to have gone to Toulon,
+but on touching at this place, it appeared that the further
+prosecution of our voyage had become impracticable, without running
+risks that could not be justified.
+
+Thus circumstanced, the respect due to his most Catholic Majesty
+demanded an immediate communication of my appointment and arrival,
+which I had the honor to make in a letter to his Excellency, Don
+Joseph Galvez, of the Council of his Catholic Majesty, and general
+Secretary of State for the Department of the Indies, of which the
+enclosed is a copy.
+
+Will you, therefore, Sir, be so obliging as to lay this circumstance
+before his Most Christian Majesty, and permit me through your
+Excellency to assure him of the desire of Congress to enter into a
+treaty of alliance, and of amity and commerce with his Catholic
+Majesty, and to request his favorable interposition for that purpose?
+
+I am happy in being able to assure you, that the United States
+consider a cordial union between France, Spain and them as a very
+desirable and most important object, and they view the provision,
+which his Most Christian Majesty has made for it by the abovementioned
+article, not only as evinsive of his attention to his royal ally; but
+of his regard to them.
+
+Under these views and these impressions, they are most sincerely
+disposed, by the liberality and candor of their conduct, to render the
+proposed treaties speedy in their accomplishment, and perpetual in
+their duration.
+
+Your Excellency will receive this letter by M. Gerard, who is so
+obliging as to take charge of it, and to whom the Congress have been
+pleased to give such ample testimonies of their esteem and confidence,
+as to enable him to exert his talents with great advantage on every
+occasion interesting to them.
+
+I cannot conclude without indulging myself in the pleasure of
+acknowledging how much we are indebted to the politeness and attention
+of the Marquis de La Flolte and the other officers of the Aurora,
+during the course of our voyage.
+
+With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+       TO DON JOSEPH GALVEZ, MINISTER OF THE SPANISH COURT.
+
+                                            Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Permit me through your Excellency to have the honor of representing to
+his most Catholic Majesty, that on the sixth day of February, 1778,
+the respective Plenipotentiaries of his most Christian Majesty, and
+the United States of America, by whom the treaties now subsisting
+between them were concluded, did make and subscribe a secret article
+in the words following, viz.
+
+"The Most Christian King declares, in consequence of the intimate
+union which subsists between him and the King of Spain, that in
+concluding with the United States of America this treaty of amity and
+commerce, and that of eventual and defensive alliance, his Majesty had
+intended, and intends to reserve expressly, as he reserves by this
+present separate and secret act, to his Catholic Majesty, the power of
+acceding to the said treaties and to participate in their
+stipulations, at such time as he shall judge proper. It being well
+understood, nevertheless, that if any of the stipulations of the said
+treaties are not agreeable to the King of Spain, his Catholic Majesty
+may propose other conditions analagous to the principal aim of the
+alliance, and conformable to the rules of equality, reciprocity and
+friendship. The deputies of the United States, in the name of their
+constituents, accept the present declaration to its full extent; and
+the deputy of the said States, who is fully empowered to treat with
+Spain, promises to sign, on the first requisition of his Catholic
+Majesty, the act or acts necessary to communicate to him the
+stipulations of the treaties above written. And the said deputy shall
+endeavor, in good faith, the adjustment of the points in which the
+King of Spain may propose any alteration, conformable to the
+principles of equality, reciprocity, and perfect amity; he the said
+deputy not doubting but the person or persons, empowered by his
+Catholic Majesty to treat with the United States, will do the same
+with regard to any alterations of the same kind, that may be thought
+necessary by the said Plenipotentiary of the United States."
+
+The Congress willing to manifest their readiness fully to comply with
+an article, which they have reason to believe particularly agreeable
+to their great and good ally, and being desirous of establishing
+perpetual amity and harmony with a Prince and nation whom they greatly
+respect, and with whom various circumstances lead them to wish for the
+most cordial and permanent friendship, have thought proper to request
+his most Catholic Majesty to accede to the said treaties, and thereby
+preclude the necessity of that measure's originating in the manner
+specified in the article. For this purpose they have done me the honor
+to appoint me Minister Plenipotentiary, and directed me to communicate
+to his Most Christian Majesty the desire of Congress on this subject,
+and to request his favorable interposition. They also made it my duty
+to give his Most Catholic Majesty the fullest assurances of their
+sincere disposition to cultivate his friendship and confidence; and
+authorised me, in their behalf, to enter into such treaties of
+alliance, amity, and commerce, as would become the foundations of
+perpetual peace to Spain and the United States, and the source of
+extensive advantages to both.
+
+Thus commissioned I embarked without delay on board the frigate, which
+had been appointed to carry the Sieur Gerard to France, and sailed
+with him for that kingdom, from Pennsylvania, on the 26th day of
+October last.
+
+But after having been thirteen days at sea, the frigate was dismasted,
+and her rudder so greatly injured, as to oblige us to alter our course
+and steer for Martinique. We arrived there on the 18th day of December
+last; and sailed from thence on the 28th day of the same month in a
+French frigate which was bound to Toulon, but had orders to touch at
+this port for intelligence. We arrived here the 22d instant, and
+received information of recent events, which rendered the further
+prosecution of our voyage too hazardous to be prudent.
+
+Providence having thus been pleased to bring me directly to Spain, the
+respect due to his most Catholic Majesty forbids me to postpone
+communicating to him my appointment and arrival; and the same motive
+will induce me to remain here till he shall be pleased to signify to
+me his pleasure. For although nothing would afford me more sensible
+pleasure, than the honor of presenting to his Majesty the despatches,
+which I am charged by Congress to deliver to him, yet on this, as on
+every other occasion, it shall be my study to execute the trust
+reposed in me, in the manner most pleasing to his Majesty, agreeable
+to the true intent and meaning of the article abovementioned.
+
+And that his most Christian Majesty may have the highest evidence of
+the intention and desire of Congress fully and faithfully to execute
+this article, I shall immediately do myself the honor of communicating
+the same, together with my appointment and arrival; and I flatter
+myself, that the request of Congress for his favorable interposition,
+will meet with the same friendly attention, which he has uniformly
+extended to all their concerns, and of which I am too sensible not to
+derive the highest satisfaction from acknowledging it on every
+occasion.
+
+Mr Carmichael, my Secretary, will have the honor of delivering this
+despatch to your Excellency, as well as of giving every information in
+his power to afford. This gentleman was a member of Congress at the
+time of his appointment, and will be able more fully to express the
+ardor with which the United States desire to establish a union with
+France and Spain, on principles productive of such mutual attachment
+and reciprocal benefits, as to secure to each the blessings of
+uninterrupted tranquillity.
+
+I have the honor to be, with great consideration and respect, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+P. S. I do myself the honor of transmitting to your Excellency,
+herewith enclosed, a copy of my letter to his Excellency the Count de
+Vergennes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                            Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This morning M. Gerard set out from this city for France, and Mr
+Carmichael, charged with despatches from me to the Spanish Ministry,
+accompanies him as far as Madrid.
+
+We arrived here the 22d inst. and I have been so much engaged ever
+since in preparing letters, &c. as not to have an opportunity of
+writing circumstantially to your Excellency by Captain Proctor, who I
+am told, is to sail early in the morning for the Delaware or
+Chesapeake.
+
+We left Martinique on the 28th of December, in the Aurora frigate,
+bound to Toulon. On touching here for intelligence we were informed
+that the enemy had acquired a decided superiority in the
+Mediterranean, and that the coast was infested by their cruisers, all
+of whom we had fortunately escaped. Hence it became improper for me to
+proceed to France by water, and it would in my opinion have been
+indelicate, and therefore imprudent to have passed silently through
+this kingdom to that, for the purpose of making a communication to his
+most Christian Majesty, which could be fully conveyed by paper. On
+this subject I shall take the liberty of making a few further remarks
+in a future letter.
+
+Congress will be enabled to judge of the propriety and plan of my
+conduct, from the papers herewith enclosed, viz. a copy of a letter to
+M. Galvez, the Spanish Minister; a copy of a letter to the Count de
+Vergennes; of both these I have sent copies to Dr Franklin; a copy of
+a letter to Mr Arthur Lee; and a copy of my instructions to Mr
+Carmichael.
+
+It is in pursuance of what appears to me to be my duty, that I shall
+render frequent, particular, and confidential accounts of my
+proceedings to Congress. I flatter myself care will be taken to
+prevent the return of them to Europe.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 INSTRUCTIONS TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                            Cadiz, January 27th, 1780.
+
+You will proceed to Madrid with convenient expedition, and, if M.
+Gerard, with whom you set out, should travel too deliberately, I
+advise you to go on before him. The propriety of this, however, will
+depend much on circumstances, and must be determined by your own
+discretion.
+
+On delivering my letter to M. Galvez, it would be proper to intimate,
+that I presumed it would be more agreeable to him to receive my
+despatches from you, who could give him information on many matters
+about which he might choose to inquire, than in the ordinary modes of
+conveyance. And it may not be amiss to let him know, that his not
+receiving notice of our arrival from me by M. Gerard's courier, was
+owing to a mistake between that gentleman and me.
+
+Treat the French Ambassador with great attention and candor, and that
+degree of confidence only, which prudence, and the alliance between us
+may prescribe. In your conversations with people about the Court,
+impress them with an idea of our strong attachment to France; yet, so
+as to avoid permitting them to imbibe an opinion of our being under
+the _direction_ of any counsels but our own. The former will induce
+them to think well of our constancy and good faith, the latter, of our
+independence and self respect.
+
+Discover, if possible, whether the Courts of Madrid and Versailles
+entertain, in any degree, the same mutual disgusts, which we are told
+prevail at present between the two nations, and be cautious when you
+tread on this delicate ground. It would also be useful to know who are
+the King's principal confidants, and the trains leading to each.
+
+To treat prudently with any nation, it is essential to know the state
+of its revenues. Turn your attention, therefore, to this object, and
+endeavor to learn whether the public expenditures consume their
+annual income, or whether there be any, and what overplus or
+deficiency, and the manner in which the former is disposed of or the
+latter supplied.
+
+If an opportunity should offer, inform yourself as to the regulations
+of the press at Madrid, and, indeed, throughout the kingdom; and the
+particular character of the person at the head of that department.
+Endeavor to find some person of adequate abilities and knowledge in
+the two languages, to translate English into Spanish with propriety,
+and, if possible, elegance. I wish also to know, which of the
+religious orders, and the individuals of it, are most esteemed and
+favored at Court.
+
+Mention, as matter of intelligence, rather than in the way of
+argument, the cruelties of the enemy, and the influence of that
+conduct on the passions of Americans. This will be the more necessary,
+as it seems we are suspected of retaining our former attachments to
+Britain.
+
+In speaking of American affairs, remember to do justice to Virginia,
+and the western country near the Mississippi. Recount their
+achievements against the savages, their growing numbers, extensive
+settlements, and aversion to Britain, for attempting to involve them
+in the horrors of an Indian war. Let it appear also from your
+representations, that ages will be necessary to settle those extensive
+regions.
+
+Let it be inferred from your conversation, that the expectations of
+America, as to my reception and success, are sanguine; that they have
+been rendered the more so by the suggestions of persons generally
+supposed to speak from authority, and that a disappointment would be
+no less unwelcome than unexpected.
+
+I am persuaded, that pains will be taken to delay my receiving a
+decided answer as to my reception, until the sentiments of France
+shall be known. Attempts will also be made to suspend the
+acknowledgment of our independence, on the condition of our acceding
+to _certain_ terms of treaty. Do nothing to cherish either of these
+ideas; but, without being explicit, treat the latter in a manner
+expressive of regret and apprehension, and seem to consider my
+reception as a measure, which we hoped would be immediately taken,
+although the business of the negotiation might be postponed till
+France could have an opportunity of taking the steps she might think
+proper on the occasion.
+
+You will offer to transmit to me any despatches, which M. Galvez may
+think proper to confide to you; or to return with them yourself, if
+more agreeable to him.
+
+You will be attentive to all other objects of useful information, such
+as the characters, views, and connexions of important individuals; the
+plan of operations for the next campaign; whether any, and what secret
+overtures have been made by Britain to France, or Spain, or by either
+of them to her, or each other; whether any of the other powers have
+manifested a disposition to take a part in the war; and whether it is
+probable that any, and which of them, will become mediators for a
+general peace, and on what plan. If the war should continue, it would
+be advantageous to know whether Spain means to carry on any serious
+operations for possessing herself of the Floridas, and banks of the
+Mississippi, &c. &c. &c.
+
+Although I have confidence in your prudence, yet permit me to
+recommend to you the greatest circumspection. Command yourself under
+every circumstance; on the one hand, avoid being suspected of
+servility, and on the other, let your temper be always even, and your
+attention unremitted.
+
+You will oblige me by being very regular and circumstantial in your
+correspondence, and commit nothing of a private nature to paper unless
+in cypher.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                          Madrid, February 15th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I arrived in this city late in the evening of the 11th, after a
+tedious and disagreeable journey. The next day, although much
+indisposed, I waited on the French Ambassador, who had by a message
+over night, requested M. Gerard to engage me to dinner. I was received
+by him and all his family in the most friendly manner, and was offered
+every service in his power, to render us without those personal
+professions, which give birth to many unmeaning words and more
+suspicion. Indeed, I have neither expressions nor time to represent
+the apparent candor and liberality of his sentiments. He entered fully
+into the good disposition of his Court, and informed me, that the
+King, as a further proof of his friendship for us, had agreed to pay
+us annually the additional sum of three millions of livres during the
+continuance of the war, in order to enable us to purchase the
+necessaries for our army, &c. &c. and that his Majesty had also
+determined to send a considerable marine and land force early in the
+year to America, to be at the disposition and under the direction of
+our General. Seventeen sail of the line, and four thousand troops, are
+also to be sent to the West Indies, if they have not already sailed.
+Judge after this, if attention, candor, and apparent unreservedness,
+were not the more necessary on my part.
+
+On inquiring, I found that M. Galvez was at the Pardo, about two
+leagues from Madrid, where the King resides at present, and in the
+course of conversation discovered, that the proper channel of address
+ought to have been through the Count de Florida Blanca.
+
+The Ambassador offered to introduce me, but as this could not be done
+with propriety without previous application, he undertook to make it
+the day following, and to fix the time for my reception by both, and I
+think the manner will be the sole difficulty.
+
+Among other circumstances, which induce this conclusion, is the
+certain knowledge I have obtained, that M. Mirales received
+instructions several months past to enter into engagements with
+Congress, to take into pay a body of troops to assist in the conquest
+of Florida. Your own good sense will point out the use, which may be
+made of this intelligence. It answers to the point of the
+instructions, which I had the honor to receive from you. The short
+time I have been in this city has not hitherto given me an opportunity
+of writing so circumstantially as I could wish, in the matters
+abovementioned, and much less of giving a decided opinion on many
+objects contained in your instructions. I find, however, hitherto no
+difficulty in acquiring in time a knowledge on most of the subjects
+recommended to my attention.
+
+I have reason to believe, that the same disgusts do not subsist
+between the Crowns as between the nations, but the most perfect
+harmony and good understanding.
+
+I have been positively assured, and from good authority, that no
+overtures have been made for peace.
+
+The Dutch are arming, which is a circumstance in our favor, as their
+preparations originate from their discontent with England, on account
+of the late affair of the convoy.
+
+Mr Harrison is here, and proposes to proceed to Cadiz next week, which
+will furnish me a good opportunity of writing to you. I enclose you
+the last paper received from America; the people were in high spirits,
+and everything in a good state in the beginning of January.
+
+I cannot conclude without mentioning the very polite manner in which
+the French Ambassador offered his personal civilities in everything,
+that depended on him, to be useful to you in this place.
+
+M. Gerard will write to you himself, yet I must do him the justice to
+mention his personal kindness to me, and the candid representations he
+has made in every public company here of the prosperous situation of
+our affairs.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Cadiz, February 20th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The papers herewith enclosed are duplicates of those, which I had the
+honor of transmitting to your Excellency by Captain Desaussure. As yet
+I have received no intelligence from Madrid, owing I believe to the
+extreme badness of the roads.
+
+When at Martinique, I informed Congress by letter, dated the 25th of
+December last, that I had drawn a bill in favor of the officers of the
+Confederacy on Dr Franklin, for one hundred guineas. At the time that
+letter was written, I had made the officers that promise, and had
+directed the bills to be made out accordingly, but just as I was
+coming away and closing accounts with Mr Bingham, he, perceiving that
+the money I was about to draw for the officers was to come out of my
+salary, in the first instance, was so obliging as to offer to advance
+that sum on the credit of Congress, and thereby save me the necessity
+of drawing. I accepted his offer, and gave notice of it to the
+officers by Mr Lawrence, the clerk of the frigate.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                           Pardo, February 24th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Having received by the hands of Don Joseph de Galvez, the letter which
+your Excellency sent by Mr Carmichael, and having communicated the
+contents to his Majesty, I have it in command to inform you, that his
+Majesty highly approves the choice, which the American Congress have
+made of you to the trust mentioned in your letter, as well on account
+of the high estimation in which his Majesty holds the members who made
+the choice, as the information he has received of your probity,
+talents, and abilities. His Majesty also received with pleasure the
+information of the desire which the Colonies have to form a connexion
+with Spain, of whose good disposition they have already received
+strong proofs. Nevertheless, his Majesty thinks it necessary in the
+first place, that the manner, the forms, and the mutual correspondence
+should be settled, upon which that Union must be founded, which the
+United States of America desire to establish with this monarchy. For
+this purpose there is no obstacle to your Excellency's coming to this
+Court, in order to explain your intentions and those of the Congress,
+and to hear those of his Majesty, and by that means settling a basis
+upon which a perfect friendship may be established, and also its
+extent and consequences.
+
+His Majesty thinks, that until these points are settled, as he hopes
+they will be, it is not proper for your Excellency to assume a formal
+character, which must depend on a public acknowledgment and future
+treaty. But your Excellency may be assured of the sincerity and good
+dispositions of his Majesty towards the United States, and of his
+earnest desire to remove every difficulty, for the mutual happiness of
+them and of this monarchy. This has been intimated to Mr Carmichael,
+who can communicate the same to your Excellency, to whom I beg leave
+to make a tender of my service, being, &c.
+
+                                              COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+                                           Cadiz, February 25th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 15th instant was delivered to me last evening. I
+congratulate you on your safe arrival, and hope the agreeable
+circumstances of your present situation will compensate for the
+fatigue and trouble you experienced on the way to it.
+
+It gives me pleasure to hear the French Ambassador has been so
+obliging, and I am glad to find from your letter, that your
+attentions to him at least keep pace with his civilities, especially
+as you are no stranger to the distinction between the candor and
+politeness of a gentleman, and that unbounded confidence which is
+seldom necessary.
+
+The intelligence you received from him is so agreeable and so
+interesting, that although the nature of it leaves me no room to doubt
+of this having been signified by the Court of France to Congress,
+either through Dr Franklin or the Count de la Luzerne, yet as
+unexpected accidents may have retarded its arrival, I shall also
+transmit it by a vessel, which will sail in a few days for Boston.
+
+I regret your not having been more particular on the subject of the
+mistake you have been led to suppose in the direction of my letter, as
+I wish to have the means of determining whether it was from decisive
+authority that M. Gerard, whose opinion I requested on that subject,
+without hesitation told me, that M. Galvez was the Minister with whom
+all business with the United States was to be transacted, and urged
+several reasons for his being of that opinion. From that gentleman's
+knowledge of the Courts of Europe, and the departments established for
+the despatch of business in each, particularly with that of Madrid,
+with which his Court had been so long and so intimately acquainted, I
+was induced to desire and confide in his information on that point.
+Very conclusive reasons, therefore, are necessary to induce a belief
+of his having been mistaken. But as it is of importance that all
+errors of this kind be known, and, if possible, corrected, I must
+request your attention to this matter in your next.
+
+I am at a loss to determine from your letter whether or not you have
+sent my despatches to M. Galvez. From your not having seen that
+gentleman, nor expecting to be introduced to him till the 17th
+instant, I conjecture that my letter did not reach him till that day;
+if so, I fear the delay will appear as singular to him as I confess it
+does to me. It does the more so to me, as my letter would have
+introduced you, and as you were apprised of my apprehension that pains
+would be taken to delay my receiving a decided answer, as to my
+reception, until the sentiments of France should be known. Perhaps the
+advice you received, as to the time and manner most proper for the
+delivery of it, was a little influenced by a desire of gaining time. I
+wished to have felt the pulse of Spain, and, by their conduct on this
+occasion, to have been enabled to determine whether their councils,
+with respect to the United States, are in any and in what degree
+independent of those of France, or whether directed by them. This
+would have been very useful in the further progress of the business,
+and might have been easily obtained, had my letter been delivered
+immediately on your arrival, because in that case, before the
+sentiments of the French Court could have been asked and received,
+sufficient time would have elapsed to justify your applying to M.
+Galvez for an answer; and, whatever that might have been, certain
+inferences would have been deducible from it. For these reasons, and
+not from an expectation of opposition from France, I regret this
+delay. But as my conjectures may prove groundless, and if just, you
+may have very cogent reasons, I forbear further remarks till I shall
+again have the pleasure of hearing from you.
+
+Are you sure that the intelligence you heard respecting M. Mirales is
+_certain_? I am sorry by this question to lengthen your next letter,
+especially as writing in cypher is tedious and disagreeable. But that
+intelligence is important; if credited, it may have an influence on
+American measures, which, if it should be groundless, might be
+injurious. The transmission of information to Congress, by which their
+councils and determinations may be affected, is a very delicate
+business, and demands the greatest care and precision. It is not
+uncommon, you know, for one gentleman to think a matter certain, which
+another of no greater discernment, and judging by the same evidence,
+will deem somewhat doubtful. I would choose, therefore, with respect
+to all interesting intelligence, and particularly such as I may
+transmit to Congress, to possess as far as possible every circumstance
+necessary to form a judgment of its credibility, such as the rank and
+character of the informants, and the means they have of acquiring the
+information they give, that I may represent it as entitled to that
+degree of credit only, which, on full consideration, it may appear to
+deserve. I observe this less with reference to the case in question
+than as a general rule. Besides, as we correspond in cypher, no danger
+can result from being explicit.
+
+I am well satisfied that the short time you had been at Madrid did not
+admit of your writing on the several subjects contained in your
+instructions, on all of which, if allowed sufficient time, I am
+persuaded you will be able to obtain important information. However,
+as the object of your going to Madrid was to prevent delays in my
+receiving an answer to the letter to M. Galvez, the other
+instructions, however important, are to be considered as secondary,
+and though I wish that great and constant attention may be paid them,
+yet by no means to the neglect or prejudice of the first.
+
+I am much obliged to you for the American paper enclosed in your
+letter. Everything from our country is interesting. If you should find
+any more of them, whose contents afford either information or
+entertainment, send them, and you shall receive from me all I may meet
+with here, which come under that description.
+
+The letter you gave me reason to expect from M. Gerard has not yet
+arrived; perhaps the next post will bring it. On the first occasion I
+have of writing to him, I shall take the liberty of mentioning the
+sense you have of his personal kindness and attention to you.
+
+The polite offers of the French Ambassador to be useful to me in all
+things that depend on him at Madrid, as well as his civilities to you,
+demand my acknowledgments, which I must beg the favor of you to
+present to him.
+
+I am, Dear Sir, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Cadiz, February 29th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency in the enclosed
+papers,[16] all the intelligence I have received from Madrid. Mr
+Secretary Thompson will decypher them. An opinion begins to prevail,
+that America will be the theatre of war the ensuing campaign, and that
+the islands there will be the principal objects of contention.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[16] See above, p. 207, Mr Carmichael's letter, dated February 15th,
+and Mr Jay's reply, p. 211, dated February 25th. See also a letter in
+_Carmichael's Correspondence_, dated February 18th.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                                Cadiz, March 3d, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Agreeably to my promise to the Marquis de la Flotte, I must inform
+your Excellency, that a Monsieur Jean Guy Guatier, merchant at
+Barcelona, recommended to the Marquis by Monsieur Aubere, the French
+consul there, is desirous of becoming the consul of the United States
+at that port. He had been encouraged, as M. Aubere says, to expect
+this appointment by Dr Franklin, but as he supposed my arrival would
+prevent the Doctor's interference, it became necessary to make the
+application to me. I told the Marquis that my commission did not
+authorise me to comply with his request, and that all I could do would
+be to mention his friend's application to Congress.
+
+How far it may be proper to grant appointments of this sort to any but
+citizens of America, is a question whose importance will not, I am
+persuaded, escape the notice of Congress. A sensible, active consul is
+a very useful officer in many respects, and has many opportunities of
+doing essential services to those who employ him, or to whom he may be
+most attached. It is most certain, that for want of proper persons
+appointed to take care of our distressed seamen, who, escaping from
+captivity at Lisbon, Gibraltar, &c. daily arrive here, America loses
+many of them. Humanity as well as policy calls for this provision. I
+have some of them now with me, destitute of bread and money, and
+almost of clothes, and of the means of getting either, unless by
+entering into the French or Spanish service. Such as may arrive here
+after my going to Madrid will be friendless unless I employ some
+person to take a little care of them, which I shall take the liberty
+of doing, being fully persuaded that the same principles which press
+me into that measure will induce Congress to approve it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                                Cadiz, March 3d, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Captain Morgan being still here, waiting for a fair wind, I have an
+opportunity of transmitting to your Excellency a copy of a letter[17]
+just come to hand from the Count de Florida Blanca, in answer to mine
+to M. Galvez.
+
+Being apprehensive that if present I should probably be amused with
+verbal answers capable of being explained away if necessary, until the
+two courts could have time to consult and decide on their measures, I
+thought it more prudent that my first application should be by letter
+rather than in person.
+
+The answer in question, divested of the gloss which its politeness
+spreads over it, gives us, I think, to understand, that our
+independence shall be acknowledged, provided we accede to certain
+terms of treaty, but not otherwise; so that the acknowledgment is not
+to be made because we are independent, which would be candid and
+liberal, but because of the previous considerations we are to give for
+it, which is consistent with the principles on which nations usually
+act.
+
+I shall proceed immediately to Madrid. There are many reasons
+(hereafter to be explained,) which induce me to suspect that France is
+determined to manage between us, so as to make us debtors to their
+influence and good correspondence with Spain for every concession on
+her part, and to make Spain hold herself obligated to their influence
+and good correspondence with us for every concession on our part.
+Though this may puzzle the business, I think it also promotes it.
+
+M. Gerard has often endeavored to persuade me, that a certain
+resolution of Congress would, if persisted in, ruin the business,
+which however he did not appear much inclined to believe, but, on the
+contrary, that if every other matter was adjusted you would not part
+on that point. I assured him that ground had, in my opinion, been
+taken with too much deliberation now to be quitted, and that
+expectations of that kind would certainly deceive those who trusted
+them. And, indeed, as affairs are now circumstanced, it would, in my
+opinion, be better for America to have no treaty with Spain, than to
+purchase one on such servile terms. There was a time when it might
+have been proper to have given that country something for their making
+common cause with us, but that day is now past. Spain is at war with
+Britain.
+
+I do not like the cypher in which I write, and shall therefore defer
+further particulars till Mr Thompson shall receive the one now sent
+him.
+
+I have the honor to be, with great respect and esteem, your
+Excellency's most obedient servant,
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[17] See this letter above, dated February 24th, p. 210.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, April 6th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+We beg leave to congratulate your Excellency on your safe arrival in
+Europe. By principle warmly attached to the American cause, we could
+wish that we saw our States in a situation to acknowledge the
+independence of their sister Republic, and though we could only
+cultivate private connexions as yet, we took the liberty to address
+some intelligence to your Excellency when President of Congress. We
+should reckon ourselves extremely happy to know whether our letter
+came to hand before your Excellency left Philadelphia, and whether we
+may form any hopes that our zeal may prove successful for the benefit,
+as we intended, of both countries.
+
+Meanwhile we have the honor to be, with all possible regard, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    ANSWER TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+                                             Madrid, April 27th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 6th instant,
+and am much obliged by your kind congratulations on my arrival in
+Europe.
+
+The letters you mention to have written to Congress had been received
+before I left Philadelphia, and referred to a committee. This mark of
+attention was justly due to the interest you take in the American
+cause, and the disposition you manifest to serve it. I presume that
+the committee soon made a report, and that answers to your letters
+have been written, although perhaps the many hazards to which letters
+from America are exposed may have prevented their reaching you.
+
+When the rulers of your republic recollect in what manner and on what
+occasion they became free, I am persuaded they cannot but wish
+duration to our independence, nor forbear considering it as an event
+no less interesting to every commercial nation in Europe than
+important to America. These and similar considerations, added to the
+injustice they daily experience from England, will, I hope, induce
+them to call to mind that spirit of their forefathers, which acquired
+a glorious participation in the empire of the ocean, and laid the
+foundation of the commerce, affluence, and consideration they
+transmitted to their posterity.
+
+Permit me to assure you that I shall consider your correspondence as a
+favor, and that I am, with great respect, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 26th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since my departure from America I have had the honor of writing the
+following letters to your Excellency, viz. 20th, 22d, 24th, 25th,
+25th, 26th and 27th of December, 1779, from Martinique; and 27th of
+January, 20th, 28th and 29th of February, and 3d of March, 1780, from
+Cadiz. I am still uncertain whether any, and which of them, have come
+to your hands, and request the favor of particular information on this
+subject.
+
+Of such of them as respect immediately the business committed to me I
+now send duplicates, as well as copies of such other papers as, taken
+collectively, will give Congress a full and accurate state of their
+affairs here.
+
+This packet, of which an exact copy goes by another vessel, will
+appear voluminous. It will nevertheless be found interesting. I have
+interspersed such observations as to me appeared proper for the
+purpose of explanation.
+
+On the 22d of January, 1780, I arrived at Cadiz, without letters of
+credit or recommendation to any person there. The Chevalier Roche (a
+passenger with us) was so obliging as to procure me credit for about
+two hundred pounds sterling with a relation of his, to whom I was
+obliged to give a bill on Dr Franklin at a more than usual short
+sight. I afterwards became acquainted with the house of Le Couteulx
+and Company, who offered me what money I might want, and furnished me
+accordingly, with great cheerfulness. I was very disagreeably
+circumstanced.
+
+Finding reports ran hard against American credit, and that bills on Dr
+Franklin were held very cheap, by reason of his having, as was there
+said, postponed, delayed, and in some instances refused payment of
+them, on very frivolous pretences, I did, on the 26th of January,
+1780, inform him by letter of my arrival, and of these reports.
+
+In answer to this, the Doctor, on the 7th of April, 1780, wrote me a
+very friendly letter, asserting these reports to be false, and
+enclosing a certificate of his banker, which proved them to be so. Of
+this I have made the proper use, and as the same reports prevailed in
+Martinique, and probably in the other islands, I wish the remedy to be
+as extensive as the mischief, and therefore transmit the following
+extract from his letter on that subject, and a copy of the certificate
+mentioned in it.
+
+        _Extract of a Letter from his Excellency Dr Franklin,
+                      dated April 7th, 1780._
+
+    "The reports you tell me prevail at Cadiz, that the Loan
+    Office Bills, payable in France, have not been duly honored,
+    are wicked falsehoods. Not one of them, duly endorsed by the
+    original proprietor, was ever refused by me, or the payment
+    delayed a moment. And the few not so endorsed have been also
+    paid on the guarantee of the presenter, or some person of
+    known credit. No reason whatever has been given for refusing
+    payment of a bill, except this very good one that either the
+    first, second, third or fourth of the same set had been
+    already paid. The pretence that it was necessary for the
+    whole set to arrive before the money could be paid, is too
+    absurd and ridiculous for anyone to make use of, who knows
+    anything of the nature of exchange. The unexpected large
+    draughts made upon me by Congress and others, exclusive of
+    these from the Loan Office, have indeed sometimes embarrassed
+    me not a little, and put me to difficulties. But I have
+    overcome those difficulties, so as never to have been obliged
+    to make the smallest excuse, or desire the least delay of
+    payment from any presenter of such bills. Those reports must
+    therefore have been contrived by enemies to our country, or
+    by persons who proposed an advantage to themselves by
+    purchasing them at an under rate. Enclosed I send you a
+    certificate of our banker in refutation of those calumnies."
+
+
+              _Copy of the abovementioned Certificate._
+
+                           Translation.
+
+    "I, the subscriber, banker at Paris, and alone charged with
+    the payment of the bills of the Loan Office, declare, that I
+    have paid, without exception or delay, all such bills to this
+    date, accepted by his Excellency Dr Franklin; that, to my
+    knowledge, no such bill has been refused payment; but that
+    several have been presented after they had been once paid.
+
+    "I declare further, that whatever is contradictory to this
+    present is false.
+
+    "In testimony of which I have here signed my name at Paris,
+    this 15th of March, 1780.
+
+                                                          GRAND."
+
+It appearing to me of importance that I should as soon as possible be
+informed of the measures, which Mr Arthur Lee might have taken leading
+to a treaty between the United States and Spain, I did, on the 26th of
+January, 1780, write him a letter, of which the following is a
+copy.[18]
+
+Mr Lee, in answer to this, wrote me a polite letter on the 17th of
+March, 1780. The following is a copy of it.[19]
+
+As, for reasons, which will appear in the course of the following
+papers, and which I hope will meet with the approbation of Congress,
+it became proper for me to remain in Spain, I apprised the Court of
+France of it by a letter to his Excellency the Count de Vergennes, on
+the 27th of January, 1780, of which the following is a copy.[20]
+
+The Count's answer to this is in the following words.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                   "Versailles, March 13th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have received your favor of the 27th of January, and I am
+    fully sensible of the confidence you have reposed in me, by
+    communicating to me the object of your mission. You know too
+    well the attachment of his Majesty to the United States, not
+    to feel assured that he sincerely wishes you success, and
+    will be eager to contribute to it. The Count de Montmorin has
+    received instructions accordant with this disposition, and I
+    do not doubt that your confidence in him will enable him to
+    fulfil them to your entire satisfaction.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   DE VERGENNES."
+
+On the 9th of May, 1780, I replied to the Count as follows.
+
+                                        "Aranjues, May 9th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "The letter which your Excellency did me the honor to write
+    me, on the 13th of March last, was delivered to me by the
+    Count de Montmorin on my arrival at Madrid.
+
+    "I should not have thus long delayed the pleasure of replying
+    to it, if I could have prevailed upon myself to have given
+    your Excellency complimentary professions, instead of sincere
+    assurances. Unreserved confidence in an Ambassador of our
+    great and good ally was just, as well as natural; and I am
+    exceedingly happy to find that personal considerations,
+    instead of forbidding, prompt it. M. Gerard, whose judgment I
+    greatly respect, had given me a very favorable impression of
+    this gentleman, and I am convinced from my own observation,
+    that he was not mistaken. His conduct towards me has been
+    that of a wise minister, and a candid gentleman. Your
+    Excellency may therefore rely upon his receiving all that
+    confidence from me, which these considerations dictate.
+    Permit me to add, that I never indulge myself in
+    contemplating the future happiness and independence of my
+    country, without feeling the warmest attachment to the Prince
+    and people, who are making such glorious exertions to
+    establish them.
+
+    "With the most lively sentiments of respect and esteem, I
+    have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+I requested the favor of M. Gerard to inform me, to which of the
+Ministers of Spain it would be proper to address any letters, which I
+might think proper to write to that court. He told me M. Galvez, and
+enumerated his reasons for thinking so. On the 27th of January, 1780,
+I wrote a letter to that Minister. The following is a copy of it.[21]
+
+Mr Carmichael was the bearer of this letter, and as his going to
+Madrid to expedite an answer to it would give him an opportunity of
+acquiring, as well as giving information on several subjects, I gave
+him the following instructions.[22]
+
+I have desired Mr Carmichael, for greater certainty, to give me notes
+in writing of all the information he gained in pursuance of these
+instructions, but he has postponed it for the sake of enlarging them
+by some important additions.
+
+My letter to M. Galvez was answered the 24th of February, 1780, by the
+Count de Florida Blanca, in the words following, viz.[23]
+
+To this letter I replied as follows, viz.
+
+                                         "Cadiz, March 6th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have been honored with your Excellency's favor of the
+    24th ultimo, which did not come to my hands till sometime
+    after its arrival.
+
+    "The sentiments which his Majesty is pleased to entertain of
+    me, together with the polite manner in which your Excellency
+    has been so obliging as to express them, demand my warmest
+    acknowledgments, and give additional force to the many
+    motives, which render me desirous of a permanent union
+    between his Majesty and the United States.
+
+    "The honor and probity, which have ever characterised the
+    conduct of Spain, together with the exalted reputation his
+    Majesty has acquired, by being an eminent example of both,
+    have induced the people of the United States to repose the
+    highest confidence in the proofs they have received of his
+    friendly disposition towards them; and to consider every
+    engagement with this monarchy as guarantied by that faith,
+    and secured by that ingenuousness, which have so gloriously
+    distinguished his Majesty and this kingdom among the other
+    Princes and nations of the earth.
+
+    "Permit me to request the favor of your Excellency to assure
+    his Majesty, that the people of the United States are
+    convinced, that virtue alone can animate and support their
+    governments; and that they can in no other way establish and
+    perpetuate a national character, honorable to themselves and
+    their posterity, than by an unshaken adherence to the rules
+    which religion, morality, and treaties may prescribe for
+    their conduct. His royal mind may also be persuaded, that
+    gratitude will never cease to add the influence of
+    inclination to the power of dignity, in rendering them
+    solicitous for the happiness and prosperity of those generous
+    nations, who nobly strengthened their opposition to a torrent
+    of oppression, and kindly aided in freeing them from the
+    bondage of a nation, whose arrogance and injustice had become
+    destructive of the rights of mankind, and dangerous to the
+    peace and tranquillity of Christendom.
+
+    "Having therefore the most perfect conviction, that the
+    candor and benignity of his Majesty's intentions are equal to
+    the uprightness and sincerity of those of Congress, I shall
+    set out in a few days for Madrid, with the pleasing
+    expectation that there will be little delay or difficulty in
+    adjusting the terms of a union between a magnanimous Monarch
+    and a virtuous people, who wish to obtain, by an alliance
+    with each other, only reciprocal benefits and mutual
+    advantages.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, with perfect respect and
+    consideration, your Excellency's most obedient, and most
+    humble servant,
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+On the 4th of April, 1780, I arrived at Madrid, and Mr Carmichael
+delivered to me the following questions from the Count de Florida
+Blanca, to which he had declined giving answers, viz.
+
+       _Questions from the Count de Florida Blanca, dated the
+                        9th of March, 1780._
+
+                            Translation.
+
+    "Before entering into a discussion with Mr Jay or Mr
+    Carmichael, jointly or separately, on the subject of the
+    affairs of the United States of North America, and their
+    mutual interest with respect to Spain, it is judged
+    indispensable at Madrid, that the Catholic King should be
+    exactly informed of the civil and military state of the
+    American Provinces, and of their resources to continue the
+    present war, not only for the defence of their own liberty,
+    but also with respect to the aid and succors they may be able
+    to afford Spain in its operations, in case hereafter this
+    Crown should become the ally of America. The _Civil Affairs_
+    ought to comprehend,
+
+    "1st. A true account of the population and form of government
+    of each Province of the Union, and the resolution of the
+    inhabitants to continue the war with vigor, as long as it is
+    necessary.
+
+    "2dly. Whether there is any powerful party in favor of
+    England, and what consequences are to be apprehended from it;
+    whether the heads of this party suffer themselves to be
+    seduced by the great promises of the British government.
+
+    "3dly. A statement of the revenues of these Provinces, and of
+    their ability to contribute to the general expense; to which
+    may be added, whether they will be able long to support this
+    burthen, and even to increase it should it be judged
+    necessary.
+
+    "4thly. A statement of the public debts, and of the
+    particular debts of each State, taken collectively or
+    separately, of their resources to lessen them, and the
+    possibility of their being able to support their credit in
+    all the operations of government, in the commerce of their
+    inhabitants, and above all in the protection of national
+    industry.
+
+    "5thly. By what means, or with what branches of commerce,
+    will the States of America have it in their power to
+    indemnify Spain, whenever this power may second the views and
+    operations of the Americans; and particularly the Court
+    wishes to know, whether it may be convenient for the said
+    States to furnish ships of war of the best construction for
+    the Spanish marine, and likewise timber and other articles
+    for the King's arsenals, and the whole without loss of time,
+    and fixing the terms on which they would make an agreement of
+    this nature, and who would be commissioned to bring the
+    vessels and these naval stores to Spain.
+
+    "With respect to the _Military State_ of America, it is
+    necessary to be informed first, of the number and strength of
+    the different bodies of troops armed by the Provinces, and of
+    their present situation, in order to judge whether they are
+    sufficient to oppose the enemy wherever they may go, and
+    particularly in Carolina and Georgia.
+
+    "Further, it may be expedient to know the means of augmenting
+    the American army in case it is necessary, or to keep it
+    always on the same footing, notwithstanding its daily losses.
+    In what condition their clothing and arms are at present;
+    whether they are partly in want of those articles, and how
+    much it would require to remedy those defects.
+
+    "The subsistence of an army being an object of the greatest
+    consequence, the Court desires to know if proper measures
+    have been taken for that purpose, that it may be ascertained
+    whether it can act everywhere, if necessary, even in the
+    above mentioned Provinces, without danger of being in want of
+    necessaries.
+
+    "It is highly essential for the Provinces of America to keep
+    a marine to act against the common enemy, and to secure their
+    own possessions during the present war. The Spanish Minister
+    therefore is desirous of knowing its strength, including the
+    armed vessels belonging to individuals, and by what means it
+    may be augmented, and what succors will be necessary for that
+    purpose.
+
+    "The Court of Spain, desirous of information on these
+    subjects with all possible frankness and precision, does not
+    pretend to dive into matters, which Mr Jay or Mr Carmichael
+    may regard as reserved to themselves. Its only aim is to be
+    acquainted with the present state of the American forces,
+    their resources, and ability to continue the war, so that if
+    it was in consideration for new allies to supply them with
+    succors of any kind, the former might be able to plan on
+    solid grounds their operations convenient for the common
+    cause, and for the particular advantage of these States,
+    without running the risk of being misled by false
+    calculations for want of foresight and proper information."
+
+    "_Pardo, March 9th, 1780._"
+
+My answer to these questions is contained in a letter I wrote to the
+Count de Florida Blanca, on the 25th of April, 1780; the removal of
+the Court to Aranjues, and his attending the King at that time at an
+annual chase, rendering it useless, and perhaps improper, to endeavor
+to call his attention to these matters sooner. The following is a copy
+of it.
+
+                                       "Madrid, April 25th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "Mr Carmichael has delivered to me a paper he had the honor
+    of receiving from your Excellency before my arrival here,
+    containing heads of many important inquiries respecting which
+    it was thought necessary, that his Catholic Majesty should be
+    exactly informed before entering into a discussion with me
+    and Mr Carmichael jointly or separately, on the subject of
+    the affairs of the United States of North America, and their
+    mutual interest with respect to Spain; but that the Court,
+    though desirous of information on these several articles,
+    with all possible frankness and precision, did not mean to
+    dive into matters which Mr Carmichael and myself might regard
+    as reserved to ourselves only.
+
+    "Being persuaded, that direct and accurate information
+    respecting the nature and extent of the commissions given to
+    that gentleman and myself, would be very agreeable to your
+    Excellency, I take the liberty of transmitting the following
+    copies of each.
+
+    'The delegates of the United States of New Hampshire,
+    Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
+    Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
+    Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
+    Georgia, in Congress assembled, to all who shall see these
+    presents, Greeting.
+
+    'Whereas an intercourse between the subjects of his Catholic
+    Majesty, and the citizens of these United States, founded on
+    the principles of equality, reciprocity, and friendship, may
+    be of mutual advantage to both nations, and it being the
+    sincere desire of the United States to enter into a treaty of
+    alliance and of amity and commerce with his Catholic Majesty,
+    know ye, therefore, that we, confiding in the integrity,
+    prudence, and ability of the Honorable John Jay, late
+    President of Congress, and Chief Justice of the State of New
+    York, have nominated and constituted, and by these presents
+    do nominate and constitute him, the said John Jay, our
+    Minister Plenipotentiary; giving him full power general and
+    special to act in that quality, to confer, treat, agree, and
+    conclude, with the Ambassador or Plenipotentiary of his
+    Catholic Majesty vested with equal powers, of and concerning
+    a treaty of amity and commerce, and of alliance, and whatever
+    shall be so agreed and concluded for us and in our names, to
+    sign, and thereupon make such treaty or treaties, conventions
+    and agreements, as he shall judge conformable to the ends we
+    have in view, in as ample form, and with the same effect, as
+    if we were personally present and acted therein, hereby
+    promising in good faith, that we will accept, ratify, fulfil,
+    and execute whatever shall be agreed, concluded, and signed
+    by our said Minister Plenipotentiary, and that we will never
+    act, nor suffer any person to act, contrary to the same in
+    the whole, or in any part.
+
+    'In witness whereof, we have caused these presents to be
+    given in Congress, at Philadelphia, the 29th day of
+    September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
+    and seventynine, and the fourth year of the independence of
+    the United States of America.
+
+      'Signed by the President, and sealed with his seal.
+
+               'SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+      'Attest, CHARLES THOMSON, _Secretary_.'
+
+
+    'The United States of America, in Congress assembled. To the
+    Honorable William Carmichael, a delegate in Congress from the
+    State of Maryland. Greeting.
+
+    'We, reposing especial trust and confidence in your
+    patriotism, ability, conduct, and fidelity, do, by these
+    presents, constitute and appoint you, during our pleasure,
+    Secretary to our Minister Plenipotentiary, appointed to
+    negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce, and of alliance
+    with his Catholic Majesty. You are, therefore, carefully and
+    diligently to discharge the duty of Secretary, by doing and
+    performing all things thereunto belonging, and, in case of
+    the death of our said Minister, you are to signify it to us
+    by the earliest opportunity, and on such event, we authorise
+    and direct you to take into your charge all our public
+    affairs, which were in the hands of said Minister at the time
+    of his death, or which may be addressed to him before notice
+    thereof, and proceed therein, according to the instructions
+    to our said Minister given, until our further orders.
+
+    'Witness, his Excellency, Samuel Huntington, President of the
+    Congress of the United States of America, at Philadelphia,
+    the 29th day of September, in the year of our Lord, 1779, and
+    in the fourth year of our independence.
+
+                                 'SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+       'Attest, CHARLES THOMSON, _Secretary_.'
+
+    "The inquiries in question are numerous and important. They
+    do honor to the sagacity which suggested them, and, if fully
+    answered, would produce a very interesting history of the
+    present condition of the American States. On some of the
+    subjects proposed, I can give your Excellency full and
+    positive intelligence; on others, only general and by no
+    means precise information. On all, however, I shall write
+    with candor.
+
+    "Such is the nature of the American governments and
+    confederacy, that the Congress, and all other rulers of the
+    people, are responsible to them for their conduct, and cannot
+    withhold from their constituents a knowledge of their true
+    situation, without subjecting themselves to all the evils,
+    which they experience, who substitute cunning in the place of
+    wisdom. Hence it is, that a knowledge of their affairs is
+    easily attainable by all who will be at the trouble of
+    collecting it, and as it is neither the policy nor
+    inclination of America to draw a veil over any part of their
+    affairs, your Excellency may be persuaded, that every
+    consideration forbids their servants, by a suppression, or
+    misrepresentation of facts, to deceive or mislead those whose
+    amity they so sincerely endeavor to cultivate, as they do
+    that of Spain.
+
+                I. THE CIVIL STATE OF NORTH AMERICA.
+
+    "Your Excellency has with great propriety arranged the
+    subjects of your inquiry under two heads; the _Civil_ and
+    _Military_ States of North America. The first of these is
+    again branched into several subdivisions, at the head of
+    which, is the
+
+                     _Population of each State._
+
+    "The exact number of inhabitants in the United States has
+    not, I believe, been ascertained by an actual census in more
+    than two or three of them. The only computation made by
+    Congress was on the 29th of July, 1775; the manner and
+    occasion of which exclude every suspicion of its exceeding
+    the true number. Congress had emitted bills of credit to a
+    very considerable amount, and were apprised of the necessity
+    of emitting more. Justice demanded that this debt should be
+    apportioned among the States according to their respective
+    abilities; an equitable rule whereby to determine that
+    ability became indispensable. After much consideration,
+    Congress resolved, 'that the proportion, or quota of each
+    Colony, should be determined according to the number of the
+    inhabitants of all ages (including negroes and mulattoes) in
+    each Colony,' but as that could not _then_ be ascertained
+    _exactly_, they were obliged to judge of, and compute the
+    number from circumstantial evidence. The delegates gave to
+    Congress an account of the population of their respective
+    Colonies, made from the best materials then in their power,
+    and so great was their confidence in each other, that from
+    those accounts that computation was principally formed. Your
+    Excellency will readily perceive, that the delegates were far
+    from being under any temptations to exaggerate the number of
+    their constituents; they were not ignorant, that by such
+    exaggerations they would increase their portion of aids, both
+    of men and money, and that whatever errors they might commit,
+    could not be rectified by an actual numeration during the
+    war. The computation then formed was as follows.
+
+      New Hampshire,              124,069 and a half
+      Massachusetts Bay,          434,244
+      Rhode Island,                71,959 and a half
+      Connecticut,                248,139
+      New York,                   248,139
+      New Jersey,                 161,290 and a half
+      Pennsylvania,               372,208 and a half
+      Delaware,                    37,219 and a half
+      Maryland,                   310,174 and a half
+      Virginia,                   496,278
+      North Carolina,             248,139
+      South Carolina,             248,139
+                                ---------
+                                3,000,000
+
+    Exclusive of the inhabitants of Georgia, who were not at that
+    time represented in Congress, and of whose numbers I have no
+    information that I can confide in.
+
+               _The Form of Government of each State._
+
+    "In the pamphlets I have now the honor of transmitting to
+    your Excellency, viz. No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5,
+    you will find the constitutions of New York, New Jersey,
+    Pennsylvania, Delaware, and South Carolina. The others I have
+    not with me. The great outlines of them all are very similar.
+    By the last accounts from America, it appears that
+    Massachusetts Bay had not as yet agreed upon their
+    constitution, but had it then under consideration.
+
+    "It cannot be necessary to observe to your Excellency, that
+    these new modes of government were formed by persons named
+    and authorised by the people for that express purpose; that
+    they were, in general, instituted with great temper and
+    deliberation upon such just and liberal principles, as on the
+    one hand to give effectual security to civil and religious
+    liberty, and on the other make ample provision for the rights
+    of justice, and the due exercise of the necessary powers of
+    government.
+
+    "The articles of confederation agreed upon by Congress, and
+    approved by every State in the Union except Maryland, provide
+    for the general government of the Confederacy, and the
+    ordering of all matters essential to the prosperity and
+    preservation of the Union in peace and war. I ought also to
+    inform your Excellency, that the reasons why Maryland has as
+    yet withheld her assent to those articles, do not arise from
+    any disaffection to the common cause, but merely from their
+    not having adopted certain principles respecting the
+    disposition of certain lands.
+
+    _The Union and Resolution of the Inhabitants to continue the
+           War with Vigor as long as may be necessary._
+
+    "On this subject I can give your Excellency certain and
+    positive information; the storm of tyranny and oppression,
+    which had for some years been constantly growing more black
+    and more terrible, began to burst with violence on the people
+    of North America in the year 1774. It was seen and felt and
+    deprecated by all except those, who expected to gather spoils
+    in the ruins it was designed to occasion. These were those
+    who enjoyed, or expected, emoluments from Great Britain,
+    together with their immediate dependants and connexions; such
+    as the officers of government throughout the Colonies, but
+    with some very distinguished exceptions; those of the clergy
+    of the church of England almost without exception, who
+    received annual salaries from the society established in
+    England for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts; foreign
+    adventurers, buyers and sellers, who, being no further
+    attached to the country than as it afforded the means of
+    gain, soon prepared to speculate in confiscations, and
+    courted the notice of their sovereign by intemperate zeal for
+    the ruin of his subjects. With these exceptions, the great
+    body of the people moved together, and united in such firm
+    and considerate measures for the common safety, and conducted
+    their affairs with such regularity, order, and system, as to
+    leave no room to suppose them to be the work of only a
+    prevailing party, as our enemies have always represented and
+    affected to consider them.
+
+    "There was, it is true, another class of persons not much
+    less dangerous, though far more contemptible than those I
+    first mentioned; persons who in every revolution, like
+    floating weeds in every storm, obey the strongest wind, and
+    pass from side to side as that happens to change. I mean the
+    _neutrals_, a pusillanimous race, who having balanced in
+    their minds the advantages and disadvantages, the gains and
+    dangers of joining either side, are seduced by their fears to
+    form a thousand pretexts for joining neither; who, to
+    manifest their loyalty to their King, when his armies were
+    successful, gave them every aid in their power, except
+    drawing their swords against their country, and who, when
+    their countrymen prevailed, were ready to render them all
+    possible service, except taking arms against their Prince.
+
+    "The auxiliaries, whom the British measures and forces found
+    in the country, consisted of persons from these classes. And
+    although when these first appeared in, and wounded the bosom
+    of America, she was obliged to extend her arms to repel the
+    assaults of a foreign enemy, yet such was the union and
+    spirit of her inhabitants, that she was soon enabled not only
+    to put them under her feet, but on the ruins of her former
+    governments to erect new ones in the midst of invasions from
+    without, and treacherous combinations from within. Being able
+    to obtain no other terms of peace than unconditional
+    obedience, she had sufficient courage to declare herself
+    independent in the face of one of the best appointed armies
+    Britain could ever boast of, as well as sufficient strength
+    to limit its operations, and reduce its numbers.
+
+    "It may perhaps be observed, that the first object of the war
+    was a redress of grievances; that the present object is
+    _independence_; and it may be asked whether the people are as
+    much united with respect to the last as they were with
+    respect to the first.
+
+    "I am certain that the people of America never were so well
+    united as they are at present, in that of their independence.
+    Exclusive of actual observation on the spot, I think so
+    because,
+
+    "1st. The Declaration of Independence was made by Congress at
+    a time, when the great body of their constituents called for
+    it.
+
+    "2dly. Because that declaration was immediately recognised by
+    the general assemblies and legislatures of the several
+    States, without exception.
+
+    "3dly. Because the successful army under General Burgoyne was
+    defeated and captured by a great collection of the
+    neighboring militia, to whom he had offered peace and
+    tranquillity on their remaining at home, terms which it was
+    natural to suppose a great many of them would have accepted,
+    had the Declaration of Independence been disagreeable to
+    them.
+
+    "4thly. Because the Congress, consisting of members annually
+    elected, have repeatedly, expressly, and unanimously declared
+    their determination to support it at every hazard.
+
+    "5thly. Because their internal enemies have been either
+    expelled or reduced, and their estates to a very great amount
+    in some of the States confiscated and actually sold.
+
+    "6thly. Because constitutions and forms of government have
+    since been instituted and completely organised, in which the
+    people participate, from which they have experienced
+    essential advantages, and to which they have of consequence
+    become greatly attached.
+
+    "7thly. Because Congress unanimously refused to enter into
+    treaty with the British Commissioners on any terms short of
+    independence, and because every State, though afterwards
+    separately solicited, refused to treat otherwise than
+    collectively by their delegates in Congress.
+
+    "8thly. Because the inhuman and very barbarous manner in
+    which the war has been conducted by the enemy, has so
+    alienated the affections of the people from the King and
+    government of Britain, and filled their hearts with such
+    deep rooted and just resentments, as render a cordial
+    reconciliation, much less a dependence on them, utterly
+    impossible.
+
+    "9thly. Because the doctrine propagated in America by the
+    servants of the King of Great Britain, that no faith was to
+    be kept with Americans in arms against him, and the
+    uniformity with which they have adhered to it, in their
+    practice as well as professions, have destroyed all
+    confidence, and leave the Americans no room to doubt, but
+    that, should they again become subjects of the King of
+    Britain on certain terms, those terms would as little impede
+    the progress of future oppression, as the capitulation of
+    Limerick, in 1691, did with respect to Ireland.
+
+    "10thly. Because the treaty with France, and consequently
+    virtue, honor, and every obligation due to the reputation of
+    a rising nation, whose fame is unsullied by violated
+    compacts, forbid it.
+
+    "11thly. Because it is the evident, and well known interest
+    of North America to remain independent.
+
+    "12thly. Because the history of mankind, from the earliest
+    ages, with a loud voice calls upon those who draw their
+    swords against a Prince, deaf to the supplication of his
+    people, to throw away that scabbard.
+
+    "13thly. Because they do not consider the support of their
+    independence as difficult. The country is very defensible and
+    fertile; the people are all soldiers, who with reason
+    consider their liberty and lives as the most valuable of the
+    possessions left them, and which they are determined shall
+    neither be wrested or purchased from them but with blood.
+
+    "14thly. Because for the support of their independence, they
+    have expressly, by a most solemn act, pledged to each other
+    their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor; so that
+    their bond of union, for this very purpose, thus formed of
+    all the ties of common interest, common safety, mutual
+    affection, general resentments, and the great obligations of
+    virtue, honor, patriotism, and religion, may with reason be
+    deemed equal to the importance of that great object.
+
+    _Whether there is any powerful Party in Favor of England, and
+      what Consequences are to be apprehended from it? Whether
+      the Heads of this Party suffer themselves to be seduced by
+      the Promises of the British Government?_
+
+    "What has been already said, on the subject of the union of
+    the people in North America, will I imagine in a great
+    measure answer these questions.
+
+    "If by a party in favor of England is meant a party for
+    relinquishing the independence of the United States, and
+    returning to the dominion of Britain, on any terms whatever,
+    I answer there is no such party in North America; all the
+    open adherents of the Crown of Great Britain having either
+    voluntarily quitted or been expelled from the country.
+
+    "That Britain has emissaries and masked adherents in America,
+    industrious in their little spheres to perplex the public
+    measures, and disturb the public tranquillity, is a fact of
+    which I have not the most distant doubt, and it is equally
+    true, that some of these wicked men are by a few weak ones
+    thought to be patriots, but they cannot with any propriety be
+    called a party, or even a faction. The chief mischief they
+    do, is collecting and transmitting intelligence, raising
+    false reports, and spreading calumnies of public men and
+    measures; such characters will be found in every country so
+    circumstanced, and America has not been negligent in
+    providing laws for their punishment.
+
+    "The obvious policy of the Court of London has induced them
+    to boast perpetually of their party in America; but where it
+    is? of whom composed? what it has done, or is doing? are
+    questions to which they constantly give evasive answers. Much
+    also have they said of the numbers that have joined their
+    arms in America. The truth is, that at Boston, Rhode Island,
+    New York, and Philadelphia, they gleaned some of that refuse
+    of mankind, to be found and purchased by any body in all
+    commercial cities. It is also true, that some men of weight
+    and influence in the country, who joined the enemy on their
+    first successes, did draw away with them several of their
+    immediate dependents, whom they persuaded or otherwise
+    influenced to enlist in their service. To these may also be
+    added the prisoners, who at different times they forced into
+    their service by famine, and other severities too numerous as
+    well as barbarous to be here particularized. But I have no
+    reason to believe, that all these aids put together ever
+    exceeded three thousand men. This business, however, (except
+    with respect to prisoners,) has long been over, and before I
+    left America many of those deluded people had returned and
+    implored the pardon of their country.
+
+    "In America, as in all other popular governments, your
+    Excellency knows there must and ever will be parties for and
+    against particular measures and particular men. The enemy,
+    adverting to this circumstance, have had address enough to
+    ascribe differences and temporary heats arising from this
+    source, in which they were not interested, to causes much
+    higher, and more flattering to their importance; and this
+    they have done with so much art, as to have imposed in some
+    instances on the credulity of men high in reputation for
+    sagacity and discernment.
+
+    "If your Excellency will be pleased to peruse a pamphlet
+    marked No. 6, which you will find enclosed with the other
+    papers I herewith transmit, and entitled 'Observations on the
+    American Revolution,' you will perceive that nothing is to be
+    apprehended from this supposed party in North America.
+
+    _A Statement of the Revenues of the States, and of their
+      Ability to contribute to the General Expense; whether they
+      will be able long to support this Burthen, and increase it
+      if necessary?_
+
+    "The Confederated States have no fixed revenues, nor are such
+    revenues necessary, because all the private property in the
+    country is at the public service. The only restriction
+    imposed by the people is, that it be taken from them with
+    wisdom and justice, or to be more explicit, that the sums
+    required be proportionate to the public exigencies, and
+    assessed on the individuals in proportion to their respective
+    abilities.
+
+    "A nation can seldom be destitute of the means of continuing
+    a war, while they remain unsubdued in the field, and
+    cheerfully devote their all to that service. They may indeed
+    experience great distress, but no distress being equal to
+    that of subjection to exasperated oppressors, whose most
+    tender mercies are cruel, the Americans had little difficulty
+    in making their election.
+
+                 _A Statement of the Public Debts._
+
+    "This subject your Excellency will find fully discussed in an
+    address of Congress to their constituents, in which they
+    compute their debts, and mention the means they had taken to
+    preserve the public credit. It is also herewith enclosed, and
+    marked No. 7.
+
+         _A Statement of the Debts of each particular State._
+
+    "Although exact accounts of these debts are contained in the
+    public printed acts of each State, yet as I neither have any
+    of those acts or extracts from them with me, and my general
+    knowledge on this hand is very imperfect, I am deterred from
+    giving your Excellency any information respecting it, by the
+    very great risk I should run of misleading you on this point.
+
+                _The Resources to lessen these Debts._
+
+    "Taxes; foreign and domestic loans; sales of confiscated
+    estates, and ungranted lands.
+
+    _The possibility of their supporting their Credit in all the
+      Operations of Government, in the Commerce of their
+      Inhabitants, and, above all, in the Protection of National
+      Industry._
+
+    "As to the possibility of supporting their credit in the
+    cases mentioned, there is no doubt it is very _possible_. How
+    far it is _probable_, is a question less easy to answer. If
+    the taxes called for by Congress last fall be duly paid, all
+    will be safe. But whether they have been paid or not I am
+    wholly uninformed, except that I find in a public paper that
+    Virginia had made good her first payment. As I daily expect
+    to receive advices from America on this subject, I shall
+    postpone saying anything further on it at present, but your
+    Excellency may rely on my communicating to you a full state
+    of what intelligence I may have respecting it.
+
+    "As to supporting their credit in _commerce_, it is attended
+    with considerable, though not insurmountable difficulties.
+    They are of two kinds, the want of sufficient commodities for
+    remittances, and the risk of transporting them. North
+    America abounds in valuable commodities, such as fish, oil,
+    lumber, provisions of flesh and corn, iron, tobacco, and
+    naval stores, peltry, indigo, potash, and other articles, all
+    of which have greatly diminished since the war; the laborers
+    formerly employed in producing them having been often called
+    to the field, and by other effects of the war been prevented
+    from regularly following their usual occupations. Of some of
+    these articles America still produces more than is necessary
+    for her own consumption, but the risk of transporting them to
+    Europe renders her remittances very uncertain. The asylum,
+    which all British armed vessels find in the ports of
+    Portugal, enables them to cruise very conveniently and with
+    great advantage off the Western Islands, and other situations
+    proper for annoying vessels from thence to France, Spain, or
+    the Mediterranean. Hence it is that the trade from America to
+    St Eustatia has of late so greatly increased, it being
+    carried on principally in small, fast sailing vessels, that
+    draw but little water, and that the chief remittances to
+    Europe have been in bills of exchange instead of produce.
+
+    "With respect to the protection of _national industry_, I
+    take it for granted that it will always flourish where it is
+    lucrative, and not discouraged, which was the case in North
+    America when I left it; every man being then at liberty, by
+    the law, to cultivate the earth as he pleased, to raise what
+    he pleased, to manufacture as he pleased, and to sell the
+    produce of his labor to whom he pleased, and for the best
+    prices, without any duties or impositions whatsoever. I have
+    indeed no apprehensions whatever on this subject: I believe
+    there are no people more industrious than those of America,
+    and whoever recurs to their population, their former exports,
+    and their present productions amidst the horrors of fire and
+    sword, will be convinced of it.
+
+    _By what Means, or what Branches of Commerce, will the States
+      of America have it in their Power to indemnify Spain,
+      whenever this Power may second the Views and Operations of
+      the Americans?_
+
+    "America will indemnify Spain in two ways, by fighting the
+    enemy of Spain, and by commerce. Your Excellency will be
+    pleased to remark that Spain as well as America is now at war
+    with Britain, and therefore that it is the interest of both
+    to support and assist each other against the common enemy. It
+    cannot be a question whether Britain will be more or less
+    formidable if defeated or victorious in America; and there
+    can be no doubt but that every nation, interested in the
+    reduction of her power, will be compensated for any aids they
+    may afford America, by the immediate application of those
+    aids to that express purpose at the expense of American
+    blood.
+
+    "Your Excellency's well known talents save me the necessity
+    of observing, that it is the interest of all Europe to join
+    in breaking down the exorbitant power of a nation, which
+    arrogantly claims the ocean as her birthright, and considers
+    every advantage in commerce, however acquired by violence, or
+    used with cruelty, as a tribute justly due to her boasted
+    superiority in arts and in arms.
+
+    "By establishing the independence of America, the empire of
+    Britain will be divided, and the sinews of her power cut.
+    Americans, situated in another hemisphere, intent only on the
+    cultivation of a country more than sufficient to satisfy
+    their desires, will remain unconnected with European
+    politics, and not being interested in their objects, will
+    not partake in their dissensions. Happy in having for their
+    neighbors a people distinguished for love of justice and of
+    peace, they will have nothing to fear, but may flatter
+    themselves that they and their posterity will long enjoy all
+    the blessings of that peace, liberty, and safety, for which
+    alone they patiently endure the calamities incident to the
+    cruel contest they sustain.
+
+    "While the war continues, the commerce of America will be
+    inconsiderable; but on the restoration of peace it will soon
+    become very valuable and extensive. So great is the extent of
+    country in North America yet to be cultivated, and so
+    inviting to settlers, that labor will very long remain too
+    dear to admit of considerable manufactures. Reason and
+    experience tell us, that when the poor have it in their power
+    to gain affluence by tilling the earth, they will refuse the
+    scanty earnings which manufacturers may offer them. From this
+    circumstance it is evident, that the exports from America
+    will consist of raw materials, which other nations will be
+    able to manufacture for them at a cheaper rate than they can
+    themselves. To those who consider the future and progressive
+    population of that country, the demands it will have for the
+    manufactures and productions of Europe, as well to satisfy
+    their wants, as to gratify their luxury, will appear immense,
+    and far more than any one kingdom in it can supply. Instead
+    of paying money for fish and many other articles as
+    heretofore, Spain will then have an opportunity of obtaining
+    them in exchange for her cloths, silks, wines, and fruits;
+    notwithstanding which, it is proper to observe, that the
+    commerce of the American States will forever procure them
+    such _actual wealth_, as to enable them punctually to repay
+    whatever sums they may borrow.
+
+    _How far it may be convenient for these States to furnish
+      Ships of War, Timber, and other Articles for the King's
+      Arsenals, without Delay, and, if in their Power, on what
+      Terms?_
+
+    "I am much at a loss to determine at present, and therefore
+    will by no means give your Excellency my conjectures for
+    intelligence.
+
+    "It is certain, that in ordinary times, America can build
+    ships as good, and cheaper than any other people, because the
+    materials cost them less. The ships of war now in her
+    service, as to strength and construction, are not exceeded by
+    any on the ocean. On this subject I will write to America for
+    information, and give your Excellency the earliest notice of
+    it. Naval stores, and particularly masts and spars, may
+    certainly be had there, and of the best quality, and I doubt
+    not but that the Americans would carry them to the Havana or
+    New Orleans, though I suspect, their being in a manner
+    destitute of proper convoys for the European trade, would
+    render them backward in bringing them to Spain, on terms
+    equal to the risk of capture, on the one hand, and the
+    expectations of purchasers on the other.
+
+             II. THE MILITARY STATE OF NORTH AMERICA.
+
+    _The Number and Strength of the American Troops, their
+      present Situation, and Ability to oppose the Enemy,
+      especially in Georgia and Carolina._
+
+    "Six months have elapsed since I left America, and I had not
+    seen a return of the army for some time before that period.
+    It did not, I am certain, amount to its full complement, and,
+    in my opinion, did not in the whole exceed thirty or
+    thirtyfive thousand men; I mean regular troops.
+
+    "The Commander-in-Chief, whose abilities, as well as
+    integrity, merit the highest confidence, was authorised to
+    conduct all the military operations in the United States at
+    his discretion, subject, nevertheless, to such orders as the
+    Congress might think proper from time to time to give. It is
+    impossible, therefore, for me (not having received a single
+    letter from America on these subjects since my arrival) to
+    decide in what manner or proportions these troops are
+    employed or stationed, though I am confident it has been done
+    in the best manner.
+
+    "All the men of proper age in America are liable to do
+    military duty in certain cases, and with a few exceptions, in
+    all cases. The militia is for the most part divided into a
+    certain number of classes, and whenever reinforcements to the
+    main army, or any detachment of it are wanting, they are
+    supplied by these classes in rotation. These reinforcements
+    while in the field are subject to the like regulations with
+    the regular troops, and with them submit to the severest
+    discipline and duty. Hence it is, that the people of America
+    have become soldiers, and that the enemy have never been able
+    to make a deep impression in the country, or long hold any
+    considerable lodgments at a distance from their fleets.
+    Georgia and South Carolina, indeed, enjoy these advantages in
+    a less degree than the other States, their own militia not
+    being very numerous, and speedy reinforcements from their
+    neighbors of North Carolina and Virginia rendered difficult
+    by the length of the way. They have, nevertheless, given
+    proofs of their spirit by various and great exertions, and I
+    have reason to believe, that all possible care has been taken
+    to provide for their safety, by furnishing them with a
+    proper body of troops under Major General Lincoln, a very
+    good officer, as well as a very good man.
+
+    "Arms are still wanting in America, many of those imported
+    proving unfit for use, and the number of inhabitants who were
+    without proper arms at the beginning of the war, calling for
+    great supplies. The army, and a considerable part of the
+    militia, especially in the Northern States, have in general
+    good arms.
+
+    "The article of clothing has been, and still is a very
+    interesting one to the American army. It is impossible to
+    describe, and, indeed, almost impossible to believe, the
+    hardships they have endured for want of it. There have been
+    instances, and I speak from the most undoubted authority, of
+    considerable detachments marching barefooted over rugged
+    tracts of ice and snow, and marking the route they took by
+    the blood that issued from their feet; but neither these
+    terrible extremities, nor the alluring offers of the enemy,
+    could prevail on them to quit their standard, or relax their
+    ardor. Their condition, however, has of late been much
+    bettered by supplies from France and Spain, and American
+    privateers; but adequate provision has not yet been made for
+    the ensuing winter, and I cannot conceal from your Excellency
+    my anxiety on that head. A supply of clothing for twenty
+    thousand men, added to what is engaged for them in France,
+    would make that army and all America happy.
+
+    "I foresee no other difficulties in providing subsistence for
+    the American armies in every station in which they may be
+    placed, than those which may attend the transportation of it.
+    But when I reflect on the obstacles of this kind, which they
+    have already met with and surmounted, I have little
+    uneasiness about future ones. The last crops in America
+    promised to be plentiful when I left it, but whether there
+    would be any and what considerable overplus for exportation
+    was then undetermined, the damages done the wheat in
+    Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina by a fly, which
+    infested those countries, not being to my knowledge at that
+    time ascertained.
+
+    "How many ships of war belong to Congress, is a question I
+    cannot answer with certainty. I think there are not more than
+    ten or twelve in the whole. Of privateers there are a great
+    number, but how many exactly has not been computed. In my
+    opinion, they exceed one hundred, several of them very fine
+    ships. The Governor of Martinique told me, that in that
+    Island alone, the American privateers had brought and sold
+    above five thousand African slaves, which they had taken from
+    the enemy. Nine tenths at least of all the rum and sugar used
+    in North America, these three years past, have been obtained
+    in the same way, and to their successes have the public been
+    indebted for the most seasonable and valuable supplies of
+    military stores which they have received. I left several
+    vessels on the stocks at Philadelphia, and heard of more in
+    other parts.
+
+    "Upon the whole, his Majesty may rest perfectly assured, that
+    the Americans are determined, though forsaken by all mankind,
+    to maintain their independence, and to part with it only with
+    their lives; the desolations and distresses of war being too
+    familiar to them to excite any other passions than
+    indignation and resentment.
+
+    "That the country will supply its inhabitants with
+    provisions, some clothing, and some articles of commerce.
+
+    "That there is no party in America in favor of returning
+    under the dominion of Britain, on any terms whatever.
+
+    "That the King of France is very popular in America, being in
+    all parts of it styled the protector of the rights of
+    mankind, and that they will hold the treaty made with him
+    inviolate.
+
+    "That the people in America have very high ideas of the honor
+    and integrity of the Spanish nation, and of his Catholic
+    Majesty especially, and that this respect and esteem unite
+    with their interest in rendering them so desirous of his
+    friendship and alliance.
+
+    "That the greatest difficulty under which America labors
+    arises from the great depreciation of her bills of credit,
+    owing principally to a greater sum having been emitted than
+    was necessary for a medium of commerce, and to the
+    impossibility of remedying it by taxes before regular
+    governments are established.
+
+    "That great attempts, seconded by the general voice of the
+    people, have been made to retrieve the credit of those bills
+    by taxation, the issue of which was as yet uncertain, but if
+    unsuccessful, a recurrence to taxes in kind was still left,
+    and would be practised, though it is an expedient which
+    nothing but necessity can render eligible.
+
+    "That if France and Spain were to unite their endeavors to
+    conquer Britain in America, by furnishing the latter with the
+    necessary aids of ammunition, clothing, and some money, there
+    is reason to believe, that the House of Bourbon would find it
+    the most certain and least expensive method of reducing the
+    power of their irreconcilable enemy, and not only command the
+    gratitude and perpetual attachment of America, but the
+    general approbation of all who wish well to the tranquillity
+    of Europe, and the rights of mankind. Thus would that
+    illustrious House erect glorious and lasting monuments to
+    their virtues in the hearts of a whole people.
+
+    "I fear your Excellency will consider the intelligence here
+    given, less full and precise than you expected. I regret that
+    it is not in my power to render it more so but it is not. I
+    hope however it will be thought sufficient to open a way to
+    those further discussions, which must precede the measures
+    necessary to bind America to Spain, as well as to France, and
+    thereby complete the division and consequently the
+    humiliation of the British Empire; a work too glorious and
+    laudable not to merit the notice of so magnanimous a Prince
+    as his Majesty, and engage the attention of a Minister of
+    such acknowledged abilities as your Excellency.
+
+    "I flatter myself that the importance of the subject will
+    apologise for my trespassing so long on your Excellency's
+    patience so soon after your return to Aranjues.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+This letter gives occasion for many observations, which I am persuaded
+will not escape Congress, and therefore I forbear repeating them. Your
+Excellency will be pleased to observe, that on some of the subjects of
+it I ought to be without delay apprised of the intentions of Congress,
+and furnished with such information and instructions as may be
+necessary to enable me to fulfil them.
+
+On the 27th of April last, I received at Madrid a letter from the
+Committee of Foreign Affairs, enclosing copies of the resolutions of
+Congress of the 23d and 29th of November, 1779, for drawing on Mr
+Laurens and myself for L100,000 sterling each. I went the next day to
+Aranjues, and the day after wrote to the Count de Florida Blanca, in
+the words following, viz.
+
+                                     "Aranjues, April 29th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "By the address of Congress to their constituents on the
+    subject of their finances, which I had the honor of
+    transmitting to your Excellency, you have doubtless observed,
+    that in September last Congress came to a resolution of
+    emitting no more bills, than, with those already emitted and
+    in circulation, would amount to 200,000,000 of dollars; that
+    about the same time they called upon their constituents to
+    raise money by taxes, and assigned the first day of January
+    last for the first payment, at which day it was supposed,
+    that the bills to be emitted would be nearly expended.
+
+    "Congress perceiving that at once to stop the great channel
+    of supplies, that had been open ever since the war, and to
+    substitute another equally productive, was not one of those
+    measures which operate almost insensibly without hazard or
+    difficulty; and well knowing that if the first payment of
+    these taxes should be delayed beyond the limited time, the
+    treasury would be without money, and the public operations
+    obstructed by all the evils consequent to it; they were of
+    opinion, that collateral and auxiliary measures were
+    necessary to ensure success to the great system for
+    retrieving and supporting the public credit. So early,
+    therefore, as the 23d day of November last, they took this
+    subject into their most serious consideration, and although
+    they had the highest reason to confide in the exertions of
+    their constituents, yet having received repeated assurances
+    of his Majesty's friendly disposition towards them, and being
+    well persuaded, that they could avail themselves of his
+    Majesty's friendship on an occasion more agreeable to him and
+    advantageous to them, than on one so interesting to the
+    United States, and important to the common cause, they
+    adopted a measure, which, but for these considerations, might
+    appear extraordinary, viz. to draw bills upon me for L100,000
+    sterling, payable at six months' sight.
+
+    "The drawing bills previous to notice of obtaining money to
+    satisfy them may at first view appear indelicate, but when it
+    is considered that the whole success of this measure depended
+    on its taking place between the 23d of November, and the
+    first of January last, in which period it was impossible to
+    make the application, his Majesty's magnanimity will I am
+    persuaded readily excuse it.
+
+    "As I shall always consider it my duty to give your
+    Excellency all the information in my power, that may enable
+    his Majesty from time to time to form a true judgment of the
+    state of American affairs, it is proper, that I should inform
+    your Excellency, that Congress, having reasons to believe
+    that a loan might be obtained in Holland, did shortly after
+    my leaving America take measures for that purpose, and on the
+    23d of November last resolved to draw bills on Mr Henry
+    Laurens, to whom that business had been committed, for the
+    sum of L100,000 sterling.
+
+    "I greatly regret that it was not in my power to advise your
+    Excellency of these matters sooner; but it was not until the
+    27th instant, at Madrid, that I received the letter which
+    informed me of them.
+
+    "As further remarks would draw this letter into greater
+    length, than the opinion I have of your Excellency's
+    discernment will permit me to think necessary, I forbear
+    longer to engage your time and attention, than to request the
+    favor of your Excellency to lay it before his Majesty.
+
+    "The eyes of America are now drawn towards him by their
+    opinion of his virtues, and the situation of their affairs;
+    and I flatter myself it will not be long before their hearts
+    and affections will also be engaged by such marks of his
+    Majesty's friendship, as his wisdom and liberality may
+    prompt, and their occasions render expedient.
+
+    "With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+On the subject of this and my former letter, I had a conference with
+the Count, on the 11th of May 1780, of which the following are notes,
+taken immediately after it ended.
+
+                                        Aranjues, May 11th, 1780.
+
+    Mr Jay having waited on the Count de Florida Blanca, in
+    consequence of a message received on the evening of the 10th,
+    the latter commenced the conversation by observing that he
+    was sorry that his ignorance of the English language
+    prevented him from speaking with that ease and frankness,
+    with which he wished to speak in his conferences with Mr Jay,
+    and which corresponded with his own disposition and
+    character.
+
+    He observed that he intended to speak on two points. The
+    first related to the letter Mr Jay had written to him, on the
+    subject of bills of exchange drawn on him by Congress, that
+    being an affair the most pressing and more immediately
+    necessary to enter upon. He said that the last year he should
+    have found no difficulty on that head, but that at present,
+    although Spain had money, she was in the situation of
+    Tantalus, who, with water in view, could not make use of it;
+    alluding to the revenue arising from their possessions in
+    America, which they were not able to draw from thence. That
+    their expenses had been so great in the year 1779,
+    particularly for the marine, as to oblige them to make large
+    loans, which they were negotiating at present. He entered
+    into a summary of those expenses, and particularized the
+    enormous expense of supporting thirtyfive ships of the line
+    and frigates in French ports. He observed, that to do this
+    they had prepared a very expensive and numerous convoy at
+    Ferrol and other ports of Spain, loaded with provisions,
+    naval stores, and every other article necessary for the
+    squadron before mentioned, which convoy did not arrive at
+    Brest until the day on which the Spanish fleet sailed from
+    thence. That the supplies so sent had emptied their magazines
+    at Cadiz, Ferrol, and other ports, and had frequently obliged
+    them to buy at enormous prices the necessary stores to supply
+    the fleet under the admirals Cardova and Gaston, on their
+    arrival in the ports of Spain. That they had been forced to
+    sell these stores thus sent to France, and others purchased
+    for the same purpose at Bourdeaux, Nantes, and elsewhere, at
+    half price; and added, that their loss on this occasion could
+    scarce be calculated. This, joined to the other expenses, and
+    the great losses they had sustained in their marine and
+    commerce, but chiefly in the former, and the great expenses
+    they were at in consequence thereof, rendered it difficult
+    for the King to do for America what he could have done easily
+    the last year, and which he declared repeatedly, and in the
+    strongest manner, it was his intention to do, as might be
+    judged from his conduct heretofore; touching slightly on the
+    succors sent us from Spain, the Havana, and Louisiana, but
+    dwelling on his conduct in the negotiation last year with
+    Great Britain, in which he would on no account be brought to
+    sacrifice the interests of America.
+
+    Such being his Majesty's disposition and intentions previous
+    to the war, Mr Jay might easily judge, that he was not less
+    determined at present to support their interests, whether
+    formally connected with America by treaty or not. That,
+    notwithstanding the losses and misfortunes sustained, the
+    King's resolution, courage, and fortitude induced him to
+    continue the war, and therefore they were obliged to incur
+    much expense in order to fill their magazines and make the
+    necessary preparations for this campaign and the next, yet
+    that it was his Majesty's intention to give America all the
+    assistance in his power. That it was as much his inclination
+    as duty to second these dispositions, and that he had
+    received the King's orders to confer with his colleagues
+    thereon. He observed, however, that, although he was First
+    Secretary of State, he must first confer with them on this
+    subject; and from his own personal inclinations to second the
+    King's intentions and to serve America, he was desirous of
+    concerting with Mr Jay measures in such a manner as would
+    prevent him from meeting with opposition from his colleagues,
+    and therefore he spoke to him not as a minister, but as an
+    individual.
+
+    In order to facilitate this, he said it was necessary to make
+    some overtures for a contract, in case Mr Jay was not
+    absolutely empowered to make one; and then he pointed out the
+    object most essential to the interests of Spain at the
+    present conjuncture. He said that for their marine they
+    wanted light frigates, cutters, or swift sailing vessels of
+    that size. That for ships of the line, they could procure
+    them themselves; that if America could furnish them with the
+    former, they might be sent to their ports in Biscay, loaded
+    with tobacco or other produce, and, discharging their
+    cargoes, be left at the disposition of Spain. He also
+    mentioned timber for vessels, but said that was an article
+    not so immediately necessary, though it might be an object of
+    consequence in future. He observed that he mentioned this at
+    present in order that Mr Jay might turn his thoughts on that
+    subject as soon as possible, and that he would, in order to
+    explain himself with more precision, send him, either on
+    Saturday or Sunday next, notes containing his ideas on this
+    subject, and adding that he hoped that the one, viz. Jay,
+    would assist the other, meaning himself, to manage matters in
+    such a way as to procure the means of obtaining for America
+    present aid.
+
+    With respect to the bills of exchange which might be
+    presented, he said that at the end of the present year, or in
+    the beginning of the next, he would have it in his power to
+    advance twentyfive, thirty, or forty thousand pounds
+    sterling, and in the mean time, should these bills be
+    presented for payment, he would take such measures as would
+    satisfy the owners of them, viz. by engaging, in the name of
+    his Majesty, to pay them, observing that the King's good
+    faith and credit were so well known, that he did not imagine
+    this would be a difficult matter. He also said, that in
+    consequence of what Mr Jay had written with respect to
+    clothing for the American army, it might be in his power to
+    send supplies of cloth, &c. which he would endeavor to do.
+
+    Mr Jay, in answer, assured him of his high sense of the
+    frankness and candor with which he had been so obliging as to
+    communicate the King's intentions and his own sentiments, and
+    gave him the strongest assurances that he should, for his
+    part, with the same frankness and candor, give him all the
+    assistance and information in his power to forward his
+    generous intentions in favor of his country, and that be
+    might depend that in doing this, he would neither deceive him
+    in his information, nor mislead him by ill grounded
+    expectations.
+
+    The Count then expressed his confidence in these assurances,
+    said he had been well informed of the characters, both of Mr
+    Jay and Mr Carmichael, (who was present at the conference,)
+    and said, that he considered them as _les hommes honnetes_,
+    and that no consideration could have prevailed upon him to
+    have treated with men who did not sustain that reputation.
+
+    The Count then proceeded to the second point, viz. with
+    respect to the treaty in contemplation between Spain and
+    America. He began by observing, that he now spoke as a
+    Minister, and as such, that he would be as candid and frank
+    as he had just been speaking as a private man; and that it
+    was always his disposition to do so with those from whom he
+    expected the same conduct. He then proceeded to observe, that
+    there was but one obstacle from which he apprehended any
+    great difficulty in forming a treaty with America, and
+    plainly intimated that this arose from the pretensions of
+    America to the navigation of the Mississippi. He repeated the
+    information, which the Count had received from M. Mirales,
+    that Congress had at one time relinquished that object; that
+    he also knew from the same source, that afterwards they had
+    made it an essential point of the treaty. He expressed his
+    uneasiness on this subject, and entered largely into the
+    views of Spain, with respect to the boundaries. (He mentioned
+    Cape Antonio and Cape ----, and expressed their resolution if
+    possible, of excluding the English entirely from the Gulf of
+    Mexico.) They wished to fix them by a treaty, which he hoped
+    would be perpetual between the two countries. He spoke amply
+    of the King's anxiety, resolution, and firmness on this
+    point, and insinuated a wish that some method might be fallen
+    upon to remove this obstacle. He observed, that the King had
+    received all his impressions with respect to the necessity of
+    this measure, previous to his being in place, and appeared to
+    regard it as a point from which his Majesty would never
+    recede, repeating that, still however he was disposed to give
+    America all the aid in his power, consistent with the
+    situation of his affairs, to distress the common enemy; that
+    this point being insisted on, it would be necessary for the
+    Court of Spain to obtain the most accurate knowledge of local
+    circumstances, with which he supposed Mr Jay and his
+    constituents were more fully apprised than his Majesty's
+    Ministers could be. That for this purpose they had already
+    written to the Havana and Louisiana, in order to obtain all
+    the necessary information, which he gave reason to believe
+    they had not yet received. He dwelt on the necessity of this
+    information previous to any treaty, and expressed his own
+    regret, that ways and means could not be found to obviate or
+    overcome this impediment.
+
+    Mr Jay here took an opportunity to mention, that many of the
+    States were bounded by that river, and were highly interested
+    in its navigation, but observed that they were equally
+    inclined to enter into any amicable regulations, which might
+    prevent any inconveniences with respect to contraband or
+    other objects, which might excite the uneasiness of Spain.
+
+    The Count, still, however, appeared to be fully of opinion,
+    that this was an object that the King had so much at heart,
+    that he would never relinquish it, adding, however, that he
+    hoped some middle way might be hit on, which would pave the
+    way to get over this difficulty, and desired Mr Jay to turn
+    his thoughts and attention to the subject, in which he
+    assured him he was as well disposed to assist him, as in the
+    means of procuring the assistance and succors for America
+    beforementioned; always repeating the King's favorable
+    disposition, his inviolable regard to his promises, &c. &c.
+    On this subject he also subjoined, that whenever Mr Jay chose
+    to go to Madrid, he desired to have previous notice of it;
+    for in those cases, he would leave his sentiments in writing
+    for him with Mr Carmichael, or, if he should also go to
+    Madrid, that he would then write to Mr Jay there, to which he
+    might return an answer by the _Parle_ (a post which goes to
+    and from Madrid) to Aranjues, every twentyfour hours.
+
+    Mr Jay expressed his full confidence in what the Count had
+    done him the honor to communicate to him, and assured him of
+    his satisfaction and happiness in having the good fortune to
+    transact a business so important to both countries, with a
+    Minister so liberal and candid in his manner of thinking and
+    acting.
+
+    The conference ended with much civility on the one part and
+    on the other, and with an intimation from the Count, that he
+    should take an opportunity of having the pleasure of Mr Jay's
+    company at dinner, and of being on that friendly footing on
+    which he wished to be with him.
+
+What passed in the course of this conference needs no comment, though
+it calls for information and instructions. If Congress remains firm,
+as I have no reason to doubt, respecting the Mississippi, I think
+Spain will finally be content with equitable regulations, and I wish
+to know whether Congress would consider any regulations necessary to
+prevent contraband, as inconsistent with their ideas of free
+navigation. I wish that as little as possible may be left to my
+discretion, and that, as I am determined to adhere strictly to their
+sentiments and directions, I may be favored with them fully, and in
+season.
+
+The Count de Florida Blanca had upon all occasions treated me with so
+much fairness, candor, and frankness, that between the confidence due
+to him and the footing I was and ought to be on with the French
+Ambassador, I was embarrassed exceedingly, especially as there is
+little reason to doubt of their being on confidential terms with each
+other. I was reduced to the necessity, therefore, of acting with
+exquisite duplicity, a conduct which I detest as immoral, and
+disapprove as impolitic, or of mentioning my difficulties to the
+Count, and obtaining his answers. I preferred the latter, and wrote
+the following letter to the Count de Florida Blanca.
+
+                                       "Aranjues, May 12th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "It is with the utmost reluctance, that I can prevail upon
+    myself to draw your Excellency's attention from the great
+    objects that perpetually engage it. But the liberality,
+    frankness, and candor, which distinguished your conduct
+    towards me the last evening, has impressed me with such
+    sentiments of correspondent delicacy, as to place me in a
+    most disagreeable situation.
+
+    "Deeply sensible of the benefits received by my country from
+    their illustrious ally, prompted by duty and inclination to
+    act not only with the highest integrity, but the greatest
+    frankness towards him and his Minister, and influenced by the
+    good opinion I have imbibed of the talents, attachment, and
+    prudence of the Count de Montmorin, I have given him and his
+    Court assurances that he should receive from me all that
+    confidence, which these considerations dictate. These
+    assurances were sincere; I have most strictly conformed to
+    them, and as no circumstances of delicacy forbid it, I have
+    communicated to him the information I gave your Excellency
+    relative to American affairs, and the resolution of Congress
+    for drawing bills upon me, these being the only transactions
+    within my knowledge and department, which related to that
+    proposed connexion between Spain and America, for the
+    accomplishment of which, the King of France has been pleased
+    to interpose his kind offices with his Catholic Majesty.
+
+    "But, Sir, my feelings will not allow me to permit the
+    confidence due to one gentleman to interfere with that which
+    may be due to another. Honor prescribes limits to each, which
+    no consideration can tempt me to violate. You spoke to me the
+    last evening in the character of a private gentleman, as well
+    as of a public Minister, and in both without reserve. Let me
+    entreat your Excellency therefore to inform me, whether I am
+    to consider your conferences with me, either in the whole or
+    in part, as confidential. I am apprised of the delicacy of
+    this question. I wish I could know your sentiments without
+    putting it. I assure you my esteem and respect are too
+    sincere and too great, not to make me regret every measure,
+    that can give you an uneasy sensation. On this occasion I am
+    urged by justice to you as well as to myself, and that must
+    be my apology.
+
+    "Unpractised in the ways of courts, I rejoice in finding that
+    I am to transact the business committed to me with a
+    gentleman, who adorns his exalted station with virtues as
+    well as talents, and looks down on that system of finesse
+    and chicanery, which, however prevalent, wisdom rejects and
+    probity disapproves.
+
+    "With sentiments of attachment and esteem, I have the
+    honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+To this I received the following answer.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                       "Aranjues, May 14th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "Sensible of the favorable opinion you are pleased to
+    entertain of my conduct, both as a minister and a private
+    gentleman, I have the honor to assure you, that on every
+    occasion, you shall experience nothing but frankness and
+    candor on my part. Besides that my own principles are
+    invariable on these points, I am certain thereby to follow
+    the example and good intentions of the King my master.
+
+    "The delicacy, which induced you to doubt, whether there
+    would be any impropriety in communicating to the Ambassador
+    of France the explanation we had in the course of our late
+    conference, accords well with the idea I first formed of your
+    character, and I am pleased with this mark of your attention.
+    Besides, it appears to me that you may do it freely,
+    especially as those explanations are founded on principles of
+    equity and wisdom, for the benefit of the common cause. But
+    if, hereafter, circumstances demand a more pointed reserve,
+    by accidents we cannot now foresee, we shall always have time
+    to agree upon those points, which it may be necessary to keep
+    secret.
+
+    "I am, Sir, with the most sincere attachment, and the most
+    perfect consideration, your most humble and most obedient
+    servant,
+
+                                        COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA."
+
+I have not yet received from his Excellency the notes mentioned in the
+conference, and therefore cannot have the satisfaction of sending
+copies of them to Congress by this opportunity.
+
+On the 9th of April, 1780, Sir John Dalrymple arrived here from
+Portugal with his lady. On the evening of the 10th I heard of it, and
+the next morning sent the following card to the French Ambassador at
+Aranjues, viz.
+
+    "Mr Jay presents his compliments to his Excellency Count
+    Montmorin, and informs him that Sir John Dalrymple arrived
+    here the day before yesterday from Lisbon, and it is said,
+    intends to be at Aranjues today. What business should call
+    this gentlemen here, or enable him to obtain license to come,
+    are questions which I am persuaded will receive from your
+    Excellency all the attention due to their extent and
+    importance.
+
+    "_Madrid, May 11th, 1780._"
+
+To this I immediately received the following answer on that subject,
+viz.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "M. de Montmorin received this morning Mr Jay's note, and
+    thanks him for the information. M. de Montmorin is fully
+    sensible of the importance of it, and although he is far from
+    entertaining the least doubt on the sentiments of the Spanish
+    Ministry, he will not fail to take the precaution to be
+    informed of everything connected with Sir John Dalrymple's
+    arrival. He advises Mr Jay to follow the same course. Courts
+    are so beset with intrigues, that nothing should be
+    neglected, which may tend to discover them. He repeats that
+    he has not the slightest cause to suspect the Spanish
+    Ministry, but on the contrary, has the strongest reasons for
+    confiding in its integrity and honor. M. de Montmorin begs Mr
+    Jay to accept his compliments, and to present his respectful
+    homage to Mrs Jay."
+
+Learning that Sir John had obtained leave to go to France in his way
+to England, I apprised Mr Adams of it in a letter of the 26th of
+April, 1780, of which the following is an extrac
+
+    "Sir John Dalrymple is here; he came from Portugal for the
+    benefit of his lady's health, as is said. He is now at
+    Aranjues. He has seen the Imperial Ambassador, the Governor
+    of the city, Senior Compomanes, the Duke of Alva, and several
+    others named to him I suppose by Lord Grantham, who I find
+    was much respected here. He will return through France to
+    Britain. I shall go to Aranjues the day after tomorrow, and
+    shall form some judgment of that gentleman's success by the
+    conduct of the Court towards America."
+
+On waiting on the Count de Florida Blanca, a few days afterwards at
+Aranjues, he told me that Sir John had applied to him to obtain from
+him permission to go through Spain to France, and to the French
+Minister for a passport through that kingdom to England. The
+indisposition of his lady was the reason assigned for not going from
+Portugal by water. That in conversation, Sir John took occasion to say
+several things respecting the war, and the manner of drawing it to a
+conclusion. That the Count desired him to reduce what he would wish to
+say on that subject to writing, and that Sir John thereupon sent him
+a paper, entitled "A Historical Anecdote," of which the following is
+a copy.
+
+           _A Project of Lord Rochford to prevent the War._
+
+    "Before the declaration of France in favor of America, Lord
+    Rochford, formerly Ambassador in Spain and in France, formed
+    a project to prevent the war. It was, that England should
+    propose a great treaty of confederation between France,
+    Spain, Portugal, and England, the objects of which should be
+    the three following; the first, a mutual guarantee between
+    these four powers of their possessions in America and the two
+    Indies, with a proviso, that a war in Europe should never be
+    a war in those remote regions on any pretext whatever, fixing
+    also the number of troops and vessels to be furnished by the
+    contracting powers against the power that should contravene
+    the peace in those distant parts. The second object was, to
+    grant a participation in the commerce of America to France,
+    Spain, and Portugal, as far as such participation might not
+    be incompatible with the common interests, and without the
+    rivalship of English America and England. The third object
+    was, the adjustment of the contested privileges of the
+    Americans upon principles just and honorable for them. Lord
+    Rochford was at that time Secretary of State. He told me,
+    that the first person to whom he had communicated this
+    project was the late Prince of Mazarano, Ambassador of Spain,
+    and that though old and indisposed, he arose and embraced
+    him, and said, 'Ah! my Lord, what divinity has inspired you?'
+    Lord Rochford also communicated it to a friend of his, who
+    was then, and still continues one of the Ministers of the
+    King of England, who gave it his approbation; but Lord
+    Rochford soon after quitted the Ministry and retired to the
+    country, by which accident the project failed of being
+    presented to the cabinet of the King.
+
+    "I have given a relation of this anecdote, because I am one
+    of the four or five persons who alone know the truth of it,
+    and because I am of opinion, that it is not yet too late to
+    revive a project, which will save a million of Christians
+    from becoming widows and orphans. As to the first object of
+    such a confederacy, Lord Rochford did not doubt of the
+    proposition's being accepted by all the powers, because it
+    was the interest of all to accept it. The losses of France in
+    the two Indies the last war, and their misfortunes in the
+    East Indies in the present one, where, in six weeks, they
+    have lost all they possessed; the losses of the Spaniards in
+    the last war in the two Indies, and even the stroke the other
+    day in the Bay of Honduras, by a young captain with a handful
+    of soldiers; the facility with which Portugal lost the Island
+    of St Catharine in the Brazils, and the misfortunes of the
+    English armies the three last years in America, all prove
+    that France, Spain, Portugal, and England, have their tender
+    parts in America and the two Indies, and of consequence, that
+    they have all an interest in a mutual guarantee of their
+    possessions in those three parts of the world.
+
+    "As to the second object of the confederacy, I am sensible,
+    that the idea of the other three powers participating in the
+    commerce of America, under the limitation of its not being
+    incompatible with the common interests of English America and
+    England, is an idea somewhat vague, and subject to disputes.
+    But, fortunately for humanity, there are five persons in
+    those five countries, of characters which render them proper
+    to draw the outlines of some determinate regulations, which
+    will admit of no disputes, and may enrich France, Spain, and
+    Portugal, without impoverishing England and her Colonies. In
+    America there is Doctor Franklin, perhaps the first genius of
+    the age, who is well acquainted with the commercial
+    connexions between America and England; France has her
+    Comptroller-General, who, from his youth, has been brought up
+    in the practice of commerce; in Spain, we find M. Campomanes,
+    who has employed the maturity of his life in studies, that
+    give him a superiority in discussions of this kind; Portugal
+    will be assisted by the counsels of the Duke of Braganza, who
+    has gathered knowledge in almost every field, in courts, in
+    libraries, and even on the exchanges of the merchants of
+    Europe; and as for England, she has a Minister who,
+    thoroughly versed in the true interests of commerce, will not
+    refuse to America what he has just granted to Ireland.
+
+    "As to the third object of the confederation; England, who
+    much boasts of her own _magna charta_, will make no
+    difficulty in granting a _magna charta_ to the liberties of
+    America. Perhaps the best means to expedite this measure
+    would be to give a _carte blanche_ to Dr Franklin. A generous
+    confidence is the surest means to secure a generous man.
+    Spain has two very solid interests in the success of such a
+    confederacy, and against the independence of America. The
+    first is, that if English America becomes independent,
+    Spanish America will be overrun with the contraband of the
+    Americans thus independent of England. 1. England is bound by
+    treaties with Spain not to carry on the contraband trade. 2.
+    She is restrained by the fear of this contraband's drawing a
+    war upon her in Europe, which was the consequence of it in
+    the times of Sir Robert Walpole. 3. The dearness of English
+    and European commodities sets natural bounds to the quantity
+    of this contraband. But when the Americans are independent,
+    they will say, first, they are not bound by the treaties of
+    the English; secondly, they will not be restrained by fear,
+    being so far from Spain, and having defended themselves
+    against eighty thousand English soldiers and marines, they
+    would but little dread the forces of Spain; and thirdly, the
+    low price of American commodities will cover the Spanish
+    Colonies with contraband. Indeed, necessity itself will
+    oblige the Americans either to carry on this contraband, or
+    to make war on Spanish and Portuguese America and their
+    Islands. They have neither gold nor silver among themselves,
+    and without these precious metals, they can neither cultivate
+    their lands nor carry on commerce. They will only have four
+    sources from whence to draw them; first, their commerce with
+    Europe; secondly, pensions from France and Spain; thirdly, a
+    contraband trade with the Provinces of Spain and Portugal in
+    the new world; and fourthly, a war in these Provinces.
+
+    "While the Americans continue in a state, which the English
+    call rebellion, their commerce with Europe will be
+    interrupted by English cruisers. Thus they will draw but a
+    small quantity of these precious metals from this first
+    source. The pensions of France and Spain will be much too
+    inconsiderable to support the agriculture and manufactures of
+    so extensive a country. Their only remaining source then for
+    these metals will be in the contraband, or wars with the
+    Spanish and Portuguese Provinces. To prevent this contraband,
+    the treaty of confederation might make provision against the
+    contraband both of the English and Americans. It is a
+    delicate point for an Englishman to suggest the means, but
+    were the two nations sincerely disposed for peace, I could in
+    a quarter of an hour suggest the infallible means.
+
+    "Spain has another interest, perhaps still greater, against
+    the independence of the Americans, and, consequently, in
+    favor of the treaty in question. The Americans, who will be
+    able to fly with their sails wherever they please, will make
+    establishments in New Zealand, the Islands of Otaheite, or
+    some other Islands in the South Sea, from whence they will
+    torment the Spaniards in that sea, and even the English, the
+    French, the Portuguese, and the Dutch, in the East India
+    Seas. Being independent, no treaty will prevent their making
+    such establishments. They may make them consistent with the
+    laws of nations. Captain Cook in his last printed voyages
+    says, there are fortyseven thousand seafaring people in the
+    Island of Otaheite alone; and Captain Wallis, who discovered
+    those Islands, told me at Lisbon a few days ago, that the
+    inhabitants of Otaheite went to the mast-head of the English
+    ships, and ran on the yard-arms as well in three days' time
+    as the English mariners, and gave me two reasons for it. The
+    first was, that living on fish, they are all seafaring
+    people; and the second, that those who wear no shoes are
+    always the most dexterous in mounting the upper parts of a
+    ship. Captain Cook also in the same voyage gives a
+    description of a port and city in New Zealand, which might in
+    a few weeks be made impregnable, and one needs only look at
+    the shape of the Islands in the South Seas, in the maps we
+    have of them, to be convinced that they have no small number
+    of these impregnable ports.
+
+    "I show myself as much a friend to Spain, to France, to
+    Portugal and Holland, as to England, in disclosing the
+    following idea, which may have escaped others. Heretofore it
+    was impossible to go to the South Seas with any safety, but
+    in the months of December and January, and by the dreadful
+    latitudes round Cape Horn. But the late discoveries of
+    Captain Cook and other Englishmen have demonstrated the
+    practicability of going thither in every month of the year,
+    round the Cape of Good Hope, and the fine latitude of New
+    Zealand, and in almost the same time; the one being a passage
+    of four and the other of five months. Because the same west
+    wind, which blows almost the whole of the year, and retards
+    the vessels passing by Cape Horn, carries them with rapidity
+    by the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand. Hence it follows,
+    that when the Americans quarrel with Spain, perhaps on the
+    subject of the contraband, they will send their ships on the
+    coast of Chili from their establishments in the South Seas,
+    by the latitudes of New Zealand, and with the west winds,
+    which always blow in that quarter. This is a voyage of only
+    five weeks; for Captain Cook in one voyage, and Captain
+    Fourneaux in another, went from New Zealand to Cape Horn in
+    less time, and the journal of the winds annexed to the voyage
+    of Captain Cook shews, that the west winds in those latitudes
+    bear to the east the proportion of ten to one. When their
+    vessels are on the coasts of Chili, they will take the
+    advantage of the land wind, which, blowing constantly from
+    south to north, will carry them along the coasts of Chili and
+    Peru. With this wind they will go in fourteen days to the Bay
+    of Panama, and in the course of this voyage they will ravage
+    the sea coasts, and make prizes of all the vessels they meet.
+    The naval force of Spain at Lima will not have it in their
+    power to hinder them, for the same south wind, which will
+    push the Americans forward, will prevent the fleets of Spain
+    going to meet them. From the Bay of Panama they will return
+    by the great wind of the tropics, which never fails blowing
+    from east to west, either to their settlements in the South
+    Seas, or to sell their prizes in the seas of China or India,
+    from whence they will perhaps again return with new vessels,
+    newly manned, to repeat their ravages. Their return will
+    either be by New Zealand in coming from the Indies, or by the
+    latitude of forty north in coming from China. In this last
+    case they will fall on Mexico, and profiting of the land
+    winds which always blow there from north to the Bay of
+    Panama, they will ravage Mexico as before they ravaged Chili
+    and Peru. From the Bay of Panama they will return by the
+    great tropic wind, either to their own homes in the South
+    Seas, or to the seas of Asia to renew a war, insulting,
+    tormenting, and without remedy.
+
+    "On the other hand, when at war with England, France,
+    Portugal, or Holland, they will direct their course from
+    their establishments in the South Seas, and fall upon the
+    possessions of those powers in the East Indies. They will
+    have two great routes to go and return by; the one to the
+    west of New Zealand, the other by the Islands between China
+    and New Holland, and in this they will have as many passages
+    as there are Islands. Thence follows the impossibility of
+    waylaying their vessels, either going or on their return.
+    These consequences may all be prevented by the treaty
+    proposed by Lord Rochford, in which it might be stipulated
+    that these Islands shall forever belong to their present
+    inhabitants and their posterity, for certainly the nation who
+    shall first possess herself of them will command the commerce
+    of the South Seas and those of Asia.
+
+    "Europe, wishing for the independence of America, resembles a
+    man asleep on ice, and not sensible that ice thaws, and
+    therefore to give the greater weight to the confederation,
+    Holland and Denmark, who have interests in both the new
+    worlds, might be invited to become contracting parties to
+    those articles of treaty, which regard the mutual guarantee.
+
+    "The reason of the frequent breach of treaties is, that they
+    are made without provision for the future reciprocal
+    interests of the contracting nations. The only ones that I
+    know of, that pay attention to this object, are the treaties
+    between Portugal and England; by which Portugal gains a
+    preference for the sale of her wines in England, and England
+    for the sale of her cloths in Portugal. The consequence is,
+    that there never has, and in appearance never will be, a war
+    between Portugal and England. It would not be difficult,
+    either in the general confederation, or by separate treaties
+    of commerce between England on the one part, and the three
+    kingdoms of Spain, Portugal, and France respectively on the
+    other, to advance infinitely the commercial interests of all
+    three, by their connexions with England. Spain having wines,
+    oil, fruits, salt, fine wools, and some other articles, which
+    England has not, and England having iron, with coal in the
+    same fields for the manufacturing of it, and by the moistness
+    of her climate long wool for cloths of a low price, also tin,
+    fish, with some other articles, which Spain has not, it
+    follows, that when England is rich she will buy more articles
+    of Spain, and when Spain is rich she will buy more articles
+    of England, and consequently, that one cannot enrich herself
+    without enriching the other. The same reasoning applies to
+    the natural connexions between England and Portugal. There is
+    even a natural connexion between England and France in many
+    articles of commerce, if the jealousy of fools, and
+    misinformed persons did not perpetually interrupt it. I have
+    heard from certain authority, that had the Abbe Terray
+    continued in the Ministry of France, there would have been a
+    tariff between France and England for the entry, on the most
+    favorable conditions, of the wines and articles of mode of
+    the one nation, and the manufactures of iron and wheat of the
+    other, and England might have procured the consent of
+    Portugal for the diminution of her commerce of wines with
+    England by other indemnifications. England in favor of
+    France, Spain, and Portugal, might, without injury to herself
+    even permit the exportation of those wools, paying a duty at
+    the exportation thereof. The exportation of the superfluous
+    wool, would be an advantage to the proprietors of lands in
+    England, to the King in furnishing him a new revenue, and to
+    those three nations, in giving them an article necessary for
+    their manufactures.
+
+    "Unfortunately for humanity, the Abbe Terray is no more; but
+    happily for humanity, Dr Franklin, the Comptroller-General of
+    France, M. Compomanes, the Duke of Braganza, and Lord North
+    are all still living, and the King of Spain, with the Count
+    de Florida Blanca, may put all these five in motion.
+
+    "For my part I have no authority from the English Ministers
+    to present this project, but living in friendship with the
+    greater part of them, and on an intimate footing with the
+    others, I am certain that some of the sentiments in this
+    memorial correspond with their manner of thinking on the
+    subject. I confess I received a letter in Portugal, fourteen
+    days before my departure for Spain, from Lord Rochford, who
+    is not at present in the Ministry, but who is so taken up
+    with a project that does him so much honor, that he has
+    advised me to feel the pulses on the possibility of making it
+    succeed, and that I have a letter on the same subject from
+    the Duke of Braganza, who entered into the views of my Lord
+    Rochford not as a politician, but as a friend to humanity.
+
+    "Encouraged by such men, and still more by the dictates of my
+    own heart, I wrote to one of the English Ministers, that if I
+    did not find minds too much heated, and there was no danger
+    of giving offence, I intended to do justice to the project of
+    my Lord Rochford, in Spain and in France, and begged him to
+    send me an answer to Paris whether the Ministry of England
+    approved or disapproved my intentions.
+
+    "I have only to add, that my views being to unite, and not to
+    separate nations, I have no objection that the Ministers of
+    France and Dr Franklin should each have a copy of this
+    memorial."
+
+The Count spoke of Sir John and his anecdote very properly, and
+concluded with assurances of the King's firmness.
+
+The manner in which Sir John speaks of Dr Franklin, however just, I
+impute to a design of injuring the confidence reposed in him by his
+constituents.
+
+The house of Gardoqui at Bilboa are rich, in favor with the Ministry,
+and friends to America. The Navy Board have sent to them for goods for
+the use of the navy, and have remitted to them only an inconsiderable
+part of the sum to which they will amount, desiring the residue on
+credit, and promising speedy payment. One of the House now here spoke
+to me on the subject; I advised him to complete the orders. It is of
+the utmost consequence that the Navy Board be punctual in their
+remittances. American credit is not high, and ought to be higher. I am
+the more anxious on this subject, as that House is exceedingly well
+disposed, and a disappointment would not only be injurious to them,
+but much more so to us. Perhaps it would be a good rule if the United
+States were to contract debts only with Governments, and never with
+individuals abroad.
+
+I received a letter last week from a Captain Hawkins at Cadiz,
+informing me that the Americans, who had escaped from captivity and
+were collected there, were fitting out a vessel for America, which
+they were arming, and wished to be enabled to act offensively and
+defensively in their way home, by having a proper commission from me
+for that purpose. As I had neither blank commissions nor authority to
+grant them, I referred him to Dr Franklin.
+
+Congress will be pleased to consider how far it may be proper to
+remove these obstacles, by sending me both. This leads me again to
+remind your Excellency of several letters I wrote you from Cadiz,
+respecting American seamen coming to Spain from captivity at Gibraltar
+and other places. As copies of these letters have been sent by
+different vessels, I presume some of them have reached you. It
+certainly is necessary that provision be made for these people, and in
+a regular established manner. I am very desirous of instructions on
+this subject.
+
+The credit given me by Congress on Dr Franklin is expended, and I am
+without other means of obtaining supplies than by private credit,
+which I am at a loss to satisfy. To apply to, and be maintained by
+the Court, is, in my opinion, too humiliating to be for the public
+good; and as yet I have neither received nor heard of remittances
+from America. It would give me pleasure to know in what manner
+Congress mean I should be supplied, and whether any measures have been
+taken for that purpose.
+
+I am much embarrassed for the means of conveying and receiving
+intelligence. Being at a great distance from the sea, all my letters
+to and from thence here must either be conveyed by private couriers or
+the public post. All my letters by the latter, whether in France or
+Spain, are opened. By that conveyance, therefore, it would not always
+be proper to write either to Congress, to Dr Franklin, Mr Adams, or
+others, with that freedom which would often be useful, and sometimes
+necessary. The salary allowed me, so far from admitting the expense of
+private couriers, is inadequate for the common purposes for which it
+was given. This is a delicate subject, and I wish it was not my duty
+to say anything respecting it. This place is the dearest in Europe.
+The Court is never stationary, passing part of the year in no less
+than five different places, viz. Madrid, Pardo, Aranjues, St
+Ildefonso, and the Escurial; hence considerable expenses arise. I
+forbear enumerating particulars, my design being only to mention this
+matter to Congress, not to press it upon them. I shall always live
+agreeably to my circumstances; and if, from their being too narrow,
+inconveniences result to the public, they ought to be informed of it.
+I hope what I have said will be viewed in this light only; so far as I
+am personally interested, I am content.
+
+Mr Harrison, a gentleman of Maryland, now here, will be the bearer of
+this letter to Cadiz. I therefore embrace this good and unusual
+opportunity of being so minute and explicit in it.
+
+The family of Galvez is numerous and of weight. The one on the
+Mississippi has written favorably of the Americans to his brothers
+here, three of whom are in office. It would be well to cultivate this
+disposition whenever opportunities of doing it offer.
+
+The resolution providing for Spanish prisoners at New York was well
+judged.
+
+Dr Franklin is more advantageously circumstanced than I am to gain and
+transmit to Congress intelligence of the disposition of Holland and of
+the Northern Powers.
+
+From the conduct of their ministers here, I have no reason to predict
+much to our advantage. They are cold, and I have received nothing more
+than common civility from any of them, except the Ministers of Holland
+and Sweden, and indeed not much more from them. Perhaps they have been
+rendered unusually cautious by an extract of a letter from Madrid in
+the Leyden paper, mentioning the precious reception Mr Carmichael met
+with here, and the attentions he received from the foreign Ministers.
+You have probably seen it in the _Courier de l'Europe_.
+
+From what I hear of the character of the Empress of Russia, I cannot
+but think that a prudent agent there would be very useful. They say
+she is sensible, proud, and ambitious. Hence I infer that such a mark
+of attention would be grateful, and consequently useful.
+
+I should have given your Excellency seasonable intelligence of the
+Spanish fleet and armament, which lately sailed from Cadiz, as I
+believe to the Havana, and whose objects I suspect to be the Floridas
+or Jamaica, or probably both, but I omitted writing on that subject
+previous to the departure of the fleet, from a persuasion that any
+letters by the post containing such advices would not be permitted to
+proceed, and therefore I thought it unnecessary; nor will I now swell
+the pages of this letter, already very voluminous, by entering into
+particulars relative to it, especially as that armament will probably
+have begun its operations before this letter will come to your
+Excellency's hands.
+
+The reports of dissensions in Congress, which prevailed here prior to
+my arrival, and the causes to which they were ascribed, had filled
+this Court with apprehensions; and it gives me pleasure to assure you,
+that the present appearance of union in Congress is attended here with
+very happy effects.
+
+The people in this country are in almost total darkness about us.
+Scarce any American publications have reached them, nor are they
+informed of the most recent and important events in that country. The
+affairs of Stony Point, Paulus Hook, &c. &c. have never been heard of
+here, except perhaps by the great officers of state, and they could
+scarcely believe that the Roman Catholic religion was even tolerated
+there.
+
+There are violent prejudices among them against us. Many of them have
+even serious doubts of our being civilized, and mention a strange
+story of a ship driven into Virginia by distress, about thirty years
+ago, that was plundered by the inhabitants, and some of the crew
+killed in a manner and under circumstances which, if true, certainly
+indicate barbarity. The King and Ministry are warm, yet I have reason
+to believe that the bulk of the nation is cold towards us; they appear
+to me to like the English, hate the French, and to have prejudices
+against us.
+
+I mention these things to show in a strong light the necessity of
+punctuality in sending me from time to time all American intelligence
+of importance, and observing such conduct towards Spaniards in
+general, as may tend to impress them with more favorable sentiments of
+us. There was a little uneasiness among the mercantile people at Cadiz
+respecting the capture of some Spanish vessels by privateers. I hope
+the former have had ample justice done them; it certainly is of great
+importance that they should have reason to be satisfied.
+
+Your Excellency may observe that I have written very particularly.
+Both this Court and that of France have very particular information
+respecting the proceedings of Congress.
+
+Want of prudence, rather than virtue, I believe to be the cause. I
+nevertheless think it my duty to give Congress from time to time full
+information of their affairs here, and shall not be restrained by the
+apprehension of any consequences, that may result from want of secrecy
+there. I make it a rule to write on these subjects only to Congress,
+and to them very particularly.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+_P. S._ Congress may think it extraordinary, that Mr Carmichael's
+handwriting does not appear in this letter. He is, with my
+approbation, now at Aranjues, and I must do him the justice to say,
+that he is always ready and willing to do his duty as Secretary.
+
+                                                                 J. J.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[18] See above, dated January 26th, p. 194.
+
+[19] See this letter in Arthur Lee's Correspondence, Vol. II p. 276.
+
+[20] See above, p. 195.
+
+[21] See above, p. 199.
+
+[22] See p. 203.
+
+[23] See p. 210.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 27th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+On the 27th of last month I had the pleasure of receiving your favor
+of the 11th of December, 1779, with copies of the resolutions of
+Congress, for drawing on Mr Laurens and myself for one hundred
+thousand pounds sterling each.
+
+I had the honor of writing to Congress yesterday very fully respecting
+their affairs in this kingdom, and particularly on the subject of
+those resolutions.
+
+I have not yet had the pleasure of hearing of Mr Lauren's arrival,
+about which I am anxious. Be pleased to assure Congress, that Mr
+Laurens shall receive from me every mark of attention, and all the aid
+in my power to afford. The latter I fear will not be great.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO JAMES LOVELL.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 27th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Eight days ago I had the pleasure of receiving a packet containing
+journals and newspapers.
+
+From an endorsement I conjecture that I am indebted to you for it.
+There was no letter enclosed in it. I am much obliged by this
+attention. American intelligence is of more importance here (where
+they have little of it) than can well be imagined.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                             Aranjues, May 27th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Since my letter of the 25th instant, I have very strong reason to
+believe, in consequence of conversations I have had with persons who
+ought to be well informed, that the fleet and troops, which sailed
+from Cadiz the 28th ultimo, are destined in the first instance to the
+Windward Islands, to act in concert with the squadron of the Count de
+Guichen, from thence as circumstances may render it proper they will
+proceed to Jamaica or the Floridas; for it appears to be the intention
+of the Spanish, as well as of the French Court, to detach a part at
+least of their force in the Islands to the continent, as soon as the
+hurricane season in the West Indies renders it dangerous for them to
+act against the enemy in that part of the world. I do not mention by
+letter my source of information, because I do not choose to hazard the
+loss of intelligence, which I may gain from the same persons, by the
+miscarriage of letters. I shall however mention it to you _viva voce_,
+in order to enable you to judge of the credit due to my information.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                   WILLIAM CARMICHAEL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 28th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since closing my letter of the 26th instant, I have received from Mr
+Carmichael the interesting intelligence contained in the enclosed
+paper.[24] He is now here, and has communicated to me the channel
+through which he obtained it, from which I think his information
+deserves belief, and his address in obtaining it credit.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[24] See the preceding letter.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 28th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In the journal of the proceedings of Congress of November, 1779, I
+find that on the 8th day of that month they were pleased to come to
+the following resolution. "Resolved, that the late and former
+Presidents of Congress be desired to lodge, as soon as they
+conveniently can in the Secretary's office, copies of all public
+letters by them respectively written during their Presidentship."
+After I resigned the chair, and immediately on your Excellency's
+election, I delivered a book, containing copies of the public letters
+I had written during my Presidentship, to your Excellency, who
+promised to lodge it in the Secretary's office, which, I am persuaded,
+was accordingly done. It gives me concern therefore to find this
+resolution is made to extend to me, and I flatter myself Congress will
+do me the justice to let it appear, by the entry to be made on their
+journals of the receipt of this letter, that I had done that part of
+my duty in season, and without their express request.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                               Madrid, May 30th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 26th instant I had the honor of writing a very long and
+particular letter to your Excellency, by the way of Cadiz, of which a
+duplicate has also been sent. To the contents of that letter I have
+nothing new to add, except that two of the bills directed to be drawn
+upon me have arrived.
+
+I shall go tomorrow to Aranjues, from whence I shall embrace the first
+opportunity of communicating to Congress the further progress of their
+affairs here.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                                         Without date.
+
+  Sir,
+
+By vessels lately arrived from the continent, and from St Eustatia,
+there appeared here some bills drawn by the Treasurer of Loans in
+America on Henry Laurens, Commissioner for the States in Amsterdam.
+Every body has been surprised at it, and we in particular, as we were
+directly applied to. We said at the first, that we expected Mr Laurens
+would be in town very soon, begging them to keep those bills a
+fortnight, and that, at all events, we would accept them. We have seen
+others since more willing to wait; but not knowing what sums may have
+been drawn for already, we are in hopes to be soon released from this
+anxiety by the arrival of the Minister. As we think your Excellency
+may have some intelligence about this matter, and have it in your
+power at the same time to save the credit of America, if Mr Laurens by
+any accident should not arrive, we beg the favor to be informed how to
+conduct ourselves. In the mean time we will do what lies in our power
+to prevent all noise and trouble about them. In case Mr Laurens should
+not arrive, your Excellency will have time left to make or provide for
+remittances, as the bills are drawn at six months' sight.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                            Amsterdam, June 1st, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Craving reference to our last, we have now the honor to propose to
+your Excellency on what terms we think all difficulty on account of
+the absence of Henry Laurens, as Commissioner from Congress here, may
+be prevented. We have written the same to Dr Franklin in France,
+offering him to accept all those bills, provided he gives us
+permission to re-draw directly on him for account of Congress, and to
+do it even at seven or eight months, until, by the arrival of Mr
+Laurens, or in some other way, this matter may be arranged, for there
+must certainly be provision made for those bills, and the sums we do
+not think will exceed two or three hundred thousand guilders before Mr
+Laurens's arrival here may be known in America, and matters are
+settled. We even offered those transactions without any view of
+interest, as for a commission. The importance of the business must
+have influence with every one, who has any regard for the United
+States; and this emboldened us even to trouble your Excellency with
+this relation, not doubting but you might equally find means to make
+matters easy at all events; for the terrible loss which there would be
+on such bills, if protested, must be prevented, and the honor of the
+credit of America must be saved. We hope our endeavor for it may be
+approved of, and have the desired end.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                            Amsterdam, June 8th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+In conformity with what we have informed you, that we had engaged for
+the acceptance of some of the bills drawn on Henry Laurens, since
+nothing has been heard of him as yet, we accepted those on the first
+instant, and we hope your Excellency, as well as Dr Franklin, may
+approve of our proceeding, and of the method we have proposed for our
+reimbursement, in case Mr Laurens may not appear, or that they should
+not be provided for in time. Certain it is that those bills should be
+honored for the credit of America. At the same time, it is not in the
+power of a mercantile house to stand for the whole; yet the measure
+proposed may make it easy, since the sums will not be so large but
+that they may be easily provided for in Spain and France by the
+Plenipotentiary Ministers. And for ourselves, we only desire to be
+properly empowered to draw again for any sums we may accept. As there
+was no time to get the matter previously adjusted, we will go on, and
+see how our plan may be agreed to and approved of.
+
+We have the honor to be always with the most devoted regard, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+              COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, June 16th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The embarrassments, which the depreciation of the currency had created
+in the public affairs at the time of your departure for Europe, were,
+as you may well remember, very distressing, and have, till lately,
+continued to increase. Congress, greatly anxious to avail themselves
+of every possible means of checking this evil, on the 23d of November
+last ventured on the expedient of drawing bills upon you for one
+hundred thousand pounds sterling, as you have been already advised by
+letter of December the 11th following. This they thought they might
+risk, considering the importance of the object. But as the time of
+your arrival in Europe could not be counted upon with certainty, and
+as the negotiation might not be immediately practicable, and moreover,
+as a disappointment would be highly injurious to the public faith,
+they determined to draw the bills at six months' sight, which we hope
+will allow sufficient leisure for every preparation.
+
+It will not be amiss to observe, that Congress have not taken this
+measure without some circumstances of encouragement, that a fund to
+satisfy the draft would not be unattainable. Since the agreeable news
+of your arrival, and to answer a purpose of great national utility,
+Congress, by their resolution of the 19th instant, have directed bills
+to be drawn for the additional sum of twentyfive thousand dollars,
+payable at sixty days' sight. The exertions necessary at this crisis
+require the command of a considerable sum of money; but these drafts,
+we hope, will not be increased till we have intelligence from you
+respecting your prospects and assurances. We have the pleasure to
+inform you, that from the measures, which have lately been adopted,
+and with which you are made acquainted by the journals, the finances
+begin to assume a better appearance, and our public affairs in general
+will, we hope, be delivered from many of the embarrassments under
+which they have labored, but we earnestly entreat you to push every
+possible exertion for procuring aids of money from the Court of Spain,
+without which we are fearful the measures of Congress fully to restore
+the currency and prosecute the war with good effect will fall short of
+the desired success.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                 JAMES LOVELL,
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON,
+                                                 WILLIAM C. HOUSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON, AT AMSTERDAM.
+
+                                              Madrid, June 18th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Accept my thanks for your favors on the subject of the bills drawn on
+Mr Laurens. The kind concern you take in the credit and prosperity of
+the United States merits their acknowledgments, and I shall take the
+first opportunity of communicating to Congress your very friendly
+propositions relative to the acceptance of the bills.
+
+Whether Dr Franklin is in circumstances to agree to these propositions
+I know not. They certainly are very generous and liberal, and would be
+attended with very happy effects. I am persuaded, that Congress would
+strain every nerve to fulfill them. I have no intelligence whatever of
+Mr Laurens, and am much at a loss to conjecture what should detain
+him.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+                                              Madrid, June 25th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Your favor of the 8th instant came to hand yesterday. The receipt of
+the letters referred to in it was acknowledged by the last post. Your
+plan for paying the bills drawn on Mr Laurens is noble and generous. I
+heartily wish it may succeed, and that things could be so adjusted as
+that you might not be exposed to loss or inconvenience by it. But,
+gentlemen, as to this matter, I have neither instructions, nor the
+means of preventing the evils you mention. If I had the money, or
+could procure it, I would, without hesitation, engage to repay you
+punctually, but that is not the case. That Congress will repay you
+with gratitude I am certain, but whether quite so soon as your
+convenience may require, is more doubtful, because the absence of Mr
+Laurens is an event they did not foresee, and consequently did not
+provide against. If you could make a loan for the United States in
+your country, the money might be applied for the discharge of these
+bills. I am sure you would do Congress a very acceptable service by
+it. I have not yet heard from Dr Franklin on this subject. You may
+rely on all the aid in my power to render, and I should be very happy
+if it could be equal to the present exigency. I am not without
+difficulties respecting the bills drawn upon me. If these difficulties
+should cease, and I should be in a capacity to assist you, I will
+immediately let you know it, but of this there is as yet no great
+prospect.
+
+As a man, I admire and esteem your conduct, and as an American I
+thank you. Be assured, therefore, that I shall omit no opportunity of
+convincing you of the regard and attachment, with which I have the
+honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 10th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+As a late and particular letter from me to your Excellency is now on
+the way to America, and as I purpose to write again very fully by the
+successor of M. Mirales, I decline saying much in this letter, which I
+shall send by a circuitous and hazardous route.
+
+I have accepted bills to the amount of between eleven and twelve
+thousand dollars. They arrive slowly, and I am very glad of it. No
+news of Mr Laurens; I regret his absence. I hope the terms for the
+sale of the bills on me will not be lowered. Remittances have really
+become necessary. Distressed American seamen cost a great deal. The
+house of Le Couteulx has advanced money for them at Cadiz.
+
+I had yesterday an application from the director of a hospital at St
+Andeira, desiring to be informed whether I would be responsible for
+the ordinary expenses of receiving and curing a New England master of
+a vessel, who had escaped from captivity pennyless, having one of his
+legs so injured by iron fetters as to be in danger of losing it. These
+are calls of humanity, and I entreat Congress to enable me to obey
+them, and to establish specific regulations for the conduct of these
+affairs.
+
+The surrender of Charleston is the subject of much speculation, and
+many unfavorable conjectures. I have received no public letters since
+I left America, except one from the Committee, enclosing the
+resolutions for drawing bills on me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, July 13th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Never letter could have been more welcome than the favor your
+Excellency honored us with of the 25th of the past month, since it
+expressed a true concern about the bills drawn on Mr Laurens, and your
+approbation of our conduct. As we from the beginning acted from
+principle in the American cause, and never will prevaricate, this is
+only from the same motive, but we shall be sorry if we should not be
+supported, and that it is out of your Excellency's power to do it. We
+cannot judge how far those drafts may go, and if we had not expected
+that your Excellency, as well as Dr Franklin, would have been willing
+and able to answer for a trifle, (one or two hundred thousand
+guilders) in such a matter as this, it would have been a folly to
+undertake it.
+
+Dr Franklin wrote to us, that people would be satisfied to have the
+bills enregistered, but we found the contrary; several of them would
+have them duly protested, and until today we have again accepted them
+all; but how it will go further we do not know. We were very sensible
+to the hint your Excellency was pleased to give us, of making a loan
+here. We might from time to time have got some money in that way, if
+properly authorised; and our good will and influence certainly would
+have brought it further than it had been done by the House, which was
+formerly intrusted with it, and we have long ago desired a loan should
+be opened in our hands, but we never could properly obtain it. A
+trifle of allowance, and chiefly the largeness of the sum, which was
+required from us to answer for at once, prevented it; so we did not
+think proper to mention it again. We can and may work for glory, but
+on a large scale we cannot sacrifice our own interest. Every
+catastrophe in favor of or against America, has with our public a
+great influence. So the capture of Charleston would be very much
+against us at this moment for such a purpose; and though we could not
+flatter ourselves to go any length with it, a very particular
+circumstance might revive the American spirit; and it would even
+require some time before such a power was brought into due terms,
+whereon we could engage anything.
+
+This is certain, that in a moment as critical as the present, a small
+sum would save the honor of Congress, and in that light could not be
+paid for too dear; which made us think on a method, that your
+Excellency could employ a banker, and likewise Dr Franklin; that we,
+drawing on either of your Excellencies, if we were sure you would
+approve of it, could prolong terms in all probability, and without
+doubt as long as should be needful, and until the arrival of Mr
+Laurens, and that by his means and instructions proper measures could
+be taken.
+
+We must also expect, that Congress, (as on the first days of May they
+were informed, that Mr Laurens had not sailed,) will have been
+attentive to provide for those bills, and have considered the
+consequences, as we do in Europe. We write the same idea to Dr
+Franklin, and propose to him, if he should not approve of such a
+method, or find a better, to empower us for a loan, as we know he had
+formerly instructions thereon. We are too nice and anxious for the
+credit of Congress to make any use thereof, if it should hurt matters
+any way; but it is not possible to know what may be done before a
+proper trial; and we are obliged at last to speak plain, that whatever
+bills now further should offer, we cannot accept any more. We wish our
+proposals may not seem incongruous; we make them with the more
+assurance, as we are not guided by any other motive, than by the most
+extended desire to prevent every difficulty, which could in any way
+affect the reputation of the United States.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                   DE NEUFVILLE & SON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                           Amsterdam, July 28th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Since we had the honor of writing to your Excellency, it is but just,
+that we should inform you of the success of our proceedings in the
+acceptance of the bills drawn on Henry Laurens, for which Dr Franklin,
+by his last favor, has engaged, offering to accept further bills, when
+sent to him, until the arrival of Mr Laurens, or that some good reason
+may appear for the contrary. As this will answer the same purpose, and
+we think it best, that there should not seem to be any alteration, we
+offer today to continue our acceptance until forbid, under guarantee
+of our being reimbursed in time. We are very much pleased, that the
+matter is thus far settled for the honor of Congress.
+
+We have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                              JOHN DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+                                              Madrid, July 29th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+Your favor of the 13th instant was delivered to me last evening. I
+admire the generous principles, which lead you to take so decided and
+friendly a part in favor of America. I have too great confidence in
+the honor, justice, and gratitude of Congress to suspect, that they
+will permit you to be sufferers by your exertions in their favor. On
+the contrary, I am persuaded they will entertain a proper sense of
+your disinterested attachment, and with pleasure take every
+opportunity of acknowledging it.
+
+Mr Laurens's absence is much to be regretted; his endeavors, aided by
+your assistance, would probably have prevented the embarrassments,
+which have taken place. I have not as yet received any advices of his
+having sailed, and your information of his not having left America in
+May is true. By a letter from a gentleman at Cadiz of the 21st instant
+I learn, that a vessel from North Carolina had arrived in fortynine
+days, and left Mr Laurens there on his way to Philadelphia. I am at a
+loss to account for this, having no intelligence from America on the
+subject. Perhaps his design was to sail from Philadelphia. If so, we
+may still look out for him. Prudence, however, demands, that every
+possible step be taken to alleviate the inconveniences arising from
+his absence. If my power extended to this case, I should, without
+hesitation, authorise you in a proper manner to make a loan in
+Holland, and be much obliged to you for undertaking it. But my
+instructions do not reach so far; all I can do is to advise as an
+individual, and as a public servant, to represent in a true light to
+Congress your benevolent efforts to preserve their credit. If Dr
+Franklin has such instructions as you suppose, and his circumstances
+will admit of it, I can at present see no objections to his taking
+some such measures as you propose, until Mr Laurens's arrival; but of
+this, he alone can properly judge. I shall write to him on the
+subject, and you may rely on my doing everything in my power. I assure
+you I feel myself, as an American, so much obliged by your generous
+zeal to serve my country, that I shall be happy in being instrumental
+to render the issue of it as agreeable and honorable to you, as the
+principles on which you act are meritorious and noble.
+
+I flatter myself, that the unfavorable influence, which the capture of
+Charleston has on the public, will be of short duration. When they
+reflect, that America has nobly sustained a six years' war, fought
+hard battles with various success, and lost and regained several of
+their cities, they will find it ridiculous to believe, that the fate
+of the Thirteen States is involved in that of one or two towns. The
+like impressions were made, when New York, Philadelphia, and
+Ticonderoga fell into the enemy's hands; and those impressions were
+again removed by the battle of Trenton, the evacuation of
+Philadelphia, the battle of Monmouth, the defeat and capture of
+General Burgoyne and his army, and other victories on our side. Many
+of these great events happened when America had no ally, and when
+Britain had no other objects to divide her force. It is not
+reasonable, therefore, to imagine, that the power of Britain has been
+augmented by the accession of two formidable enemies, or that the
+power of America has been diminished in proportion as the number of
+her friends increased.
+
+Depend upon it, that as the spirit of America has always risen with
+the successes of her enemies they will not, on this occasion, throw
+away their arms, and ingloriously pass under the yoke of a nation
+whose conduct towards her has been marked by injustice and oppression
+in peace, and by malice and wanton barbarity in war.
+
+With sentiments of sincere regard and esteem, I have the honor to be,
+&c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+                                            Madrid, August 16th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+My last to you was dated July 29th, in answer to yours of the 13th of
+the same month. I have since had the pleasure to receive your favor of
+the 28th of July, and am happy to hear that Dr Franklin has been able
+to take the step you mention. I cannot forbear again to repeat the
+sense I have of your very friendly conduct on this occasion. I assure
+you I shall rejoice in every opportunity of acknowledging the
+obligations you have conferred on my country. Such disinterested acts
+of friendship are not common, and ought never to be forgotten.
+
+With sentiments of great and sincere esteem and regard, I have the
+honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                           TO SILAS DEANE.
+
+                                    St Ildefonso, September 8th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+If I could easily be angry with an old friend, I should be so with
+you. Your silence is unkind, and the more so as you might probably
+have communicated things useful, as well as entertaining. Before we
+parted in America, you gave me a cypher, and I really promised myself
+much from it on your arrival in Europe. I could almost wish that the
+winds had blown you this way. I would give a good deal for a day's
+conversation with you, but that is impossible. A correspondence is the
+only substitute, and perhaps you have detached yourself too much from
+public concerns and public men to be troubled with it. I hope this is
+not the case. It would be wrong to extend to a whole nation the
+resentments excited by a few. Perhaps other reasons may have induced
+your silence; whatever they may be I regret them.
+
+Adieu. I am, dear Sir, your most obedient servant,
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, September 16th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+This letter and several copies of it are to be sent by the next post
+to Bilboa, Cadiz, Nantes, &c. The object of it is to inform you, that
+it is necessary immediately to cease drawing bills upon me for the
+present.
+
+Your Excellency may soon expect a full detail of particulars; you will
+then receive an answer to every question that may be raised upon this
+letter.
+
+His Catholic Majesty has been pleased to offer his responsibility to
+facilitate a loan of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for us,
+payable in three years, and to promise us some clothing. This need not
+be kept secret. I have written several letters to your Excellency, but
+have received only one from the Committee since I left America. It
+covered the resolutions respecting these bills.
+
+The Philadelphia bank, the ladies' subscriptions, and other
+indications of union and public spirit, have a fine effect here.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                       In Congress, October 4th, 1780.
+
+On the report of a committee to whom were referred certain
+instructions to the delegates of Virginia by their constituents, and a
+letter of the 26th of May, from the Honorable John Jay, Congress
+unanimously agreed to the following instructions to the Honorable John
+Jay, Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, at the
+Court of Madrid.
+
+That the said Minister adhere to his former instructions, respecting
+the right of the United States of America to the free navigation of
+the river Mississippi into and from the sea; which right, if an
+express acknowledgment of it cannot be obtained from Spain, is not by
+any stipulation on the part of America to be relinquished. To render
+the treaty to be concluded between the two nations permanent, nothing
+can more effectually contribute, than a proper attention, not only to
+the present but the future reciprocal interests of the contracting
+powers.
+
+The river Mississippi being the boundary of several States in the
+union, and their citizens, while connected with Great Britain, and
+since the revolution, having been accustomed to the free use thereof,
+in common with the subjects of Spain, and no instance of complaint or
+dispute having resulted from it, there is no reason to fear, that the
+future mutual use of the river by the subjects of the two nations,
+actuated by friendly dispositions, will occasion any interruption of
+that harmony which it is the desire of America, as well as of Spain,
+should be perpetual. That if the unlimited freedom of the navigation
+of the river Mississippi, with a free port, or ports below the 31st
+degree of north latitude, accessible to merchant ships, cannot be
+obtained from Spain, the said Minister in that case be at liberty to
+enter into such equitable regulations as may appear a necessary
+security against contraband; provided the right of the United States
+to the free navigation of the river be not relinquished, and a free
+port or ports as above described be stipulated to them.
+
+That with respect to the boundary alluded to in his letter of the 26th
+of May last, the said Minister be, and hereby is instructed, to adhere
+strictly to the boundaries of the United States as already fixed by
+Congress. Spain having by the treaty of Paris ceded to Great Britain
+all the country to the northeastward of the Mississippi, the people
+inhabiting these States, while connected with Great Britain, and also
+since the revolution, have settled themselves at divers places to the
+westward near the Mississippi, are friendly to the revolution, and
+being citizens of these United States, and subject to the laws of
+those to which they respectively belong, Congress cannot assign them
+over as subjects to any other power.
+
+That the said Minister be further informed, that in case Spain shall
+eventually be in possession of East and West Florida, at the
+termination of the war, it is of the greatest importance to these
+United States to have the use of the waters running out of Georgia
+through West Florida into the Bay of Mexico, for the purpose of
+navigation; and that he be instructed to endeavor to obtain the same,
+subject to such regulations as may be agreed on between the
+contracting parties; and that as a compensation for this, he be and
+hereby is empowered to guaranty the possession of the said Floridas to
+the Crown of Spain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                        TO DE NEUFVILLE & SON.
+
+                                            Madrid, October 4th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have lately had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 7th of
+September. After the proofs you have given of disinterested zeal in
+the cause of liberty and America, I cannot harbor a doubt of your
+opposing the measures of a Court industriously employed in attempts to
+destroy both.
+
+Your sentiments respecting the expediency of a connexion between the
+United States and your Republic concur with my own, and I am persuaded
+that those who know and wish well to the interests of both will
+assiduously promote it.
+
+As I have received no further intelligence respecting Mr Laurens, I
+can add nothing on that subject. I cannot doubt but that good reasons
+have detained him, though I do not know what they are. Congress, I am
+sure, will continue their attention to the objects of his appointment,
+and will be happy in cultivating a friendly connexion with a people
+whose history exhibits many instances of heroic and glorious exertions
+in a cause similar to their own. Those among you who know history, and
+venerate the names and characters of their forefathers, cannot consent
+to be the instruments of despotism, to deprive others of those rights
+which were purchased for themselves by the blood of their own
+ancestors.
+
+When or how far it may consist with the views of Congress to make
+mercantile appointments in your country, I cannot determine; should
+they ever become necessary, I cannot doubt of your being remembered.
+The most powerful recommendation I can give them, will be by sending
+them our correspondence; and for that purpose, copies of all the
+letters that have passed between us are now preparing, and shall,
+together with duplicates and triplicates, be sent by the first
+vessels.
+
+As to the late ordinance of Spain establishing a paper currency, it is
+a subject on which I make no remarks, and for this very good reason,
+that the policy and propriety of that measure are objects without my
+sphere, on which I can have no influence, and which would not be
+altered by anything I might say or write about them.
+
+The Mexican dollars, mentioned in the bills drawn upon me, I
+understand to be only another name for Spanish milled dollars, which
+you know pass here at twenty reals of vellon. How far the sale or
+payment of these may be affected by the paper in question I know not,
+though I must confess that I do not apprehend so much evil from it as
+some others do. These bills will be on an equal footing with all
+others drawn on Spain, and you will readily suppose it not to be in
+my power to put them on a better.
+
+The King of Spain has been so kind as to offer to become responsible
+to a certain amount for monies which I may borrow for Congress,
+payable in three years. Be so kind as to inform me whether this could
+be done in your country, on their _joint credit_, how far, and on what
+terms.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                            TO JAMES LOVELL.
+
+                                           Madrid, October 27th, 1780.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Your letter of the 11th of July gave me much pleasure. There is a
+degree of ease and cordiality in it, which, as mere letters of
+business do not require, I am the more obliged to you for.
+
+It is true that I might write to Congress very often, indeed by every
+vessel, and there are many of them. But how are my letters to get to
+the sea-side? By the post? They would be _all_ inspected, and many
+suppressed. There is scarce a man in any of the ports, except Mr
+Harrison at Cadiz, with whom I would trust them; so that if, under
+different covers, I should get them there, the danger would not end.
+To write often, and write nothing material, would be useless; and when
+you see my public letters, by this opportunity, you will perceive,
+that, to be well understood, I must write a great deal.
+
+I would throw stones too, with all my heart, if I thought they would
+hit only the committee, without injuring the members of it. Till now I
+have received but one letter from them, and that not worth a farthing,
+though it conveyed a draft for one hundred thousand pounds sterling
+on the bank of hope.
+
+One good private correspondent would be worth twenty committees, made
+of the wisest heads in America, for the purpose of intelligence. What
+with clever wives, or pretty girls, or pleasant walks, or too tired,
+or too busy, or do you do it, very little is done, much postponed,
+and more neglected. If you are naturally industrious, and love your
+country, you would frequently take up your pen and your cyphers, and
+tell me how the wheel of politics runs, and what measures it is from
+time to time turning out. I should be better informed and Congress
+better served. I now get more intelligence of your affairs from the
+French Ambassador, than from all the members of Congress put together.
+
+I had written thus far, when I received a letter from M. Le Couteulx
+at Cadiz, enclosing a letter of the 16th of September, written at St
+Ildefonso from me to Congress. It had been enclosed in one to Mr
+Harrison, and that again put under cover to M. Le Couteulx, and, under
+these two covers, it was put into the post office. Now mark its fate.
+The Director of the post office at Cadiz showed it to M. Le Couteulx,
+naked and stripped of its two covers, of which he made no mention. He
+said it came from Bayonne, but M. Le Couteulx, knowing my hand
+writing, paid the postage, and returned it to me. This is only one
+among many instances of the fate to which my letters are subjected. To
+avoid it, I must now be at the expense of sending Colonel Livingston
+to the sea-side with my despatches.
+
+When at Cadiz, I heard some of our countrymen, who had been prisoners
+at Lisbon, speak handsomely of M. Dohrmer. They mentioned his having
+supplied them with necessaries, but at the same time told me that he
+had been employed for the purpose by Dr Franklin. Hence it happened
+that I declined mentioning his usefulness to Congress. I considered
+him as an agent of Dr Franklin, who did his duty faithfully, and
+thought it would be more proper for him to recommend his services to
+the notice of Congress than for me.
+
+I am, dear Sir, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Madrid, November 6th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The last particular letter I had the honor of writing to your
+Excellency was dated the 26th of May, and, with a duplicate, was
+carried to Cadiz by Mr Harrison, who sent one by the Peacock, Captain
+Davis, to Boston, and the other by the General Arnold, Captain
+Jenkins, to Alexandria in Virginia. They both sailed in June last, and
+the former, I hear, arrived safe after a short passage.
+
+I have since written several letters to your Excellency, but as they
+went to the seaports by the post, none of them contained anything
+material, except one from St Ildefonso of the 16th of September,
+advising Congress of the necessity of suspending further drafts on me
+for the present.
+
+Congress will recollect, that my letter of the 26th of May contained
+notes of a conference I had with the Minister on the 11th of that
+month, on the subjects of my two former letters to him, the first in
+answer to his questions, and the latter relative to the resolution for
+drawing bills upon me. It may be remembered also, that, in this
+conference, the Minister promised me his sentiments in writing in a
+few days, as well on the subject of the proposed treaty, as on the
+bills which were daily expected. The first I have not yet received,
+and it was not before the 7th of June that I was favored with the
+latter.
+
+In this interval there arrived here from England, by the way of
+Lisbon, an Abbe Hussey. He came to Lisbon in company with Mr
+Cumberland, one of Lord George Germain's secretaries, who, with his
+family, purposed, on obtaining permission, to come to Madrid. This
+priest was known to many, being a pensioner of the Spanish Court, and
+formerly in the late Prince Massarano's family. Indeed he took no
+pains to conceal himself, or his business, which was to obtain
+permission for his friend to proceed, on account of the bad health of
+a daughter. Mr Carmichael watched his motions with success and
+industry, and was the first who mentioned his arrival to me. He hired
+lodgings and a coach for Mr Cumberland, and visited several persons
+about the Court, particularly M. del Campo, First Secretary of the
+Minister.
+
+On the first of June I received a card from the Minister, desiring to
+see me at nine o'clock the next evening. I waited upon him
+accordingly. The following are notes of what passed upon that
+occasion.
+
+    [Notes of a Conference between his Excellency the Count de
+    Florida Blanca and Mr Jay, in the office of the former at
+    Aranjues, 2d of June, 1780, reduced to writing, immediately
+    after the conference ended, by Mr Carmichael, who was present
+    at it.]
+
+    In consequence of a card received by Mr Jay yesterday, from
+    his Excellency the Count de Florida Blanca, appointing him a
+    meeting at nine o'clock this evening, Mr Jay waited on him at
+    that hour. The conversation commenced on the part of the
+    Minister, with polite inquiries for the state of Mr Jay's
+    health, which, he said, had induced him not to send the notes
+    promised on the former meeting, at the time when appointed,
+    as he had been informed that he was indisposed. He attributed
+    to his own frequent ill state of health (a disorder of the
+    nerves, occasioned by his necessary application to business)
+    the disappointment and delay to which, without intending it,
+    the business that passed through his hands was sometimes
+    subjected. He then said, that on Sunday following, at eleven
+    o'clock in the forenoon, if Mr Carmichael would wait on him,
+    he would send Mr Jay the notes formerly promised him.
+
+    He added that his reason for desiring to see him at present
+    proceeded from something mentioned to him by the French
+    Ambassador, of which he supposed he was informed. He
+    recapitulated what he had before mentioned of the King's good
+    faith and favorable disposition towards America, and entered
+    more fully into his conduct in the negotiation with Great
+    Britain, when the Court of Spain proposed a truce between
+    that country and the United States, observing, that as the
+    King at that period was determined not to sacrifice our
+    interests, it could not be supposed that now, when at war
+    with Great Britain, his Majesty would be less disposed to
+    maintain them. After these reflections and assurances, he
+    told Mr Jay that the person lately from England, by the way
+    of Portugal, was the chaplain of their former Embassy at
+    London; that he had been there for some time on his private
+    affairs, and had at the same time instructions concerning an
+    exchange of prisoners, which their sufferings rendered
+    expedient; that the death of an uncle, a chaplain of the
+    Court, had obliged him to return; that an English gentleman
+    and his family had come to Lisbon with him, under the
+    pretext, or really on account of the ill health of a
+    daughter, to whom the Duke of Dorset was much attached; that
+    the opposition made by his friends to the marriage had
+    affected her health, and that this family was desirous of
+    passing through Spain to Italy. He added, that this gentleman
+    was one of Lord George Germain's secretaries, and would
+    perhaps have some proposals to make for an exchange of
+    prisoners, and possibly others of a different nature, which
+    he assured Mr Jay should be communicated to him as candidly
+    as he had communicated the extravagant scheme presented by
+    Sir J. Dalrymple. He desired Mr Jay, therefore, to make
+    himself easy on this subject, giving new assurances of the
+    King's strict regard to justice and good faith, and of his
+    disposition to assist America.
+
+    Mr Jay begged him to be persuaded of the perfect confidence
+    of America and himself, and of their reliance on the good
+    faith, justice, and honor of his Catholic Majesty; that he
+    had no other apprehension from the circumstance of Englishmen
+    resorting to this Court, than that the enemy would on this,
+    as on former occasions, avail themselves of it, by
+    endeavoring to alarm and deceive our people.
+
+    The Count de Florida Blanca assured Mr Jay, that he would
+    shortly give him such proofs of the King's intentions, as
+    would enable him to prevent any bad effects from such
+    misrepresentations, and convince America of his Majesty's
+    favorable disposition and good faith. After repeating
+    assurances of his full confidence, Mr Jay mentioned that he
+    had received two bills of exchange, drawn by order of
+    Congress on him, and that he should take no measures on that
+    subject, as he had before the honor of telling him, till he
+    had consulted his Excellency. The Count, having asked the
+    amount, and being told that the bills were for between six
+    and seven hundred dollars, told him, smiling, that he might
+    accept them, and he hoped so to arrange matters, as, in a
+    short time, to make him easy on that head. He then said, that
+    an expedition had been suggested to him, in which the
+    Americans might co-operate; but, without entering into
+    particulars, he recollected himself, and said he would send
+    the project to Mr Jay by Mr Carmichael at the same time that
+    he should give him the other papers. The conference ended
+    with mutual compliments.
+
+    _June 4th._ This morning the Chevalier de Burgoing, Secretary
+    of the French Embassy, waited on Mr Jay, and afterwards on Mr
+    Carmichael, and told them the Ambassador had informed him,
+    that the Count de Florida Blanca had received despatches from
+    Versailles, which demanded his instant attention, and that,
+    therefore, he could not see Mr Carmichael until the 5th, at
+    the hour mentioned in the conference of the 2d. Mr Jay,
+    however, having received no direct message from the Minister,
+    thought it proper for Mr Carmichael to wait on him at the
+    place and hour appointed. Accordingly he went to the Bureau
+    of Foreign Affairs, and was told by order of the Minister,
+    that he had desired the Ambassador to acquaint Mr Jay, that
+    he could not see Mr Carmichael that day, but desired to see
+    him next Monday, at eleven.
+
+    _June 5th._ Mr Carmichael waited on the Minister, agreeably
+    to appointment, who, on his entrance, immediately expressed
+    his concern, that the arrival of a courier, which informed
+    him of the intentions of the Court of Great Britain to
+    expedite the sailing of their grand fleet, had engaged his
+    attention so much as to prevent him from fulfilling his
+    promise of sending the notes mentioned in the former
+    conferences, that he would certainly do it on the Wednesday
+    following, and desired Mr Carmichael to wait on him that day
+    at the same hour to receive them. He then mentioned an
+    expedition, which had been proposed to him from Bilboa, to
+    intercept the homeward bound ships of the East India Company,
+    by equipping some frigates in America at the expense of his
+    Catholic Majesty, desiring Mr Carmichael to communicate this
+    to Mr Jay, that he might turn his attention to that object,
+    to enable him to judge of the probability of its success. He
+    touched slightly on the subject of bills of exchange, and on
+    the only difficulty of the treaty, viz. the navigation of the
+    Mississippi, which he said he hoped some middle means might
+    be hit on to obviate. He concluded by saying that he would
+    give his sentiments on that, and other subjects to Mr Jay in
+    writing at the time abovementioned, and hoped that he would
+    believe the delay hitherto proceeded from no other motives
+    than those he had mentioned. Mr Carmichael assured him, that
+    Mr Jay was too sensible of the importance of his other
+    occupations, and of his candor, to impute the delay to any
+    other cause, and after common civilities he withdrew.
+
+This conversation needs no comment. It promised well. On or about the
+19th of June, Mr Cumberland, his wife, and two daughters arrived,
+appeared publicly, and were openly visited and received by persons of
+distinction. But although it was not difficult to know who he was,
+and with whom he associated, his business and measures continue to
+this day mere objects of conjecture, further that he or the Minister
+has thought proper to communicate them.[25] The impression made by his
+arrival on the minds of the people is worthy of remark. They supposed
+his errand to be secret overtures for peace, and as far as I can judge
+were very glad of it. There is reason to believe that he favored these
+conjectures from the first. He has since said publicly, that he was
+authorised to offer to Spain Gibraltar, and other advantageous terms.
+
+On the 7th of June, I received from the Minister his notes on the
+subject of aids. They are in these words.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                        Aranjues, June 7th, 1780.
+
+    "His Catholic Majesty would be very glad to be able to
+    furnish, at the present crisis, funds for the payment of the
+    one hundred thousand pounds sterling, proposed to be
+    addressed to Mr Jay, in order to evince the concern which the
+    King takes in the prosperity and relief of the United States
+    of North America, as well as in the personal satisfaction of
+    the abovementioned gentleman. But the demands of the present
+    war, and the great difficulty there would be to transport
+    hither the treasures of the King's possessions in that part
+    of the world, render it impracticable to furnish here, the
+    said sum in specie, as could be wished. Some expedient,
+    however, may be found to remedy this inconvenience. For
+    example; if the owners of the bills of exchange would be
+    content with the security or responsibility of his Catholic
+    Majesty, to pay the sum already mentioned in the term of two
+    years. The King will readily agree to such an arrangement,
+    even if it should be found necessary to add a moderate
+    interest. This security, given by such a sovereign as the
+    King of Spain, would induce the owners of those bills of
+    exchange, and the creditors of Congress to consent to a
+    measure so advantageous, and would equally serve to sustain
+    the credit and good faith of the same body.
+
+    "Mr Jay, therefore, is entreated to reflect on the idea just
+    stated to him, and in answer to inform us what measures he
+    thinks suitable to this scheme, in order that they may be
+    laid before the King, and his orders taken thereon. If the
+    expedient in question should be adopted, it will at the same
+    time be necessary to take measures in concert to reimburse to
+    the King this considerable sum, as well as others already
+    expended in favor of the United States. The first idea which
+    offers for reciprocal convenience is that Congress should
+    engage to build without delay some handsome frigates and
+    other smaller vessels of war, fixing the price of each, and
+    the time when they will be finished.
+
+    "This point once settled, it will be proper immediately to
+    take measures to equip these vessels as fast as they are
+    ready; to point out what articles will be necessary to send
+    from Spain for this purpose, and in what port they will have
+    notice to receive them. After this it is expedient to be
+    informed, whether the Americans themselves will engage to
+    come to the ports of Bilboa, St Ander, Ferrol, or Cadiz, for
+    the said articles, which they will find ready, and afterwards
+    transport them in their own vessels of war or letters of
+    marque to America. On this supposition it is conjectured,
+    that it would be easy to find hands enough in America to man
+    these new built vessels, which will sail under Spanish
+    colors. There are certainly among the subjects of the said
+    United States many who have made the voyage, and are
+    acquainted with the usual route of the ships of the English
+    East India Company, and who know perfectly well the ports and
+    places at which they stop. This fact established, it is
+    proposed to equip in the ports of the United States four good
+    frigates, and some other lighter vessels, with the effects
+    which shall be sent from hence on account of Spain. This
+    small squadron, under Spanish colors, shall be employed to
+    intercept the convoys of the said Company by cruising in the
+    proper latitudes. The measures just pointed out appear to be
+    the most proper to reimburse, in some shape, the expenses
+    already incurred by his Catholic Majesty, and to answer for
+    such security as has been proposed to be given in this
+    memoir. It being always understood, that a share of the
+    prizes taken from the English by this small squadron shall be
+    given to the crews, and even to Congress, in proportion to
+    the assistance which they shall furnish for the equipment of
+    the vessels.
+
+    "A speedy and decisive answer to all the points here
+    enumerated is requested, and Mr Jay is too enlightened not to
+    perceive that the common cause is interested therein."
+
+To this paper, which deserves much attention, I returned the
+following answer.
+
+                                       "Aranjues, June 9th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "The propositions which your Excellency did me the honor to
+    send on the 7th inst. have been considered with all the
+    attention, which their great importance demands.
+
+    "The evidence they contain of his Majesty's friendly
+    disposition towards the United States will, I am persuaded,
+    make correspondent impressions on the citizens of America;
+    and permit me to assure you, that his Majesty's desire of
+    contributing to my personal satisfaction by measures
+    conducive to the welfare of my country, has excited my
+    warmest acknowledgments and attachment.
+
+    "The enlarged ideas my constituents entertain of the power,
+    wealth, and resources of Spain, are equal to those they have
+    imbibed of the wisdom and probity of his Catholic Majesty,
+    and of that noble and generous system of policy, which has
+    induced him to patronize their cause, and, by completing
+    their separation from Great Britain, effectually to disarm
+    the latter. Such wise and liberal designs, followed by such
+    great and extensive consequences, would add a bright page to
+    the annals of a reign already signalised by important events.
+    It is, therefore, with deep regret that Congress would
+    receive information that the aid they solicit, small when
+    compared with their ideas of the resources of Spain, has been
+    rendered impracticable by the expenses of a war, which, on
+    the part of Spain, is of a recent date. Nor will their
+    disappointment be less than their regret, when they find
+    their credit diminished by the failure of a measure, from the
+    success of which they expected to raise it.
+
+    "The kind disposition of his Majesty to become responsible at
+    the expiration of two years for the amount of the bills in
+    question, and that even with interest, is a proof of his
+    goodness, by which I am confident the United States will
+    consider themselves greatly obliged. But when it is
+    considered that bills of exchange, immediately on being drawn
+    and sold, become a medium in commerce, and pass through
+    various hands in satisfaction of various mercantile
+    contracts; that the drawer and every endorser become
+    responsible for their credit at every transfer; and that the
+    object of the merchants last holding the bills, as well as of
+    all other merchants, is money in hand or actively employed in
+    trade, and not money lying still, at an interest greatly
+    inferior to the usual profits to be gained in commerce; I
+    say, on considering these things, it appears to me that,
+    although no objection can be made to the good faith of his
+    Majesty, which is acknowledged by all the world, yet that the
+    last holders of the bills will prefer recovering the amount
+    of them, with the usual damages on protests, to delay of
+    payment for two years with interest.
+
+    "Should these bills, therefore, meet with this fate, his
+    Majesty will readily perceive its influence on the credit,
+    operations, and feelings of the United States; on the common
+    cause; on the hopes and spirits of the enemy. The necessity
+    or prudence which detains his Majesty's treasure in his
+    American dominions, is an unfortunate circumstance at a time
+    when it might be so usefully employed. There is,
+    nevertheless, room to hope, that the great superiority of the
+    allied fleets and armaments in the American seas will, in the
+    course of a year or eighteen months, render its
+    transportation safe and easy, and that the greater part of it
+    may arrive before the bills in question would become payable.
+    This will appear more probable, when the time necessary to
+    sell these bills, and the time which will be consumed in
+    their passage from America, and the time which will be
+    employed in their journey from different ports of Europe to
+    this place, are all added to the half a year which is
+    allotted for the payment of them after they have been
+    presented. I am authorised and ready to engage and pledge
+    the faith of the United States for the punctual repayment,
+    with interest, and within a reasonable term, of any sums of
+    money which his Majesty may be so kind as to lend them.
+
+    "As to the aids heretofore supplied to the United States, I
+    am without information relative to the precise terms on which
+    they were furnished, as well as their amount. When I left
+    Congress, they appeared to me not to possess full and
+    positive intelligence on these points. I ascribe this, not to
+    omissions in their commissioner, who then had the direction
+    of these affairs, but to those miscarriages and accidents, to
+    which the communication of intelligence to a distant country
+    is liable in time of war. If it should appear proper to your
+    Excellency, in order that I may be furnished with an accurate
+    and full statement of these transactions, I will do myself
+    the honor of transmitting them immediately to Congress; and,
+    as they happened prior to my appointment, I shall request
+    particular instructions on the subject.
+
+    "With respect to the plan proposed for the repayment of such
+    sums as Spain may lend to the United States, viz. by the
+    latter furnishing the former with frigates, &c. &c. I beg
+    leave to submit the following remarks to your Excellency's
+    consideration. In the United States there are timber, iron,
+    masts, shipwrights, pitch, tar, and turpentine; and Spain can
+    furnish the other requisites. But neither the timber, the
+    iron, the masts, nor the other articles, can be procured
+    without money. The Congress are in great want of money for
+    the immediate purposes of self-defence, for the maintenance
+    of their armies and vessels of war, and for all the other
+    expenses incident to military operations. The Congress,
+    pressed by their necessities, have emitted bills of credit,
+    till the depreciation of them forbids further emissions. They
+    have made loans from their great and good ally, and, in aid
+    of the system of gaining supplies by taxation and domestic
+    loans, they have, for the reasons which I have already had
+    the honor of explaining to your Excellency, drawn upon me the
+    bills before mentioned. These bills will be sold in the
+    United States for paper money, and that money will be
+    immediately wanted for the purposes I have enumerated. If,
+    therefore, this money was to be turned into frigates, the
+    obvious ends of drawing those bills would not be attained.
+    The war against the United States has raged without
+    intermission for six years already, and it will not be in
+    their power to pay their debts during its further
+    continuance, nor until the return of peace and uninterrupted
+    commerce shall furnish them with the means of doing it.
+
+    "That excellent frigates and other vessels may be built in
+    America cheaper than in Europe, I am persuaded. And I know,
+    that Congress will cheerfully give every aid in their power
+    to facilitate the execution of any plan of that kind, which
+    his Majesty may adopt, but, Sir, their necessities will not
+    permit them to supply money to those purposes, and I should
+    deceive your Excellency with delusive expectations, were I to
+    lead you to think otherwise. I would rather, that the United
+    States should be without money than without good faith; and,
+    therefore, neither my own principles of action, nor the
+    respect due to his Majesty and reputation of my country, will
+    ever suffer me (if my authority extended so far) to enter
+    into any contracts, which I had not the highest reason to
+    believe would be fully, fairly, and punctually performed on
+    the part of my constituents. Nor, in case his Majesty should
+    think proper to cause frigates to be built in America, can I
+    encourage your Excellency to expect, that they could be
+    easily manned there for cruises. The fact is, that the
+    American frigates often find difficulties in completing their
+    compliments, principally because the seamen prefer going in
+    privateers, which are numerous, and too useful to be
+    discouraged.
+
+    "The design of preparing an armament to intercept the English
+    East Indiamen appears to me very judicious. The enemy draw
+    their resources from commerce; to annoy the one, therefore,
+    is to injure the other. Before the present war, there were
+    several, but not a great many Americans, well acquainted with
+    the route of the East Indiamen. But whether any number of
+    these men could now be secretly collected is uncertain; for
+    if by a particular selection of and inquiry for them, the
+    enemy should become apprized of the design, they would
+    naturally take measures to frustrate it. For my part, I
+    should suppose, that many of these men are not necessary, and
+    that the proper number may be had from France, if not from
+    America.
+
+    "The idea of the United States co-operating in the execution
+    of this plan is flattering, and the terms proposed generous.
+    But so far as this co-operation will depend on the building
+    of frigates there as proposed, it cannot be effected from
+    their want of money. Whether the American frigates could be
+    employed in such an enterprise, that is, whether the
+    services, for which they may be already destined, will admit
+    of it, are, with other similar circumstances, necessary to be
+    known before that question could possibly be answered. The
+    distance from America, and the length of time necessary to
+    ask for and receive information and instructions from
+    thence, are such, that it would probably be more expedient,
+    that engagements for these purposes should be discussed and
+    concluded there than here. The circumstances of the United
+    States, while invaded, will be more fluctuating than those of
+    Spain, and measures in which they might conveniently embark
+    at one period, may shortly after be rendered impracticable by
+    the vicisitudes of war. It is further to be observed, that a
+    people, rising amidst such terrible struggles, with an
+    extensive country to defend, and that country invaded, and,
+    as it were, on fire in several places at once, are not in
+    good condition for foreign enterprises; but, on the contrary,
+    that it must generally be their interest, and of course their
+    policy, to keep their forces and strength at home, till the
+    expulsion of their enemies shall afford them leisure and
+    opportunities for distant and offensive operations.
+
+    "Whenever this period shall arrive, his Majesty may be
+    assured, that the United States will not remain idle, but
+    that, impelled by resentments too deep and too just to be
+    transitory, as well as by unshaken attachment to their
+    friends, they will persevere with firmness and constancy in
+    the common cause, and cheerfully unite their efforts with
+    those of France and Spain, in compelling the common enemy to
+    accept of reasonable terms of peace. I can, also, with great
+    confidence, assure your Excellency that the United States
+    will be happy in every opportunity, which may offer during
+    the war, of joining their arms to those of Spain, and in
+    co-operating with them in any expeditions, which
+    circumstances may render expedient against the Floridas, or
+    other objects. The Americans would most cheerfully fight by
+    the side of the Spaniards, and by spilling their blood in the
+    same cause, and on the same occasion, convince them of their
+    ardent desire to become their faithful friends and steadfast
+    allies.
+
+    "I cannot prevail upon myself to conclude, without expressing
+    to your Excellency my apprehension of the anxiety, and
+    painful concern, with which Congress would receive
+    intelligence of the failure of their bills, and especially
+    after the expectations they have been induced to conceive of
+    the successful issue of their affairs here. What conclusions
+    the enemy would draw from the inability of Spain to advance
+    the sum in question, even to men actually in arms against
+    Great Britain, I forbear to mention, nor would it become me
+    to point out the several evil consequences flowing from such
+    an event, to those who enjoy from nature and experience more
+    discernment than I am blessed with.
+
+    "I still flatter myself, that some expedients may be devised
+    to surmount the present difficulties, and that the harvest of
+    laurels now ripening for his Majesty in America will not be
+    permitted to wither for want of watering.
+
+    "Influenced by this hope, I shall delay transmitting any
+    intelligence respecting this matter to Congress, till your
+    Excellency shall be pleased to communicate to me his
+    Majesty's further pleasure on the subject.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+Your Excellency will doubtless observe, that this answer does not
+comprehend all the objections to which the Minister's plan is liable,
+such, for instance, as the proposal that the vessels proposed to be
+built in America, with the money of America, and to be navigated by
+Americans, should sail under _Spanish colors, &c._ I thought it most
+prudent to avoid taking notice of these and similar circumstances,
+lest objections, which might be ascribed to pride, as well as reason,
+might lose their force in that supposition, and, instead of
+convincing, serve only to irritate.
+
+Nothing further passed between the Minister and myself except a
+message or two respecting each other's health, until the 19th day of
+June, when I sent him the following card.
+
+    "Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his
+    Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, and takes the
+    liberty of enclosing the copy of a note he has just received,
+    respecting a bill drawn upon him for three hundred and
+    thirtythree dollars. From this his Excellency will perceive
+    the painful situation Mr Jay is in. He forbears making any
+    reflections on it, being persuaded that his Excellency's
+    wisdom and sensibility render them unnecessary.
+
+    "_Madrid, June 19th, 1780._"
+
+On the 20th instant I received the following answer.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca will have no difficulty in
+    paying the bill of three hundred and thirtythree dollars
+    mentioned in Mr Jay's note of yesterday, both on account of
+    its small value, and in consequence of what he had the honor
+    to offer him at their last conference; but he cannot forbear
+    observing to Mr Jay, that it will be impossible to show the
+    same complaisance for other bills without consulting the
+    pleasure of the King.
+
+    "The means hitherto proposed not having been considered as
+    agreeable to Congress, it has become necessary to seek for
+    others, and Mr Jay will do well to think seriously on this
+    subject, and communicate to the Count de Florida Blanca
+    whatever his wisdom and information may suggest to him."
+
+This looked dry, and indicated a degree of irritation, though it held
+up the idea of further means.
+
+I replied to it on the 22d of June, as follows.
+
+                                         "Madrid, June 22d, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I received the note your Excellency did me the honor to
+    write on the 20th instant, and I take the earliest
+    opportunity of expressing my thanks for your Excellency's
+    permission to accept the bills mentioned in it, which I have
+    accordingly done.
+
+    "Agreeably to your Excellency's recommendation in the first
+    conference, I have turned my thoughts very seriously to the
+    objects which were the subjects of it, relative to the bills
+    drawn upon me; they were two.
+
+    "1st. The means of paying these bills.
+
+    "2dly. The proposed contract with America for light vessels,
+    &c.
+
+    "With respect to the _first_, it appeared to me, that the
+    principal difficulty was removed by your Excellency's
+    informing me, '_that at the end of the present year, it would
+    be in your power to advance twentyfive, thirty, or forty
+    thousand pounds sterling_.' Hence I inferred, that as much
+    time would be taken up in the sale, negotiation, and
+    transmission of those bills, and as so long a space as six
+    months was assigned for their payment, after being presented,
+    that the sums which it would be in your Excellency's power to
+    advance at the end of the year, would probably be equal to
+    the amount of the bills which would then become payable; and
+    that in the mean time such further means might be provided,
+    as would obviate difficulties with respect to those that
+    might afterwards become due. When I reflected that I was a
+    stranger to the resources of Spain, and that your
+    Excellency's acknowledged abilities comprehended all the
+    objects and combinations necessary in determining what
+    supplies they were capable of affording, and the manner and
+    means most proper for the purpose, it appeared to me in the
+    light of presumption to hazard to your Excellency any
+    propositions on the subject.
+
+    "2dly. On considering the proposed contract, it became
+    important to distinguish between the building these vessels
+    with the money of the United States, or with that of Spain.
+    The latter was very practicable, and I gave your Excellency
+    that opinion in my letter of the 9th instant. The former, on
+    the contrary, appeared to me not to be within the power of
+    the United States, and candor obliged me to make this known
+    to your Excellency in the same letter.
+
+    "I knew it to be impossible for Congress, consistent with
+    good faith, to contract; that, notwithstanding their great
+    want of money, the injuries of a six years' war, and their
+    being actually invaded, they would repay immediately the
+    monies lent them, either in ships or otherwise. It is not
+    uncommon for ancient and opulent nations to find it necessary
+    to borrow money in time of war, but I believe it very seldom
+    happens, that they find it convenient to pay those debts till
+    the return of peace. If this be the case with powerful and
+    long established nations, more cannot be expected from a
+    young nation brought forth by oppression, and rising amidst
+    every species of violence and devastation, which fire, sword,
+    and malice can furnish for their destruction.
+
+    "If attentive only to obtaining payment of these bills, and
+    thereby relieving my country from the complicated evils which
+    must result from their being protested, I had entered into
+    the proposed engagements for immediate repayment, by building
+    vessels, &c. if I had done this, notwithstanding a full
+    conviction, that the contract so made could not be fulfilled,
+    my conduct, however convenient in its immediate consequences,
+    would have been highly reprehensible. This reflection,
+    therefore, will I hope convince your Excellency of the purity
+    of my intentions, and induce you to ascribe my objections to
+    the contract, to want of ability, and not to want of
+    inclination in the United States to perform it. No
+    consideration will ever prevail upon me to practise
+    deception, and I am happy in a persuasion, that although
+    truths may sometimes not please, yet that when delivered with
+    decency and respect, they will never offend either his
+    Majesty or your Excellency.
+
+    "Believe me, Sir, the United States will not be able to pay
+    their debts during the war, and therefore any plan whatever
+    calculated on a contrary position must be fruitless. I am
+    ready to pledge their faith for repaying to his Majesty,
+    within a reasonable term after the war, and with a reasonable
+    interest, any sums he may be so kind as to lend them. What
+    more can I offer? What more can they do? If there be any
+    services they can do to his Majesty, consistent with their
+    safety and defence, they are ready and will be happy to
+    render them. They respect the King and the nation, and at the
+    very time they are requesting his aid, they are soliciting to
+    be united to him by bonds of perpetual amity and alliance.
+    Against his enemies as well as their own, they are now in
+    arms; and the supplies they ask are not for the purpose of
+    luxury or aggrandizement, but for the sole and express
+    purpose of annoying those enemies, and enabling France,
+    Spain, and themselves, to obtain a peace honorable and
+    advantageous to each.
+
+    "Of his Majesty's kind disposition towards them, they had
+    received not only professions but proofs. Hence they became
+    inspired not only with gratitude, but with confidence in his
+    friendship. Impelled by this confidence, and a particular
+    concurrence of exigencies already explained to your
+    Excellency, they drew the bills in question. The issue of
+    this measure will be highly critical, and followed by a train
+    of consequences very important and extensive. The single
+    circumstance of your Excellency having permitted me to accept
+    the first of these bills, will be considered by our enemies
+    as an unfortunate omen. By predicting from it further aids,
+    their ideas of the resources of Spain, and the resistance of
+    America will naturally be raised, and their hopes of subduing
+    the one, or reducing the power of the other, will naturally
+    be diminished. They will impute these aids to a plan of the
+    House of Bourbon, wisely concerted and firmly persisted in,
+    to secure themselves and all Europe against the ambition of
+    Britain, by completing the division of her empire, and they
+    will cease to flatter themselves, that America thus aided
+    will become destitute of resources to carry on the war. On
+    the other hand, America will derive fresh vigor from this
+    mark of friendship, and their attachment to his Majesty
+    become proportionably more strong. By mutual good offices,
+    friendship between nations, as between individuals, is only
+    to be established; and it is always a happy circumstance when
+    it subsists between those, whom nature has placed contiguous
+    to each other. But your Excellency's time is of too great
+    importance to be engaged by such obvious reflections.
+
+    "Permit me, Sir, still to indulge the pleasing expectation of
+    being enabled to inform Congress, that his Majesty's
+    magnanimity and friendship have prompted him, though
+    inconvenient to his own affairs, to secure the credit of
+    their bills; and I am persuaded that the benevolence of your
+    Excellency's disposition will be gratified in being
+    instrumental in a measure, which would make such agreeable
+    impressions on the hearts and minds of so great a number of
+    steadfast friends to the Spanish monarchy.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+As this letter was, among other things, designed to establish the
+expectations and encouragement given me by the Minister, as to money,
+in the last conference, by obliging him either to deny them against
+truth, or admit them, at least, by his silence, I desired Mr
+Carmichael to deliver it with his own hands, which he accordingly did.
+It still remains unanswered.
+
+Your Excellency will be at no loss to perceive, that this was an
+improper season for pushing on the treaty, and that it would not have
+been prudent to have given poignancy to the Minister's feelings for
+the loss of his frigates, and the trouble of our bills, by disputes
+about the Mississippi, &c. &c. I therefore did not remind him of the
+notes he had promised, nor indeed say anything at all about the
+matter.
+
+About this time I met with a printed copy of an act of the State of
+Connecticut, reciting and adopting the resolutions of Congress of the
+18th of March last, respecting the former and new paper emissions.
+This was the first advice I had of those resolutions. The promise of
+annual interest in Europe appeared to me to be a hardy measure,
+though, in my opinion, the weakest side of the plan.
+
+Finding the Minister's heart and imagination much attached to his
+favorite idea of getting American frigates at the expense of the
+United States, I gave him the following hint.
+
+                                        "Madrid, June 28th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency,
+    herewith enclosed, a copy of an act of the State of
+    Connecticut, just come to hand, in which are recited certain
+    resolutions of Congress, passed the 18th of March last.
+
+    "These resolutions are calculated to put the American
+    finances on a permanent footing. They direct, among other
+    things, that bills be issued, redeemable in specie, with
+    interest, at the expiration of six years. The interest to be
+    paid at the redemption of the bills, or at the election of
+    the holder annually, at the American Loan Offices, in
+    sterling bills of exchange on the commissioners in Europe.
+
+    "Your Excellency will perceive, that when this plan, so well
+    concerted, shall be fully executed, it will furnish the
+    United States with resources equal to all the exigencies of
+    the war, and probably enable them to supply his Catholic
+    Majesty with vessels, &c, &c.
+
+    "I take the liberty, therefore, of submitting to your
+    Excellency's consideration, whether it would not be for the
+    benefit of both nations, that his Majesty, on the one hand,
+    should engage his responsibility for the credit of a certain
+    proportion of the sum so to be emitted; and that the United
+    States, on the other hand, should not only pledge their faith
+    to indemnify his Majesty, but also furnish him with certain
+    aids in vessels, &c.
+
+    "If your Excellency should think this hint worthy of your
+    attention, it will be easy to improve it, and adjust the
+    particulars.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+This letter was accompanied with the following one, on the subject of
+some more bills that had just arrived.
+
+    "Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his Excellency
+    the Count de Florida Blanca, and has the honor of informing
+    him, that he has been called upon to accept bills to the
+    amount of between ten and eleven thousand dollars; that the
+    far greater part of them belong to Messrs Joyce of this city,
+    who have agreed to wait for an answer until Monday next.
+
+    "Mr Jay exceedingly regrets his being obliged to give his
+    Excellency so much trouble, but still flatters himself, that,
+    when his Excellency considers it as his duty which imposes
+    that necessity upon him, his goodness will excuse it.
+
+                                      _Madrid, June 28th, 1780._"
+
+I ought also to add, that I had sent to the Count a representation on
+the subject of a very high handed stretch of power in the Governor of
+Teneriffe, towards a prize carried there by some Americans. On the
+next day I received the following answer to these three papers.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                      "Aranjues, June 29th, 1780.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca has had the honor of the three
+    last letters, which Mr Jay has been pleased to write him.
+
+    "The first relates to a privateer detained in the Canaries.
+    On this point he can say nothing until he has obtained some
+    further information thereon.
+
+    "The second respects some new bills of exchange just
+    presented by Messrs Joyce, to the amount of between ten and
+    eleven thousand dollars. The Count can give no positive
+    answer hereon, without first taking the orders of the King,
+    his master, and having a meeting with the other Ministers,
+    and some of these having already gone to Madrid, a
+    determination cannot be immediately had, which renders it
+    necessary for Mr Jay to require Messrs Joyce to wait some
+    days longer for the answer in question.
+
+    "The third contains a project of an arrangement, by which his
+    Majesty should oblige himself for his responsibility for
+    certain sums in favor of Congress, and they, on their part,
+    for the indemnification of the said sums at a certain period,
+    by furnishing some vessels, &c. Mr Jay is therefore entreated
+    to draw out a more clear and precise plan on this subject,
+    noting therein the sum to which the responsibility of the
+    King should extend, and on which they may converse at their
+    first interview.
+
+    "In the meanwhile the Count has the honor of assuring him of
+    the sincerity of his esteem and attachment."
+
+Congress will observe, that the Minister still kept up the idea of an
+interference in favor of these bills. On the 3d of July, the Count
+having removed to Madrid, he wrote me a note expressing the same idea.
+It is in these words
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments to Mr
+    Jay, and prays to be informed when the last bills of
+    exchange, which he mentioned the other day as being in the
+    hands of Messrs Joyce, and amounting to about ten or eleven
+    thousand dollars, will become payable. At the Palace, 3d of
+    July, 1780."
+
+Thus things were apparently in good train, when the news of the loss
+of Charleston became credible. The effect of it was as visible the
+next day, as that of a hard night's frost on young leaves.
+
+I requested a conference with the Minister, and had one on the evening
+of the 5th of July. The following are notes of it.
+
+                                          Madrid, July 5th, 1780.
+
+    Mr Jay waited on the Count de Florida Blanca agreeably to an
+    appointment made by the latter to meet at his house at half
+    past eight this evening.
+
+    After the usual compliments, the bad news relative to the
+    surrender of Charleston, just received, became the topic of
+    conversation. The Count mentioned the channels through which
+    he had received it, viz. by an express despatched by the
+    Spanish Ambassador at Lisbon, in consequence of intelligence
+    which Governor Johnson had received and published in that
+    city, and by letters from the Count d'Aranda, with the
+    accounts printed at London of the affair. He expressed his
+    sorrow on the occasion, but observed, that the Count d'Aranda
+    flattered him, that the arrival of the Chevalier de Ternay in
+    that part of the world would totally change the face of
+    affairs, particularly as there would be eight vessels of the
+    line, and more than five thousand troops instead of three
+    thousand, and three vessels of the line which he had been
+    informed were demanded by General Washington.
+
+    He seemed to think it strange, that the place had not been
+    better defended, and that more vigorous measures had not
+    been taken to impede the enemy's progress, and observed, that
+    if the town was not in a condition to stand a siege, it would
+    have been better to have withdrawn the troops and stores, and
+    reserved them for the defence of the country. Mr Jay replied,
+    that probably when all circumstances relative to this affair
+    were known, there might be reasons which would account for
+    the conduct of the Americans on this occasion; to the truth
+    of which remark the Count appeared to assent. He then
+    mentioned the death of M. Mirales, and regretted his loss at
+    this time. He said, he had recommended to his Majesty a
+    person to succeed him, whom we knew, that spoke English, whom
+    he expected soon, and to whom he would explain his ideas on
+    the subject of the bills, and on other matters, touching
+    which Mr Jay had written to him, and who would confer also
+    with Mr Jay on those subjects.
+
+    Mr Jay mentioned, that if it was agreeable to his Excellency
+    to permit M. Del Campo (a confidential secretary of the
+    Count, who speaks English, and who translated all the letters
+    to and from the Count) to be present, he should be able to
+    explain his sentiments more fully and clearly. Though the
+    Count did not object to this proposal, he appeared
+    disinclined to it, and said, that with the assistance of Mr
+    Carmichael, then present, they could understand each other
+    very well.
+
+    He then proceeded to speak of the bills of exchange in the
+    possession of the Messrs Joyce, and seemed to be surprised
+    that that House should be possessed of so many of them. He
+    advised Mr Jay to be cautious of those gentlemen, saying,
+    that they were as much English in their hearts as the
+    Ministry of that country; that he had known them long, that
+    he thought their conduct extraordinary in being so urgent
+    for the acceptance of these bills. Mr Jay then informed his
+    Excellency, that he had paid those gentlemen a visit in order
+    to obtain further time, and that they had consented to wait
+    until Monday next. The Count mentioned a fortnight or three
+    weeks as necessary, in order that he might have an
+    opportunity of seeing the person he had sent for, and making
+    some arrangements with him. He said, that it would be more
+    agreeable to his Majesty to pay those bills at Cadiz, Bilboa,
+    or Amsterdam, than here; lamented the precipitancy with which
+    Congress had entered into this measure, saying, that if they
+    had previously addressed the King on the subject, ways and
+    means might have been found, either to transport from their
+    possessions in America specie for the service of Congress, or
+    to have enabled them to have drawn bills of exchange at a
+    shorter sight, which would have prevented the loss of one
+    third of the money to which Congress had subjected
+    themselves, by the terms on which the present bills were
+    sold. Mr Jay assured his Excellency, that by letters he had
+    received from America, from members of Congress and others,
+    he was informed, that the terms were judged so unfavorable to
+    the buyers, that the bills drawn on him sold heavily from
+    that circumstance solely, and not from any doubt of their
+    credit and payment.
+
+    This did not, however, appear to convince his Excellency, who
+    spoke much of the deranged state of our finances and credit;
+    of the advantages taken of Congress by merchants and others,
+    who availed themselves of that circumstance, which he called
+    cruel extortions, frequently expressing the King's wishes and
+    his own to render America all the service in their power in
+    this crisis of their affairs; but observed, that it was
+    impossible to obtain much money in Europe while France,
+    England, and Spain, were making use of every resource to
+    obtain it for the enormous expenses of the war, and while the
+    channel through which the European merchants received
+    supplies of specie was stopped, viz. the arrival of the usual
+    quantity from America. This induced him to mention the
+    arrival at Cadiz of three millions of piastres, all of which
+    was on account of the merchants, and again to dwell on what
+    he had before said of the possibility of transmitting specie
+    to the States from the Spanish possessions abroad, and of the
+    effect that this would have in re-establishing the credit of
+    our money. Mr Jay observed in reply, that if a supply of
+    specie could be sent to America, and his Excellency thought
+    that measure more convenient and advisable than bills, the
+    Congress would, in his opinion, readily suspend drawing, on
+    receiving that information; to which the Count answered, that
+    when the person he had sent for arrived, this matter might be
+    further discussed.
+
+    Mr Jay then proceeded to observe, that by papers which he had
+    transmitted to his Excellency, he would see that Congress had
+    adopted a system to redeem and destroy the former emissions,
+    and to emit other bills to be paid in Europe with interest in
+    a certain term of years, and in fully establishing this
+    system, it would be probably in their power, not only to
+    sustain the credit of their money, but to contribute, in some
+    measure, to assist Spain in the way proposed by his
+    Excellency, viz. in building of frigates, &c. &c. He added,
+    that as his Majesty's treasure was detained in America, and
+    as much expense would be incurred by the armaments employed
+    by Spain there, that bills on the Havana in favor of the
+    United States might be more convenient to Spain, and equally
+    contribute to the end proposed. The Count did not seem to
+    disapprove of the idea, but did not enlarge upon it. He asked
+    Mr Jay, if America could not furnish Spain with masts and
+    ship timber. Mr Jay replied, that those articles might be
+    obtained there. The Count then said that he would defer
+    further remarks on this head, till the arrival of the person
+    whom he expected would succeed M. Mirales, and appeared
+    desirous of leaving this subject, and, indeed, all other
+    matters relative to American affairs to be discussed when he
+    came.
+
+    In the further course of conversation, he recurred to the
+    subject of the bills in question, and told Mr Jay if an
+    immediate acceptance of them was insisted on, that he might
+    accept them payable at Bilboa, but rather seemed to wish that
+    their acceptance might be delayed till the coming of the
+    abovementioned person. Mr Jay expatiated on the impression,
+    which the acceptance of these bills and every other mark of
+    friendship would make in America at this particular crisis,
+    and the Count, in a very feeling and warm manner, assured him
+    that his desire to serve the States increased in consequence
+    of their distresses. By his whole conversation he endeavored
+    to show how much he interested himself in the prosperity of
+    our affairs, more than once desiring Mr Jay not to be
+    discouraged, for that with time and patience all would go
+    well, expatiating on the King's character, his religious
+    observation of, and adherence to his promises, and his own
+    desire of having Mr Jay's entire confidence. Mr Jay seized
+    this opportunity of assuring him of his full reliance on the
+    King's justice and honor, and his particular and entire
+    confidence in his Excellency, asserting to him that all his
+    letters to Congress breathed these sentiments. The Count
+    appeared much pleased with this declaration, and, seeming to
+    speak without reserve, hinted his hopes that the combined
+    fleets would soon be in condition to give the law to that of
+    England in the seas of Europe, repeating that measures would
+    be taken, on the arrival of the person expected, to provide
+    for the payment of the bills of exchange, and that other
+    arrangements would be made with the same person, which would
+    contribute to relieve, as much as it was in his Majesty's
+    power, the present distresses of America, of which he
+    frequently spoke very feelingly in the course of this
+    conversation.
+
+    Mr Jay reminded his Excellency, in a delicate manner, of the
+    supplies of clothing, &c. &c. which had been promised in a
+    former conference, and said that if they could be sent in
+    autumn, they would be essentially useful. The Count assured
+    him that measures would be taken for this purpose, with the
+    person so often hinted at in the course of the conference;
+    that probably these goods would be embarked from Bilboa, as
+    everything was so dear at Cadiz. He also once more told Mr
+    Jay, that at all events he might accept the bills presented
+    by Messrs Joyce, payable at Bilboa, though he appeared to
+    wish that this measure might be delayed for a fortnight if
+    possible. The conference ended with compliments and
+    assurances on the one part and the other, the Count
+    endeavoring to persuade Mr Jay of his Majesty's desire to
+    assist the States, and Mr Jay assuring him of his reliance on
+    his Excellency, and of the good effects which such proofs of
+    his Majesty's friendship would have in America at the present
+    juncture.
+
+In this conference not a single nail would drive. Everything was to be
+postponed till the arrival of the person intended to succeed M.
+Mirales.
+
+On the 11th of July I wrote the Count the following note.
+
+    "Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his Excellency
+    the Count de Florida Blanca, and has the honor of informing
+    him, that Don Carlos Maria Maraci of this place has presented
+    to him, for acceptance, bills amounting in the whole to one
+    thousand six hundred and sixtyfive dollars. The Messrs Joyce
+    consent to having their bills payable at Bilboa, but have
+    acquainted Mr Jay that the name of the House there, by whom
+    they are to be paid, should accompany the acceptance of the
+    bills, it being necessary to their further negotiation.
+
+        "_Madrid, July 11th, 1780._"
+
+To this note the following answer was returned.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "In answer to the note the Count de Florida Blanca has just
+    received from Mr Jay, dated yesterday, he has the honor to
+    acquaint him, that he intends writing to Bilboa on the
+    subject of the bills in the hands of Messrs Joyce, and which
+    are to be accepted, so that it will be necessary to wait some
+    days to fix the House at which the acceptance will be made.
+
+    "As to the bills presented by Don Carlos Maraci to the value
+    of one thousand six hundred and sixtyfive dollars, the Count
+    recommends to Mr Jay to request, in like manner, a delay of
+    fifteen days for their acceptance, this time being necessary,
+    that the Count may have an interview with a person not at
+    present in Madrid.
+
+        "_At the Palace, July 12th, 1780._"
+
+I was obliged to wait with patience, and endeavor to keep the holders
+of the bills from returning them, noted for non-acceptance. The Count
+went to St Ildefonso; the time limited for the arrival of the person
+expected having expired, I wrote the Count three notes on the subject
+of the bills, and in one requested his permission for Mr Harrison of
+Maryland to remain at Cadiz, from whence he was threatened to be
+removed in pursuance of the King's ordinance against Irishmen. To
+these I received the following answer, dated the 29th of July.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments to Mr
+    Jay, and acquaints him that he has duly received his three
+    last letters.
+
+    "For the satisfaction of Mr Jay, orders shall be given for Mr
+    Harrison to remain at Cadiz, the general regulations
+    established by the King notwithstanding.
+
+    "On the subject of the acceptance of the bills of exchange,
+    the Count can only say that he still waits for the person in
+    question, who has informed him that he was on the point of
+    setting out on his journey.
+
+    "He is moreover very sensible of the attention in
+    communicating to him the last advices received respecting the
+    affair of Charleston, and persuades himself that Mr Jay will
+    always observe the same complaisance.
+
+        "_Saturday, July 29th._"
+
+I immediately wrote him a letter of thanks for his civility to Mr
+Harrison, and nothing further passed between us till the 11th of
+August, when I sent him the following note.
+
+    "Mr Jay presents his respectful compliments to his Excellency
+    the Count de Florida Blanca, and has the honor of informing
+    him, that since the date of his last, bills to the amount of
+    six thousand and six hundred dollars have been presented to
+    him for acceptance. Mr Jay has prevailed on the holders of
+    these bills to wait six or eight days for his answer, on a
+    promise that the time for their payment, if accepted, shall
+    be computed from the day on which they were presented.
+
+        "_Madrid, August 11th, 1780._"
+
+To this was written the following answer.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca has just received Mr Jay's note
+    of yesterday, on the subject of the new bills, which have
+    been presented to him. He is mortified not to be able to
+    return a positive answer today, respecting the acceptance of
+    said bills, and must repeat, that he still waits for the
+    person of whom mention has been made in preceding notes.
+
+        "_St Ildefonso, August 12th, 1780._"
+
+Mrs Jay's illness, and the death of a child, detaining me at Madrid, I
+requested the Count to give me notice when it would be necessary I
+should wait upon him, and in the mean time Mr Carmichael went to St
+Ildefonso.
+
+Congress will be pleased to remember, that in the conference of July
+5th, the Minister, speaking of the person intended to succeed M.
+Mirales, said that he spoke English, and that we knew him. I supposed,
+that he alluded to one of the Gardoquis, three of whom speak English,
+and I was well acquainted with one of them. But as another of them had
+been heretofore employed by the Court, it appeared most probable that
+he was the person meant. They are brothers and have a strong family
+likeness.
+
+On the 10th, Mr Carmichael wrote me, that he had seen the Count, and
+was informed by him, that the person so long expected had not yet
+arrived, and when he did he would give notice of it. On the 12th he
+wrote me that a person had arrived, whom he suspected to be the one so
+long expected. It seems that a person much resembling the Gardoqui
+family had arrived at the same inn where Mr Carmichael lodged, and was
+seen by him.
+
+The holders of the bills becoming extremely uneasy, I wrote the Count
+the following reply to his last note.
+
+                                      "Madrid, August 16th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "The letter, which your Excellency did me the honor to write
+    on the 12th instant, was delivered to me yesterday.
+
+    "The kind concern you are pleased to express for the delay,
+    which suspends my receiving a positive answer respecting the
+    bills, demands my acknowledgments, and is an additional proof
+    of that generous sensibility, which induced your Excellency
+    to tell me, that your friendship for America should rise with
+    her distresses. A sentiment so evincive of magnanimity will
+    be received by Congress with all the admiration and gratitude
+    it merits, and will not cease to inspire me with that
+    confidence in your Excellency, which greatness of mind seldom
+    fails to excite.
+
+    "I ought to mention, that the holders of the bills here begin
+    to grow impatient, and frequently repeat their applications
+    to me for acceptance.
+
+    "With sentiments of great respect and regard, I have the
+    honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+No answer.
+
+The next day I received a card from the house of Joyce, informing me
+of their having received peremptory orders to return their bills, and
+that they could not delay it longer than the next post. Of this I sent
+a copy to the Count without any observations.
+
+No answer.
+
+On the 18th of August, I wrote the Count the following letter.
+
+                                      "Madrid, August 18th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I never find myself more disagreeably circumstanced, than
+    when my duty constrains me to be troublesome to those, whom I
+    wish to afford only pleasure and satisfaction. Such is my
+    present situation. Monday next I perceive is to be a critical
+    day. Other bills besides Messrs Joyce are then to be
+    re-presented.
+
+    "M. Gardoqui of Bilboa writes me, that he has received bills
+    on me for thirteen thousand three hundred and thirtyfive
+    dollars, with orders immediately to ship the amount in goods
+    to America. They will be presented tomorrow, and he expects
+    an answer by Monday's post. If an immediate acceptance or
+    refusal should be insisted on by any one of them, a protest
+    must ensue, and American credit be reduced to the lowest ebb.
+    What am I to do? If your Excellency should direct me to
+    accept these bills payable at Bilboa, they will, as before,
+    demand at what House they are to be paid.
+
+    "I must entreat your Excellency to relieve me and my country
+    from this painful situation, and to pardon the trouble I am
+    obliged to give you.
+
+    "With great respect and esteem, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+    "_P. S._ The enclosed contains intelligence from America."
+
+No answer.
+
+Having first visited the holders of the bills, and obtained further
+time till Monday next, on the 24th I set out for St Ildefonso. I
+arrived the next day, and wrote the Count the following letter.
+
+                                "St Ildefonso, August 25th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I arrived here this morning, but was prevented from
+    immediately doing myself the honor of paying my respects to
+    your Excellency, by fatigue and indisposition.
+
+    "In a letter I had the honor of writing to your Excellency on
+    the 16th instant, I mentioned, that the holders of the bills
+    began to grow impatient. On the 18th instant, I informed your
+    Excellency by another letter, that their applications to me
+    for acceptance had become so pressing, as that I found myself
+    under the necessity of again requesting your directions.
+
+    "I have accepted Messrs Joyce's bills payable at Bilboa,
+    agreeable to your Excellency's directions on the 5th of July
+    last, and they have agreed to wait some time for the name of
+    the House there, which may be employed to pay them. The other
+    gentlemen were induced to delay requiring of me a decisive
+    answer until Monday next, on my assurances, that they should
+    then receive one.
+
+    "The inducements and reasons, which urged Congress into this
+    measure, are known to your Excellency, and it would be no
+    less unnecessary than improper to recapitulate the
+    consequences, which must ensue from the success or failure of
+    it.
+
+    "I fear your Excellency thinks I am too solicitous, too
+    importunate. But when it is considered, that the holders of
+    these bills are not under my control, and that they require
+    an answer from me, I flatter myself that the trouble I give
+    your Excellency on this subject will appear to arise from a
+    sense of my duty, and not from the impulse of impatience.
+
+    "I sincerely congratulate your Excellency on the late
+    important naval success against the common enemy, and have
+    the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+No Answer.
+
+The next morning I went to pay my respects to the Minister, but being
+told he was sick, I left a card. The French Ambassador, however, and
+others, had been with him in the morning, and he rode out as usual in
+the afternoon.
+
+Mr Carmichael informed me, that in passing by a wicket-gate of the
+King's private gardens, he had seen the person, whom he had before
+seen at the inn, walking in them, and that his servant had learned
+from a barber of his acquaintance, that he dressed a gentleman who
+spoke English, and lodged at M. Del Campo's. He also informed me, that
+the French Ambassador had lately received a letter from Count de la
+Luzerne, dated the 12th of May; that he was present when it was
+opened, that it was in cypher, and that the Ambassador said, he
+supposed he was impatient to hear the news; that he afterwards
+expressed a desire to see this letter, and that the Ambassador
+referred him for it to the Secretary; that the Secretary gave him some
+important papers, adding, that he had _mislaid_ the letter. Hence it
+seems, as if the Ambassador intended at first to communicate the
+letter, but that its contents on being decyphered forbad it.
+
+It appeared to me proper to mention my embarrassments to the French
+Ambassador, who had always been friendly, and ask his advice and aid
+on the subject. The next day I had a conference with him, and the
+following are notes of it.
+
+                                 St Ildefonso, August 27th, 1780.
+
+    Mr Jay waited on the Count de Montmorin this morning at nine
+    o'clock, agreeably to appointment the day before. The former
+    commenced the conversation by observing, that in his first
+    conferences with the Minister of Spain, at Aranjues, the
+    Minister divided the subject into two parts, and spoke
+    largely on that of the bills drawn on Mr Jay, and on the
+    treaty proposed to be entered into between Spain and America.
+    Mr Jay recapitulated the Minister's assurances relative to
+    the former, and informed the Ambassador, that the result of
+    this conference was a promise of the Minister to send him
+    written notes on _both_ points, a few days afterwards. That
+    with respect to the notes relative to the treaty, Mr Jay had
+    not received them as yet. That on the other point, he had
+    received notes, which, as well as his answer, he had shown to
+    the Ambassador. That on the 5th of July he had another
+    conference with the Minister at Madrid, in which he had
+    endeavored to turn the conversation to the several objects of
+    his business and mission here, but that the Minister
+    postponed the discussion of them, until a person for whom he
+    had sent, with a view to succeed M. Mirales, should arrive,
+    when all the necessary arrangements should be made. He indeed
+    told Mr Jay, that if the Messrs Joyce were pressing, he might
+    accept their bills, payable at Bilboa, and throughout the
+    whole conference, had given Mr Jay warm and repeated
+    assurances, not only of the King's good faith and friendly
+    disposition towards America, but of his own personal
+    attachment to her interest, on both of which, as well as in
+    his candor and promises, he desired him to place the greatest
+    reliance.
+
+    Mr Jay proceeded further to inform the Ambassador, that being
+    exceedingly pressed by Messrs Joyce and others, holders of
+    the bills, for a decisive answer, which they had required to
+    have on the Monday last past, he had signified the same to
+    the Minister by three letters, requesting his directions, to
+    none of which he received any answers. That he had accepted
+    Messrs Joyce's bills, payable, as directed, by the Minister,
+    and had prevailed on the other to wait until Monday next.
+    That on his arrival here on Friday he wrote another letter to
+    the Minister on the same subject, and the next day called at
+    his house to pay his respects, but not being able to see him
+    had left a card; that being thus circumstanced he was under
+    the necessity of requesting the favor of him to speak to the
+    Count, and obtain an answer from him.
+
+    The Ambassador told Mr Jay, that he ought to ask an audience
+    of the Minister. To this Mr Jay replied, that he could not
+    hope to have an answer to this request, as he had not been
+    able to procure one to the different applications he had
+    already made. The Ambassador said, that he would willingly
+    speak to the Minister, but that he feared he should not be
+    able to enter fully into the subject with him until
+    Wednesday, both the Minister and himself having their time
+    employed on objects, which at present and for some time past,
+    had engrossed much of their attention. He then asked Mr Jay
+    if he had written to Congress to stop drawing bills on him.
+    Mr Jay replied, that he could not with propriety give such
+    information to Congress, after the general and repeated
+    assurances made him by the Count de Florida Blanca ever since
+    his arrival here, and particularly the Minister's
+    declaration, that he should be able to furnish him with
+    thirty or forty thousand pounds sterling, at the end of the
+    present or commencement of the next year, and that in the
+    meantime, other arrangements might be taken to pay such bills
+    as might become due after that period. He added, that if the
+    Count had candidly told him that he could not furnish him
+    with money to pay the bills, he should then immediately have
+    informed Congress of it, who would have taken of course the
+    proper measures on the occasion, but that should he now send
+    a true account of all that had passed between the Count de
+    Florida Blanca and himself thereon, he could not answer for
+    the disagreeable effects such intelligence would produce. The
+    Count seemed to think the Spanish Minister would pay the
+    bills that had been already presented, and had probably
+    delayed giving Mr Jay an answer until the arrival of the
+    person he expected, who he understood was detained by the
+    necessity of making some arrangements in his family before he
+    left it.
+
+    On this Mr Jay remarked, that this did not accord with the
+    information the Minister had given him near three weeks
+    before, that the said person was then about to set out.
+
+    The conference ended with a promise of the Count de
+    Montmorin, that he would endeavor to speak to the Count de
+    Florida Blanca on the subject, but that he was afraid he
+    should not be able to do it fully until Wednesday next.
+
+Finding that the Ambassador could not do anything till Wednesday next,
+and that the Minister's determined silence left no room to hope much
+from him very soon, I despatched letters by express to the holders of
+the bills, and requested a little more time. I was apprehensive that
+if I should accept them without the Minister's consent, it might
+become an objection to his providing for their payment, and
+appearances led me to suspect, that any tolerable excuse for such
+refusal would have been very grateful.
+
+The French Ambassador did not, as usual, return my visit. I dined with
+him, nevertheless; but his behavior, though polite, was dry, and not
+cordial and open as before. He mentioned not a syllable of his having
+received a letter from Philadelphia. These circumstances increased my
+apprehensions that his letter contained some things unpleasant.
+
+On Wednesday afternoon, 30th of August, I waited on the Ambassador, to
+know the result of the conversation he had promised to have with the
+Minister on our affairs. He did not appear very glad to see me. I
+asked him whether he had seen the Minister, and conversed with him on
+our affairs. He said he had seen the Minister, but that as Count
+d'Estaing was present, he had only some general and cursory
+conversation with him, and slipping away from that topic, went on to
+observe, that I would do well to write another letter to the Minister,
+mentioning the number of letters I had already written, my arrival
+here, and my desire of a conference with him. I told the Ambassador,
+that while four letters on the subject remained unanswered, it could
+not be necessary to write a fifth. That these letters had been written
+with great politeness and circumspection; that the last was written
+the day of my arrival at St Ildefonso; that I had also gone to the
+Minister's house, to pay my respects to him, and on being told he was
+sick, had left a card; and that, notwithstanding these marks of
+attention and respect, I still continued unanswered and unnoticed. I
+observed to him further, that this conduct accorded ill with the
+Minister's assurances; that unless I had met with more tenderness from
+the holders of the bills, they would have been returned noted for
+non-acceptance; that if such an event should at last take place, after
+the repeated promises and declarations of the Minister, there would of
+necessity be an end to the confidence of America in the Court of
+Spain.
+
+He replied, that he hoped things would take a more favorable turn;
+that to his knowledge the Minister had been of late much occupied and
+perplexed with business; that I ought not to be affected with the
+inattention of his conduct; that I should continue to conduct the
+business smoothly, having always in view the importance of Spain, and
+remembering that we were as yet only rising States, not firmly
+established, or generally acknowledged, &c. and that he would by all
+means advise me to write the Minister another letter, _praying_ an
+audience.
+
+I answered, that the object of my coming to Spain was to make
+_propositions_, not _supplications_, and that I should forbear
+troubling the Minister with further letters, till he should be more
+disposed to attend to them. That I considered America as being, and to
+continue independent in _fact_, and that her becoming so in _name_ was
+of no further importance than as it concerned the common cause, in the
+success of which all the parties were interested; and that I did not
+imagine Congress would agree to purchase from Spain the acknowledgment
+of an undeniable fact at the price she demanded for it; that I
+intended to abide patiently the fate of the bills, and should transmit
+to Congress an account of all matters relative to them; that I should
+then write the Minister another letter on the subject of the treaty,
+and if that should be treated with like neglect, or if I should be
+informed that his Catholic Majesty declined going into that measure, I
+should then consider my business at an end, and proceed to take the
+necessary measures for returning to America; that I knew my
+constituents were sincerely desirous of a treaty with Spain, and that
+their respect for the House of Bourbon, the desire of France signified
+in the Secret Article, and the favorable opinion they had imbibed of
+the Spanish nation, were the strongest inducements they had to wish
+it; that the policy of multiplying treaties with European nations was
+with me questionable, and might be so with others; that, for my own
+part, I was inclined to think it the interest of America to rest
+content with the treaty with France, and, by avoiding alliances with
+other nations, remain free from the influence of their disputes and
+politics; that the situation of the United States, in my opinion,
+dictated this policy; that I knew it to be their interest, and of
+course their disposition, to be at peace with all the world; and that
+I knew too it would be in their power, and I hoped in their
+inclination, always to defend themselves.
+
+The Ambassador was at a stand; after a little pause, he said, he hoped
+my mission would have a more agreeable issue. He asked me if I was
+content with the conduct of France. I answered, most certainly; for
+that she was spending her blood as well as treasure for us. This
+answer was too general for him. He renewed the question, by asking
+whether I was content with the conduct of France relative to our
+proposed treaty with Spain. I answered, that, as far as it had come to
+my knowledge, I was. This required an explanation, and I gave it to
+him, by observing, that, by the Secret Article, Spain was at liberty
+to accede to our treaty with France whenever she pleased, and with
+such alterations as both parties might agree to; that Congress had
+appointed me to propose this accession now, and had authorised me to
+enter into the necessary discussions and arguments; that, to give
+their application the better prospect of success, they had directed me
+to request the favorable interposition of the King of France with the
+King of Spain; that I had done it by letter to Count de Vergennes,
+who, in answer, had assured me of the King's disposition to comply
+with the request of Congress; and informed me that instructions
+analogous to this disposition should be given to the Ambassador at
+Madrid; that it gave me pleasure to acknowledge that his conduct
+towards me had always been polite and friendly, but that I still
+remained ignorant whether any, and what progress had been made in the
+mediation. He seemed not to have expected this; but observed, that all
+he could do was to be ready to do me any friendly office in his power,
+for that he did not see how his _mediation_ could be proper, except in
+cases where points of the treaty were discussed, and could not be
+agreed upon. To this I replied, that these were only _secondary_
+objects of the expected mediation, and that the _primary_ one was to
+prevail upon the King of Spain to commence the negotiation, and enter
+upon these discussions; but that I remained uninformed of what he
+might have done on that subject. The Ambassador made no direct reply
+to these remarks, but again proceeded to repeat his advice, that I
+should try one more letter to the Minister. I told him I had, after
+much consideration, made up my mind on that subject, and that it
+appeared to me inexpedient to follow his advice in this instance; and
+that when he should see the letters I had already written, he would
+probably be of the same opinion. I promised to show him the letters
+the next day, and took my leave. How far the tone of this conversation
+may be judged to have been prudent, I know not. It was not assumed,
+however, but after previous and mature deliberation. I reflected that
+we had lost Charleston, that reports ran hard against us, and
+therefore that this was no time to clothe one's self with humility.
+
+On considering the earnestness with which the Ambassador had pressed
+me to write another letter to the Minister, I began to suspect that it
+might be the wish of the latter, who, conscious of having gone rather
+too far, might desire this way to retreat through. I concluded,
+therefore, to adhere to my resolution of not writing, but that if the
+Ambassador should confirm my suspicions by again pressing the measure,
+in that case to consent to send Mr Carmichael to the Minister with my
+compliments, and a request that he would favor me with a conference at
+such time as might be most convenient to him.
+
+The next day, Thursday, the 31st of August, I visited the French
+Ambassador, and showed him the four last letters I had written to the
+Minister. He confessed they were perfectly unexceptionable, but again
+advised me to write another; I told him, I could not think of it, but
+that I would so far follow his advice, as to send Mr Carmichael to
+request of the Minister the favor of a conference. The Ambassador
+expressed much satisfaction at this proposal, and immediately
+promised to speak to the Minister on the subject. He advised, however,
+that I should delay the measure till Saturday, on account of some
+urgent business which then employed the Minister. To this I agreed. I
+hinted to him, that the person expected to succeed Mr Mirales was in
+town. He said he did not know, and waived the subject. I thought if
+that was really the case, it could do no harm that the Minister should
+know I suspected it. In the afternoon, the Ambassador's secretary paid
+me a visit, and seemed desirous of entering into particular
+conversation on the subject of our affairs, but as I did not approve
+of talking with the Ambassador through his secretary, I avoided it, by
+turning the conversation to light and general topics. He asked me
+several leading questions, and among others, whether there was a _M.
+Gardoqui_ in town. I told him many persons came and departed that I
+was ignorant of, and passed on to another subject. Two persons about
+the Court mentioned to Mr Carmichael this evening, that this person
+was arrived.
+
+On Saturday morning, the 2d of September, I committed my message for
+the Minister to Mr Carmichael, with directions, first to call on the
+French Ambassador, and ask him whether anything new had occurred to
+render the delivery of it improper. He told Mr Carmichael, he had
+mentioned to the Minister my desire of seeing him that day, but that
+the Minister said, he was so much occupied that it would be
+impossible. He, nevertheless, told Mr Carmichael _he might go and
+see_. This being mentioned to me, I told Mr Carmichael to go on.
+
+After being long detained in the ante-chamber, he had an opportunity
+of delivering his message, and received for answer, that the Minister
+could not possibly see me till the next Tuesday evening, and that Mr
+Carmichael should call again on Tuesday morning, to be informed
+whether it would be in his power to see me _then_; that the person so
+long expected was arrived; that he had been preparing instructions for
+him, and would endeavor in the meantime to send him to converse with
+me.
+
+On Sunday, the 3d of September, Don Diego Gardoqui, of Bilboa,
+presented me a note from the Count de Florida Blanca, in these words.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments to Mr
+    Jay, and recommends to him to form an acquaintance with the
+    bearer of this letter, being the person in question, whom he
+    had expected from day to day."
+
+It is observable, that M. Gardoqui's name is not mentioned in this
+letter, which appears the more singular, as the Count had never
+mentioned to me the _name_ of the _person expected_. This was being
+very wary. Mr Carmichael told me, he took this to be the same person
+whom he saw first at the inn, and afterwards walking in the private
+gardens.
+
+Hence it appears, that these strange delays were not unavoidable.
+Probably, the desire of further intelligence of the enemy's operations
+in America, and the undecided state of Mr Cumberland's negotiation,
+might have given occasion to them. To these may perhaps be added an
+expectation that our distresses would render us more pliant, and less
+attached to the Mississippi. But these are conjectures, and as men
+sometimes act without any settled system, it may not be prudent to
+scan their conduct by a supposed plan, however probable.
+
+M. Gardoqui began the conversation by assurances of his personal
+attachment to our cause and country, which gave occasion to mutual and
+complimentary professions too unimportant to repeat. I told him, that
+the holders of the bills, after having shown me great forbearance and
+delicacy, were at length perfectly tired; that the house of Casa Mayor
+had sent their bills after me, but that as I was not to expect the
+honor of a conference with the Minister until Tuesday evening, at
+soonest, I had requested time till Wednesday to give my answer. I
+therefore begged the favor of him to mention this to the Minister, and
+obtain his directions what I should do. He asked to what amount
+Congress had resolved to draw. I told him. He observed, that the Court
+ought previously to have been applied to. In answer to which, I
+recapitulated the reasons before given to the Minister. He dwelt
+largely on the necessities of the State, and I expatiated on the
+extensive ideas entertained of Spanish opulence in America. He assured
+me they were mistaken, and spoke of the difficulties occasioned by the
+detention of their treasures abroad. He then remarked, that we offered
+no _consideration_ for the money we solicited. I replied, that we
+offered the same consideration that other nations did who borrowed
+money, viz. the repayment of the principal with interest. He asked me
+if we had nothing further to offer, and mentioned ship timber. I said
+we had ship timber, but that as it belonged to individuals, the public
+could not get it otherwise than by purchase, and that it could answer
+no purpose to borrow money with one hand and instantly repay it with
+the other, for that a repayment in money, or in ship timber, was the
+same thing in fact, and differed only in name. Besides, that if Spain
+wanted timber from America, it would be better in case he went there,
+that he should be charged with that business, than that it should be
+under the direction of Congress, for that public works were always
+more expensive than private. He agreed in this. He again asked me
+whether I could think of nothing else to offer. I told him no. Whether
+there was nothing on the side of the Mississippi that I could offer. I
+told him nothing that I could think of except land, and that I did not
+think it would be worth the King's while to buy a hundred thousand
+pounds worth of land there, considering the immense territories he
+already possessed. He inquired whether I thought Congress would draw
+for the whole sum. I answered that it was in my opinion not
+improbable, for that they would consider the acceptance of ten or
+twelve thousand dollars as a prelude to further aids, naturally
+supposing, that if the King afforded us any supplies at all, they
+would be such as would correspond with his dignity, and not be limited
+to that little pittance. He desired me to meet him the next day at M.
+Del Campo's, which I promised to do.
+
+I shortly after saw the French Ambassador, who among other things
+mentioned the proposed meeting at Del Campo's, which, with various
+other circumstances, shows his being on confidential terms with the
+Minister.
+
+In the evening M. Gardoqui again paid me a visit, and pointedly
+proposed my offering the navigation of the Mississippi, as a
+consideration for aids. I told him that object could not come in
+question in a treaty for a loan of one hundred thousand pounds, and
+Spain should consider, that to render alliances permanent, they should
+be so formed as to render it the interest of both parties to observe
+them; that the Americans, almost to a man, believed that God Almighty
+had made that river a highway for the people of the upper country to
+go to the sea by; that this country was extensive and fertile; that
+the General, many officers, and others of distinction and influence in
+America, were deeply interested in it; that it would rapidly settle,
+and that the inhabitants would not readily be convinced of the justice
+of being obliged, either to live without foreign commodities, and lose
+the surplus of their productions, or be obliged to transport both over
+rugged mountains, and through an immense wilderness, to and from the
+sea, when they daily saw a fine river flowing before their doors, and
+offering to save them all that trouble and expense, and that without
+injury to Spain. He observed, that the present generation would not
+want this navigation, and that we should leave future ones to manage
+their own affairs, &c.
+
+The next day, that is, the 4th of September, I met M. Gardoqui at M.
+Del Campo's. After some unconnected conversation, I observed to M. Del
+Campo, that as all the papers between the Minister and myself had
+passed through his hands, it was unnecessary to give him any
+information, except what related to the present state of the bills
+drawn upon me, which I proceeded to state in a short, but particular
+manner. He replied by making several strictures on the impropriety of
+drawing bills without previous notice and consent. He remarked, that
+they might with more propriety have been drawn on France, with whom we
+were allied, and who were richer than they; that the King must first
+take care of his own people, before he could supply us; that Spain had
+been brought into the war by our quarrel, but received no advantage
+from us; that they had been told of our readiness to assist in taking
+Pensacola, &c. but instead of aids, he had heard of nothing but
+demands from us; that our situation was represented as being
+deplorable, and that the enemy talked of the submission of some of the
+States, and of negotiations being on foot for that purpose.
+
+Whether this style proceeded from natural arrogance, or was intended
+to affect my temper, I cannot say; in either case, I thought it most
+prudent to take no notice of it, but proceed calmly and cautiously,
+and the more so as this was the first time I had ever conversed with
+this man. I told him in substance, though more at large, that the
+assurances given Congress of the friendly disposition of Spain by M.
+Mirales and others had been confided in, and had induced Congress to
+expect the aids in question. That if this application could be called
+a demand, it was still the first they had made to my knowledge; that
+men in arms against the enemies of Spain were serving her as well as
+themselves, and therefore might without impropriety request her aid;
+that our separation from Britain was an object important to Spain, and
+that the success, with which we had opposed her whole force for six
+years, showed what the power of both, if under one direction, might be
+capable of; that I knew nothing of Spain's having been drawn into the
+war by or for us, and that this was not to be found among the reasons
+she had alleged for it; that an attack on Pensacola could not be
+expected to be made by troops actually employed in repelling the
+enemy's assaults from their own doors, and that the principles of
+self-defence would not permit or justify it; that Spain had much to
+expect in future from our commerce, and that we should be able as well
+as willing to pay our debts; that the tales told of our despondency
+and submission resulted from the policy of the enemy, not from fact,
+and I believed no more of their private negotiations between America
+and Britain, than I did of there being private negotiations between
+Spain and Britain for a separate peace, which the Minister assured me
+was not the case; that if on the arrival of the bills, I had been told
+plainly that no money could be advanced, further drafts would soon
+have been prevented; but that a contrary conduct having been adopted,
+other expectations had been excited; that as to France, she had done,
+and was still doing much for us, and that her being our ally did not
+confer propriety upon every request that we could make to her. He
+still pressed this point, and complained that the greater part of the
+money heretofore advanced by Spain had been laid out in France. He saw
+that France was deriving great commercial advantages from us, but that
+our commerce never would be an object with Spain, because all her
+productions would find a better market in her own Colonies. He desired
+a note of the bills which had arrived, and then made some reflections
+on the proposal of a treaty. We agreed perfectly well, that mutual
+interest should be the basis of it, and I added, that the good opinion
+entertained of the King and nation by America, was also a pleasing
+circumstance. He said, however that might be, America did not seem
+inclined to gratify Spain, in the only point in which she was deeply
+interested. Here followed much common-place reasoning about the
+navigation of the Mississippi, of which your Excellency has heretofore
+heard too much to require a repetition. He spoke also much of the
+difficulties of Spain, as to money matters, saying that their
+treasures in America could at present be of no use to them, as they
+had given orders that none should be sent home during the war, even if
+it continued these ten years; and this was done in order, by stopping
+the usual current of specie into Europe, to embarrass the measures
+which Britain must take to obtain her necessary supplies.
+
+On the 6th of September, M. Gardoqui brought me word, that I might
+accept the bills of Casa Mayor, amounting to one thousand one hundred
+and ten dollars, which I accordingly did. The proposed conference was
+postponed, nor indeed was it obtained until the 23d of September.
+
+On the 11th, the French Ambassador's Secretary called upon me, by the
+Ambassador's direction, to inform me, that an express was going to
+Paris, and to know whether anything further had been done in our
+affairs since he had seen me. I told him things continued in the same
+situation. He again commenced a conversation on the subject, and as he
+came directly from the Ambassador I entered into it. He expressed some
+concern for the delays I met with. I told him such things must be
+expected. He said he hoped I was content with France. I replied, that I
+apprehended France considered an interference in our negotiations, as
+a delicate matter, for that as she had probably held up the exclusive
+navigation of the Mississippi, and Gulf of Mexico, among other objects
+to induce Spain to take a part in the war, she might hesitate about
+pressing Spain into a treaty with us on terms, that would not
+comprehend this object. He said M. Gerard had reasoned well about
+those matters, but that he did not believe France would be backward,
+nor indeed that she had promised this to Spain to bring her into the
+war. I told him, I should not be surprised to find, that the delay
+arose from a desire of hearing further news from America, and probably
+from Philadelphia. He said, that could not be the case, for since M.
+Mirales's death, Spain had no person there to give them intelligence.
+I told him that Spain might be waiting the issue of new motions
+respecting the Mississippi in Congress, and that I was sure Count de
+la Luzerne would readily be at the trouble of communicating to them
+any interesting information on _that_ or any other subject. Whether he
+drew any conclusions from the manner in which this was said, I cannot
+say, but in a way that looked like exculpating that Minister, he told
+me, that Count de la Luzerne had only mentioned to the French
+Ambassador, that two Members of Congress, with whom he had talked over
+the affair of the Mississippi, thought it would be best not to bring
+on the question of the navigation until Spain should become possessed
+of the adjacent country, for that then it might be ceded with a better
+grace. He mentioned no names. This explains the letter herein before
+mentioned. The inferences which flow from it are obvious. I incline to
+suspect, that what I said in my letters on that head returned here by
+the same conveyance.
+
+On the 13th of September, M. Gardoqui delivered me the following
+verbal message from Count de Florida Blanca. "That the exigencies of
+the State would not permit his Majesty to provide for the payment of
+more of the bills drawn upon me than had been already accepted." I
+expressed my regret that this had not been told me at first, and told
+him it appeared a little extraordinary that the Minister should employ
+himself and me three months in making and answering propositions
+relative to a loan which it was not in his power to make. I touched
+also on the assurances from time to time given me, and intimated, that
+something, which I could not at present see through, must have caused
+this change; that I lamented it the more, as it would weaken the
+foundations on which I wished to see a cordial union laid between the
+two countries.
+
+I dined with the French Ambassador. He was a little out of spirits,
+and on talking to him on what had happened, I told him there was
+nothing now left but for me to apply to France. He encouraged the
+idea, and agreed with me, that the bills ought to be by all means
+saved from protests. He imputed the conduct of Spain to resentment
+against M. Necker, for opposing a certain scheme of Spanish finance,
+which he thought interfered with his plan. It is a curious one, but I
+shall omit it at present, as I fear Congress already wish this letter
+at an end. As the Count de Florida Blanca's message to me by M.
+Gardoqui was a verbal one, and might hereafter be denied or explained
+away as convenience might dictate, I thought it important to establish
+it, and for that and other reasons which need no explanation, I wrote
+the Count the following letter.
+
+                            "St Ildefonso, September 14th, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "The information I received yesterday from your Excellency by
+    M. Gardoqui, has drawn the affair of the bills of exchange to
+    a conclusion. He told me, that the exigencies of the State
+    would not permit his Majesty to provide for the payment of
+    more of those bills than were already accepted, amounting to
+    about fourteen thousand dollars.
+
+    "As it is important that every nation at war should know
+    exactly the state of their resources, and as America has been
+    induced to consider the friendship of his Catholic Majesty
+    as among the number of hers, I must request the favor of your
+    Excellency to tell me frankly whether the United States may
+    expect any, and what aids from Spain. The general assurances
+    of amity, which that country has received from this, together
+    with what has passed between your Excellency and myself
+    relative to clothing for our troops, and supplies of specie
+    in America, will I hope be considered as authorising this
+    question; and the more so, as M. Gardoqui, to whose arrival
+    your Excellency postponed the discussion of these matters,
+    informs me he is not instructed to say anything to me on
+    these, or indeed any other subjects.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+On this day some glorious reports from America arrived. It seemed as
+if she had risen like a giant refreshed with sleep, and was doing
+wonders. I sent the news to the Count as usual, without appearing to
+be affected by his late conduct. I began again to be seen, and in a
+few instances to be known.
+
+The next day, the 15th of September, M. Gardoqui delivered to me a
+paper by way of answer to my letter of yesterday to the Minister. It
+is in these words;
+
+    "The following answer has been dictated to me in his
+    Excellency's name by Don Bernardo del Campo, to be delivered
+    to the honorable John Jay.
+
+    "That it is not his Majesty's intention to stop assisting the
+    States, whenever means can be found to do it, but that it
+    will be impossible to supply them with money in Europe, there
+    being none to spare, for that which ought to have come this
+    year from America, has neither come, nor is it known when it
+    will, and that which would have facilitated a far advanced
+    negotiation is likely to produce no effect, in a great
+    measure, _through the undermining of some persons of rank in
+    France_.
+
+    "The States not giving timely advice, nor having taken his
+    Majesty's previous consent, he could not arrange his affairs
+    beforehand, in order to assure the acceptance and payment of
+    the bills they have drawn, for which reasons, and that
+    Congress has not to this day given any tokens of a
+    recompense, his Majesty might have just cause of disgust, but
+    notwithstanding he does not, nor will change his ideas, and
+    will always retain those of humanity, friendship, and
+    compassion, that he has had towards the colonies. That,
+    consequently, if Mr Jay or his constituents should find money
+    upon credit, to the sum of one hundred or one hundred and
+    fifty thousand dollars, that his Majesty will be answerable
+    for the said sum, payable in the space of three years; that
+    his Majesty will besides exert all that is possible to assist
+    them with clothing and other things, and, finally, in order
+    that his Majesty may extend his further dispositions, it is
+    precisely necessary that they should give sure and effective
+    tokens of a good correspondence, proposing reciprocal
+    measures of a compensation that may establish a solid
+    friendship and confidence, without reducing it to words and
+    protests of mere compliment.
+
+    "This being the substance, I would further suggest to Mr
+    Jay's consideration, that the continuance of assisting the
+    States by answering the sum expressed in a manner much more
+    public than that of paying the money privately, shows plainly
+    the sincerity of his Majesty, although the States have not to
+    this day proposed any equivalent to the assistance already
+    given, and to the expenses occasioned by a war, which had its
+    true origin from them, to all which must be added, (though
+    by the way no credit is given to it,) that there are hints of
+    some understanding between the colonies and England.
+
+        "_St Ildefonso, September 15th, 1780._
+
+                                                 JAMES GARDOQUI."
+
+It is to be observed, that this paper when first delivered was not
+signed, and suspecting that this omission might not be accidental, I
+mentioned it to M. Gardoqui a day or two afterwards. After some
+hesitation, and doubts of its being necessary, he signed it. I made no
+remarks at all to M. Gardoqui on any part of this paper except the
+last article, which I treated with great indignation.
+
+On the 16th I wrote a short letter and many copies to your Excellency,
+informing you of the necessity of suspending further drafts upon me
+for the present.
+
+Three days afterwards, I had a long and satisfactory conversation with
+the French Ambassador, in which he was very unreserved, candid, and
+confidential. He read to me part of a letter he intended to send to
+Count de Vergennes on our affairs, and justice calls upon me to say,
+that we are obliged to him for it.
+
+On the 22d of September, I sent the following letter to Count de
+Vergennes by one of the Ambassador's couriers.
+
+                              "St Ildefonso, September 22d, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have never taken up my pen with so much reluctance as I
+    now do, although my design is to write a letter to your
+    Excellency. But, Sir, there are few sensations more painful
+    than those which they experience, who, already covered with
+    benefits, are impelled by cruel necessity to ask for more.
+    Such is my present situation, and hence proceeds my regret.
+
+    "My uniform and unreserved communications to the Count
+    Montmorin, who has my fullest confidence, precludes the
+    necessity and consequently the propriety of a minute detail
+    of American affairs here.
+
+    "Your Excellency will recollect the resolution of Congress
+    for drawing bills on me, as well as the reasons assigned for
+    that measure. In my first conference with the Minister on
+    that subject, he enlarged on the necessities of the State,
+    but nevertheless told me, he should be able, at the end of
+    the present or beginning of the next year, to advance thirty
+    or forty thousand pounds sterling, and that further
+    arrangements respecting the residue should then be made.
+
+    "I afterwards received and answered propositions for the
+    reimbursement of this money; and from time to time, was
+    permitted to accept such of the bills as were most pressing.
+
+    "Things remained in this state till the 5th of July, when,
+    after many warm assurances of friendship and good will, the
+    further discussion of these matters was postponed by the
+    Minister until the arrival of a person intended to succeed M.
+    Mirales, the late Spanish agent at Philadelphia, and I was
+    told that they should then be arranged and adjusted.
+
+    "Several weeks elapsed after the time assigned for his
+    arrival had expired. The holders of the bills became
+    importunate, and insisting on my accepting or refusing them.
+
+    "I wrote several letters to the Minister, requesting his
+    directions, but was not favored with an answer to any of
+    them.
+
+    "On the 3d instant, after fruitless endeavors to see the
+    Minister, I received the following note from him by the hands
+    of M. Gardoqui;
+
+      'The Count de Florida Blanca sends his compliments to Mr
+      Jay, and advises him to become acquainted with the bearer
+      of this letter, who is the person that has been expected
+      from day to day.'
+
+    "This gentleman made many remarks tending to show the
+    propriety of America's offering some specific consideration
+    for this money, and hinted at the navigation of the
+    Mississippi, ship timber, vessels, tobacco, &c. &c. I
+    replied, that the only consideration Congress could offer,
+    was that which all other nations at war, who borrowed money,
+    offered, viz. to repay the principal with a reasonable
+    interest after the war; that I should deceive him, were I to
+    enter into contracts to pay it sooner; that the proposition
+    of paying it during the war, in ship timber, tobacco, or
+    other articles, did not lessen the difficulty, for that these
+    things were worth, and cost money in America, as well as in
+    Europe; and that as to the Mississippi, it could not come in
+    question as a consideration for one hundred thousand pounds.
+    The conversation was concluded, by his desiring me to meet
+    him at M. Del Campo's the next morning. M. Gardoqui then, and
+    since, behaved with temper, candor, and politeness.
+
+    "The next day we saw M. Del Campo. He was liberal in his
+    censures on the measure of drawing the bills in question on
+    Spain. He informed me, that the King must first take care of
+    his own people before he gave supplies to others; that Spain,
+    instead of deriving advantage from America, heard of nothing
+    but demands. That if Congress wanted money, they should have
+    drawn on France, with whom they were in alliance, and who had
+    all the profit of their trade; that we ought to have
+    distinguished between our allies, and those who only wished
+    us well, and that applications for aid might be proper to
+    the one, which were not so to the other; that our affairs
+    were in a ruinous condition, and that it was even said some
+    of the States were holding secret negotiations for peace with
+    the enemy, &c. &c. &c. My replies were such as the subject
+    naturally suggested, and as prudence dictated; there are
+    seasons when men mean not to be convinced, and when argument
+    becomes mere matter of form. On such occasions, we have
+    little more in our power than moderation and temper. I gave
+    M. Del Campo credit for his frankness, and wish I could with
+    propriety have extended it to his delicacy.
+
+    "A day or two afterwards, viz. the 6th instant, I was
+    permitted to accept bills to the amount of one thousand one
+    hundred and ten dollars.
+
+    "On the 13th, M. Gardoqui, by order of the Minister, told me,
+    that the exigencies of the State would not permit the King to
+    provide for the payment of more of the bills than had been
+    already accepted, amounting to about fourteen thousand
+    dollars. This gave occasion to my letter to the Minister of
+    the 14th, and to his answer of the 15th, which was dictated
+    by him to M. Del Campo, and by M. Del Campo to M. Gardoqui,
+    copies of both of which your Excellency will receive from
+    Count Montmorin. The Minister's answer made a conference
+    between us expedient. I requested that favor the 15th
+    instant, and have been informed that the Count de Florida
+    Blanca will endeavor to see me on Saturday evening next.
+
+    "I forbear remarks on this singular conduct. I wish it could
+    be explained in a manner compatible with the reputation Spain
+    enjoys in North America. I much fear partial resentments,
+    which ought not to affect America, have been permitted to
+    have an undue degree of influence, and that the Minister
+    forgot in his zeal for a certain scheme of finance, that it
+    was unjust to wound opponents through the sides of their
+    friends. But whatever may have been the cause; the effect,
+    unless removed, will be destructive, and France only can at
+    present afford the means of doing it.
+
+    "When I consider, on the one hand, that France was our first,
+    and is still our best, and almost only friend; that she
+    became our ally on terms of equality, neither taking, nor
+    attempting to take ungenerous advantages of our situation;
+    that she has clothed and armed our troops, and is at this
+    moment assisting us with her fleets, her armies, her
+    treasure, and her blood; gratitude and generosity forbid me
+    to solicit a further tax on her magnanimity. But, on the
+    other hand, when I reflect that the loss of American credit
+    would be a loss to the common cause, and an eventual injury
+    to France; that such an event would be a matter of triumph to
+    our common enemy; and of pain to our friends; that the honor
+    of Congress, suspended on the fate of these bills, now hangs
+    as it were by a hair, and that our enemies here and elsewhere
+    are doing all in their power to cut it; when I consider, that
+    America would feel more sensibly the loss of reputation in
+    this instance, than the loss of battles in many others; I
+    say, Sir, when I consider these things, I find it to be my
+    duty to request your Excellency to interpose the amity of
+    France, and that his Majesty will be pleased to add this
+    strong link to the chain of benefits, by which he has already
+    bound the affections of America to his family and people.
+
+    "I ought to inform your Excellency, that bills for about
+    fifty thousand dollars remain unaccepted. The greater part
+    of these are in the hands of merchants, who waited my answer
+    with a degree of patience, I could not have expected; some of
+    them ever since the month of June last. Further delays,
+    therefore, were not to be asked or obtained, and I was
+    reduced to the necessity, either of promising to accept them,
+    or permit the credit of Congress to perish with them. I could
+    not long hesitate. I promised to accept them. Fortunately,
+    these bills have hitherto come on slowly, though, it is
+    probable, that the assurances of Spain, which I have
+    communicated to Congress, may quicken their pace. A period,
+    however, will soon be put to their drawing, as I have written
+    to them by several conveyances immediately to stop.
+
+    "I ought also to inform your Excellency, that a promise made
+    me in June last of some clothing for our troops has been
+    renewed, and that his Majesty has been pleased to offer us
+    his responsibility to facilitate a loan of one hundred and
+    fifty thousand dollars. I shall endeavor to make the most of
+    this offer, and your Excellency may rest assured, that I
+    shall gladly embrace every measure, which may be calculated
+    to lessen the weight with which the American cause presses on
+    the finances of France.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+I also sent a copy of this letter to Dr Franklin, enclosed in one of
+which the following is a copy.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, Sept. 22d, 1780.
+
+      Dear Sir,
+
+    "I have lately written to you several letters. Enclosed is a
+    copy of one to Count de Vergennes, which Count Montmorin, who
+    also writes to him on the same subject, is so obliging as to
+    send together with this, by a courier to Bayonne.
+
+    "The papers you have heretofore received from me, with those
+    now sent, will enable you to understand it, and I am
+    persuaded your abilities and influence will be exerted to
+    promote the success of the application contained in it. It
+    appears to me absolutely necessary, that the bills drawn on
+    me be saved at all events. If contrary to my ideas of the
+    wisdom and affection of France, she should not lend us money
+    for the purpose, we must endeavor to borrow it of
+    individuals, though at a higher than usual interest; nay, on
+    any terms, rather than not get it. Almost anything will be
+    better than a protest; for exclusive of the disgrace, which
+    is intolerable, the consequences of it would cost Congress
+    more than the expense of saving their credit, be it almost
+    what it will.
+
+    "I am, &c.
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+The Ambassador informed me, that he had received despatches from
+Philadelphia, which gave him and the Court great pleasure, viz.--That
+Congress had, at the instance of the Chevalier de la Luzerne and Don
+Francisco, agreed to make a diversion to the southward in order to
+facilitate the Spanish operations in that quarter; that a noble spirit
+was pervading all ranks of people; that we had been successful in
+Jersey, &c. &c. and in short, that the Chevalier de la Luzerne was
+much pleased with Congress and the general aspect of affairs in
+America. I lamented in silence, that I should have no other
+intelligence of all this, but from a French Ambassador.
+
+He informed me further, that he believed we should now be able to get
+some of the clothing taken from the enemy by Admiral Cordova; that he
+had, and would continue to cherish the idea. We had a long
+conversation; he gave me much good advice, some useful information,
+and many assurances of cordiality and good will.
+
+On the evening of the 23d, I was admitted to the honor of a conference
+with his Excellency the Count de Florida Blanca; and M. Gardoqui, who
+understands Spanish and English exceedingly well, performed the part
+of interpreter.
+
+The following notes of the conference are very exact as to every
+particular.
+
+    _Notes of a Conference between his Excellency the Count de
+      Florida Blanca and Mr Jay, at St Ildefonso, on Saturday
+      Evening, September 23d, 1780_.
+
+    After the usual civilities the Count began the conference by
+    informing Mr Jay, that the Court had received intelligence
+    from the Havana, of Congress having so far complied with the
+    request made to them to permit the exportation of provisions
+    for the use of his Majesty's fleets and armies there, as to
+    give license for shipping three thousand barrels of flour,
+    circumstances not admitting of further supplies at that time;
+    that this business was conducted by Mr Robert Morris in a
+    manner with which he was well pleased; that Congress had
+    also, in order to promote the success of the Spanish
+    operations against Pensacola, &c. agreed to make a diversion
+    to the southward, to detach a considerable body of regular
+    troops and militia to South Carolina under General Gates;
+    that his Majesty was well pleased with, and highly sensible
+    of, these marks of their friendly disposition, and had
+    directed him to desire Mr Jay to convey his thanks to them on
+    the occasion.
+
+    Mr Jay expressed his satisfaction at this intelligence, and
+    promised to take the earliest opportunity of conveying to
+    Congress the sense his Majesty entertained of their
+    friendship, manifested by these measures. He told the Count
+    it gave him pleasure to hear the business of the Spanish
+    supplies was committed to Mr Robert Morris, and assured him,
+    that the fullest confidence might be reposed in that
+    gentleman's abilities and integrity. He requested his
+    Excellency again to assure his Majesty, that he might rely on
+    the good disposition of Congress, and of their evincing it in
+    every way, which the situation of their affairs and the
+    interest of the common cause might render practicable and
+    expedient. The Count told Mr Jay, that he had proposed to the
+    French Ambassador to send to Congress for the use of their
+    army, clothing for ten regiments lately taken in the convoy
+    bound from Britain to Jamaica, and in which the two Crowns
+    were equally interested; that the Ambassador approved the
+    proposition, but had not yet given his final answer. He then
+    observed, that a negotiation for a peace between Britain and
+    Spain appeared at present more distant than ever; that the
+    former had offered his Majesty everything he could desire to
+    induce him to a separate peace; but that the King, adhering
+    to the same resolutions in favor of America, which had
+    influenced his conduct in his mediation for a general peace
+    and since, had rejected them, and that Congress might rely on
+    his Majesty's determination never to give up or forsake
+    America, but on the contrary continue affording her all the
+    aids in his power.
+
+    He told Mr Jay, that the Court of London, disappointed in
+    their expectations of detaching Spain, had it in
+    contemplation again to send Commissioners to America to
+    treat with Congress on the subject of an accommodation with
+    them; that this measure was at present under the
+    consideration of the Privy Council, and that there was reason
+    to suppose it would be adopted. He observed, that the English
+    had hitherto discovered much finesse and little true policy;
+    that first they endeavored by their intrigues in France to
+    separate that kingdom and America, but not succeeding there,
+    they sent Commissioners to America; that the last year they
+    attempted to detach France, and this year Spain, and that
+    being unsuccessful in both they would again attempt America;
+    that the best way of defeating their designs was mutual
+    confidence in each other. He remarked, that America could not
+    rely on any promise of Britain, and asked if she was once
+    detached from France and Spain, who could compel an
+    observance of them? Mr Jay thanked the Count for this
+    communication, and assured him, that Congress would not only
+    adhere to their engagements from motives of interest, but
+    from a regard to their honor, and the faith of treaties; that
+    the opinion of Congress on this subject corresponded with
+    that of his Excellency, and that their conduct, with respect
+    to the former English Commissioners, gave conclusive evidence
+    of their sentiments on the subject. Mr Jay promised in case
+    he received any intelligence relative to this matter, his
+    Excellency might depend on its being communicated immediately
+    to him.
+
+    The Count appeared satisfied with this, and again repeated
+    his former assurances of the King's good disposition towards
+    America, &c. &c.
+
+    Mr Jay informed his Excellency, that the subject on which he
+    was desirous of conversing with him, arose from the paper he
+    had received from M. Gardoqui the 15th instant, containing
+    his Excellency's answer to Mr Jay's letter of the 14th.
+
+    Mr Jay then requested the Count to communicate to his Majesty
+    his thanks for the offer he had been pleased to make, of his
+    responsibility in order to facilitate a loan of one hundred
+    and fifty thousand dollars, and also for the promise of
+    clothing, &c. &c. and to assure him, that the gratitude of
+    the States would always be proportionate to the obligations
+    conferred upon them; he observed to the Count, that he
+    intended to attempt this loan in Spain, France, and Holland,
+    and begged to be informed in what manner he should evidence
+    the responsibility of his Majesty to the persons, who might
+    be disposed to lend the money, for that in this and other
+    similar cases, he meant to be guided by his Excellency's
+    directions. The Count replied, that as this matter fell
+    within the department of M. Musquir, the Minister of Finance,
+    he would consult him upon it on Tuesday evening next, and
+    immediately thereafter inform Mr Jay of the result. He then
+    apologized, and expressed his regret for not being able to
+    furnish the money he had expected to supply (alluding
+    evidently to the _thirty or forty thousand pounds_ which, in
+    the conference at Aranjues, the 11th day of May last, he said
+    he expected to be able to supply by the end of this or
+    beginning of next year.) He said he had been disappointed in
+    the remittances expected from America, for he was advised,
+    that two ships, which he had expected would arrive from
+    thence with treasure in December or January next, would not
+    come, and that this and other circumstances rendered it
+    impossible for him to advance us any money in Europe. But
+    that he would, nevertheless, agreeably to the King's
+    intentions, give us all the assistance in his power.
+
+    Mr Jay desired to be informed, whether any steps were
+    necessary for him to take for forwarding the clothing at
+    Cadiz to America. The Count answered, that he waited the
+    French Ambassador's answer on the subject, and that he had as
+    yet no inventory of them, but that he would again speak to
+    the Ambassador, and make arrangements for sending them on to
+    America as soon as possible.
+
+    Mr Jay then proceeded to regret that the pleasure he derived
+    from these instances of his Majesty's friendship to the
+    United States, was mingled with pain from being informed by
+    the abovementioned paper, that the King conceived he might
+    have just cause to be disgusted with them.
+
+    Because, 1st; they had drawn the bills of exchange without
+    his previous consent; and, 2dly, because they had not given
+    any tokens of a recompense. Mr Jay reminded his Excellency
+    that these bills were drawn upon himself, and not on Spain,
+    and although that Congress might have hoped, for reasons
+    already assigned, to have been enabled to pay them by a loan
+    from his Majesty, yet that every other usual measure was left
+    open for that purpose. That an application to Spain for such
+    a loan could give no just cause of offence, for that if it
+    had not been convenient to her to make it, all that she had
+    to was to have told him so, and he was then at liberty to
+    take such measures for procuring it elsewhere as he might
+    think proper. The Count replied, that what Mr Jay observed
+    was true, but that certainly the bills were drawn with an
+    expectation of their being paid by Spain, and that this might
+    probably have been done if previous notice of the measure had
+    been given. That he always intended to have done something
+    towards their payment, but had been prevented by
+    disappointments, and the exigencies of the State. Mr Jay
+    continued to observe, that the second cause assigned for this
+    disgust, viz. that Congress had given no tokens of a
+    recompense, must have risen from a mistake. He reminded his
+    Excellency, that he had never requested a donation from
+    Spain, but that on the contrary he had repeatedly offered to
+    pledge the faith of the United States for the repayment with
+    interest, within a reasonable time after the war, of whatever
+    sum his Majesty might be so kind as to lend them. To these
+    remarks the Count said only, that interest for the money
+    would have been no object with them; that they would gladly
+    have lent it to us without interest, and repeated his regret
+    at the disappointment which had prevented them. He appeared
+    rather uneasy and desirous of waiving the subject.
+
+    Mr Jay next called the Count's attention to a part of the
+    paper in question, which informed him "that there were hints
+    (though no credit was given to it) of some understanding
+    between America and the Court of London." He observed, that
+    this subject was both delicate and important; that so far as
+    this understanding related to Congress, or the governments of
+    either of the States, he was sure that this insinuation was
+    entirely groundless; that there might possibly be intriguing
+    individuals, who might have given cause to such suspicions;
+    that if there were such men or bodies of men it would be for
+    the good of the common cause that they should be detected,
+    and their designs frustrated. He therefore requested, that if
+    his Excellency had any evidence on this subject, he would be
+    pleased to communicate it, and thereby enable him to give
+    Congress an opportunity of taking such measures as
+    circumstances might render proper. The Count said, he had
+    nothing specific or particular as yet to communicate. That he
+    was pursuing measures for further discoveries, and that he
+    would mention to Mr Jay whatever information might result
+    from them.
+
+    Mr Jay resumed his animadversions on the paper in question by
+    observing, that it assured him it was necessary, "that
+    Congress should give sure and effective tokens of a good
+    correspondence, proposing reciprocal measures of a
+    compensation, &c. in order that his Majesty might extend his
+    further dispositions towards them." That for his part he
+    could conceive of no higher tokens, which one nation could
+    give to another of friendship and good will, than their
+    commissioning and sending a person for the express purpose of
+    requesting his Majesty to enter into treaties of amity and
+    alliance with them, and that on terms of reciprocity of
+    interest and mutual advantage. To this the Count replied,
+    that to this day he was ignorant of these terms, and that no
+    particular propositions had been made him. Mr Jay then
+    reminded him of his letters from Cadiz, and of the conference
+    on the subject at Aranjues on the 2d day of June last, in the
+    latter of which, after conferring on the subject of aids, and
+    of the treaty, his Excellency had promised to reduce his
+    sentiments on both to writing, and send him notes on each;
+    that as to the first, Mr Jay had received the notes, but not
+    on the last; that he had been in constant expectation of
+    receiving them, and that delicacy forbade pressing his
+    Excellency on that matter, or offering anything further till
+    he should have leisure to complete them.
+
+    He said he thought he had given them to Mr Jay or Mr
+    Carmichael, which both of them assured him he had not. Of
+    this the Count appeared after a little time satisfied, when
+    Mr Jay resumed the subject by remarking, that the order of
+    conducting that business appeared to him to be this; that as
+    a right was reserved by the Secret Article to his Majesty to
+    accede to the treaty between France and America whenever he
+    thought proper, and that the latter would go into a
+    discussion of any alteration the King might propose, that
+    should be founded on reciprocity of interest, the first
+    question was whether his Majesty would accede to it as it
+    was, or whether he would propose any and what alterations.
+
+    The Count here interrupted Mr Jay by saying, that the
+    interest of France and Spain with respect to America were so
+    distinct, as necessarily to render different treaties
+    necessary. Mr Jay answered, that admitting this to be the
+    case, the treaty with France might be made the basis, and
+    then go on _mutatis mutandis_. The Count proceeded to say,
+    that it would not conduce to the general pacification to
+    hurry on the treaty; that finding Congress were not disposed
+    to cessions, without which the King would not make a treaty,
+    he thought it best by mutual services and acts of friendship,
+    to continue making way for more condescensions on both sides,
+    and not excite animosities and warmth by discussing points
+    which the King would never yield. That, therefore, Mr Jay
+    might take time to write to Congress on the subject, and
+    obtain their instructions.
+
+    He said, that previous to Mr Jay's or M. Gerard's arrival at
+    Madrid, M. Mirales had informed him that Congress would yield
+    the navigation of the Mississippi, but that M. Gerard
+    informed him that Congress had changed their resolution on
+    that subject; that he had mentioned these obstacles to Mr Jay
+    and Mr Carmichael, and it was probable that having done this,
+    he had neglected or forgotten to give Mr Jay the notes in
+    question. Mr Jay here reminded his Excellency, that the
+    conference between them of the 2d day of June last turned
+    among other points on these obstacles, and that they had then
+    mutually expressed hopes that regulations calculated to
+    remove them in a manner satisfactory to both parties might be
+    adopted, and that the conferences respecting them were
+    concluded by his Excellency's promising to give Mr Jay notes
+    of his sentiments on the proposed treaty. The Count admitted
+    this, and made several observations tending to show the
+    importance of this object to Spain, and its determination to
+    adhere to it, saying, with some degree of warmth, that unless
+    Spain could exclude all nations from the Gulf of Mexico, they
+    might as well admit all; that the King would never relinquish
+    it; that the Minister regarded it as the principal object to
+    be obtained by the war, and _that obtained_, he should be
+    perfectly easy whether or no Spain procured any other
+    cession; that he considered it far more important than the
+    acquisition of Gibraltar, and that if they did not get it, it
+    was a matter of indifference to him whether the English
+    possessed Mobile or not; that he chose always to speak his
+    sentiments plainly and candidly on those occasions, for which
+    reason he generally acted differently from other politicians,
+    in always choosing to commit himself to paper, and appealing
+    to the knowledge of the French Ambassador and others, who had
+    done business with him, for the proofs of this being the
+    principle of his conduct. He concluded by saying he would
+    give his sentiments in writing on this subject to Mr Jay.
+
+    Mr Jay made no reply to the Count's remarks on the
+    navigation, but observing, that being little acquainted with
+    the practice of politicians, he was happy in having to treat
+    with a Minister of his Excellency's principles. He added,
+    that there were many points necessary to be adjusted in order
+    to a treaty; that they might proceed to agree upon as many as
+    they could, and with respect to the others, he should state
+    them clearly to Congress, and attend their further
+    instructions.
+
+    Mr Jay then again turned the conference to the paper
+    beforementioned, by observing to the Count, that it appeared
+    from it, that the King also expected from Congress
+    equivalents to the supplies formerly afforded, and also the
+    expenses of the war, which it alleged had its origin from
+    them. That as to the first he could only repeat what he had
+    before said, that a general account of them was necessary.
+    That he neither knew the amount of them, nor the terms on
+    which they were granted; that it was a transaction previous
+    to his appointment; that on being furnished with the
+    necessary information, he would transmit it to Congress, and
+    wait their instructions; that an expectation of an equivalent
+    to the expenses sustained by Spain in the war, was
+    inadmissible on every principle. He read the passage in
+    question and remarked, that America could no more be justly
+    chargeable with the expenses of the war sustained by Spain,
+    than Spain could be justly chargeable with the expenses of
+    the war sustained by America. The Count replied, that Mr Jay
+    had mistaken his meaning, and that he urged it merely to show
+    that as the States were deriving considerable advantages from
+    very expensive operations on the part of Spain, that
+    consideration should incline them to more condescension
+    towards the latter.
+
+    Mr Jay assured his Excellency that he knew it to be the
+    disposition of Congress to contribute all in their power to
+    the success of the common cause, and that they would on
+    every occasion give proofs of it, and among others, that he
+    was confident they would permit his Majesty to export from
+    thence, _during the war_, ship timber and masts for the royal
+    navy, and would readily consent to such measures as might be
+    proper and necessary for facilitating it. He further observed
+    that having been informed by M. Gardoqui that his Majesty
+    would like to take and finish a seventyfour gun ship now on
+    the stocks in one of the eastern ports, on which it was said
+    no work was doing, he would with pleasure write to Congress,
+    and propose their transferring her to his Majesty at prime
+    cost. That this previous step was necessary, as Congress
+    might perhaps intend that vessel for particular services, but
+    he was confident they would otherwise be happy in indulging
+    his Majesty's inclinations. The Count appeared pleased with
+    this. He said, that with respect to timber they stood most in
+    need at present of yards, and should be glad to obtain a
+    supply of them from Congress. That as to the ship, he wished
+    to be informed exactly of her present state, and the
+    materials wanted to complete and equip her, which he observed
+    might be sent from the Havana, and whether a crew of
+    Americans could be had to navigate her there. Mr Jay replied,
+    that though he was sure that Congress would readily give
+    their aid in these and other matters interesting to Spain,
+    yet he could not forbear reminding his Excellency as a
+    friend, that public business done under the direction of
+    public bodies was always more expensive than when done by
+    individuals. That, therefore, he would submit it to his
+    consideration whether it would not be more advisable to
+    commit the management of those affairs to the agent, intended
+    to succeed M. Mirales, who, by being on the spot, would have
+    opportunities of acting on exact information, and in a
+    manner more consistent with the views of his Excellency. The
+    Count agreed in this opinion, and promised to communicate to
+    Mr Jay his further intentions on this subject.
+
+    Mr Jay informed the Minister, that as his further stay here
+    would now be unnecessary, and business called him to Madrid,
+    he purposed to return there on Monday next. The Count
+    concurred and the conference ended.
+
+Congress will permit me to observe that many things in this conference
+are important, and demand instructions. I forbear to point them out,
+because they are obvious; and I take the liberty of giving this hint
+from a knowledge of the delays attending the proceedings of large
+bodies.
+
+I returned to Madrid on the day appointed; and whether to accept or
+not to accept the bills became a very serious question. After
+reviewing all the reasons for and against it, which are numerous, and
+which Congress will readily perceive without a particular enumeration,
+I determined to put a good face on the business, and accept all that
+should be presented, which I have accordingly done, and am daily
+doing. What the event will be I cannot pretend to decide. All that I
+can say is, that my endeavors shall not be wanting to render it
+successful. The responsibility of the King will not produce much, and
+the difficulty of borrowing money has been increased, by the number of
+agents sent to Europe for that purpose by several of the different
+States, who I am told have imprudently bidden on each other.
+
+M. Gardoqui returned to Madrid a few days after I did, and brought me
+word from the Minister, that instructions should be sent to their
+Ambassadors in Holland and France, to assure in due form the
+responsibility of the King to such persons as might there incline to
+lend us money on the credit of it, and that the Minister would do the
+same here. He told me further, that the Minister hoped I would not be
+discouraged, nor consider this only on the dark side, for that it was
+still his intention to afford America every aid in his power. All this
+I ascribe to the exertions of America, and I am confident, that it will
+always be necessary for the United States to be formidable at home, if
+they expect to be respectable anywhere.
+
+For my own part, I shall be disappointed, if I find Courts moving on
+any other principle than political ones, and, indeed, not always on
+those. Caprice, whim, the interests and passions of individuals, must
+and will always have greater or less degrees of influence. America
+stands very high here, at present. I rejoice at it, though I must
+confess I much fear that such violent exertions may be followed by
+languor and relaxation. What the plan of this Court is with respect to
+us, or whether they have any, is with me very doubtful. If they have
+rejected all the overtures of Britain, why is Mr Cumberland still
+here? And why are expresses passing between Madrid and London through
+Portugal? If Spain is determined that we shall be independent, why not
+openly declare us so, and thereby diminish the hopes and endeavors of
+Britain to prevent it? She seems to be desirous of holding the
+balance, of being in some sort a mediatrix, and of courting the offers
+of each by her supposed importance to both. The drawing of bills on me
+was considered as a desperate measure, prompted by our imbecility, and
+was a bad card to play at a time we were endeavoring to form a treaty,
+and when prudence demanded that the importance of Spain to us should
+not have been brought forward, or placed in such a glaring point of
+view.
+
+One good consequence, however, has resulted from it. The cordiality of
+Spain has been tried by it. For I know of a certainty, that it was in
+her power easily to have made the loan we asked. Indeed, we shall
+always be deceived, if we believe that any nation in the world has, or
+will have, a disinterested regard for us, especially absolute
+monarchies, where the temporary views or passions of the Prince, his
+Ministers, his women, or his favorites, not the voice of the people,
+direct the helm of State. Besides, from the manner in which the war is
+carrying on, it would seem as if it was the design of France and Spain
+that the longest _purse_, not the longest _sword_, should decide it.
+Whether such be really their intention, or how far it may be politic,
+I cannot pretend to determine. This, however, is certain, that it
+would be putting the affair on a hard issue for us. It is also
+certain, that some respect is due to appearances and probable events,
+and we should be cautious how we spend our money, our men, or our
+public spirit, uselessly.
+
+In my opinion, we should endeavor to be as independent on the charity
+of our friends, as on the mercy of our enemies. Jacob took advantage
+even of his brother's hunger, and extorted from him a higher price
+than the value of the Mississippi even for a single dinner. The way
+not to be in _Esau's_ condition, is to be prepared to meet with
+_Jacob's_.
+
+From what I can learn of the King's character, I am persuaded, that a
+present from Congress of a handsome fast sailing packet boat would be
+very acceptable, and consequently very useful.
+
+I am informed, and believe, that a loan from individuals in France is
+impracticable. Here nothing can be done in that way. What may be
+expected from the like attempts in Holland, I am unable to say.
+
+I have received no answer to my letter to Count de Vergennes; the
+Ambassador informs me, that the Count has written him on the subject,
+and the following is an extract from his letter.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "I doubt whether I shall be able to render Mr Jay the service
+    he requests of me, independently of what the Ministry has
+    furnished the Americans in the course of the year. Dr
+    Franklin is urgent for a million extra, to meet the drafts of
+    Congress to the 31st of December. I am sensible how important
+    it is to prevent them from being returned protested, but the
+    difficulty is to find the means. I shall do my best in this
+    exigency, but am not sure of success; beyond this, it would
+    be impossible for me to go."
+
+Dr Franklin has obtained some more money from his Court, and I am to
+have twentyfive thousand dollars of it; perhaps he may be able to
+advance more, but how much, I cannot say.
+
+_November 1st, 1780._ No orders have as yet been given respecting the
+clothing. I have applied and reapplied, and have been promised and
+repromised. I employed Mr Harrison, at Cadiz, (with the Minister's
+concurrence) to make the purchase, and he has several weeks been
+waiting for these orders.
+
+General Gates is defeated, and Mr Laurens in the Tower. Our sky in
+this quarter is again darkened with clouds not in my power to dispel.
+
+I had flattered myself with receiving before this time some
+regulations respecting American seamen.
+
+The house of Le Couteulx have refused to continue their care of them,
+or to advance more money on that account. They complain that the
+American Captains under various pretexts refuse to give them passages,
+without being paid for them. This is cruel.
+
+The following are copies of their letter to me on the subject, and my
+answer.
+
+                      LE COUTEULX & CO. TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                        "Cadiz, October 3d, 1780.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "Our supplies for the American sailors amount at this day to
+    ---- We will continue to render them every service in our
+    power, but will confess to you ingenuously, that if you do
+    not furnish us with an order from Congress, by which you
+    empower us to oblige all American Captains, who come here, to
+    take a certain number of people, in proportion to their bulk,
+    free of passage, and afterwards so many more on paying them a
+    certain sum for their provisions, we can advance nothing; as
+    all the Captains who come here never fail of showing good
+    motives for not taking any of their fellow countrymen,
+    without paying them a passage, which forces us to let the
+    people go on board neutral vessels; and instead of fulfilling
+    your views of sending them back as soon as possible, this is
+    a means by which they get still further from it, and a great
+    many engage in the English service."
+
+                         TO LE COUTEULX & CO.
+
+                                     "Madrid, October 15th, 1780.
+
+      "Gentlemen,
+
+    "I have been honored with your favor of the 3d instant, and
+    am much obliged by your attention to the letter it enclosed.
+    You were not mistaken in supposing that the handwriting was
+    mine. That letter was enclosed in one for Mr Harrison, and
+    sent under cover to you.
+
+    "It gives me concern to find that you have so much trouble
+    with American seamen, and I much lament that it is not in my
+    power to comply with the terms on which alone you incline to
+    continue it. I have written more than once to Congress on the
+    subject, and submitted to their consideration the propriety
+    of establishing proper regulations for the conduct of that
+    business, but as yet I have received none. I presume that
+    their attention has been so engaged by other matters of
+    higher and more pressing importance, as not to have had
+    leisure for making these arrangements. The refusal of
+    American Captains to give passages to their unfortunate
+    countrymen is certainly unkind. I shall communicate to
+    Congress, and I hope proper measures will be taken to remove
+    that obstacle. At any rate, however, I cannot leave these
+    unhappy captives friendless, in a strange country. The
+    unfeeling treatment of the Captains rather stimulates than
+    represses my commiseration, and, therefore, Gentlemen, as it
+    is not convenient to you to proceed in your care of them, but
+    on terms not in my power to comply with, I find myself
+    reduced to the necessity of requesting that favor from
+    others. For this purpose I have written to Mr Harrison of
+    your city, and proposed his undertaking it, and have desired
+    him in case he consented, to mention it to you. On that event
+    I must beg the favor of you to give him such information and
+    advice, as may be useful to him in the management of those
+    affairs. Be pleased also to liquidate your accounts with him;
+    they shall be paid without further delay.
+
+    "The attention and kind offices you have regularly paid to
+    Americans, and the personal civilities that myself and family
+    experienced from you, while at Cadiz, will always continue to
+    excite my warmest acknowledgments, and lead me to omit no
+    opportunity of convincing you of the esteem and regard, with
+    which I am, Gentlemen, &c.
+
+                                                        JOHN JAY.
+
+I have before mentioned to Congress my difficulties as to
+correspondence. They continue, and I am obliged to give Colonel
+Livingston the trouble of carrying this letter to Bilboa, and
+delivering it with his own hands to the Captain of some American
+vessel. Congress might have letters from me every month, if orders
+were given to the Captains of the vessels bringing despatches for me,
+to send a trusty officer with them to me. I know that all are opened,
+and some suppressed, and I can think of no other way of avoiding these
+inconveniences. It is important that our correspondence be
+uninterrupted.
+
+I have written very particularly, perhaps more so than may be prudent,
+but as I think it my duty, I pay no regard to consequences. If
+Congress will be equally well satisfied with less minute information,
+I wish to be told so, that their direction on this head may govern me
+in future. I cannot forbear again observing, that few of their
+proceedings remain long secret. I have very good authority for saying
+that copies of the letters, which passed between the Committee and the
+late Commissioners in France, are now in the hands of a certain
+foreigner. How he got them I do not know, but such is the fact, and in
+my opinion it calls for more care in future.
+
+If my letters meet with the same fate, my remaining here will become a
+useless expense to my country.
+
+I think I have written everything material to enable Congress to know
+the exact state of their affairs here. If, however, there should be
+any questions to which an answer would be agreeable to Congress, I
+wish to be informed of them; for since I left America, I have made it
+a rule to be always in a capacity to render a reason for every part of
+my conduct, and state with accuracy every fact relative to it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[25] A full account of Mr Cumberland's proceedings in Spain may be
+found in his _Memoirs_ published many years afterwards.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                          Madrid, November 30th, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed certain papers from
+Morocco, viz.
+
+_No. 1._ Containing a letter of the 21st of April last, to me from
+Audibert Caille, who styles himself the "Consul appointed by the
+Emperor for such foreign nations as have none of their own in his
+dominions, to protect the strangers who may come to traffic in his
+ports pursuant to two proclamations published last year."
+
+_No. 2._ My answer.
+
+_No. 3._ Copy of M. Audibert's appointment.
+
+_No. 4._ Copy of a declaration of the Emperor, 20th of February, 1778.
+
+_No. 5._ A letter from M. Audibert Caille to Congress of 6th of
+September, 1779. Also, six printed copies of M. Audibert Caille's
+certificates.
+
+These papers ought to have been sent with my letters of May last, but
+recollecting as I was then about to put them up, that if the originals
+should be lost on the passage, it might be difficult to obtain
+others, I thought it most prudent to detain them to be copied, and
+wait for some other opportunity of getting them to the sea; none has,
+however, since occurred, and I did not think them of sufficient
+importance to render it necessary that either Mr Carmichael or Colonel
+Livingston should carry them to one of the sea ports.
+
+It is proper that your Excellency should be informed, that on the 8th
+instant I had a conference with the Minister at the Escurial, in which
+I received many good _words_ and friendly assurances, but time only
+can decide how they will terminate. I received a letter yesterday from
+Mr Harrison, of the 24th instant, and then no orders had arrived about
+the clothing. These delays may seem singular, but they are not
+uncommon. Mr Cumberland is still here. The French and English fleets
+are at sea.
+
+Although appearances are not very flattering at present, I hope they
+will in time become more so. Patience, prudence, and perseverance,
+sometimes effect much. It is in my opinion very important that no
+dissatisfaction be expressed in America at the conduct of Spain.
+Complaint and disgust can answer no good purpose, but may be
+productive of many disagreeable consequences. A cautious silence is
+the more necessary, as I am confident that there are persons in
+America, who would make a merit of collecting and transmitting the
+sentiments of Congress, or _members_ of Congress, on subjects
+interesting to the views and objects of persons in power here.
+
+Colonel Livingston would have returned this fall at the expiration of
+the term expressed in his leave of absence, had I not taken the
+liberty of advising him to remain, and taken upon myself to adjust
+this matter with Congress. As he is employed, and industrious in
+obtaining knowledge, which may enable him to be useful in future to
+his country, I must join with him in requesting that Congress will be
+so kind as to extend his leave of absence to such further period as
+may be agreeable to them.
+
+The enclosed paper marked No. 6, is a copy of a State of the Revenues
+and Expenditures of Spain, in the year 1778. It was formed by a
+Secretary to one of the embassies, and a copy of it was given to Mr
+Carmichael. I received it the last day of July, and had no safe
+opportunity of sending it before. What credit may be due to this
+account I cannot determine, and I have reason to think that there are
+few men in the kingdom who can. This government, disposed to
+concealment and mystery in most matters, will not probably permit an
+accurate knowledge of their revenues to be easily attained. This
+account is perhaps as near the truth as any other. The gentleman, it
+is said, took much pains in forming it, and it also met with the
+approbation of some foreign Ministers; but how far those Ministers
+were judges of the subject I am uninformed. The remarks subjoined to
+this account are Mr Carmichael's, and were added to the copy I
+received from him.
+
+I send copies of several letters, which passed between Messrs de
+Neufville and Son, of Amsterdam, and myself, relative to the bills
+drawn on Mr Laurens.[26] The conduct of that House has been so
+friendly and disinterested, that I think Congress should be
+particularly informed of it, and by taking proper notice of it, induce
+others to follow the example.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[26] These have been inserted in the order of their several dates.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 1.
+
+                 FROM D'AUDIBERT CAILLE TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                           Aranjues, April 21st, 1780.
+
+  Sir,
+
+By order of his Majesty the Emperor of Morocco, I wrote on the 6th of
+September in the last year to the Congress of the United States of
+North America, by way of his Excellency Dr Franklin, their
+Plenipotentiary at the Court of France, to inform them of the pacific
+intentions of that sovereign.
+
+Not having yet received any answer on their part, I fear they have not
+received my letter, and by way of precaution, send your Excellency
+herewith joined an open copy, that after perusing it, you may make
+such use of it as you may think proper. I also send you a copy of the
+two manifests therein mentioned, as well as a translation of the
+patent of the consuls for foreign nations, with which his Majesty the
+Emperor has been pleased to honor me, and some copies of the
+certificates which he ordered me to give to the captains of ships,
+which sail under his flag.
+
+I wish, Sir, that you may receive all these papers with pleasure, and
+I request your Excellency to honor me with an answer, that I may be
+able to convince his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, that I have
+executed the commission he gave me to make known to Congress, that the
+subjects of the said United States might come and traffic under their
+own flags, in the ports of the empire of Morocco, in the like manner
+as they formerly did under the English flag.
+
+Before I had the commission to write to Congress I had already
+written on this subject to his Excellency Dr Franklin, and I offered
+to interest myself cheerfully in establishing a good understanding
+between his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, and the Northern United
+States.
+
+In case that Congress should be equally well pleased to be at peace
+with his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, it will be proper to
+instruct the captains of American armed ships to let freely pass all
+ships sailing under the flag of his Majesty, the Emperor, and will be
+provided with a certificate similar to the within mentioned copies.
+
+I shall probably be obliged to remain here some days; as soon as my
+business shall be despatched, I shall set out for Cadiz, and from
+thence go to Sale, the place of my residence.
+
+Whenever your Excellency may be pleased to honor me with your orders,
+you may address your letters to Messrs Paul Greppi, Azarino, and
+Company, merchants at Cadiz, who will take care to forward them to me.
+
+I am with profound respect, &c.
+
+                                                    D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 2.
+
+                        TO D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your favor of the 21st day of April, 1780, with the papers enclosed in
+it, has come safe to hand.
+
+The declaration of his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, does honor to
+his liberality and wisdom, and I shall with great pleasure transmit
+the copy of it, as well as of the other papers enclosed with it, to
+his Excellency the President of Congress.
+
+Although I have no particular instructions on the subject, yet the
+knowledge I have of the sentiments of Congress enables me to give
+assurances of their disposition to cultivate peace and harmony with
+all nations. I am persuaded that his Majesty's declaration will be
+very agreeable to them, and that a correspondent conduct on their part
+towards the subjects of Morocco, will convince him of the truth of
+these assurances. I am much obliged to you for this mark of attention,
+and I flatter myself that by extending your good offices to such
+Americans as may resort to the ports of Morocco, they will have reason
+to consider you among the number of their friends.
+
+Should anything interesting to America occur in Morocco, I request the
+favor of you to communicate it.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 3.
+
+             COPY OF M. D'AUDIBERT CAILLE'S APPOINTMENT.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    Copy of a French translation of a writing in Arabic, the most
+    authentic of those that are written at the Court of his
+    Majesty the Emperor of Morocco.
+
+    "Let the name of the only God be praised; there is neither
+    wisdom nor power but what proceeds from the Lord most high
+    and most mighty.
+
+    "We make known by this our present and generous writing, that
+    we have appointed the Christian, D'Audibert Caille, who is
+    the bearer hereof, to officiate as consul for all those
+    nations who have no consuls in our dominion, and who are,
+    the empire of Germany, Russia, Prussia, Naples, Sardinia,
+    Rome, Tuscany, the States of America, Genoa, Ragusa, Hamburg,
+    Lubec, and Dantzic; all of whom may come into our ports, and
+    each of them there traffic under the flag of his nation, such
+    as it may be. The said consul will assist them, by our order,
+    in whatever may be useful to them in like manner as the other
+    consuls do towards the subjects of their nations. And all the
+    officers and governors of our ports will acknowledge him for
+    a consul as they do the other consuls, and whichsoever of the
+    said nations shall come into our ports, they shall not be
+    molested by any of our officers or commandants whatsoever, of
+    our ports. To all our captains whom we shall order to cruise
+    by sea, the said consul will give a passport, and we renew
+    our order to him to hoist the flag of peace at his house,
+    without being therein opposed by anybody. He may also hoist
+    it in any port whatever, where he may have a house of
+    commerce, and he shall be mediator between us and the said
+    nations, because we esteem him. Given the 8th of the moon of
+    Alcahda, 1193. (1st of November, 1779.)"
+
+    Signed by the Emperor.
+
+We, Stephen d'Audibert Caille, a French merchant resident at Sale,
+appointed by his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, consul of those
+foreign nations who have none in his dominions to protect them in that
+capacity on all occasions, and to be mediator between him and those
+nations, certify to all whom it may concern, that the above copy is
+conformable to the original, compared by Don Miguel Cassori, the
+interpreter of his Catholic Majesty. In faith of which we sign the
+present certificate, sealed with the seal of the consulate of peace
+at Sale. Done at Aranjues, where I happen to be in passing, the 21st
+of April, 1780.
+
+                                                 S. D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 4.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    _Copy of the Declaration, which his Majesty the Emperor of
+      Morocco (whom God preserve) orders to be notified to all
+      the Consuls and Christian Merchants, who reside in the
+      Ports of Tangier, Sale, and Mogadore, dated the 20th of
+      February, 1778._
+
+    "That in future all vessels, which carry Russian, German,
+    Prussian, Hungarian, Neapolitan, Sardinian, Tuscanian,
+    Genoese, Maltese, or American flags, may freely enter into
+    the ports of his dominions; and in consequence of his
+    determination, he has given orders to the commanders of his
+    vessels, that they let freely pass, all ships and other
+    vessels carrying the said flags without molesting them. To
+    the end, that they may arrive at his ports, take
+    refreshments, and enjoy in them the same privileges and
+    immunities, with those of the other nations with whom his
+    Imperial Majesty maintains peace."
+
+I, the underwritten, employed by his Imperial Majesty for foreign
+affairs, certify, that the contents of the preceding declaration are
+conformable to the truth. And in faith thereof, I sign this present
+certificate. At Sale, the 30th of October, 1779.
+
+                                                         PEDRO UMBERT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We, Stephen d'Audibert Caille, a French merchant residing at Sale,
+appointed by his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, to be consul of the
+foreign nations who have none in his dominions to protect them in that
+capacity on all occasions, and to be mediator between him and those
+nations, certify, whom it may concern, that the said Don Pedro Umbert,
+who has signed the above certificate, is employed for foreign affairs
+at the Court of Morocco, and that in the said quality faith is to be
+given to his signature. In witness whereof we sign these presents,
+sealed with the seal of the consulate of peace, at Sale, the 1st of
+December, 1779.
+
+                                                 S. D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 5.
+
+                    D'AUDIBERT CAILLE TO CONGRESS.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+                                            Sale, September 6th, 1779.
+
+In quality of a French merchant, who has resided in this town since
+the year 1773, and whom his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, has
+lately named consul for those foreign nations who have none in his
+dominions to protect the strangers who might come to traffic in his
+ports, in pursuance of the two manifestoes which he published last
+year, I have the honor to inform your Excellencies, that it is his
+intention to be at peace with the United States of North America, and
+that their subjects can come to trade freely in his ports under
+American colors, with the like safety with those of the principal
+maritime powers in Europe who enjoy peace with him. Besides the good
+reception, which the governors of the ports of this empire will give
+to the subjects of the United States of North America, I will on my
+part render them all the services, which may depend upon me as consul
+for those foreign nations who have none, and as being charged to
+invite them to come and traffic freely in these ports, in like manner
+as they formerly did under the English flag.
+
+In order that I may be able to convince his Majesty, the Emperor of
+Morocco, that I have executed the commission he gave me to write as
+above to the Congress, I entreat your Excellencies to be pleased to
+honor me with an answer. If you think proper to write at the same time
+to his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, relative to what I have
+written to you on his part, I will take care to obtain a very
+satisfactory answer; and I offer to interest myself very willingly, as
+far as may depend upon me, that a treaty of peace may be made between
+his Majesty, the Emperor of Morocco, and the United States of North
+America, nearly similar to those which the principal maritime powers
+have with him.
+
+That this letter may the more safely pass to you, I address it to his
+Excellency Dr Franklin, your Plenipotentiary with his Most Christian
+Majesty. Your Excellencies may answer me through the same channel, or
+directly by the way of Cadiz, addressing your letter to the Sieurs
+Paul Grippi, Azarino, and Company. My address is, to Stephen
+d'Audibert Caille, consul for those foreign nations who have none in
+the dominions of his Majesty the Emperor of Morocco, residing at Sale,
+or simply "to D'Audibert, Santigo, and Company," which is that of my
+house of commerce.
+
+I am, with the most profound respect, &c.
+
+                                                    D'AUDIBERT CAILLE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                                No. 6.
+
+    _General State of the Revenues and Expenses of Spain in the
+                             Year 1778._
+
+                              REVENUES.
+
+                                       Reals de vel.
+  Provincial duties,                     70,000,000
+  Duties on tobacco,                     55,000,000
+  Duties on salt,                        20,000,000
+  Duties on wool,                        17,000,000
+  General duties,                        48,060,000
+  Duties on brandy,                       4,525,000
+  2 per cent duty on the Octrois,
+    former grants of the Crown,             500,000
+  Taxes on the houses in Madrid,          1,200,000
+  1. King's domain in the Serrara,          140,000
+  Post office and couriers,              34,000,000
+  Tax on cards,                           1,000,000
+  Stamp paper,                            4,312,000
+  Tax on the taverns in Madrid,             196,000
+  Various revenues farmed,                6,418,552
+  2 Manufacture of glass at St Ildefonso, 1,500,000
+  3 Manufactures of St Ferdinando and
+    Guaudalaxa,                           1,800,000
+  Extraordinary effects,                 35,000,000
+  Books of Advocates and Attorneys,          62,000
+  Fines in the chamber of Castille,          72,000
+  Effects in the same chamber,              786,800
+  Tax on the Grand Masters,               1,800,000
+  Do. arising from the secular annals and
+    vacancies,                            1,300,000
+  Royal lottery,                          4,500,000
+  Cruzada,                               20,000,000
+  4 Effects of the kingdom of Navarre,   47,500,000
+  American revenue[27],                 200,600,000
+  Clergy,                                13,000,000
+                                        -----------
+                                        562,273,152
+
+                              EXPENSES.
+
+                                       Reals de vel.
+  The Court[28],                        108,500,000
+  5 Land forces,                        204,202,000
+  6 Marine,                             100,000,000
+  Secretary of the Indies,                8,000,000
+  Department of Finance,                  4,500,000
+  Favers and justice,                     1,100,000
+  To support the tribunals,               8,422,769
+  7 Secretary of state and foreign
+    affairs,                              9,873,288
+  8 Extraordinary expenses,              30,000,000
+                                        -----------
+                                        474,598,251
+
+I subjoin the result of my inquiries touching the articles marked No.
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
+
+No. 1, 2, 3. The sums mentioned in the preceding statement as arising
+from the revenues numbered as above may be deducted, as concurrent
+testimony induces me to believe, that the expenses consume near the
+whole of the revenue.
+
+No. 4. I have been also assured, that this article is much
+exaggerated.
+
+No. 5. The expenses of this establishment have greatly increased, but
+I have not been able to ascertain the sum.
+
+No. 6. I have heard from good authority, that the expenses of the
+marine in 1776 amounted to one hundred and twentyfour millions of
+reals, owing to the expedition against Portuguese America. In 1777
+they amounted to eightyeight millions of reals, and in 1779 to near
+four hundred millions of reals; which information induces me to
+conclude, that there were great arrears of the expenses of 1778, or
+that the estimate for that year is not exact.
+
+No. 7, 8. The expenses of these departments have greatly augmented.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[27] The American revenue is difficult to ascertain from this
+circumstance; that not arriving regularly and annually, it is
+necessary to have the receipts for several years to be able to form an
+exact calculation of the modium communibus annis.
+
+[28] The birth of the Infant has increased the Court expenses.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                 TO THE COMMITTEE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
+
+                                          Madrid, November 30th, 1780.
+
+  Gentlemen,
+
+I have had the honor of receiving from you a letter of the 16th of
+June, and another of the 12th of July, 1780, with the several papers
+mentioned in them. With respect to the subjects of the first, you will
+find them fully discussed in my letter to the President of Congress,
+which will accompany this. The description of the bills will, I hope,
+answer good purposes.
+
+How far the resolution, which immediately follows the one respecting
+Mr Dohrman, can be fully executed, is hard to determine. Had I funds
+necessary for the purpose, I should meet with few difficulties. The
+measure is a wise one, and my attention to it shall be unremitted. In
+a future letter I shall say more on this subject; as yet nothing has
+had time to ripen.
+
+I must request your attention to the necessity of putting your
+correspondence with the public servants in Europe on a better
+footing. I am now at the expense of sending Colonel Livingston to the
+sea side with my despatches, with orders to wait for American vessels,
+and deliver them to the Captain with his own hands. I receive no
+letters by the post, but with marks of inspection, and after much
+delay. Some that I write never come to hand, and I know of letters
+having arrived from America for me, which I have never seen, and never
+expect to see. I know of but one man at the sea ports whom I can
+confide in, viz. Mr Harrison, at Cadiz. I cannot even find a courier,
+that I can depend on. Is it not time for America like other nations to
+provide against these inconveniences by proper regulations and
+establishments? Would it not be well to have American agents or
+consuls in one or more of the ports of France and Spain? Public
+despatches might be sent by packet boats, or other vessels to these
+agents, and should on no account be delivered to any other person; the
+agents might be ordered to send them to the Courts, to which they may
+be directed, by a trusty American; one of the officers of the ship,
+for example; and he should be ordered to wait for, and return with,
+the despatches of the Minister.
+
+Would it not also be proper to provide for the safe conduct of letters
+to Congress after their arrival in America? I have reason not only to
+suspect, but to believe, that certain persons in America are attentive
+to these matters, and care should be taken to keep American letters
+out of their way.
+
+This is an important subject and merits attention. For my own part I
+find several persons here, who have more intelligence from America
+than myself; and it is the more mortifying when considered, that they
+are probably often indebted for their information to the contents of
+letters directed to me.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      INSTRUCTIONS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                     In Congress, February 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Congress having since their instructions to you of the 29th of
+September, 1779, and 4th of October, 1780, relative to the claim of
+the United States to the free navigation of the river Mississippi, and
+to a free port or ports below the thirtyfirst degree of north
+latitude, resumed the consideration of that subject, and being
+desirous to manifest to all the world, and particularly to his
+Catholic Majesty, the moderation of their views, the high value they
+place on the friendship of his Catholic Majesty, and their disposition
+to remove every reasonable obstacle to his accession to the alliance
+subsisting between his Most Christian Majesty and these United States,
+in order to unite the more closely in their measures and operations
+three powers who have so great a unity of interests, and thereby to
+compel the common enemy to a speedy, just, and honorable peace; have
+resolved, and you are hereby instructed to recede from the
+instructions above referred to, so far as they insist on the free
+navigation of that part of the river Mississippi, which lies below the
+thirtyfirst degree of north latitude, and on a free port or ports
+below the same; provided such cession shall be unalterably insisted
+upon by Spain; and provided the free navigation of the said river,
+above the said degree of north latitude, shall be acknowledged and
+guarantied by his Catholic Majesty to the citizens of the United
+States in common with his own subjects. It is the order of Congress,
+at the same time, that you exert every possible effort to obtain from
+his Catholic Majesty the use of the river aforesaid, with a free port
+or ports below the said thirtyfirst degree of north latitude for the
+citizens of the United States, under such regulations and restrictions
+only, as may be a necessary safeguard against illicit commerce.
+
+I am, &c.
+
+                                       SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             TO JOHN JAY
+
+                                                  February 20th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+The President sends you instructions passed in Congress the 15th.
+
+Personally, I am mortified that no letters from you since September
+16th have reached us. We have not waited for the minute information
+promised in yours of that date, nor have we received any notice of
+your receipt of our instructions of October 4th, before we discussed
+anew the old subject. There has been unfair dealing with your
+despatches. I apprehend that we are allowed to see only sentiments
+somewhat different from yours. Perhaps the enclosed memorandum may be
+some clue to your scrutiny.
+
+On the 10th of January, Congress resolved to establish an office for
+foreign affairs, which I hope will make your station more easy and
+reputable. I wish most earnestly to have a choice made of the
+secretary, to whom I may deliver all the papers in my possession
+connected with his duty.
+
+I am, Sir, your friend and humble servant,
+
+                                                  JAMES LOVELL,
+                                                  _For the Committee_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                                      March 9th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+You will herewith receive gazettes and journals, also a resolve
+respecting the complete ratification of the articles binding the
+Thirteen States as a confederated body. The delay of that business
+appears now like all the other circumstances of our rise and growth;
+for the present is really the best of all times for that particular
+event. Our enemies have been ripening themselves for this capital
+_mentitis_.
+
+We have no letters from you or Mr Carmichael later than those
+mentioned in my last, a copy of which attends this.
+
+I am, Sir, your friend and humble servant,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                              Madrid, March 22d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I ought, and wish to write your Excellency a long letter, but not by
+the post. The French fleet is not yet sailed. It will, in my opinion,
+be late in the summer before the fleet at Rhode Island will be
+reinforced. This Court has promised me one hundred and fifty thousand
+dollars. Some clothing is now shipping on account of Congress from
+Cadiz.
+
+Russia has offered her mediation to England and the States-General.
+The latter have accepted it. The answer of the former (if given) is
+not known here. If she should refuse, Russia will probably take part
+with the Dutch; if she accepts, she will doubtless be obliged either
+to agree to terms consistent with the armed neutrality, or continue
+the war. The consequences of either are obvious.
+
+M. Necker has published a state of the French finances, much to his
+honor and their credit. Perhaps a complimentary order to translate and
+publish it would be useful.
+
+Mr Cumberland will set out on his return, through France, in a few
+days.
+
+This letter is intended to go by Captain Trask, from Bilboa. I am told
+he will sail much sooner than had been given out, and that unless my
+letters go by this evening's post, they would arrive too late. Hence I
+am obliged to write in haste, and say little, there being no time for
+cyphers. I have received some letters from your Excellency. Their
+dates shall be mentioned another time.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                             Madrid, April 25th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I have had the honor of receiving your Excellency's letters of the 6th
+and 17th of October last, with the enclosures. They arrived the 30th
+day of January last. There is more than reason to suspect, that the
+French Court were apprised of their contents before they arrived, and
+to believe that the construction of the treaty, by which the
+navigation of the Mississippi is supposed to be comprehended in the
+guarantee, does not correspond with their ideas on that subject. This
+Court continues pertinaciously to insist on our ceding that
+navigation, nor will they, as yet, listen to any middle line. Whether
+this be their real motive for declining a treaty with us at present,
+or whether the bills drawn upon me have inspired an expectation of
+profiting by our necessities, or whether they flatter themselves with
+a future majority of Congress on that point, or whether they choose,
+by continuing free from engagements with us, to be better enabled to
+improve to their advantage the casualties of the war, are questions
+which still remain undecided. Indeed, the movements of this Court in
+general, when compared with the great rules of national policy
+applicable to their situation, is so inexplicable, that I should not
+be surprised, if it should appear in future, that they had no fixed
+system whatever.
+
+My last particular letter informed your Excellency, that having, in
+September last, been told that his Majesty could not advance us any
+money, but could be responsible for a loan to the amount of one
+hundred and fifty thousand dollars, I determined to continue accepting
+the bills, to attempt the loan, and by a representation of my
+situation to the French Court, endeavor to save the necessity of
+protesting them for non-payment.
+
+I tried to borrow here on the security of this responsibility, but
+without the least success. I attempted it in France, but it would not
+do. I made the like attempt in Holland, and a gleam of hope appearing
+there, I was about improving it, when a letter from America informed
+me, that Mr Adams was authorised to execute the business, which had
+been committed to Mr Laurens. I had heard before of his being in
+Holland, but did not know the object which had called him there.
+Several letters passed between Messrs De Neufville and myself on the
+subject of this loan. The following is a copy of my last to them about
+it.
+
+                       TO DE NEUFVILLLE & SON.
+
+                                      "Madrid, January 8th, 1781.
+
+      "Gentlemen,
+
+    "I have had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the 4th
+    ult. together with the one referred to in it.
+
+    "England has, it seems, declared war against the United
+    Provinces, and that in a style of such eminent superiority,
+    as I am persuaded will remind your countrymen, that the
+    United Netherlands are not comprehended among the territories
+    depending on the Crown of Great Britain.
+
+    "The English Ministry, by charging the States with having
+    acted under French influence, intend to alarm their national
+    pride, and, by making Holland the particular object of their
+    resentment, to sow the seeds of dissensions among them, and
+    render that most important Province obnoxious to the others.
+    The tone of the whole declaration is that of a nation going
+    rather to give correction to disobedient vassals, than to war
+    upon a free and independent people. It could have been
+    assumed only upon a persuasion, that the same supposed
+    timidity, to which they ascribed the long forbearance of the
+    Dutch under multiplied insults and injuries, would, on this
+    ostentatious display of terror, reduce them to the
+    humiliating measure of imploring forgiveness for having acted
+    like freemen, and purchasing peace at the expense of their
+    honor and liberty. Every other nation must expect better
+    things of you, and can never believe, that the present
+    generation will want firmness to assert the rights and
+    vindicate the honor of a Republic, which owes its very
+    existence to the glorious spirit and magnanimity of its
+    ancestors.
+
+    "It gives me great satisfaction to hear that Mr Adams has
+    conversed with you on the subject of a loan, and I am
+    persuaded that business will be much advanced by it. The
+    impropriety of two loans at a time is evident. My chief
+    motive in proposing one at the time I did was, that no time
+    might be lost by the absence of Mr Laurens, in prosecuting a
+    measure, which appeared to me highly useful to my country. I
+    have no views or objects separate from her, and, provided she
+    is effectually served, I am well content that the honor of
+    doing it should devolve on others. As the management of our
+    affairs in your country is committed to Mr Adams, I request
+    the favor of you to give him all the aid in your power. When
+    that gentleman went to Holland, I was ignorant of the
+    business which called him thither; and the first knowledge I
+    had of it was from America, long after Mr Laurens's capture.
+    It cannot now be necessary, that my name should appear in the
+    affair of the proposed loan, but should it be in my power to
+    be useful, Mr Adams may rely upon my zealous endeavors to
+    promote that, and every other measure for the public good.
+    Indeed, as matters now stand, delicacy forbids me to
+    interfere further than as a mere auxiliary to Mr Adams, to
+    whom, and to whose affairs I beg you to extend the influence
+    of that generous regard for America, which has placed you so
+    high in the esteem of
+
+    "Gentlemen, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+My last particular despatches contained a copy of my letter to Count
+de Vergennes, requesting his aid. I received from Count de Montmorin
+an extract of a letter he had received from the Minister on that
+subject, in which he mentions the advances made to Dr Franklin, and
+the improbability of his being able to assist me, but concluded with
+saying, he would do his best. Shortly after, I received a letter from
+Count de Vergennes, which left me without hopes of succor from that
+quarter, except that Dr Franklin promised to accept my drafts to the
+amount of twentyfive thousand dollars.
+
+In December following, I had a long and interesting conference with
+Count de Florida Blanca, the particulars of which it is not necessary
+minutely to enumerate by this opportunity. He expressly promised me
+one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. As the bills afterwards became
+due, I applied for money to pay them, and received it to the amount of
+thirtyfour thousand eight hundred and eighty dollars.
+
+On the 15th of March I sent him a list of the bills payable in April,
+which amounted to eightynine thousand and eightythree dollars.
+
+On the 25th, I was informed that the payment of this sum could not
+then be possibly made, but that the balance due on the one hundred and
+fifty thousand dollars promised, should be paid in the course of six
+months.
+
+I communicated this matter to the Ambassador of France, and I must do
+him the justice to say, that his conduct on this occasion merits our
+thanks. All he could obtain from this Court was, that the amount of
+the April bills should be paid me in six equal monthly payments. This
+arrangement still leaving me unprovided with the means of satisfying
+the approaching demands, the Ambassador made personal application to a
+rich banker here, and on his personal credit and my consenting that
+the aforesaid six monthly payments should be applied to the repayment,
+obtained a loan for me of the whole sum wanted for April. I have
+passed my note for it, payable as soon as possible, with interest at
+the rate of six per cent. But this provision not extending beyond
+April, the fate of the bills payable in the succeeding months still
+remained dubious. That nothing in my power might be left undone, I
+sent on the 1st of April an express to Dr Franklin representing to him
+my true situation, and the injuries our credit would sustain from the
+protest of a single bill drawn by order of Congress. I desired him to
+communicate my letter to Colonel Laurens, to whom I also wrote on the
+subject. The express returned on the 19th instant, with a letter from
+Dr Franklin, by which I am authorised to draw upon him as occasion may
+require, to the amount of one hundred and fortytwo thousand two
+hundred and twenty dollars, towards paying the bills that become due
+between May and September.
+
+My endeavors, however, to obtain further aids from Spain, shall not be
+relaxed. They seem very desirous of having the ships of the line,
+still unfinished on the stocks at Boston and Portsmouth. I have
+written to your Excellency on this subject, and have as yet received
+no answer. When I consider that the state of our finances has so long
+prevented the completing those ships, and the difficulties heretofore
+experienced in providing for those in service; when I recollect that
+the finishing and fitting out those ships will bring money into our
+country, and probably prepare the way for Spain's building more
+vessels in it, and lastly, when I consider how much these ships seem
+to be an object, I am almost prevailed upon to engage positively that
+Spain shall have at least one of them at prime cost. To exercise a
+power not clearly within the limits of those confided to me, is a
+delicate and disagreeable business. This is the first time I ever
+found myself disposed to hazard it, and yet so many circumstances lead
+me to think, that the public good would be promoted by the sale of
+these ships, that in case I should be again pressed on this subject, I
+believe I shall run the risk, from a persuasion that though such
+conduct ought not to be approved or encouraged by Congress, yet that
+when directed by the purest motives, and for the best purpose, it may
+obtain forgiveness.
+
+Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed a copy of the invoice
+of prize clothing, taken by Admiral Cordova, and presented by the
+Courts of France and Spain to Congress. The Count de Montmorin was
+very much an American on this occasion also. Mr Harrison, at Cadiz,
+has my orders to ship these goods in different vessels to America;
+part of them is now on the ocean, and the rest will soon follow. Your
+Excellency will receive a letter of advice with each parcel from Mr
+Harrison, of whom I have a very good opinion. He charges no commission
+for doing this business, being contented with the satisfaction of
+serving his country.
+
+I have often mentioned to Congress the necessity of more effectual
+provision for our captive seamen; for want of money I cannot pay that
+attention to them, which their misfortunes and usefulness demand. I am
+already greatly in arrears on their account, and Mr Harrison, unless
+reimbursed, must soon stop his hand.
+
+Portugal, though overawed by France and Spain, fears and perhaps
+loves England; her conduct will be determined by future events. The
+Minister here has promised me to interpose the good offices of his
+Court with that of Lisbon in our behalf. In time something good may
+result from it. I have not received a line from Mr Dohrman; I fear he
+is obliged to be very circumspect and cautious. The letters herewith
+enclosed from Dr Franklin were left open for my perusal, the short
+stay of my courier not allowing time for copies to be made of the
+information conveyed in and with them. The intercepted letters will be
+found interesting. One of them ascertains the price paid Arnold.
+
+I perceive that Dr Franklin desires to retire. This circumstance calls
+upon me to assure Congress, that I have reason to be perfectly
+satisfied with his conduct towards me, and that I have received from
+him all the aid and attention I could wish or expect. His character is
+very high here, and I really believe that the respectability, which he
+enjoys throughout Europe, has been of general use to our cause and
+country.
+
+Your Excellency may rely on my cordially adopting and pursuing any
+measures, that can conduce to the enlargement of Mr Laurens, and I
+regret that no occasion has yet offered in which I could do anything
+towards the attainment of that desirable object.
+
+Mr Cumberland is on the road home. I much suspect that he was sent and
+received, from mutual views in the two Courts of deceiving each other.
+Which of them has been most successful is hard to determine. I believe
+in point of intelligence, England has had the advantage. As to the
+assurances of the Minister on this subject, they are all of little
+consequence, because on such occasions Courts only say what may be
+convenient; and therefore may or may not merit confidence. Time and
+circumstances will cast more light on this subject.
+
+Whatever we may get from this Court is clear gain. We have no demands
+upon it, and if we had, are not in a capacity to insist upon them. In
+my opinion, therefore, it is of the utmost importance to avoid
+appearances of discontent, and rather to impress other nations with
+an opinion of the friendship of Spain for us, than otherwise. Indeed,
+I really believe the King means well towards us, and that the Prime
+Minister is also well disposed; but whether as much can be said of the
+Minister's confidential and I believe influential secretary, M. Del
+Campo, is by no means a clear point. It is proper that Congress should
+know, that the gentleman intended to succeed M. Mirales was
+recommended by M. Del Campo, with whom he has long been on terms of
+intimacy and friendship.
+
+I have nevertheless no room to doubt of this gentleman's attachment to
+our cause, though I am inclined to think his conduct will be
+conformable in a certain degree with the views of his patron. This
+ought to remain a secret. He is still here, although he expects daily
+to be despatched.
+
+I represented the case of the Dover cutter to the Ministry here the
+22d of June last. In December I obtained a promise that it should be
+appraised, and the value paid to the captors, and two days ago I was
+again assured, that measures were taking to bring this matter to a
+conclusion. _Festina Lente_ seems to be the first maxim in Spanish
+politics and operations. It is the fashion of the country and
+strangers must conform to it.
+
+I congratulate Congress on the victory obtained by General Morgan, and
+the success of the French in the Chesapeake. The enclosed gazette
+contains much good news from the East Indies. These events will
+probably give Lord George Germain other ideas than those which appear
+in his intercepted letters.
+
+M. Toscan, who goes to reside as Vice Consul of France at Boston, will
+carry this letter to America, and perhaps to Philadelphia. He was
+ready to set out when my courier returned from France. I was obliged
+to delay my letters till his arrival, and M. Toscan has been so
+obliging as to wait till I could complete them.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                          In Congress, May 28th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your letter of the 6th of November last, detailing your proceedings
+from the 26th of May down to that period, has been received by the
+United States in Congress assembled. At the same time was received
+your letter of the 30th of November, with the several papers therein
+referred to.
+
+It is with pleasure, Sir, I obey the direction of Congress to inform
+you, that throughout the whole course of your negotiations and
+transactions, in which the utmost address and discernment were often
+necessary to reconcile the respect due to the dignity of the United
+States with the urgency of their wants, and the complaisance expected
+by the Spanish Court, your conduct is entirely approved by them. It is
+their instruction that you continue to acknowledge, on all suitable
+occasions, the grateful impression made on these States by the
+friendly disposition manifested toward them by his Catholic Majesty,
+and particularly by the proofs given of it in the measures which he
+has taken, and which it is hoped he will further take, for preserving
+their credit, and for aiding them with a supply of clothing for their
+army. You are also authorised and instructed to disavow, in the most
+positive and explicit terms, any secret understanding or negotiation
+between the United States and Great Britain; to assure his Catholic
+Majesty, that such insinuations have no other source than the
+invidious designs of the common enemy, and that as the United States
+have the highest confidence in the honor and good faith both of his
+Most Christian and of his Catholic Majesty, so it is their inviolable
+determination to take no step, which shall depart in the smallest
+degree from their engagements with either.
+
+Should the Court of Spain persist in the refusal intimated by its
+Minister to accede to the treaty between the United States and his
+Most Christian Majesty, or to make it the basis of its negotiation
+with you, the difficulty, it is conceived, may easily be avoided by
+omitting all express reference to that treaty, and at the same time
+conforming to the principles and tenor of it; and you are accordingly
+authorised so far to vary the plan of your original instructions. As
+his Most Christian Majesty however may justly expect, in a matter
+which so nearly concerns him, and which was brought into contemplation
+in the treaty he so magnanimously entered into with these States, the
+strongest marks of attention and confidence, you will not fail to
+maintain, in the several steps of your negotiation, a due
+communication with his Minister at the Court of Spain, and to include
+his interests as far as circumstances will warrant.
+
+You are authorised to acquaint his Catholic Majesty that not only
+entire liberty will be granted, during the war at least, to export
+naval stores for the royal marine, but that every facility will be
+afforded for that purpose.
+
+As Congress have no control over the captains of private vessels,
+however proper your hints may be of obliging them to give a passage to
+American seamen returning home from foreign ports, and to send an
+officer with despatches intrusted to them for foreign Ministers, it is
+impracticable to carry them into execution, you will therefore
+continue to provide for these objects for the present, in the best
+manner you can. As soon as the United States are in condition to
+establish consuls in the principal ports of the States with which they
+have intercourse, the difficulty will be removed; or if any other
+practicable remedy be suggested in the meantime, it will be applied.
+
+The letter, of which you enclose a copy, from Stephen d'Audibert
+Caille, styling himself consul for unrepresented nations at the Court
+of Morocco, had before been received through the hands of Dr Franklin.
+If you shall have no objection to the contrary, you will correspond
+with him, and assure him in terms the most respectful to the Emperor,
+that the United States in Congress assembled entertain a sincere
+disposition to cultivate the most perfect friendship with him, and
+that they will embrace a favorable occasion to announce their wishes
+in form.
+
+The generous and critical services rendered these United States by
+Messrs Neufville and Son, have recommended them to the esteem and
+confidence of Congress. You will signify as much to them, and that
+their services will not be forgotten, whenever a proper occasion
+offers of promoting their interests.
+
+Your intimation with respect to complimenting his Catholic Majesty
+with a handsome, fast sailing packet-boat, claims attention; but the
+variety of public embarrassments will render the execution of it very
+uncertain.
+
+Congress agree to an extension of Colonel Livingston's furlough, till
+the further order of Congress, which you will make known to him.
+
+Your letter of the 16th of September last was received on the 4th day
+of December. No bills have been drawn on you since. That of the 28th
+of January was received on the 27th day of April; and in consequence
+of it the sale of the bills already drawn, but then remaining on hand,
+was countermanded.
+
+By a letter from Mr Carmichael, dated the 22d of February, and
+received on the 27th of April last, Congress are informed that you had
+received despatches from them dated in October. These must have
+contained their instructions to you to adhere to the claim of the
+United States to the navigation of the Mississippi. A reconsideration
+of that subject determined Congress, on the 15th day of February last,
+to recede from that instruction so far as it insisted on their claim
+to the navigation of that river below the thirtyfirst degree of north
+latitude, and to a free port or ports below the same. On the receipt
+of this latter instruction, Congress have little doubt that the great
+obstacle to your negotiations will be removed, and that you will not
+only be able without further delay to conclude the proposed alliance
+with his Catholic Majesty, but that the liberality and friendly
+disposition manifested on the part of the United States by such a
+cession, will induce him to afford them some substantial and effectual
+aid in the article of money. The loss attending the negotiation of
+bills of exchange has been severely felt. A supply of specie through
+the Havana would be much more convenient and acceptable.
+
+                                       SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, _President_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                             Aranjues, May 29th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My last to your Excellency was of the 25th ult. and was the more
+particular, as Mr Toscan, who is appointed Vice Consul of France at
+Boston, and was the bearer of it; he sailed from Bilboa.
+
+On the 18th instant I received from Mr Lovell three letters written on
+one sheet, viz. 20th of February, 9th and 31st of March last. No other
+copies of these letters ever reached me. They arrived at Cadiz in the
+Virginia; but the papers and journals said to accompany them never
+came to my hands, nor have I received any letters from your Excellency
+since January last.
+
+On the 23d instant I waited upon his Excellency, the Count de Florida
+Blanca, and informed him of the facts stated in the above memorial. He
+said, he had not as yet heard anything upon the subject; that there
+was such an ordinance, and that prudence demanded that the admission
+of letters from abroad, especially in time of war, should be under the
+direction of government. That the situation of North America rendered
+new regulations necessary, that he would turn his thoughts to it, and
+do what should appear equitable. The next day I sent him Mr Harrison's
+memorial in a letter on the subject of it.
+
+As this letter will go by the post, I must omit being minute about
+many matters, which I wish to communicate to Congress. Cyphers would
+probably impede the progress of this letter, if not stop it.
+
+The captors of the Dover cutter still remain unsatisfied. My first
+memorial on that subject was dated and presented the 22d of June last.
+In the winter I was promised, that the prize should be appraised, and
+the value paid. At present I am assured that informations about it are
+taking.
+
+M. Gardoqui, it is said, will set out in June. If a safe conveyance,
+which I am encouraged to expect in about a fortnight's time, should
+offer, I shall write your Excellency a long letter, and mention the
+dates of my former ones. If not, I shall take another method, not
+proper to explain in this letter, which, notwithstanding its different
+covers, will, I doubt not, be inspected before it reaches Cadiz.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                         Philadelphia, June 4th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+I enclose a resolve of Congress, of May 24th, respecting an interest
+of Messrs Dumain and Lyon, with their petition annexed. I also add the
+copy of a resolve of September the 27th, 1780, and of a short letter
+of mine to a gentleman in Teneriffe, to serve as a memorandum in case
+you have not already procured justice for Mr Magnall and his
+associates, who took the Dover cutter. Mr McCarrick of Santa Cruz is
+knowing to all the circumstances of that affair. Magnall has been
+unfortunate from the time he left this place last October; he is now
+here. I do not know whether this is the matter referred to in the
+letter of Mr Carmichael of December 24th, where he says, "The Minister
+also engaged to do justice to certain Americans, who carried a British
+privateer to the Canaries." I send you an extract from instructions
+given to Dr Franklin concerning M. d'Audibert Caille, which may serve
+to govern your conduct towards that gentleman.
+
+Your humble servant,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, June 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+On the 4th I transmitted to you a resolve of May 24th, respecting an
+interest of Messrs Dumain and Lyon, with their petition annexed. You
+will herewith receive other copies of those papers by opportunities,
+which the party concerned will industriously find. I recommend the
+business afresh to your attention, those worthy men having already met
+with vexatious delays on this side of the water.
+
+With much esteem I am, Sir, your friend,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                         Philadelphia, July 4th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+The derangement of our money affairs, the enormity of our public
+expenditures, the confusion in all our departments, the languor of our
+general system, the complexity and consequent inefficacy of our
+operations; these are some among the many reasons which have induced
+Congress to the appointment of a Superintendent of Finance. I enclose
+you copies of their resolutions on that subject, with such other
+papers as will fully explain to you my appointment and powers.
+
+The use of this office must be found in a progress towards the
+accomplishment of these two capital objects, the raising a revenue
+with the greatest convenience to the people, and the expenditure of it
+with the greatest economy to the public.
+
+The various requisitions of Congress to the several States, none of
+them entirely complied with, create a considerable balance in favor of
+the United States, and the claiming this balance is delivered over to
+me as revenue; while on the other hand, the dangerous practice of
+taking articles for the public service and giving certificates to the
+people, has created a very general and a very heavy debt. The amount
+of this debt is swelled beyond all reasonable bounds, nor can the
+extent of it be at present estimated. These things need no
+explanation, but it may be proper to observe, that if the certificates
+were not in my way, there is still an infinite difference between the
+demand of a balance from the States, and an effectual revenue. The
+latter can be obtained only in consequence of wise laws generally
+adopted, and as generally executed with vigor and decision. Were all
+that is necessary on these heads accomplished, something further would
+still remain to be done, in order that the produce of taxes should he
+subject to the sole and absolute disposition of the United States, or
+of their officers. To you who are acquainted with republican
+governments, it is unnecessary to observe on the delays which will
+arise, the obstacles which will be raised, and the time which will be
+consumed, in placing the revenue of America on a proper footing. Yet
+this is absolutely necessary before credit can be established, and the
+indispensable supplies obtained on terms of economy.
+
+To reform our expenditure is an object of equal importance with the
+other, and it is in some degree within my power, as you will perceive
+it to have been subjected to my authority. But even here I find myself
+trammeled by the want of necessary funds. To contract, for instance,
+with any one, in order to obtain bread for our troops, requires the
+previous certainty of being able to make the stipulated payments. And
+so in every other case, I shall be unable to act with decision, unless
+I have the command of money. On the other hand, the people will bear
+with great reluctance the necessary imposition of heavy burthens,
+while they can perceive any want of arrangement, method, or economy,
+in the administration of their affairs.
+
+If for a moment we suppose, that this country, amid the confusions of a
+revolution, and the rage of war, could be governed with all the
+regularity, wisdom, and prudence, of ancient and peaceable nations;
+yet we must be convinced, that no annual revenue she is able to raise
+could equal the annual expense in an offensive war against so powerful
+a nation, as that which we now contend with. A great balance,
+therefore, must remain, and it must be provided for by loans or
+subsidies.
+
+To expect loans within the United States, presupposes an ability to
+lend, which does not exist in any considerable number of the
+inhabitants. The personal property, not immediately engaged, either in
+commerce or the improvement of lands, was never very considerable.
+Little as it was, it has been greatly diminished by the pernicious
+effects of a depreciating medium. This expedient, which was adopted in
+the beginning from necessity, and too pertinaciously adhered to in the
+sequel, has not only exhausted the funds of those who might have been
+willing to trust the United States, but it has so wounded our public
+credit, that even the will would be wanting if the ability existed,
+which as I said before, it really does not.
+
+While we have neither credit nor means at home, it is idle to expect
+much from individuals abroad. Our foreign credit must be nurtured with
+tenderness and attention before it can possess any great degree of
+force, and it must be fed by substantial revenue, before we can call
+it into active exertion or derive beneficial effects from its
+application.
+
+All reasonable expectation, therefore, is narrowed down to the
+friendly interposition of those sovereigns, who are associates in the
+war. From Holland, we can properly ask nothing; nor is she, I believe,
+in a capacity to grant it if we did ask. The active efforts of France
+require all the resources of that great nation, and of consequence the
+pecuniary aid which she affords us can but little advance the general
+cause, however it may relieve our immediate distress.
+
+We must then turn our eyes to Spain, and we must ask either loans or
+subsidies to a very considerable amount. Small sums are not worth the
+acceptance. They have the air of obligation without affording relief.
+A small sum, therefore, is not an object to the United States, for
+they do not mean to beg gratuities, but to make rational requests.
+
+As Congress have empowered you to remove the obstacles, which have
+hitherto impeded your negotiations, you will doubtless proceed with
+prudent despatch in forming the important treaties, which are to be
+the basis of our national connexion. Your own integrity, and the
+dispositions which you certainly feel, as the true representative of
+your Sovereign, to gratify the wishes of his Catholic Majesty, will
+give you just claim to the confidence and friendly support of his
+Ministers. And on the other hand, his Majesty's known piety and
+justice, will certainly induce him to facilitate a permanent union
+between the two countries, and to overturn that power, whose ambition
+is known, felt, and detested, throughout the habitable globe.
+
+Having a perfect confidence in the wisdom of his Majesty's Ministers,
+I must request that you will submit to their consideration the
+reasons, which operate in favor of the advances we expect. In doing
+this, it will immediately strike you and them, that the enemy carries
+on the operations against us at an expense infinitely greater than
+that by which they are opposed. By enabling us, therefore, to increase
+our resistance, and redouble our offensive efforts, the British will
+be reduced to the necessity of increasing their force in America, or
+of submitting beneath a decided superiority. Either must be fatal to
+them. In the first instance, they will be crushed by the weight of
+expense; and, in the second, they must, while they lose an actual
+force, and part forever with the object in contest, feel the increased
+weight of the American arms, and make head against those resources,
+applied to a marine, which are now consumed in land operations.
+
+Money ought, therefore, to be supplied to us from the Havana, which
+will at the same time save the risk of transporting it to Europe,
+while, as I have already observed, it must, when employed among us,
+absolutely ruin the common enemy. For, when once they are driven from
+the United States, they must, at a considerable expense, defend, or,
+at a great loss, relinquish the rest of their American possessions;
+and, in either case, the resources of this country will enable France
+and Spain to carry on operations for the subjection of the British
+Islands.
+
+With respect to our finance, I am further to observe, that the
+resolutions of Congress, of the 18th of March, 1780, have neither been
+so regularly adopted by the States as was hoped and expected, nor been
+productive of those consequences, which were intended. It is
+unnecessary to travel into the causes, or to explain the reasons of
+this event. The fact is clear. The new money is depreciated, and there
+is the strong evidence of experience to convince us, that the issuing
+of paper, at present, must be ineffectual. Taxation has not yet been
+pursued to that extent, which was necessary. Neither is it reasonable
+to expect that it should. Time has been required under all governments
+to accustom the people by degrees to bear heavy burdens. The people of
+America have so patiently endured the various calamities of the war,
+that there is good reason to expect they will not shrink at this late
+hour from the imposition of just and equal taxes. But many
+arrangements are necessary to this purpose, and, therefore, an
+immediate pecuniary assistance is the more necessary to us. Our debts,
+under which I comprise, as well those of the individual States, as
+those of the Union, are but trifling, when we consider the exertions
+which have been made. The debt I have already mentioned on
+certificates is heavy, not from the real amount, but because it is
+beyond what the supplies obtained were reasonably worth, and because
+it impedes taxation and impairs its effects. But the amount of other
+debts so small, that a few years of peace would bring it within the
+bounds of a revenue very moderate, when compared with the wealth of
+our country. You well know the rapid increase of that wealth, and how
+soon it would relieve us from the weight of debts, which might be in
+the first instance very burdensome. There can, therefore, be no doubt,
+that we shall be able to pay all those, which it may be necessary to
+contract. But, as I have already observed, our great difficulty is the
+want of means in our people, and of credit in our government.
+
+It gives me, however, very great pleasure to inform you, that the
+determined spirit of the country is by no means abated either by the
+continuance of the war, the ravages of our enemy, the expense of blood
+and treasure we have sustained, or the artifices, falsehoods, and
+delusions of an insidious foe. These last become daily more and more
+contemptible in America, and it appears equally astonishing, that they
+should longer attempt them here, or boast the success of such attempts
+in Europe. Uniform experience has shown the futility of their efforts,
+and the falsehood of their assertions. I know they take the advantage
+of every little success to vaunt the prowess of their troops and
+proclaim hopes of conquest, which they do not feel. But those, who
+know anything of our history or situation, must have the utmost
+contempt for all these gasconades. It is impossible they should make
+impression upon any but weak minds, and I should hardly have thought
+of mentioning them, but I learn by letters from Spain, that men, who
+are uninformed, have been led into misapprehensions from
+circumstances, which were here considered as trivial and even
+favorable.
+
+I could hardly have supposed that our enemies had still the folly to
+repeat, as I am told they do, that there is an English party in
+America. Bribes and deceit have induced some wicked and weak men to
+join them; but when we consider the sums they have expended, and the
+falsehoods they have used, our wonder is not, that they have got so
+many, but that they have gained so few. The independence of America is
+considered here as established; so much so, that even those of
+equivocal character accustom themselves to cherish the idea; for the
+doubt is not now, whether an acknowledgment of it will take place, but
+when that acknowledgment will be made. Our exertions also, in the
+present moment, are not so much directed to establish our liberties,
+as to prevent the ravages of the enemy, abridge the duration and
+calamities of the war, and faithfully contribute to the reduction of a
+power, whose ambition was equally dangerous and offensive to every
+other.
+
+All reasonings on this subject must be deeply enforced, by paying
+attention to what has happened in the Southern States. The progress of
+the enemy, while in appearance it menaced the conquest of that
+extensive region, tended only, in effect, to exhaust him by fruitless
+efforts, so that at length a handful of men have rescued the whole
+from his possession. The attack on Virginia (if the piratical
+incursions there can deserve that name) has been equally futile. The
+commanders may indeed have enriched themselves by plunder, and many
+worthy families have been distressed; but what is the consequence?
+Indignation and resentment have stimulated even the weak and indolent
+to action. The wavering are confirmed, and the firm are exasperated,
+so that every hour, and by every operation, they create enemies,
+instead of gaining subjects.
+
+Our armies, though not very numerous, are powerful. The regular troops
+are so much improved in discipline and the habits of a military life,
+that they are at least equal to any troops in the world. Our militia
+are becoming more and more warlike, so as to supply the wants of
+regular troops, when the enemy (taking advantage of that convenience,
+which their ships afford them) transfer the scene of action from one
+place to another. The number of the British diminishes daily, and of
+consequence, our superiority becomes daily more decisive. The greatest
+plenty of subsistence is to be had for our armies, and the prospects
+from the present harvest are beyond all former experience. I wish I
+could add, that clothing and military stores were as abundant as those
+other requisites for war. This is not the case; our soldiers, indeed,
+are well armed, and, in some degree, they are clothed. We have also
+ammunition abundantly sufficient for the common operations of the
+field. But many of our militia are unarmed, and the sieges, which will
+be necessary to expel the enemy, must make a heavy deduction from our
+military stores.
+
+The proposed siege of New York will soon be commenced, and would
+undoubtedly be successful, if we could maintain a decided superiority
+at sea. This must depend on contingencies, which are not in our power,
+nor perhaps in the power of any human being. I am not without hopes,
+even if we should not possess that superiority; but the expense will,
+from the want of it, be very considerably enhanced, and this is a
+circumstance which I cannot but deplore, for I repeat it again, the
+want of money can alone prevent us from making the greatest
+exertions. What our exertions have already been, our enemies
+themselves must acknowledge, and while from insidious views, they
+assert that they could not make an impression on us with ninety
+thousand soldiers and seamen, we are certainly authorised to conclude
+from this confession, that these States form a considerable balance in
+the scale against them.
+
+I am now, therefore, again led to reiterate my request of a
+considerable sum of money from Spain; for I also again repeat, that
+small sums are not worth our acceptance, and I may add, they are
+unworthy the dignity of his Catholic Majesty. There can be no doubt,
+nor will the Spanish Ministry deny, that there is a considerable risk
+in transporting their money from the new world to the old, besides,
+that when expended there, it necessarily runs through the different
+channels of commerce, to feed the wants and invigorate the forces of
+the enemy. There is, therefore, a double policy in expending a part of
+it here, where it can not only be brought with safety and despatch,
+but be employed to an immense advantage, when compared with its
+effects in Europe. If it be asked, what advantages Spain will derive
+in particular during the war, and what recompense can be made her
+after the peace? I answer, that the weakening more the common enemy by
+a given sum, is in itself a great advantage, and that to do this, by
+sparing the blood of Spanish subjects, is an advantage still greater.
+I add, that when relieved from the enemy, we may assist her in the
+reduction of the Floridas and Bahamas, and, perhaps, of Jamaica. We
+shall then, also, be in a situation to secure Nova Scotia, thereby
+depriving Great Britain of her principal resource for ship-timber, and
+enable us to furnish that essential article to the navy of Spain, on
+cheaper and better terms, than it can be had elsewhere. On this last
+subject, I have further to observe, that there is hardly anything in
+which the maritime power of Spain is so much interested; for if we do
+not possess that country, it will be impracticable to furnish those
+supplies of masts and spars, which both France and Spain may stand in
+need of; so that, of consequence, their positive and absolute strength
+at sea will be the less, while that of the enemy is positively and
+absolutely greater. The comparative inferiority, therefore, will be
+still more considerable. Nor is this all. A marine requires men, as
+well as ships. The fisheries and collieries are two pillars, which
+support the marine of Britain, so far forth as seamen are required.
+But it is evident, that the fisheries could not long continue in her
+hands, if she were deprived of Nova Scotia. Here again, we are also to
+consider, that there is an immense difference between that patient
+resistance, whose opposition must at length weary the enemy into
+granting our independence, and those vigorous active operations, which
+may wrest from them their present possessions. Money is necessary for
+the latter, and I can say with confidence, that money alone is
+necessary.
+
+But to return. The advantages which will flow to Spain at a peace,
+from giving effectual aid to our finances now, will be, in the first
+place, the common compensation of repayment, should his Catholic
+Majesty prefer loans to subsidies. The having expelled the English
+from the Bay of Mexico, and having, by that means, prevented the
+contraband commerce, so destructive to his revenue, will be another
+striking advantage, which cannot have escaped the penetration of his
+Ministers. But this is not all. The opening a port in East Florida, on
+the shores of the Atlantic, under proper regulations and
+restrictions, would enable us to carry on a commerce very advantageous
+to Spain, because we could furnish all such supplies of provisions,
+&c. as their possessions might stand in need of, and in return, take
+at port, cocoa, logwood, Nicaragua wood, and, indeed, any other
+commodities, which his Catholic Majesty should find it for the
+advantage of his dominions to permit the exportation of. Our commerce
+with Spain is also, in itself, a very considerable object. At this
+moment, we take from thence wine, oil, fruit, silk, cloth, &c. And
+after the conclusion of the war, our remittances of wheat, corn, fish,
+and naval stores, will be of very great consequence to the commerce of
+that country. Another article of commerce will be the building of
+ships, which can be had on cheaper and better terms here than
+elsewhere; and there can be no doubt but that the construction of
+ships in this country is equal, if not superior, to that in any other.
+Even now, ships might be built on his Majesty's account, though by no
+means so cheaply as in times of peace; besides that, as there is now
+no seasoned timber in the country, such ships would not be durable,
+and, therefore, it might, perhaps, be imprudent to get any more than
+are immediately necessary.
+
+To all the other advantages, which would arise to his Catholic
+Majesty, I may add, (although that is not so properly within my
+department,) the security, which his dominions would derive from our
+guarantee. This is an advantage, which must be the more evident from a
+consideration of what might have happened, had this country continued
+in union with Great Britain, and had Great Britain pursued those
+schemes of universal empire, which the virtue and fortitude of America
+first checked, and which it is the object of the present war to
+frustrate. Our enemies do, I know, allege, that our weakness is unable
+to withstand them, and that our force is dangerous to Spain. The
+serious refutation of such absurd contradictions would involve an
+absurdity. It may not, however, be improper to observe, that the
+attention of this country, for a century past, has been, and for a
+century to come, most probably will be, entirely turned to agriculture
+and commerce. We must always, therefore, be useful neighbors, and
+never dangerous, except to those who may have views of dominion. Spain
+can never be in this predicament, though the British may and will.
+Their solicitude, therefore, to inspire apprehensions of us is, and
+ought to be, the strongest argument against entertaining them. But, if
+this evident reasoning did not exist, still the conduct of Congress,
+with regard to his Catholic Majesty, has been so just, and even
+generous, not only in being willing to secure his rights, but to
+gratify him by foregoing their own, that there is not room for the
+shadow of suspicion. This conduct, I should suppose, would alone have
+weight sufficient to procure what it is my object to request, if the
+other very cogent and conclusive reasons for it did not apply. And,
+after all, if it be considered how much greater is the interest of
+Spain at the vigorous continuance of the present war, than that of any
+other of the associates, I cannot permit myself one moment to doubt of
+your success. I am the more sanguine from the character of the
+Catholic King, and of his Ministers, for wisdom, candor, and
+integrity. These qualities will, I am sure, meet such corresponding
+dispositions in the United States, that the most thorough harmony and
+coalition must inevitably take place. This is an object of the
+greatest importance to both countries. Mutual benefits and the
+reciprocation of good offices will endear a connexion between them,
+and their interests require that this connexion should be of the
+closest kind.
+
+In every point of view, therefore, that we can consider the subject,
+the advance I have mentioned must appear alike beneficial. If the
+Governor of Cuba, or any other person, were duly authorised,
+stipulations might even now be entered into for furnishing all
+necessary supplies of provisions to the fleets and armies of his
+Catholic Majesty, which would certainly facilitate their operations.
+The advance of money also by Spain would enable the fleets and troops
+of France to subsist cheaper than at present, because it would tend to
+raise the exchange here, which is now too low.
+
+Your own good sense will suggest to you many other most forcible
+arguments, as well as the proper time and manner of applying them. It
+is necessary to mention, that the sum of five million dollars may,
+perhaps, be sufficient for our present emergencies; but if a greater
+sum can be obtained, we shall thereby become more extensively useful.
+Whatever the grant may be, it will be proper that it be sent hither in
+some Spanish ships of war from the Havana, or advanced to us there; in
+which latter case, we will devise the means of bringing it away.
+Whether to ask for subsidies, or loans, as well as the terms on which
+either are to be obtained, these, Sir, are objects, which you are
+fully competent to determine upon. I have only to wish that your
+applications may meet with that success, which I am confident you will
+not fail to merit. As the means of facilitating your views, I shall
+apply to the Minister of his Most Christian Majesty here, to write on
+the same subject to the French Ambassador at Madrid. The generous
+conduct of France gives just ground of reliance on her friendly
+assistance; and you are too well convinced of this, not to act in the
+most perfect harmony with the servants of that Court, especially on an
+occasion so important as the present. I need not stimulate your
+activity, by observing how precious is every moment of time in those
+affairs, on which the fate of Empires depends; nor need I suggest the
+importance of a treaty, and particularly a subsidiary treaty with
+Spain, in that moment, when the judgment of Europe is to be passed on
+the fate of America. For, however impracticable it may be to subdue
+us, it is undoubtedly of moment to hasten the approach of that period,
+when the acknowledgment of our independence shall give the blessings
+of peace to so many contending nations. To spare the present lavish
+effusion of blood and treasure, is a serious object with those, who
+feel, as you do, the emotions of benevolence; and I am confident, that
+the patriotism, which has inspired your conduct, will prompt you to
+obtain a peace honorable for your country and advantageous to her
+friends. The only probable method to effect these things, is a
+thorough union of forces and resources, to reduce the pride and power
+of that aspiring nation, whose ambition embroils the universe.
+
+With all possible respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                         Philadelphia, July 7th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+This will accompany my former letter of the 4th instant, which you
+will perceive to be so written, as that it may be shown, if
+necessary, to the Spanish Minister. You will make such use of it as
+prudence may dictate. I would gladly now give you details of our
+situation and plans for reforming it, but I have not yet sufficiently
+obtained the one, nor matured the other. Whenever I am in capacity to
+apprize you fully of these things, you shall hear from me at large on
+the subject. At present I can only inform you that a sum of hard money
+will, from particular circumstances, afford us relief and turn to our
+advantage far beyond what might be supposed from the amount. Although
+I have stated the demand at five millions, yet I beg you will take as
+much as you can obtain, though it be far short of that sum. But at the
+same time, I repeat, that a very small one is not worth the
+acceptance. Knowing our wants to be great, you will judge properly as
+to what we can accept consistently with our dignity.
+
+I enclose you a cypher, and with the duplicate of my letters I will
+send you another. Should both arrive safe, you will be so kind as to
+hand one to Mr Carmichael, letting me know which you keep and write
+by.
+
+I have the honor to be your Excellency's most obedient and humble
+servant,
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                    Office of Finance, July 9th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Observing by your correspondence with Congress, that you are put to a
+good deal of expense by American seamen arriving from captivity at
+Cadiz, where they also grow very troublesome, I offer the following
+proposal to your consideration. Authorise Mr Harrison, or whoever may
+be your agent at Cadiz, to enter into contracts with such Americans as
+present themselves for the bounty of their country, to proceed from
+Cadiz, in such ship or vessel as he may provide for the purpose, for
+such port within the United States as he may appoint, at the monthly
+wages of six or eight Spanish dollars, to be paid as soon after their
+arrival in America as the cargo of the vessel shall be landed. After
+they sign such contract, he is to supply their wants sparingly, until
+he collects a sufficient number to man a suitable vessel, which he may
+procure either by charter or purchase, whichever may be in his power,
+and shall appear most eligible at the time. If he charter, it should
+be on such terms that the owners risk their vessel, putting in their
+own master, and, if they choose it, part of the seamen. The vessel to
+be loaded with salt for account and risk of the United States; freight
+so much per bushel or so much per ton to America and back. But in that
+case, let it be always a condition, that the vessel may be ordered
+from the first place she arrives, to any one other port in America;
+because, it may happen that she will arrive where there cannot be got
+a cargo to load her back, or where the salt would be of no use.
+
+If your funds will admit of it, and vessels can be furnished cheap,
+this would be the more eligible mode of doing the business, because I
+could then either send the vessels back, or sell, as might suit best.
+In case of purchase, they should be fast sailers, with good sails and
+rigging, well found and fitted, and if armed, so much the better.
+Honest, active, industrious, and faithful masters must be provided for
+these vessels, and they must all come addressed to my order, directed
+for this port, with liberty however to get into any safe port they
+can. The master to give me immediate notice of his arrival, when I
+shall give proper orders, or probably have them previously ready. An
+account of the moneys advanced to each person on board these vessels,
+as well as the cost and outfit of the ship and cost of the cargo, must
+be sent me by each vessel, in order that proper deductions may be made
+from the people, and proper credits be given for the costs. You will
+observe, I am duly empowered by Congress to export and import for
+account and risk of the United States; and I think this plan so likely
+to benefit the public, that I very freely give my sanction to it,
+provided you can find the money. Your agent must give me regular
+advice of every expedition, and inform you also whenever he commences
+them. When a ship is provided and a master appointed, all the men
+should sign articles for the voyage in the common form.
+
+I am, Dear Sir, &c.
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                        Philadelphia, July 13th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I enclose you in this packet the plan of a national bank, which I have
+been induced to adopt for the following reasons. The issuing of a
+large paper medium converted the coin of the country into a commodity,
+so that much of it was exported and the remainder concealed. The
+depreciation of our paper has so lessened our currency, that there is
+not a sufficiency for commerce and taxation, without creating by the
+latter such distress in the former, as must injure every order of men
+in the community. It is necessary, therefore, to fill up the
+deficiency in such proportion as it may be called, and with such
+medium as may preserve its value.
+
+I have already in my letter of the 4th instant stated the want of
+ability in the people to lend, and of credit in the government to
+borrow. An additional reason, therefore, for establishing a bank is,
+that the small sums advanced by the holders of bank stock may be
+multiplied in the usual manner by means of their credit, so as to
+increase the resource, which government can draw from it, and at the
+same time, by placing the collected mass of private credit between the
+lenders and borrowers, supply at once the want of ability in the one,
+and of credit in the other.
+
+An additional reason for this institution is, to supply the place of
+all our other paper, which it is my design to absorb as soon as
+possible, and thereby to relieve the people from those doubts and
+anxieties, which have weakened our efforts, relaxed our industry, and
+impaired our wealth. But this must not be done, without the
+substitution of other paper, for reasons which I have already
+assigned, and because that our commerce would suffer for the want of
+that facility in money transactions, which paper alone can give.
+
+Finally, one very strong motive, which has impelled my conduct on this
+occasion, is to unite the several States more closely together, in one
+general money connexion, and indissolubly to attach many powerful
+individuals to the cause of our country, by the strong principle of
+self-love, and the immediate sense of private interest. It may not be,
+perhaps, improper to show and explain this plan to the Spanish
+Ministry. They will then perceive how, by an advance of money, they
+may in this instance increase our resources and our efforts in a
+degree much superior to the immediate sum, and they may be assured,
+that on a variety of other occasions, similar benefits will result
+from it. I take this opportunity, however, to observe to you, that I
+do not mean this, or any other communication, should be absolutely
+made. It is, on the contrary, my unalterable opinion, that a prudent
+Minister on the spot should be left to act with large discretionary
+power, being always furnished with such details, as will enable him to
+judge with propriety, and act with decision.
+
+It will undoubtedly strike your observation, that the sum of four
+hundred thousand dollars is very small, considering the object which
+it is my design to effect. I acknowledge that it is so, and when I
+tell you, that I was very apprehensive that we should be unable to
+fill a larger subscription, and when I add, that it is far from
+certain we shall get all of this moderate sum, you will see still more
+clearly the force of those observations which I have already made. But
+it is weakness to be deterred by difficulties from a proper pursuit. I
+am, therefore, determined that the bank shall be well supported, until
+it can support itself, and then it will support us. I mean that the
+stock, instead of four hundred thousand dollars, shall be four hundred
+thousand pounds, and perhaps more. How soon it will rise to that
+amount, it is impossible to foresee. But this we may venture to
+assert, that if a considerable sum of specie can be speedily thrown
+into it, the period when its force and utility will be felt and known
+is not far off.
+
+After I had determined to make the application to the Court of Madrid,
+which is contained in my letters, it was my next object to obtain for
+you such support as might materially favor your operations. For this
+purpose I have written to Dr Franklin, and have told him, that you
+would receive by this conveyance, and forward to him, copies of those
+resolutions and letters, which may be necessary to explain my
+appointment and powers. I lay this task on your Secretaries, because
+the want of clerks in my office, and the many things to be done,
+together with the short time allowed me by the departure of the
+vessel, prevent me from having duplicates made out. I have written to
+the Doctor to apply to the Court of Versailles, to further your
+negotiations with their influence. I am confident his application will
+not be unsuccessful; but how you may derive most benefit from the
+cooperation of the French Court, you best can tell. Major Franks,
+therefore, is instructed to take your orders for Passy, and return
+thence to Philadelphia; so that you will have an opportunity of
+communicating fully with the Doctor on any subject you think proper.
+You may write to me by any opportunity, if this should arrive safe,
+because our cypher will prevent you from being exposed to interested
+or impertinent curiosity.
+
+To obtain for you still further assistance, I have applied (in the
+absence of M. de la Luzerne, who is gone to camp,) to M. de Marbois
+for letters to their Ambassador at the Court of Madrid. I have stated
+my views, my hopes, and wishes, with that candor which is proper on
+such occasions, and which I wish to preserve on all occasions. M. de
+Marbois has, in consequence, written a letter on the subject, in which
+he informs the Ambassador of our conversation, states the disorders of
+our finances, and makes polite mention of my operations, my designs,
+and abilities, as well as the confidence reposed in me by Congress,
+and by the people at large. He details the proposed plans, and
+particularly that of the Bank, and shows forcibly the advantages,
+which would result from a considerable advance of money by Spain. He
+assigns also very proper reasons to show why it ought to be
+considerable, if it be made at all. The great interest of France in
+this business, as well as the open and candid manner, which has marked
+all transactions I have hitherto had with the Minister of that nation,
+induces me to believe that this letter is more than a compliment, and
+that as it is intended, so it will operate to produce the desired
+effect.
+
+That nothing in my power might be wanting to the success of a
+business, which you must be convinced I have very much at heart, I
+have also applied to Don Francisco Rendon, who at present acts here
+for Spain, and I have every reason to believe that he will write to
+the Spanish Court such a letter as I wish. But after all, much, my
+Dear Sir, must depend on your prudence, your activity, and your
+attentions to incline, to stimulate, to lead the Ministry into our
+views, to remove the obstacles, surmount the difficulties, and crush
+the procrastinations, which retard the completion of an object so
+essential to your country. I am happy to add, that I have the utmost
+confidence in your abilities, your industry, and integrity.
+
+There is a possibility that money may be obtained from Portugal, and
+though I confess there is not a very solid ground to build on, and
+though it must be owned that appearances are against us, yet I think
+it best not too much to trust appearances, either favorable or
+unfavorable, and to leave nothing unattempted which may be useful. It
+was for reasons of this sort that my letter of the 9th instant, which
+I enclose you a copy of, was written to Congress. In consequence of
+it, on the 11th they passed a resolution, of which I also enclose you
+a copy, and have only to add, that you will act entirely according to
+your own discretion on this occasion. I cannot pretend to know the
+situation of the Court of Lisbon, and therefore I will not attempt to
+measure out a line of conduct to be pursued there. You are, for every
+reason, more competent to this business than I am, and therefore I
+submit it to your management entirely.
+
+You will observe that a material part of my letter of the 9th remains
+unnoticed by Congress. The Committee had not yesterday reported upon
+it. Should anything be done previous to the departure of this vessel,
+you shall know it. But you are so well acquainted with the delays
+incident to public assemblies, that you will not be surprised if you
+hear nothing further on the subject.
+
+It is unnecessary for me to make any other mention of Major Franks,
+except to inform you, that after a critical examination into his
+conduct by a court of inquiry, he was honorably acquitted of all
+improper connexion with his late General.[29] For the rest, you are
+perfectly acquainted with him, and will therefore take that notice of
+him which he deserves.
+
+I am, Dear Sir, your most obedient and humble servant,
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[29] Major Franks was Aid to General Arnold at the time his treachery
+was discovered, but he was honorably acquitted from all suspicion of
+having any knowledge of Arnold's designs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+       _Plan of a Bank, referred to in the preceding Letter._
+
+    1. That a subscription be opened for four hundred thousand
+    dollars, in shares of four hundred dollars each, to be paid
+    in gold or silver.
+
+    2. That the subscription be paid into the hands of George
+    Clymer and John Nixon, or their agents.
+
+    3. That any subscriber of less than five shares, pay the
+    whole sum on the day of his subscription.
+
+    4. That every subscriber of five shares or upwards, pay one
+    half the sum on the day of his subscription, and the other
+    half within three months of that day.
+
+    5. That every holder of a share shall be entitled to vote by
+    himself, his agent, or proxy, properly appointed, at all
+    elections for directors, and that he have as many votes as he
+    holds shares. And that every subscriber may sell and transfer
+    his share or shares at his pleasure, the transfer being made
+    in the bank book, in presence and with the approbation of the
+    proprietor or his lawful attorney, the purchaser then to
+    become entitled to the right of voting, &c.
+
+    6. That there be twelve directors chosen from among those
+    entitled to vote, who at this first meeting shall choose one
+    as president.
+
+    7. That there be a meeting of the directors quarterly, for
+    the purpose of regulating the affairs of the bank; any seven
+    of the directors to make a board, and that the board have
+    power to adjourn from time to time.
+
+    8. That the board of directors determine the manner of doing
+    business, and the rules and forms to be pursued, appoint the
+    various officers, which they may find necessary, and dispose
+    of the money and credit of the bank for the interest and
+    benefit of the proprietors, and make from time to time such
+    dividends out of the profits as they may think proper.
+
+    9. That the board be empowered from time to time, to open new
+    subscriptions, for the purpose of increasing the capital of
+    the bank on such terms and conditions as they shall think
+    proper.
+
+    10. That the board shall, at every quarterly meeting, choose
+    two directors to inspect and control the business of the bank
+    for the ensuing three months.
+
+    11. That the inspectors so chosen shall, on the evening of
+    every day, Sundays excepted, deliver to the superintendent of
+    the finances of America, a state of the cash account, and of
+    the notes issued and received.
+
+    12. That the bank notes, payable on demand, shall by law be
+    made receivable in the duties and taxes of every State in the
+    union, and from the respective States, by the Treasury of the
+    United States, as specie.
+
+    13. That the superintendent of the finances of America shall
+    have a right at all times to examine into the affairs of the
+    bank, and for that purpose shall have access to all the books
+    and papers.
+
+    14. That any director or officer of the bank, who shall
+    convert any of the property, monies, or credits thereof to
+    his own use, or shall any other way be guilty of fraud or
+    embezzlement, shall forfeit all his share or stock to the
+    company.
+
+    15. That laws shall be passed making it felony, without
+    benefit of clergy, to commit such fraud or embezzlement.
+
+    16. That the subscribers shall be incorporated under the name
+    of the President, Directors and Company of the Bank of North
+    America.
+
+    17. That none of the directors shall be entitled to any
+    pecuniary advantage for his attendance on the duties of his
+    office of director, or as president, or inspector, unless an
+    alteration in this respect shall hereafter be made by the
+    consent of a majority of the stockholders at a general
+    election.
+
+    18. That as soon as the subscription shall be filled, Mr
+    George Clymer and Mr John Nixon shall publish a list of the
+    names and sums respectively subscribed, with the places of
+    abode of the subscribers, and appoint a day for the choice of
+    directors, to whom, when chosen, they shall deliver over the
+    money by them received.
+
+
+                  _Observations on the above Plan._
+
+ART. 1st. The objects and use of a bank are too obvious to need
+illustration. But it may not be amiss to take notice, that the first
+moment of its getting into action, the credit arising from its funds
+can be made use of by the government of the United States in
+anticipation of taxes, in consequence of special agreements to be made
+between their superintendent of Finance and the directors for that
+purpose; and as the capital and credit of the bank increase, so may
+this mode of anticipation be increased, to answer all the purposes of
+government. It is, however, evident at the first view, that four
+hundred thousand dollars are not sufficient for those purposes, nor
+those of private commerce, because no considerable circulation of
+paper can be founded on so narrow a basis; yet it is dangerous to
+attempt more. It is not possible to determine what is the highest sum,
+that could speedily be obtained by subscription. To ask more than
+could be obtained would have a fatal effect; to ask less is a partial
+evil. It is, however, an evil which admits of a remedy, as is
+provided in the plan.
+
+ART. 2d. Before the corporation is formed, and much more so before the
+subscription is opened, by which the company is to be determined, no
+authority can be bestowed under the corporation. At the same time, it
+must be remembered, that in circumstances like ours, the loss of time
+involves in it the loss of many advantages. It becomes necessary,
+therefore, to appoint individuals to manage the subscription and
+receive the money. Mr Clymer and Mr Nixon having been formerly
+directors of the Bank of Pennsylvania, and being thereby generally
+known in that line, their names naturally present themselves for this
+purpose.
+
+ART. 3d & 4th. The difference as to payments of large and small, is so
+common an incitement to subscribers, on such occasions, as to speak
+for itself.
+
+ART. 5th. The subscribers, it is expected, will consist of citizens of
+every State in the Union; and, possibly, foreigners may subscribe or
+purchase bank stock; therefore the necessity and propriety of enabling
+them to vote by proxy; and this being a monied institution, it is just
+that every share be entitled to a vote.
+
+ART. 6th. As the stockholders will mostly be absent from the place
+where the bank is kept, the number of twelve seems quite sufficient
+for the direction, as they will generally be chosen from the
+residents, and there ought to be room left for rotation among these.
+
+ART. 7th & 8th. This plan, if adopted, will be considered as the
+constitution of the Bank, and therefore necessary to establish in it
+the powers of government by by-laws, rules, and regulations, and
+making dividends out of the profits; it is meant that they should
+annually pay a dividend of five or six per cent to the proprietors of
+the stock, and then settling the accounts of the bank, declare
+publicly, if necessary to give credit and confidence, what capital
+remains after such dividend. It will be observed, that such dividends
+are confined to be made out of the profits; consequently, the capitals
+can never be touched.
+
+ART. 9th. When the directors, by paying a dividend out of the profits,
+establish the credit of the bank firmly in the minds of the
+stockholders, and by declaring the capital stock at the same time to
+be increased, give it equal confidence in the general opinion, there
+is little doubt but they may open new subscriptions for increasing the
+capital with certainty of success.
+
+ART. 10th, 11th & 12th. As credit is the soul of all operations of
+this kind, every precaution should be taken to support it. In the
+course of things, much of the private property of America may be
+dependent on the conduct of affairs at the bank. Care, therefore,
+should be taken to prevent fraud and mismanagement. If the
+transactions were opened to public inspection, it would be impossible
+to do the business amidst the continued interruption; besides that, in
+this way, the national enemies would be apprized of our resources and
+operations. It is necessary, therefore, by instituting a check, to
+guard against the ill consequences which lie in the way, as the public
+will have much connexion with the bank, and, at times, deposit
+considerable sums of money in it, and always be availing themselves of
+its credit. The check should be in the hands of that officer who is
+appointed to manage the monied interests of America.
+
+ART. 13th & 14th. The penalties on fraud and embezzlement are derived
+from the same source, and are supported by the same reasoning.
+
+ART. 15th & 16th. The necessity of incorporating the bank is obvious,
+and the propriety of rendering the office of a director honorable,
+rather than lucrative, arises from this circumstance, over and above
+the difference between motives of fame and interest, that at present,
+any adequate salaries would absorb the profits, and in future the care
+of their own interests as stockholders will be an additional
+inducement to the first characters to accept the direction, for it is
+not doubted but every subscriber will increase his capital in the
+bank, so soon as he finds not only the national advantages it will
+produce, but sees clearly his private interest advanced beyond his
+most sanguine expectations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                      ROBERT MORRIS TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                 Office of Finance, August 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Enclosed you have a list of sundry bills of exchange drawn on you. I
+wrote you relatively to these bills on the 29th day of July last, with
+sundry enclosures explanatory of my letter. I am now to inform you,
+that the advices contained in that letter must, from particular
+circumstances, be totally disregarded. Should any of the bills,
+mentioned in the enclosed list, come to your hands, you will be pleased
+to protest them, and assign, if you please, as a reason therefor, that
+you have express instructions to that purport. The uncertainty,
+whether you have received my cypher, prevents my using it on this
+occasion. The importance of the subject obliges me to write, and as I
+send many copies, the risk of capture and inspection is too great to
+be more particular.
+
+The gazettes will furnish you with our latest intelligence. That of
+New York announces the arrival of near three thousand Hessian troops,
+and the capture of the Trumbull frigate. Neither of these is a very
+agreeable circumstance. However, we must wait the course of events,
+and struggle, as well as we can, against adverse fortune. Our affairs
+to the southward wear no unpleasing aspect. And, although it is
+impossible, at this distance, to determine what effect European
+movements may have on American politics, our government acquires daily
+a firmness and stability, which will not easily be shaken.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                        ROBERT MORRIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                     JAMES LOVELL TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                      Philadelphia, August 15th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Herewith you will receive according to the resolution of Congress of
+the 10th, such information relative to the surrender of Pensacola, and
+the subsequent arrival of the garrison at New York, as I have been
+able to obtain, which you will make use of according to your
+discretion, and the spirit of the enclosed resolution.
+
+I am, Sir, your friend and very humble servant,
+
+                                                         JAMES LOVELL.
+
+_P. S. August 16th._--It appears to me not amiss to enclose to you a
+report of a committee on the 10th, as it stands negatived on the
+journals of Congress.     J. L.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                   St Ildefonso, September 20th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Your Excellency's favor of the 5th of July last, with the papers
+therewith enclosed, were delivered to me on the 29th ult. by Major
+Franks, whom the procrastination of the Minister still obliges me to
+detain.
+
+The new commissions, with which Congress have honored me, argue a
+degree of confidence, which demands my warmest acknowledgments, and
+which, so far as it may be founded on an opinion of my zeal and
+integrity, they may be assured will not prove misplaced.
+
+At the commencement of the present troubles, I determined to devote
+myself, during the continuance of them, to the service of my country,
+in any station in which she might think it proper to place me. This
+resolution, for the first time, now embarrasses me. I know it to be my
+duty, as a public servant, to be guided by my own judgment only in
+matters referred to my discretion, and in other cases faithfully to
+execute my instructions, without questioning the policy of them. But
+there is one among those which accompanies these commissions, which
+occasions sensations I never before experienced, and induced me to
+wish that my name had been omitted.
+
+So far as personal pride and reluctance to humiliation may render
+their appointment contra-agreeable, I view it as a very unimportant
+circumstance, and should Congress, on any occasion, think it for the
+public good to place me in a station inferior and subordinate to the
+one I now hold, they will find me ready to descend from the one, and
+cheerfully undertake the duties of the other. My ambition will always
+be more gratified in being useful than conspicuous; for, in my
+opinion, the solid dignity of a man depends less on the height or
+extent of the sphere allotted to him, than on the manner in which he
+may fulfil the duties of it.
+
+But, Sir, as an American, I feel an interest in the dignity of my
+country, which renders it difficult for me to reconcile myself to the
+idea of the sovereign independent States of America submitting, in the
+persons of their Ministers, to be absolutely governed by the advice
+and opinions of the servants of another sovereign, especially in a
+case of such national importance.
+
+That gratitude and confidence are due to our allies, is not to be
+questioned, and that it will, probably, be in the power of France
+almost to dictate the terms of peace for us, is but too true. That
+such an extraordinary extent of confidence may stimulate our allies to
+the highest efforts of generous friendship in our favor is not to be
+denied, and that this instruction receives some appearance of policy
+from this consideration may be admitted.
+
+I must, nevertheless, take the liberty of observing, that however our
+situation may in the opinion of Congress render it necessary to relax
+their demands on every side, and even to direct their Commissioners
+ultimately to concur (if nothing better could be done) in any peace or
+truce not subversive of our independence, which France determined to
+accede to, yet that this instruction, besides breathing a degree of
+complacency not quite republican, puts it out of the power of your
+Ministers to improve those chances and opportunities, which in the
+course of human affairs happens more or less frequently to all men.
+Nor is it clear, that America, thus casting herself into the arms of
+the King of France, will advance either her interest or reputation
+with that or other nations.
+
+What the sentiments of my colleagues on this occasion may be, I do not
+as yet know, nor can I foresee how far the negotiation of the ensuing
+winter may call for the execution of this commission. Thus
+circumstanced, at such a distance from America, it would not be proper
+to decline this appointment. I will, therefore, do my best endeavors
+to fulfil the expectations of Congress on this subject, but, as for my
+own part, I think it improbable, that serious negotiations for peace
+will soon take place. I must entreat Congress to take an early
+opportunity of relieving me from a station, wherein, in character of
+their Minister, I must necessarily receive (and almost under the name
+of opinions) the directions of those on whom I really think no
+American Minister ought to be dependent, and to whom, in love for our
+country and zeal for her service, I am sure that my colleagues and
+myself are at least equal.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+_P. S._ I had an interview last evening with the Minister. Nothing was
+promised or denied. A person is to be named on Sunday to confer in
+earnest, as it is said, with me about the treaties. I do not despair,
+though having so many bills to pay, and no money, perplexes me
+extremely. The treasury of Spain is very low; much of the money for
+the expenses in this war costs them between thirty and forty per
+hundred, by mismanagement and want of credit. This ought not to be
+public. His Excellency still looks at your ships on the stocks, but I
+shall, without refusing, not consent to their changing masters.    J. J.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                       St Ildefonso, October 3d, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+My letter of the 25th of April last, by Mr Toscan, informed Congress,
+that on the 30th day of January preceding, I had the honor of
+receiving their letters of the 6th and 17th of October, 1780, the
+latter of which states particularly and ably the right of the United
+States to the free navigation of the river Mississippi, and enumerates
+the various reasons which induce them to decline relinquishing
+it.[30]
+
+Among these reasons is the guarantee contained in the treaty with
+France. I hinted to Congress, that it was more than probable, that the
+contents of this interesting letter were well known to the French
+Court before it came to my hands. I am well persuaded, that this was
+the case. Shortly after receiving it, I took occasion to converse
+generally with the Ambassador on the subject of the Spanish
+pretensions to that navigation, and remarked, as it were
+inadvertently, how unreasonable it was for them to expect, that we
+should relinquish a territorial right, which both justice and the
+guarantee of France enabled us to retain. The thought did not appear
+new to him, but he strongly combated this construction of the treaty,
+and endeavored to explain it away by observing, that the guarantee
+could not comprehend claims, whose objects we had never possessed, &c.
+&c. I mention this only to show how improper it would have been for me
+to have communicated this part of your Excellency's letter to the
+Spanish Minister. It could have answered no good purpose, because, as
+France would have disputed this construction, Spain could with
+propriety have refused to admit the force of any argument drawn from
+it, and it might have done much mischief, not only by bringing on an
+unseasonable explanation between France and us, but also between Spain
+and France.
+
+If I had given the Spanish Minister a copy of every other part of this
+letter, except those paragraphs which contain the reasoning in
+question, the omission might in future have been urged by France, who
+I verily believe has a copy of that whole letter, as an argument for
+my having yielded that point as not tenable; and though my opinion
+might not be of much consequence, it appeared to me most prudent to
+avoid doubts about it. For my own part I really did, and do think,
+that this guarantee does comprehend the navigation in question, though
+I also think, that no question should be raised about it at present.
+So circumstanced, I thought it most advisable to make no written
+communications of any parts or part of this letter, but from time to
+time to press every argument contained in it in the course of
+conversations with the Spanish Minister, except those drawn from the
+guarantee.
+
+The Minister, however, did not at any time enter into the merits of
+these arguments, nor appear in the least affected by them. His answer
+to them all was, that the King of Spain must have the Gulf of Mexico
+to himself, that the maxims of policy adopted in the management of
+their colonies required it; and that he had hoped the friendly
+disposition shown by this Court towards us would have induced a
+compliance on the part of Congress.
+
+As to a free port below the northern limits of West Florida, or
+anywhere else in the vicinity, the Minister sometimes wished certain
+regulations, some middle line might be devised, to reconcile the views
+of both parties, but he did not see how it could be done. The King had
+always been accustomed to consider the exclusive navigation of the
+Gulf of Mexico as a very important object to Spain, more so indeed
+than even Gibraltar, and he was persuaded, that his Majesty would
+never be prevailed upon to change his ideas on that subject. At other
+times he spoke clearly, and decidedly against it, saying, that it was
+their desire to exclude all nations from the Gulf, and that it made
+little or no difference, whether they admitted all nations or only
+one.
+
+In my letter of the 25th of April last, I informed your Excellency,
+that on the 25th of March preceding, the Minister sent me word, that
+the money necessary to pay the bills due in April could not be
+advanced to me. The constant inconsistency I experienced between the
+Minister's promises and conduct often surprised, as well as
+embarrassed me. This last instance appeared to me to be really cruel;
+for if he had intended to withhold the necessary supplies, he ought to
+have given me notice of it, and not by keeping up my expectations to
+within a few days before the holders of the bills were to call upon me
+for their money, (and the bills of April amounted to eightynine
+thousand and eightythree dollars,) reduce me to such imminent danger
+of being obliged to protest them. Speaking on this subject with the
+French Ambassador, he intimated, that the Court expected I should have
+made them some further overtures respecting the Mississippi. I told
+him I had no authority to make any others than what I had already
+made. He replied, that the Minister believed I had. At that time I
+had received no letters, public or private, which gave me the least
+reason to suspect, that Congress had passed the resolution of the 15th
+of February last,[31] and it was not before the 18th of May, that a
+letter, I then received from Mr Lovell, enabled me to understand the
+reason of the Minister's belief. I then recalled to mind his frequent
+assurances of frankness, and of his speaking without reserve, often
+adding, that he was well informed of our affairs, and had minute
+information of what was passing at Philadelphia. There can be no doubt
+but that some copies of the President's letters to me have fallen into
+his hands, and that he supposed I had received others, though this was
+not in fact the case. Hence it appears, that the double miscarriage,
+if I may so call it, of these letters, had an unfavorable influence on
+our hopes of pecuniary aids, for it is highly probable, that in this
+instance they were so critically withheld on purpose to extort
+overtures from me, which the Minister, though mistaken, had reason to
+believe I was in a capacity to make.
+
+Your Excellency will perceive from this, how important it is, that
+your letters, to and from your Ministers, be transmitted in a manner
+not subject to these inconveniences.
+
+It was not, as I said before, until the 18th of May, that Mr Lovell's
+letter, enclosing a copy of the resolution of Congress of the 15th of
+February, reached me. It was brought to Cadiz by the Virginia, and it
+is remarkable, that none of the journals, or gazettes, nor the letter
+from Congress, which Mr Lovell gave me reason to expect, ever came to
+my hands. But as all the papers brought by the Virginia passed through
+the hands of the Governor of Cadiz, and afterwards through the Post
+Office, the suppression of some of them may be easily accounted for.
+
+As Mr Lovell's letter did not appear to be official, nor the copy of
+the instruction of the 15th of February authenticated, I was much at a
+loss to determine how far it was to be considered as a measure finally
+concluded upon, and this difficulty was increased by another, viz.
+whether my having no letter on the subject from the President was to
+be imputed to the miscarriage of it, or to a reconsideration of the
+instruction in question; for I recollected, that resolutions had in
+some former instances been reconsidered, and either altered or
+repealed a few days after their date; for these reasons it appeared to
+me imprudent immediately to hazard overtures on the ground of this
+instruction.
+
+The next day, the 19th of May, I thought it expedient to wait upon the
+Minister, and again renew the subject of our proposed treaty,
+expecting that if he was acquainted with the contents of my letter,
+something might drop from him in the course of conversation, which
+would lead me to judge of what he might, or might not know on that
+subject, and others connected with it.
+
+He received me with more than usual cordiality. The conversation
+turned at first on the situation of the southern States, the late
+combat between the fleets in the Chesapeake, and General Greene's
+retreat. He appeared to apprehend much danger from what he called the
+delicate situation of our army there, and the blockade of the
+reinforcement intended for it, under the Marquis de la Fayette. I
+endeavored to remove such of his fears as appeared to be ill-founded,
+and (though without leaving room to suppose that the operations of
+Spain were indispensable to our safety,) represented to him the good
+policy and probable success of France and Spain's seriously turning
+their attention and force to the expulsion of the enemy from America.
+I then repeated what I had often before remarked to him, respecting
+the influence which the hesitations and delays of Spain in forming a
+treaty with us must naturally have on the hopes and fears of Britain.
+I announced to him formally the completion of our confederation by the
+accession of Maryland, and after dwelling on the advantages, which the
+States and their allies might expect from it, I endeavored to impress
+him with an opinion, that a cordial union between France, Spain,
+Holland, and America, supported by vigorous measures, would soon
+reduce the enemy to the necessity of listening to reasonable terms of
+peace.
+
+The Count replied, generally, that he was very minutely informed of
+the state of our affairs. That the good dispositions of Congress
+towards Spain had not as yet been evinced in a manner the King
+expected, and that no one advantage had hitherto been proposed by
+America to Spain, to induce the latter to come into the measures we
+desired. That the views of Congress were such as would not permit his
+Majesty to form a treaty with the States, but that the King was an
+honest man, and I might again and again assure Congress, that he would
+never suffer them to be sacrificed to Britain, but on the contrary
+would with constancy maintain the friendship he had professed for
+them. That Britain had in vain attempted to deceive Spain; that Mr
+Cumberland had been sent here for that express purpose, but that,
+however possible it might be for Britain to vanquish, she would never
+be able to deceive Spain; that he wished Congress had been more
+disposed to oblige the King. He knew indeed that opposition in
+sentiments must necessarily prevail in public bodies, but that he
+hoped for the best. That I ought to preach to them forcibly, for that
+he thought a good preacher (_un bon predicateur_,) would do much good,
+thereby intimating, as I understood it, that Congress were not
+sufficiently apprised of the importance of Spain, and the policy of
+complying with her demands.
+
+To all this I briefly remarked, that his Excellency's knowledge of
+American affairs must convince him, that it was not in their power to
+give his Majesty other proofs of their attachment than what they had
+already done, and that if he alluded to the affair of the Mississippi,
+I could only add one remark to those which I had often made to him on
+that head, viz. that even if a desire of gratifying his Majesty should
+ever incline Congress to yield to him a point so essential to their
+interest, yet it still remained a question whether new delays and
+obstacles to a treaty would not arise to postpone it.
+
+The Count smiled, said he always spoke frankly, and that whenever I
+should announce to him my having authority to yield that point, I
+might depend on his being explicit, and candid, but as matters stood
+at present, he could say nothing on that head. He then informed me,
+that M. Gardoqui would set out for America the beginning of June. He
+said it might be in my power to furnish some useful hints and
+observations relative to the objects and conduct of his mission,
+adding that he reposed full confidence in me, and wished that I would
+also consider whether there were any particular reasons which might
+render it advisable, either to hasten or retard his going.
+
+I suspected there was too much meaning in all this to admit of my
+entering into these discussions without time for further reflection;
+and, therefore, without seeming to avoid it, I told the Count I was
+happy to hear, that M. Gardoqui was so near his departure. That I
+considered myself much honored by his requesting my remarks relative
+to it, and that I was sure Congress would draw agreeable conclusions
+from his mission. That I should write by him to Congress, and as they
+would expect to learn from me the precise character in which they were
+to receive, and consider him, it became necessary, that his Excellency
+should favor me with that information, as well to enable me to
+transmit the proper advices to Congress, as to make the remarks which
+he had done me the honor to request. That I conceived this to be the
+more indispensable, because if M. Gardoqui should carry no public
+testimonials from this Court to Congress, he could only be considered
+by them as a private gentleman, and all his intercourse with Congress
+would of consequence be subjected to all the inconveniences resulting
+from it.
+
+This topic carried the conversation off the delicate ground to which
+the Count had led it. He admitted the propriety of my being exactly
+apprized of the nature of M. Gardoqui's commission, said that as yet
+it was not decided, and therefore for the present could only give me
+his opinion of what it would probably be.
+
+He observed that circumstances did not render it proper, that he
+should go as Minister, though perhaps it might he proper to give him
+contingent powers. That it was the common practice, where Courts sent
+to each other persons charged with their affairs, in a character below
+that of Minister, to give no other credentials than a letter of
+advice from the Minister of the Court sending to the Minister of the
+Court receiving the person in question. That the same practice was
+about to be pursued by Spain towards Prussia, and had been observed in
+other instances; therefore, he believed the like method would be
+adopted in this case. That if it should be purposed to give M.
+Gardoqui a letter authenticating his being an agent of Spain, it would
+be either to the President, or the Secretary of Congress, and asked me
+which of the two would be the most proper.
+
+Whether he really was uninformed on this point, or whether he asked
+the question merely to try my candor, cannot easily be determined. I
+told him honestly, that Congress had no Secretary or Minister of State
+for general purposes, nor for foreign affairs particularly, and that
+neither the President nor Secretary of Congress could regularly be
+considered in that light. That there was a committee of Congress,
+whose appointment came near to that of Secretary for foreign affairs,
+but that I had heard Congress were about establishing a more proper
+and regular mode of conducting the affairs committed to that
+committee, and had perhaps already done it. That therefore it was
+difficult for me to give his Excellency a clear and decided opinion on
+the subject, and the more so as the letters which I daily expected to
+receive from the President, and which probably contained exact
+information relative to this very matter, had not yet come to my
+hands. He seemed very well satisfied, and extended his civilities so
+far as to say, that if at any time the warmth of his temper had led
+him into any harshness of expression, he hoped I would forget it. I
+told him, and that was the fact, that I did not recollect any part of
+his behavior to me, which required that apology. He desired me to wait
+upon him again on the Wednesday next.
+
+As to the instructions of the 15th of February, I had every reason to
+wish it had been a secret to the Ministry. The propriety of them is a
+subject without my province. To give decided opinions of the views and
+designs of Courts always appeared to me hazardous, especially as they
+often change, and as different men will often draw different
+conclusions from the same facts. This consideration has constantly
+induced me to state facts accurately and minutely to Congress, and
+leave them to judge for themselves, and be influenced only by their
+own opinions.
+
+I could not forbear, however, seeing the danger to which the proviso
+contained in that instruction exposed me. I have no reason to flatter
+myself, that, more fortunate than others, the propriety and policy of
+my conduct will not be drawn, at least impliedly, into doubt. If I
+should, on a persuasion that this cession would be unalterably
+insisted upon by Spain, yield that point, I am certain that many
+little half-created doubts and questions would be cast into, and
+cultivated in America. If, on the other hand, I should be of opinion
+that this point could be gained, and the event prove otherwise, it
+would soon be whispered, what rich supplies and golden opportunities
+the United States had lost by my obstinacy.
+
+I permitted my mind to dwell on these considerations, merely that I
+might, by the utmost degree of circumspection, endeavor to render the
+uprightness and propriety of my conduct as evident as possible.
+
+My only difficulty arose from this single question. Whether I could
+prudently risk acting on a presumption, either that Spain did not
+already, or would not soon be acquainted with the contents of this
+instruction. If such a presumption had been admissible, I should,
+without the least hesitation, have played the game a little further,
+keeping this instruction in my hand as a trump card, to prevent a
+separate peace between Spain and Britain, in case such an event should
+otherwise prove inevitable. Had Spain been at peace with our enemies,
+and offered to acknowledge, guaranty, and fight for our independence,
+provided we would yield them this point, (as once seemed to be the
+case) I should, for my own part, have no more hesitation about it now
+than I had then. But Spain being now at war with Great Britain, to
+gain her own objects, she doubtless will prosecute it full as
+vigorously as if she fought for our objects. There was and is little
+reason to suppose that such a cession would render her exertions more
+vigorous, or her aids to us much more liberal. The effect, which an
+alliance between Spain and America would have on Britain and other
+nations, would certainly be in our favor, but whether more so than the
+free navigation of the Mississippi is less certain. The cession of
+this navigation will, in my opinion, render a future war with Spain
+unavoidable, and I shall look upon my subscribing to the one as fixing
+the certainty of the other.
+
+I say I should have played this game a little further, if the
+presumption before mentioned had been admissible, because it has
+uniformly been my opinion, that if after sending me here Congress had
+constantly avoided all questions about the Mississippi, and appeared
+to consider that point as irrevocable, Spain would have endeavored to
+purchase it by money, or a free port, but as her hopes of a change in
+the opinion of Congress were excited, and kept alive by successive
+accounts of debates, and intended debates on that question, and as
+Congress by drawing bills without previous funds had painted their
+distress for want of money in very strong colors, Spain began to
+consider America as a petitioner, and treated her accordingly. But as
+by the intervention of Dr Franklin, our bills for near six months were
+safe, and as after this resolution of the 15th of February, there was
+reason to expect that the subject of it would not soon be resumed in
+Congress, I should, in case I could have depended on this
+instruction's being and remaining a secret, have thought it my duty to
+have given the United States a fair trial for the Mississippi, or at
+least for a free port near it. With this view I should have appeared
+to give myself no concern about the bills, applied for no aids, made
+no offers, and on all proper occasion have treated an alliance with
+Spain as an event, which, though wished for by us, was not essential
+to our safety, and as the price demanded for it appeared to us
+unreasonable, it was not probable we should agree. I think we should
+then have been courted in our turn, especially as the Minister was
+very desirous of having our men-of-war on the stocks, and that thus
+dealing with them on terms of equality, would have produced some
+concessions on their part, as inducements to greater ones on ours. I
+am persuaded in my own mind, that prudent self-respect is absolutely
+necessary to those nations, who would wish to be treated properly by
+this Court, and I have not the least doubt but that almost any spirit
+will prosper more here, than that of humility and compliance. I had no
+doubt but that this plan of conduct would have been perfectly
+consistent with that part of the instruction, which orders me to make
+every possible effort to obtain from his Catholic Majesty the use of
+the river aforesaid, &c. For whatever might have been, or may be, my
+private sentiments, they shall never in mere questions of policy
+influence me to deviate from those of Congress.
+
+But on the other hand there being abundant circumstantial evidence to
+induce a firm persuasion, that the Ministry were well acquainted with
+the contents of this instruction, this plan would have been idle. The
+moment they saw that the cession of this navigation was made to depend
+upon their persevering to insist upon it, it became absurd to suppose,
+that they would cease to persevere. All that remained for me therefore
+to do was, in the next conference to break this subject as decently as
+possible, and in such a manner as would account for my not having
+mentioned this instruction at our last meeting.
+
+On Wednesday evening, the 23d of May, I waited upon the Count
+agreeably to his appointment. The Count seemed a little hurried in his
+spirits, and behaved as if he wished I had not come. He asked me
+rather abruptly, if I had anything particular to communicate to him,
+and whether I had received any further letters. I told him I had
+received some private ones from L'Orient, but that none from the
+President of Congress had as yet, reached me, though I had reason to
+expect one by that opportunity, as well as by the vessel lately
+arrived at Cadiz. I informed him of my having received from Mr
+Harrison a copy of his memorial to the Governor of Cadiz, complaining
+that letters brought for him by the Virginia, from Philadelphia, had
+been stopped at the gates, on pretence, that they must agreeably to an
+ordinance for that purpose be put into the post office, and charged
+with the like postage as if brought from Spanish America. He said he
+had not yet received a copy of the memorial, but that there was such
+an ordinance, and that it was highly proper the admission of letters
+into the kingdom, especially in time of war, should be under the
+direction of government. That letters from North America rendered new
+regulations necessary, and that he would turn his thoughts to this
+subject, and do what should appear equitable. This was another proof
+of what I before suspected, and looked like an indirect apology for
+opening my letters.
+
+It surprised me a little that he said nothing of the remarks he had
+desired me to make on M. Gardoqui's going to America, especially as he
+had appointed this meeting for that purpose. To give him further time,
+I started a new subject, and begged he would take the earliest
+opportunity of completing the business of the Dover cutter.
+Notwithstanding all that had before passed between us about this
+affair, he affected to be very ignorant of it, and asked me a number
+of questions. I recapitulated the circumstances of the capture, my
+several applications to him on the subject, his promise finally to
+order the prize to be appraised, and the value to be paid to the
+captors, the arrival of one of them at Madrid, &c. &c. He replied,
+with some degree of quickness and perplexity, that it was not a lawful
+prize, the crew not having authority to do what they did; that he had
+sent to the Canaries for particular information respecting the value,
+&c. that two of the packet boats had been taken; that he would pay
+some gratuity to the captors, and wished I would give him another
+state of the whole case in writing, to refresh his memory, which I
+promised to do, and have since done.
+
+He then resumed the subject of the letter, which I expected from
+Congress. He expressed his regret at its not having arrived, said he
+was preparing instructions for M. Gardoqui, who would certainly depart
+in June, and that until I could give him precise information of the
+dispositions of Congress, he could not enter into any further
+conversations on the subject of the proposed treaty. I joined in
+regretting the miscarriage of my public letter, and the more so, as my
+private ones gave me reason to expect instructions, which would enable
+me to comply so far with his Majesty's views, as that I hoped no
+further delays would intervene to prevent a perfect union between
+Spain and the United States. That my correspondence had given me to
+understand that Congress viewed the speedy accomplishment of this
+union as very important to the common cause; and, therefore, if Spain
+would consent forthwith to come into it, in that case they would
+gratify his Majesty by ceding to him the navigation of the
+Mississippi, below their territories, on reasonable terms.
+
+He replied, that he earnestly desired to see all difficulties on this
+point removed, but that the treaties subsisting between Spain and
+other nations, as well as the particular policy and determination of
+Spain, rendered it necessary that she should possess the exclusive
+navigation of the Gulf of Mexico. After a variety of other remarks of
+little importance, he made a very interesting observation, which will
+help us to account for the delays of the Court, viz. That all these
+affairs could with more facility be adjusted at a general peace than
+now, for that such a particular, and even secret treaty with us might
+then be made, as would be very convenient to both. That he
+nevertheless wished to know exactly the views and intentions of
+Congress, but that I must wait for the arrival of my letters, and that
+he would in the meantime finish M. Gardoqui's instructions, whose
+going to America, he did not doubt, would make a useful impression on
+the English Court. I was beginning to reply to what he said when he
+interrupted me, by mentioning his not having time at present to
+prolong the conference.
+
+Throughout the whole of this conversation, the Count appeared much
+less cordial than in the preceding one; he seemed to want
+self-possession, and to that cause I ascribe his incautiously
+mentioning the general peace as the most proper season for completing
+our political connexions. I had, nevertheless, no reason to suspect
+that this change in his behavior arose from any cause more important
+than those variations in temper and feelings, which they, who are
+unaccustomed to govern themselves often experience from changes in the
+weather, in their health, from fatigue of business, or other such like
+accidental causes.
+
+As I had not as yet received any letter from the President, either by
+the Virginia, or the vessel lately arrived at L'Orient, nor by Colonel
+Laurens, who, I was informed, had brought letters for me, I concluded
+it would be most prudent to wait ten days, or a fortnight, before I
+proceeded to act on the copy of my instruction received from Mr
+Lovell, expecting that such other letters as might then have arrived
+in France or Spain for me, would reach me in the course of that
+interval, if at all. And I determined, in case I should receive none,
+to proceed, without further loss of time, to make a formal overture to
+the Minister for a treaty on the ground of this instruction. It
+happened, however, that the Minister was so occupied during the
+remaining time that the Court staid at Aranjues, by the expedition
+preparing to sail from Cadiz, under the Duke of Crillon, and other
+matters, that it was impossible to engage a moment of his attention to
+American affairs. The removal of the Court to Madrid necessarily
+consumed some time, and as soon as they were well settled there, I
+wrote the Count the following letter; none of the letters expected
+from America having come to my hands.
+
+                   TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+                                           Madrid, July 2d, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "When Congress were pleased to order me to Spain, with the
+    commission of which I have had the honor of presenting a copy
+    to your Excellency, I left my country with the most sanguine
+    expectations, that the important objects of it would be
+    speedily accomplished. The proofs they had received of his
+    Majesty's friendship for them, the interests of a common
+    cause, and the information they had received from persons
+    whom they conceived in capacity to give it, all conspired to
+    infuse these hopes.
+
+    "On my arrival, your Excellency gave me to understand, that
+    the realising these expectations would turn on one point, and
+    I have uniformly since been informed, that this point was the
+    navigation of the Mississippi below the territories of the
+    United States, in which Congress desired to retain a common
+    right, but of which the maxims of policy adopted by his
+    Majesty required the exclusive use.
+
+    "I have now the honor of informing your Excellency, that
+    Congress, in order to manifest in the most striking manner
+    the sincerity of their professions to his Majesty, and with a
+    view that the common cause may immediately reap all the
+    advantages naturally to be expected from a cordial and
+    permanent union between France, Spain, and the United States,
+    have authorised me to agree to such terms relative to the
+    point in question, as to remove the difficulties to which it
+    has hitherto given occasion.
+
+    "Permit me, therefore, to hope, that his Majesty will now be
+    pleased to become the ally of the United States, and for that
+    purpose authorise some person or persons to adjust with me
+    the several points of compact necessary to form a union,
+    which, by being founded on mutual interest, may be no less
+    satisfactory than it certainly will be important to both
+    countries.
+
+    "Your Excellency will oblige me exceedingly, by putting it in
+    my power to give Congress early, explicit, and, let me add,
+    agreeable information of his Majesty's pleasure and
+    intentions on the subject of this letter.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+Although it was sufficiently evident, that the Court of France could
+not, for the reasons assigned in my letter to Congress, of the 6th of
+November, 1780, openly and warmly interpose their good offices to
+bring about this treaty, it nevertheless appeared to me most prudent,
+to behave on this occasion towards the Ambassador, as if I knew
+nothing of those reasons, and, therefore, sent him a copy of the
+aforegoing letter to the Minister, enclosed in one of which the
+following is a copy.
+
+                      TO THE COUNT DE MONTMORIN.
+
+                                          "Madrid, July 2d, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency herewith
+    enclosed, a copy of a letter I have this day written to his
+    Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca. I have thereby
+    informed him of my being authorised to remove the objections
+    hitherto made by the Court of Spain to a treaty of alliance
+    with the United States, and again requested that the
+    measures necessary for the purpose may now be taken.
+
+    "Permit me to request, that the favorable interposition of
+    our kind and generous ally with his Catholic Majesty may be
+    exerted to commence the proposed negotiation, and bring it to
+    a speedy and happy conclusion.
+
+    "The confidence justly reposed by America in the amity and
+    assurances of his Most Christian Majesty, forbid me to urge
+    this request by any arguments, (persuasives being indelicate,
+    when not warranted by doubts of inclination.) I am happy in
+    reflecting, that his instructions on this subject are
+    committed to the execution of a Minister, from whose
+    attachment, as well as from whose talents and address, the
+    American cause may expect to derive advantage.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+The instructions above alluded to are those, which Count de Vergennes,
+in his letter to me of the 13th of March, 1780, assures me should be
+sent to their Ambassador here. I must confess to Congress, that I very
+much doubt his ever having received any other instructions, than
+generally to favor the treaty, and to manage his interference in such
+a delicate manner, as, without alarming the pride of Spain, to give
+both parties reason to think themselves obliged.
+
+The French Ambassador sent me no answer to this letter, which, in my
+opinion, gives a greater degree of probability to my conjectures. I
+must, nevertheless, do him the justice to say that I have great reason
+to believe him to be in sentiment, and with sincere attachment, a
+friend to our cause; and that he considers the honor and interest of
+France deeply concerned in the success and support of it.
+
+On the 11th of July, having received no answer from the Minister, I
+waited upon him. He told me, he had received my letter, but that the
+short time the Court would remain at Madrid, and the multiplicity of
+business that he was obliged to despatch, would not admit of his
+attending to our affairs till after the arrival of the Court at St
+Ildefonso. He then informed me, that a vessel had arrived at Cadiz,
+which had brought despatches for me, and that his courier had brought
+them to Madrid. He then delivered me a number of letters, among which
+was one from his Excellency the President, of the 28th of May
+last.[32]
+
+I need not observe, that all these letters bore evident marks of
+inspection, for that has uniformly been the case with almost every
+letter I have received.
+
+I do not recollect to have ever received a letter that gave me more
+real pleasure. When I considered, that almost the whole time since I
+left America had afforded me little else than one continued series of
+painful perplexities and embarrassments, many of which I neither
+expected, nor ought to have met with; that I had been engaged in
+intricate and difficult negotiations, often at a loss to determine
+where the line of prudence was to be found, and constantly exposed by
+my particular situation to the danger of either injuring the dignity
+and interest of my country on the one hand, or trespassing on the
+overrated respectability and importance of this Court, on the other; I
+say, Sir, that on considering these things, the approbation of
+Congress gave me most singular and cordial satisfaction.
+
+I was also happy to perceive from this letter, that the plan of my
+late letters to the Minister and French Ambassador, of the 2d of July,
+above recited, happens to correspond exactly with the views of
+Congress, respecting the manner of conducting this negotiation.
+
+It appearing to me, that the communication I was directed to make to
+this Court could not be better made than in the very words of this
+letter, which seemed exceedingly well calculated for the purpose, I
+recited them in a letter, which I wrote two days afterwards to the
+Minister, viz.
+
+                   TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+                                         Madrid, July 13th, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have now the honor of communicating to your Excellency a
+    copy of certain instructions I have just received from
+    Congress, dated the 28th of May, 1781, and which were
+    included in the despatches, which your Excellency was so
+    obliging as to deliver to me the evening before the last,
+    viz.
+
+    "It is their instruction, that you continue to acknowledge on
+    all suitable occasions, the grateful impression made on these
+    States by the friendly disposition manifested towards them by
+    his Catholic Majesty, and particularly by the proofs given of
+    it in the measures which he has taken, and which it is hoped
+    he will further take for preserving their credit, and for
+    aiding them with a supply of clothing for their army.
+
+    "You are also authorised and instructed to disavow in the
+    most positive and explicit terms, any secret understanding or
+    negotiation between the United States and Great Britain, to
+    assure his Catholic Majesty that such insinuations have no
+    other source than the insidious designs of the common enemy,
+    and that as the United States have the highest confidence in
+    the honor and good faith, both of his Most Christian and his
+    Catholic Majesty, so it is their inviolable determination to
+    take no step, which shall depart in the smallest degree from
+    their engagements with either.'
+
+    "It gives me pleasure to observe that these instructions
+    confirm, in the fullest manner, the assurances and
+    professions I have heretofore made to your Excellency
+    respecting the sentiments and dispositions of the United
+    States, and I flatter myself that his Majesty will be pleased
+    to consider the assurances they contain, as receiving
+    unquestionable proofs of sincerity from the offer I have
+    already made to confirm them by deeds, no less important to
+    the interests than, I hope, consistent with the views and
+    desires of his Majesty.
+
+    "I cannot omit this occasion of presenting my congratulations
+    on the success of his Majesty's arms at Pensacola. This event
+    cannot fail of being followed by important consequences to
+    the common cause, and may perhaps induce the enemy to expect
+    greater advantages from concluding a reasonable peace, than
+    continuing to protract an unrighteous war.
+
+    "Having understood, shortly after receiving my letters from
+    your Excellency, that the Court had also received despatches
+    from Philadelphia, I presumed that the communication of any
+    gazettes from thence, which indeed contain all the
+    intelligence I have, would be useless, and therefore did not
+    send them; but on considering that it was possible that the
+    papers I had might be of later date than those which your
+    Excellency might otherwise receive, I now take the liberty of
+    enclosing two, which contain accounts somewhat interesting.
+    If they should be new to your Excellency, I beg that their
+    not being sooner sent will receive an apology from the
+    abovementioned circumstance; and that your Excellency will
+    remain assured of the perfect respect and consideration with
+    which I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+I also took the earliest opportunity of mentioning to the Ambassador
+of France, that my letters from America gave me reason to believe that
+our union was daily growing more warm and intimate, and that Congress,
+in writing of their affairs here, had expressed themselves in the
+strongest terms of attachment to his Most Christian Majesty, and not
+only approved of my communicating freely and confidentially with his
+Ambassador here, but also directed me in express terms to endeavor, in
+the course of my negotiations, to include and promote the interests of
+France.
+
+The Ambassador was much pleased. He told me his letters assured him
+that the best understanding subsisted between the French and American
+troops, and that much good might be expected from the increasing
+harmony and intercourse between the two countries.
+
+The Court removed to St Ildefonso without the Minister's having either
+given any instructions to M. Gardoqui, answered my abovementioned
+letters, or taken the least notice of my late representations to them
+about the Dover cutter, &c.
+
+The events of the campaign were as yet undecided, and little money in
+the treasury.
+
+On the 21st of July the Minister wrote me the following note, in which
+there was ample field left open for procrastination.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca presents his compliments to Mr
+    Jay, and has the honor of acquainting him, that he has duly
+    received his two letters of the 2d and 13th instant. The
+    short stay of the Court at Madrid allowing time only to
+    despatch the most pressing business, the Count de Florida
+    Blanca has not been able to take into consideration the
+    points, which form the object of the abovementioned letters.
+    He proposes therefore to do it at present, in order to render
+    an account thereof to the King, and in the meanwhile he has
+    the honor to repeat to Mr Jay the assurances of the most
+    perfect esteem and consideration.
+
+    "_St Ildefonso, July 21st, 1781._"
+
+On the 4th of August, I arrived here. I did not see the Minister till
+the 8th, he being, as I was told, from home. He had made no
+communications to the King. He had been sick; he had been busy, and
+was so still. I requested to be informed when it would be most
+convenient to him to confer with me on the subject of my late letters,
+and to give me such information relative to his Majesty's intentions,
+as he might be prepared to communicate to me. He answered, that he
+could not then fix a time, being exceedingly hurried by pressing
+business. He asked how long I proposed to stay, I told him till the
+Court removed. He then promised to take an early opportunity of
+conferring with me on the subject of our affairs, and promised to send
+me word when he should be ready to receive me.
+
+I remained in this state of suspense and expectation until the 18th of
+August, when having been for a week past very much indisposed with a
+fever and dysentery, and fearing lest that circumstance might become a
+ground of delay, I wrote the Count word, "that my health would permit
+me to wait upon his Excellency at any time and place he might do me
+the honor to name." He replied two days afterwards, in a manner which
+indicated his supposing I had gone to Madrid and had returned. He must
+have known better, for none of my family had been absent from hence,
+and one or other of them were almost daily about the palace and
+gardens.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca is charmed to learn, that Mr Jay
+    has sufficiently recovered from his last indisposition to
+    make the journey from Madrid to this place, and thanks him
+    for his attention in communicating it to him.
+
+    "The very pressing business with which he finds himself at
+    present surrounded does not permit him to fix the day for a
+    conference with Mr Jay, but the moment he shall be a little
+    disengaged, he will have the honor to advise Mr Jay of it.
+
+    "_St Ildefonso, August 20th, 1781._"
+
+On the 22d I sent him a note enclosing a newspaper, which contained an
+account of General Greene's operations, the capture of Fort Watson,
+&c.
+
+The Count answered this note by another, expressing his thanks for the
+intelligence, but not a word of a conference.
+
+On the 30th of August Major Franks arrived here with interesting
+despatches, of which I must not here take notice, lest I interrupt
+the thread of this letter, which I devote particularly to the affair
+of our negotiations for a treaty.
+
+There was indeed among these despatches a very sensible letter from Mr
+R. Morris to me about money matters,[33] &c. excellently well
+calculated for being shown entire to the Minister.
+
+I consulted with the French Ambassador on the propriety of giving the
+Minister a copy of it. He advised me to do it, and much commended the
+letter. As it might have suffered from being carelessly translated, I
+had it put into very good French.
+
+I was very glad to see the Major. The nature of the despatches he
+brought being a secret occasioned speculation, and gave me an
+opportunity of drawing further advantages from his arrival. His
+accounts of American affairs were favorable to us, and the manner of
+his behavior and conversation has not done discredit to himself, nor
+prejudice to his country.
+
+The Ambassador of France having assured me that the Minister had
+really been a good deal indisposed, I thought it would be best to
+write him a letter in a style somewhat adapted to his situation. He
+certainly appears to be fatigued, and worn down by business. He looks
+as I have seen some members of Congress look, after two years'
+attendance.
+
+                   TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+                               "St Ildefonso, September 3d, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "When I consider that the delicate state of your Excellency's
+    health demands a greater degree of leisure and relaxation,
+    than the various business of your office will permit, it is
+    with great reluctance, that I can prevail upon myself to
+    remind your Excellency, that since our conference at
+    Aranjues, the affairs of the United States at this Court have
+    made no progress.
+
+    "The short residence of his Majesty at Madrid, I am
+    persuaded, made it necessary to postpone the discussion of
+    these affairs to this place; and since my arrival here on the
+    4th of August last, I have daily flattered myself with being
+    enabled to communicate to Congress his Majesty's pleasure on
+    the important subjects, which by their order I have had the
+    honor of laying before your Excellency.
+
+    "It has also for some time past been my duty to have
+    requested your Excellency's attention to some other objects,
+    which, though of less public importance, are nevertheless
+    interesting to individuals, as well as to the commercial
+    intercourse of the two countries, but it did not appear to be
+    consistent with the respect due to your Excellency to solicit
+    your attention to new objects, while this former remained
+    undespatched for want of time.
+
+    "It would give me great pleasure to have it in my power to
+    regulate all my applications by your Excellency's
+    convenience, and though I am happy to see the connexion
+    between our two countries daily increasing, yet as that
+    circumstance will naturally render necessary applications to
+    government more frequent, I fear the duties of my situation
+    will often press me to be troublesome to your Excellency.
+
+    "On Friday evening last I received some important despatches
+    from Congress, which I shall do myself the honor of
+    communicating at any time, which your Excellency may be
+    pleased to name. The gentleman who brought them, will after
+    passing on to Paris, return immediately to Philadelphia, and
+    will with pleasure execute any orders which your Excellency
+    may honor him with, for either of those places. His stay here
+    will be but short. As soon as I can ascertain the day of his
+    departure, your Excellency shall have immediate notice of it.
+    As Congress will naturally expect to receive by him
+    particular information respecting their affairs here, I
+    cannot forbear expressing how anxious I am to make him the
+    bearer of welcome tidings; and permit me to hope, that your
+    Excellency's sensibility will suggest an apology for the
+    solicitude which appears in this letter.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, with great respect, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+On the 5th, I received the following answer, viz.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca has been much mortified not to
+    be able to receive the visit of Mr Jay, not only on account
+    of the too pressing business, which has engaged all his time,
+    but also by reason of the indisposition he has suffered, and
+    still suffers.
+
+    "Although he be not in a situation to engage in long and
+    serious conferences for the reasons abovementioned, he will,
+    nevertheless, be charmed to converse a moment with Mr Jay,
+    one of those leisure evenings when there is no business with
+    the King; in which case, Mr Jay may, if he thinks proper,
+    bring with him the officer in question.
+
+    "Saturday, for instance, towards eight o'clock, the interview
+    may take place."
+
+    _Wednesday, the 5th of September._
+
+Your Excellency will be pleased to observe, that the Minister in the
+above note intimates a desire that I should bring Major Franks with
+me. I thought it best to do so; but lest his presence should be a
+check upon business, and as it was natural to suppose, that the Count
+would begin by asking him questions about our affairs, I desired the
+Major to relate to him the impression made in America by that article
+in the capitulation of Pensacola, which permitted the garrison to go
+to New York. I also desired the Major to retire into the ante-chamber
+and leave me alone with the Minister, as soon as the latter should
+appear to have finished with him.
+
+At the time appointed, viz. the evening of the 8th of September, we
+waited upon the Minister.
+
+The Count received us very politely. He spoke much of his want of
+health, and how greatly it incapacitated him for business. He then
+asked the Major several questions about our military operations. The
+Major answered them clearly, and, in speaking of the proposed siege of
+New York, very naturally introduced an account of the surprise and
+apprehensions occasioned by the permission given to the Pensacola
+garrison to join that of New York. The Count confessed it was ill
+done; said it was very unexpected, and that they ought to have been
+sent to Europe; that the like should not happen in future, and that
+proper orders upon that subject should be despatched to their
+Generals. He then observed, that our fears were not altogether well
+founded, for that those troops were restrained by the capitulation
+from taking arms against the allies of Spain till exchanged, and could
+not operate against our troops without also operating against those of
+France, who were joined with them, and who, it was well known, were
+the allies of Spain. The Major replied, that it was feared that the
+enemy would attempt to evade this reasoning, by insisting that the
+French troops in America were only to be considered as auxiliaries to
+the United States, and that though that argument might be fallacious,
+yet, that in matters affecting America, the enemy had invariably
+neglected good faith, whenever they found it convenient.
+
+The Count asked how long the Major would stay here. I told him, that I
+only detained him in expectation of being soon enabled by his
+Excellency to write something decisive by him to Congress on the
+subjects under his consideration. He said he hoped in the course of
+next week to enter into serious conferences with me on those subjects,
+and that he would give me notice of the day. He offered to give the
+Major letters to the Spanish Ambassador at Paris, and to do him any
+other services in his power. He then rose from his chair in a manner
+indicating indisposition, said he was unable to do business, and that
+M. Del Campo should inform me when it would be convenient for him that
+I should see him again. I expressed my regret at his illness, and gave
+him the French translation of Mr Morris's letter, adding, that I had
+intended to offer him some remarks on the subject of it. He said he
+would read it with pleasure. He spoke of Mr Morris's appointment, and
+after conversing a few minutes about the good consequences expected
+from it, and of the services done by that gentleman to Spain, in some
+business they had committed to his care, we parted.
+
+Thus this conference ended as fruitless as the last.
+
+Eight days elapsed. I heard nothing from the Minister. He was daily at
+Court, and every evening took his ride.
+
+I repeatedly mentioned and complained of these delays to the French
+Ambassador. He regretted them, promised to speak to the Minister on
+the subject; but, I believe, did not. I appeared much dissatisfied,
+though not with him; and told him, that if Major Franks returned to
+America with no other intelligence than that of repeated delays, it
+was more than probable that Congress would be much hurt, as well as
+much disappointed. He had the same fears, and advised me to detain the
+Major.
+
+It became in my opinion important, that the Minister, as well as the
+French Ambassador, should be seriously apprehensive of my dismissing
+the Major with letters, that would render Congress very little
+disposed to make sacrifices to this Court. The manner of doing this
+required some caution. I could think of nothing better than to prepare
+a letter to the Minister, and send the Ambassador a fair copy of my
+draft for his consideration and advice.
+
+The following are copies of that letter, and of the one I sent with it
+to the Ambassador.
+
+                      TO THE COUNT DE MONTMORIN.
+
+                             "St Ildefonso, September 16th, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "The paper herewith enclosed is the draft of a letter, which
+    I think of writing to his Excellency, the Count de Florida
+    Blanca.
+
+    "The subject, as well as the occasion, demands that dexterous
+    and delicate management, of which they only are capable, who
+    possess an accurate judgment and much experience in affairs
+    of this kind.
+
+    "I am happy, therefore, that on such occasions I can avoid
+    the risk of committing errors, by recurring to your friendly
+    advice. Without compliment, but with sincerity,
+
+    I am, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+                   TO THE COUNT DE FLORIDA BLANCA.
+
+    "Whatever may be the issue of the American revolution,
+    whether that country shall continue independent, or be doomed
+    to reunite her power with that of Great Britain, the good
+    will and affection of the people of North America cannot in
+    either case be unimportant to their neighbors; nor will the
+    impressions made upon their minds by the benefits or
+    injuries, which they may receive from other nations in the
+    course of their present struggles, ever cease to have a
+    certain degree of influence on their future conduct.
+
+    "Various circumstances led Congress at an early period to
+    suppose, that the Court of Spain had wisely and generously
+    determined to take a decided part in their favor. The
+    supplies granted to them by his Catholic Majesty, soon after
+    the British armies became numerous in America, spoke this
+    language in strong terms, and the assurances repeatedly given
+    me by your Excellency, that his Majesty would firmly support
+    their cause, and never consent to their being reduced to the
+    subjection of Britain, left no room to doubt of his friendly
+    disposition and intentions towards them.
+
+    "Many obvious considerations prompted Congress to desire,
+    that an intimate connexion might speedily be established
+    between the two countries by such treaties as would take from
+    the enemy every prospect of success, and secure to Spain and
+    the United States the permanent enjoyment of mutual
+    advantages and reciprocal attachment. With this view Congress
+    were pleased to send me to Spain, and the first letter I had
+    the honor of receiving from your Excellency gave me reason to
+    believe, that the object of my mission was not displeasing
+    to his Majesty; unavoidable and long delays were,
+    nevertheless, created by differences respecting a certain
+    important right, which America wished to retain. So strong,
+    however, was the reliance of Congress on his Majesty's
+    assurances of support, and such was their disposition to
+    render the proposed treaties consistent with his
+    inclinations, that they have since agreed to remove the only
+    obstacle, which seemed to prevent his Majesty from realising
+    those assurances by substantial aids and an open declaration
+    of his intentions.
+
+    "But unfortunately for America, and perhaps for the general
+    cause, the delays in question have not ceased with the cause
+    to which they were ascribed, and although the confidence
+    reposed by Congress in his Majesty's assurances will not
+    permit them to doubt of his determination to support their
+    independence, yet the silent inattention, with which their
+    offers to remove the former obstacle to a treaty have long
+    laid unanswered, must appear to them as being very singular.
+    Your Excellency has indeed repeatedly promised me to name a
+    time when I should have an opportunity of conferring with you
+    on that and other subjects submitted to your consideration,
+    but it constantly happened that the expectations excited by
+    these promises proved abortive.
+
+    "Knowing that Congress would expect to receive by the return
+    of Major Franks particular information respecting their
+    affairs here, I was anxious to send them some intelligence
+    more welcome than I have reason to think a detail of delays
+    and procrastination would be, in a season when they would be
+    indulging the most flattering expectations from the measures
+    they had taken to gratify his Majesty. For this reason I
+    informed your Excellency, that I should detain Major Franks
+    for the present, and your Excellency promised me on the 8th
+    instant, that you would appoint some time in the ensuing week
+    for entering into a serious conference about these matters,
+    and that M. Del Campo should give me notice of it. That week,
+    however, has passed away without having been witness to any
+    such notice or conference.
+
+    "I think your Excellency will do me the justice to
+    acknowledge that the utmost respect, delicacy, and patience,
+    have been observed in all my transactions with your
+    Excellency, and therefore I cannot forbear hinting that my
+    constituents are at least entitled to that species of
+    attention, which the most dignified sovereigns usually pay to
+    the friendly propositions of such States, as solicit either
+    their aid or alliance in a decent manner, viz. a candid
+    answer.
+
+    "I am sensible that Spain possesses a higher degree on the
+    scale of national importance than the United States, and I
+    can readily admit, that the friendship of this Court is of
+    more immediate consequence to America, than that of America
+    to the Spanish empire. But as his Catholic Majesty and his
+    Ministers doubtless extend their views beyond the present
+    moment, it would ill become me to remark, how essential it is
+    to the happiness of neighboring nations, that their conduct
+    towards each other should be actuated by such passions and
+    sentiments only, as naturally tend to establish and
+    perpetuate harmony and good will between them. Most certain
+    it is, that in whatever manner the negotiations between Spain
+    and North America may terminate, various good or evil
+    consequences will in future naturally and necessarily flow
+    from it to both.
+
+    "There is good reason to believe, that the apparent
+    indecision of Spain, relative to an open acknowledgment of
+    the independence of the United States, has inspired other
+    nations with doubts and conjectures unfavorable to the
+    American cause, and on the other hand, it is more than
+    probable that, if his Catholic Majesty would be pleased to
+    declare to the world, that the United States were his allies,
+    and that he had given his royal word to support their
+    independence, Holland and many other nations would follow his
+    example.
+
+    "On such an event, also, it might not be difficult to form a
+    permanent alliance between France, Spain, the Dutch and the
+    United States, and thereby not only prevent a separate peace
+    between the Dutch and English, but effectually reduce the
+    latter to reasonable terms of general pacification.
+
+    "The limits of a letter forbid my enlarging on these topics.
+    The eyes of America, and indeed of all Europe, are turned
+    towards Spain. It is in the power of his Catholic Majesty to
+    increase his friends and humble his enemies. I will only add
+    my most sincere wishes, that the annals of America may inform
+    succeeding generations, that the wisdom, constancy, and
+    generous protection of his Catholic Majesty, Charles the
+    Third, and of his Minister, the Count de Florida Blanca, are
+    to be ranked among the causes that insured success to a
+    revolution, which posterity will consider as one of the most
+    important and interesting events in modern history.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+The Ambassador called upon me in the evening to answer my letter.
+
+He observed, that the delays of which I complained were not singular,
+but that others, and even himself, experienced the like. That he had
+reason to believe this Court were really disposed to treat with us,
+though the time when might be doubtful. That the remarks made in the
+draft of my intended letter were but too just; that he feared they
+would give offence; that at any rate, he thought I had better postpone
+it, and for the present write one less pointed, and more laconic. We
+had much conversation on the subject, unnecessary to repeat. It ended
+in my consenting to pursue his advice.
+
+It is observable, that he did not offer to return me the draft of this
+letter, though I had agreed to suppress it.
+
+The letter which, agreeable to the Ambassador's advice, I substituted
+in the place of the other, is in these words, viz.
+
+                            St Ildefonso, September 17th, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "A reluctance to despatch Major Franks without transmitting
+    by him to Congress the information they expect to receive, on
+    the subject I have had the honor of submitting to your
+    Excellency's consideration, has induced me hitherto to detain
+    him, especially as I was encouraged to hope that your
+    Excellency would have found leisure last week for entering
+    into serious conference with me on those important points.
+    The same reluctance prevails upon me to detain him another
+    week, and I think it my duty to inform your Excellency that
+    he will set out on Saturday next.
+
+    "I need not remark to your Excellency, that if the letter I
+    may then write by him should not contain the desired
+    intelligence, Congress will naturally be led to apprehend
+    that their expectations of forming an intimate union with
+    Spain were not well founded.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+On the 19th, I received the following answer.
+
+                            Translation.
+
+    "The Count de Florida Blanca would have been charmed to have
+    had it in his power to have a long conference with Mr Jay, if
+    his ordinary indispositions had not prevented him; he will,
+    therefore, have the honor to see him this evening about eight
+    o'clock, if Mr Jay will give himself the trouble of waiting
+    on him, either alone or with Major Franks, and in
+    communicating to the King the result of their conference, he
+    will endeavor to prevail on his Majesty to name some other
+    person to confer with Mr Jay in case of need, in order to
+    avoid, as much as possible, the embarrassments which Mr Jay
+    has hitherto experienced.
+
+    _Wednesday, 19th of September, 1781._"
+
+I waited upon the Count at the time appointed. The following is a copy
+of my notes of that conference.
+
+    _Notes of a Conference held at St Ildefonso, on Wednesday
+      Evening, the 19th of September, 1781, between his
+      Excellency, the Count de Florida Blanca, and Mr Jay,
+      agreeably to the appointment of the former._
+
+The Count introduced the conference by asking for Major Franks, and
+why Mr Jay did not bring him with him. Mr Jay answered, that as Major
+Franks was not charged with the transaction of any business with his
+Excellency, and had, at a former interview, answered such questions
+relative to American affairs as the Count had thought proper to ask
+him, Mr Jay did not think his attendance on this occasion necessary,
+as he supposed his Excellency meant to enter at present into the
+discussion of the matters referred to in Mr Jay's last letter.
+
+The Count then proceeded to enumerate the various obstacles arising
+from his ill health, the multiplicity of business, which had so long
+subjected Mr Jay to the delays he had hitherto experienced, and which,
+for his part, he could not but regret; that agreeable to his promise
+made to Mr Jay soon after his arrival, and frequently afterwards
+repeated, he had attempted to commit to paper his sentiments on the
+various points on which the proposed treaties must turn, and although
+he had made some progress in it, he had, for the reasons
+abovementioned, been obliged to leave it imperfect; that daily
+experience convinced him that his official business was too extensive
+and various to admit of his application to other objects, especially
+as his indisposition often rendered it impracticable for him to pay a
+due attention to it; that he, therefore, conceived it necessary that
+some person, duly authorised to confer with Mr Jay on these subjects,
+should be appointed by his Majesty; that he intended on Sunday next to
+recommend this measure to the King, to whom he would at the same time
+communicate the copy of Mr Morris's letter to Mr Jay, which the latter
+had given him; that in order to the putting of this matter in proper
+train, it would be expedient for Mr Jay previously to commit to paper
+his ideas of the outlines of the proposed treaties, and particularly
+to state the propositions he might think proper to make relative
+thereto; that he had been informed, that the treaties between France
+and America had been preceded by the like measures; for that the
+American Commissioners had first offered a plan of propositions, and
+then M. Gerard was appointed to confer with them before those treaties
+were drawn into the state they now appear, and finally concluded. That
+the like proceedings were rendered particularly necessary in this
+case, by the variety and importance of the points necessary to be
+adjusted between Spain and America; that in forming political
+connexions between nations, constant regard must be had to their
+reciprocal interests, and care taken, by previous arrangements, to
+avoid the inconveniences which would result from any clashing of
+interest; that three great points presented themselves, as requiring
+great attention, in forming the proposed connexion between Spain and
+America.
+
+1st. The aids requested by America, as stated in Mr Morris's letter,
+were very considerable; that it would be necessary, on the part of
+Spain to determine what pecuniary aids it might be in their power to
+grant either by loan or subsidy, as well as the time, place, and
+manner of payment; for that great punctuality was requisite in such
+transactions, as well that the royal engagements might be properly
+fulfilled, as that Congress might not be subjected to inconveniences
+and disappointments; that on the part of America, it must be
+ascertained what compensation they should make, as well as the time
+and manner of doing it; and that it might be well to consider how far
+such compensation might be made in ship timber, or other productions
+of that country; that a compensation would be indispensable, for that
+the King, being only the guardian of his dominions, would not think
+himself justifiable in dispensing with the just rights of his people.
+
+2dly. That the commercial concerns of the two countries was another
+point, which would call for very accurate and important regulations.
+That so far as this commerce would respect the United States and old
+Spain, the difficulty would not be very great; for that such commerce
+being in a considerable degree permitted to other nations, America
+ought also to participate in the benefits of it. But with respect to
+the Spanish dominions in America, as all other nations were excluded
+from any direct commerce with any part of them, the United States
+could not reasonably expect to be on a better footing than other
+nations, and particularly the French, who were the near allies of
+Spain.
+
+3dly. That with respect to the proposed treaty of alliance, Mr Jay
+must be sensible, that the several engagements, which would thereby be
+rendered necessary between the parties, the matters of boundary, and
+the navigation of the Mississippi, would give occasion to several
+important articles, which ought to be maturely considered and well
+digested. To this end, he wished that Mr Jay would immediately turn
+his thoughts on these subjects, and offer him such a set of
+propositions, as might become the basis of future conferences between
+him and the person whom he expected his Majesty would appoint.
+
+The Count then took occasion to observe, that he had long wished Mr
+Jay had offered him such propositions, but that his Court had as yet
+received from Congress nothing but good words and fair assurances, and
+that though his Majesty had given them some little aids, yet they had
+discovered no disposition, by acts, to acknowledge them. Mr Jay
+reminded his Excellency of his having, at a very early day, undertaken
+to commit to paper the outlines of the proposed treaties, and that the
+constant expectations of his perfecting it, had restrained Mr Jay from
+offering anything of the like nature on the subject. That he could
+conceive of nothing in the power of Congress to do, which could more
+fully evidence their disposition to gratify his Majesty, than their
+having offered to recede from their claims to the navigation of the
+Mississippi, though the preservation of it was deemed of the highest
+importance to their constituents. The Count admitted the propriety of
+both these observations, and said he hoped that the delays, which had
+so long embarrassed Mr Jay, would soon be terminated.
+
+Mr Jay expressed his anxiety to be enabled to communicate to Congress
+some decided intelligence, respecting the aids they might expect from
+this Court; to which the Count replied, that the sum requested was
+great, the expenses of the kingdom very extensive, and the means of
+obtaining the sums necessary to defray them subject to many
+difficulties; that he would, as he had before mentioned, communicate
+Mr Morris's letter to the King, and, until that was done, he could not
+be in capacity to say anything further on the subject; that as the
+appointment of a person to confer with Mr Jay would rest with his
+Majesty, he could not say who in particular it would be, but he hoped,
+and was persuaded that it would be some person well-intentioned
+towards America; that he was the more confirmed in this expectation,
+from the friendly disposition, which the King had early and constantly
+manifested towards that country; that he would again repeat what he
+had before told Mr Jay, viz. that the King, when acting in capacity of
+mediator for a peace, had refused to permit that country to be
+sacrificed; that since the rupture with Britain, tempting and
+advantageous offers had been made to him to withdraw his protection
+from America, and conclude a separate peace; that he had rejected
+these offers, and still continued determined to support the States;
+that this conduct ought to be viewed as extremely generous, as no
+political connexions or engagements did then, or do as yet subsist
+between the two countries. Mr Jay assured his Excellency that the
+magnanimity of this conduct had made a deep impression on the people
+of America; that nothing but want of opportunity would ever prevent
+their expressing it more strongly than by words, and that the sense
+they entertained of it, had greatly influenced the late measure they
+had taken to comply with his Majesty's desires. The Count then pressed
+Mr Jay again to send him the paper above mentioned before Sunday,
+adding that he sincerely wished nothing might be wanted to put the
+business in a proper train; that for his part, he had the best
+disposition towards America, as well as personal regard for Mr Jay,
+and, after adding some complimentary expressions relative to the
+character of the latter, he concluded.
+
+I was a little surprised that the Count should expect to receive from
+me, in the course of three days, formal propositions on the several
+points stated in this conference. But it would not have been proper
+for me to desire further time.
+
+On the 22d of September, I sent him the following letter and
+propositions.
+
+                              "St Ildefonso, September 22d, 1781.
+
+      "Sir,
+
+    "I have the honor of transmitting, herewith enclosed, the
+    propositions requested by your Excellency on Wednesday
+    evening last.
+
+    "I have endeavored to render them as short and simple as
+    possible, and I flatter myself that the unreserved frankness
+    with which they are written will be no less agreeable to your
+    Excellency, than I am sure it is consistent with the desire
+    and disposition of my constituents.
+
+    "As the issue of this measure will in a great degree
+    ascertain the expectations which Congress entertain from
+    their negotiations here, and as they flatter themselves with
+    receiving information on this subject by the return of Major
+    Franks, they will doubtless excuse my detaining him another
+    week, unless your Excellency should sooner be enabled to
+    communicate to me his Majesty's pleasure relative to the
+    proposed treaty.
+
+    "Permit me to entreat your Excellency, therefore, to enable
+    me to transmit by him such intelligence to Congress, as may
+    relieve them from their present distressing doubts and
+    uncertainties.
+
+    "I sincerely hope it may be such as may make them happy in a
+    prospect of soon seeing an intimate and lasting union
+    established between France, Spain, and the United States, a
+    union which, by being raised on the solid foundation of
+    mutual interest and reciprocal advantages, may secure to each
+    the blessings of uninterrupted tranquillity. This generous
+    policy pervades the treaties already formed between his Most
+    Christian Majesty and the United States, and I am happy in
+    being persuaded, that the magnanimity of his Catholic
+    Majesty's conduct towards my country, on this and other
+    occasions, will furnish materials for some bright pages in
+    the American annals.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, Sir, &c.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+Here follow the propositions alluded to, and sent enclosed in the
+preceding letter.
+
+                              "St Ildefonso, September 22d, 1781.
+
+    "As the time allowed Mr Jay for offering such propositions,
+    as may become the basis of the proposed treaty between his
+    Catholic Majesty and the United States of North America, is
+    very short, he should fear the consequences of haste and
+    inaccuracy, if he were not persuaded that the candor, with
+    which they will be received, will secure him from the
+    inconveniences to which these circumstances might otherwise
+    expose him.
+
+    "Mr Jay presumes that it is not expected he should offer a
+    plan of a treaty drawn at length, but only general
+    propositions, which may be so modified and enlarged, as on
+    due consideration and discussion may appear expedient. With
+    this view, he begs leave to present the following as the
+    basis of a treaty of amity and alliance, viz.
+
+
+                            PROPOSITIONS.
+
+                                  I.
+
+    "There shall forever subsist an inviolable and universal
+    peace and friendship between his Catholic Majesty and the
+    United States, and the subjects and citizens of both.
+
+                                 II.
+
+    "That every privilege, exemption, and favor, with respect to
+    commerce, navigation, and personal rights, which now are, or
+    hereafter may be granted, by either, to any the most favored
+    nation, be also granted by them to each other.
+
+                                 III.
+
+    "That they mutually extend to the vessels, merchants, and
+    inhabitants of each other, all that protection, which is
+    usual and proper between friendly and allied nations.
+
+                                 IV.
+
+    "That the vessels, merchants, or other subjects of his
+    Catholic Majesty, and the United States, shall not resort to,
+    or be permitted (except in cases which humanity allows to
+    distress,) to enter into any of those ports or dominions of
+    the other, from which the most favored nation shall be
+    excluded.
+
+                                  V.
+
+    "That the following commerce be prohibited, and declared
+    contraband between the subjects of his Catholic Majesty and
+    the United States, viz.
+
+    "All such as his Catholic Majesty may think proper to
+    specify.
+
+    REMARKS. "On this proposition Mr Jay can offer nothing, but
+    an assurance of his being ready to concur in every reasonable
+    regulation that may be proposed.
+
+                                 VI.
+
+    "The United States shall relinquish to his Catholic Majesty,
+    and in future forbear to use, or attempt to use, the
+    navigation of the river Mississippi from the thirtyfirst
+    degree of north latitude, that is, from the point where it
+    leaves the United States, down to the ocean.
+
+    REMARKS. "The impression made upon the United States by the
+    magnanimity of his Majesty's conduct towards them; the
+    assistance they hope to receive from the further exertions of
+    the same magnanimity; the deep wound which an alliance with
+    so great a monarch would give to the hopes and efforts of the
+    enemy; the strong support it would afford to their
+    independence; the favorable influence which the example of
+    such a King would have on other nations, and the many other
+    great and extensive good consequences which would result at
+    this interesting period from his Majesty's taking so noble
+    and decided a part in their favor, have all conspired in
+    prevailing upon Congress to offer to relinquish in his favor,
+    the enjoyment of this territorial and national privilege, the
+    importance of which, to their constituents, can only be
+    estimated by the value they set upon his Majesty's
+    friendship.
+
+    "By this proposition, the United States offer to forego all
+    the advantages and conveniences, which nature has given to
+    the country bordering on the upper parts of that river, by
+    ceasing to export their own, and receiving in return the
+    commodities of other countries by that only channel, thereby
+    greatly reducing the value of that country, retarding its
+    settlement, and diminishing the benefits which the United
+    States would reap from its cultivation.
+
+    "Mr Jay thinks it his duty frankly to confess, that the
+    difficulty of reconciling this measure to the feelings of
+    their constituents, has appeared to Congress in a serious
+    light, and they now expect to do it, only by placing in the
+    opposite scale the gratitude due to his Catholic Majesty, and
+    the great and various advantages, which the United States
+    will derive from the acknowledgment and generous support of
+    their independence by the Spanish monarchy, at a time when
+    the vicissitudes, dangers, and difficulties of a distressing
+    war, with a powerful, obstinate, and vindictive nation,
+    renders the friendship and avowed protection of his Catholic
+    Majesty in a very particular manner interesting to them. The
+    offer of this proposition, therefore, being dictated by these
+    expectations and this combination of circumstances, must
+    necessarily be limited by the duration of them, and
+    consequently, that if the acceptance of it should, together
+    with the proposed alliance, be postponed to a general peace,
+    the United States will cease to consider themselves bound by
+    any propositions, or offers, which he may now make in their
+    behalf.
+
+    "Nor can Mr Jay omit mentioning the hopes and expectations of
+    Congress, that his Majesty's generosity and greatness of
+    mind will prompt him to alleviate, as much as possible, the
+    disadvantages to which this proposition subjects the United
+    States, by either granting them a free port, under certain
+    restrictions, in the vicinity, or by such other marks of his
+    liberality and justice, as may give him additional claims to
+    the affection and attachment of the United States.
+
+                                 VII.
+
+    "That his Catholic Majesty shall guaranty to the United
+    States all their respective territories.
+
+                                VIII.
+
+    "That the United States shall guaranty to his Catholic
+    Majesty all his dominions in North America.
+
+                               Lastly.
+
+    "As the aforegoing propositions appear to Mr Jay the most
+    essential, he omits proposing those less and subordinate
+    ones, which seem to follow of course. He therefore concludes
+    this subject with a general offer and propositions to make
+    and admit all such articles as, in the course of this
+    negotiation, shall appear conducive to the great objects of
+    the proposed treaty.
+
+    REMARKS. "Nothing on Mr Jay's part shall be wanting to
+    expedite the happy conclusion of this business, by adhering
+    constantly to the dictates of candor, frankness, and
+    unsuspecting confidence.
+
+    "He is ready to receive the treaty between the United States
+    and his Christian Majesty, as a model for this, or with such
+    alterations as, founded on the principles of reciprocity, may
+    be more agreeable to his Catholic Majesty, it being his
+    earnest desire to arrive at the important objects of his
+    mission in any way his Majesty may be pleased to prefer.
+
+    "The subject of aids, either by subsidy or loan as may be
+    most convenient to his Majesty, will require a particular
+    convention, but as the manner, extent, and terms depend on
+    his Majesty's pleasure, it is impossible for Mr Jay, without
+    some knowledge of it, to offer propositions adapted thereto.
+    All that he can at present say on that subject is, that
+    Congress are ready to do everything in their power. He will
+    not, however, endeavor to conceal their incapacity to do much
+    in the way of compensation, while the enemy shall continue to
+    make the United States the theatre of a desolating war, and
+    the object of their predatory operations. But when those
+    obstacles shall cease, it will be in their power, as well as
+    their inclination, to make retribution, and render important
+    services to his Majesty. Mr Jay will therefore continue to
+    decline attempting to induce his Majesty to take any
+    measures, however favorable to his country, by delusive
+    promises, or rash engagements; but on the other hand, he is
+    ready to enter into such reasonable ones, as he may have good
+    reason to say shall be faithfully and punctually performed.
+
+    "A particular treaty regulating the conduct to be observed by
+    his Catholic Majesty, and the United States, towards each
+    other during the war, also appears to Mr Jay important to
+    both; but as the proper plans and articles of such a treaty
+    can only result from a free conference on the subject, he can
+    upon this occasion only express his readiness to concur in
+    every provision, which may be calculated to give energy and
+    success to the operations and objects of both.
+
+                                                       JOHN JAY."
+
+Your Excellency will be pleased to observe, that among my remarks on
+the sixth proposition, I have limited the duration of the offer
+contained in it. I did this from a persuasion, that such limitation
+was not only just and reasonable in itself, but absolutely necessary
+to prevent this Court's continuing to delay a treaty to a general
+peace. Besides what the Minister dropped upon this head in his
+conference with me at Aranjues, I think it probable that they still
+wish to adhere to that idea. To me they appear desirous of avoiding
+the expense that the aids, which a treaty we should expect would
+render unavoidable, and which at present would not be very convenient
+for them. They wish to see our independence established, and yet not
+be among the first to subscribe a precedent, that may one day be
+turned against them. They wish not to exclude themselves, by any
+present engagements, from taking advantage of the chances and events
+of the war, not choosing on the one hand, that in case we sink, that
+we should be fastened to them by any particular ties, nor on the other
+hand, in case we survive the storm, to be so circumstanced as not to
+make the most of us. I think it is their design, therefore, to draw
+from us all such concessions as our present distress, and the hopes of
+aid may extort, and by protracting negotiations about the treaty,
+endeavor to avail themselves of these concessions at a future day,
+when our inducements to offer them shall have ceased. As this would
+evidently be unjust, I think the limitation in question can give them
+no offence, and I hope Congress will be pleased to communicate to me
+their sentiments on the subject.
+
+I must also remark, that after what has passed, and considering how
+well they are acquainted with my instructions, it would not only have
+been useless, but absurd, to have made these propositions otherwise
+than agreeably to those instructions.
+
+Congress may at first view be a little surprised at the extent of the
+fifth proposition, but when they compare it with the second, I am
+persuaded they will find it sufficiently restrained.
+
+In forming these propositions, it was my determination to leave them
+so free from disputed, or disputable points, as that no plausible
+pretexts for delay should arise from the face of them. I am well
+apprised, nevertheless, that in the course of the negotiation, it will
+be impossible for me to prevent their practising as much
+procrastination as they may find convenient. Almost the only hope I
+have of their seriously doing business arises from their fearing, that
+the instruction respecting the Mississippi will be recalled the moment
+that either any very decided successes on our part in America may
+render a treaty with Spain of less importance to us, or a general
+treaty of peace give us different views and prospects.
+
+These are my conjectures and opinions. Perhaps they may prove
+erroneous; as facts accompany them, Congress will be enabled to judge
+for themselves. I will add, that from everything I can hear, the King
+is honestly disposed to do us good, and were he alone to be consulted
+in this business, I believe it would soon be concluded.
+
+On the 23d of September, the foregoing propositions were to be laid
+before the King. I heard nothing further from the Minister until the
+27th, when he sent me the following note.
+
+                             Translation.
+
+    "Although the last letter of Mr Jay, accompanied with a
+    certain plan, was transmitted on Saturday in the evening to
+    the Count de Florida Blanca, and although he could not inform
+    himself of their contents until translated from the English,
+    he nevertheless did not fail to render an account thereof to
+    the King in his despatch of Sunday. His Majesty having then
+    shown himself disposed to appoint some person to confer with
+    Mr Jay, it is become necessary to prepare a suitable
+    instruction, and present it to the King for his approbation.
+    The Count de Florida Blanca flatters himself, that he shall
+    be able to arrange this affair before the departure of the
+    Count for the Escurial, and in the meanwhile, he has the
+    honor to transmit to Mr Jay a passport for Major Franks.
+
+    "_Thursday, September 27th, 1781._"
+
+I have been given to understand, though not officially, that M. Del
+Campo, the Minister's Secretary, is the person who will be appointed
+to confer with me, and though that gentleman is constantly about the
+Minister, yet it seems, that a set of formal instructions are to be
+prepared for him. When the Minister will be able to find either time
+or health to complete them is uncertain.
+
+There is reason to believe, that still less progress would have been
+made in this affair, had Major Franks not have arrived. I regret his
+detention, but hope the reasons assigned for it will be deemed
+sufficient; I am perfectly satisfied with him.
+
+Notwithstanding Congress had given me reason to expect, that the plan
+of drawing bills upon me had been laid aside, I have now bills to the
+amount of between seventy and eighty thousand dollars to pay, and no
+funds provided. What am I to do? Dr Franklin writes me, that so far from
+being able to give me further aids, he does not expect to have it in
+his power even to pay our salaries in future.
+
+From the facts stated in this letter, Congress will perceive that this
+Court neither refuse nor promise to afford us further aid. Delay is
+their system; when it will cease I cannot conjecture, for that is a
+question which I doubt whether they themselves have as yet determined.
+
+I am indebted largely to Mr Harrison for money advanced by him to
+distressed seamen. He ought to be paid, and it is so far from being in
+my power to do it, that I have been reduced to the mortifying
+necessity of desiring him for the present to hold his hand. A great
+many of this valuable class of people are confined in English gaols,
+without other means of obtaining their enlargement than by entering
+into the enemy's service. They complain bitterly of being neglected by
+their country, and I really think not without reason. Retaliation
+ought to be practised, and if we have not a sufficient number of
+marine officers and seamen in our power to make the objects of it, why
+would it be improper to substitute landsmen?
+
+As to Portugal, I have more than once spoken to the Minister on the
+subject. He admits the justice of our being treated by that as by
+other neutral nations. He has promised to interfere in our behalf, but
+nothing efficacious has yet been done. To send an agent there, could
+do no harm, and might do good; I am therefore for it. The Ambassador
+of France thinks with me, that before that step is taken, it ought to
+be confidentially communicated to this Court, and I am persuaded
+difficulties will arise from it. I shall do my best.
+
+M. Gardoqui's departure is uncertain. He is still attending the orders
+of the Court. I doubt his receiving them till the campaign closes, and
+perhaps not then.
+
+I do not despair of seeing some good result, finally, from all this
+complication of political solecisms. It would not surprise me if we
+should in the end be the gainers by them. My greatest fears are about
+the fate of the bills. If protested, for want of payment, they will
+become the source of much evil.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+_P. S._ I have this instant received a letter from Commodore Gillon,
+dated at Corunna, the 28th of September, and one from Colonel Searle
+of the 26th of September. I herewith enclose copies of them. Their
+contents are interesting.        J. J.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[30] See these letters at large in the _Secret Journal of Congress_,
+Vol. II. pp. 323, 326. The latter was drawn up by Mr Madison.
+
+[31] Secret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. p. 393.
+
+[32] Secret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. p. 404.
+
+[33] See this letter above, p. 449.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                    TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
+
+                                           Madrid, October 18th, 1781.
+
+  Sir,
+
+Major Franks delivered me the despatches committed to his care on the
+30th of August. He set out for France the 5th instant. My letters by
+him to your Excellency will account for his remaining here so long. I
+also beg leave to refer to them for other more interesting
+particulars.
+
+Congress will doubtless be informed that I have refused to accept some
+of their bills. As the enemies of America in Europe had, with some
+success, endeavored to render the credit of our paper suspected, it
+appeared to me expedient to state the reasons for these refusals very
+particularly, and I caused them to be recited at large in the
+protests. I have sent copies of them to Dr Franklin and Mr Adams,
+that in case these transactions should be represented to our
+disadvantage, either in France or Holland, they might be enabled to
+set the matter right. I now send copies to Congress, to prevent their
+being alarmed at any general report that may arrive in America, of my
+having refused to accept their bills drawn upon me.
+
+Our merchants would, in my opinion, do well to write their
+endorsements on bills at length, and in their own hand writing. There
+is reason to believe that the enemy often turn blank endorsements to
+good account.
+
+M. Gardoqui is here. Those ships of the Spanish flotilla, which
+carried the treasure, are arrived at Cadiz. Trenches are not yet
+opened against Fort St Philip at Minorca. Another expedition is
+preparing at Cadiz; its destination is uncertain.
+
+I have the honor to be, &c.
+
+                                                             JOHN JAY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                     Philadelphia, November 1st, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+Your letter to Congress of April last having been read and answered by
+them, though not so minutely as I would wish, I forbear making any
+remarks upon it, because I am not yet perfectly acquainted with their
+sentiments, (and would not wish any which might interfere with them)
+having just entered upon the office, in consequence of which I open
+this correspondence, though long since appointed. I beg of you,
+agreeably to the directions of Congress, to address in future your
+public letters to me, and to notify the Count de Florida Blanca of
+this alteration in our system, our unacknowledged situation rendering
+it improper to do it formally.
+
+Congress have at length completed the organization of their executive
+departments, by the choice of General Lincoln for their Secretary at
+War. It is expected that order and system will arise out of this mode
+of doing business, and the strictest economy.
+
+If the great powers of Europe, with every advantage that settled
+governments enjoy, feel themselves under the necessity of making
+foreign loans, can it be expected that a war of six years, in the
+heart of our country, should not have abridged the resources of a
+State, which had every necessary for their army to import; which never
+manufactured for itself; which had no marine; and which, with a number
+of internal enemies in their bosom, had civil governments to
+establish? Perhaps it would be impossible to offer a better picture of
+the resources of this country, and the stability of her funds when
+they shall be well managed, than by comparing our present debt with
+the duration of the war and the exertions we have made. For though our
+enemies may allege, that our debt was relieved by the depreciation of
+our bills, yet it must be remembered, that that very depreciation was
+a tax, though an unequal one, borne by the people of these States, and
+as it has not produced national ruin, it must follow, that the States
+had sufficient resources to bear this burthen. These resources, though
+lessened, still remain.
+
+The only object for which Britain continues the war, is the recovery
+of this country. What better plan of finance then can be adopted by
+France or Spain, than by timely aids of ships and money to blast this
+hope, and by a speedy peace to terminate their expenses? If, on the
+contrary, they wish to linger out the war till Britain is more
+exhausted, this country affords them the easiest means of doing it.
+
+Armies may be maintained here for one third of the expense that
+Britain lays out upon hers. This France has experienced. Though her
+affairs were not perhaps managed with the strictest economy, though
+her bills were extremely low, her supplies cost at least one third
+less than the British paid at New York, without taking into account
+the hire of transports, the seamen employed, paid, and fed in that
+service, and the number of them that fell into our hands. Be persuaded
+yourself, and endeavor to persuade others, that if this is a war of
+finance, which all modern wars are, Britain is most vulnerable in
+America.
+
+I congratulate you upon the important success of our aims in South
+Carolina and Virginia, of which I enclose you official accounts. On
+the returns you will remark a number of British American nominal
+regiments. These were recruiting in Virginia and North Carolina, and
+their success will show the truth of what Britain advances with
+respect to the number of her partisans in America. I will venture to
+say, that with similar advantages, their recruiting parties would have
+been more successful in any country in Europe. Besides the troops
+mentioned in the returns, the enemy lost during the siege near two
+thousand negroes. Previous to the surrender, they had a naval
+engagement with the Count de Grasse. The Terrible, a British
+seventyfour, was burnt, so that our affairs here stand upon the most
+respectable footing imaginable.--[Upwards of thirty lines follow
+interspersed with a cypher, the key to which is not to be found.]
+
+But this is a delicate subject, and I quit it till I am more fully
+acquainted with the views of Congress thereon, for I confess to you,
+that the sentiments I have hazarded are rather my own, than any that I
+know to be theirs, and should weigh accordingly with you. The
+provision trade with the Havana being very considerable and important
+to Spain, while she has fleets and armies to maintain there, it might
+be proper to suggest to the Spanish Ministry the advantage of allowing
+small convoys of frigates, which would enable us to carry it on in
+vessels of greater burden, and by that means diminish the expense of
+freight and insurance, both of which, eventually, fall upon Spain. A
+few frigates would answer the purpose, as the stations of the enemy's
+ships are almost always known on this coast, and, indeed, they seldom
+have any out but frigates cruising singly.
+
+Another thought strikes me, which, perhaps, if digested, might be
+ripened into a plan advantageous to France, Spain, and America. While
+France keeps an army here, she must draw bills, or export money. She
+has, for the most part, preferred the former, at the loss of forty per
+cent discount. The money of Spain is lodged at the Havana, and cannot
+be brought to Europe without great hazard; whereas the risk of sending
+it here under convoy is extremely small. It may be vested in European
+bills to such advantage, as to pay the whole expense of
+transportation, and even an interest, till the bills are negotiated in
+Europe. This plan affords France a market for her bills, Spain a cheap
+and easy way of bringing her money home, and America a circulating
+medium, which enables her to tax with advantage.
+
+The enclosed act of Congress informs you of the appointment of Mr
+Hanson, of Maryland, to the Presidentship.
+
+I shall write very frequently to you, and shall in return expect that
+you will omit no opportunity of letting me hear from you. A Court
+kalendar, if one is printed with you, with notes of your own thereon,
+might be of some service to us. I shall use our private cypher, as
+corrected by that sent by Mr Toscan, till you receive the one
+transmitted by Mr Thomson, in which case, as it is less troublesome,
+be pleased to use that, if you are sure it came safe.
+
+I am, dear Sir, with the sincerest regard and esteem, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                  ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN JAY.
+
+                                    Philadelphia, November 28th, 1781.
+
+  Dear Sir,
+
+I wrote so fully to you not long since, that I should not trouble you
+at this time, if I had not determined to omit no opportunity of
+letting you hear from this side of the water, and enabling you at all
+times to meet any falsehood the enemy may find it politic to publish.
+
+Since the capture of Cornwallis, nothing very material has happened.
+The ravaging parties on the northern frontiers have been defeated with
+great loss by the militia. The armies have taken their stations for
+the winter quarters; the French, in Virginia and Maryland; our troops,
+on the Hudson, excepting some detachments under General St Clair,
+destined to reinforce General Greene. They have orders to take
+Wilmington in their way, where the enemy have about six hundred men;
+it is probable they will not wait the attack. General Greene will have
+men enough to shut up the enemy, but not to force their strong holds.
+Want of money cramps all our exertions, and prevents our making a
+glorious winter campaign. The enemy are all shut up on two or three
+points of land, which is all they possess of the immense country they
+hope to conquer; and even these they hold by a very precarious tenure.
+Disaffection, which has languished for some time past, died when
+Cornwallis surrendered.
+
+Congress are occupied in taking measures for an active campaign; and
+they feel themselves satisfied with everything both at home and
+abroad.
+
+Congress have dissolved Mr Adams's powers to make a treaty of commerce
+with Great Britain; and, as you know, joined Dr Franklin and Mr
+Laurens in his other commission, if England should at length be wise
+enough to wish for peace.
+
+The Marquis de Lafayette is the bearer of this. He has promised to
+convey it with safety to you, and to correspond with you in such a
+manner as to enable you to avail yourself of the knowledge which he
+has acquired, that may be of use to you. The resolves of Congress, of
+which I enclose a copy, show their sense on this subject, and the
+confidence which they very justly repose in him. His Aid waits for
+this. Adieu my dear Sir.
+
+Believe me to be, with the highest respect and esteem, &c.
+
+                                                 ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.
+
+
+                      END OF THE SEVENTH VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
++--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE.                                                |
+|                                                                    |
+| Omitted words, shown as blank spaces in the original, have been    |
+| transcribed as four hyphens ('----').                              |
+|                                                                    |
+| Every effort was made to match the original text. Spelling         |
+| variations between letters have been preserved. Apparent typos     |
+| and misspellings were retained, including the following:           |
+|                                                                    |
+| Page  Original text                                                |
+|   47  "supprised"                            possible misspelling  |
+|  169  "he did not embark till June 1st, 1794  1784?                |
+|  198  "Marquis de La Flolte                  possible misspelling  |
+|  216  "Jean Guy Guatier"                     possible misspelling  |
+|  267  "the following is an extrac"           possible misspelling  |
+|  285  "May 28th, 1780"                       date is given as May  |
+|                                               30th in Table of     |
+|                                               Contents             |
+|  399                                         sum of Revenues does  |
+|                                               not appear correct   |
+|  400                                         sum of Expenses does  |
+|                                               not appear correct   |
+|                                                                    |
++--------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Diplomatic Correspondence of the
+American Revolution, by Various
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