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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wild Flowers of California: Their
+Names, Haunts, and Habits, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Wild Flowers of California: Their Names, Haunts, and Habits
+
+Author: Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+Illustrator: Margaret Warriner Buck
+
+Release Date: February 15, 2012 [EBook #38886]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Mark Young and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    THE WILD FLOWERS
+    OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+
+
+    THE WILD FLOWERS
+    OF CALIFORNIA
+
+    _THEIR NAMES, HAUNTS, AND HABITS_
+
+    BY
+    MARY ELIZABETH PARSONS
+
+    ILLUSTRATED BY
+    MARGARET WARRINER BUCK
+
+    _THIRD THOUSAND_
+
+    [Illustration]
+
+    WILLIAM DOXEY
+    AT THE SIGN OF THE LARK
+    SAN FRANCISCO
+    1897
+
+
+
+
+    COPYRIGHT, 1897
+    WILLIAM DOXEY
+
+    THE DOXEY PRESS
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                     PAGE
+
+  PREFACE                                    vii
+
+  TABLE OF PLATES                           xiii
+
+  HOW TO USE THE BOOK                        xix
+
+  EXPLANATION OF TERMS                      xxii
+
+  IMPORTANT PLANT FAMILIES AND GENERA       xxxi
+
+  INTRODUCTORY                              xlii
+
+  PRELUDE                                  xlvii
+
+  FLOWER DESCRIPTIONS:--
+
+          I. WHITE                             3
+
+         II. YELLOW                          109
+
+        III. PINK                            193
+
+         IV. BLUE AND PURPLE                 255
+
+          V. RED                             335
+
+         VI. MISCELLANEOUS                   369
+
+  INDEX TO LATIN NAMES                       393
+
+  INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES                     399
+
+  INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS                   405
+
+  GLOSSARY                                   406
+
+
+
+
+    "Were I, O God, in churchless lands remaining,
+      Far from all voice of teachers or divines,
+    My soul would find in flowers of thy ordaining
+            Priests, sermons, shrines!"
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+To the thoughtless a flower is often a trivial thing--beautiful perhaps,
+and worthy of a passing glance--but that is all. But to the mind open to
+the great truths of the universe, it takes on a deeper significance. Such a
+mind sees in its often humble beginnings the genesis of things far-reaching
+and mighty. Two thousand years ago one grain of the shower of pollen wafted
+upon the wind and falling upon a minute undeveloped cone, quickened a seed
+there into life, and this dropping into the soil pushed up a tiny thread of
+green, which, after the quiet process of the ages, you now behold in the
+giant Sequoia which tosses its branches aloft, swept by the four winds of
+heaven.
+
+Whether manifesting itself in the inconspicuous flower upon the tree or in
+the equally unassuming inflorescence of the vegetable, or unfurling petals
+of satin or gauze of brilliant hue and marvelous beauty, the blossom is the
+origin of most that is useful or beautiful in the organic world about us.
+Strip the world of its blossoms, and the higher forms of life must come to
+a speedy termination. Thus we see the flower playing a wonderfully
+important part in the cosmos around us. It becomes henceforth not only a
+thing of beauty for the gratification of the æsthetic sense, but the
+instrument by which Nature brings about the fullness of her perfection in
+her own good season.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is perhaps no nature-study that can yield the same amount of pure and
+unalloyed pleasure with so little outlay as the study of the wild flowers.
+When one is interested in them, every walk into the fields is transformed
+from an aimless ramble into a joyous, eager quest, and every journey upon
+stage or railroad becomes a rare opportunity for making new
+plant-acquaintances--a season of exhilarating excitement.
+
+Mr. Burroughs, that devout lover of nature, says: "Most young people find
+botany a dull study. So it is, as taught from the text-books in the
+schools; but study it yourself in the fields and woods, and you will find
+it a source of perennial delight. Find your flower, and then name it by the
+aid of the botany. There is so much in a name. To find out what a thing is
+called is a great help. It is the beginning of knowledge; it is the first
+step. When we see a new person who interests us, we wish to know his or her
+name. A bird, a flower, a place--the first thing we wish to know about it
+is its name. Its name helps us to classify it; it gives us a handle to
+grasp it by; it sheds a ray of light where all before was darkness. As soon
+as we know the name of a thing, we seem to have established some sort of
+relation with it."
+
+Having learned the name of a flower or plant, or having been formally
+introduced to it, as it were, our acquaintance has but just begun. Instead
+of being our end and aim, as it was with students of botany in the olden
+times, this is but the beginning. If this were our ultimate aim, all our
+pleasure would be at an end as soon as we had learned the names of all the
+plants within our reach. But the point of view has changed and broadened.
+The plant is now recognized as a _living organism_, not a dead, unchanging
+thing. It is _vital_; it grows; it is amenable to the great laws of the
+universe; and we see it daily complying with those laws, adapting itself to
+its surroundings--or perishing. It becomes a thing of absorbing interest
+when we trace the steps by which it has come to be what it is; when we note
+its relationship to other closely allied forms, and locate its place in the
+great world of plants.
+
+A thoughtful observation of the structure of plants alone will fill the
+mind with amazement at the beauty of their minutest parts, the exquisite
+perfection of every organ. Then it is most interesting to notice the
+various kinds of places where the same plants grow; how they flourish in
+different soils and climates; how they parry the difficulties of new and
+unaccustomed surroundings, by some change of structure or habit to meet the
+altered conditions--as clothing themselves with wool, to prevent the undue
+escape of moisture, or twisting their leaves to a vertical position for the
+same purpose, or sending their roots deep into the earth to seek perennial
+sources of moisture, which enables them to flourish in our driest times. It
+is wonderful to note, too, the methods employed to secure the distribution
+of the seed--how it is sometimes imbedded in a delicious edible fruit,
+again furnished with hooks or bristles or springs, or provided with silken
+sails to waft it away upon the wings of the wind. Then the insects that
+visit plants. It is marvelous to note how plants spread their attractions
+in bright colors and perfumes and offerings of honey to bees, butterflies,
+and moths that can carry their pollen abroad, and how they even place
+hindrances in the way of such as are undesirable.
+
+Studied in this way, botany is no longer the dry science it used to be, but
+becomes a most fascinating pursuit; and we know of no richer field in which
+to carry on the study of flowers than that afforded in California.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There has been a long-felt need of a popular work upon the wild flowers of
+California. Though celebrated throughout the world for their wealth and
+beauty, and though many of them have found their way across the waters and
+endeared themselves to plant lovers in many a foreign garden, the story of
+their home life has never yet been told.
+
+It has been the delightful task of the author and the illustrator of the
+present work to seek them out in their native haunts--on seashore and mesa,
+in deep, cool cañon, on dry and open hill-slope, on mountain-top, in
+glacier meadow, by stream and lake, in marsh and woodland, and to listen to
+the ofttimes marvelous tales they have had to unfold. If they shall have
+succeeded in making better known these children of Mother Nature to her
+lovers and appreciators, and in arousing an interest in them among those
+who have hitherto found the technical difficulties of scientific botany
+insurmountable, they will feel amply rewarded for their labors.
+
+The present work does not claim by any means to be a complete flora of the
+region treated. Our State is so new, and many parts of it have as yet been
+so imperfectly explored, that a comprehensive and exhaustive flora of it
+must be the work of a future time, and will doubtless be undertaken by some
+one when all the data have been procured. Such an attempt, however, were it
+possible, is without the scope of the present work.
+
+California, with her wonderfully varied climate and topography, has a flora
+correspondingly rich and varied, probably not surpassed by any region of
+like area in the Northern Hemisphere. Thus the author finds herself
+confronted with an embarrassment of riches rather than with any lack of
+material; and it has often been exceedingly difficult to exclude some
+beautiful flower that seemed to have strong claims to representation. She
+therefore craves beforehand the indulgence of the reader, should he find
+some favorite missing.
+
+In making a choice, she has been guided by the following general
+principles, and selected, _first_--the flowers most general in their
+distribution; _second_--those remarkable for their beauty of form or color,
+their interesting structure, history, or economic uses; _third_--those
+which are characteristically Californian. At the same time, those which are
+too insignificant in appearance to attract attention and those too
+difficult of determination by the non-botanist have been omitted. Flowering
+plants only have been included.
+
+Many of our species extend northward into Oregon and Washington. Thus,
+while this work is called "THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA," it will in a
+certain measure apply equally well to Oregon and Washington.
+
+It has been the aim of the author to picture for the most part the flowers
+peculiarly Californian, leaving Mrs. Dana's charming book, "How to Know the
+Wild Flowers," to illustrate those we possess in common with the Atlantic
+Slope, thus making the works the complements one of the other.
+
+Mrs. Dana has kindly permitted the author to use her plan of
+arrangement--_i.e._ of grouping all the white flowers in one section, the
+yellow in another, the pink in a third, and so on, which, in the absence of
+a key, greatly facilitates the finding of any given flower. The flowers of
+each section have been arranged as nearly as possible according to their
+natural succession in the seasons, with one or two exceptions.
+
+Such confusion is rife in the nomenclature of Californian plants, and the
+same plant is so often furnished with several names,--and several plants
+sometimes with the same name,--that the authority is in every instance
+quoted, in order to make it perfectly clear what plant is meant by the name
+given. Wherever allusion is made to the Spanish-Californians, the
+Spanish-_speaking_ Californians are meant, very few of whom are Castilians
+at the present day, most of whom are of an admixture of races.
+
+The flower-cuts are all from pen-and-ink drawings by the illustrator; and
+all but four are from her own original studies from nature. These four,
+which it was impossible for her to procure, have been adapted by her from
+other drawings, by the aid of herbarium specimens. They include _Aphyllon
+fasciculatum_, _Fremontia Californica_, _Hosackia gracilis_, and _Brodiæa
+volubilis_. It has been impossible upon so small a page to maintain a
+uniform relative size in the drawings, for which reason the
+plant-descriptions in fine print should be consulted for the size.
+
+The author and the illustrator desire to make grateful acknowledgments to
+many kind friends throughout the State who have rendered them assistance in
+numerous ways. Their gratitude is due in particular to Miss Alice Eastwood,
+of the California Academy of Sciences, who, by her unfailing kindness and
+encouragement, as well as by her personal assistance, has rendered them
+invaluable aid. Also, to Mr. Carl Purdy, of Ukiah, who from his wide
+experience, as a grower of our native liliaceous plants, has a knowledge of
+them shared by few or none, and who has generously placed at their disposal
+the results of his observations. They also tender their thanks to the
+Southern Pacific and the North Pacific Railways, who, by their generous
+granting of reduced rates and passes, have made possible a wider personal
+acquaintance with the flowers than could have otherwise been enjoyed.
+
+    San Rafael, Cal., October 15, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF PLATES
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+  ACONITE                       _Aconitum Columbianum_         329
+  ALFALFA                       _Medicago sativa_              327
+  ALFILERILLA                   _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  ALPINE HEATHER                _Bryanthus Breweri_            247
+  ALPINE PHLOX                  _Phlox Douglasii_              249
+  ALUM-ROOT                     _Heuchera micrantha_            59
+  AMERICAN BARRENWORT           _Vancouveria parviflora_        89
+  ANEMONE, WOOD                 _Anemone quinquefolia_          19
+  AUGUST-FLOWER                 _Grindelia cuneifolia_         177
+  AZULEA                        _Sisyrinchium bellum_          285
+  AZURE BEARD-TONGUE            _Pentstemon azureus_           309
+
+  BABY-BLUE-EYES                _Nemophila insignis_           291
+  BEACH-ASTER                   _Erigeron glaucus_             305
+  BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA             _Clarkia concinna_             237
+  BEE-PLANT, CALIFORNIAN        _Scrophularia Californica_     343
+  BELLFLOWER                    _Campanula prenanthoides_      323
+  BIG-ROOT                      _Echinocystis fabacea_          27
+  BLAZING-STAR                  _Mentzelia Lindleyi_           169
+  BLEEDING-HEART                _Dicentra formosa_             243
+  BLUE-BLOSSOM                  _Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_       275
+  BLUE-EYED GRASS               _Sisyrinchium bellum_          285
+  BLUE GENTIAN                  _Gentiana calycosa_            331
+  BLUE GILIA                    _Gilia Chamissonis_            297
+  BLUE LARKSPUR                 _Delphinium_                   277
+  BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE         _Lupinus bicolor_              301
+  BLUE MILLA                    _Brodiæa laxa_                 303
+  BLUE MYRTLE                   _Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_       275
+  BLUEWEED                      _Aconitum Columbianum_         329
+  BRODIÆA                       _Brodiæa capitata_             263
+  BRONZE-BELLS                }
+  BROWN LILY                  } _Fritillaria lanceolata_       265
+
+  CALF'S-HEAD                   _Darlingtonia Californica_     391
+  CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA            _Zauschneria Californica_      367
+  CALIFORNIA LILAC              _Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_       275
+  CALIFORNIA POPPY              _Eschscholtzia Californica_    115
+  CALIFORNIAN AZALEA            _Rhododendron occidentale_      87
+  CALIFORNIAN CENTAURY          _Erythræa venusta_             219
+  CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY          _Rhododendron Californicum_    235
+  CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM      _Fremontia Californica_        159
+  CALYPSO                       _Calypso borealis_             211
+  CANAIGRE                      _Rumex hymenosepalus_          379
+  CANCER-ROOT                   _Aphyllon fasciculatum_        173
+  CANCHALAGUA                   _Erythræa venusta_             219
+  CAT'S-EARS                    _Calochortus Maweanus_         279
+  CHAMISE LILY                  _Erythronium giganteum_        137
+  CHAPARRAL LILY                _Lilium rubescens_              73
+  CHAPARRAL PEA                 _Pickeringia montana_          231
+  CHIA                          _Salvia Columbariæ_            299
+  CHILICOTHE                    _Echinocystis fabacea_          27
+  CHRISTMAS-HORNS               _Delphinium nudicaule_         347
+  CLIMBING PENTSTEMON           _Pentstemon cordifolius_       351
+  CLOCKS                        _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  CLUSTER-LILY                  _Brodiæa capitata_             263
+  COLLINSIA                     _Collinsia bicolor_            295
+  COLUMBINE                     _Aquilegia truncata_           349
+  COMMON ASTER                  _Aster Chamissonis_            333
+  COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER          _Mimulus luteus_               135
+  CORAL-ROOT                    _Corallorhiza Bigelovii_       273
+  CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER     _Erysimum grandiflorum_        133
+  CREAM-CUPS                    _Platystemon Californicus_     113
+  CURRANT, CALIFORNIAN WILD     _Ribes glutinosum_             215
+
+  DEERWEED                      _Hosackia glabra_              153
+  DIOGENES' LANTERN             _Calochortus pulchellus_       145
+  DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET            _Erythronium giganteum_        137
+  DUTCHMAN'S PIPE               _Aristolochia Californica_     375
+
+  FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER          _Epipactis gigantea_           389
+  FALSE MALLOW                  _Malvastrum Thurberi_          221
+  FALSE TIDY-TIPS               _Leptosyne Douglasii_          149
+  FAREWELL TO SPRING            _Godetia viminea_              241
+  FAWN-LILY                     _Erythronium giganteum_        137
+  FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE          _Scoliopus Bigelovii_          257
+  FIRECRACKER FLOWER            _Brodiæa coccinea_             239
+
+  FIREWEED                      _Epilobium spicatum_           245
+  FOUR-O'CLOCK, CALIFORNIAN     _Mirabilis Californica_        209
+  FRINGED GILIA                 _Gilia dianthoides_            217
+
+  GODETIA                       _Godetia viminea_              241
+  GOLDEN LILY-BELL              _Calochortus pulchellus_       145
+  GOLDEN STARS                  _Bloomeria aurea_              155
+  GOOSEBERRY, FUCHSIA-FLOWERED  _Ribes speciosum_              339
+  GREAT WILLOW-HERB             _Epilobium spicatum_           245
+  GROUND-IRIS                   _Iris macrosiphon_             281
+  GROUND-PINK                   _Gilia dianthoides_            217
+  GUM-PLANT                     _Grindelia cuneifolia_         177
+
+  HAIRBELL                      _Calochortus albus_             55
+  HAREBELL, CALIFORNIAN         _Campanula prenanthoides_      323
+  HARVEST BRODIÆA               _Brodiæa grandiflora_          319
+  HEN-AND-CHICKENS              _Cotyledon Californicum_       143
+  HOUND'S-TONGUE                _Cynoglossum grande_           259
+  HUCKLEBERRY                   _Vaccinium ovatum_             201
+  HUMMING-BIRD'S TRUMPET        _Zauschneria Californica_      367
+
+  INDIAN LETTUCE                _Montia perfoliata_             17
+  INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH            _Castilleia parviflora_        345
+  INDIAN PINK                   _Silene Californica_           355
+  INDIAN WARRIOR                _Pedicularis densiflora_       337
+  ITHURIEL'S SPEAR              _Brodiæa laxa_                 303
+
+  LADIES' TRESSES               _Spiranthes Romanzoffianum_     93
+  LANTERN OF THE FAIRIES        _Calochortus albus_             55
+  LARGE-FLOWERED BRODIÆA        _Brodiæa grandiflora_          319
+  LESSINGIA                     _Lessingia leptoclada_         253
+  LITTLE ALPINE LILY            _Lilium parvum_                181
+  LOCO-WEED                     _Astragalus leucopsis_          41
+  LUCERN                        _Medicago sativa_              327
+
+  MANZANITA                     _Arctostaphylos manzanita_      13
+  MARIPOSA TULIP                _Calochortus venustus_          79
+  MATILIJA POPPY                _Romneya Coulteri_              65
+  MEADOW-FOAM                   _Flœrkia Douglasii_            127
+  MILKWEED, COMMON              _Asclepias Mexicana_           313
+  MILKWEED, HORNLESS WOOLLY     _Gomphocarpus tomentosus_      381
+  MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS        _Habenaria leucostachys_        95
+  MILKWORT, CALIFORNIAN         _Polygala Californica_         287
+  MINER'S LETTUCE               _Montia perfoliata_             17
+
+  MIST-MAIDENS                  _Romanzoffia Sitchensis_        23
+  MONK'S-HOOD                   _Aconitum Columbianum_         329
+  MOTTLED SWAMP-ORCHIS          _Epipactis gigantea_           389
+  MOUNTAIN BALM                 _Eriodictyon glutinosum_        57
+  MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER       _Cypripedium montanum_         383
+
+  PENNYROYAL                    _Monardella villosa_           325
+  PENTACHÆTA                    _Pentachæta aurea_             125
+  PEPPER-ROOT                   _Dentaria Californica_           5
+  PIN-CLOVER                    _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  PINE-DROPS                    _Pterospora andromedea_        187
+  PINK PAINT-BRUSH              _Orthocarpus purpurascens_     229
+  PIPE-VINE                     _Aristolochia Californica_     375
+  PIPSISSIWA                    _Chimaphila Menziesii_         105
+  PITCHER-PLANT, CALIFORNIAN    _Darlingtonia Californica_     391
+  PITCHER-SAGE                  _Sphacele calycina_             43
+  POISON-OAK                    _Rhus diversiloba_               9
+  POLÉO                         _Monardella villosa_           325
+  POP-CORN FLOWER                                               31
+  PRICKLY PHLOX                 _Gilia Californica_            207
+  PRINCE'S PINE                 _Chimaphila Menziesii_         105
+  PUSSY'S-EARS                  _Calochortus Maweanus_         279
+  PUSSY'S-PAWS                  _Spraguea umbellata_            71
+
+  QUININE-BUSH                  _Garrya elliptica_             371
+
+  RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN          _Goodyera Menziesii_            99
+  RATTLE-WEED                   _Astragalus leucopsis_          41
+  RED-STEMMED FILAREE           _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  REDWOOD-SORREL                _Oxalis Oregana_               197
+  REIN-ORCHIS                   _Habenaria elegans_            385
+  RESIN-WEED                    _Grindelia cuneifolia_         177
+  RICE-ROOT                     _Fritillaria lanceolata_       265
+  ROMERO                        _Trichostema lanatum_          317
+  RUBY LILY                     _Lilium rubescens_              73
+
+  SAXIFRAGE, CALIFORNIAN        _Saxifraga Californica_         15
+  SCARLET BUGLER                _Pentstemon centranthifolius_  359
+  SCARLET GILIA                 _gilia Aggregata_              361
+  SCARLET HONEYSUCKLE           _Pentstemon cordifolius_       351
+  SCARLET LARKSPUR, NORTHERN    _Delphinium nudicaule_         347
+  SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH           _Castilleia parviflora_        345
+  SHOOTING-STARS                _Dodecatheon Meadia_           205
+  SIERRA PRIMROSE               _Primula Suffrutescens_        251
+
+  SILK-TASSEL TREE              _Garrya elliptica_             371
+  SKULLCAP                      _Scutellaria tuberosa_         271
+  SNAPDRAGON, VIOLET            _Antirrhinum vagans_           321
+  SNOW-PLANT                    _Sarcodes sanguinea_           363
+  SOAP-PLANT                    _Chlorogalum pomeridianum_      83
+  SPRING-BLOSSOM                _Dentaria Californica_           5
+  STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER          _Mimulus glutinosus_           139
+  ST. JOHN'S-WORT               _Hypericum concinnum_          163
+  SULPHUR-FLOWER                _Eriogonum umbellatum_         179
+  SUN-CUPS                      _OEnothera ovata_              111
+  SUNSHINE                      _Bæria gracilis_               125
+  SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB, CALIF'N. _Calycanthus occidentalis_     353
+
+  TARWEED                       _Hemizonia luzulæfolia_        189
+  TARWEED                       _Madia elegans_                183
+  TIDY-TIPS                     _Layia platyglossa_            149
+  TOOTHWORT                     _Dentaria Californica_           5
+  TOROSA                        _Eschscholtzia Californica_    115
+  TREE-MALLOW                   _Lavatera assurgentiflora_     227
+  TREE-POPPY                    _Dendromecon rigidum_          119
+  TRILLIUM, CALIFORNIAN         _Trillium sessile_             261
+  TWIN-BERRY                    _Lonicera involucrata_         123
+  TWINING HYACINTH              _Brodiæa volubilis_            233
+
+  VILLELA                       _Sisyrinchium bellum_          285
+  VIOLET NIGHTSHADE             _Solanum Xanti_                269
+
+  WAKE-ROBIN                    _Trillium ovatum_               11
+  WHIPPLEA                      _Whipplea modesta_              33
+  WHISPERING BELLS              _Emmenanthe penduliflora_      131
+  WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE        _Å’nothera Californica_          49
+  WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT                                           31
+  WHITE OWL'S CLOVER            _Orthocarpus versicolor_        53
+  WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF         _Pyrola picta_                 101
+  WILD BROOM                    _Hosackia glabra_              153
+  WILD BUCKWHEAT                _Eriogonum fasciculatum_        35
+  WILD CANTERBURY-BELL          _Phacelia Whitlavia_           289
+  WILD COREOPSIS                _Madia elegans_                183
+  WILD CUCUMBER                 _Echinocystis fabacea_          27
+  WILD CURRANT, CALIFORNIAN     _Ribes glutinosum_             215
+  WILD CYCLAMEN                 _Dodecatheon Meadia_           205
+  WILD GINGER                   _Asarum caudatum_              311
+  WILD HELIOTROPE               _Phacelia tanacetifolia_       283
+
+  WILD HOLLYHOCK                _Sidalcea malvæflora_          199
+  WILD HYACINTH                 _Brodiæa capitata_             263
+  WILD PEONY                    _Pæonia Brownii_               341
+  WILD PIE-PLANT                _Rumex hymenosepalus_          379
+  WILD PORTULACA                _Calandrinia caulescens_       213
+  WIND-FLOWER                   _Anemone quinquefolia_          19
+  WOOD-BALM                     _Sphacele calycina_             43
+  WOOLLY BLUE-CURLS             _Trichostema lanatum_          317
+
+  YELLOW DAISY                  _Layia platyglossa_            149
+  YELLOW GLOBE-TULIP            _Calochortus pulchellus_       145
+  YELLOW PANSY                  _Viola pedunculata_            121
+  YELLOW SAND-VERBENA           _Abronia latifolia_            147
+  YERBA BUENA                   _Micromeria Douglasii_          63
+  YERBA MANSA                   _Anemopsis Californica_         77
+  YERBA SANTA                   _Eriodictyon glutinosum_        57
+
+  ZYGADENE                      _Zygadenus Fremonti_             7
+
+   ----                         _Baccharis Douglasii_          107
+   ----                         _Gilia androsacea_             223
+   ----                         _Hosackia gracilis_            167
+
+
+
+
+HOW TO USE THE BOOK
+
+
+When gathering flowers with a view to ascertaining their names with the
+help of the botany, the whole plant--root, stem, leaves, flowers, buds, and
+fruit--should be secured, if possible. This will avoid much uncertainty in
+the work.
+
+The anthers are best seen in the unopened buds, and the ovary in old
+flowers or those gone to seed. A cross-section of the ovary will show the
+number of its cells.
+
+The flowers should be sorted into colors, and each in turn looked for in
+its own color-section. In arranging the flowers according to color, some
+difficulty has been experienced, because the pink blends so gradually into
+the purple, and the purple into white, etc., that it has been impossible
+sometimes to say accurately to which section a flower rightly belongs. In
+such a case search must be made in the other probable section. Sometimes
+the same flower occurs in several colors, in which case it is usually put
+into the section in whose color it most frequently occurs. In the Red
+Section have been included flowers of a scarlet hue, not those of crimson
+or magenta hues, as these have a tendency to merge into pink or purple.
+Flowers of a greenish-white are usually put into the White Section, those
+of more decided green into the Miscellaneous.
+
+It is an excellent plan for the student to write a careful description of
+his plant before beginning to look for it in the book; commencing with the
+root, passing on to stem, leaves, inflorescence, calyx, corolla, etc.,
+taking the order of the technical descriptions in the book. This will serve
+to do away with that vacillating condition of mind which is often the
+result of reading a number of plant-descriptions before fixing firmly in
+mind the characters of the specimen under consideration.
+
+A magnifying-glass--or a small dissecting microscope and a good Zeiss lens,
+if more careful work is to be done,--a couple of dissecting needles, a
+pocket-knife, and a small three or four-inch measure, having one of the
+inches divided into lines, will be required for examining specimens.
+
+It is also a good plan to make a note of the date and place of collection
+of all plants, as it is often of great interest to know these facts at some
+future time.
+
+Plants are grouped into great orders, or families, which are made up of a
+number of genera, each genus consisting of a number of species. Every plant
+has two Latin names; the first a generic name, answering to the last name
+of a person; the second a specific name, answering to a person's given
+name. The latter is usually descriptive of some quality or character of the
+plant, the name of the place where found, or of its discoverer, or of some
+person in whose honor it is named. This dual name serves to clearly
+distinguish the species from all others, especially when the name of the
+person by whom the specific name was bestowed is added.
+
+Each plant-family bears an English title, which is usually the name of its
+best-known genus. Thus the order _Leguminosæ_ is known as the "Pea Family"
+because _Lathyrus_, or the pea, is its best-known genus. In many instances
+the English names borne by orders in the Eastern States have no
+significance with us, as the type genus is not found in our flora. In such
+cases we have given the name of the genus best known among us, to which we
+have added the other; thus, "Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family."
+
+Most of our plants have common English names, and the same plant is often
+known by one name in one locality and by another in another. Hence, while
+these names are often pretty and apt, they cannot serve for the accurate
+identification of the plant. For this we must consult its Latin name, by
+which it is known all over the world.
+
+Wherever the terms used are not understood, reference should be made to the
+"Explanation of Terms" or to the Glossary.
+
+For identification of species not found in the present work, other books
+should be consulted. The two large volumes of the botany of the Geological
+Survey of California are the most complete of anything thus far published.
+In addition to these, "The Synoptical Flora of North America," as far as
+published (the _Gamopetalæ_, the _Compositæ_, and some orders of the
+_Polypetalæ_), furnishes valuable aid. Professor E.L. Greene's works, "The
+Botany of the Bay Region," "Pittonia," and "Flora Franciscana," furnish
+excellent plant-descriptions for the more advanced botanist. The author's
+technical descriptions have in every instance been verified by comparison
+with one or more of the above works.
+
+Miss Eastwood's little volume, recently published as Part Second of
+"Bergen's Elements of Botany," (and also issued in separate form), is
+recommended for use in connection with the present work, as it embodies in
+compact form a general view of the method of classification of plants,
+showing their places in the plant-world and their relations to one another.
+It also contains very clear descriptions of plant-families. To the student
+who becomes interested in knowing more about the structure of plants,
+Gray's "Structural Botany" will prove useful; and the large work of Oliver
+and Kerner (translated from the German) will prove a fascinating book.
+
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF TERMS
+
+     [The following simple definitions of the more common terms used
+     have been mostly taken or adapted from the works of Asa Gray
+     and others, and will prove useful to those unacquainted with
+     botany, or to those whose memories require refreshing.]
+
+
+ROOTS
+
+The =root= is that portion of the plant which grows downward, fixing it to
+the soil, and absorbing nourishment from the latter. True roots produce
+nothing but root-branches or rootlets.
+
+Simple or unbranched roots are named according to their shapes--
+
+     _conical_, when like the carrot;
+
+     _napiform_, when like the turnip;
+
+     _fusiform_, when like the long radish.
+
+Multiple, or branched, roots may be--
+
+     _fascicled_, or bunched, as in the dahlia;
+
+     _tubercular_, when furnished with small tubers;
+
+     _fibrous_, when threadlike.
+
+
+STEMS
+
+The =stem= is the ascending axis of the plant, which usually bears the
+leaves, flowers, and fruit. The points on the stem to which the leaves are
+fastened are called the =nodes=; and the portions of stem between the nodes
+are called the =internodes=. The angle formed by the upper side of the leaf
+and the stem is called the =axil=.
+
+Stems aboveground are classed as--
+
+     _erect_, when growing upright;
+
+     _procumbent_, when lying on the ground without rooting;
+
+     _decumbent_, when lying on the ground with the tip ascending;
+
+     _diffuse_, when loosely spreading;
+
+     _creeping_, when growing on the ground and rooting.
+
+Stems underground are classed as =rhizomes= (or =rootstocks=) =tubers=,
+=corms=, and =bulbs=, the forms passing into one another by gradations.
+
+     A =rhizome=, or =rootstock=, is a horizontal underground stem. It
+     is sometimes thick, fleshy, or woody, as in the iris;
+
+     a =tuber= is a short, much thickened rootstock, having eyes or
+     buds of which the potato is an example;
+
+     a =corm= is a depressed and rounded, solid rootstock; it may be
+     called a solid bulb; the garden cyclamen is an example;
+
+     a =bulb= is a leaf-bud, commonly underground, with fleshy scales
+     or coats; the lily is an example.
+
+LEAVES
+
+=Leaves= are the green expansions borne by the stem, out-spread in the
+air and light, in which assimilation is carried on. They may be said to
+be the stomachs of the plant. A typical leaf consists of three
+parts--the =blade=, the =foot-stalk= (or =petiole=), and a pair of
+=stipules=. Yet any one of these parts may be absent.
+
+     The =blade= is the expanded portion of the leaf and the part to
+     which the word _leaf_, in its commonest sense, is applied;
+
+     the =stipules= are small, usually leaflike bodies borne at the
+     base of the petiole, usually one on either side;
+
+     the =petiole= is the stalk of the leaf.
+
+=Leaves= are =simple=, when having but one blade; =compound=, when
+having more than one, when each blade is called a =leaflet=.
+
+Compound leaves are said to be--
+
+     _pinnate_, when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of a
+     petiole, or rather of its prolongation, the rachis;
+
+     _abruptly pinnate_, with an even number of leaflets;
+
+     _odd-pinnate_, with an odd leaflet at the end;
+
+     _palmate_, or _digitate_, when the leaflets all diverge from
+     the summit of the petiole, like the fingers of a hand.
+
+VENATION
+
+The venation, or veining, of leaves relates to the mode in which the woody
+tissue, in the form of ribs, veins, etc., is distributed in the cellular
+tissue.
+
+There are two principle modes--
+
+     the _parallel-veined_, of which the iris is an example;
+
+     the _reticulated-veined_, or _netted-veined_, of which the Elm
+     is an example.
+
+Small veins are called =veinlets=.
+
+
+FORM
+
+As to general form, or outline, leaves are:--
+
+Those broadest in the middle--
+
+     _peltate_, or shield-shaped, when rounded, with the stem
+     attached to the center, or near it--as in the garden
+     nasturtium;
+
+     _orbicular_, when circular in outline, or nearly so;
+
+     _oval_, when having a flowing outline, with the breadth
+     considerably more than half the length, and both ends alike;
+
+     _elliptical_, when having a flowing outline, twice or thrice as
+     long as broad, and both ends alike;
+
+     _oblong_, when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad;
+
+     _linear_, when narrow, several times longer than wide, and of
+     about the same width throughout;
+
+     _acerose_, when needle-shaped--like the Pine.
+
+Those broadest at the base--
+
+     _deltoid_, when having the triangular shape of the Greek letter
+     _delta_;
+
+     _ovate_, when having an outline like the section of a
+     hen's-egg, the broader end downward;
+
+     _lanceolate_, or lance-shaped, when several times longer than
+     broad, and tapering upward, or both upward and downward;
+
+     _subulate_, when shaped like an awl;
+
+     _cordate_, when ovate, with a heart-shaped base;
+
+     _reniform_, when like the last, only rounder and broader than
+     long;
+
+     _auriculate_, when having a pair of small blunt projections, or
+     ears, at the base;
+
+     _sagittate_, or arrow-shaped, when those ears are acute and
+     turned downward, the body of the leaf tapering upward;
+
+     _hastate_, or halberd-shaped, when the ears or lobes point
+     outward.
+
+Those broadest at the apex--
+
+     _obovate_, when inversely ovate;
+
+     _oblanceolate_, when inversely lanceolate;
+
+     _spatulate_, when rounded above, and long and narrow below,
+     like a druggist's spatula;
+
+     _cuneate_, or wedge-shaped, when broad above, tapering by
+     straight lines to an acute base;
+
+     _obcordate_, when inversely cordate.
+
+Sometimes no one of the above terms will describe a leaf, and it becomes
+necessary to combine two of them; as, _linear-spatulate_,
+_ovate-lanceolate_, etc.
+
+
+THE APEX
+
+Leaves are classified according to their apices; as--
+
+     _emarginate_, when having a decided terminal notch;
+
+     _truncate_, when abruptly cut off;
+
+     _obtuse_, when ending in a blunt or roundish extremity;
+
+     _acute_, when ending in an acute angle, without special
+     tapering;
+
+     _acuminate_, when tapering into a narrow, more or less
+     prolonged end;
+
+     _mucronate_, when abruptly tipped with a small, short point.
+
+
+THE MARGIN
+
+Leaves are classified according to their margins; as--
+
+     _entire_, when the margin is completely filled out to an even
+     line;
+
+     _repand_, or _undulate_, when the margin is a wavy line;
+
+     _dentate_, or _toothed_, when the teeth point outward;
+
+     _crenate_, or _scalloped_, when dentate, with the teeth
+     rounded;
+
+     _serrate_, when having small sharp teeth directed forward;
+
+     _incised_, when cut by sharp and irregular incisions more or
+     less deeply;
+
+     _lobed_, when cut not more than half-way to the midrib, and the
+     divisions or their angles are rounded;
+
+     _cleft_, when cut half-way down or more, and the lobes or
+     sinuses are narrow or acute;
+
+     _parted_, when the cutting reaches almost but not quite to the
+     midrib;
+
+     _divided_, when the blade is cut into distinct parts, thus
+     making the leaf compound.
+
+All these terms may be modified by the words _pinnate_ or _palmate_;
+thus--_pinnately parted_, _pinnately divided_, _palmately parted_,
+_palmately divided_, etc.; also by the adjectives _once_, _twice_,
+_thrice_, etc.
+
+
+TEXTURE
+
+Leaves vary as to texture, and may be--
+
+     _coriaceous_, or leathery;
+
+     _succulent_, or juicy;
+
+     _scarious_, or dry and thin;
+
+     _fleshy_, or thick;
+
+     _herbaceous_, or thin.
+
+
+ARRANGEMENT
+
+According to their arrangement on the stem, leaves are--
+
+     _alternate_, when distributed singly at different heights on
+     the stem;
+
+     _opposite_, when two stand opposite each other at the nodes;
+
+     _whorled_, when more than two are borne at a node, equidistant
+     in a circle around the stem.
+
+
+INFLORESCENCE
+
+=Inflorescence= is a term commonly applied to the mode of flowering--_i.e._
+to the arrangement of blossoms on the stem and their relative positions to
+one another.
+
+     A =peduncle= is the stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem
+     of a flower-cluster;
+
+     a =scape= is a peduncle growing from the ground;
+
+     a =pedicel= is the stem of each flower in a cluster;
+
+     a =bract= is a small floral leaf;
+
+     an =involucre= is a collection of bracts around a flower-cluster
+     or around a single flower.
+
+Flowers may be solitary or clustered.
+
+Solitary flowers or flower-clusters are--
+
+     _terminal_, when borne at the summit of the stem;
+
+     _axillary_, when borne in the axils of the leaves.
+
+A flower-cluster is called--
+
+     a =raceme=, when the flowers are arranged along the axis upon
+     pedicels nearly equal in length;
+
+     a =corymb=, when the flowers are arranged as in the raceme, with
+     the lower pedicels elongated, making the cluster flat-topped;
+
+     an =umbel=, when the pedicels arise from the same point, like the
+     rays of an umbrella, and the cluster is flat-topped;
+
+     a =panicle=, when compound, irregularly made up of a number of
+     racemes;
+
+     a =spike=, when like a raceme, the flowers being without
+     pedicels;
+
+     a =spadix=, when it is a fleshy spike, generally enveloped by a
+     large bract, called a =spathe=, as in the calla-lily;
+
+     an =ament=, or =catkin=, when it is a pendent spike, with scaly
+     bracts, like the Willow;
+
+     a =head=, when it is a shortened spike, with a globular form;
+
+     a =cyme=, when it is branched and flat-topped, usually compound,
+     with the older flowers in the center of each simple cluster.
+
+
+THE INDIVIDUAL FLOWER
+
+A =complete flower= consists of =stamens= and =pistils= (the organs of
+reproduction), and =calyx= and =corolla= (the floral envelops which
+protect the stamens and pistils). But any one of these organs may be
+absent.
+
+     The =calyx= is the outer floral envelop, which is more often
+     green, though it is sometimes colored. It may consist of a
+     number of separate parts, called =sepals=, or these may be more
+     or less united.
+
+     The =corolla= is the inner floral envelop. It is usually colored,
+     and forms the most beautiful feature of the flower, and plays
+     an important part in attracting insects to it, which may carry
+     on the work of fertilization. It may consist of a number of
+     separate parts, called =petals=, or these may be more or less
+     united, in which case the corolla is said to be _gamopetalous_.
+     When the calyx and corolla are much alike, and seem like one
+     floral circle, this is referred to as a =perianth=.
+
+     The =stamens= and =pistils= are called the =essential organs= of a
+     flower, because they are necessary to the maturing of the
+     fruit.
+
+     =Perfect flowers= have both sets of essential organs.
+
+     =Imperfect flowers= have but one set of essential organs.
+
+     _Staminate_ (or male) _flowers_ have only stamens;
+
+     _Pistillate_ (or female) _flowers_ have only pistils.
+
+     _Neutral flowers_ have neither.
+
+THE STAMEN
+
+The =stamen= consists of two parts--the =filament= and the =anther=. The
+filament is the stalk of the stamen. The anther is the little case
+holding the =pollen=, or powdery substance, which, falling upon the
+stigma, is conducted downward into the ovary, where it quickens the
+ovules into life. The anther normally consists of two cells, which more
+often open lengthwise for the discharge of the pollen, though they
+sometimes open by terminal pores or chinks, or by uplifting lids.
+
+Stamens sometimes undergo a morphological change, taking the form of
+scales or other bodies (as is the case in many of our _Brodiæas_), when
+they are called =staminodia=.
+
+
+THE PISTIL
+
+The =pistil= is the organ occupying the center of the flower. It
+consists of three parts--the =ovary=, or the enlarged part below,
+consisting of one or more cells or cavities, and containing the ovules,
+or unfertilized seed; the =style=, or the stem which upholds the stigma;
+the =stigma=, or the roughened portion which receives the pollen.
+
+The pistil is _simple_, when it has but one ovary, style, stigma, etc.;
+_compound_, if any one of these is duplicated.
+
+
+THE FRUIT
+
+The =fruit= is the ripened ovary. After the ovules have been fertilized,
+the ovary is called a =pericarp=. Fruits may be either _fleshy_ or
+_dry_.
+
+The following are some of the principal kinds of dry fruits:--
+
+     A =capsule= is a dry, dehiscent (splitting) fruit, composed of
+     more than one carpel or division;
+
+     an =akene= is a small, dry, hard, one-celled, one-seeded
+     indehiscent fruit;
+
+     a =follicle= is a pod formed from a single pistil, dehiscing
+     along the ventral suture only;
+
+     a =legume= is a simple pericarp, opening by both seams.
+
+     a =samara= is a dry, indehiscent fruit, having a wing.
+
+The following are some of the principal kinds of fleshy fruits:--
+
+     A =pome= is a fruit like an apple or pear;
+
+     the =pepo=, or =gourd=, fruit is like that of the melon, squash,
+     etc.;
+
+     the =drupe= is like that of the cherry, plum, and peach;
+
+     the =berry= is like that of the grape, currant, and tomato.
+
+=Aggregate fruits= are those in which a cluster of carpels, all of one
+flower, are crowded upon the receptacle into one mass; as in the
+raspberry and blackberry.
+
+
+
+
+IMPORTANT PLANT FAMILIES AND GENERA
+
+     [To avoid too long technical descriptions in the body of the
+     work, a few of the more important plant families and genera
+     have been inserted below, to which reference has been made in
+     the technical descriptions.]
+
+
+FAMILIES
+
+=Cruciferæ.= Mustard Family.
+
+     Herbs with pungent, watery juice. _Leaves._--Alternate; without
+     stipules; entire or divided. _Flowers._--Generally in racemes.
+     _Sepals._--Four. _Petals._--Four; usually with narrowed base or
+     claw; the blades spreading to form a cross. _Stamens._--Six;
+     two of them shorter than the other four. _Ovary._--Two-celled;
+     rarely one-celled. Style undivided, or none. Stigma entire or
+     two-lobed. _Fruit._--A silique--_i.e._ a capsule, in which the
+     walls separate upward away from a central partition.
+
+The Mustard family is a very large one, comprising over a hundred and
+seventy genera, and containing between one and two thousand species. It is
+widely distributed over all parts of the world, but is most abundantly
+represented in the cooler or temperate regions. It furnishes us with many
+useful plants; such as the mustard, horseradish, radish, cabbage, turnip,
+cauliflower, etc.
+
+The genera of this order are very closely allied, and very difficult of
+discrimination. The fruit, as well as the flower, is necessary in the study
+of any given species.
+
+=Leguminosæ.= Pea Family.
+
+The order _Leguminosæ_ is divided into three well-marked sub-orders--the
+Pea family proper, the Brasiletto family, and the Mimosa family. But as all
+our genera, save _Cercis_, fall under the first, we shall describe that
+only.
+
+PAPILIONACEÆ. Pea Family proper.
+
+     Herbs, shrubs, or trees. _Leaves._--Usually alternate;
+     compound; with stipules; the latter sometimes transformed into
+     thorns or tendrils. _Flowers._--Seldom solitary; usually in
+     spikes, racemes or umbels. _Calyx._--Five-toothed; often
+     bilabiate. _Corolla._--Irregular; of five petals;
+     _papilionaceous_--_i.e._ the two lower petals more or less
+     coherent, forming the _keel_; the two lateral ones often
+     adherent to the keel, called the _wings_; the upper petal
+     called the _standard_ or _banner_. Stamens and pistil inclosed
+     in the keel. _Stamens._--Ten; their filaments either coherent
+     into a tube surrounding the pistil; or nine of them united into
+     a sheath, open above, the tenth lying in front of the cleft; or
+     rarely all distinct. _Ovary._--Superior; one-celled.
+     _Style._--Simple and incurved. _Stigma._--Simple. _Fruit._--A
+     two-valved pod, of which the garden pea is typical.
+
+The Pea family, including its three sub-orders, is one of the most
+important plant-families known. It is distributed over almost the entire
+world, and furnishes some of the most valuable products to man. The
+Judas-tree, the numerous acacias, and the sweet pea, are well known in our
+gardens; while among our most valuable vegetables are the bean, the pea,
+and the lentil. The clover and alfalfa are extremely important forage
+plants.
+
+The order furnishes several important timber-trees, in different parts of
+the world, such as the Rosewood, the Laburnum, and the Locust; and yields
+numerous products of economic importance, such as licorice, senna, gum
+Senegal, gum Arabic, gum tragacanth, balsam of copaiba, balsam of Tolu,
+indigo, logwood, red sandalwood, etc.
+
+=Compositæ.= Composite Family.
+
+     Herbs, rarely shrubs. _Leaves._--Usually alternate; without
+     stipules. _Flowers._--In a close head on a common _receptacle_,
+     surrounded by an _involucre_, whose divisions are called
+     _scales_ or _bracts_. _Calyx-tube._--Adnate to the one-celled
+     ovary; its limb (called a _pappus_) crowning its summit in the
+     form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc.; or cup-shaped; or
+     else entirely absent. _Corolla._--Either strap-shaped or
+     tubular; in the latter chiefly five-lobed. _Stamens._--Five
+     (rarely four); on the corolla; their anthers united in a tube.
+     _Style._--Two-cleft at the apex. _Fruit._--An akene. Flowers
+     with strap-shaped corollas are called _ray flowers_ or _rays_.
+     The _tubular flowers_ compose the disk.
+
+The Composite family is the largest of all plant-families, numbering twelve
+thousand species and upward, and is widely distributed over the world. In
+the cooler parts of the world the plants are mostly herbaceous, but toward
+the tropics they gradually become shrubs, and even trees. In North America
+they comprise about one sixth of all the flowering plants.
+
+For so large a family there are comparatively few useful plants found in
+it. Among the products of the order, may be mentioned chicory, lettuce, the
+artichoke, the vegetable oyster, arnica, chamomile-flowers, wormwood,
+absinth, elecampane, coltsfoot, taraxacum, oil of tansy, etc. But our
+gardens owe to this family innumerable beautiful and showy plants such as
+the China aster, the chrysanthemum, the cosmos, zinnia, dahlia, ageratum,
+gaillardia, coreopsis, sunflower, etc., etc.
+
+The plants of this family are quickly recognized by the flowers being
+always borne in a head and surrounded by an involucre, and presenting the
+appearance of a single flower. The heads are sometimes made up entirely of
+one kind of flower. The dandelion and the chicory are examples of a head
+made up entirely of ray-flowers, while the thistle consists of tubular
+flowers only. The more common arrangement, however, is the mixed one,
+comprising both tubular disk-flowers and strap-shaped rays, as in the
+daisy. The seeds are usually furnished with silken down or a delicate
+parachute to waft them abroad.
+
+The identification of the flowers of this order is a very difficult matter,
+even for experienced botanists.
+
+=Labiatæ.= Mint Family.
+
+     Herbs with square stems. _Leaves._--Opposite; usually aromatic.
+     _Flowers._--Axillary, or often in whorls or heads.
+     _Corolla._--Bilabiate (rarely regular). _Stamens._--Four (or
+     only two). _Ovary._--Deeply four-lobed; becoming four seedlike
+     nutlets. Style single; arising from the midst of the lobes.
+
+The plants of this order are easily recognized by the traits in the above
+description. But some of these traits are shared by the plants of the
+Figwort family, which have also the bilabiate corolla. The distinguishing
+character, however, is always to be found in the _four-lobed ovary_ for the
+Figworts have a two-celled ovary.
+
+This order is a large one; and there are no noxious or poisonous plants to
+be found in it. On the contrary, it comprises many useful plants, too well
+known almost to need enumeration--such as the lavender, peppermint, sage,
+horehound, thyme, spearmint, horsemint, pennyroyal, etc.
+
+
+GENERA
+
+CEANOTHUS, L. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spinescent.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite or alternate; petioled; variously toothed
+     or entire. _Flowers._--Blue or white; small, usually not more
+     than two or three lines across; borne in showy thyrsoid or
+     cymose clusters. _Calyx._--Petaloid; with short tube and
+     five-cleft border, the lobes acute and connivent.
+     _Petals._--Five; long-clawed; hooded; inserted on the
+     calyx-tube. _Stamens._--Five; opposite the petals; long
+     exserted. _Ovary._--Three-lobed; three-celled. Style short;
+     three-cleft. _Fruit._--Dry; consisting of three dehiscent
+     nutlets; sometimes crested.
+
+The genus _Ceanothus_ is mainly a Western one. Of its thirty or more
+species, two thirds are found in the region between the Rocky Mountains and
+the Pacific Ocean.
+
+In California we have about twenty species; and these all hybridize to such
+an extent, that often the determination of any given species is a very
+difficult matter. The genus reaches its culmination in the mountains of
+Santa Cruz County, where there are many beautiful species. Many of the
+species are commonly known as "California lilac."
+
+LUPINUS, Catullus. Pea Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Palmately divided, with from one to sixteen
+     leaflets; stipules adnate; seldom conspicuous.
+     _Leaflets._--Entire; sessile. _Flowers._--In terminal racemes,
+     whorled or scattered. _Calyx._--Deeply bilabiate; upper lip
+     notched; lower usually entire, or occasionally three-toothed or
+     cleft. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous. _Standard._--Broad, with
+     sides reflexed. _Wings._--Falcate; oblong; commonly slightly
+     united at the tip in front of and inclosing the falcate,
+     usually slender, pointed keel. _Stamens._--With their filaments
+     united in a tube; of two forms; five with longer and basifixed
+     anthers; the alternate five with shorter and versatile ones.
+     _Pod._--Compressed; straight; two-valved. Style slender. Stigma
+     bearded.
+
+The Lupines are mostly plants of Western America. In fact, they are so
+abundant between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean that that
+territory is known among botanists as the "Lupine Region."
+
+The species, which are very numerous, are difficult of determination,
+requiring very long technical descriptions, which cannot be given in a work
+like the present. For this reason we have been able to give but a few of
+the more easily recognized.
+
+We have in California upwards of forty species. They are of little economic
+importance, although one or two species have been found very useful in the
+reclaiming of sand-dunes. Several species have been cultivated for
+ornament. The leaves are often beautiful and the flower-clusters showy.
+
+The generic name is supposed to come from the Latin _lupinus_, a _wolf_,
+and to have been given because of the voracity evinced by the species in
+exhausting the soil.
+
+ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. Pea Family.
+
+     Herbs, or sometimes plants woody at base. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     with stipules; unequally pinnate. _Flowers._--Rather small;
+     chiefly in simple axillary spikes or racemes, upon a commonly
+     elongated peduncle; papilionaceous. _Calyx._--Five-toothed.
+     _Corolla_ and its slender-clawed petals usually narrow. Keel
+     not pointed. _Stamens._--Nine united; one free.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled; sometimes apparently two-celled.
+     _Pod._--Very various; commonly inflated. _Seeds._--Few to many
+     on slender stalks; generally small for the size of the pod.
+
+The genus _Astragalus_ is a very large one, comprising many species in most
+parts of the world, save Australia and South Africa. About two hundred
+species are native of North America, most of which are found in the region
+west of the Mississippi River. Of these several are known as "loco-weed,"
+and are poisonous to sheep and cattle.
+
+Very few species of this genus have any economic value. _A. gummifer_ and
+some other similar species of Western Asia, low, spiny shrubs, yield the
+gum tragacanth of commerce.
+
+Å’NOTHERA, L. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     Herbs, or plants sometimes woody at the base.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate. _Flowers._--Axillary or in spikes or
+     racemes. _Calyx-tube._--More or less prolonged above the ovary
+     with four reflexed segments.
+
+     _Petals._--Four; obcordate to obovate; sessile; yellow to
+     white, often tinged with red or turning red in fading.
+     _Stamens._--Eight; equal; or those opposite the petals shorter.
+     Anthers perfect; two-celled; versatile. _Ovary._--Four-celled;
+     many ovuled. Style filiform. Stigma four-lobed or capitate.
+     _Fruit._--A capsule with the seeds in one or two rows in each
+     cell.
+
+The name _Å’nothera_ is from two Greek words, meaning _wine_ and _a hunt_,
+or _pursuit_. Mr. Gray tells us that it was given in ancient times to some
+plant whose roots were eaten to provoke a relish for wine.
+
+This is a large genus, containing a hundred or more species, which are
+mostly confined to America, about a quarter of them being Californian. Many
+of them are very beautiful and have long been favorites in gardens. The
+flowers are yellow or white, and are commonly designated as "evening
+primroses," as many of them open upon the edge of evening.
+
+GODETIA, Spach. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+The genus _Godetia_ is closely allied to that of _Å’nothera_; but is
+distinguished from the latter in several points. Its flowers are purple,
+lilac, or rose-colored--never yellow; the anthers are basifixed--_i.e._
+fixed by their bases--not versatile; and the stigma, instead of being
+capitate, has four linear lobes.
+
+The plants of this genus were formerly included under _Å’nothera_; but it
+has been thought best to put them into a separate genus, which has been
+named for a Dr. Godet.
+
+There are numerous species, many of them very beautiful and showy. They
+vary a great deal under different conditions and in different seasons, and
+are not well understood by botanists as yet.
+
+The genus is confined to the western coast of North America, and is most
+largely represented in California.
+
+The species flower mostly in late spring and early summer, which has given
+rise to the pretty name of "farewell to spring" for the plants of this
+genus.
+
+GILIA, Renz. and Pav. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     Herbs or plants somewhat shrubby at base. _Leaves._--Opposite
+     or alternate; simple or compound; without stipules. Many
+     species with showy flowers. All the parts of the flower five,
+     except the pistil, which has a three-celled ovary and a
+     three-lobed style. _Calyx._--Imbricated in the bud.
+     _Corolla._--Regular; funnel-form, salver-form, or sometimes
+     short campanulate or rotate; convolute in the bud.
+     _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla alternate with its lobes;
+     distinct. Filaments mostly slender; sometimes unequal in
+     length; not bearded at base.
+
+This genus was named in honor of Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist. In America
+the name is pronounced _jil'i-a_, though according to the rules of the
+Spanish language _he'li-a_ would be the correct pronunciation.
+
+This is a comparatively large genus, comprising about a hundred species,
+most of which are native to the western parts of the United States. The
+flowers are often showy and beautiful, and some of them closely resemble
+the phloxes. A number are cultivated under the botanical name of
+_Ipomopsis_ or _Leptosiphon_.
+
+PHACELIA, Juss. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Herbs, mostly branched from the base and hairy.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; the lower sometimes opposite; simple or
+     compound. _Flowers._--Usually in one-sided scorpioid racemes.
+     _Calyx._--Deeply five-parted; without appendages.
+     _Corolla._--From almost rotate to narrowly funnel-form;
+     five-lobed; with ten vertical plates or scales at the base
+     within. _Stamens._--Five; equally inserted low or at the base
+     of the corolla. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles two; or one which
+     is two-cleft. _Fruit._--A capsule.
+
+The name _Phacelia_ is from a Greek word signifying a _fascicle_, or
+_bunch_, and refers to the fascicled or clustered flower-racemes.
+
+This genus is closely allied to _Nemophila_, but differs from it in several
+points. The calyx is not furnished with appendages at the sinuses; the
+corolla is imbricated in the bud--_i.e._ the lobes overlap one another in
+the manner of bricks in a wall,--and is not convolute, or rolled up, as in
+_Nemophila_.
+
+This is mainly a North American genus, having about fifty species, about
+thirty of which are Californian. Many of the species have beautiful and
+showy flowers, and are cultivated in gardens. The blossoms are blue,
+violet, purple, or white, but never yellow (save sometimes in the tube or
+throat).
+
+MIMULUS, L. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; simple. _Flowers._--Axillary on solitary
+     peduncles; sometimes becoming racemose by the diminution of the
+     upper leaves to bracts. _Calyx._--Tubular or campanulate;
+     mostly five-angled and five- toothed. _Corolla._--Funnel-form;
+     bilabiate; the upper lip erect, two-lobed; the lower
+     three-lobed; a pair of ridges, either bearded or naked, running
+     down the lower side of the throat. _Stamens._--Four. Anthers
+     often near together in pairs, with divergent cells.
+     _Ovary._--Superior; two-celled. Style filiform. Stigma
+     two-lipped, with the lips commonly dilated and petaloid.
+
+The genus _Mimulus_ is so named from the shape of the corolla, which is
+supposed to resemble the gaping countenance of an ape. It comprises forty
+or fifty species, and affords us some of our most beautiful flowers. The
+greater number of species and the handsomest are Pacific, and several of
+our Californian species are especially prized in cultivation.
+
+The plants of the genus are all known as "monkey-flowers." They exhibit an
+interesting character in the structure and movements of the stigma. It is
+usually composed of two somewhat expanded lips. These are extremely
+sensitive, and when touched, or when pollen has been received by them, they
+close quite rapidly.
+
+ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. Figwort Family.
+
+     Low herbs; almost all annuals. _Leaves._--Mainly alternate;
+     sessile; often cut into from three to five filiform divisions;
+     the upper passing into the bracts of the dense spike and
+     usually colored, as are the calyx-lobes.
+     _Calyx._--Short-tubular or oblong-campanulate; evenly
+     four-cleft, or sometimes cleft before and behind and the
+     divisions again cleft. _Corolla._--Tubular; the upper lip, or
+     galea, little or not at all longer than the lower; small in
+     comparison with the large, inflated, one- to three-saccate lower
+     one, which usually bears more or less conspicuous teeth.
+     _Stamens._--Four; inclosed in the upper lip.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long. Stigma capitate. _Fruit._--A
+     capsule.
+
+The genus _Orthocarpus_ is mainly Californian, comprising within our
+borders something less than twenty species. Most of them are to be found
+from San Francisco northward and in the mountains.
+
+They are closely related to the _Castilleias_, and resemble them closely in
+habit. The difference between the two genera lies in the relative sizes of
+the upper and lower lips of the corolla. In _Castilleia_ the upper lip is
+the larger and more prominent; while in _Orthocarpus_ the lower is much
+more conspicuous, often consisting of three inflated sacs.
+
+The species are quite difficult of determination.
+
+"Owl's clover" is a common English name for the plants of this genus.
+
+PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Figwort Family.
+
+     Perennial herbs, or rarely shrubby. _Leaves._--Opposite, rarely
+     whorled; the upper sessile or clasping; the floral gradually or
+     abruptly reduced to bracts. _Flowers._--Usually red, blue,
+     purple, or white, rarely yellow; in raceme-like panicles.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--With a conspicuous and
+     mostly elongated or ventricose tube; the throat swelling out on
+     the lower if on either side; the limb more or less bilabiate,
+     with the upper lip two-lobed and the lower three-cleft,
+     recurved, or spreading. _Stamens._--Four perfect; a fifth with
+     a bearded filament only. Anther cells mostly united or running
+     together at the summit. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long.
+     Stigma entire.
+
+The name _Pentstemon_ is from two Greek words, signifying _five_ and
+_stamen_. It was bestowed upon this genus because the fifth stamen is
+present, though sterile.
+
+The genus is a large one, comprising seventy species, most of which are
+North American, though a few are Mexican. It is most abundantly represented
+in the Pacific States and the States west of the Mississippi. California
+has over twenty species, many of them very beautiful, a number of them
+being in cultivation.
+
+"Beard-tongue" is the common English name for the plants of this genus.
+
+From so many charming species it has been very difficult to select; and if
+the reader finds some beautiful flower of this genus which is unnamed in
+these pages, he is advised to consult the technical botanies.
+
+CALOCHORTUS, Pursh. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Branching; from a membranous-coated, sometimes
+     fibrous-coated corm. _Leaves._--Few; linear-lanceolate; the
+     radical one or two much larger than those of the flexuous or
+     erect stem. _Flowers._--Few to many; showy; terminal or
+     axillary, or umbellately fascicled. _Perianth._--Deciduous; of
+     six more or less concave segments; the three outer lanceolate,
+     greenish, more or less sepal-like; the inner (petals) mostly
+     broadly cuneate-obovate, usually with a conspicuous glandular
+     pit toward the base, which is apt to be hidden by long hairs.
+     _Stamens._--Six. Anthers erect; basifixed.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled; three-angled. Stigmas three; sessile;
+     recurved. _Capsule._--Three-angled or winged.
+
+The _Calochorti_ are the most widely diffused of all the liliaceous plants
+of the Pacific Coast, and comprise some of the most beautiful flowers in
+the world. "On the north they reach British America; one species is to be
+found as far east as Nebraska; and several are natives of Northern Mexico;
+and within these limits no considerable section of country is destitute of
+some species."[1] They are so closely allied to the true tulips that the
+common designation of them as "tulips" is not at all amiss.
+
+The name _Calochortus_ signifies _beautiful grass_. The members of the
+genus fall naturally into three general groups:--
+
+_First_--The GLOBE TULIPS, which have flexile stems, sub-globose, nodding
+flowers, and nodding capsules. Of these there are three--_C. albus_, _C.
+pulchellus_, and _C. amœnus_.
+
+_Second_--The STAR TULIPS, having low, flexile stems, erect, starlike
+flowers, with spreading petals, and nodding capsules. They comprise _C.
+Benthami_, _C. Maweanus_, _C. cœruleus_, _C. apiculatus_, _C. elegans_,
+_C. Tolmei_, _C. umbellatus_, etc.
+
+_Third_--The MARIPOSA TULIPS, which are usually tall, fine plants, with
+stiff, erect stems, having erect, cup-shaped or open-campanulate flowers,
+usually large and handsome, followed by erect capsules.
+
+They have a few narrow, grasslike, radical leaves, which have usually dried
+away by the time of flowering, which is in early summer, after the ground
+has become dry and hard. These inhabit our dry, open hillsides and grassy
+slopes, loving a stony, clayey, sandy, or volcanic soil. They comprise
+over thirty different known forms, and others are constantly being
+discovered.
+
+They have a tendency to hybridize, and the various forms sport and vary,
+and run into one another in such a wonderful manner that the exact
+determination of all the species is an impossible task to all but a few
+experts--and even they are not certain about them all yet. We have given
+only a few of the commonest or best-characterized species.
+
+_Mariposa_ is the Spanish word meaning _butterfly_, and was applied on
+account of the marvelous resemblance of the markings of the petals of some
+of the forms to the wings of that insect.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[Footnote 1: Mr. Carl Purdy.]
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY
+
+
+Situated on the western verge of the continent, so far removed from the
+other parts of our country, not only by great distance, but by those mighty
+natural barriers that traverse the continent from north to south,
+California is eminently individual in her natural features. Stretching
+through nine and one half degrees of latitude, with a sea-coast of seven
+hundred miles, and several ranges of fine and lofty mountains, there is
+probably not another State in the Union that has so wonderful a diversity
+of climate and vegetation. Her shores, bathed by the warm Japan Current, or
+Ku-ro Si-wa, which is deflected southward from Alaska, are many degrees
+warmer than their latitude alone would warrant.
+
+Her general topography is simple and readily understood. The Sierra Nevada,
+or "snowy range," upon the eastern boundary, with its granite summits and
+its shoulders clothed with successive belts of majestic coniferous forests,
+with an occasional snow-peak towering above the range, forms the eastern
+wall of the great Central Valley, which is inclosed upon the west by the
+Coast Range, less in height than the Sierra, but equally beautiful, less
+forbidding, more companionable. The great Central Valley, four hundred and
+fifty miles long, is drained by two rivers, which meet in its center and
+break through the Coast Range, delivering their waters to the ocean through
+the Golden Gate. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers receive many
+important tributaries from the east, fed by the melting snows of the
+Sierras, and flow through one of the most fertile regions of the world.
+
+The Sierras may be divided into five different belts, of varying altitudes
+along the length of the range, beginning with the foothill region, which
+may be termed the chaparral region. This is succeeded by the yellow-pine
+belt, above which is the sugar-pine, or upper forest, belt, which is in
+turn succeeded by the sub-alpine, while the alpine dominates all.
+
+The Coast Range is channeled on both sides by many beautiful wooded cañons,
+affording homes for some of our loveliest flowers. Mr. Purdy writes of it:
+This "is not a continuous range, but a broken mass of parallel ridges from
+forty to seventy miles wide, with many other chains transverse to the
+general trend of the range, and inclosing numerous valleys, large and
+small, of widely different altitudes. In the Coast Range there is no warm
+belt, but isolated warm spots. Climate here can only be ascertained by
+experience. The geological formation of the ranges and the character of
+soils constantly vary, and often widely at short intervals. Hence the flora
+of this region is particularly interesting. It is hardly probable there is
+a more captivating field for the botanist in the world."
+
+In the north and the south the two great ranges meet in some of the noblest
+snow-peaks on the continent. Below their southern junction, to the
+eastward, lies an arid desert region, and above their northern junction
+extends a dry and elevated plateau to the northeast. Thus there arises a
+great diversity of natural condition. As all living organisms are greatly
+influenced by their environment, the flora naturally distributes itself
+along the lines of climatic variation. Thus we have alpine species on the
+snowy heights of the Sierras, and sub-alpine forms luxuriating in the
+meadows fed from their snows; inland species in the Central Valley, and
+following some distance up its eastern and western walls; the leathery and
+hardy forms of the wind-swept coast; the curious prickly races of arid
+regions; delicate lovers of the cool and shaded brook; dwellers in marshes
+and on lake borders; denizens of dry, rocky hill-slopes, exposed to the
+glare of the sun; and inhabiters of shaded woods. It may be said that the
+most characteristically Western plants of our flora are to be found in the
+Central Valley, in the lower belts of the Sierras, and in the valleys of
+the Coast Range, many of which extend beyond our borders, both northward
+and southward. Many of our alpine species are common to the East, and our
+maritime flora is of necessity somewhat cosmopolitan, containing many
+introduced species from various parts of the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The climate of California is divided into two seasons--the wet and the
+dry,--the former extending from October to May, the latter occupying the
+remaining months of the year. And this climatic division coincides almost
+exactly with the area of the State. Of course, these dates are not
+absolute, as showers may occur beyond their limits.
+
+It will be readily seen that the rainy season, or the winter, so-called, is
+the growing time of our year--the time when the earth brings forth every
+plant in his kind. On the other hand, the summer is the time of rest. Most
+of the plant-life having germinated after the first moisture of the fall,
+grows luxuriantly during the showery months of winter, blossoms lavishly in
+the balmy sunshine of early springtime, produces seed in abundance by early
+summer, and is then ready for its annual rest. Instead of shrouding the
+earth in snow during our period of plant-rest, as she does in more rigorous
+climes, Nature gently spreads over hill and valley a soft mantle of brown.
+
+When the first shrill notes of the cicada are heard in late spring, we
+awake to a sudden realization that summer is at hand, and, looking about
+us, we see that the flowers have nearly all vanished; hill and valley no
+longer glow with great masses of color; only a few straggling species of
+the early summer remain; but they too are soon gone, and soft browns and
+straw-colors prevail everywhere. It is then that the deep, rich greens of
+our symmetrically rounded Live-Oaks, so characteristic of this region, show
+in fine contrast against this delicate background, forming a picture that
+every Californian dearly loves; the Madroño and the Laurel spread their
+canopies of grateful shade; while the Redwood affords cool retreats from
+the summer sun. Then our salt marshes, as though realizing the need of
+refreshing verdure, put on their most vivid greens; and our
+chaparral-covered hill-slopes make walls of bronze and olive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Perhaps no coniferous forests in the world are so beautiful or so
+attractive as the Redwood forests of our Coast Ranges; and they play so
+important a part in the distribution of our plants, it will not be out of
+place to devote a little space to them here.
+
+The main Redwood belt is of limited range, extending along the Coast from
+Monterey County to Humboldt County, and nowhere exceeding twenty miles in
+breadth. Straggling trees may be found beyond these limits, but nowhere a
+forest growth or trees of great size. In its densest portion, the stately
+and colossal trees are too close together to permit of a wagon passing
+between them.
+
+Mr. Purdy writes: "The Redwood is not only a lover of moisture, but to an
+extent hardly to be believed, unless seen, a condenser and conserver of
+moisture. Their tops reach high into the sea of vapor, and a constant
+precipitation from them, like rain, takes place. The water stands in
+puddles in the roads under them. This causes the densest of undergrowth;
+hazels, huckleberries, various Ceanothi, ferns of large size and in
+greatest profusion, large bushes of rhododendron, and numerous other plants
+make the forest floor a perfect tangle in moister portions."
+
+Many charming plants find their homes amid the cool shade of these noble
+trees. Trillium, and scoliopus, and dog's-tooth violets vie with clintonias
+and vancouverias in elegance and grace, while little creeping violets, and
+the lovely redwood-sorrel, and the salal make charming tapestries over the
+forest floor about these dim cathedral columns.
+
+On the other hand, the open forest belts of the Sierras, which are of far
+greater extent, present another and quite different flora from that of the
+Coast Range and the Redwood belt. There may be found many interesting
+plants of the Heath family--cassiope, bryanthus, chimaphila, ledum, various
+pyrolas, and the snow-plant; there the aconite, false hellebore, eriogonums
+and gentians, and new and beautiful pentstemons and Mimuli and lilies deck
+the meadows and stream-banks.
+
+After the season of blossoming is over in the lowlands, we may pass on up
+into the mountains and live again through a vernal springtime of flowers.
+
+Perhaps in no country in the world does the arrival of the spring flowers
+"so transform the face of Nature as in California." The march of
+civilization has brought changes in its wake; the virgin soil has been
+broken and subdued into grainfields and vineyards; still enough of the
+lavish blossoming is left us to appreciate Mr. Muir's description of the
+face of the country as it appeared years ago. He says: "When California was
+wild, it was one sweet bee-garden throughout its entire length, north and
+south, and all the way across from the snowy Sierra to the ocean.... The
+Great Central Plain ... during the months of March, April, and May was one
+smooth, continuous bed of honey-bloom, so marvelously rich that in walking
+from one end of it to the other, a distance of four hundred miles, your
+foot would press about a hundred flowers at every step. Mints, gilias,
+nemophilas, castilleias, and innumerable Compositæ were so crowded
+together, that had ninety-nine per cent of them been taken away, the plain
+would still have seemed to any but Californians extravagantly flowery. The
+radiant, honeyful corollas, touching and overlapping and rising above one
+another, glowed in the living light like a sunset sky--one sheet of purple
+and gold.... Sauntering in any direction, hundreds of these happy
+sun-plants brushed against my feet at every step and closed over them as if
+I were wading in liquid gold. The air was sweet with fragrance, the larks
+sang their blessed songs, rising on the wing as I advanced, then sinking
+out of sight in the polleny sod; while myriads of wild bees stirred the
+lower air with their monotonous hum--monotonous, yet forever fresh and
+sweet as everyday sunshine."
+
+
+
+
+PRELUDE
+
+    O LAND OF THE WEST! I know
+    How the field-flowers bud and blow,
+    And the grass springs and the grain
+    To the first soft touch and summons of the rain!
+    O, the music of the rain!
+    O, the music of the streams!
+
+    --INA D. COOLBRITH.
+
+
+Toward the end of our long cloudless summer, after most other flowers have
+stolen away, Mother Nature marshals her great order of Compositæ for a last
+rally; and they come as welcome visitants to fill the places of our
+vanished summer friends.
+
+Asters and goldenrods, grindelias, lessingias, and the numerous tarweeds,
+with their cheerful blossoms, relieve the sober browns of sun-dried
+hill-slopes and meadows, or fringe with color our roadsides and salt
+marshes.
+
+But even these late-comers weary after a time, and one by one disappear,
+till there comes a season when, without flowers, Nature seems to be humbled
+in sackcloth and ashes. The dust lies thick upon roadside trees, a haze
+hangs like a veil in the air, and the sun beats down with fierce, continued
+glare.
+
+As this wears on day after day, a certain vague expectancy creeps gradually
+over the face of things--a rapt, mysterious aspect, foreboding change. One
+day there is a telltale clarity in the atmosphere. Later, the sky darkens
+by degrees, and a dull, leaden hue spreads over the vault of heaven.
+Nature mourns, and would weep. Her heart is full to bursting; still the
+tears come not. The winds spring up and blow freshly over the parched land.
+A few hard-wrung drops begin to fall, and at length there closes down a
+thoroughgoing shower. The flood-gates are opened at last; the long tension
+is over, and we breathe freely once more.
+
+During this first autumn rain, those of us who are so fortunate as to live
+in the country are conscious of a strange odor pervading all the air. It is
+as though Dame Nature were brewing a vast cup of herb tea, mixing in the
+fragrant infusion all the plants dried and stored so carefully during the
+summer.
+
+When the clouds vanish after this baptismal shower, everything is
+charmingly fresh and pure, and we have some of the rarest of days. Then the
+little seeds, harbored through the long summer in Earth's bosom, burst
+their coats and push up their tender leaves, till on hillside and
+valley-floor appears a delicate mist of green, which gradually confirms
+itself into a soft, rich carpet--and all the world is in verdure clad. Then
+we begin to look eagerly for our first flowers.
+
+
+
+
+FLOWER DESCRIPTIONS
+
+A FANCY
+
+
+              I think I would not be
+                  A stately tree,
+    Broad-boughed, with haughty crest that seeks the sky.
+              Too many sorrows lie
+    In years, too much of bitter for the sweet:
+    Frost-bite, and blast, and heat,
+    Blind drought, cold rains, must all grow wearisome,
+              Ere one could put away
+              Their leafy garb for aye,
+              And let death come.
+
+              Rather this wayside flower!
+              To live its happy hour
+    Of balmy air, of sunshine, and of dew.
+    A sinless face held upward to the blue;
+              A bird-song sung to it,
+              A butterfly to flit
+    On dazzling wings above it, hither, thither,--
+    A sweet surprise of life,--and then exhale
+    A little fragrant soul on the soft gale,
+              To float--ah! whither?
+
+    --INA D. COOLBRITH.
+
+
+
+
+_White or occasionally or partially white flowers not described in the
+White Section._
+
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS--Pimpernel.
+
+    BRODIÆA LACTEA--White Brodiæa.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS WEEDII--Mariposa Tulip.
+
+    CUSCUTA--Dodder.
+
+    ERIOGONUM URSINUM.
+
+    ERYSIMUM GRANDIFLORUM--Cream-colored Wallflower.
+
+    ESCHSCHOLTZIA CALIFORNICA--California Poppy.
+
+    FLÅ’RKIA DOUGLASII--Meadow-Foam.
+
+    HEMIZONIA LUZULÆFOLIA--Tarweed.
+
+    HOSACKIA BICOLOR.
+
+    MELILOTUS ALBA--White Sweet Clover.
+
+    PTEROSPORA ANDROMEDEA--Pine-Drops.
+
+    VERBASCUM BLATTARIA--Moth-Mullein.
+
+
+_Described in the Pink Section_:--
+
+    APOCYNUM CANNABINUM--American-Indian Hemp.
+
+    DODECATHEON CLEVELANDI--Shooting-Stars.
+
+    GILIA ANDROSACEA.
+
+    LEWISIA REDIVIVA--Bitter-Root.
+
+    OXALIS OREGANA--Redw'd-Sorrel.
+
+    PHLOX DOUGLASII--Alpine Phlox.
+
+    RHUS INTEGRIFOLIA--Lemonade-Berry.
+
+    RHUS LAURINA--Sumach.
+
+    SILENE GALLICA.
+
+    TRIENTALIS EUROPÆA--Star-Flower.
+
+
+_Described in the Blue and Purple Section_:--
+
+    BRODIÆA LAXA--Ithuriel's Spear.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS CATALINÆ--Catalina Mariposa Tulip.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS MAWEANUS--Cat's-Ears.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS UMBELLATUS--White Star-Tulip.
+
+    CEANOTHUS DIVARICATUS--Wild Lilac.
+
+    CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS--California Lilac.
+
+    COLLINSIA BICOLOR--Collinsia.
+
+    DELPHINIUM.
+
+    FRITILLARIA LILIACEA--White Fritillary.
+
+    IRIS DOUGLASIANA--Douglas Iris.
+
+    IRIS MACROSIPHON-Ground Iris.
+
+    POLYGALA CORNUTA.
+
+    SCUTELLARIA CALIFORNICA--White Skullcap
+
+    TRILLIUM SESSILE--Calif. Trillium.
+
+
+_Described in the Red Section_:--
+
+    GILIA AGGREGATA--Scarlet Gilia.
+
+    AQUILEGIA CÅ’RULEA.
+
+
+_Described in the Miscellaneous Section_:--
+
+    CEPHALANTHERA OREGANA--Phantom Orchis.
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM CALIFORNICUM--California Lady's Slipper.
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM MONTANUM--Mountain Lady's Slipper.
+
+    PROSARTES MENZIESII--Drops of Gold.
+
+
+TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. SPRING-BLOSSOM.
+
+_Dentaria Californica_, Nutt. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Roots._--Bearing small tubers. _Stems._--Six inches to two
+     feet high. _Root-leaves._--Simple and roundish or with three
+     leaflets. _Stem-leaves._--Usually with three to five pinnate
+     leaflets, one to three inches long. _Flowers._--White to pale
+     rose-color. _Sepals and Petals._--Four. _Stamens._--Four long
+     and two short. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style simple.
+     _Pod._--Slender; twelve to eighteen lines long.
+     _Syn._--_Cardamine paucisecta_, Benth. _Hab._--Throughout the
+     Coast Ranges.
+
+What a rapture we always feel over this first blossom of the year! not only
+for its own dear sake, but for the hopes and promises it holds out, the
+visions it raises of spring, with flower-covered meadows, running brooks,
+buds swelling everywhere, bird-songs, and the air rife with perfumes.
+
+It is like the dove sent forth from the ark, this first tentative blossom,
+this _avant courier_ of the great army of Crucifers, or cross-bearers, so
+called because their four petals are stretched out like the four arms of a
+cross.
+
+It is usually in some sheltered wood that we look for this first shy
+blossom; but once it has proved the trustworthiness of the skies, it is
+followed by thousands of its companions, who then come out boldly and star
+the meadows with their pure white constellations.
+
+The Latin name of this genus (from the word _dens_, a tooth), translated
+into the vernacular, becomes toothwort, the termination _wort_ signifying
+merely plant or herb.
+
+It was so named because of the toothed rootstocks of many species.
+
+The little tubers upon the root often have a pungent taste, from which
+comes one of the other common names--"pepper-root." Various other names
+have been applied to these flowers, such as "lady's smocks" and
+"milkmaids."
+
+[Illustration _TOOTHWORT--Dentaria Californica._]
+
+
+ZYGADENE.
+
+_Zygadenus Fremonti_, Michx. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--Dark-coated. _Leaves._--Linear; a foot or two long;
+     deeply channeled. _Scape._--Three inches to even four feet
+     high. _Flowers._--White. _Perianth Segments._--Six; strongly
+     nerved; bearing at base yellow glands; inner segments clawed.
+     _Stamens._--Six; shorter than the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Styles three; short.
+     _Capsule._--Three-beaked. _Hab._--Coast Ranges, San Diego to
+     Humboldt County.
+
+The generic name, _Zygadenus_, is from the Greek, and signifies yoked
+glands, referring to the glands upon the base of the perianth segments.
+
+We have several species, the most beautiful and showy of which is _Z.
+Fremonti_. This is widely distributed, and grows in very different
+situations. In our central Coast Range its tall stems, with their lovely
+clusters of white stars, make their appearance upon rocky hill-slopes with
+warm exposure, in the shelter of the trees, soon after the toothwort has
+sprinkled the fields with its white bloom. In the south it rears its tall
+stems upon open mesas, unprotected by the shelter of friendly tree or
+shrub, and in some localities it makes itself at home in bogs. It is
+possible that the future may reveal the presence of more than one species.
+
+It has sometimes been called "soap-plant"; but this name more appropriately
+belongs to _Chlorogalum_. It somewhat resembles the Star of Bethlehem of
+Eastern gardens. The fact that it grows in boggy places has given rise to
+the name of "water-lily" in certain localities; but this ought to be
+discountenanced, as it bears not the slightest resemblance to the
+magnificent water-lily of Eastern ponds.
+
+Another species--_Z. venenosus_, Wats.--is found from Monterey and Mariposa
+Counties to British Columbia. This may be distinguished from the above by
+its narrow leaves--only two or three lines wide,--usually folded together,
+and by its smaller flowers, with perianth segments only two or three lines
+long; and also by the fact that the stamens equal the segments in length.
+The bulb is poisonous, and our Northern Indians call it "death camass,"
+while the farmers in the Sierras call it "Lobelia," not because of any
+resemblance to that plant, but because its poisonous effects are similar to
+those of the latter. It is fatal to horses, but hogs eat it with impunity,
+from which it is also known as "hogs' potato." It is found in moist meadows
+or along stream-banks, in June and July.
+
+[Illustration _ZYGADENE--Zygadenus Fremonti._]
+
+
+POISON-OAK.
+
+_Rhus diversiloba_, Torr. and Gray. Poison-Oak or Cashew Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Three to fifteen feet high. _Leaflets._--One to four
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Greenish white; small. _Sepals and
+     Petals._--Usually five. _Stamens._--As many or twice as many as
+     the petals. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles three: distinct or
+     united. _Fruit._--A small, dry, striate, whitish drupe.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+The presence of the poison-oak in our woods and fields makes these outdoor
+haunts forbidden pleasures to persons who are susceptible to it. It is
+closely allied to the poison-ivy of the Eastern States, and very similar in
+its effects. It is a charming shrub in appearance, with beautiful glossy,
+shapely leaves; and in early summer, when it turns to many shades of
+scarlet and purple-bronze, it is especially alluring to the unsuspecting.
+It is quite diverse in its habit, sometimes appearing as an erect shrub,
+and again climbing trees or rock surfaces, by means of small aerial
+rootlets, to a considerable height. Horses eat the leaves without injury;
+and the honey which the bees distill from its small greenish-white flowers
+is said to be excellent.
+
+Many low plants seek the shelter of these shrubs, and some of our loveliest
+flowers, such as Clarkias, Godetias, Collinsias, Brodiæas, and larkspurs,
+seem to realize that immunity from human marauders is to be had within its
+safe retreat.
+
+The remedies for oak-poisoning are numerous; and it may not be out of place
+to mention a few of them here. Different remedies are required by different
+individuals. Any of the following plants may be made into a tea and used as
+a wash: Grindelia, manzanita, wild peony, California holly, and _Rhamnus
+Purshiania_, or _Californica_. Hot solutions of soda, Epsom salts, or
+saltpeter are helpful to many, and the bulb of the soap-root,--_Chlorogalum
+pomeridianum_--pounded to a paste and used as a salve, allowing it to
+dry upon the surface and remain for some hours at least, is considered
+excellent. In fact, any pure toilet soap may be used in the same manner.
+
+[Illustration POISON OAK--_Rhus diversiloba_.]
+
+
+WAKE-ROBIN.
+
+_Trillium ovatum_, Pursh. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Thickened. _Stem._--Erect; stout; a foot or more
+     high; bearing at summit a whorl of three sessile leaves.
+     _Leaves._--Rhomboidal; acuminate; netted-veined; five-nerved;
+     two to six inches long. _Flower._--Solitary; pure white,
+     turning to deep rose; peduncle one to three inches long.
+     _Sepals._--Three; herbaceous. _Petals._--One or two inches
+     long. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Stigmas three;
+     sessile. _Capsule._--Broadly ovate: six-winged. _Hab._--The
+     Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz to British Columbia.
+
+The wake-robin is in the vanguard of our spring flowers, and a walk into
+some high, cold cañon while the days are still dark and short will be amply
+rewarded by the finding of its white and peculiarly pure-looking blossoms
+standing upon the bank overlooking the streamlet. The blossoms remain
+unchanged for a time, and then, as they fade, turn to a deep purplish
+rose-color.
+
+Our wake-robin so closely resembles _T. grandiflorum_, Salisb., of the
+Eastern States, that it seems a pity it should have been made into a
+different species.
+
+
+BEACH-STRAWBERRY.
+
+_Fragaria Chilensis_, Ehrhart. Rose Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The coast, from Alaska to San Francisco and southward.
+
+This beautiful strawberry is found growing near the seashore, where its
+large, delicious berries are often buried beneath the shifting sand,
+becoming bleached in color. It sometimes covers acres with its thick,
+shining, dark-green leaves, among which are sprinkled its large pure-white
+flowers, an inch or more across.
+
+The wood-strawberry--_F. Californica_--is very common in the Coast Ranges;
+but for the most part it is dry and flavorless.
+
+[Illustration WAKE-ROBIN--_Trillium ovatum_.]
+
+
+=MANZANITA. BEARBERRY.=
+
+_Arctostaphylos manzanita_, Parry. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs three to twenty-five feet high, with purple-brown bark.
+     _Leaves._--Pale. _Flowers._--White or pinkish; in crowded
+     clusters. _Corolla._--Four or five lines long; campanulate.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; filaments dilated and bearded at base; anthers
+     two-celled, opening terminally, each cell furnished with a long
+     downward-pointing horn. _Ovary._--Globose; five to ten-celled.
+     Style simple. _Fruit._--Six lines in diameter, containing
+     several bony nutlets. _Syn._--_Arctostaphylos pungens_, HBK.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+Of all our shrubs, the manzanita is the most beautiful and the best known.
+Sometimes as early as Christmas it may be found in full bloom, when its
+dense crown of pale foliage, surmounting the rich purple-brown stems, is
+thickly sown with the little clusters of fragrant waxen bells. After the
+blossoms have passed away, the shrubs put forth numerous brilliant scarlet
+or crimson shoots, which at a little distance look like a strange and
+entirely new kind of blossoming. The manzanita is closely allied to the
+madroño, and resembles it in many ways, particularly in the annual peeling
+of its rich red bark and in the form of its flowers.
+
+The Greek generic name, translated into English, becomes "bearberry." The
+pretty Spanish name--from _manzana_, apple, and the diminutive, _ita_,--was
+bestowed by the early Spanish-Californians, who recognized the resemblance
+of the fruit to tiny apples.
+
+We have a dozen or more species of _Arctostaphylos_, but _A. manzanita_ is
+the commonest of them all. It varies greatly in size and habit. In
+localities most favorable it becomes a large, erect shrub, with many
+clustered trunks, while in the Sierras it finds but a precarious footing
+among the granite rocks, often covering their surfaces with its small
+tortuous, stiff branches. The leaves, by a twisting of their stalks, assume
+a vertical position on the branches, a habit which enables many plants of
+dry regions to avoid unnecessary evaporation.
+
+[Illustration MANZANITA--_Arctostaphylos manzanita_.]
+
+The largest manzanita known is upon the estate of Mr. Tiburcio Parrott, in
+St. Helena, Napa County, California. It is thirty-five feet high, with a
+spread of branches equal to its height, while its trunk measures eleven and
+a half feet in circumference at the ground, soon dividing into large
+branches. It is a veritable patriarch, and has doubtless seen many
+centuries. According to an interesting account in "Garden and Forest," it
+once had a narrow escape from the ax of a woodman. A gentleman who was a
+lover of trees, happening to pass, paid the woodman two dollars to spare
+its life.
+
+Years ago no traveler from the East felt that he could return home without
+a manzanita cane, made from as straight a branch as could be secured.
+
+The berries of this shrub are dry and bony and quite unsatisfactory. They
+are, however, pleasantly acid, and have been put to several uses. It is
+said that both brandy and vinegar are made from them, and housewives make
+quite a good jelly from some species. Bears are fond of the berries, and
+the Indians eat them, both raw and pounded into a flour, from which mush is
+made. The leaves made into a tincture or infusion are now an officinal
+drug, valued in catarrh of the throat or stomach.
+
+From Monterey to San Diego is found _A. glauca_, Lindl., the great-berried
+manzanita. It closely resembles the above, but its berries are three
+fourths of an inch in diameter.
+
+Of the same range as the last is _A. bicolor_, Gray, whose leaves are of a
+rich, shining green above and white and woolly beneath. Its berries are the
+size of a pea, yellowish at first, and turning red later.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SAXIFRAGE.
+
+_Saxifraga Californica_, Greene. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Few; all radical; oval; one to two inches long, on
+     broad petioles six to twelve lines long. _Scape._--Six to
+     eighteen inches high. _Flowers._--White or rose; four or five
+     lines across. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft, with reflexed lobes.
+     _Petals._--Borne on the calyx. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     _Ovaries._--Two; partly united. Styles short. Stigmas capitate.
+     _Syn._--_S. Virginiensis_, Michx. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIANSAXIFRAGE--_Saxifraga Californica_.]
+
+In the rich soil of cool northward slopes, or on many a mossy bank amid the
+tender young fronds of the maidenhair, may be found the delicate clusters
+of our little Californian saxifrage. The plants are small, with but a few,
+perhaps only one or two, oval, rather hairy leaves, lying upon the ground,
+and a slender red scape upholding the dainty cluster of small white
+flowers. The tips of the calyx-lobes are usually red, and the wee stamens
+are pink.
+
+We have several species of saxifrage, most of which are plants of exceeding
+delicacy and grace, and with small flowers.
+
+
+MINER'S LETTUCE. INDIAN LETTUCE.
+
+_Montia perfoliata_, Howell. Purslane Family.
+
+     Smooth, succulent herbs. _Radical Leaves._--Long-petioled;
+     broadly rhomboidal. _Stems._--Simple; six to twelve inches
+     high, having, near the summit, a pair of leaves united around
+     the stem. _Flowers._--White. _Sepals._--Two. _Petals._--Five,
+     minute. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--One-celled Style slender.
+     Stigma three-cleft. _Syn._--_Claytonia perfoliata_, Don.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+Though our Indian lettuce is closely allied to the Eastern "Spring Beauty,"
+one would never suspect it from its outward appearance and habit. The
+little flower-racemes look as though they might have pushed their way right
+through the rather large saucer-like leaf just below them. The succulent
+leaves and stems are greedily eaten by the Indians, from which it is called
+"Indian lettuce."
+
+Mr. Powers, of Sheridan, writes that the Placer County Indians have a novel
+way of preparing their salad. Gathering the stems and leaves, they lay them
+about the entrances of the nests of certain large red ants. These, swarming
+out, run all over it. After a time the Indians shake them off, satisfied
+that the lettuce has a pleasant sour taste equaling that imparted by
+vinegar. These little plants are said to be excellent when boiled and well
+seasoned, and they have long been grown in England, where they are highly
+esteemed for salads.
+
+[Illustration MINER'S LETTUCE--_Montia Perfoliata_.]
+
+
+WOOD ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.
+
+_Anemone quinquefolia_, L. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Horizontal. _Stem._--Six to fourteen inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Radical leaf remote from the stem; trifid; the
+     segments serrate. Involucral leaf not far below the flower;
+     three foliolate. _Sepals._--Petaloid; five or six; usually
+     bluish outside. _Petals._--Wanting. _Stamens and
+     Pistils._--Numerous. _Akenes._--Two lines long; twelve to
+     twenty. _Syn._--_Anemone nemorosa_, L. _Hab._--The Coast
+     Ranges, in moist shade.
+
+The delicate blossoms of the wood anemone might at first be confounded with
+those of the toothwort by the careless observer, but a moment's reflection
+will quickly distinguish them. The anemone is always a solitary flower with
+many stamens, and its petals are of a more delicate texture. It grows upon
+wooded banks or cool, shaded flats among the redwoods.
+
+There are many quaint traditions as to the origin of its name, and poets
+have from early times found something ideal of which to sing in these
+simple spring flowers.
+
+The generic name has the accent upon the third syllable, but, when
+Anglicized into the common name, the accent falls back upon the second.
+
+
+OSO-BERRY.
+
+_Nuttallia cerasiformis_, Torr. and Gray. Rose Family
+
+     Deciduous shrubs; two to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Broadly
+     oblanceolate; two to four inches long; narrowed into a short
+     petiole. _Flowers._--White; in short terminal racemes;
+     diœcious; three to eleven lines across. _Calyx._--Top-shaped,
+     with five-lobed border. _Petals._--Five; inserted with ten of
+     the stamens on the calyx; broadly spatulate.
+     _Stamens._--Fifteen. _Ovaries._--Five. Styles short.
+     _Fruit._--Blue-black, oblong drupes; six to eight lines long.
+     _Hab._--Chiefly the Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo to Fraser
+     River.
+
+[Illustration WOOD ANEMONE--_Anemone quinquefolia._]
+
+About the same time that the beautiful leaves of the buckeye are
+emerging from their wrappings, we notice in the woods a shrub which has
+just put forth its clusters of bright-green leaves from buds all along
+its slender twigs. Amid their delicate green hang short clusters of
+greenish-white flowers. These blossoms have a delicious bitter
+fragrance, redolent of all the tender memories of the springtime.
+
+This shrub is usually mistaken for a wild plum; and the illusion is still
+further assisted when the little drupes, like miniature plums, begin to
+ripen and hang in yellow and purple clusters amid the matured leaves.
+
+
+WILD DATE. SPANISH BAYONET.
+
+_Yucca Mohavensis_, Sargent. Lily Family.
+
+     _Trunk._--Usually simple; rarely exceeding fifteen feet high;
+     six or eight inches in diameter; naked, or covered with
+     refracted dead leaves, or clothed to the ground with the living
+     leaves. _Leaves._--Linear-lanceolate; one to three feet long;
+     one or two inches wide; rigid; margins at length bearing coarse
+     recurved threads. _Flowers._--In short-stemmed or sessile,
+     distaff-shaped panicles, a foot or two long; pedicels
+     eventually drooping, twelve to eighteen lines long.
+     _Perianth._--Broadly campanulate. _Segments._--Six; thirty
+     lines long; six to twelve wide. _Stamens._--Six; six to nine
+     lines long; filaments white, club-shaped. _Ovary._--Oblong;
+     white; an inch or two long, including the slender style.
+     Stigmas three. _Fruit._--Cylindrical; three or four inches
+     long; pendulous, pulpy. _Syn._--_Yucca baccata_, Torr.
+     _Hab._--Southern California, from Monterey to San Diego; coast
+     and inland.
+
+The genus _Yucca_ comprises sixteen or eighteen species, and reaches its
+greatest development in Northern Mexico. Three species are to be found
+within our borders, two of which are arborescent, _Y. arborescens_, and _Y.
+Mohavensis_. Considerable confusion has hitherto reigned among the species,
+but they are now better understood.
+
+They are all valuable to our Indians as basket and textile plants, and are
+useful to them in many other ways.
+
+Owing to the structure of the flowers, self-fertilization seems impossible,
+and scientists who have made a study of the subject say that these plants
+are dependent upon a little white, night-flying moth to perform this office
+for them. This little creature goes from plant to plant, gathering the
+pollen, which she rolls up into a ball with her feet. When sufficient has
+been gathered, she goes to another plant, lays her egg in its ovary, and
+before leaving ascends to the stigma and actually pushes the pollen into
+it, seeming to realize that unless she performs this last act, there will
+be nothing for her progeny to eat. This seems an almost incredible instance
+of insect intelligence; but it is a well-authenticated fact.
+
+_Yucca Mohavensis_, commonly called "wild date," or "Spanish bayonet," is
+more widely distributed within our borders than either of our other
+species. Its large panicle of overpoweringly fragrant white waxen bells is
+a striking object wherever seen. On the coast this yucca is often stemless,
+but in the interior, where it is more abundant, it rises to a considerable
+height, and culminates upon the Mojave Desert, where the finest specimens
+are found.
+
+The fruit, which ripens in August and September, turns from green to a
+tawny yellow, afterward becoming brownish purple, and eventually almost
+black. This has a sweet, succulent flesh, and, either fresh or dried, is a
+favorite fruit among the Indians. Dr. Palmer writes that this is one of the
+most useful plants to the Indians of New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern
+California. They cut the stems into slices, beat them into a pulp, and mix
+them with the water in washing, as a substitute for soap.
+
+The leaves are parched in ashes, to make them pliable, and are afterward
+soaked in water and pounded with a wooden mallet. The fibers thus liberated
+are long, strong, and durable, and lend themselves admirably to the weaving
+of the gayly decorated horse-blankets made by the tribes of Southern
+California. They also make from it ropes, twine, nets, hats, hair-brushes,
+shoes, mattresses, baskets, etc.
+
+
+FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.
+
+_Smilacina sessilifolia_, Nutt. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Slender; branching; creeping; scars not
+     conspicuous. _Stem._--About a foot long (sometimes two);
+     usually zigzag above; leafy. _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile;
+     lanceolate; two to six inches long; shining above; spreading in
+     a horizontal plane. _Flowers._--White; few; in a simple
+     terminal raceme, on pedicels two to seven lines long.
+     _Perianth._--Of six, distinct, spreading segments.
+     _Segments._--One and one half to four lines long; lanceolate.
+     _Stamens._--Six; half the length of the segments.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style short. _Berry._--Nearly black;
+     three to five lines through. _Hab._--Monterey to British
+     Columbia.
+
+The False Solomon's Seal is one of the prettiest plants in our woods in
+March, and in many places it almost hides the ground from view. It has a
+graceful, drooping habit that shows its handsome, spreading leaves to full
+advantage, and its few delicate little white blossoms are a fitting
+termination to the pretty sprays.
+
+_S. amplexicaulis_, Nutt., is a very handsome, decorative plant, with fine,
+tall, leafy stem, and large, feathery panicle of tiny white flowers. The
+broadened white filaments are the most conspicuous part of these blossoms,
+which are less than a line long. The berries are light-colored, dotted with
+red or purple.
+
+
+MIST-MAIDENS.
+
+_Romanzoffia Sitchensis_, Bongard. Baby-eyes or Water leaf Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Six to eighteen lines across; smooth.
+     _Flowers._--White, pink, or purple. _Calyx._--Deeply
+     five-parted. _Corolla._--Funnel-form; five-lobed; four lines
+     long. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Hab._--Coast
+     Ranges, from Santa Cruz northward.
+
+In appearance these delicate herbs resemble the saxifrages, and they affect
+much the same sort of places, decking mossy banks and stream borders with
+their beautiful scalloped leaves and small white flowers.
+
+The genus was named in honor of Nicholas Romanzoff, a Russian nobleman,
+who, by his munificence, enabled some noted botanists to visit this coast
+early in the century.
+
+[Illustration MIST-MAIDENS--_Romanzoffia Sitchensis._]
+
+
+STRAWBERRY CACTUS. CALIFORNIAN FISH-HOOK CACTUS. LLAVINA.
+
+_Mamillaria Goodridgii_, Scheer. Cactus Family.
+
+     Oval, fleshy, leafless plants; mostly single, though sometimes
+     clustered; three to five inches long; covered with prominences
+     or tubercles. _Tubercles._--Each bearing a flat rosette of
+     short, whitish spines, with an erect, dark, fish-hook-like
+     central one. _Flowers._--Small; greenish-white. _Outer
+     Sepals._--Fringed. _Petals._--About eight; awned.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. _Ovary._--One-celled. Stigmas five or
+     six. _Fruit._--Scarlet; an inch long. _Hab._--San Diego and
+     neighboring islands, and southward.
+
+The dry hill-slopes about San Diego afford the most interesting field
+accessible to civilization, _i.e._ within our boundaries, for the gathering
+and study of the cacti.
+
+Nestling close to the ground, usually under some shrub or vine, you will
+find the little fish-hook cactus, one of the prettiest and most interesting
+of them all. Its oval form bristles with the little dark hooks, each of
+which emanates from a flat star of whitish spines.
+
+The flowers may be found in April or May, but it is more noticeable when in
+fruit. The handsome scarlet berries, like old-fashioned coral eardrops,
+protruding from among the thorns, are easily picked out, and they very
+naturally find their way to one's mouth. Nor is one disappointed in the
+expectation raised by their brilliant exterior--for the flavor is
+delicious, though I cannot say it resembles that of the strawberry, as some
+aver. To me it is more like a fine tart apple.
+
+
+THIMBLE-BERRY.
+
+_Rubus Nutkanus_, Mocino. Rose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to eight feet high. _Leaves._--Palmately and
+     nearly equally five-lobed; cordate at base; four to twelve
+     inches broad; the lobes acute; densely tomentose beneath.
+     _Flowers._--Few; clustered; white, sometimes pale rose; an inch
+     or two across, with rounded petals. _Stamens and
+     Pistils._--Numerous. _Fruit._--Large; red; "like an inverted
+     saucer;" sweet and rather dry. _Hab._--Monterey to Alaska.
+
+The thimble-berry is unequaled for the canopy of pure light-green foliage
+which it spreads in our woods. It would take the clearest of water-colors
+to portray its color and texture. The large white flowers, with their
+crumpled petals, are deliciously fragrant, but with us are never followed
+by an edible fruit, probably owing to the dryness of our summer climate. In
+Oregon and northward the berries are said to be luscious. There the bushes
+grow in the fir forests, where they seem most at home.
+
+_Rubus spectabilis_, Pursh., the salmon-berry, has leaves with three
+leaflets, and large solitary, rose-colored flowers, which are followed by a
+salmon-colored berry. These shrubs are exceedingly beautiful when in full
+bloom.
+
+
+COMMON WILD PEA.
+
+_Lathyrus vestitus_, Nutt. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to ten feet high; slender; not winged.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; with small semi-sagittate stipules;
+     pinnate, with four to six pairs of leaflets; tendril-bearing at
+     the summit. _Leaflets._--Ovate-oblong to linear; six to twelve
+     lines long; acute. _Flowers._--White, pale rose or violet;
+     seven to ten lines long. _Lower Calyx-teeth._--About equaling
+     the tube. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous; the standard veined with
+     purple in the center. _Stamens._--Nine united; one free.
+     _Ovary._--Flattened; pubescent. Style hairy down the inner
+     side. (See _Leguminosæ_.) _Hab._--Sonoma County to San Diego.
+
+The genus _Lathyrus_, which contains the beautiful sweet pea of the garden,
+affords us several handsome wild species, but most of them are difficult of
+determination, and many of them are as yet much confused. This genus is
+quite closely related to _Vicia_, but, in general, the leaflets are
+broader, the flowers are larger, and the style is hairy down the inner side
+as well as at the tip.
+
+_Lathyrus vestitus_ is the common wild pea of the south. It is quite
+plentiful, and clambers over and under shrubs, hanging out its occasional
+clusters of rather large pale flowers.
+
+_L. Torreyi_, Gray, found from Santa Clara County to Napa in dry woods, is
+a slender plant, having from one to three small white or pinkish flowers.
+It is remarkable for and easily distinguished by its very fragrant
+foliage.
+
+
+WILD CUCUMBER. BIG-ROOT. CHILICOTHE.
+
+_Echinocystis fabacea_, Naudin. Gourd Family.
+
+     Tendril-bearing vines, ten to thirty feet long.
+     _Root._--Enormous; woody. _Leaves._--Palmately five- to
+     seven-lobed; three to six inches broad. _Flowers._--Yellowish
+     white; monœcious. _Calyx-tube._--Campanulate; teeth small or
+     none. _Corolla._--Five- to seven-lobed; three to six lines
+     across. _Staminate Flowers._--Five to twenty in racemes; their
+     stamens two and a half, with short connate filaments and
+     somewhat horizontal anthers. _Pistillate Flowers._--Solitary;
+     from the same axils as the racemes. _Ovary._--Two- to
+     four-celled. _Fruit._--Two inches long; prickly.
+     _Syn._--_Megarrhiza Californica_, Torr. _Hab._--Near the coast,
+     from San Diego to Point Reyes.
+
+The wild cucumber is one of our most graceful native vines. It drapes many
+an unsightly stump, or clambers up into shrubs, embowering them with its
+pretty foliage. Seeing its rather delicate ivy-like habit above ground, one
+would never dream that it came from a root as large as a man's body, buried
+deep in the earth. From this root, it has received two of its common names,
+"big-root" and "man-in-the-ground." Sometimes this may be seen upon the
+ocean beach or rolling about in the breakers, where it has been liberated
+by the wearing away of the cliffs. It is intensely bitter.
+
+The seeds have a very interesting method of germinating. The two large
+radical leaves remain underground, sending up the terminal shoot only. They
+are so tender and succulent that they would be eaten forthwith, if they
+showed themselves above the ground. An oil expressed from the roasted seeds
+has been used by the Indians to promote the growth of the hair.
+
+Authorities have differed about the classification of these plants, and
+they have been variously called _Megarrhiza, Micrampelis_, and
+_Echinocystis_, the latter being latest approved. We have several species.
+One common in the South is _E. macrocarpa_, Greene. This has a large oval,
+prickly ball, four inches or so long. When mature, this opens at the top,
+splitting into several segments, which gradually roll downward, like the
+petals of a beautiful white lily, showing their pure-white inner surfaces
+and leaving exposed the four cells in the center, with lacelike walls, in
+which nestle the large, handsome dark seeds. These seeds are often
+beautifully mottled and colored, and in the early days served the
+Spanish-Californian children for marbles.
+
+[Illustration _WILD CUCUMBER--Echinocystis fabacea._]
+
+
+WHITE LAYIA. WHITE DAISY.
+
+_Layia glandulosa_, Hook. and Arn. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to twelve inches high; loosely branching; hairy;
+     often reddish. _Leaves._--Sessile; linear; the upper all small
+     and entire; the lower often lanceolate and incised pinnatifid.
+     _Heads._--Usually large and showy. _Ray-flowers._--Bright, pure
+     white, sometimes rose-color; eight to thirteen; three-lobed; an
+     inch or less long; six lines wide. _Disk-flowers._--Golden
+     yellow; five-toothed. Each scale of the involucre clasping a
+     ray-flower. _Hab._--Columbia River to Los Angeles.
+
+These white daisies, as they are commonly called in the south, cover the
+fields and plains in early spring, jostling one another in friendly
+proximity and stretching away in an endless perspective. They are of a
+charming purity, and to me are more attractive than their sisters, the
+tidy-tips.
+
+They love a sandy soil, and I have seen them flourishing in the
+disintegrated granite of old river-beds, where the dazzling whiteness of
+the stones was hardly distinguishable from the blossoms. The involucre is
+thickly studded with curious little glands, resembling small glass-headed
+pins.
+
+
+BED-STRAW. GOOSE-GRASS. CLEAVERS.
+
+_Galium Aparine_, L. Madder Family.
+
+     Climbing by the prickly stem-angles and leaf-margins.
+     _Stems._--Weak; one to four feet long. _Leaves._--In whorls of
+     six to eight; linear oblanceolate; one inch long.
+     _Peduncles._--Elongated; one- to two-flowered.
+     _Flowers._--Minute; one line across; greenish-white.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Adnate to the ovary; limb obsolete.
+     _Corolla._--Mostly four-cleft. _Stamens._--Four.
+     _Ovary._--Two-lobed, two-celled. Styles two, short. Stigmas,
+     capitate. _Fruit._--Two or three lines across, covered with
+     hooked bristles. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+All through our moist woodlands, in early spring, the long stems of the
+bed-straw may be found, running about upon the ground or entangled amid the
+stems of other plants. The angles of these weak stems and the leaf-margins
+and midribs are all clothed with small backward-pointing bristles, which
+make the plants cling to surrounding objects. The flowers are greenish and
+minute, and are followed by tiny prickly balls.
+
+A cold infusion of this little plant is used as a domestic remedy in cases
+of fever, where a cooling drink is desired.
+
+The genus has received the common name of "bed-straw," because it was
+supposed that one of the species, _G. verum_, filled the manger in which
+was laid the Infant Jesus. There are a dozen or so species in California.
+
+Very conspicuous all through the south is _G. angustifolium_, Nutt., often
+three feet high, sending up very numerous slender, feathery stems from a
+woody base. This has its small leaves in whorls of four.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN HEART'S-EASE.
+
+_Viola Beckwithii_, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Broadly cordate in outline; three-parted; the
+     divisions cleft into linear or oblong segments.
+     _Peduncles._--About equaling the leaves. _Petals._--Four to
+     seven lines long; very broad; the upper deep purple, the others
+     lilac, bluish, or white, veined with purple, with a yellowish
+     base; the lateral bearded; the lowest emarginate.
+     _Stigma._--Bearded at the sides. _Capsule._--Obtuse. (Otherwise
+     as _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--The Central Sierras.
+
+    "By scattered rocks and turbid waters shifting,
+            By furrowed glade and dell,
+    To feverish men thy calm, sweet face uplifting,
+            Thou stayest them to tell
+
+    "The delicate thought that cannot find expression--
+            For ruder speech too fair,--
+    That, like thy petals, trembles in possession,
+            And scatters on the air."
+
+The poet, with a delicate insight, has made this mountain flower the
+reminder to the rugged miner of home and scenes far away. But the vision
+lasts but for a moment only; then, as he brushes away a tear, his uplifted
+pick--
+
+        "Through root and fiber cleaves--
+    And on the muddy current slowly drifting
+        Are swept thy bruised leaves.
+
+    "And yet, O poet! in thy homely fashion,
+        Thy work thou dost fulfill;
+    For on the turbid current of his passion
+        Thy face is shining still."
+
+
+POP-CORN FLOWER.
+
+WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT. NIEVITAS.
+
+Borage Family.
+
+The wild white forget-me-nots are among our most welcome flowers. Though
+not showy, taken singly, they often cover the fields, presenting the
+appearance of a light snowfall, from which fact the Spanish-Californians
+have bestowed the pretty name "nievitas," the diminutive of _nieve_, snow.
+
+Their chief charm often lies in their pure, delightful fragrance, which
+recalls the days of our careless, happy childhood. Children are keen
+observers of flowers, and are among their most appreciative lovers, and
+with them these modest, chaste little blossoms are special favorites.
+
+There are many species, and even genera, and their determination is beset
+with serious difficulties. It requires endless study and patience to
+disentangle the facts about any one of them. They are comprised under
+several genera, _Krynitzkia_, _Plagiobothrys_, _Eritrichium_, _Piptocalyx_,
+etc. Some have fragrant flowers and some have not. Children of the south
+call them "pop-corn flowers."
+
+[Illustration WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT.]
+
+
+WHIPPLEA.
+
+_Whipplea modesta_, Torr. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Slender, diffuse, hairy undershrubs. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; ovate; toothed or entire; an inch or less long;
+     three-nerved. _Flowers._--White; barely three lines across; in
+     small terminal clusters. _Calyx._--White; five-cleft.
+     _Petals._--Five. _Stamens._--Usually ten. Filaments awl-shaped.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled, globose. Styles of the same
+     number. _Hab._--Coast Ranges from Monterey to Mendocino County.
+
+Under the redwoods, or in moist cañons in their vicinity, may be found this
+pretty undershrub trailing over banks or brushwood. In April its exquisite
+little clusters of pure white flowers, with a pleasant fragrance, make
+their appearance, and the plants have then been sometimes mistaken for a
+species of _Ceanothus_.
+
+
+WOODLAND STAR OF BETHLEHEM.
+
+_Tellima affinis_, Bolander. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; six to twenty inches high.
+     _Root-leaves._--Round-reniform; scalloped; rarely an inch
+     across. _Stem-leaves._--Three to five; ternately cleft;
+     variously toothed. _Flowers._--White; in a loose raceme; nine
+     lines across. _Calyx._--Small; campanulate; five-toothed.
+     _Petals._--Five; wedge-shaped, with three acute lobes.
+     _Stamens._--Ten. Filaments very short. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     Styles, three, short, stout. Stigmas, capitate. _Hab._--Shady
+     places almost throughout the State.
+
+"Star of Bethlehem" is the common name by which many of our children know
+this fragile flower. Its slender stems rise from many a mossy bank,
+upbearing their few delicately slashed, pure-white stars, which seem to
+shed a gentle radiance about them upon the woodland scene.
+
+[Illustration WHIPPLEA--_Whipplea modesta._]
+
+
+WILD BUCKWHEAT.
+
+_Eriogonum fasciculatum_, Bentham. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     Shrubby; very leafy. _Leaves._--Alternate; nearly sessile;
+     narrowly oblanceolate; acute; tomentose beneath; glabrous
+     above; three to nine lines long; much fascicled.
+     _Flowers._--White or pinkish; in densely crowded compound
+     clusters; several perianths contained in the involucres.
+     _Involucres._--Campanulate; five- or six-nerved and toothed; two
+     lines high. _Perianth._--Minute; of six nearly equal segments.
+     (See _Eriogonum umbellatum_.) _Hab._--Santa Barbara and
+     southward; east to Arizona.
+
+The wild buckwheat is a characteristic feature of the southern landscape.
+It is a charming plant when in full bloom, and its feathery clusters of
+pinkish-white flowers show finely against the warm olive tones of its
+foliage. It is a very important honey plant, as it yields an exceptionally
+pure nectar and remains in bloom a long time. Growing near the sea, it is
+often close-cropped and shorn by the wind, and then it quite closely
+resembles the _Adenostoma_, or chamisal.
+
+Another very widely distributed and common species is _E. nudum_, Dougl.
+Every one is familiar with its tall, green, naked, rushlike stems, bearing
+on the ends of the branchlets the small balls of white or pinkish flowers.
+Its leaves are all radical, smooth green above and densely white-woolly
+beneath.
+
+
+SIERRA PLUM. WILD PLUM.
+
+_Prunus subcordata_, Benth. Rose Family.
+
+     Trees or shrubs three to ten feet high, with ash-gray bark and
+     branchlets occasionally spinescent. _Leaves._--Short-petioled;
+     ovate; sharply and finely serrate; an inch or two long.
+     _Umbels._--Two- to four-flowered. Pedicels three to six lines
+     long. _Flowers._--White; six lines across. _Fruit._--Red or
+     purple; six to fifteen lines long; fleshy; smooth. (Otherwise
+     as _P. ilicifolia_.) _Hab._--Mostly eastward of the Central
+     Valley, from San Felipe into Oregon.
+
+The wild plum reaches its greatest perfection in the north, where the
+shrubs are found in extensive groves covering whole mountain slopes.
+
+[Illustration WILD BUCKWHEAT--_Eriogonum fasciculatum._]
+
+The flowers, which are produced before the leaves, from March to May, are
+white, fading to rose-color. By August and September, the bushes are
+loaded with the handsome fruit, richly mottled with red, yellow, and
+purple; and these colors are duplicated in the autumn foliage, which in the
+North becomes very brilliant.
+
+This fruit is excellent for canning, preserving, and making into jelly.
+Many families make annual pilgrimages to these wild-plum orchards of the
+mountains and carry away bushels of the fruit; but even then countless tons
+of it go to waste.
+
+_P. demissa_, Walpers,--the wild cherry or choke-cherry,--is found upon
+mountains throughout the State, but less abundantly near the coast. Its
+small white flowers grow in racemes three or four inches long, and these
+ripen into the pretty shining black cherries, half an inch in diameter. It
+often covers acres upon acres of rough land, and commences to bear when but
+two feet high.
+
+Housewives of our mountain districts make a marmalade of the fruit, which
+has a peculiarly delicious, tart flavor.
+
+
+ELLISIA.
+
+_Ellisia chrysanthemifolia_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     More or less hairy. _Stems._--Loosely branching; a foot or so
+     high. _Leaves._--Mostly opposite; auricled at base; twice- or
+     thrice-parted into many short, small lobes. _Flowers._--In
+     loose racemes; white; three lines or so across.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft; without appendages at the sinuses; almost
+     equaling the corolla. _Corolla._--Open-campanulate; having ten
+     minute scales at base within. _Stamens._--Five.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled; globose. Style slender; two-cleft.
+     _Hab._--San Francisco to San Diego.
+
+These little plants, with delicately dissected leaves, are common in moist,
+shaded localities; but, unfortunately, their foliage has a very strong
+odor, which just escapes being agreeable. Their general aspect is somewhat
+similar to that of some of the small species of _Nemophila_; but the lack
+of appendages upon the calyx reveals their separate identity. It blooms
+freely from March to June, and is especially abundant southward.
+
+
+MADROÑO. MADRONE.
+
+_Arbutus Menziesii_, Pursh. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees. _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; oblong; entire
+     or serrulate; four inches or so long. _Flowers._--White; waxen;
+     in large clusters. _Calyx._--Five-cleft; minute; white.
+     _Corolla._--Broadly urn-shaped; three lines long; with five
+     minute, recurved teeth. _Stamens._--Ten; on the corolla.
+     Filaments dilated; bearded. Anthers two-celled; saccate;
+     opening terminally; furnished with a pair of reflexed horns
+     near the summit. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style rather long.
+     _Fruit._--A cluster of scarlet-orange berries, with rough
+     granular coats. _Hab._--Puget Sound to Mexico and Texas;
+     specially in the Coast Ranges.
+
+    Captain of the Western wood,
+    Thou that apest Robin Hood!
+    Green above thy scarlet hose,
+    How thy velvet mantle shows;
+    Never tree like thee arrayed,
+    O thou gallant of the glade!
+
+    When the fervid August sun
+    Scorches all it looks upon,
+    And the balsam of the pine
+    Drips from stem to needle fine,
+    Round thy compact shade arranged,
+    Not a leaf of thee is changed!
+
+    When the yellow autumn sun
+    Saddens all it looks upon,
+    Spreads its sackcloth on the hills,
+    Strews its ashes in the rills,
+    Thou thy scarlet hose dost doff,
+    And in limbs of purest buff
+    Challengest the somber glade
+    For a sylvan masquerade.
+
+    Where, oh where shall he begin
+    Who would paint thee, Harlequin?
+    With thy waxen, burnished leaf,
+    With thy branches' red relief,
+    With thy poly-tinted fruit,
+    In thy spring or autumn suit,--
+    Where begin, and oh, where end,--
+    Thou whose charms all art transcend?
+
+    --BRET HARTE.
+
+The name "madroño" was applied by the early Spanish-Californians to this
+tree because of its strong resemblance and close relationship to the
+_Arbutus unido_, or strawberry-tree of the Mediterranean countries, which
+was called madroño in Spain.
+
+Our madroño, though but a large shrub in the south, increases in size
+northward, and reaches its maximum development in Marin County, where there
+are some superb specimens of it. One tree upon the shores of Lake Lagunitas
+measures more than twenty-three feet in circumference and a hundred feet in
+height, and sends out many large branches, each two or three feet in
+diameter.
+
+A large part of the forest growth on the northern slopes of Mt. Tamalpais
+is composed of it; and as it is an evergreen, it forms a mountain wall of
+delightful and refreshing green the year around. The bark on the younger
+limbs, which is of a rich Indian red, begins to peel off in thin layers
+about midsummer, leaving a clear, smooth, greenish-buff surface, and
+strewing the forest floor with its warm shreds, which mingling with the
+exquisite tones of its ripened leaves, which have fallen at about the same
+time, make a carpet equal in beauty of coloring to that under the English
+beeches. It is thoroughly patrician in all its parts. The leaves which are
+clustered at the ends of the slender twigs are rich, polished green above,
+and somewhat paler beneath.
+
+In the spring it puts forth great panicles of small, white, waxen bells,
+which call the bees to a sybaritic feast, and in the autumn it spreads a no
+less inviting repast in its great clusters of fine scarlet berries for the
+blue pigeons who visit it in large flocks.
+
+The wood of the madrone is hard and close-grained, of a light brown, shaded
+with red, with lighter-colored sap-wood. It is used in the manufacture of
+furniture, but is particularly valuable for the making of charcoal to be
+used in the composition of gunpowder. The bark is sometimes used in tanning
+leather.
+
+
+WILD WHITE LILAC.
+
+_Ceanothus velutinus_, Dougl. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Widely branching shrubs, two to six feet or more high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; roundish, or broadly ovate;
+     eighteen lines to three inches long; polished, resinous above;
+     somewhat pubescent beneath; strongly three-nerved.
+     _Flowers._--White; three lines across; in large, dense,
+     compound clusters four or five inches long and wide. (See
+     _Ceanothus_ for flower structure.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges;
+     Columbia River, southward to San Francisco Bay; also eastward
+     to Colorado.
+
+Its ample bright-green, highly varnished leaves and large white
+flower-clusters make this a very beautiful species of _Ceanothus_. The
+foliage is glutinous with a gummy exudation, which has a rather
+disagreeable odor. Yet the shrub would be very handsome in cultivation.
+
+
+WHITE NEMOPHILA.
+
+_Nemophila atomaria_, Fisch. and Mey. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     _Corolla._--Pure white, closely dark-dotted nearly to the edge;
+     an inch or less across; densely hairy within the tube. Scales
+     of the corolla narrow, with long hairs. (Otherwise as _N.
+     insignis_.) _Hab._--Central California.
+
+This delicate _Nemophila_ haunts wet, springy places among the hills, and
+is at its best in early spring. There are a number of small-flowered forms
+of _Nemophila_ which have been hitherto referred to _N. parviflora_, but
+which the future will probably prove to constitute a number of species.
+
+_N. maculata_, Benth., found in Middle California and the High Sierras, is
+a charming form, with large flowers, whose petals bear strong violet
+blotches at the top.
+
+
+RATTLE-WEED. LOCO-WEED.
+
+_Astragalus leucopsis_, Torr. and Gray. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or so high. _Leaflets._--In many pairs; six
+     lines or more long. _Flowers._--Greenish-white; six lines long;
+     in spikelike racemes an inch or two long. _Calyx._--With teeth
+     more than half the length of the campanulate-tube.
+     _Pod._--Thin; bladdery-inflated; an inch or more long, on a
+     smooth stalk twice or thrice the length of the calyx-tube. (See
+     Astragalus.) _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+These plants are very noticeable and quite pretty, with their pale foliage,
+symmetrical leaves, and white flowers; but they are dreaded by the farmers
+of the region of their growth, who aver that they are deadly loco-weeds. It
+is said that native stock will not touch them; but animals brought from a
+distance and unacquainted with them, eat them, with dreadful results of
+loco.
+
+We have numerous species, all rather difficult of determination.
+
+
+WILD MORNING-GLORY.
+
+_Convolvulus luteolus_, Gray. Morning-Glory Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Twining and climbing twenty feet or more.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sagittate; two inches or so long; smooth.
+     _Peduncles._--Several-flowered; axillary, with two small
+     linear-lanceolate bracts a little below the flower.
+     _Flowers._--Cream-color or pinkish, sometimes deep rose.
+     _Sepals._--Five; without bracts immediately below them.
+     _Corolla._--Open funnel-form; eighteen lines long; not lobed or
+     angled. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Globose; two-celled or
+     imperfectly four-celled. Style filiform. Stigmas two.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+I remember long stretches of mountain road where the wild morning-glory has
+completely covered the unsightly shrubs charred by a previous year's fire,
+flinging out its slender stems, lacing and interlacing them in airy
+festoons, which are covered with the fragile flowers in greatest profusion.
+In these tangles, the industrious spiders have hung their exquisite
+geometrical webs, which catch the glittering water-drops in their meshes.
+When the sun comes out after a dense, cool fog-bath on a summer morning,
+nothing more charmingly fresh could be imagined than such a scene.
+
+[Illustration RATTLE-WEED--_Astragalus leucopsis._]
+
+The common morning-glory of the south--_C. occidentalis_, Gray--is very
+similar to the above, but may be distinguished from it by the pair of
+large, thin bracts immediately below the calyx and enveloping it.
+
+Another very pretty species is _C. villosus_, Gray. This is widely
+distributed, but not very common. Its trailing stems and foliage are of a
+velvety sage-gray throughout, and its small flowers of a yellowish
+cream-color. The hastate leaves are shapely, and the whole plant is
+charming when grown away from dust.
+
+The common European bindweed--_C. arvensis_, L.--is to the farmer a very
+unwelcome little immigrant. In fields it becomes a serious pest; for the
+more its roots are disturbed and broken up the better it thrives. But
+despite its bad character, we cannot help admiring its pretty little white
+funnels, which lift themselves so debonairly among the prostrate stems and
+leaves.
+
+In medicine a tincture of the whole plant is valued for several uses.
+
+
+WOOD-BALM. PITCHER-SAGE.
+
+_Sphacele calycina_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Woody at the base; two to five feet high; hairy or woolly.
+     _Leaves._--Two to four inches long. _Flowers._--Dull white or
+     purplish; an inch or more long; mostly solitary in the upper
+     axils. _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Having a hairy ring at
+     base within. _Stamens._--Four, in two pairs. _Ovary._--Of four
+     seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma two-lobed. _Hab._--Dry
+     hills. San Francisco Bay, southward.
+
+The wood-balm is closely allied to the sages, which fact is betrayed by its
+opposite, wrinkly, sage-scented leaves; but its flowers have quite a
+different aspect. These are ample and cylindrical, with a five-lobed
+border, one of the lobes being prolonged into somewhat of a lip.
+
+The generic name is from the Greek word meaning _sage_; and the specific
+name, signifying _cuplike_, refers to the shape of the blossoms.
+
+The dwellers among our southern mountains, with that happy instinct
+possessed by those who live close to the heart of nature, have aptly named
+this "pitcher-sage."
+
+[Illustration PITCHER-SAGE--_Sphacele calycina._]
+
+After the flowers have passed away, the large inflated, light-green
+calyxes, densely crowded upon the stems, become quite conspicuous.
+
+
+YUCCA-PALM. TREE-YUCCA. JOSHUA-TREE.
+
+_Yucca arborescens_, Trelease. Lily Family.
+
+     Scraggly trees; thirty, or forty feet high; with trunks one or
+     two feet in diameter. _Leaves._--Eight inches long; crowded;
+     rigid; spine-tipped; serrulate; the older ones reflexed and
+     sun-bleached, the younger ashy-green. _Flowers._--In sessile,
+     ovate panicles, terminating the branches. Panicles several
+     inches long. _Perianth._--Narrowly campanulate; eighteen to
+     thirty lines long. _Fruit._--Two or three inches long.
+     (Otherwise as _Y. Mohavensis_.) _Hab._--Southwestern Utah to
+     the Mojave Desert.
+
+The traveler crossing the Mojave Desert upon the railroad has his curiosity
+violently aroused by certain fantastic tree forms that whirl by the car
+windows. These are the curious Joshua-trees of the Mormons, which are
+called in California tree-yucca or yucca-palm. A writer in "The Land of
+Sunshine" thus aptly characterizes them: "Weird, twisted, demoniacal, the
+yuccas remind me of those enchanted forests described by Dante, whose trees
+were human creatures in torment. In twisted groups or standing isolated,
+they may readily be imagined specters of the plains."
+
+Mr. Sargent tells us that, though found much to the eastward of our
+borders, it abounds in the Mojave Desert, where it attains its largest size
+and forms a belt of gaunt, straggling forest several miles in width along
+the desert's western rim.
+
+Its flowers appear from March to May, but are not at all attractive, on
+account of their soiled white color and disagreeable, fetid odor. "The
+unopened panicles form conspicuous cones eight to ten inches long, covered
+with closely overlapping white scales, often flushed with purple at the
+apex."
+
+The seeds are gathered and used by the omnivorous Indians, who grind them
+into meal, which they eat either raw or cooked as a mush. The wood
+furnishes an excellent material for paper pulp, and some years ago an
+English company established a mill at Ravenna, in Soledad Pass, for its
+manufacture. It is said that several editions of a London journal were
+printed upon it, but owing to the great cost of its manufacture, the
+enterprise had to be abandoned.
+
+The light wood is put to many uses now, and in the curio bazaars of the
+south it plays a conspicuous part, made into many small articles. By sawing
+round and round the trunk of the tree, thin sheets of considerable size are
+procured. A sepia reproduction of one of the old missions upon the
+ivory-tinted ground of one of these combines sentiment and novelty in a
+very pretty souvenir. Surgeons find these same sheets excellent for
+splints, as they are unyielding in one direction and pliable in the other;
+and orchardists wrap them around the bases of their trees to protect them
+from the gnawing of rabbits.
+
+
+COMMON ELDER.
+
+_Sambucus glauca_, Nutt. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Shrubby or arborescent; often thirty feet high; with finely
+     fissured bark. _Leaves._--Opposite; petioled; pinnate.
+     _Leaflets._--Three to nine; lanceolate; acuminate; serrate; two
+     inches or so long; smooth. _Flowers._--Minute; two or three
+     lines across; in large, flat, five-branched cymes; white.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--Rotate; five-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Five; alternate with the corolla lobes.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled. Stigmas of same number.
+     _Berries._--Small; dark blue, with a dense white bloom.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State; common.
+
+The elder is one of our most widely distributed shrubs, and is a familiar
+sight upon almost every open glade or plain. It is especially abundant in
+the south. Its flower-clusters, made up of myriads of tiny cream-white
+blossoms, make a showy but delicate and lacelike mat, while its berries are
+beautiful and inviting. The bears are especially appreciative of these, and
+we have sometimes seen their footprints leading along a lonely mountain
+road to the elder-berry bushes. The fruit is prized by our housewives for
+pies and preserves, and it would doubtless make as good wine as that of the
+Eastern species.
+
+Among the Spanish-Californians the blossoms are known as "sauco" and are
+regarded as an indispensable household remedy for colds. They are
+administered in the form of a tea, which induces a profuse perspiration.
+It is said that Dr. Boerhaave held the elder in such reverence for the
+multitude of its virtues, that he always removed his hat when he passed it.
+
+In ancient times the elder was the subject of many strange superstitions.
+In his interesting book, "The Folk-Lore of Plants," Mr. Thistleton Dyer
+says that it was reputed to be possessed of magic power, and that any
+baptized person whose eyes had been anointed with the green juice of its
+inner bark could recognize witches anywhere. Owing to these magic
+properties, it was often planted near dwellings to keep away evil spirits.
+By making a magic circle and standing within it with elder-berries gathered
+on St. John's Night, the mystic fern-seed could be secured which possessed
+the strength of forty men and enabled one to walk invisible. This was one
+of the trees suspected as having furnished wood for the Cross; and to this
+day the English country people believe themselves safe from lightning when
+standing under an elder, because lightning never strikes the tree of which
+the Cross was made.
+
+
+COULTER'S SNAPDRAGON.
+
+_Antirrhinum Coulterianum_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to four feet high; smooth below.
+     _Leaves._--Linear to oval; distant. Tendril-shoots long and
+     slender, produced mostly below the flowers. _Flowers._--White
+     or violet; in densely crowded villous-pubescent spikes, two to
+     ten inches long. (Otherwise as _A. vagans_.) _Hab._--Santa
+     Barbara to San Diego.
+
+The flowers of this pretty snapdragon are usually white, and the lower lip,
+with its great palate often dotted with dark color, takes up the major part
+of the blossom. They are sometimes violet, however, when they much resemble
+the flowers of the toad-flax, but are without their long spur.
+
+_A. Orcuttianum_, Gray, is a similar species, but more slender, with fewer
+and smaller flowers, whose lower lip is not much larger than the upper, and
+whose flower-spikes are disposed to have the tortile branchlets in their
+midst. This is found near San Diego and southward.
+
+
+HELIOTROPE.
+
+_Heliotropium Curassavicum_, L. Borage Family.
+
+     Diffusely spreading; six to twelve inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; obovate to linear; an inch or
+     two long; succulent; glaucous. _Flowers._--Usually white,
+     sometimes lavender; in dense, usually two-forked spikes.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Salver-form; border
+     five-lobed, with plaited sinuses; three lines across.
+     _Stamens._--Five. Anthers sessile. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike
+     nutlets. Stigma umbrella-like. _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+This, the only species of true heliotrope common within our borders, is
+widely distributed over the world. It affects the sand of the seashore or
+saline soils of the interior. It is in no way an attractive plant, as
+compared with our garden heliotrope, as its flowers have a washed-out look
+and are not at all fragrant, while its pale stems and foliage lack color
+and character.
+
+Its leaves, which contain a mucilaginous juice, are dried and reduced to
+powder by the Spanish-Californians, who esteem them very highly as a cure
+for the wounds of men and animals. They blow the dry powder into the wound.
+
+
+HOREHOUND.
+
+_Marrubium vulgare_, Linn. Mint Family.
+
+The horehound has been introduced from Europe at various points along our
+Coast, but it is now so abundant as to seem like an indigenous plant. It
+has many white-woolly, square stems, and roundish, wrinkly opposite leaves,
+covered beneath with matted, white-woolly hairs. Its small, white,
+bilabiate flowers are crowded in the axils of the upper leaves so densely
+as to appear like whorls. It may be known from the other members of the
+Mint family by its campanulate calyx with ten strong, recurved teeth.
+
+This has long been used in medicine as a tonic, and is especially esteemed
+by our Spanish-Californians as a remedy for colds and lung troubles.
+
+
+WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE.
+
+_Å’nothera Californica_, Watson. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     Hoary pubescent, and more or less villous. _Stems._--A foot or
+     so high. _Leaves._--Oblanceolate or lanceolate; sinuately
+     toothed or irregularly pinnatifid; two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--White; turning to rose-color; two inches across.
+     _Ovary and Calyx-tube._--Over three inches long.
+     _Calyx-lobes._--One inch long; separate at the tips. (See
+     _Å’nothera_ for flower-structure.) _Hab._--Central and Southern
+     California; especially about the San Bernardino region; not
+     plentiful.
+
+Perhaps the most beautiful of all our evening primroses is this charming
+white species. Late in the afternoon the handsome silvery foliage begins to
+show the great white, opening moons of the fragile blossoms. Their silken
+texture, delicate fragrance, and chaste look make them paramount among
+blossoms.
+
+It is a most interesting sight to watch the opening of one of the nodding
+silvery buds. I sat down by one which had already uplifted its head. The
+calyx-lobes had just commenced to part in the center, showing the white,
+silken corolla tightly rolled within. It grew larger from moment to moment,
+when suddenly the calyx-lobes parted with a jerk, and the petals, freed
+from their bondage, quickly spread wider and wider, as though some spirit
+within were forcing its way out, while one after another the calyx-lobes
+were turned downward with a quick, decisive movement. It was a wonderful
+exhibition of the power of motion in plants. I could now look within and
+see a magical tangle of yellow anthers delicately draped with cobwebby
+ropes of pollen.
+
+The stamens take a downward curve toward the lower petal. The anthers have
+already opened their stores of golden pollen before the unfurling of the
+buds, so that the somewhat sticky ropes are all ready to adhere to the
+first moth who visits the flower in search of the delicious and abundant
+nectar stored in the depths of the long calyx-tube. The day following their
+opening the blossoms begin to turn to a delicate pink, and the calyx-lobes
+have a fleshlike look.
+
+[Illustration WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE--_Å’nothera Californica._]
+
+
+EVENING SNOW.
+
+_Gilia dichotoma_, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     Six inches to a foot high; erect; sparsely leaved.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; mostly entire; filiform.
+     _Flowers._--Nearly sessile in the forks, or terminal.
+     _Calyx._--With cylindric tube five lines long; wholly white,
+     scarious, except the five filiform green ribs, continued into
+     needle-like lobes. _Corolla._--White; an inch or two across.
+     Anthers linear. _Hab._--Throughout the western part of the
+     State.
+
+This is one of the most showy of our gilias. Miss Eastwood writes of it:
+"At about four o'clock in the afternoon _Gilia dichotoma_ begins to whiten
+the hillside. Before expansion the flowers are hardly noticeable; the dull
+pink of the edges, which are not covered in the convolute corolla, hides
+their identity and makes the change which takes place when they unveil
+their radiant faces to the setting sun the more startling. They intend to
+watch all night and by sunset all are awake. In the morning they roll up
+their petals again when daylight comes on, and when the sun is well up all
+are asleep, tired out with the vigil of the night. The odor is most
+sickening.... The same flower opens several times, and grows larger as it
+grows older."
+
+
+HEART'S-EASE.
+
+_Viola ocellata_, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Nearly erect; six to twelve inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Cordate; acutish; conspicuously crenate.
+     _Petals._--Five to seven lines long; the upper white within,
+     deep brown-purple without; the others white or yellowish,
+     veined with purple; the lateral with a purple spot near the
+     base and slightly bearded on the claw. (Flower structure as in
+     _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--Wooded districts from Monterey to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+This dainty little heart's-ease has nothing of the gay, joyous,
+self-assertive look of our yellow pansy, but rather the shy, timid mien
+belonging to all the creatures of the woodland. It ventures its pretty
+blossoms in late spring and early summer.
+
+
+ICE-PLANT.
+
+_Mesembryanthemum crystallinum_, L. Fig-Marigold Family.
+
+     Procumbent, succulent plants, covered with minute, elongated,
+     glistening papillæ. _Leaves._--Flat; ovate or spatulate;
+     undulate-margined; clasping. _Flowers._--White or rose-colored;
+     axillary; nearly sessile; rather small. _Calyx._--With
+     campanulate tube and usually five unequal lobes.
+     _Petals._--Linear; numerous. _Stamens._--Numerous.
+     _Ovary._--Two- to many-celled. Stigmas five. _Hab._--The Coast
+     and adjacent islands from Santa Barbara southward; also in the
+     Mojave Desert.
+
+The ice-plant spreads its broad, green leaves over the ground, often making
+large rugs, which, when reddened by the approach of drouth and glistening
+with small crystals, produce a charming effect. The flat leaves of this
+plant are quite unexpectedly different from those of our other species of
+_Mesembryanthemum_, which are usually cylindrical or triangular. The
+leaf-stems and the calyx-tube, in particular, are beautifully jeweled with
+the clear, glasslike incrustation. The flesh-pink or almost white flowers
+resemble small sea-anemones, with their single row of tentacle-like petals
+and hollow tube powdered with the little white anthers.
+
+The plant grows so abundantly in the fields of the southern seasides as to
+be a dreadful pest to the farmer, and it is very disagreeable to walk
+through, as it yields up the water of its crystals very readily, and this
+is said to be of an alkaline quality, which is ruinous to shoe-leather.
+
+This ice-plant grows plentifully in the chalky regions of France, and has
+there been recommended for use as a food, to be prepared like spinach. It
+also grows in the Canary Islands.
+
+
+SQUAW-GRASS. SOUR-GRASS. TURKEY-BEARD.
+
+_Xerophyllum tenax_, Nutt. Lily Family.
+
+     _Radical leaves._--Very numerous; two or three feet long; about
+     two lines broad; gracefully flexile; serrulate. _Scape._--Two
+     to five feet high; with scattered leaves; bearing at top a
+     dense raceme a foot or two long. _Perianth segments._--Six;
+     spreading rotately; four or five lines long; white.
+     _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Styles three;
+     filiform. _Hab._--Coast Ranges to British Columbia; also in the
+     Northern Sierras.
+
+Often upon high ridges we notice the large clumps of certain plants with
+long, slender, grasslike leaves, which ray out in every direction like a
+fountain, and resemble a small pampas-grass before it flowers. We naturally
+wonder what the plants are, but it may be many years before our curiosity
+is satisfied. Suddenly some spring we find them sending up tall
+blossom-shafts, crowned with great airy plumes of pure-white flowers, fully
+worthy of our long and patient waiting. After putting forth this supreme
+effort of a lifetime, and maturing its seed, the plant dies.
+
+In the north, where it is sometimes very abundant, and occupies extensive
+meadows, it is known as "sour-grass." The name "squaw-grass" is also
+applied there, because the leaves, which are long, wiry, and tough, are
+used by the Indians in the weaving of some of their finest baskets. Baskets
+made from them are particularly pliable and durable.
+
+
+WHITE OWL'S CLOVER.
+
+_Orthocarpus versicolor_, Greene. Figwort Family.
+
+     Slender; seldom branching or more than six inches high. Herbage
+     slightly reddish. _Leaves._--Cleft into filiform divisions at
+     the apex. _Flowers._--Pure white, fading pinkish; very
+     fragrant. Lower lip of the corolla with three very large sacs.
+     Folds of the throat densely bearded. (See _Orthocarpus_.)
+     _Hab._--San Francisco and Marin County.
+
+During the spring the meadows about San Francisco are luxuriantly covered
+with the pretty blossoms of the owl's clover, which make snowy patches in
+some places. Unlike the other species of _Orthocarpus_, this has
+delightfully fragrant blossoms.
+
+I do not know why this plant should be accredited to the owl and called
+clover, unless the quizzical-looking little blossoms are suggestive of the
+wise bird. But with all his wisdom, I doubt if he would recognize his
+clover.
+
+[Illustration WHITE OWL'S CLOVER--_Orthocarpus versicolor._]
+
+
+HAIRBELL. LANTERN OF THE FAIRIES.
+
+WHITE GLOBE-TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus albus_, Dougl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stem._--One or two feet high; branching. _Flowers._--White.
+     _Sepals._--Lanceolate. _Petals._--Twelve to fifteen lines long;
+     pearly white, sometimes lavender-tinged outside; covered within
+     with long, silky white hairs. _Gland._--Shallow
+     crescent-shaped, with four transverse scales fringed with short
+     glandular hairs. (See _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges and
+     Sierras, San Diego to Tehama County.
+
+Just before the oncoming of summer, our wooded hill-slopes and cañon-sides
+entertain one of the most charming of flowers; for the graceful stalks of
+the hairbell begin to hang out their delicate, white satin globes. Never
+was flower more exquisite in texture and fringing--never one more graceful
+in habit. If fairies have need of lanterns at all, these blossoms would
+certainly make very dainty globes to hold their miniature lights.
+
+Wherever they grow, these flowers win instant and enthusiastic admiration;
+and they have received a variety of common names in different localities,
+being known as "snowy lily-bell," "satin-bell," "hairbell," "lantern of the
+fairies," and "white globe-tulip."
+
+
+TOLGUACHA. LARGE-FLOWERED DATURA.
+
+_Datura meteloides_, DC. Nightshade Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Southern California, and northward--at least to
+     Stockton.
+
+The large-flowered Datura is a common plant along southern roadsides,
+producing in early May its enormous white or violet-tinged funnels, which
+are sometimes ten inches long. It resembles the common Jamestown-weed, of
+which it is a near relative, but may be distinguished by its large flower
+and its cylindrical calyx, which is not angled. It shares with the
+Jamestown-weed its narcotic poisonous qualities, and is a famous plant
+among our Indians. Dr. Palmer writes that they bruise and boil the root in
+water, and when the infusion thus made is cold, they drink it to produce a
+stupefying effect. In a different degree they administer it to their young
+dancing women as a powerful stimulant, and before going into battle the
+warriors take it to produce a martial frenzy in themselves.
+
+[Illustration HAIRBELL--_Calochortus albus._]
+
+By the Piutes it is called "main-oph-weep." The specific name,
+_meteloides_, indicates the resemblance of this plant to _Datura Metel_, of
+India.
+
+
+YERBA SANTA. MOUNTAIN BALM.
+
+     _Eriodictyon glutinosum_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Shrubby; three to five feet high. _Leaves._--Thick; glutinous;
+     smooth above; light beneath, with prominent net-veining; three
+     to six inches long. _Flowers._--Purple, violet, or white.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Six lines long; four lines
+     across. _Stamens._--Five; alternate with the corolla-lobes.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. Styles two. _Hab._--Western California;
+     common on dry hills.
+
+The bitter, aromatic leaves of the yerba santa are a highly valued,
+domestic remedy for colds, and many old-fashioned people would not be
+without it.
+
+Dr. Bard, one of our most eminent physicians, writes of this interesting
+little shrub: "It has been reserved for the Californian Indian to furnish
+three of the most valuable vegetable additions which have been made to the
+pharmacopœia during the last twenty years. One, the _Eriodictyon
+glutinosum_, growing profusely in our foothills, was used by them in
+affections of the respiratory tract, and its worth was so appreciated by
+the missionaries that they named it yerba santa, or holy plant."
+
+The other plants referred to by Dr. Bard are the _Rhamnus_, or _Cascara
+sagrada_, and the _Grindelia_. In the mountains of Mariposa County, it is
+known as "wild peach," probably because the leaf somewhat resembles the
+peach-leaf.
+
+Dr. Behr writes that considerable quantities of it are exported, partly for
+medicinal purposes, and partly as a harmless and agreeable substitute for
+hops in the brewing of certain varieties of beer, especially porter.
+
+In Ventura County this passes by insensible gradations into _E.
+tomentosum_, Benth., and there it is difficult to distinguish clearly
+between the two species.
+
+[Illustration YERBA SANTA--_Eriodictyon glutinosum._]
+
+_E. tomentosum_, Benth., is found from San Diego probably to Santa Barbara.
+This comely shrub is so disguised in its woolly coat that one does not at
+first detect its close relationship to the more common yerba santa. Its
+broad, oval leaves, ribbed like the chestnut and closely notched, and its
+generous clusters of unusually large violet flowers, serve to bewilder us
+for the moment. The wool upon the foliage gives it a gray-green tone,
+harmonizing perfectly with the violet flowers. It is specially abundant all
+over the mesas by the seashore, near San Diego.
+
+
+ALUM-ROOT.
+
+_Heuchera micrantha_, Dougl. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Stout. _Leaves._--All radical; two to four inches
+     long. Scapes.--Often two feet high. _Flowers._--White; minute;
+     in loose panicles. _Calyx._--Five-toothed; one or two lines
+     long. _Petals._--Five; one line long; on the sinuses of the
+     calyx. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles two.
+     _Hab._--Coast Ranges and Sierras from Monterey to British
+     Columbia.
+
+Upon almost any drive or walk along a shaded road, we may find the
+alum-root hanging over a mossy bank. Its large, airy panicle is composed of
+minute flowers, and appears in early summer. But it is more conspicuous for
+its exquisite foliage than for its flowers. The leaves are usually mottled
+in light green and richly veined in dark brown or red, and they often turn
+to a rich red later in the season.
+
+The root is woody and astringent, to which latter fact the plant owes its
+English name, which it shares with the other members of the genus. These
+are very satisfactory plants to bring in from the woods, because they
+remain beautiful in water for many weeks.
+
+[Illustration ALUM-ROOT--_Heuchera micrantha._]
+
+
+CHAMISAL. CHAMISO. GREASEWOOD.
+
+_Adenostoma fasciculatum_, Hook. and Arn. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to twenty feet high, with gray, shreddy bark and
+     reddish, slender branches. _Leaves._--Two to four lines long;
+     linear to awl-shaped; smooth; clustered. Stipules small; acute.
+     _Flowers._--White; two lines across; in terminal racemose
+     panicles. _Calyx._--Five-toothed; with bracts below resembling
+     another calyx; tube ten-ribbed. _Petals._--Five.
+     _Stamens._--Ten to fifteen; in clusters between the petals.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Fruit._--A dry akene. _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed.
+
+The chamisal forms a large part of the chaparral of our mountain slopes,
+and when not in bloom gives to them much the aspect imparted to the Scotch
+Highlands by the heather. It is an evergreen shrub, with small clustered,
+needle-like leaves. In late spring it is covered with large, feathery
+panicles of tiny white blossoms, which show with particular effectiveness
+against the rich olive of its foliage, and furnish the bees with valuable
+honey material for a considerable season. When interspersed with shrubs of
+livelier greens, it gives to our hill-slopes and mountain-sides a
+wonderfully rich and varied character. In the summer of a season when it
+has flowered freely, the cinnamon-colored seed-vessels blending with the
+olives of the foliage lend a rich, warm bronze to whole hillsides, forming
+a charming contrast to the straw tints and russets of grassy slopes, and
+adding another to the many soft harmonies of our summer landscape. It is
+most abundant in the Coast Ranges, where, in some localities, it covers
+mile after mile of hill-slopes, with its close-cropped, uniform growth.
+
+When the chaparral, or dense shrubby growth of our mountain-sides, is
+composed entirely of _Adenostoma_, it is called chamisal.
+
+Another species, _A. sparsifolium_, Torr., found in the south, and somewhat
+resembling the above, may be known from it by its lack of stipules, its
+scattered, not clustered leaves, which are obtuse and not pointed, and its
+somewhat larger flowers, each one pediceled.
+
+This is commonly known among the Spanish-Californians as "Yerba del
+Pasmo," literally the "herb of the convulsion," and among them and the
+Indians it is a sovereign remedy for many ailments, being considered
+excellent for colds, cramps, and snakebites, and an infallible cure for
+tetanus, or lockjaw. The foliage fried in grease becomes a healing
+ointment.
+
+The bark of this species is reddish and hangs in shreds.
+
+
+HOLLY-LEAVED CHERRY. ISLAY.
+
+_Prunus ilicifolia_, Walp. Rose Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs or small trees; eight to thirty feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; holly-like; an inch or two long.
+     _Flowers._--White; three lines across; in racemes eighteen
+     lines to three inches long. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Petals._--Five; spreading. _Stamens._--Twelve to twenty-five.
+     _Ovary._--Solitary; one-celled. Style terminal. _Fruit._--A
+     dark red cherry, becoming black; six lines in diameter.
+     _Hab._--Coast Ranges, San Francisco into Lower California.
+
+The holly-leaved cherry is a very ornamental shrub, with its shining,
+prickly evergreen leaves, and it is coming more and more into favor for
+cultivation, especially as a hedge-shrub. In its natural state it attains
+its greatest perfection in the mountains near Santa Barbara and southward.
+On dry hills it is only a shrub, but in the rich soil of cañon bottoms it
+becomes a tree. Some of the finest specimens are to be found in the gardens
+of the old missions, where they have been growing probably a century.
+
+Dr. Behr tells us that the foliage, in withering, develops hydrocyanic
+acid, the odor of which is quite perceptible. The leaves are then poisonous
+to sheep and cattle.
+
+The shrubs are especially beautiful in spring, after they have made their
+new growth of bright green at the ends of the branches, and put forth a
+profusion of feathery bloom. The blossoms have the pleasant, bitter
+fragrance of the cultivated cherry, and attract myriads of bees, who make
+the region vocal with their busy hum. The fruit, which ripens from
+September to December, is disappointing, owing to its very thin pulp,
+though its astringent and acid flavor is not unpleasant.
+
+It was used by the aborigines as food, however, and made into an
+intoxicating drink by fermentation. The meat of the stones ground and made
+into balls constituted a delicate morsel with them.
+
+
+YERBA BUENA.
+
+_Micromeria Douglasii_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Aromatic trailing vines. _Stems._--Slender; one to four feet
+     long. _Leaves._--One inch long; round-ovate.
+     _Flowers._--Solitary; axillary; white or purplish.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed; two lines long. _Corolla._--Five lines
+     long; bilabiate. _Stamens._--Four; in pairs on the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma
+     unevenly two-lipped. _Hab._--Vancouver Island to Los Angeles
+     County.
+
+The yerba buena is as dear to the Californian as the Mayflower to the New
+Englander, and is as intimately associated with the early traditions of
+this Western land as is that delicate blossom with the stormy past of the
+Pilgrim Fathers. Its delicious, aromatic perfume seems in some subtle way
+to link those early days of the Padres with our own, and to call up visions
+of the long, low, rambling mission buildings of adobe, with their
+picturesque red-tiled roofs; the flocks and herds tended by gentle
+shepherds in cowls; and the angelus sounding from those quaint belfries,
+and vibrating in ever-widening circles over hill and vale.
+
+Before the coming of the Mission Fathers, the Indians used this little
+herb, placing great faith in its medicinal virtues, so that the Padres
+afterward bestowed upon it the name of "yerba buena"--"the good herb." It
+is still used among our Spanish-Californians in the form of a tea, both as
+a pleasant beverage and as a febrifuge, and also as a remedy for
+indigestion and other disorders.
+
+They designate this as "Yerba Buena del Campo"--_i.e._ the wild or field
+yerba buena,--to distinguish it from the "Yerba Buena del Poso"--"the herb
+of the well,"--which is the common garden-mint growing in damp places.
+
+Aside from its associations and medicinal virtues, this is a charming
+little plant. In half-shaded woods its long, graceful stems make a trailing
+interlacement upon the ground and yield up their minty fragrance as we
+pass.
+
+[Illustration YERBA BUENA--_Micromeria Douglasii_.]
+
+
+MATILIJA POPPY.
+
+_Romneya Coulteri_, Harv. Poppy Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Numerous; two to fifteen feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; the lower pinnatifid; the upper
+     pinnately cut into long narrow segments; glaucous; three to
+     five inches long; smooth. _Flowers._--Solitary; six to nine
+     inches across. _Sepals._--Three; strongly arched, covered with
+     bristly appressed hairs; caducous. _Petals._--Six; white.
+     _Stamens._--Very numerous. Filaments filiform; yellow, purple
+     below. _Ovary._--Seven- to eleven-celled. Stigmas several.
+     _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+The Matilija poppy (pronounced ma-til'li-ha) must be conceded the queen of
+all our flowers. It is not a plant for small gardens, but the fitting
+adornment of a large park, where it can have space and light and air to
+rear its imperial stems and shake out its great diaphanous flowers. It is
+one of the most wonderful of wild flowers, and it is difficult to believe
+that nature, without the aid of a careful gardener, should have produced
+such a miracle of loveliness. It is justly far-famed, and by English
+gardeners, who now grow it successfully, it is regarded as a priceless
+treasure, and people go from many miles around to see it when it blooms. It
+is to be regretted that our flowers must go abroad to find their warmest
+admirers.
+
+This plant was named in honor of Dr. Romney Robinson, a famous astronomer.
+Its common name was given it because it grows in particular abundance in
+the Matilija Cañon, some miles above Ventura in the mountains. Many people
+have the mistaken idea that it grows only in that region. It is not common,
+by any means; but it is found in scattered localities from Santa Barbara
+southward into Mexico. It is very abundant near Riverside, and also upon
+the southern boundary and below in Lower California, where the plants cover
+large areas. It not only grows in fertile valleys, but seeks the seclusion
+of remote cañons, and nothing more magnificent could be imagined than a
+steep cañon-side covered with the great bushy plants, thickly sown with the
+enormous white flowers.
+
+The round buds (which, however, are sometimes pointed) are closely wrapped
+in three overlapping hairy sepals. These gradually open, and at dawn the
+buds unfurl their crumpled petals to the day, exhaling a pleasant
+fragrance. The blossoms remain open for many days.
+
+[Illustration MATILIJA POPPY--_Romneya Coulteri_.]
+
+These plants have long been in use among the Indians of Lower California,
+who esteem them highly for their medicinal qualities. The seeds require a
+long period for germination, and they have been known to come at the end of
+two years. The better method of propagation is from root-cuttings.
+
+The plant has been called "Mission poppy" and "Giant Californian white
+poppy," but the pretty Indian name cannot be improved upon.
+
+
+WHITE SAGE. GREASEWOOD.
+
+_Audibertia polystachya_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Shrubby, three to ten feet high; many-stemmed.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; lanceolate; narrowing into a petiole;
+     several inches long. _Flowers._--White or pale lavender, in
+     loose panicles a foot or two long. _Calyx._--Tubular;
+     bilabiate. _Corolla._--About six lines long, with short tube
+     and bilabiate border. Upper lip small; erect. Lower lip
+     three-lobed; the middle lobe large. _Stamens._--Two; jointed.
+     _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style slender. Stigma
+     two-cleft. _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+The classic honey of Hymettus could not have been clearer or more wholesome
+than that distilled by the bees from the white sage of Southern California,
+which has become justly world-renowned. The plants cover extensive reaches
+of valley and hill-slopes, and are often called "greasewood."
+
+Certain it is that the white stems have a very greasy, gummy feel and a
+rank, aggressive odor. In spring the long, coarse, sparsely leafy branches
+begin to rise from the woody base, often making the slopes silvery; and by
+May these have fully developed their loose, narrow panicles of pale flowers
+and yellowish buds.
+
+The structure of these blossoms is very interesting. The long, prominent
+lower lip curves downward and upward and backward upon itself, like a
+swan's neck, while the two stamens rising from its surface lift themselves
+like two long horns, and the style curves downward.
+
+A bee arriving at this flower naturally brushes against the stigma, leaving
+upon it some of the pollen gained from another flower. Then alighting upon
+the lower lip, his weight bends it downward, and he grasps the stamens as
+convenient handles, thus drawing the anthers toward his body, where the
+pollen is dusted upon his coat as he probes beneath the closed upper lip
+for the honey in the depths of the tube. The various sages of the south
+have a very interesting way of hybridizing.
+
+
+CASCARA SAGRADA. CALIFORNIA COFFEE.
+
+_Rhamnus Californica_, Esch. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Four to eighteen feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     elliptic to oblong; denticulate or entire; leathery; one to
+     four inches long; six to eighteen lines wide.
+     _Flowers._--Clustered; greenish white; small.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Petals._--Five; minute; on the sinuses
+     of the calyx; each clasping a stamen. _Ovary._--Two- to
+     four-celled. Style short. _Fruit._--Berry-like; black; four to
+     six lines long; containing two or three nutlets, like
+     coffee-beans. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+Long before the advent of the Spanish, the medicinal virtues of this shrub
+were known to the Indians, who used it as a remedy for rheumatism and,
+according to Dr. Bard, to correct the effects of an acorn diet. The Mission
+Fathers afterward came to appreciate its worth so highly that they bestowed
+upon it the name _Cascara sagrada_, or the "sacred bark." Since those early
+days the fame of it has spread the world around. No more valuable laxative
+is known to the medical world to-day, and every year great quantities of it
+are exported from our shores. Though the shrub is found as far south as San
+Diego, the bark is not gathered in any quantity south of Monterey, as it
+becomes too thin southward. The shrub goes under a variety of names,
+according to the locality in which it is found.
+
+In Monterey County it is known as "yellow-boy" or "yellow-root," and in
+Sonoma County it becomes "pigeon-berry," because the berry is a favorite
+food of the wild pigeons, and lends to their flesh a bitter taste.
+
+Some years ago quite an excitement prevailed in the State when some
+visionary persons believed they had found a perfect substitute for coffee
+in the seeds of this shrub. To be sure, they do somewhat resemble the
+coffee-bean in form, but the resemblance goes no further; for upon a
+careful analysis they revealed none of the qualities of coffee, nor upon
+roasting did they exhale its aroma. After much discussion of the matter and
+the laying out in imagination of extensive, natural coffee-plantations upon
+our wild hill-slopes, these hopeful people were destined to see their
+project fall in ruins.
+
+This shrub is very variable, according to the locality where it grows.
+Under shade, the leaves become herbaceous and ample, and as we go northward
+that becomes the prevailing type, and is then called _R. Purshiana_, DC. It
+is then often very large, having a trunk the size of a man's body. In
+Oregon it is known as "chittemwood" and "bitter bark," and also as "wahoo"
+and "bear-wood." The _var. tomentella_, Brew. and Wats., is densely
+white-tomentose, especially on the under surfaces of the leaves.
+
+
+EVERLASTING FLOWER. CUDWEED. LADY'S TOBACCO.
+
+_Gnaphalium decurrens_, Ives. Composite Family
+
+     Viscid-glandular under the loose hairs. _Flower-heads._--In
+     densely crowded, flattish clusters. _Involucre._--Campanulate;
+     of very numerous, scarious, yellowish-white, oval scales.
+     (Otherwise similar to _Anaphalis Margaritacea_.) _Hab._--From
+     San Diego through Oregon.
+
+The common everlasting flower, or cudweed, is plentiful upon our dry hills,
+blooming in early summer, where its white clusters are conspicuous objects
+amid the drying vegetation. In our rural districts it is believed that
+sleeping upon a pillow made of these flowers will cure catarrhal
+affections.
+
+_G. Sprengelii_, Hook. and Arn., may be known from the above by its densely
+gray, woolly herbage, which is not glandular-viscid. It is also common
+throughout the State.
+
+The beautiful edelweiss of the Alps is a species of _Gnaphalium_, _G.
+leontopodium_.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN BUCKEYE. CALIFORNIAN HORSE-CHESTNUT.
+
+_Æsculus Californica_, Nutt. Maple or Soapberry Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees ten to forty feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     petioled; with five palmate, stalked leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Oblong; acute; three to five inches long;
+     serrulate. _Flowers._--White; in a thyrse a foot long; many of
+     them imperfect. _Calyx._--Tubular; two-lobed. _Petals._--Four
+     or five; six lines or more long; unequal. _Stamens._--Five to
+     seven; exserted. Anthers buff. _Ovary._--Three-celled.
+     _Nuts._--One to three inches in diameter; usually one in the
+     pod. _Hab._--Coast Ranges of Middle California; also the Sierra
+     foothills.
+
+Our Californian buckeye is closely allied to the horse-chestnuts and
+buckeyes of the eastern half of the continent. It is usually found upon
+stream-banks or the side-walls of cañons, and reaches its greatest
+perfection in the valleys of our central Coast Ranges. It usually branches
+low into a number of clean, round, light-gray limbs, which widen out into a
+broad, dense, rounded head. Its leaves are fully developed before the
+flowers appear. When in full bloom, in May, it is considered one of the
+most beautiful of all our American species. Its long, white flower-spikes,
+sprinkled rather regularly over the green mound of foliage, are very
+suggestive of a neat calico print. Early to come, the leaves are as early
+to depart, and by midsummer the beautiful skeleton is often bare, its
+interlacing twigs making a delicate network against the deep azure of the
+sky.
+
+Though lavish in its production of flowers, usually but one or two of the
+large cluster succeed in maturing fruit. By October and November the
+leathery pods begin to yield up their big golden-brown nuts, which are
+great favorites among the squirrels. The Indians are said to resort to
+these nuts in times of famine. Before using them, they roast them a day or
+two in the ground, to extract the poison.
+
+The inner wood of the root, after being kiln-cured for several weeks,
+becomes very valuable to the cabinet-maker. It is then of an exquisite
+mottled green, and when highly polished can hardly be distinguished from a
+fine piece of onyx.
+
+
+PUSSY'S-PAWS.
+
+_Spraguea umbellata_, Torr. Purslane Family.
+
+     _Radical-leaves._--Spatulate or oblanceolate; six lines to four
+     inches long. _Stem-leaves._--Similar, but smaller, often
+     reduced to a few bracts. _Scapes._--Several; two to twelve
+     inches high. _Flowers._--In dense spikes. _Sepals._--Two;
+     orbicular; thin; papery; two to four lines across; whitish;
+     equaling the petals. _Petals._--Four; rose-color.
+     _Stamens._--Three. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style bifid.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from the Yosemite to British Columbia.
+
+Pussy's-paws is a very plentiful plant in the Sierras, usually growing upon
+dry, rocky soil. It varies much in aspect, sometimes sending up a stout,
+erect flower-scape, and again growing low and matlike with its prostrate
+flower-stems radiating from the center. It blooms from early summer onward,
+often almost covering the ground with its blossoms. The flower-clusters
+grow in a bunch, much like the pink cushions on pussy's feet, whence the
+pretty common name.
+
+
+SPANISH BAYONET. OUR LORD'S CANDLE.
+
+_Yucca Whipplei_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     Without a trunk. _Leaves._--All radical in a bristling
+     hemisphere; sword-like. _Flower-panicles._--Distaff-shaped;
+     three or more feet long; at the summit of a leafless bracteate
+     scape, ten or fifteen feet high. _Perianth._--Rotately
+     spreading; waxen-white (sometimes rich purple), often green- or
+     purple-nerved. _Filaments._--Clavate; pure white. Anthers
+     transverse; yellow. Style very thick; three-angled. Stigma
+     stalked; green; covered with tiny prominences. _Fruit._--A dry
+     capsule. (Structure otherwise as in _Y. Mohavensis_.)
+     _Hab._--Monterey to San Diego and eastward.
+
+In spring and early summer the chaparral-covered hillsides of Southern
+California present a wonderful appearance when hundreds of these Spanish
+bayonets are in bloom. From day to day the waxen tapers on the distant
+slopes increase in height as the white bells climb the slender shafts. At
+length each cluster reaches its perfection, and becomes a solid distaff of
+sometimes two--yes, even six--thousand of the waxen blossoms!
+
+[Illustration PUSSY'S-PAWS--_Spraguea umbellata_.]
+
+A friend writing of them, once said: "Nearly every poetaster in the country
+has sung the praises of the yellow poppies and the sweet little
+_Nemophilas_, but not one, so far as I know, has ever written a stanza to
+these grand white soldiers and their hundred swords." There is, indeed,
+something glorious and warlike about them, as they marshal themselves to
+the defense of our hillsides.
+
+This surpasses all known species in the height and beauty of its
+flower-panicles; but, once the season of flowering and fruiting has been
+consummated, its life mission is fulfilled, and the plant dies. The dead
+stalks remain standing sometimes for years upon the mountain-sides.
+
+The seeds of this species, as well as those of the tree-yucca, are made
+into flour by the Indians; and from the leaves they obtain a soft, white
+fiber, which they use in making the linings of the coarse saddle-blankets
+they weave from _Yucca Mohavensis_. The undeveloped flowering shoots they
+consider a great delicacy, either raw or prepared as mescal. They gather
+great numbers of the plants when just at the right stage, and strip off the
+leaves, leaving round masses. These they prepare after the manner of a
+clam-bake, and when the pile is pulled to pieces and the mescal is taken
+out, it has a faint resemblance to a baked sweet apple, and is of about the
+same consistency. The whole mass is a mixture of sweet, soft pulp and
+coarse white fibers much like manilla rope-yarn.
+
+
+RUBY LILY. CHAPARRAL LILY. REDWOOD LILY.
+
+_Lilium rubescens_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+_Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Marin County to Humboldt County.
+
+This is the most charming of all our Californian lilies, even surpassing in
+loveliness the beautiful Washington lily; and it is said to be the most
+fragrant of any in the world. It resembles the Washington lily; but its
+flowers are fuller in form, with wider petals and shorter tube, and it has
+a smaller bulb. It sends up a noble shaft, sometimes seven feet high, with
+many scattered whorls of undulate leaves, and often bears at the summit as
+many as twenty-five of the beautiful flowers. These are at first pure
+white, dotted with purple, but they soon take on a metallic luster and
+begin to turn to a delicate pink, which gradually deepens into a ruby
+purple. Mr. Purdy mentions having seen a plant with a stalk nine feet high,
+bearing thirty-six flowers.
+
+[Illustration RUBY LILY--_Lilium rubescens_.]
+
+The favorite haunts of this lily are high and inaccessible ridges, among
+the chaparral, or under the live-oak or redwood. Comparatively few people
+know of its existence, though living within a few miles of it, because they
+rarely ever visit these out-of-the-way fastnesses of nature.
+
+Mr. Burroughs has somewhere said: "Genius is a specialty; it does not grow
+in every soil, it skips the many and touches the few; and the gift of
+perfume to a flower is a special grace, like genius or like beauty, and
+never becomes common or cheap." Certainly these blossoms have been richly
+endowed with this charming gift, and their delicious fragrance wafted by
+the wind often betrays their presence upon a hillside when unsuspected
+before, so that one skilled in woodcraft can often trace them by it.
+
+
+THISTLE-POPPY. CHICALOTE.
+
+_Argemone platyceras_, Link and Otto. Poppy Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to two and one half feet high; hispid throughout,
+     or armed with rigid bristles or prickles. Sap yellow.
+     _Leaves._--Thistle-like; three to six inches long.
+     _Flowers._--White; two to four inches in diameter.
+     _Sepals._--Three; spinosely beaked. _Petals._--Four to six.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments slender. _Ovary._--Oblong;
+     one-celled. Stigma three- or four-lobed. Capsule very prickly.
+     _Hab._--Dry hillsides from Central California southward.
+
+The thistle-poppy would be considered in any other country a surpassingly
+beautiful flower, with its large diaphanous white petals and its thistly
+gray-green foliage, but in California it must yield precedence to the
+Matilija poppy. It resembles the latter very closely in its flower, and is
+often mistaken for it. It may be known by its yellow juice, its prickly
+foliage, and its very prickly capsules. I believe the flowers are somewhat
+more cup-shaped than those of _Romneya_.
+
+It affects dry hill-slopes and valleys, often otherwise barren, where it
+grows luxuriantly, and sometimes attains a height of six feet, being in
+full bloom in May. There, where one is unprepared for such a sight, it
+becomes an object of startling beauty.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Malacothrix saxatilis_, Torr. and Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; a foot or two high; woody.
+     _Leaves._--Lanceolate to spatulate; one or two inches long;
+     entire or pinnatifid; somewhat succulent.
+     _Flower-heads._--Terminating the paniculate branches; large;
+     two inches or so across; white, changing to rose or lilac; of
+     ray-flowers only. _Involucre._--Campanulate or hemispherical;
+     six lines high, with many imbricated scales passing downward
+     into loose, awl-shaped bracts. _Hab._--The Coast, from Santa
+     Barbara southward.
+
+This beautiful plant is a dweller upon the ocean cliffs, and may be seen in
+abundance from the car-windows just before the train reaches Santa Barbara
+going north. The stems are woody and very leafy, and the plants are usually
+covered all over the top with the showy flower-heads.
+
+_M. tenuifolia_, Torr. and Gray, is a very tall, slender, sparsely leafy
+plant with fragile, airy white flowers. This is common along the dusty
+roadsides of the south in early summer.
+
+
+SALAL. WINTERGREEN.
+
+_Gaultheria Shallon_, Pursh. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubby, and one to three or more feet high or prostrate.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; ovate to elliptical;
+     pointed; two to four inches long; leathery; bristle-toothed
+     when young; evergreen. _Flowers._--Manzanita-like; slenderer;
+     glandular-viscid; white or pinkish. _Ovary._--Five-celled.
+     Style single. _Fruit._--Black; berry-like; aromatic; edible.
+     (Otherwise like _Arctostaphylos Manzanita_.) _Hab._--Coast
+     woods, from Santa Barbara County to British Columbia.
+
+The floor of the redwood forest in our northern coast counties is often
+carpeted with this little undershrub, while in other places one can wade
+waist-deep in it. It grows much larger north of us, and upon Vancouver
+Island it forms dense, impenetrable thickets. Its dark-purple berries have
+a very agreeable flavor, and form an important article of diet among the
+Oregon Indians, who call them "salal."
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SPIKENARD.
+
+_Aralia Californica_, Wats. Ginseng Family.
+
+     _Root._--Thick; aromatic. _Stems._--Eight to ten feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Bipinnate; or the upper pinnate, with one or two
+     pairs of leaflets. _Leaflets._--Cordate-ovate; four to eight
+     inches long; serrate. _Flowers._--White; two lines long; in
+     globular umbels, arranged in loose panicles a foot or two long.
+     Pedicels four to six lines long. _Calyx._--Five-toothed or
+     entire. _Petals and Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Two- to
+     five-celled. Styles united to the middle. _Fruit._--A purple
+     berry. _Hab._--Widely distributed; on stream-banks.
+
+In moist, cool ravines, where the sun only slants athwart the branches and
+a certain dankness always lingers, the Californian spikenard scents the air
+with its peculiar odor. It closely resembles _A. racemosa_ of the Eastern
+States, but it is a larger, coarser plant in every way. It throws up its
+tall stems with a fine confidence that there will be ample space for its
+large leaves to spread themselves uncrowded. Its feathery panicles of white
+flowers are followed by clusters of small purple berries, and are rather
+more delicate than we should expect from so large a plant.
+
+
+YERBA MANSA.
+
+_Anemopsis Californica_, Hook. Yerba Mansa Family.
+
+     Rootstock creeping. _Radical-leaves._--Long-petioled; elliptic
+     oblong; two to ten inches long. _Stems._--Six inches to two
+     feet high. _Flowers._--Without sepals and petals, sunk in a
+     conical spike; six to eighteen lines long; a small white bract
+     under each flower. _Spikes._--Subtended by from five to eight
+     white petal-like bracts, six to fifteen lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Three to eight. _Ovary._--Apparently one-celled.
+     Stigmas one to five. _Hab._--Southern to Central California.
+
+Just as the fervid glow of the sun is beginning to transform the green of
+our southern hill-slopes to soft browns, the still vividly green lowland
+meadows suddenly bring forth myriads of white stars, which in their green
+setting become grateful resting-points for the eye. These are the blossoms
+of the famous _Yerba Mansa_ of the Spanish-Californians. Among these people
+the plant is an infallible remedy for many disorders, and so highly do they
+prize it, that they often travel or send long distances for it.
+
+[Illustration YERBA MANSA--_Anemopsis Californica_.]
+
+The aromatic root, which has a strong, peppery taste, is very astringent,
+and when made into a tea or a powder, is applied with excellent results to
+cuts and sores. The tea is also taken as a blood-purifier; and the plant,
+in the form of a wash or poultice, is used for rheumatism, while the wilted
+leaves are said to reduce swellings. In the medical world it is beginning
+to be used in diseases of the mucous membrane.
+
+
+SHEPHERD'S PURSE.
+
+_Capsella Bursa-pastoris_, Medic. Mustard Family.
+
+Among our commonest and most harmless weeds is the shepherd's purse, which
+has been introduced from Europe in the past. It may be easily recognized by
+its tiny white cruciferous flowers and its shapely little triangular, flat
+pods, which have a peppery taste. It is used medicinally, and valued as a
+remedy for many different maladies. In Europe, a common name for the plant
+is "mother's heart," and Mr. Johnston says that children play a sort of
+game with the seed-pouch. "They hold it out to their companions, inviting
+them to 'take a haud o' that.' It immediately cracks, and then follows a
+triumphant shout, 'You've broken your mother's heart!'"
+
+Equally common is the _Lepidium_, or pepper-grass, the small round, flat
+pods of which also have a peppery taste. Both of these belong to the great
+Mustard family.
+
+
+MARIPOSA TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus venustus_, Benth. (and varieties). Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high; branching. _Leaves._--Narrow;
+     grasslike; channeled; glaucous; decumbent. _Flowers._--Erect;
+     cup-shaped; white, lilac, pink, claret, magenta, purple, or
+     rarely light yellow; of uniform color or shaded; plain or
+     variously oculated, stained, or blotched. _Petals._--One or two
+     inches long; slightly hairy below. _Gland._--Large; roundish;
+     densely hairy. _Capsule._--Lanceolate; four or five lines
+     broad. (See _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--Dry sandy soil, in the
+     Coast Ranges and Sierra foothills, from Mendocino County to Los
+     Angeles.
+
+[Illustration MARIPOSA TULIP--_Calochortus venustus_.]
+
+I once emerged from the dense chaparral of a steep hillside upon a grassy
+slope, where myriads of these lovely flowers tossed their delicate cups
+upon the breeze. As I passed from flower to flower, I noticed many insect
+guests regaling themselves upon the nectar. Bees and flies jostled one
+another and crawled amid the hairs below, and beautifully mottled
+butterflies hovered over them.
+
+As originally described, this flower was white or pale lilac, with a more
+or less conspicuous, usually reddish, stain, or blotch, near the top, a
+brownish spot bordered with yellow in the center, and a brownish striate
+base. But it varies so widely from this type, in both color and spots, that
+neither is a reliable character from which to determine the species. Some
+of the oculated forms of _C. luteus_ are so similar that they are readily
+confused with this, but a careful examination of the gland and the form of
+the capsule, together with the character of the soil in which the plants
+grow, will identify the species.
+
+
+COMMON NIGHTSHADE.
+
+_Solanum nigrum_, L. Nightshade Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Along streams near the coast.
+
+This may be easily distinguished from _S. Xanti_ by its very small white
+flowers, whose corollas are but three or four lines across, and much more
+deeply and pointedly lobed, the lobes having a tendency to turn backward as
+the flowers grow older; also by its thinner, duller leaves, and much
+smaller, black berries, the size of peas.
+
+It is considered a violent narcotic poison, both berries and leaves having
+caused death when eaten. It is used in the medical world, in the form of a
+tincture for various maladies, and it is said that in Bohemia the
+blossoming plant is hung over the cradles of infants to induce sweet
+slumber; while in Dalmatia the root is fried in butter and eaten to produce
+sleep, and is also used as remedy for hydrophobia.
+
+_Solanum Douglasii_, Dunal, is a similar species, with larger flowers,
+which are usually white, though sometimes light blue.
+
+
+BUTTERFLY TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus luteus, var. oculatus_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Sierras and Coast Ranges, from Fresno County to Oregon.
+
+Of all our lovely Mariposa tulips, this charming form is perhaps the most
+like the insect for which it is named. Its creamy or purplish flowers have
+an exquisitely tinted dark-maroon eye, surrounded by yellow, and it is
+often streaked in marvelous imitation of the insect's wing. It was
+doubtless this form Miss Coolbrith had in mind when she wrote the beautiful
+lines below:
+
+    "Insect or blossom? Fragile, fairy thing,
+    Poised upon slender tip and quivering
+    To flight! a flower of the fields of air;
+    A jeweled moth, a butterfly with rare
+    And tender tints upon his downy wing
+    A moment resting in our happy sight;
+    A flower held captive by a thread so slight
+    Its petal-wings of broidered gossamer
+    Are, light as the wind, with every wind astir,
+    Wafting sweet odor, faint and exquisite.
+    O dainty nursling of the field and sky!
+    What fairer thing looks up to heaven's blue,
+    And drinks the noontide sun, the dawning's dew?
+    Thou winged bloom! thou blossom butterfly!"
+
+
+WESTERN BOYKINIA.
+
+_Boykinia occidentalis_, Torr. and Gray. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; a foot or two high.
+     _Leaves._--Round-reniform; palmately three- to seven-lobed; one
+     to three inches broad; the lobes coarsely toothed.
+     _Flowers._--In long-peduncled, loose panicles; white; four
+     lines across; parts in fives. _Calyx._--With acute teeth.
+     _Petals._--On the sinuses of the calyx. _Stamens._--On the
+     calyx, opposite its teeth. Filaments short. _Ovary._--With its
+     two cells attenuate into the slender styles. _Hab._--Coast
+     Ranges, from Santa Barbara to Washington.
+
+The tufted leaves, and exquisitely delicate saxifrage-like clusters of the
+_Boykinia_, fringe our streams in early summer.
+
+
+SOAP-PLANT. AMOLE.
+
+_Chlorogalum pomeridianum_, Kunth. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--One to four inches in diameter; densely brown-fibrous.
+     _Leaves._--Six to eighteen inches long. _Scape._--One to five
+     feet high; bearing a loosely spreading panicle.
+     _Perianth._--White; of six spreading, recurved segments nine
+     lines long. _Stamens._--Six; shorter than the segments.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style filiform. Stigma three-lobed.
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+The leaves of the soap-plant have been with us all the spring, increasing
+in length as the season has advanced. You can easily recognize them, as
+they resemble a broad, wavy-margined grass, usually lying flat upon the
+ground, with some of the ragged brown fibres of the bulb showing
+aboveground, like the fragment of an old manilla mat.
+
+In early summer, from their midst begins to shoot a slender stalk. When the
+process of its growth is complete, it stands from two to five feet high,
+with slender, widespreading branches and rather sparsely scattered flowers.
+
+If you would find its flowers open, you must seek it in the afternoon. At a
+little distance, it appears as though the truant summer wind had lodged a
+delicate white feather here and there upon the branches. In themselves,
+these blossoms are not ill-favored, with their slender, recurved petals;
+but to us the root is the most interesting part of the plant. This the
+early Spanish-Californians used extensively in lieu of soap, and esteemed
+greatly as a hair tonic, and it was known by them as "amole." Even now it
+is much used among their descendants, and we know of one aged señora over
+ninety who refuses to use anything else for washing. Her grandsons keep her
+supplied with the bulbs, which they dig by the sackful from the neighboring
+hill-slopes and mesas. She takes her linen down to the brookside, and
+there, in primitive fashion, upon her knees she scours and rinses it till
+it is as white as the driven snow.
+
+The Indians of the Sierra foothills have a curious use for the bulb. After
+the June freshets have subsided, many fish are usually left in small pools
+in the streams. The squaws go to these pools with an abundance of
+soap-root, and kneeling upon the banks, rub up a great suds with it. The
+fish soon rise to the surface stupefied, and are easily taken.
+
+[Illustration SOAP-PLANT--_Chlorogalum pomeridianum_.]
+
+We are told that in the early days of the gold excitement, when commodities
+were scarce and brought fabulous prices, the fibrous outer coats of the
+bulb were used for stuffing mattresses.
+
+The inner portion of the bulb, when reduced to a paste, is said to be an
+excellent remedy for oak-poisoning, applied as a salve.
+
+This is not the only plant popularly known as soap-plant among us. Several
+others share the title, among them the goose-foot, the yucca, and the
+California lilac. There are several other species of _Chlorogalum_.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN BIRCH. WHITE TEA-TREE. SOAP-BUSH.
+
+_Ceanothus integerrimus_, Hook. and Arn. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Shrubs or small trees; five to twelve feet high; with
+     cylindrical, usually warty, branches. _Leaves._--Alternate; on
+     slender petioles two to six lines long; ovate to ovate-oblong;
+     one to three inches long; entire or rarely slightly
+     glandular-serrulate; thin. _Flowers._--White; sometimes blue;
+     in a thyrse three to seven inches long, one to four thick.
+     _Fruit._--Not crested. (See _Ceanothus_.) _Hab._--Mountains
+     from Los Angeles to the Columbia River.
+
+When in flower, this is one of the most attractive of all our _Ceanothi_.
+It often covers great mountain-sides with its white bloom as with drifted
+snow. The trip to the Yosemite is often diversified by this beautiful
+spectacle, which comes as an exhilarating surprise.
+
+Among the mountaineers this shrub is highly valued as forage for their
+cattle, which they turn upon it after the lowland pastures have dried up.
+
+The young twigs and leaves have the spicy fragrance of the black birch of
+the Eastern States. The foliage is deciduous, and of rather a pale though
+bright green. The bark of the root of this shrub is becoming celebrated as
+a remedy for various disorders, such as malaria, catarrh, and liver
+trouble.
+
+
+COMMON WHITE LUPINE.
+
+_Lupinus densiflorus_, Benth. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; simple below; parted in the middle into
+     numerous widespreading branches; two feet high; succulent;
+     sparsely villous. _Flowers._--In long-peduncled racemes; six to
+     ten inches long; with usually five or six dense whorls. Bracts
+     bristle-like, from a broad base. _Calyx._--Upper lip scarious;
+     deeply cleft; lower long, toothed. _Corolla._--White or
+     rose-color; seven lines or so long; the standard dark dotted.
+     _Pod._--Two-seeded. _Hab._--Widespread; Sacramento Valley
+     southward.
+
+In the days when we went fishing in the brook with a pin for minnows, a
+company of these pretty white lupines in a field represented to our
+childish fancy so many graceful dames in flounced skirts dancing in a
+sylvan ballroom.
+
+
+MEADOW-SWEET.
+
+_Spiræa discolor_, Pursh. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; an inch or two long; oval or ovate; crenately
+     lobed above; the lobes often toothed; silky pubescent beneath.
+     _Flowers._--White; two lines across; in feathery panicles
+     several inches long. _Calyx._--Five-parted; petaloid.
+     _Petals._--Five; equaling the sepals. _Stamens._--About twenty.
+     _Pistils._--Five; distinct; one-celled. _Hab._--Coast Ranges,
+     mostly from Monterey County northward.
+
+Not until midsummer is upon us does the common meadow-sweet make itself
+noticeable by its large feathery clusters of minute white flowers, which
+have a pleasant odor, reminiscent of slippery-elm.
+
+We have two species of _Spiræa_ with pink flowers--_S. Douglasii_, Hook.,
+the Californian hardhack, having its blossoms in long clusters, (found in
+Northern California,) and _S. betulifolia_, Pall., having flat-topped
+flower-clusters, (found in the Sierras).
+
+Another shrub closely resembling the _Spiræas_ is _Neillia opulifolia_,
+Benth. and Hook., the wild bridal-wreath, or ninebark. Indeed, this has
+been classed by some authorities among the _Spiræas_. It may be easily
+recognized by its hemispherical clusters of white flowers. These clusters
+are an inch or two across. Though the shrub is quite showy when in bloom,
+it is almost equally attractive when its carpels are beginning to redden.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN AZALEA.
+
+_Rhododendron occidentale_, Gray. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to twelve feet high. _Leaves._--Clustered at the
+     ends of the branches; obovate to lanceolate; two to four inches
+     long; herbaceous. _Flower-clusters._--Large, from a special
+     terminal bud. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft. _Corolla._--With
+     funnel-form tube, and five-cleft border; white; the upper lobe
+     blotched with corn-color; sometimes tinged with pink;
+     glandular-viscid without. _Stamens._--Five. Anthers two-celled,
+     opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. _Capsule._--Very
+     woody. _Hab._--Stream-banks throughout the State.
+
+One of the most deservedly admired of all our shrubs is the lovely
+Californian azalea. In June and July, the borders of our mountain streams
+are covered for miles with the bushes, whose rich green foliage is often
+almost obscured from view by the magnificent clusters of white and yellow,
+or sometimes pinkish, flowers. Its delicious, spicy perfume is always
+subtly suggestive of charming days spent with rod and line along cool
+streams, or of those all too brief outings spent far from the haunts of
+men, in some sequestered mountain-cabin among redwood groves or by rushing
+waters.
+
+In Oregon it is commonly known as "honeysuckle," and there in the autumn
+its life ebbs away in a flood of glory, showering the forest floor with
+flecks of scarlet and crimson. Its root is said to contain a strong
+narcotic poison, and the leaves are also reputed to be poisonous if eaten,
+but they are not at all harmful to the touch.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN AZALEA--_Rhododendron occidentale_.]
+
+
+AMERICAN BARRENWORT.
+
+_Vancouveria parviflora_, Greene. Barberry Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One or two feet high. _Leaves._--All radical; twice
+     to thrice ternately compound. _Leaflets._--One to two inches
+     broad; rich shining green; persisting; undulate and
+     membrane-margined. _Flowers._--Twenty-five to fifty, in loose
+     panicles; small; with six to nine sepal-like bracts. Parts in
+     sixes all in front of one another. _Sepals._--Petaloid; two
+     lines long. _Petals._--White to lavender. _Stamens._--Erect;
+     closely appressed to the pistil. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style
+     stoutish. _Hab._--Coast Ranges of Central California.
+
+There is no more exquisite plant in our coast woods than the American
+barrenwort. Its delicate threadlike stems, which are yet strong and wiry,
+hold up its spreading evergreen leaves, every leaflet in its own place.
+There is a likeness in these leaves to the fronds of our Californian
+maidenhair, and one could easily imagine the maidenhair amplified,
+strengthened, and polished into this form. The leaflets are also somewhat
+ivy-like in form.
+
+In June its delicate, airy panicles of small white blossoms appear. These
+are especially interesting as belonging to the Barberry family, where all
+the floral organs stand in front of one another, and the anthers open by
+cunningly contrived little uplifting valves. These plants are said to grow
+upon bushy hillsides, in masses sometimes several feet across. But I have
+never seen it with other than an exclusive and rather solitary habit,
+growing in shaded forests. We have one or two other species.
+
+
+SERVICE-BERRY. JUNE-BERRY.
+
+_Amelanchier alnifolia_, Nutt. Rose Family.
+
+     Deciduous shrubs, three to eight feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; from rounded to oblong-ovate;
+     serrate usually only toward the apex; six to eighteen lines
+     long. _Flowers._--White, in short racemes.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Campanulate; limb five-parted. _Petals._--Five;
+     oblong; six lines or so long. _Stamens._--Twenty; short.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled. Styles three to five.
+     _Fruit._--Small; berry-like; dark purple. _Hab._--Throughout
+     the State and northward; also eastward to the Western States.
+
+[Illustration AMERICANBARRENWORT--_Vancouveria parviflora_.]
+
+The service-berry seems to be at home throughout our borders, but it
+reaches its greatest perfection north of us, on the rich bottom-lands of
+the Columbia River. In spring the bushes are beautiful, when snowily laden
+with masses of ragged white flowers; and from June to September they are no
+less welcome, when abundantly hung with the black berries, which usually
+have a bloom upon them. These berries are an important article of food
+among our Western Indians, who make annual pilgrimages to the regions of
+their growth, gathering and drying large quantities for winter use. The
+drying they effect by crushing them to a paste, which they spread upon bark
+or stones in the sun. It is said that many a party of explorers, lost in
+the woods, has been kept alive by this little fruit.
+
+Almost the same shrub in the Atlantic States is called "shad-bush," because
+it blooms at about the season when the shad are running up the streams.
+
+
+CHRISTMAS-BERRY. CALIFORNIAN HOLLY. TOYON.
+
+_Heteromeles arbutifolia_, RÅ“mer. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs four to twenty-five feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; oblong; serrate; leathery; two to four inches
+     long. _Flowers._--Small; white; four lines across; in dense
+     terminal panicles. _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Petals._--Five;
+     roundish; spreading. _Stamens._--Ten; on the calyx. Filaments
+     awl-shaped; flat. _Ovaries._--Two; one-celled. Styles slender.
+     _Berries._--Red; four lines in diameter; in large clusters.
+     _Hab._--Coast Ranges, from San Diego to Mendocino County.
+
+Christmas could hardly be celebrated among us without our beautiful
+Californian holly. Florists' windows and the baskets of street-venders at
+that season are gay with the magnificent clusters of rich cardinal berries,
+which are really ripe by Thanksgiving. The common name, "Californian
+holly," refers more to the berries than to the leaves, as the latter have
+not the form of holly-leaves. We have often seen the venders mix the
+berries with the prickly foliage of the live-oak, to make them seem more
+like holly.
+
+The large clusters of spicy white flowers appear in July and August.
+Nothing in all our flora yields a finer contrast of lavish scarlet against
+rich green. The berries have a rather pleasant taste, somewhat acid and
+astringent, and are eaten by the Indians with great relish. The
+Spanish-Californians used them in the preparation of an agreeable drink.
+
+This is a very handsome shrub in cultivation.
+
+
+VIRGIN'S BOWER. CLEMATIS.
+
+_Clematis ligusticifolia_, Nutt. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     Nearly smooth. _Stems._--Woody; sometimes climbing thirty feet.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; long-petioled; five-foliolate.
+     _Leaflets._--Ovate to lanceolate; eighteen lines to three
+     inches long; three-lobed and coarsely toothed; rarely entire or
+     three-parted. _Flowers._--Diœcious; in axillary panicles.
+     _Sepals._--Four; petaloid; four to six lines long; thin.
+     _Petals._--Wanting. _Stamens._--Numerous. _Pistils._--Many;
+     becoming long-tailed, silky akenes. _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+The virgin's bower usually looks down upon us from among the branches of
+some tree, where it entwines itself indistinguishably with the foliage of
+its host. It climbs by means of the stalks of its leaflets, which wrap
+themselves about small twigs. This species is not so noticeable during the
+season of its blossoming as it is later, when the long plumes of its seed
+have twisted themselves into silvery balls, making feathery masses. Mrs.
+Blochman writes that among the Spanish-Californians, it is called "yerba de
+chivato," and valued as a remedy for barbed-wire cuts in animals. It is
+used in the form of a wash, and remarkable cures are effected.
+
+Another widespread species--_C. lasiantha_, Nutt.--is far more showy than
+the above. It is found in the Coast Ranges, from Los Angeles to Napa County
+at least, and in the Sierras to Plumas County. Its long-peduncled flowers
+are solitary; but they are so numerous and grow so closely together, that
+they make dense masses of white, conspicuous at a long distance. The
+flowers are larger, the sepals being an inch long, and covered with a silky
+pubescence, which makes them like soft cream-colored velvet. The three
+ovate leaflets are also silky.
+
+
+LADIES' TRESSES.
+
+_Spiranthes Romanzoffianum_, Cham. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Roots._--Fascicled tubers. _Stems._--Stout; four to eighteen
+     inches high. _Leaves._--Oblong-lanceolate to linear.
+     _Spikes._--One to even ten inches long. _Perianth._--Yellowish
+     white; four lines long. Upper sepal and two petals coherent.
+     Lip recurved, bearing a small protuberance on each side at
+     base. _Anther._--On the face of the short column.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Through the mountains from Los
+     Angeles northward.
+
+The twisted spikes of these little orchids are interesting, because their
+ranks remain so clearly defined as they wind about the stem. The plants
+vary greatly in different seasons as to size, and are usually found in
+moist places.
+
+
+TARWEED. MOUNTAIN MISERY.
+
+_Chamæbatia foliolosa_, Benth. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubby; a foot or two high; branching freely; glandular
+     pubescent throughout; fragrant. _Leaves._--Alternate; finely
+     dissected; ovate or oblong in outline; two or three inches
+     long. _Flowers._--White; few in terminal cymes.
+     _Calyx._--Five-lobed. _Petals._--Five; spreading; three or four
+     lines long. _Stamens._--Very numerous; short.
+     _Ovary._--Solitary. Style terminal. _Fruit._--A leathery akene.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from Mariposa County to Nevada County.
+
+One of the most conspicuous plants to be met on the way to the Yosemite is
+the _Chamæbatia_. It is exceedingly abundant, covering considerable areas
+and filling the air with its balsamic fragrance, strongly suggestive of
+tansy, though to many not so agreeable as the latter. It is a beautiful
+plant, with its feathery leaves and strawberry-like flowers; but by the
+roadside, where its viscid leaves and stems have caught the dust, it is
+often but a travesty of itself.
+
+Mrs. Brandegee writes of it: "Along the line of the railroad in Placer
+County it is often called 'bear-clover,' perhaps in accordance with our
+felicitous custom of giving names, because it bears not the least
+resemblance to clover, and the bear will have nothing to do with it."
+
+[Illustration LADIES' TRESSES--_Spiranthes Romanzoffianum_.]
+
+
+LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD.
+
+_Cornus Nuttallii_, Audubon. Dogwood Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees, fifteen to seventy feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; obovate; acute at each end; three to five
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Numerous; small; greenish; in a head
+     surrounded by an involucre of four to six large, yellowish or
+     white bracts, often tinged with red, and eighteen lines to
+     three inches long. _Calyx._--Four-toothed. _Petals and
+     Stamens._--Four. _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Fruit._--Scarlet; five
+     or six lines long. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from
+     Monterey and Plumas Counties to British Columbia.
+
+Our large-flowered dogwood more nearly resembles the Eastern _C. florida_
+than any other species, but it is a much handsomer shrub than the latter.
+It reaches its maximum size in Northern Oregon and Washington, where, in
+the season of its blossoming, it is a sight never to be forgotten. Its
+masses of large white flowers, like single Cherokee roses, contrast finely
+with the deep, rich greens of the fir forests, in which it often grows. In
+its northern range, its leaves turn beautifully, and it becomes one of the
+most brilliant masqueraders in the autumn pageant.
+
+The wood is very hard, close-grained, and tough, and is used as a
+substitute for boxwood in the making of bobbins and shuttles for weaving,
+and also in cabinet-work.
+
+
+MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS.
+
+_Habenaria leucostachys_, Wats. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Root._--A fusiform tuber. _Stems._--One to four feet high;
+     leafy throughout. _Leaves._--Lanceolate; diminishing upward.
+     _Flowers._--Bright white, in a spike. _Perianth segments._--Two
+     or three lines long. _Lip._--Four lines long, with a slender
+     spur four to six lines long. _Anther._--On the column just
+     above the stigma. _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Mountains
+     throughout California.
+
+From July to September we may look for the milk-white rein-orchis in moist
+meadows. It is especially abundant in the Sierras, where its charmingly
+fragrant, pure-white spikes are particularly effective against the lush
+green of the alpine meadows.
+
+[Illustration MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS--_Habenaria leucostachys_.]
+
+
+JAMESTOWN-WEED. JIMSON-WEED. THORN-APPLE. COMMON STRAMONIUM.
+
+_Datura Stramonium_, L. Nightshade Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two or three feet high; stout. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     ovate; coarsely angled; long-petioled. _Flowers._--In the forks
+     of the stem; short-pediceled; white. _Calyx._--Tubular; angled;
+     five-toothed; over an inch long. _Corolla._--Funnel-form; three
+     inches long; with an expanded five-angled border.
+     _Stamens._--Five; included. Filaments long and slender; adnate
+     to the corolla below. Style long. _Ovary._--Two-celled; each
+     cell nearly divided again. _Fruit._--Larger than a walnut;
+     prickly. _Hab._--Waste grounds near habitations; introduced.
+
+The jimson-weed, which is a native of Asia, has become quite common in
+waste places. It is a rank, ill-smelling, nauseating weed, possessing
+narcotic, poisonous qualities, but its flowers are rather large and showy.
+The leaves and seeds are made into the drug called "stramonium," which is
+used as a remedy in neuralgia, spasmodic cough, and other disorders.
+
+As the plant usually grows by roadsides or in the vicinity of dwellings,
+children are not infrequently poisoned by its fruit and leaves. The poison
+manifests itself in dryness of the throat, rapid pulse, and delirium; and
+even death may ensue, preceded by convulsions and coma.
+
+This plant is also called "mad-apple," "apple of Peru," and "Devil's
+apple."
+
+It has a near relative--_D. suaveolens_, HBK.,--a large shrub with
+dark-green leaves and very large, pendulous white flowers. This is common
+in Californian gardens, and is known popularly as "floriponda," or "angels'
+trumpets." It sheds a powerful fragrance upon the air at night, which is
+not noticeable by day.
+
+
+YARROW. MILFOIL.
+
+_Achillea Millefolium_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high. _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile;
+     twice-pinnately parted into fine linear, acute, three- to
+     five-cleft lobes; lanceolate in outline; two to four inches
+     long; strong-scented. _Flower-heads._--Crowded in a flat
+     cluster; white, sometimes pink; four lines across, including
+     the rays; made up of white disk-flowers and obovate white rays.
+     _Hab._--All around the Northern Hemisphere.
+
+The yarrow, which is a common weed in most countries of the Northern
+Hemisphere, has long been known to botanists and herbalists, and was
+formerly in high repute for its many virtues. The leaves steeped in hot
+water are still considered very healing applications to cuts or bruises;
+and among the Spanish-Californians the fresh plants are used for stanching
+the blood in recent wounds.
+
+This plant received the name _Achillea_, because the great hero of the
+Trojan war was supposed to have been the first to discover its virtues.
+
+In Sweden it is used as a substitute for hops in the brewing of beer. Among
+the superstitious, even of the present day, it is regarded as a most potent
+love-charm, when plucked by a love-lorn maiden from the grave of a young
+man, while repeating the proper formula.
+
+In the spring, the plants first develop a rosette of finely dissected,
+feathery leaves, which lie flat upon the ground. Later, when these are well
+grown, it sends up its tall flower-stalks, crowned with close, flat
+clusters of small white blossoms.
+
+M. Naudin, who has an intimate knowledge of the plants of dry countries,
+recommends the yarrow for lawn-making where irrigation is impossible. "It
+grows freely in the driest of weather, and makes a handsome turf. It must
+be frequently cut, however, to prevent it from throwing up flower-stems. It
+will not succeed on a lime-impregnated soil."
+
+Among children the yarrow is commonly known as "old man."
+
+
+RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.
+
+_Goodyera Menziesii_, Lindl. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Two or three inches long; leathery; dark green,
+     veined with white. _Scape._--Six to fifteen inches high, with
+     scattered lanceolate bracts. _Spike._--Many-flowered.
+     _Perianth._--White; two to four lines long; downy. Lateral
+     sepals deflexed; upper and two petals coherent. Lip erect,
+     saccate below, concave above, and narrowing into the recurved
+     summit. _Anther._--On the base of the column behind.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Mountains, from Mendocino and
+     Mariposa Counties to British Columbia.
+
+The rattlesnake plantain is frequently met under the coniferous trees of
+our northern woods. Its common name comes from the mottling of its leaves,
+which is similar to that of the rattlesnake's skin. In midsummer, or later,
+the plant sends up a stalk of small but shapely little blossoms. These are
+so modest, one would hardly suspect they belonged to the showy orchis
+family.
+
+
+BUTTON-BUSH. BUTTON-WILLOW.
+
+_Cephalanthus occidentalis_, L. Madder Family.
+
+     Shrubs eight to ten feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite, or in
+     whorls of three or four; petioled; ovate to lanceolate; three
+     to five inches long. _Flowers._--Small; white; in spherical
+     heads an inch in diameter. _Calyx._--Four-toothed.
+     _Corolla._--Long funnel-form with four-cleft limb.
+     _Stamens._--Four; short; borne on the throat of the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--Two- to four-celled. Style long-exserted. Stigma
+     capitate. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+The button-bush is a handsome shrub, found upon stream borders, often
+standing where its roots are constantly under water. Its leaves are
+willow-like, and its spherical flower-heads, poised gracefully at the ends
+of the branches, resemble small cushions filled with pins. The blossoms
+often have a jessamine-like fragrance.
+
+A tincture made of the bark is used by physicians as a tonic and laxative
+and as a remedy for fevers and coughs.
+
+This shrub is especially abundant in the interior, on the lower reaches of
+the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, where it is in bloom from June to
+August.
+
+[Illustration RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN--_Goodyera Menziesii_.]
+
+
+WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF.
+
+_Pyrola picta_, Smith. Heath Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Leathery; dark green, veined with white; one or two
+     inches long. _Scape._--Four to nine inches high.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Petals._--Six lines or so long; white.
+     _Stamens._--Ten. Anthers opening terminally.
+     _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style long; curved. _Hab._--The Middle
+     Sierras and Mendocino County, and northward.
+
+The great coniferous forests of our higher mountains afford homes for many
+interesting members of the Heath family. A trip to the Sierras in August
+will yield many a prize to the flower-lover. _Pyrolas_, with waxen
+clusters, vie with _Pipsissiwas_; the weird looking _Pterospora_ rears its
+uncanny, gummy stems, clothed with small, yellowish bells, while an
+occasional glimpse of a blood-red spike betrays the most wonderful of them
+all--the snow-plant.
+
+Of the _Pyrolas_ we made the acquaintance of three in this region. These
+pretty plants are called "shinleaf," because the leaves of some of the
+species were used by the English peasantry as plasters which they applied
+to bruises or sores. _Pyrola picta_, with its rich leathery, white-veined
+leaves and clusters of whitish, waxen flowers, was quite plentiful and
+always a delight to meet. _Pyrola dentata_, Smith, we often found growing
+with it. This has spatulate, wavy-margined leaves; which are pale and not
+veined with white, and its scapes are more slender. It never was so
+attractive or vigorous a plant as the other.
+
+A ramble in the woods one day brought us to the brink of a charming stream,
+whose pure, ice-cold waters babbled along most invitingly. Following its
+course, we found ourselves in a delightfully cool, moist thicket, where,
+nestling in the deep shade, we found the beautiful, rich, glossy leaves of
+_Pyrola rotundifolia, var. bracteata_, Gray. The leaves are roundish, of a
+beautiful, bright chrome green, highly polished, and the delicate flowers
+are rose-pink. This is called "Indian lettuce" and "canker lettuce," and a
+tincture of the fresh plant is used in medicine for the same purposes as
+chimaphila. _P. aphylla_, Smith, is easily distinguished by the absence
+of leaves. It has flesh-colored stems, and its flowers are sometimes of the
+same color, and sometimes white. This is found in the Coast Ranges.
+
+[Illustration WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF--_Pyrola picta_.]
+
+
+PEARLY EVERLASTING FLOWER.
+
+_Anaphalis Margaritacea_, Benth. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; leafy up to the flowers.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; lanceolate or linear-lanceolate;
+     two to four inches long; white-woolly, at length becoming green
+     above. _Heads._--Of filiform disk-flowers only.
+     _Involucre._--Of many rows of pearly white, pointed scales, not
+     longer than the flowers, resembling ray-flowers. _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed over the northern parts of America and Asia.
+
+Our wild everlasting flowers are very difficult of determination, and are
+comprised under at least three genera, _Gnaphalium_, _Anaphalis_, and
+_Antennaria_. The word _Anaphalis_ is from the same root as the word
+_Gnaphalium_, and the species have quite the aspect of _Gnaphalium_.
+
+The flowers of the pearly everlasting have a peculiarly pure pearly look
+before they are entirely open, and their sharp-pointed little scales give
+them a prim, set look, like very regular, tiny white roses. There is a hint
+of green in them, but they are never of the dirty yellowish-white of the
+cudweed, nor have they the slippery-elm-like fragrance of the latter. When
+fully expanded, the centers are brown. The leaves, which at length become a
+dark, shining green, make a fine contrast with the permanently white-woolly
+stems. The flower-clusters are loosely compound.
+
+
+WASHINGTON LILY. SHASTA LILY.
+
+_Lilium Washingtonianum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Throughout the Sierras from three to six thousand feet
+     elevation.
+
+I shall never forget the thrill of delight I felt on first beholding this
+noble white lily, some years ago, in an open fir forest near Mt. Shasta. I
+had often heard of it, but never dared hope it would be my privilege to
+gather it for myself in its own native haunts.
+
+The blossoms somewhat resemble those of the ruby lily, but the petals have
+longer claws and are more loosely put together. They are fragrant, but
+their perfume is not to be compared with that of the ruby lily.
+
+Mr. Purdy once saw, upon a single great mountain-side, ten thousand of
+these wonderful plants, upbearing their beautiful, pure lilies--a sight
+outrivaling the poet's vision of the golden daffodils.
+
+The Shasta lily is never found in the Coast Ranges. Another species, _L.
+Parryi_, Wats., resembling this in the form of its flowers, is found in the
+San Bernardino Mountains. This is known as the "lemon lily," and has clear
+yellow flowers, dotted sparingly with deeper yellow. It is a charming
+flower, and is always found in shaded, springy places in cool cañons.
+
+
+LABRADOR TEA.
+
+_Ledum glandulosum_, Nutt. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; oblong or oval; an inch or two long;
+     coriaceous; sprinkled beneath with resin-dots.
+     _Flowers._--White; in terminal and axillary clusters.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Petals._--Five; three lines long;
+     rotately spreading. _Stamens._--Four to ten. Anthers opening
+     terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style filiform, persistent.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Mendocino County northward, and
+     through the Sierras.
+
+Our Labrador tea is a comely shrub, found in the mountains at an elevation
+of four thousand feet and upward. Its small, leathery leaves are miniature
+copies of those of the Californian rhododendron, differing from them,
+however, in the sprinkling of resin-dots upon the under surface.
+
+Upon seeing the flowers of this shrub for the first time, one is apt to
+imagine it a member of the Rose family, something akin to the cherry, with
+its clusters of small white flowers of a bitter fragrance; but a glance at
+the anthers, with their terminal pores, tells the story quickly.
+
+A tea made from the leaves is, with many people, a valued remedy for
+rheumatism.
+
+This little shrub is much dreaded by sheepmen, who claim that it poisons
+their flocks. It has been suggested that it would be an excellent thing to
+have it widely planted as a means of reducing these bands of "hoofed
+locusts," as Mr. Muir terms them--these marauders who trample down so much
+beauty, and leave desolation everywhere in their wake.
+
+
+PIPSISSIWA. PRINCE'S PINE.
+
+_Chimaphila Menziesii_, Spreng. Heath Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches high. _Leaves._--Six to eighteen lines
+     long; dark green, sometimes variegated with white; leathery.
+     _Flowers._--One to three. _Calyx._--Five-parted; white.
+     _Petals._--Five; waxen-white or pinkish. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     Filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle. Anthers two-celled;
+     opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style short. Stigma
+     button-like. _Hab._--The Middle Sierras and Mendocino County.
+
+The prince's pine is a charming little plant, and may be found beneath the
+undergrowth in the great coniferous woods of the Sierras, where it sits
+demurely with bowed head, like some cloistered nun engaged with her own
+meditations. It has an exquisite perfume, like that of the lily of the
+valley.
+
+The common prince's pine of the Eastern States--_C. umbellata_--is more
+rare with us, though it is found through somewhat the same range as the
+above. It is a more vigorous plant than the other, has from four to seven
+purplish flowers in the cluster, while its leaves are never spotted.
+
+In the East, from the leaves of this species is manufactured the drug
+"chimaphila," which is valued as a tonic and astringent, also as a remedy
+for cataract.
+
+
+GROUNDSEL-TREE.
+
+_Baccharis pilularis_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     Evergreen diœcious shrubs, one to twelve feet high, with angled
+     or striate branches. _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; obovate;
+     cuneate; obtuse; coarsely toothed; leathery; one inch or less
+     long. _Flower-heads._--Crowded at the ends of the branchlets;
+     four lines long; one or two across; without ray-flowers.
+     _Involucres._--Oblong; of many imbricated scales. _Sterile
+     heads._--With funnel-form, five-lobed corollas. _Fertile
+     heads._--With filiform corollas, mixed with a dense white silky
+     pappus, which soon elongates. _Hab._--All along the Coast.
+
+[Illustration PRINCE'S PINE--_Chimaphila Menziesii_.]
+
+In the fall, the dark-green foliage of the groundsel-tree is relieved by
+its abundant small white flower-clusters. The flowers of the male shrub
+are never very beautiful, being usually of a yellowish or dirty white;
+indeed, so little resembling the other, as to appear like a separate
+species. But when the white silk down of the female shrub is fully
+expanded, its boughs are laden as with drifted snow. This lavish provision
+of silk is designed by nature for the wafting abroad of the seed.
+
+It varies greatly in size and habit. Upon exposed, wind-swept sandhills it
+is low and close-cropped, but in more favorable localities, where the soil
+is rich and the climate more genial, it responds graciously to the changed
+conditions, becoming one of our most picturesque shrubs.
+
+Growing and blooming at the same time with the above, may be found its near
+relative--_B. Douglasii_, DC. This does not aspire to shrubhood, but its
+tall stems, with their lanceolate, somewhat glutinous leaves, sometimes
+reach four feet in height, bearing at summit their pretty Ageratum-like,
+white flower-clusters. It loves the sandy soil of creek-banks and low
+fields, and is abundant from San Francisco to Los Angeles.
+
+
+LARGE WHITE MOUNTAIN DAISY.
+
+_Erigeron Coulteri_, T.C. Porter. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Six to twenty inches high; leafy; bearing solitary or
+     rarely two or three large, slender-peduncled heads.
+     _Leaves._--Obovate to oblong; entire or with several sharp
+     teeth; thin. _Flower-heads._--Of yellow disk-flowers, and
+     usually pure white ray-flowers. _Disk._--Half an inch wide.
+     _Rays._--Fifty to seventy; narrowly linear; six lines or more
+     long. _Hab._--The Sierras; also the Rocky Mountains of
+     Colorado.
+
+    "High on the crest of the blossoming grasses,
+      Bending and swaying, with face toward the sky,
+    Stirred by the lightest west wind as it passes,
+      Hosts of the silver-white daisy-stars lie."
+
+No fairer sight could be imagined than a mountain meadow filled with these
+large, pure-white, feathery daisies.
+
+[Illustration BACCHARIS--_Baccharis Douglasii_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN FALSE HELLEBORE.
+
+_Veratrum Californicum_, Durand. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; three to seven feet high. _Leaves._--Oval;
+     narrowing to lanceolate; sessile; sheathing; four to twelve
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Greenish-white in a large panicle,
+     with usually ascending branches. _Stamens and pistils_ in the
+     same flowers, or in separate ones. _Pedicels._--About two lines
+     long. _Perianth segments._--Six; spreading; oblanceolate; their
+     bases thickened and green or brownish; upper margins sometimes
+     minutely toothed; three to eight lines long. _Stamens._--Six.
+     Anthers confluently one-celled. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Styles
+     three, divergent. _Hab._--The Middle Sierras and Mendocino
+     County northward to the Columbia; also eastward.
+
+The false hellebore may be found in midsummer in the mountains. It grows
+along watercourses, and often covers rich, moist meadows, where its stems
+rise from three to seven feet, with their coarsely ribbed, boat-shaped
+leaves and large panicles of greenish-white flowers. When at its best it is
+a rather fine, showy thing, but its leaves are often perforated by some
+insect, and present a ragged, untidy appearance.
+
+The mountaineers commonly call this plant "skunk cabbage," a deplorable
+misnomer, because it is in no sense merited; and, moreover, we have a plant
+to which the title more rightfully belongs. The root and young shoots are a
+violent poison, and are fatal to animals which are unfortunate enough to
+crop them.
+
+Another species--_V. fimbriatum_, Gray--a smaller plant, is found upon the
+plains in Mendocino County. It may be distinguished from the above by its
+more slender leaves, its woolly flower-panicle, and its decidedly fringed
+flower-petals.
+
+
+
+
+II. YELLOW
+
+
+[_Yellow or occasionally or partially yellow flowers not described in the
+Yellow Section._
+
+    _Described in the White Section:--_
+
+    CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS--Mariposa Lily, or Tulip.
+    LILIUM PARRYI--Lemon-Lily.
+    VIOLA OCELLATA--Heart's-ease.
+
+    _Described in the Pink Section:--_
+
+    LESSINGIA GERMANORUM--Yellow Lessingia.
+
+    _Described in the Blue and Purple Section:--_
+
+    FRITILLARIA PUDICA--Yellow Fritillary.
+    IRIS MACROSIPHON--Ground-Iris.
+    SISYRINCHIUM CALIFORNICUM--Golden-eyed Grass.
+    TRILLIUM SESSILE--Californian Trillium.
+
+    _Described in the Red Section:--_
+
+    CASTILLEIA PARVIFLORA--Indian Paint-Brush.
+    CEREUS EMORYI--Velvet Cactus.
+    PENTSTEMON CENTRANTHIFOLIUS--Scarlet Bugler.
+
+    _Described in the Miscellaneous Section:--_
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM CALIFORNICUM--Californian Lady's Slipper.]
+
+
+SUN-CUPS.
+
+_Å’nothera ovata_, Nutt. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Root._--A thick tap-root. _Leaves._--All radical;
+     oblong-lanceolate; smooth; ciliate. _Flowers._--Solitary in the
+     axils; bright golden yellow. _Calyx-tube._--Filiform; one to
+     five inches long; limb of four lanceolate, reflexed divisions.
+     _Petals._--Four; three to ten lines long. _Stamens._--Eight.
+     _Ovary._--Four-celled; underground. Style filiform. Stigma
+     capitate. _Fruit._--A ribbed capsule. _Hab._--Near the coast
+     from San Francisco to Monterey.
+
+This little evening primrose is an exceedingly interesting plant, although
+it is not of very wide distribution. The flat rosettes of leaves sometimes
+measure over a foot across, and are thickly sown with the bright golden
+flowers, large in proportion to the size of the plants. A flower or bud is
+found in the axil of every leaf, diminishing in size toward the center, one
+plant sometimes having a hundred blossoms and buds. These flowers are
+peculiarly fresh and winsome, and were they not so abundant where they grow
+they would doubtless be considered very beautiful.
+
+A strange feature of the plant is its flower-stem, which is not a
+flower-stem at all, but a very much prolonged calyx-tube, the seed-vessel
+being just within the surface of the ground.
+
+We wonder how these imprisoned seeds are going to escape and find lodgment
+to start new colonies elsewhere. Perhaps the moles and gophers could tell
+something about it if they would.
+
+The leaves of these little plants are sometimes used for salads.
+
+These blossoms are often erroneously called "cow-slips."
+
+
+COMMON BUTTERCUP.
+
+_Ranunculus Californicus_, Benth. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; branching; six to eighteen inches high.
+     _Radical-leaves._--Commonly pinnately ternate; the leaflets cut
+     into three to seven usually linear lobes. Divisions of the
+     stem-leaves usually narrower. _Flowers._--Five to ten lines in
+     diameter; shining golden yellow. _Sepals._--Green; strongly
+     reflexed. _Petals._--Ten to fourteen; obovate; each with a
+     small scale at the base. _Stamens._--Numerous. _Pistils._
+     Numerous; on a receptacle. Ovaries flattened. Stigmas
+     recurved. _Hab._--Throughout Western California into Oregon.
+
+[Illustration SUN-CUPS--_Å’nothera ovata_.]
+
+    "The buttercup catches the sun in its chalice;
+    And there's never a leaf nor a blade too mean
+    To be some happy creature's palace."
+
+The first clear, beautiful note of a lark has been heard; skies are blue
+and fields are green; little frogs are filling the air with their
+music;--and the buttercups are here. The fields are full of them, and their
+bright golden eyes starring the meadows, bring a gladness to the face of
+nature. The children wade knee-deep in their gold, filling their hands with
+treasure; and yonder, where their golden masses cover the slopes, King
+Midas may have passed, transforming the earth with his magical touch.
+
+Because some of the buttercups grow where frogs abound, Pliny bestowed the
+Latin name _Ranunculus_, meaning "little frog."
+
+The Indians, who seem to have a use for everything, parch the seeds of our
+common buttercup and beat them to a flour, which they eat without the
+further formality of cooking. This flour is said to have the peculiar rich
+flavor of parched corn.
+
+We have a number of other species of buttercup--some of them denizens of
+marshy spots; but the common field buttercup is widest-spread and best
+known.
+
+
+CREAM-CUPS.
+
+_Platystemon Californicus_, Benth. Poppy Family.
+
+     Delicate hairy herbs. _Stems._--A span or two high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly opposite; sessile; two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Axillary; long-peduncled; an inch or so across.
+     _Sepals._--Three; falling early. _Petals._--Six, in two rows;
+     cream-color, often with a yellow spot at base.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments broad; petaloid.
+     _Pistils._--Six to twenty-five; united in a ring at first;
+     afterward separating. Stigmas terminal. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+[Illustration CREAM-CUPS--_Platystemon Californicus_.]
+
+The cream-cups are delicate, hairy plants of the early springtime, which
+often grow in masses and take possession of whole fields. They seem to be
+more vigorous in the south, and produce larger flowers there than in the
+north, often having as many as nine petals. The delicate, nodding green
+buds (like miniature poppy-buds) soon throw off their outer wrappings, and,
+emerging from captivity, gradually assume an erect position and unfurl
+their lovely, pure, straw-colored petals to their widest extent. These
+blossoms open for several successive days.
+
+The genus takes its name from the flat filaments. The numerous slender
+pistils are so cleverly joined together into a cylinder, that they appear
+like a hollow, one-celled ovary. But a cross-section will show the separate
+ovaries under a glass.
+
+Some people like the odor of these flowers; but I must confess to a lack of
+appreciation of it. I suspect its charm must exist in some pleasant
+association.
+
+
+COPA DE ORO. CALIFORNIA POPPY. TOROSA.
+
+_Eschscholtzia Californica_, Cham. Poppy Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Twelve to eighteen inches high; branching.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; finely dissected; glaucous.
+     _Flowers._--Two or three inches across; usually orange; but
+     ranging from that to white. Summit of the peduncle enlarging
+     into a cup-shaped torus or disk, upon the upper inner surface
+     of which are borne the calyx, corolla, and stamens. _Calyx._--A
+     pointed green cap, falling early. _Petals._--Four.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous, in four groups, in front of the petals.
+     Anthers linear. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style short. Stigmas four
+     to six; unequal. _Capsule._--Cylindrical; ten-nerved; two or
+     three inches long. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+    Thy satin vesture richer is than looms
+      Of Orient weave for raiment of her kings!
+      Not dyes of olden Tyre, not precious things
+    Regathered from the long-forgotten tombs
+    Of buried empires, not the iris plumes
+      That wave upon the tropics' myriad wings,
+      Not all proud Sheba's queenly offerings
+    Could match the golden marvel of thy blooms.
+    For thou art nurtured from the treasure-veins
+      Of this fair land; thy golden rootlets sup
+        Her sands of gold--of gold thy petals spun.
+    Her golden glory, thou! On hills and plains,
+      Lifting, exultant, every kingly cup
+        Brimmed with the golden vintage of the sun.
+
+    --INA D. COOLBRITH.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIA POPPY--_Eschscholtzia Californica_.]
+
+It is difficult to exaggerate the charms of this wonderful flower. When
+reproduced in countless millions, its brilliant blossoms fairly cover the
+earth; and far away upon distant mountain-slopes, bright patches of red
+gold denote that league after league of it lies open to the sun. It revels
+in the sunshine, and not until the morning is well advanced does it begin
+to unfurl its tightly rolled petals.
+
+In the early days, when Spanish vessels sailed up and down the
+newly-discovered coast, the mariners, looking inland, saw the flame of the
+poppies upon the hills and called this "the land of fire." They said that
+the altar-cloth of San Pascual was spread upon the hills, and, filled with
+a devotional spirit, they disembarked to worship upon the shore.
+
+This flower is now cultivated in many parts of the world. But one can form
+no conception of it, pale and languishing in a foreign garden. One must go
+to its native hillsides to get any idea of its prodigal beauty.
+
+The common title, "California poppy," though it has been widely used, is
+open to the objection that it belongs more properly to another flower,
+_Papaver Californicum_. The generic name is dissonant and harsh. Why not
+replace it by one of the more euphonious Spanish titles--"amapola,"
+"dormidera," "torosa," or, most charmingly appropriate of all, "copa de
+oro,"--"cup of gold"?
+
+There are many forms of _Eschscholtzia_, and of late the original species,
+_E. Californica_, has been divided into a number of new species, which are,
+however, difficult of determination.
+
+The Indians of Placer County, it is said, boil the herbage, or roast it by
+means of hot stones, lay it in water afterward, and then eat it as a green.
+A drug made from this plant is used in medicine as a harmless substitute
+for morphine and as a remedy for headache and insomnia, and it has an
+especially excellent effect with children. The Spanish-Californians make a
+hair-oil, which they prize highly, by frying the whole plant in olive oil
+and adding some choice perfume. This is said to promote the growth of the
+hair and to make it glossy.
+
+
+MOCK-ORANGE. GOURD. CHILI-COJOTE. CALABAZILLA.
+
+_Cucurbita fœtidissima_, HBK. Gourd Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Long; coarse; trailing. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     petioled; triangular-cordate; six to twelve inches long; acute;
+     rough. _Tendrils._--Three- to five-cleft. _Flowers._--Solitary;
+     yellow; three or four inches long; monœcious.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Six lines long, equaling the five linear lobes.
+     _Corolla._--Campanulate; five-cleft to the middle or lower;
+     with recurved lobes. _Stamens._--In the male flowers two with
+     two-celled anthers, and one with one; in the female all three
+     rudimentary. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style short. Stigmas
+     three; two-lobed. _Fruit._--Orange-like, but with a hard rind.
+     _Syn._--_C. perennis_, Gray. _Hab._--San Diego to San Joaquin
+     County.
+
+The rough, ill-smelling foliage of the Chili-cojote is a common sight in
+Southern California, where it may be seen trailing over many a field; but
+woe to the negligent farmer who allows this pest to get a foothold--for it
+will cost him a small fortune to eradicate it. It sends down into the earth
+an enormous root, six feet or so long, and often as broad. When the gourds
+are ripe, these vines look like the dumping-ground for numerous poor,
+discarded oranges.
+
+Notwithstanding its unsavory character, the various parts of this vine are
+put to use--specially among the Spanish-Californians and the Indians. The
+root is a purgative more powerful than croton-oil. When pounded to a pulp,
+it is used as soap by the Spanish-Californians, who aver that it cleanses
+as nothing else can; but rinsing must be very thorough--for any particles
+remaining in the garments prove very irritating to the skin. The leaves are
+highly valued for medicinal purposes, and the pulp of the green fruit,
+mixed with soap, is said to remove stains from clothing. The Indians eat
+the seed, when ground and made into a mush. The early Californian women
+used the gourds as darning-balls.
+
+This vine is a near relative of the pumpkins and squashes of our gardens.
+
+The flowers are said to be violet-scented.
+
+
+WATER-HOLLY. MAHONIA.
+
+_Berberis nervosa_, Pursh. Barberry Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Simple; a foot or so high; bearing at summit a crown
+     of large leaves, mixed with many dry, chaffy, persistent
+     bracts. _Leaves._--One or two feet long, with from eleven to
+     seventeen ovate, acuminate, prickly, somewhat palmately nerved
+     leaflets. _Flowers._--Yellow, in elongated, clustered racemes.
+     Bractlets, sepals, petals, and stamens six, standing in front
+     of one another. Anthers two-celled; opening by uplifting
+     valves. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style short or none.
+     _Fruit._--Dark-blue, glaucous berries; four lines in diameter.
+     _Hab._--Deep coast woods, from Monterey to Vancouver Island.
+
+The water-holly is one of the beautiful plants to be found in our deep
+coast woods within the cool influence of the sea-fogs. The plants are very
+symmetrical, with their crown of dark, shining leaves, with numerous
+prickly leaflets, and in spring, when the long graceful racemes of yellow
+flowers are produced in abundance, and hang amid and below the leaves, they
+are very ornamental. The stems are densely clothed with numerous dry,
+awl-shaped scales, an inch or more long.
+
+Another species--_B. repens_--the creeping barberry, or Oregon grape, is a
+low, prostrate shrub, less than a foot high, with from three to seven
+leaflets. These leaflets are pinnately veined, and have not the beautiful,
+shining upper surface of those of the water-holly, and the few racemes of
+yellow flowers which terminate the branches are quite short--only an inch
+or two long. This is found throughout the State and northward upon rocky
+hills.
+
+
+TREE-POPPY.
+
+_Dendromecon rigidum_, Benth. Poppy Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to eight feet high. _Leaves._--One to three inches
+     long; leathery. _Flowers._--Solitary; yellow; one to three
+     inches across. _Sepals._--Two; falling early. _Petals._--Four.
+     _Stamens._--Many. _Ovary._--Linear; one-celled. Stigma
+     two-lobed. _Capsule._--Eighteen to thirty lines long.
+     _Hab._--Dry hills from San Diego to Butte County.
+
+[Illustration TREE-POPPY--_Dendromecon rigidum_.]
+
+The tree-poppy is the only truly woody plant in the poppy family. Its pale
+leaves are quite rigid, and resemble those of the willow in form. The
+bright golden flowers are sometimes three inches across, and one can
+readily imagine the fine effect produced when many of them are open at once
+upon a hillside. Though found through quite a range, this shrub attains its
+most perfect development in Santa Barbara County.
+
+
+YELLOW PANSY.
+
+_Viola pedunculata_, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Leafy; two to six inches or more high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; long-petioled; ovate; cuneate; crenate;
+     with lanceolate stipules. _Flowers._--Large; long-peduncled;
+     deep golden yellow. _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Petals._--The two
+     upper tinged with brown outside; the three lower veined with
+     purple; the two lateral bearded; the lower one with a short
+     spur at base. _Stamens._--Five. Anthers nearly sessile; erect
+     around the club-shaped style. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     _Hab._--Southern to Middle California.
+
+    Pansies! Pansies! How I love you, pansies!
+    Jaunty-faced, laughing-lipped, and dewy-eyed with glee;
+    Would my song might blossom out in little five-leaved stanzas
+                As delicate in fancies
+                As your beauty is to me!
+
+    But, my eyes shall smile on you and my hands infold you,
+    Pet, caress, and lift you to the lips that love you, so
+    That, shut ever in the years that may mildew or mold you,
+                My fancy shall behold you
+                Fair as in the long ago.
+
+    --JAS. WHITCOMB RILEY.
+
+On wind-swept downs near the ocean, on the low hills of the Coast Ranges,
+or upon the plains of the interior, this charming golden pansy spreads
+itself in profusion in early spring. It is the darling of the children, who
+on their way to school gather great handfuls of its brown-eyed blossoms.
+
+You may often see myriads of them dancing on their long stems in the
+breeze, and showing glimpses of red-brown where their purplish outer petals
+are turned toward you for the moment. In the shelter of quiet woodlands,
+its stems are longer and more fragile.
+
+[Illustration YELLOW PANSY--_Viola pedunculata_.]
+
+
+TWIN-BERRY.
+
+_Lonicera involucrata_, Banks. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Shrubs eight to ten feet high. _Leaves.-_-Three inches long or
+     so. _Flowers._--A pair; at the summit of an axillary peduncle;
+     with a conspicuous involucre of four bracts, tinged with red or
+     yellow. _Calyx._--Adherent to the ovary; the limb minute or
+     obsolete. _Corolla._--Tubular; irregular; half an inch or more
+     long; viscid-pubescent; yellowish. _Stamens._--Five.
+     _Ovary._--Two- or three-celled. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.
+     _Berries._--Black-purple. _Hab._--Throughout the State;
+     eastward to Lake Superior.
+
+A walk through some moist thicket, or along a stream-bank in March, will
+reveal the yellow flowers of the twin-berry amid its ample, thin green
+leaves. These blossoms are always borne in pairs at the summit of the stem,
+and are surrounded by a leafy involucre, consisting of two pairs of round,
+fluted bracts. As the berries ripen and become black, these bracts deepen
+to a brilliant red and make the shrubs much more conspicuous and ornamental
+than at blossoming-time.
+
+
+OREGON GRAPE. HOLLY-LEAVED BARBERRY. MAHONIA.
+
+_Berberis Aquifolium_, Pursh. Barberry Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high; branching. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     pinnate. _Leaflets._--Seven to nine; glossy; ovate to
+     oblong-lanceolate; one and one half to four inches long;
+     acuminate; sinuately dentate, with numerous spinose teeth; the
+     lowest pair distant from the stem. _Racemes._--Eighteen lines
+     to two inches long; clustered near the ends of the branches.
+     (Otherwise as _B. nervosa_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges and Sierras
+     from Monterey and Kern County northward into Oregon.
+
+The holly-leaved barberry, or Oregon grape, is a very ornamental shrub and
+one much prized in our gardens, where it is known as _Mahonia Aquifolium_.
+In the spring, when yellow with its masses of flowers; or in its summer
+dress of rich, shining green; or in the autumn, when its foliage is richly
+touched with bronze or scarlet or yellow, amid which are the beautiful blue
+berries, it is always a fine shrub. In its native haunts it affects greater
+altitudes than our other species.
+
+[Illustration TWIN-BERRY--_Lonicera involucrata_.]
+
+Among our Californian Indians, a decoction made from the root is a
+favorite tonic remedy, and it has become a recognized drug in the
+pharmacopœia of our Coast, being used as an alterative and tonic. The root
+is tough and hard, of a bright golden yellow, and intensely bitter. The
+bark of the root is the part that is used medicinally.
+
+The shrub is very plentiful in the woods of Mendocino County, where it
+covers considerable areas.
+
+
+SUNSHINE. FLY-FLOWER.
+
+_Bæria gracilis_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     Six inches or so high; branching freely. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     opposite; linear; entire; an inch or so long.
+     _Flower-heads._--Yellow; of disk and ray-flowers. _Rays._--Ten
+     to fourteen; three or four lines long.
+     _Involucre._--Campanulate; of a single series of small
+     lanceolate, herbaceous scales. _Hab._--From San Francisco
+     southward.
+
+Considered singly, the blossom of this plant is a simple, unassuming little
+flower; but when countless millions of its golden stars stud the nether
+firmament, it becomes one of the most conspicuous of all our _Compositæ_.
+It literally covers the earth with a close carpet of rich golden bloom, and
+other plants, such as scarlet paint-brushes, blue Phacelias, and yellow and
+white tidy-tips, rise out of its golden tapestry. Mile after mile of it
+whirls by the car-window as we journey along, or long stretches of it gild
+the gently rounded hill-slopes of the distant landscape.
+
+There are several other species of _Bæria_, but this is the most abundant
+and widespread. In some localities this little plant is so much frequented
+by a small fly, which feeds upon its pollen, that it is called
+"fly-flower." It then becomes a serious nuisance to horses and cattle,
+which grow wild and restive under the persecution of this insect.
+
+In the Spanish deck of playing-cards in the early days, the "Jack of
+Spades" always held one of these flowers in his hand. By the
+Spanish-Californians it was called "Si me quieres, no me quieres"--"Love
+me, love me not,"--because their dark-eyed maidens tried their fortunes
+upon it in the same manner that our own maidens consult the marguerite.
+
+[Illustration PENTACHÆTA--_Pentachæta aurea_.]
+
+[Illustration SUNSHINE--_Bæria gracilis_.]
+
+Growing in brilliant beds by themselves, or intermingling their gold with
+that of the _Bæria_, the charming feathery blossoms of _Pentachæta aurea_,
+Nutt., are found in midspring. They have from fifty to seventy rays and
+their involucres consist of several rows of scarious-margined bracts.
+
+
+MEADOW-FOAM.
+
+_Flœrkia Douglasii_, Baillon. Geranium Family.
+
+     Smooth, succulent herbs. _Stems._--A foot or so long.
+     _Leaves._--Much dissected. _Flowers._--Axillary; solitary.
+     _Sepals._--Narrow; acute. _Petals._--Nine lines long or so;
+     yellow, sometimes tipped with white, white, or rose-tinged.
+     _Stamens._--Ten, in two sets; a gland at the base of those
+     opposite the sepals. _Ovary._--Of five carpels, becoming
+     distinct. Style five-cleft at the apex. _Syn._--_Limnanthes
+     Douglasii_, R. Br. _Hab._--Oregon to Southern California.
+
+When the spring is well advanced, our wet meadows are all a-cream with the
+meadow-foam, whose dense masses blend exquisitely with the rich red of the
+common sorrel, which is in blossom at the same time.
+
+This plant is a near relative of the redwood-sorrel, and its flowers are
+similar in size and veining, and also in their habit of closing at night.
+It is much admired and has long been in cultivation.
+
+
+PIMPERNEL. POOR-MAN'S WEATHER-GLASS.
+
+_Anagallis arvensis_, L. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate; spreading. _Leaves._--Usually opposite;
+     sessile; ovate. _Flowers._--Solitary on axillary peduncles;
+     orange-vermilion (rarely blue or white); six lines or so
+     across. _Calyx_ and rotate corolla five-parted.
+     _Petals._--Rounded; purple at base. _Stamens._--Five; opposite
+     the petals. Filaments purple, bearded. _Capsule._--Globose; the
+     top falling off as a lid. _Hab._--Common everywhere. Introduced
+     from Europe.
+
+The little orange-vermilion flower of the pimpernel is a plain little
+blossom to the unassisted eye, but it becomes truly regal when seen under a
+glass, where its rich purple center displays itself in glistening splendor.
+It is a forcible example of the infinite care bestowed upon all of Nature's
+children, even to the humblest weeds.
+
+[Illustration MEADOW-FOAM--_Flœrkia Douglasii_.]
+
+This little plant has come to us from Europe, and it makes itself perfectly
+at home among us in many widely-differing situations. From the fact that it
+furls its petals upon cloudy days, or at the approach of rain, it is called
+in England "poor-man's weather-glass."
+
+The plant is an acrid poison and was extensively used in medicine by the
+ancients. It seems to act particularly upon the nervous system, and was
+used as a remedy for convulsions, the plague, gout, and hydrophobia.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Encelia Californica_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     Bushy; two to four feet high; strong-scented. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     alternate; short-petioled; ovate-lanceolate; an inch or two
+     long. _Flower-heads._--Solitary; long-peduncled; large.
+     _Disk._--Eight lines across; of black-purple, tubular flowers,
+     with deep-yellow styles. _Rays._--Sterile; over an inch long;
+     five lines wide; four-toothed. _Involucre._--Open-campanulate
+     of several series of coriaceous, imbricated scales.
+     _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+This shrubby _Composita_ is quite abundant in the south, and when covered
+with its large yellow flowers with purple-brown centers is very showy. We
+have seen mesas covered with the bushes, which have much the same spreading
+habit as the white marguerite of the garden. It thrives particularly well
+near the coast, but is also at home upon some of the hills of interior
+valleys as well. It is quite strong-scented, but the flowers are very
+handsome, rivaling in decorativeness many of the cherished plants of our
+gardens.
+
+
+YELLOW FORGET-ME-NOT. WOOLLY-BREECHES.
+
+_Amsinckia_, Lehm. Borage Family.
+
+     Hispid annuals. _Leaves._--Alternate; oblong-ovate to linear.
+     _Flowers._--Small; yellow or orange, in coiled spikes or
+     racemes. _Calyx._--Five-parted; persistent.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-shaped, or somewhat funnel-form; with
+     five-lobed border; the throat naked or with minute hairy tufts
+     opposite the lobes. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Of four
+     seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.
+
+We have several species of _Amsinckia_, all of which have small yellow
+flowers, resembling in form our little white forget-me-nots. The genus is a
+Western American one, and the species are very difficult of determination.
+They are all hispid plants, very disagreeable to handle, and are generally
+of rank growth. They often occur in great masses, when they become rather
+showy.
+
+The largest-flowered species, which is also the most common one in the
+south, is _A. spectabilis_, Fisch. and Mey. The corolla of this is often
+half an inch long and half an inch across, of an orange-yellow, with deeper
+orange spots in the throat.
+
+
+TREE-TOBACCO.
+
+_Nicotiana glauca_, Graham. Nightshade Family.
+
+     Loosely branching shrubs, fifteen feet or so high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; ovate; smooth.
+     _Flowers._--Clustered at the ends of the branches.
+     _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-toothed. _Corolla._--Tubular;
+     eighteen lines long; with constricted throat; and border
+     shortly five-toothed. _Stamens._--Five, on the base of the
+     corolla, adnate to the tube below. Anthers with two diverging
+     cells. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender. Stigma capitate;
+     two-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout Southern California; introduced.
+
+The tall, loosely branching, spreading form of the tree-tobacco is a
+familiar sight in the south about vacant lots and waste places. Its
+clusters of long, greenish-yellow flowers hang gracefully from the ends of
+the slender branches, and the ovate leaves are rather long-stalked. It is
+supposed to have been introduced from Buenos Ayres, and old inhabitants
+remember the time when but one or two plants were known. In thirty years it
+has spread rapidly, and is now exceedingly common.
+
+
+WIND-POPPY. BLOOD-DROP. FLAMING POPPY.
+
+_Meconopsis heterophylla_, Benth. Poppy Family.
+
+     Smooth herbs. _Stems._--Slender; a foot or two high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly petioled; pinnately divided into variously
+     toothed, oval to linear segments. _Flowers._--Solitary; on long
+     peduncles; orange-vermilion to scarlet. _Sepals._--Two; falling
+     early. Petals.--Four; two to twelve lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments filiform; purple. Anthers
+     yellow. _Ovary._--Top-shaped; ribbed; one-celled. Style short.
+     Stigma large; capitate; four- to eight-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout
+     Western California.
+
+The wind-poppy is an exceedingly variable flower. In the central part of
+the State it is large and showy, its beautiful flame-colored blossoms
+being two inches across; while in the south it is usually very small,
+making tiny flecks of red in the grass, for which reason it is there called
+"blood-drop." It is an exquisite thing. Its petals have the delicate satin
+texture of the poppy; and their showy orange or scarlet blends suddenly at
+the center into a deep maroon. The bright-green, top-shaped ovary stands up
+in the midst of the slender stamens, whose yellow anthers show brilliantly
+against the dark maroon of the petals.
+
+It blossoms in spring upon open hillsides, seeming to prefer those which
+are shaded for at least part of the day. It is very fragile, and falls to
+pieces at a touch, which makes it an unsatisfactory flower to gather.
+
+
+WHISPERING BELLS.
+
+_Emmenanthe penduliflora_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Six inches to a foot high; branched above; hairy; somewhat
+     viscid. _Leaves._--An inch or more long; pinnatifid.
+     _Flowers._--Straw-colored; at length pendulous.
+     _Corolla._--Campanulate; about six lines long. (Flower
+     structure as in _Phacelia_.) _Hab._--Lake County to San Diego.
+
+In midspring, when passing among the plants upon our dry, open hillsides,
+our attention is often attracted by a certain delicate, rustling sound,
+which we find emanates from the little papery bells of the dried blossoms
+of the _Emmenanthe_, which retain the semblance of their first freshness
+for many weeks.
+
+Though not at first apparent, a little examination will reveal the fact
+that these plants are very closely related to the _Phacelias_, the chief
+difference being in the yellow corollas.
+
+
+YELLOW STAR TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus Benthami_, Baker. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Much elongated; two to five lines broad.
+     _Stems._--Slender; three to six inches high. _Buds._--Nodding.
+     _Flowers._--Erect; yellow. _Petals._--Six or seven lines long;
+     spreading; mostly obtuse; rather densely covered with yellow
+     hairs. _Gland._--Shallow; lunate. _Capsule._--Nodding; six to
+     nine lines long. _Hab._--Sierra Nevada foothills, throughout
+     their length.
+
+[Illustration WHISPERING BELLS--_Emmenanthe penduliflora_.]
+
+This is a very pretty little star tulip, with graceful, flexuous stems
+and erect flowers, whose spreading petals are covered with hairs. Sometimes
+there is a dark-brown, almost black, spot upon the petals, and when such is
+the case the plant is called _C. Benthami, var. Wallacei_.
+
+
+CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER.
+
+_Erysimum grandiflorum_, Nutt. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to eighteen inches high. _Leaves._--Spatulate or
+     oblanceolate; entire, toothed or lobed; lower long-petioled.
+     _Sepals._--Four; one pair strongly gibbous at base.
+     _Petals._--An inch long; long-clawed; cream-color or yellowish.
+     _Stamens._--Six; two shorter. _Ovary._--One-celled; linear.
+     Style stout; short. Stigma capitate. _Pod._--Nearly flat;
+     thirty lines or less long. _Syn._--_Cheiranthus asper_, Cham.
+     and Schlecht. _Hab._--The seaboard from Los Angeles to Oregon.
+
+Growing along sandy stretches, or upon open mesas by the seashore, we may
+find the showy blossoms of the cream-colored wall-flower from February to
+May. These flowers are less stocky and much more delicate than the garden
+species; and when seen numerously dotting a field carpeted with other
+flowers, they stand out conspicuously, claiming the attention peculiarly to
+themselves. They have not the delicious fragrance of the Western
+wall-flower. At first yellowish, they become pale cream-color after
+fertilization has taken place.
+
+_E. asperum_, DC., the Western wall-flower, is widely distributed, and may
+be known from the above by its four-sided pods, and by its flowers, which
+are usually orange-color--though they occasionally vary to yellow or
+purple. These blossoms are especially abundant in the mountains and valleys
+of the south, where their brilliant orange is conspicuous amid the lush
+greens of springtime. They are very fragrant, and are favorites among our
+wild flowers.
+
+
+BUR-CLOVER.
+
+_Medicago denticulata_, Willd. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate or ascending. _Leaves._--Trifoliolate.
+     _Leaflets._--Cuneate-obovate or obcordate; toothed above.
+     _Flowers._--Papilionaceous; small; yellow; two or three in a
+     cluster. _Stamens._--Nine united, one free. _Pods._--Coiled
+      into two circles; armed with hooked prickles. _Hab._--Common
+      everywhere; introduced.
+
+[Illustration CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER--_Erysimum grandiflorum_.]
+
+The bur-clover is a little European weed which has become very widespread
+and very much at home among us. It is an excellent forage-plant, and in
+late summer, when our cattle have eaten everything else, they feed upon the
+little burs, which are very nutritious in themselves. But these same little
+coiled burs, with their numerous firm hooks, work great damage to wool,
+imbedding themselves in it so firmly as to make it very difficult to remove
+them without seriously injuring its quality. These plants invade our lawns,
+where they become very troublesome.
+
+
+COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus luteus_, L. Figwort Family.
+
+     Varying greatly in size. _Stems._--One to four feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly smooth; ovate-oval or cordate; coarsely
+     notched. _Flowers._--Yellow. _Calyx._--Sharply five-angled;
+     unevenly five-lobed. _Corolla._--One or two inches long; lower
+     lip usually spotted with brown purple. _Stamens._--Four; in
+     pairs. Anthers with two divergent cells. _Ovary._--Two-celled.
+     Style long and slender. Stigma with two rounded lips.
+     _Hab._--Common throughout California.
+
+The bright canary-colored blossoms of the common monkey-flower are a
+familiar sight upon almost every stream-bank. The plant varies greatly in
+size, according to the locality of its growth. I once saw it flourishing in
+the rich soil of a lake-shore, where its hollow stems were as large as an
+ordinary cane, and its blossoms grotesquely large.
+
+_M. moschatus_, Dougl., the common musk-plant of cultivation, is usually
+found along mountain-streams. It may be known by its clammy, musk-scented,
+light-green herbage. Its flowers are larger than in cultivation.
+
+_M. brevipes_, Benth., is common from Santa Barbara to San Diego, upon
+hillsides in spring. It has stems a foot or two high, lanceolate leaves one
+to four inches long, and large, handsome yellow flowers, having a pair of
+ridges running down their open throats.
+
+[Illustration COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER--_Mimulus luteus_.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Å’nothera bistorta_, Nutt. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     From several inches to a foot or two high. _Leaves._--Three or
+     four inches long; denticulate; the upper mostly rounded at
+     base. _Petals._--Yellow; four to seven lines long; with usually
+     a brown spot at the base. _Stigma._--Large and spherical.
+     _Capsule._--Four to nine lines long; a line or so wide;
+     attenuate upward; contorted. (See _Å’nothera_.) _Hab._--Ventura
+     to San Diego.
+
+This is a very common species of evening primrose in the south, and may be
+found blooming until June. It is very variable in its manner of growth. In
+moist, shaded localities it becomes an erect plant a foot or two high;
+while upon open, exposed plains it is often only two or three inches high,
+but seems almost to emulate the "sunshine" in its attempt to gild the plain
+with its bright blossoms. It frequently grows in gravelly washes. Its
+flowers have a peculiarly clean, brilliant, alert look, and may usually be
+known by the brown spot at the base of the petals. The specific name is in
+reference to its twice-twisted capsule.
+
+The "beach primrose," _Å’. cheiranthifolia, var. suffruticosa_, Wats.,
+often grows in great beds upon the dry sands of the seashore, from Monterey
+to San Diego. Its decumbent stems are thickly clothed with small, ovate,
+stemless leaves, and its silvery foliage makes a beautiful setting for its
+large golden flowers.
+
+
+FAWN-LILY. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. CHAMISE-LILY.
+
+_Erythronium giganteum_, Lindl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Usually elongated. _Leaves._--Oblong; six to ten
+     inches long; dark green, usually mottled in mahogany and dark
+     brown. _Scape._--One- to many-flowered. _Perianth._--Broadly
+     funnel-form, with six deciduous segments; at length revolute to
+     the stem. _Segments._--Straw-color, with orange base, with
+     often a transverse, brownish band across the base; broadly
+     lanceolate; eighteen lines or so long. _Stamens._--Six.
+     Filaments filiform. Anthers basifixed. _Ovary._--Three-celled.
+     Style slender. Stigma three-lobed. _Hab._--The interior of the
+     Coast Ranges, from Sonoma County to the Willamette Valley.
+
+[Illustration FAWN-LILY--_Erythronium giganteum_.]
+
+The dog's-tooth violets expand into larger, finer creations upon our shores
+than were ever dreamed of elsewhere. They seem to imbibe new vigor in the
+sweet life-giving air of our Coast Range forests. In Southern Oregon, they
+reach their maximum development, manifesting themselves in numerous
+beautiful species. With us the common title becomes still more
+inappropriate than for the Atlantic species--for nothing could be farther
+from a violet than these large pale flowers, which in reality look far more
+like lilies. Indeed, in Mendocino County they are commonly known as
+"chamise-lilies." Another name is "Adam and Eve," bestowed because the
+plant often bears a large and a small flower at the same time.
+
+Personally, I am inclined to favor Mr. Burroughs' suggestion of
+"fawn-lily." It is both appropriate and pretty. The two erect leaves are
+like the ears of a fawn; their beautiful mottling is not without a hint of
+the fawn's spots; and the blossom is lily-like. The plant is shy, too,
+keeping to the seclusion of our deep cañons. In such situations we may find
+them in groups of a few, or occasionally in beds of hundreds. No more
+delightful surprise could be imagined than to come suddenly upon such a
+garden far from the habitations of man. The pale flowers, with orange
+centers, when fully open, roll their petals back to the stem, like those of
+the leopard-lily; but in cloudy weather they often maintain a campanulate
+outline. Plants have frequently been seen with from eight to sixteen
+flowers upon a stem, the flowers three or four inches across!
+
+These are great favorites in gardens, and in cultivation are known as _E.
+grandiflorum_. We have several species of _Erythronium_, all of them
+beautiful.
+
+
+STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus glutinosus_, Wend. Figwort Family.
+
+     Glutinous shrubs two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Narrowly
+     oblong to linear; one to four inches long; with margins at
+     length rolled backward. _Flowers._--Corn-color to red; eighteen
+     lines to three inches long. _Calyx._--Irregularly five-toothed.
+     _Corolla._--Funnel-form; five-lobed; the lobes gnawed.
+     _Stigma._--White. (See _Mimulus_.) _Hab._--San Francisco to San
+     Diego, and southward.
+
+[Illustration STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER--_Mimulus glutinosus_.]
+
+During a walk upon the hills, at almost any time of year, we may find the
+corn-colored blossoms of the sticky monkey-flower, but they are most
+abundant in spring and summer. When in full flower the small bushes are
+very ornamental, as they are a perfect mass of bloom. They are said to be
+especially handsome as greenhouse plants.
+
+The flowers vary through a wide range of color, from almost white to a rich
+scarlet, but the commoner hue is the corn-color. The scarlet-flowered form,
+found at San Diego, constitutes the _var. puniceus_, Gray. Another form,
+with red-brown to salmon-colored flowers on very short pedicels, is the
+_var. linearis_, Gray. The very long-flowered form is the _var. brachypus_,
+Gray. The sensitive lips of the stigma close upon being touched or after
+receiving pollen.
+
+
+CREEPING WOOD-VIOLET.
+
+_Viola sarmentosa_, Dougl. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Creeping. _Leaves._--Round-cordate; six to eighteen
+     lines broad; finely crenate; often rusty beneath; usually
+     punctate with dark dots. _Peduncles._--Slender.
+     _Flowers._--Small; light yellow without and within. (Flower
+     structure as in _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges, from
+     Monterey to British Columbia.
+
+This modest little violet is found commonly in woods,--often in redwood
+forests,--where it carpets the ground with its shapely little round leaves.
+
+Its specific name refers to its running habit.
+
+
+COMMON BLACK MUSTARD.
+
+_Brassica nigra_, Koch. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to twelve feet high. _Lower
+     leaves._--Lyrate; with large terminal lobes. _Upper
+     leaves._--Lobed or entire. _Flowers._--Yellow. _Sepals._--Four.
+     _Petals._--Four; three to four lines long. _Stamens._--Six.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long. _Pod._--Six to nine lines
+     long, with seeds in one row. _Hab._--Common everywhere;
+     introduced.
+
+I can give no truer idea of the manner of growth of this common plant in
+California than by quoting Mrs. Jackson's charming description of it from
+"Ramona":--
+
+"The wild mustard in Southern California is like that spoken of in the New
+Testament, in the branches of which the birds of the air may rest. Coming
+up out of the earth, so slender a stem that dozens can find starting-point
+in an inch, it darts up a slender, straight shoot, five, ten, twenty feet,
+with hundreds of fine, feathery branches locking and interlocking with all
+the other hundreds around it, till it is an inextricable network, like
+lace. Then it bursts into yellow bloom, still finer, more feathery and
+lacelike. The stems are so infinitesimally small and of so dark a green,
+that at a short distance they do not show, and the cloud of blossoms seems
+floating in the air; at times it looks like a golden dust. With a clear,
+blue sky behind it, as it is often seen, it looks like a golden snowstorm."
+
+The tall stems are favorite haunts of the red-winged blackbird, who tilts
+about among them, showing his scarlet wings and occasionally plunging into
+the depths below, as though he found a spot there much to his mind.
+
+A very superior oil is made from the seed of the mustard, which is one of
+the strongest antiseptics known. It is especially adapted to the needs of
+the druggist, because it does not become rancid. The flour of mustard is
+now much used by surgeons to render their hands aseptic. Tons of the seed
+are exported from California every year.
+
+
+ECHEVERIA.
+
+_Cotyledon lanceolata_, Benth. and Hook. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.
+
+     Fleshy plants, with tufted radical leaves. _Leaves._--Narrowly
+     lanceolate; the outer ones two to four inches long; acuminate.
+     _Scapes._--Fifteen inches high; their lower leaves lanceolate;
+     becoming above broadly triangular-ovate, clasping, acute;
+     bearing on their summit a branching flower-cluster.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Cylindrical; of five almost
+     distinct, oblong, acute petals, four to six lines long,
+     reddish-yellow. _Stamens._--Ten. _Ovaries._--Five; distinct;
+     one-celled. _Hab._--Los Angeles to San Diego.
+
+These plants, which are of frequent occurrence in the south, usually affect
+dry, sandy soils. The fleshy foliage is of a warm tone, owing to a
+suffusion of pink in the leaves. These have a loose, erect habit, and are
+not crowded in dense rosettes, as are those of some species, and they are
+so weak that they pull apart easily. The tall flowering stems have but few
+leaves, and are sometimes nearly naked.
+
+In early summer these plants put forth a strong effort, quickly sending up
+several tall, vigorous flower-shoots, drawing upon the nourishment stored
+in the fleshy leaves, which then become limp and shriveled.
+
+Growing upon the coast at San Diego is a very curious and interesting
+species--_C. edulis_, Brew. This has cylindrical leaves, about the size of
+a lead-pencil, which grow in tufts, often a foot or two across. Its flowers
+are greenish-yellow. It is commonly known as "finger-tips." Its young
+leaves are considered very palatable by the Indians, who use them as a
+salad.
+
+
+HEN-AND-CHICKENS.
+
+_Cotyledon Californicum_, Trelease. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.
+
+     (For flower structure, see _Cotyledon lanceolata_.)
+     _Hab._--Central California.
+
+The word "cotyledon" signifies any cup-shaped hollow or cavity, and has
+been applied to the plants of this genus on account of the manner of growth
+of the leaves, which is usually in a hollow rosette. The fleshy leaves are
+often covered with a bloom or a floury powder. These plants are familiar to
+most of us, as some of the species are extensively cultivated in our
+gardens as border-plants. Owing to their habit of producing a circle of
+young plants around the parent, they are commonly called
+"hen-and-chickens." We have several native species, which are usually found
+upon warm, rocky hill-slopes, or upon rocks near the sea.
+
+_C. Californicum_ is a beautiful form, with pointed, ovate leaves, of a
+light glaucous green, often tinged with pink. Its flowers are yellow, and
+have their petals distinct almost to the base, and its carpels are
+distinct. We are told that the Indians make soothing poultices of these
+leaves.
+
+[Illustration HEN-AND-CHICKENS--_Cotyledon Californicum_.]
+
+Another species--_C. pulverulenta_, Benth. and Hook.,--found from Santa
+Barbara to San Diego, is a very beautiful plant. It bears its leaves in a
+symmetrical rosette, like a diminutive century-plant. These leaves are
+usually covered with a dense white bloom, and the outer ones are spatulate,
+abruptly pointed, and two to four inches broad at the tip, while the inner
+are pointed. The plants are sometimes a foot and a half across, and send up
+as many as eight of the leafy flowering stems, which look like
+many-storied, slender Chinese pagodas. The blossoms are pale-red.
+
+
+BLADDERPOD.
+
+_Isomeris arborea_, Nutt. Caper Family.
+
+     Shrubby; evil-scented. _Leaves._--Alternate; compound, with
+     three leaflets. _Flowers._--With their parts in fours.
+     _Petals._--Yellow; five to eight lines long. _Stamens._--Eight;
+     of equal length. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style short.
+     _Pod._--Pendulous; inflated; pear-shaped; on a long stalk.
+     _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+This low shrub is somewhat plentiful upon the mesas of the south. Its
+yellow flowers attract one to it, only to be repulsed by the dreadful odor
+of its foliage. It certainly ought to have some compensating utility for so
+repellent a characteristic. The ovary is so long-stalked, even in the
+flower, that it looks like an abnormal, inflated stigma.
+
+This is the only species of the genus.
+
+
+YELLOW GLOBE-TULIP. DIOGENES' LANTERN. GOLDEN LILY-BELL.
+
+_Calochortus pulchellus_, Dougl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Somewhat flexuous, with spreading branches; two
+     inches to a foot or more high. _Radical leaf._--Equaling or
+     exceeding the stem; four to twelve lines broad.
+     _Sepals._--Greenish or yellow; eight to twelve lines long.
+     _Petals._--Yellow; strongly arched; glandular ciliate.
+     _Gland._--A deep pit, conspicuously prominent on the outside of
+     the petals, covered within by appressed hairs. (See
+     _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges, from Monterey to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+We have no more charmingly graceful flower than the yellow globe-tulip. A
+single, long, grasslike leaf precedes the flexuous stem, with its quaintly
+arched and delicately fringed blossoms. There is a certain quizzical look
+about these flowers--something akin to the inquiring look of Diogenes, as
+he thrust his lantern into all sorts of out-of-the-way places in broad
+daylight. The margins of the petals look as though they had been snipped
+into a very fine, delicate fringe, unlike the slender, tapering hairs of
+_C. alba_.
+
+[Illustration DIOGENES' LANTERN--_Calochortus pulchellus_.]
+
+The Indians are fond of the bulbs, which they eat with great relish,
+calling them "Bo."
+
+
+YELLOW SAND-VERBENA.
+
+_Abronia latifolia_, Esch. Four-o'clock Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate; rubbery. _Leaves._--Opposite; unequal;
+     roundish; an inch or so across; petioled; leathery; gummy.
+     _Flowers._--Yellow; five or six lines long; in dense clusters,
+     subtended by an involucre of five distinct bracts.
+     _Perianth._--Salver-shaped. Tube green; its base strongly
+     angled or winged. Limb yellow; four or five-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Mostly five, within the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style filiform. Stigma club-shaped.
+     _Hab._--The seashore from Vancouver Island to Monterey.
+
+The fragrant blossoms of the yellow sand-verbena may be found upon the
+beach at almost any time of year. The stout root, which often becomes
+several feet long, is sometimes eaten by the Indians.
+
+
+SEA-DAHLIA.
+
+_Leptosyne maritima_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sometimes six inches long; two or three
+     times divided into rather sparse, linear divisions; quite
+     succulent. _Flower-heads._--Solitary; on naked peduncles from
+     six inches to two feet long; large; three or four inches
+     across; yellow; of disk- and ray-flowers. _Rays._--Narrowly
+     oblong; ten-nerved; three-toothed. _Involucre._--Double; the
+     outer part of several loose, leafy scales; the inner of eight
+     to twelve, erect, more chaffy ones. _Hab._--The seashore of San
+     Diego and the islands.
+
+On the cliffs overlooking the sea, where its merry yellow faces can watch
+the white-crested breakers as they chase one another ashore in never-ending
+succession, and where the pelicans sail lazily over in lines, and gulls
+circle and scream, the sea-dahlia flaunts its large yellow flowers. They
+closely resemble the yellow single dahlias of our gardens; but the foliage
+ is cut into long lobes, and has the appearance of a coarse, very open
+lace. The odor of the flowers is not especially agreeable, but the plant
+merits a place in the garden for its beauty.
+
+[Illustration YELLOW SAND-VERBENA--_Abronia latifolia_.]
+
+
+FALSE LUPINE.
+
+_Thermopsis Californica_, Wats. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two feet tall. _Leaves._--With leafy stipules an inch
+     long. _Leaflets._--Three; obovate to oblanceolate; an inch or
+     two long; somewhat woolly. _Flowers._--Yellow; in
+     long-peduncled recemes. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft; the two
+     upper teeth often united. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous; eight
+     lines long. _Stamens._--Ten; all distinct.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Pod._--Silky; six- to eight-seeded.
+     _Hab._--Marin County and southward.
+
+The false lupine very closely resembles the true lupines, but may be
+distinguished from them by the stamens, which are all distinct, instead of
+being united into a sheath. Its silvery foliage and racemes of rather large
+canary-colored flowers are common upon open hill-slopes by April.
+
+
+TIDY-TIPS. YELLOW DAISY.
+
+_Layia platyglossa_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or so high; loosely branching.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; the lower linear and pinnatifid,
+     the upper entire. _Flowerheads._--Solitary; terminal; of
+     disk- and ray-flowers. _Disk-flowers._--Yellow, with black
+     stamens. _Rays._--Bright yellow, tipped with white; six lines
+     long; four lines wide; three-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout Western
+     California; in low ground.
+
+Among the most charming of our flowers are the beautiful tidy-tips. In
+midspring, countless millions of them lift themselves above the sheets of
+golden _Bæria_ on our flower-tapestried plains. The fresh winds come
+sweetly laden with their delicate fragrance. Were they not scattered
+everywhere in such lavish profusion, we would doubtless cherish them in our
+gardens.
+
+Growing among these blossoms is often found another flower, somewhat
+similar to them. This is _Leptosyne Douglasii_, DC., the false tidy-tip. It
+has not the clean, natty appearance of _Layia platyglossa_; for the gradual
+blending of the light tips into the darker yellow below gives it an
+indefinite, unattractive look. There is a difference in the involucre,
+which has two series of bracts, and there are no touches of black among the
+disk-flowers.
+
+[Illustration FALSE TIDY-TIPS--_Leptosyne Douglasii_. TIDY-TIPS--_Layia
+Platyglossa_.]
+
+
+GOLDEN BUTTERFLY-TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus clavatus_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Los Angeles County to San Luis Obispo and El Dorado
+     County.
+
+Of all our Mariposa tulips, this is the largest-flowered and
+stoutest-stemmed, and once seen is not readily forgotten. Its magnificent
+flowers are sometimes six inches across, though not usually so large, and
+have the form of a broad-based cup. The sturdy, zigzagging stems and
+glaucous leaves and bracts, combined with the large rich, canary-colored or
+golden flowers, make a striking plant. The first glance within the cup
+shows the ring of club-shaped hairs, characteristic of this species, and
+the anthers radiating starlike in the center; and as the latter are often a
+dark, rich prune-purple, the effect can readily be imagined.
+
+I saw this charming Mariposa blooming in abundance in May near Newhall,
+where its golden cups were conspicuously beautiful against the soft browns
+of the drying fields and hill-slopes. It is usually found growing upon lava
+soil.
+
+_C. Weedii_, Wood., found from San Diego to San Luis Obispo, is a charming
+species, somewhat similar to the above. Its flowers are yellow, purple, or
+pure white, and it may be known by several characteristics. Its bulb is
+heavily coated with coarse fibers; it has a single, long radical leaf, like
+_C. albus_, but unusual among the Mariposas; and its cups are covered all
+over within with silky hairs.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Malacothrix Californica_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; pinnately parted into very narrow
+     linear divisions. _Scape._--Six inches to a foot high; bearing
+     a solitary, large, light-yellow head. _Flower-head._--Composed
+     of strap-shaped ray-flowers only; five-toothed at the apex.
+     _Involucres._--Of narrow acute scales in two or three series.
+     _Receptacle._--Nearly naked. _Hab._--San Francisco to San
+     Diego, and eastward.
+
+These beautiful _Compositæ_ are conspicuous upon our open plains in late
+spring, and are among the handsomest plants of the family. The fine flowers
+seem to be sown like disks of light over the flower-carpet of the plain.
+
+
+BUTTER-AND-EGGS.
+
+_Orthocarpus erianthus_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Slender, with many erect branches; stems and bracts usually
+     dark-reddish; soft pubescent. _Corolla._--Deep sulphur-yellow;
+     the slender falcate upper lip dark purple; the tube very
+     slender, but the sacs of the lower lip large and deep, their
+     folds hairy within. (See _Orthocarpus_.) _Hab._--Monterey
+     County and northward; very common.
+
+There are many species of _Orthocarpus_, and they are more numerous in
+Middle and Northern California and in the Sierras, few of them reaching the
+south. They are very difficult of determination, and are not well
+understood by botanists yet. A common name for the plants of this genus is
+"owl's clover."
+
+
+BRASS BUTTONS.
+
+_Cotula coronopifolia_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to a foot long. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     lanceolate or oblong-linear; pinnatifid or entire.
+     _Flower-heads._--Solitary; yellow; three to six lines across;
+     without rays. _Involucre._--Of two ranks of nearly equal,
+     scarious-margined scales. _Hab._--Common everywhere.
+
+These little weeds are natives of the Southern Hemisphere, but are now
+common everywhere. They affect wet places, and their little flowers, like
+brass buttons, are very familiar objects along our roadsides. The foliage
+when crushed gives out a curious odor, between lemon-verbena and camphor.
+
+
+DEER-WEED. WILD BROOM.
+
+_Hosackia glabra_, Torr. Pea Family.
+
+     Woody at base; two to eight feet high; erect or decumbent.
+     _Stems._--Many; slender; branching; reed-like.
+     _Leaves._--Sparse; short-petioled; mostly trifoliolate.
+     Leaflets three to six lines long; oblong to linear-oblong;
+     nearly glabrous. _Flowers._--In numerous small axillary umbels;
+     yellow; four lines long. _Calyx._--Less than three lines long;
+     five-toothed. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous. _Stamens._--Nine
+     united and one free. _Pod._--Elongated; exserted. Seeds two.
+     (See _Leguminosæ_.) _Hab._--Common throughout the State.
+
+This graceful, willowy plant, whose slender branches are closely set with
+small golden-yellow flowers, in which there is often a hint of red, is as
+ornamental as any of the small-flowered foreign _Genestas_, or brooms, we
+grow in our gardens; but because it is so very abundant throughout our
+borders, we have become blind to its merits. It is especially beautiful and
+symmetrical in the south, where the low, bushy plants often spread over
+several feet of ground; and on the mesas of Coronado, the plants growing
+not far removed from one another, lend to the natural scene the aspect of a
+garden. There it is in full flower in April; but in the north the blossoms
+are usually later in arriving, and it is often June before they show
+themselves; then making whole hill-slopes dull-yellow among the chaparral.
+
+It is a great favorite with the bees, and for them holds untold treasure in
+honey-making sweets. Among the mountaineers it is known as "deer-weed" and
+"buck-brush," as both deer and stock are said to feed upon it and flourish,
+when pasturage is scarce, though they rarely touch it when other food is
+plenty.
+
+
+TREFOIL SUMACH. FRAGRANT SUMACH. SQUAW-BERRY.
+
+_Rhus Canadensis, var. trilobata_, Gray. Poison-Oak or Cashew Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to five feet high; spreading.
+     _Leaves._--Three-foliolate. _Leaflets._--Sessile; wedge-shaped;
+     six lines to an inch long; pubescent, becoming smooth.
+     _Flowers._--Yellowish; minute; borne in short, scaly-bracted
+     spikes preceding the leaves. _Fruit._--Viscid; reddish; two or
+     three lines in diameter; pleasantly acid. _Syn._--_R.
+     aromatica, var. trilobata_, Gray. _Hab._--Dakota to Texas, and
+     west to California and Oregon.
+
+[Illustration DEER-WEED.--_Hosackia glabra_.]
+
+The dense foliage of these little bushes has a strong odor, which is not
+altogether agreeable, while their small fruit has a pleasant acid taste,
+and is much relished by the Indians.
+
+Dr. Edward Palmer writes that this shrub furnishes the Indians of Utah,
+Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern California with one of the most valuable
+of basket materials. The young twigs, which are much tougher than those of
+the willow, are soaked, scraped, and split. The baskets are then built up
+of a succession of small rolls of grass, over which the split twigs are
+closely and firmly bound. The baskets thus made are very durable, will hold
+water, and are often used to cook in, by dropping hot stones into them till
+the food is done. The wood exhales a peculiar odor, which is always
+recognizable about the camps of these Indians, and never leaves articles
+made from it.
+
+This is grown in England as an ornamental shrub.
+
+
+GOLDEN STARS.
+
+_Bloomeria aurea_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--Six lines in diameter. _Leaf._--Solitary; about
+     equaling the scape; three to six lines broad. _Scape._--Six to
+     eighteen inches high. _Flowers._--Yellow; fifteen to sixty in
+     an umbel. _Perianth._--About an inch across. _Stamens._--Six;
+     with cup-shaped appendages. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style
+     club-shaped. Stigma three-lobed. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from
+     Monterey to San Diego.
+
+Just as the floral procession begins to slacken a little before the
+oncoming of summer, the fields suddenly blossom out anew and twinkle with
+millions of the golden stars of the _Bloomeria_. These plants are closely
+allied to the _Brodiæas_, and by some authorities are classed as such. They
+are especially characterized by the structure of the stamens, which rise
+out of a tiny cup. Under a glass this cup is seen to be granular, somewhat
+flattened, and furnished with two cusps, or points. The anthers are a very
+pretty Nile or peacock green.
+
+[Illustration GOLDEN STARS--_Bloomeria aurea_.]
+
+Another species--_B. Clevelandi_, Wats.--is easily distinguished from the
+above by its numerous narrow leaves and its green-nerved perianth. This is
+found at San Diego, upon the mesas in midspring, growing abundantly in
+spots which, earlier in the season, have been mud-holes. Its open flowers
+are so outnumbered by the numerous undeveloped green buds, that, even
+though it grows in masses, it is not very showy, but makes the ground a
+dull yellow. But its flower-clusters are feathery and delicate.
+
+There is another plant which closely resembles the _Bloomerias_. This is
+the "golden Brodiæa"--_Brodiæa ixioides_, Wats. But the filaments, instead
+of having a cuplike appendage, are winged, with the little anthers swinging
+prettily upon their summits. This is found in the Coast Ranges, from Santa
+Barbara northward, also in the Sierras. It is a beautiful flower;
+especially when seen starring the velvet alpine meadows in August.
+
+Another plant--_Brodiæa lactea_, Wats.--the "white Brodiæa" has flowers
+similar to the above, but pure white (sometimes lilac), with a green
+mid-vein. This is common in late spring from Monterey to British Columbia.
+
+
+YELLOW SWEET CLOVER.
+
+_Melilotus parviflora_, Desf. Pea Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Widely naturalized from Europe.
+
+In early summer the breezes come laden with fragrance from the sweet
+clover. This is easily recognized by its tall stems, its fragrant leaves,
+with three small, toothed leaflets, and its small crowded racemes of minute
+yellow flowers a line long.
+
+A white form--_Melilotus alba_, Lam.--is found in the north. Its flowers
+are vanilla-scented.
+
+This plant is a highly valued remedy in the pharmacopœia for various
+ailments, and its sweet-scented flowers have been used for flavoring many
+products, such as Gruyère cheese, snuff, and tobacco. In Europe the
+blossoms are packed among furs to give them a pleasant odor and keep away
+moths.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN COMPASS-PLANT. SUNFLOWER.
+
+_Wyethia angustifolia_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Long-lanceolate; pointed at both ends; the radical
+     and lower ones six to twelve inches long; the upper sessile,
+     shorter, and often broader. _Flower-heads._--Yellow; composed
+     of ray- and disk-flowers. Plume-like styles of the latter
+     conspicuous. _Ray flowers._--Numerous; one inch long; six lines
+     wide; early deciduous. _Involucre._--Broadly campanulate, of
+     numerous erect, loose, foliaceous, ciliate scales, in several
+     rows. _Hab._--Monterey, east to the Sierra foothills and north
+     to Oregon.
+
+In late spring our open plains and hillsides are often plentifully sown
+with the large golden flowers of these Californian compass-plants, called
+"sunflowers" by many people. There is a belief prevalent that their erect
+leaves always stand with their edges pointing north and south, whence the
+common name. This trait is said to be true of all the species.
+
+_W. helenioides_, Nutt., has large, broad leaves, which are white-woolly
+when young. Its flower-heads are often four inches or more across.
+
+This plant is used as a common domestic remedy for coughs and colds by
+Californian housewives, and goes under the unmerited name of "poison-weed."
+It has also been adopted among physicians as an officinal drug. The root,
+which is slightly bitter and aromatic, is made into a tincture and
+administered for asthma, throat disorders, and epidemic influenza, with
+excellent results. It blooms in early spring, and is common upon hillsides.
+
+Another species, very similar to the above, is _W. glabra_, Gray. This may
+be known by its smooth green leaves, which are often very viscid. It is
+found from Marin County southward, in the Coast Ranges, and probably
+northward.
+
+_W. mollis_, Gray, or "Indian wheat," is very abundant in the Sierras,
+growing all through the open woods, and covering great tracts of dry
+gravelly soil. Its large, coarse, somewhat woolly radical leaves stand
+erect and clustered, usually having a flower-stalk or two in their midst,
+bearing some smaller leaves, and several yellow flower-heads, which
+resemble small sunflowers with yellow centers. It has a strong odor, and
+gives a characteristic smell to the region where it grows. The common name,
+"Indian wheat," has been bestowed upon it not because it in the least
+resembles wheat, but because the Indians gather the seed in great
+quantities and grind it into a flour.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM.
+
+_Fremontia Californica_, Torr. Hand-tree Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees from two to twenty feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; round-cordate to round-ovate;
+     moderately three- to five-lobed or cleft; woolly or whitish
+     beneath; the larger two inches wide.
+     _Flowers._--Short-peduncled on very short lateral branches;
+     numerous; one to three inches across; having three to five
+     small bractlets. _Calyx._--Corolla-like; brilliant gold,
+     five-cleft nearly to the base; the lobes having a rounded,
+     hairy pit at base. _Corolla._--Wanting. _Filaments._--United to
+     their middle; each bearing a linear, adnate, curved, two-celled
+     anther. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style filiform. _Hab._--Dry
+     Sierra foothills, from Lake County southward.
+
+No more beautiful sight is often seen than a slope covered with the wild
+slippery-elm in blossom. The bushes are almost obscured from view by the
+masses of large golden flowers. This shrub takes on various forms;
+sometimes sending out in every direction long slender branches, which are
+solid wreaths of the magnificent blooms; and again assuming a more erect,
+treelike habit. It has been hailed with delight in the gardens of our
+Southern States, and heartily welcomed in France and England. Why do not
+_we_ honor it with a place in our own gardens, instead of giving room to so
+many far less beautiful exotics?
+
+It flowers in early summer, and its season of bloom is said to last only
+about two weeks, but the brilliant hibiscus-like blossoms, drying upon
+their stems, maintain for a long time a semblance of their first beauty.
+The branches are tough and flexible, and are often cut for whips by
+teamsters. Among the mountaineers it is generally known as "leatherwood."
+But this name properly belongs to another entirely different plant, _Dirca
+palustris_.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM--_Fremontia Californica_.]
+
+The bark of the _Fremontia_ so closely resembles that of the slippery-elm
+in taste and other qualities, that it is difficult to distinguish between
+them; and it is used in the same manner for making poultices.
+
+We are told that this shrub thrives best upon a disintegrated granite soil,
+and reaches its finest development upon the arid slopes bordering such
+rainless regions as the Mojave Desert. It was first discovered by General
+Fremont when crossing the Sierras, about half a century ago, and was named
+in his honor. It is closely related to the mallows.
+
+
+DODDER. LOVE-VINE. GOLDEN-THREAD.
+
+_Cuscuta_, Tourn. Morning-Glory Family.
+
+     Leafless plants with filiform, yellow or orange-colored stems;
+     germinating in the soil; soon breaking off and becoming
+     parasitic upon other plants. _Flowers._--Small; white; densely
+     clustered. _Calyx._--Usually five-cleft or parted.
+     _Corolla._--Tubular or campanulate; four- or five-toothed or
+     lobed. _Stamens._--On the corolla, alternate with its lobes.
+     Filaments with fringed scales below. _Ovary._--Globose;
+     two-celled. Styles two.
+
+        .   .   .   "while everywhere
+    The love-vine spreads a silken snare,
+    The tangles of her yellow hair."
+
+Though popularly known as the love-vine, because of its clinging habit, it
+must be confessed that this pernicious plant in no respect merits the
+title. On the other hand, it might with propriety be called the octopus of
+the plant world. If you break a branch from a plant which has become its
+victim, you can see how it has twined itself about it, drawing its very
+life-blood from it at every turn, by means of ugly, wartlike suckers.
+
+It is no wonder, however, that people are generally deceived as to the
+moral character of this plant--for it is indeed a beautiful sight, when it
+spreads its golden tangle over the chamisal, wild buckwheat, and other
+plants, often completely hiding them from view.
+
+We have a number of species. _C. salina_ often covers our salt marshes with
+brilliant patches of orange.
+
+
+LARGE YELLOW LUPINE.
+
+_Lupinus arboreus_, Sims. Pea Family.
+
+     Shrubby; four to ten feet high. _Flowers._--Large; in a loose,
+     whorled raceme; sulphur-yellow; very fragrant.
+     _Leaflets._--Four to eleven; generally about nine; narrowly
+     lanceolate; nine to twenty lines long. _Pods._--Two to three
+     inches long; ten- to twelve-seeded; silky pubescent. (See
+     _Lupinus_.) _Hab._--Common from the Sacramento to San Diego.
+
+The large yellow lupine is a common plant upon our wind-swept mesas,
+growing in sandy soil. Its shrubby form, somewhat silvery foliage, and
+large canary-colored, very fragrant flowers make it always a conspicuous
+and beautiful plant.
+
+This species, together with _L. albifrons_, have been found most useful in
+anchoring the shifting sands of the dunes near San Francisco. It was
+accidentally discovered in a deep cutting that these lupines sent their
+roots down sometimes twenty feet, and the idea was conceived of making use
+of them in the above manner. Barley, which grows more rapidly than the
+lupine, was sown to protect the plants while very young. In a single year
+the lupines covered the sands with a dense growth, two or three feet high,
+sufficient to prevent them from shifting during the severest storms, and to
+allow of the subsequent planting of various pines, willows, and other
+trees. Thus the way was prepared for one of the most beautiful of
+pleasure-grounds--the Golden Gate Park of San Francisco which can hardly be
+rivaled anywhere for natural situation and diversity of scene.
+
+One of our handsomest species is _L. Stiveri_, Kell., found in the
+Yosemite. Its blossoms have yellow standards and rose-colored wings.
+
+
+ST. JOHN'S-WORT.
+
+_Hypericum concinnum_, Benth. St. John's-wort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to eighteen inches high; branching from a woody
+     base. _Leaves._--Opposite; often in four ranks; linear to
+     oblong; six lines to an inch or more long; usually folded;
+     translucently dotted. _Flowers._--Golden yellow; over an inch
+     across. _Sepals._--Five. _Petals._--Five; margins black-dotted.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous; in three bunches. _Ovary._--Usually
+     three-celled. Styles three. _Hab._--Central California.
+
+Just as spring is merging into summer, we may look for the bright golden
+flowers of our common St. John's-wort. The numerous stamens give these
+blossoms a feathery appearance, and the leaves often group themselves
+characteristically in four ranks upon the stems.
+
+All the plants of the genus are known as St. John's-wort, because certain
+of the species were supposed to flower upon the anniversary of this saint.
+Perhaps there are no other plants around which tradition has thrown such a
+glamour. Mr. Dyer says, in his interesting book, "The Folk-Lore of Plants,"
+that the St. John's-wort was supposed to be an excellent amulet against
+lightning, and that it had the magic property of revealing the presence of
+witches; whence in Germany it was extensively worn on St. John's Eve, when
+the air was supposed to be peopled with witches and evil spirits, who
+wandered abroad upon no friendly errands. In Denmark it is resorted to by
+anxious lovers who wish to divine their future.
+
+
+GOLDEN DICENTRA.
+
+_Dicentra chrysantha_, Hook. and Arn. Bleeding-heart Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Glaucous and smooth; two to five feet high.
+     _Leaves._--The larger ones a foot long or more; finely
+     dissected into small linear lobes. _Flowers._--Erect; yellow;
+     six to nine lines long; in a loose terminal panicle a foot or
+     two long. _Sepals._--Two; small; caducous.
+     _Corolla._--Flattened and cordate; of two pairs of petals; the
+     outer larger, saccate at base, and with spreading tips; the
+     inner much narrower, spoon-shaped, their tips cohering and
+     inclosing the anthers and stigma. _Stamens._--Six.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender. Stigma two-lobed.
+     _Hab._--Dry hills, Lake County to San Diego.
+
+[Illustration ST. JOHN'S-WORT--_Hypericum concinnum_.]
+
+The arrangement of the essential organs in the genus _Dicentra_ is very
+curious and interesting. The six stamens are borne in two companies of
+three each, which stand in front of the outer petals, and have their
+filaments more or less united at the base. The central stamen in each group
+has a two-celled anther, while its neighbor on either hand has but a
+one-celled anther. The stigma-lobes often bend downward prettily, like the
+flukes of a little anchor.
+
+To this genus belongs the beautiful Oriental bleeding-heart of the garden;
+and we have two or three interesting native species.
+
+_D. chrysantha_ is usually a somewhat coarse plant, lacking the grace of
+_D. formosa_, the Californian bleeding-heart. The pale leaves, which are
+minutely and delicately dissected, are suggestive of the fronds of certain
+Japanese ferns. But the flower-stalks are often stiff and sparsely
+flowered, and the blossoms, which are erect, not pendulous, have an
+over-powering narcotic odor, much like that of the poppy. These plants may
+be found upon dry hillsides or in sandy washes in early summer, where the
+brilliant yellow blossoms are quite conspicuous. One view of these flowers
+is not unlike the conventionalized tulip.
+
+This species is said to thrive well in cultivation and make a very
+effective plant when grown in rich garden soil.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN DANDELION.
+
+_Troximon grandiflorum_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     Herbs with woody tap-root and milky juice. _Leaves._--All
+     radical; lanceolate or oblanceolate; mostly laciniately
+     pinnatifid. _Scapes._--One to two and one half feet high.
+     _Heads._--Solitary; two inches or so across; of strap-shaped
+     yellow rays only. _Involucre._--Of several series of imbricated
+     scales, the outer foliaceous and loose. _Receptacle._--Mostly
+     naked; pitted. _Akenes._--Two lines long; tapering into a
+     filiform beak six or eight lines long, surmounted by a tuft of
+     silk. _Hab._--Washington to Southern California near the Coast.
+
+The common dandelion of the East has found its way into our lawns, but it
+never adapts itself as a wild plant to the vicissitudes of our dry summer
+climate. Nature has given us a dandelion of our own, of a different genus,
+which is quite as beautiful, though its flowers are not so vivid a gold.
+They are larger than those of the Eastern plant, and are borne upon taller
+stems. In early summer the large, ethereal globes of the ripened seed are
+conspicuous objects, hovering over our straw-tinted fields.
+
+Mr. Burroughs writes of the dandelion:--"After its first blooming, comes
+its second and finer and more spiritual inflorescence, when its stalk,
+dropping its more earthly and carnal flower, shoots upward and is presently
+crowned by a globe of the most delicate and aerial texture. It is like the
+poet's dream, which succeeds his rank and golden youth. This globe is a
+fleet of a hundred fairy balloons, each one of which bears a seed which it
+is destined to drop far from the parent source."
+
+If gathered just before they open and allowed to expand in the house, these
+down-globes will remain perfect for a long time and make an exquisite
+adornment for some delicate vase.
+
+We have several other species of _Troximon_, but this is our finest.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hosackia bicolor_, Dougl. Pea Family.
+
+     Smooth throughout; erect; two feet high. _Leaves._--With rather
+     large, scarious, triangular stipules; pinnate.
+     _Leaflets._--Five to nine; obovate or oblong; six to twelve
+     lines long. _Peduncles._--Three- to seven-flowered; naked or
+     with a small scarious, one- to three-leaved bract.
+     _Flowers._--Seven lines long. _Calyx-teeth._--Triangular; half
+     as long as the tube. _Standard._--Yellow; wings and keel white.
+     _Stamens._--Nine united; one free. _Pod._--Linear; nearly two
+     inches long; acute. _Hab._--Middle California to the State of
+     Washington.
+
+The yellow and white blossoms of this pretty _Hosackia_ are quite showy,
+and are usually found upon low ground near the seaboard.
+
+Another similar species, also having a yellow standard and white wings and
+keel, is _H. Torreyi_, Gray. This is more or less silky pubescent; its
+wings are not spreading, its leaflets are narrower, and the bract of the
+umbel is sessile. This is found along shaded stream-banks both in the
+higher Coast Ranges and in the Sierras, and blooms in summer.
+
+_H. gracilis_, Benth., with the standard yellow and the widespreading wings
+and shorter keel of rose-color, occurs in moist meadows along the coast
+from Monterey to the Columbia. It blooms by the middle of April.
+
+_H. crassifolia_, Benth., a very large species, two or three feet high,
+with greenish-yellow or purplish flowers, is abundant in the Yosemite
+Valley about the borders of meadows. It is also common in the foothill
+region.
+
+
+SKUNK-CABBAGE.
+
+_Lysichiton Camtschatcensis_, Schott. Arum Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Thick; horizontal. _Leaves._--All radical;
+     oblong-lanceolate; acute; one to three feet or more long; three
+     to ten inches broad; narrowed to a short petiole or sessile.
+     _Flowers._--Small, crowded on a spadix, at the summit of a
+     stout peduncle becoming six to twelve inches long.
+     _Spadix._--With an erect, spoon-shaped spathe, one and one-half
+     to two feet long; bright yellow. _Perianth._--Four-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Four. Filaments short, flat. _Ovary._--Conical;
+     two-celled. Stigma depressed. _Fruit._--Fleshy, coalescent and
+     sunk in the rachis. _Hab._--Peat bogs; from Mendocino County
+     northward to Alaska; also, perhaps, in the Rocky Mountains.
+
+In our northwestern counties, before the frost is entirely out of the
+ground, the leaves of the skunk-cabbage may be seen pushing their way up
+through the standing water of marshy localities. They soon attain a great
+size, and resemble the leaves of the banana-tree. They are of a rich
+velvet-green, slightly mottled, and are said to rival some of the tropical
+productions of our greenhouses.
+
+There seems to be a difference of opinion as to the disagreeableness of
+these leaves. I suspect the odor lies mostly in the slimy, soapy sap, and
+is not very noticeable if they are not bruised or cut.
+
+When the plants are in bloom, in May and June, they are very handsome, the
+large spoon-shaped, golden spathes being conspicuous at some distance. As
+this spathe withers away, the flower-stalk continues to grow, and its
+little greenish-yellow blossoms become brown.
+
+[Illustration _Hosackia gracilis._]
+
+The peppery root is highly esteemed for medicinal purposes, and is
+gathered and made into a salve, which is considered a specific for
+ringworm, white swelling, inflammatory rheumatism, etc. The root is said to
+enter largely into the composition of a patent medicine called "Skookum."
+
+Mr. Johnson, of the U.S. Forestry Department in Oregon, tells me that the
+bears are very fond of this root, and dig industriously for it, often
+making a hole large enough to bury themselves, and he mentions having seen
+whole fields plowed up by them in their search for it.
+
+This plant belongs to the same family as the skunk-cabbage of the East and
+the calla-lily. It has been found in the Santa Cruz Mountains.
+
+
+BLAZING-STAR.
+
+_Mentzelia lævicaulis_, Torr. and Gray. Loasa or Blazing-star Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; two or three feet high; white.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; lanceolate; sinuate-toothed; two
+     to eight inches long. _Flowers._--Sessile, on short branches;
+     light yellow or cream-color; three or four inches across.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Cylindrical; naked; limb five-cleft nearly to
+     the base. _Petals._--About ten; oblanceolate; acute.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous on the calyx; almost equaling the petals.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled; truncate at summit. Style three-cleft.
+     _Capsule._--Fifteen lines long. _Hab._--San Diego to the
+     Columbia River, and eastward to Wyoming.
+
+After most other flowers have departed, the magnificent blossoms of the
+_Mentzelia_ come forth. It seems as though they had waited for the
+firmament to be clear of other stars before bursting upon the sight. Their
+enormous blossoms are crowned by the soft radiance of the long stamens,
+"like the lashes of light that trim the stars."
+
+These plants are furnished with barbed hairs, which cause them to cling to
+whatever they come in contact with. They are of tall and spreading habit,
+and are often found in the dry beds of streams, where their flowers open in
+the daytime--unlike those of _M. Lindleyi_, which open at night.
+
+[Illustration BLAZING-STAR--_Mentzelia Lindleyi_.]
+
+_M. Lindleyi_, Torr. and Gray, is one of the most brilliantly radiant of
+all our flowers. Its charming blossoms, which open on the edge of evening,
+are of a delicate silken texture, and of the richest gold. When the
+flowers first open, the stamens lie flat upon the petals; but they
+gradually rise up, forming a large tuft in the center of the flower. The
+faded sepals crown the long seed-vessel, like the flame of the conventional
+torch seen in old pictures. This grows in the Monte Diablo Range; and Niles
+and Alum Rock are convenient places to find it. It is cultivated in Eastern
+gardens under the name of _Bartonia aurea_.
+
+
+STONECROP.
+
+_Sedum spathulifolium_, Hook. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; fleshy; spatulate; six to ten lines long;
+     sessile; crowded in rosettes at the ends of the decumbent
+     branches. _Scapes._--Four to six inches high. _Flowers._--In
+     compound, one-sided, loose cymes; their parts four or five;
+     pale-yellow. _Sepals._--United at base. _Petals._--Lanceolate;
+     three lines long. _Stamens._--Twice the number of the petals.
+     _Pistils._--Equaling the number of the petals; attenuate into
+     the short styles. _Ovaries._--One-celled. _Hab._--Middle
+     California to Vancouver Island.
+
+Blooming somewhat earlier than the "hen-and-chickens," but in similar
+situations, the stonecrop often clothes rock-masses with beautiful color.
+The common name, "orpine," was given on account of the yellow, or orpine,
+flowers; and the name "stonecrop," from its always growing in stony places.
+
+
+PRICKLY-PEAR. TUNA.
+
+_Opuntia Engelmanni_, Salm. Cactus Family.
+
+     Erect, bushy, spreading shrubs without leaves, with flattened
+     stems produced in successive, compressed oval Joints.
+     _Joints._--Six to twelve inches long; studded sparsely with
+     bundles of stout spines. _Flowers._--Solitary; sessile; yellow
+     or red; about three inches across. _Sepals_, petals, and
+     stamens numerous in many series, their cohering bases coating
+     the one-celled ovary and forming a cup above it.
+     _Petals._--Spreading. Style one, with several stigmas.
+     _Fruit._--Purple; oval; pulpy; juicy; two inches long.
+     _Hab._--Southern California, Los Angeles, San Diego, etc.
+
+The genus _Opuntia_ is divided into two sections, consisting respectively
+of flat-stemmed and cylindrical-stemmed plants, the former commonly known
+as "prickly-pear," or "tuna," the latter as _Cholla cactus_.
+
+Of the former, _O. Engelmanni_ is our commonest wild species. It is the one
+seen from the car-windows growing in great patches upon the Mojave Desert,
+and it is abundant upon dry hills all through the south. There are two
+varieties of it--_var. occidentalis_, Engelm., the form prevalent in the
+interior, and _var. littoralis_, Engelm., found upon the sea-coast from
+Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+These plants have a very leathery, impermeable skin, from which evaporation
+takes place but slowly, which enables them to inhabit arid regions. The
+fruit is sweet and edible, and the Indians, who are especially fond of it,
+dry large quantities for winter use. They make of the fresh fruit a sauce,
+by long-continued boiling, which they regard as especially nutritious and
+stimulating after it is slightly fermented. They also roast the leaves in
+hot ashes and eat the slimy, sweet substance which is left after the outer
+skin and thorns have been removed.
+
+Cattle-men of the southern plains plant the different species as hedges
+about their corrals, and feed the succulent joints to their stock after
+burning off the spines.
+
+Several Mexican species were planted in the early days about the Missions
+by the Padres, as defensive hedges, and remnants of these redoubtable
+fortifications, ten to fifteen feet high, are still to be seen stretching
+for miles through our southern fields.
+
+In Mexico the _Opuntia tuna_ is largely cultivated for the rearing of
+cochineal insects.
+
+
+VENEGASIA.
+
+_Venegasia carpesioides_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     Several feet high; leafy to the top. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     slenderly petioled; cordate or ovate-deltoid; crenate; two to
+     four inches long; thin. _Flower-heads._--Large; two-inches
+     across, including the rays; yellow; slender-peduncled; composed
+     of ray- and disk-flowers. _Rays._--Over an inch long; six lines
+     wide; two- or three-toothed; fertile; about fifteen.
+     _Involucre._--Broad; of many roundish-green scales; becoming
+     scarious inward. _Hab._--Santa Barbara and southward.
+
+This plant, with its ample thin leaves and large yellow flowers, would
+arrest the attention anywhere. It often grows under the shade of trees in
+cool cañons, where its blossoms brighten the twilight gloom. It is an
+admirable plant, and has but one drawback--its rather unpleasant odor. It
+is the only species of the genus which was named in honor of an early
+Jesuit missionary, Michael Venegas. It is especially abundant and beautiful
+about Santa Barbara.
+
+
+FALSE PIMPERNEL.
+
+_Hypericum anagalloides_, Cham. and Schlecht. St. John's-wort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Numerous; weak; low; spreading; rooting at the
+     joints. _Leaves._--Two to six lines long; oblong to round;
+     clasping. _Flowers._--Three or four lines across;
+     salmon-colored. _Stamens._--Fifteen to twenty.
+     _Capsule._--One-celled. _Hab._--Lower California to British
+     Columbia, eastward into Montana.
+
+In moist places the prostrate stems of this little plant often make dense
+mats.
+
+Its specific name indicates its resemblance to the Anagallis, or pimpernel.
+In fact, one might easily imagine it a pimpernel with salmon-colored
+flowers.
+
+
+CANCER-ROOT. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.
+
+_Aphyllon fasciculatum_, Gray. Broom-rape Family.
+
+     Leafless parasitic plants. _Stems._--Scaly; thickened and
+     knotty below, and bearing on their summits few or many
+     clustered, one-flowered peduncles of about the same length.
+     _Flowers._--Yellowish; sometimes purplish or reddish outside.
+     _Calyx._--Slenderly five-toothed. _Corolla._--Tubular; over an
+     inch long, with five spreading lobes; somewhat bilabiate.
+     _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; included. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     Style slender. Stigma two-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout California,
+     eastward to Lake Superior.
+
+There are about half a dozen species of cancer-root known upon our Coast,
+all strange-looking, leafless plants, of very doubtful moral character--for
+I fear it must be confessed they are thieves. Stealthily sending their
+roots down and imbedding them in the roots of their victims, they draw from
+them the nourishment needed for their sustenance. But they have been
+overtaken by the proper retributive punishment--for having no longer any
+need of organs for the elaboration of nourishment, they are denied green
+leaves, the most beautiful adornment of many plants; and even the flowers
+of some of them seem to us to have a sickly, unwholesome hue. However, it
+must be acknowledged that these plants are quite interesting, despite their
+evil ways.
+
+[Illustration CANCER-ROOT--_Aphyllon fasciculatum_.]
+
+_A. fasciculatum_ usually blooms in early summer, on dry, rocky hills, and
+is parasitic upon the roots of sagebrush, wild buckwheat, etc.
+
+
+YELLOW MARIPOSA TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus luteus_, Dougl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Four to twelve inches high; bearing a single bulblet
+     inclosed in the stem-sheath. _Leaves._--Very narrow; one to
+     three lines wide. _Flowers._--Erect; cup-shaped; yellow; small;
+     not oculated, but the petals striated with brown lines,
+     especially on the middle third. _Gland._--Transversely oblong
+     to lunate; densely hairy with orange-colored ascending hairs,
+     with scattered spreading hairs about it. _Capsule._--Broad at
+     the base; tapering upward. _Hab._--Clay soil; Coast Ranges from
+     Mendocino County to San Diego.
+
+The typical _C. luteus_, as described above, is the least beautiful of all
+the Mariposa tulips, being lower of stature and smaller of flower than most
+of the others; but among its varieties may be found some of the most
+charming flowers of the genus, the true butterfly-tulips of the early
+Spanish, often oculated and marked in a wonderful manner. In color and
+marking they often run closely into forms of _C. venustus_, the only
+constant characters by which to distinguish them being found in the shape
+of the gland and the capsule and the character of the soil in which they
+grow.
+
+There are two well-marked varieties--_citrinus_ and _oculatus_--besides
+numerous other forms, where the species seems to have run riot in color and
+marking. The _var. citrinus_ is a strong, vigorous-growing plant, with
+flowers of a deep lemon-yellow, with a large, distinct, very dark maroon
+eye on each petal. It is exceedingly beautiful.
+
+
+SILVER-WEED. CINQUEFOIL.
+
+_Potentilla Anserina_, L. Rose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate. _Leaves._--All radical; a foot or so long;
+     pinnate, with seven to twenty-one leaflets with smaller ones
+     interposed. _Leaflets._--Sessile; oblong; toothed; shining
+     green; silvery beneath. _Flowers._--Bright yellow;
+     long-peduncled; solitary; an inch across. _Sepals._--Five; with
+     five bractlets between. _Petals._--Five. _Stamens._--Twenty to
+     twenty-five. _Pistils._--Numerous; on a hairy receptacle.
+     _Hab._--Throughout North America.
+
+The bright golden blossoms of the silver-weed are common in moist places,
+haunting stream-banks, lingering about stagnant ponds, or even pushing
+their way up amid the grasses of our salt marshes. The white under-surfaces
+of the leaves are responsible for one of the common names of this plant.
+
+_P. glandulosa_, Lindl., is found upon dry hillsides. It is one or two feet
+high, and is an ill-smelling, somewhat sticky plant, with glandular hairs.
+The stems are leafy, and the small flowers, like pale-yellow
+strawberry-blossoms, are produced in loose clusters. The corolla scarcely
+exceeds the calyx. The leaves, which have from five to nine leaflets, have
+not the silvery under-surface of those of _P. Anserina_.
+
+
+COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE.
+
+_Å’nothera biennis_, L. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; usually simple; one to five feet high; more or
+     less hairy. _Leaves._--Mostly sessile; lanceolate to oblong;
+     two to six inches long; denticulate. _Flowers._--Golden yellow;
+     in a leafy spike; erect in the bud. _Calyx-tube._--Twelve to
+     thirty lines long. _Petals._--Six to nine lines long.
+     _Stigma-lobes._--Linear. _Capsule._--An inch or less long. (See
+     _Å’nothera_.) _Hab._--Throughout the United States.
+
+The common evening primrose is a very widespread plant in the United
+States, and it has long been in cultivation in Europe. Its flowers open
+suddenly at night, and, according to tradition, with a popping noise.
+Referring to this, the poet Keats speaks of--
+
+              "A turf of evening primroses,
+    O'er which the mind may hover till it dozes;
+    O'er which it well might take a pleasant sleep,
+    But that 'tis ever startled by the leap
+    Of buds into ripe flowers."
+
+These blossoms are said to be luminous at night, shining by the sunlight
+they have stored during the daytime.
+
+The young roots, which are edible, are excellent, either pickled or boiled,
+having a nutty flavor. In Germany and France these are used, either stewed
+or raw, in salads, like celery; and the young mucilaginous twigs are also
+used in the same way. A tincture of the whole plant is a valued remedy in
+medicine for many disorders. Our Californian plants are mostly of the _var.
+hirsutissima_, Gray, having very large flowers and a hairy capsule.
+
+
+GUM-PLANT. RESIN-WEED. AUGUST-FLOWER.
+
+_Grindelia cuneifolia_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     Bushy; two to four feet high; smooth.
+     _Leaves._--Cuneate-spatulate to linear-oblong; leathery; three
+     or four inches long. _Flower-heads._--Solitary; terminating the
+     branches; yellow; composed of disk- and ray-flowers.
+     _Rays._--One inch long. _Involucre._--Hemispherical; of
+     numerous scales, with spreading tips. _Buds_.--Covered with a
+     milky gum. _Syn._--_Grindelia robusta, var. angustifolia_,
+     Gray. _Hab._--From Santa Barbara northward.
+
+The _Grindelias_ are especially characteristic of the region west of the
+Mississippi River, and are all known as "gum-plant," or "resin-weed," owing
+to the balsamic exudation which is found mostly upon the flower-heads. We
+have several species, all of which are rather difficult of determination.
+
+Before the occupation of California by the whites, the value of these
+plants was known to the Indians, who used them in pulmonary troubles, and
+as a wash in cases of oak-poisoning or other skin-diseases. They are now
+made into a drug by our own people, who use them in the same manner as the
+aborigines.
+
+By the middle of August our salt marshes are gay with the bright yellow
+flowers.
+
+Every year men are sent out to gather the plant. Only about five or six
+inches of the tops of the branches are cut, as the resin is found mostly
+there in the form of a white gum. Tons of these shoots are shipped East
+annually, to be returned to us later in the form of the medicine called
+"grindelia."
+
+[Illustration GUM-PLANT--_Grindelia cuneifolia_.]
+
+_Grindelia hirsutula_, Hook. and Arn., is a pretty species, flowering in
+early summer upon hill-slopes. This may be known by its reddish stems and
+more slender and fewer ray-flowers.
+
+
+SULPHUR-FLOWER.
+
+_Eriogonum umbellatum_, Torr. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; obovate to oblong-spatulate; two inches
+     or less long; mostly smooth above; sometimes woolly below.
+     _Scapes._--Three to twelve inches high.
+     _Flowers._--Sulphur-yellow; two or three lines long; many
+     contained in each little top-shaped involucre, on threadlike
+     stems. _Involucres._--Two lines or so long; deeply cleft, the
+     lobes becoming reflexed. _Perianth._--Six-parted.
+     _Stamens._--Nine. _Ovary._--Triangular; one-celled.
+     _Styles._--Three. Stigmas capitate. _Hab._--Mountains of Middle
+     and Northern California, and eastward.
+
+Large companies of the sulphur-flower may be seen in the Sierras in July
+and August, where it covers open, dry, rocky slopes, making brilliant
+masses of color.
+
+Growing with this is often found another species--_E. ursinum_, Wats.--with
+flowers of a beautiful translucent cream-color, often tinged with pink.
+
+
+WILD BOUVARDIA.
+
+_Gilia grandiflora_, Gray. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Erect; a foot or two high. _Leaves._--Two or three
+     inches long; linear or oblong-lanceolate; sessile.
+     _Flowers._--Salmon-color; crowded at the summit of the stem.
+     _Calyx._--With obconic tube and broad, obtuse lobes.
+     _Corolla._--Narrowly funnel-form, with tube an inch long, and
+     five-lobed border almost as broad. (See _Gilia_.)
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+This plant was formerly placed in the genus _Collomia_; but that genus was
+not well founded, and all its species have now been transferred to _Gilia_.
+From the resemblance of its showy buff or salmon-colored flowers to the
+_Bouvardias_ of our gardens, these plants are popularly known as "wild
+Bouvardia." The blossoms are found in early summer, and grow usually in dry
+places, exposed to the sun.
+
+[Illustration SULPHUR-FLOWER--_Eriogonum umbellatum_.]
+
+
+LITTLE ALPINE LILY.
+
+_Lilium parvum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulbs._--Small; of short, thick, jointed scales.
+     _Stem._--Slender; eighteen inches to six feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Scattered, or in whorls; two to five inches long; an
+     inch or less broad; rich green. _Flowers._--Orange-vermilion,
+     dotted with purple; two to fifty; scattered or somewhat
+     whorled. _Capsule._--Sub-spherical; six to nine lines long.
+     _Hab._--The High Sierras, from Yosemite Valley to Lake Tahoe.
+
+Passing from the parched and dusty plains of our central valleys in July
+and August, we are transported as though upon the magic tapestry of Prince
+Houssain into a heavenly region of springtime, where the streams, fed by
+the snow lying in shadowy mountain fastnesses, gush through plushy emerald
+meadows, starred with millions of daisies and bordered by luxuriant tangles
+of larkspurs, columbines, monk's-hoods, lupines, and a thousand other
+charming plants--a veritable flower-lover's paradise.
+
+Here from the thickets, standing with their roots in the rich, loamy soil
+of the brookside, gleam the small orange blossoms of the little alpine
+lily--little only in flower, for the slender stems often rise to a height
+of six feet, producing several whorls of rich green leaves. These lilies
+are but an inch or an inch a half long, with their perianth-segments yellow
+or orange below and deeper orange-vermilion above, their tips only being
+rolled backward.
+
+
+GOLDEN YARROW.
+
+_Eriophyllum confertiflorum_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     White-woolly plants, at length smooth. _Stems._--A foot or two
+     high. _Leaves._--Cuneate in outline; divided into three to
+     seven narrow linear divisions. _Flowers._--Golden yellow; in
+     densely crowded flat-topped clusters. _Heads._--Small; of
+     disk- and ray-flowers. _Rays._--Four or five; broadly oval or
+     roundish. _Involucre._--Oval; of about five thin bracts; two
+     lines long. _Hab._--From San Francisco to the Sierras, and
+     southward to San Diego.
+
+[Illustration LITTLE ALPINE LILY--_Lilium parvum_.]
+
+In early summer many a dry, rocky hill-slope is ablaze with the brilliant
+flowers of the golden yarrow. The brown-mottled butterfly may often be
+seen hovering over it, or delicately poising upon its golden table, fanning
+his wings.
+
+_E. cæspitosum_, Dougl., is a very handsome species with solitary golden
+flower-heads an inch or so across. Its leaves are broader and not so finely
+divided, and some of the upper ones are linear and entire. This is found
+throughout California.
+
+
+TARWEED. WILD COREOPSIS.
+
+_Madia elegans_, Don. Composite Family.
+
+     Usually viscid throughout. _Stems._--Three to six feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Crowded at the base of the stem; six to ten inches
+     long; small above. _Flower-heads._--Of both ray- and
+     disk-flowers. _Rays._--Twelve to fifteen; one inch long;
+     three-lobed at the apex; yellow, sometimes with a dark-red
+     base. _Involucre._--With one series of scales, each clasping a
+     ray. _Hab._--Throughout California, and in Oregon and Nevada.
+
+This is one of the most beautiful of all our tarweeds. Its golden,
+Coreopsis-like flowers open after sunset, and close at the first warmth of
+the morning rays.
+
+All the _Madias_ are used medicinally by old Spanish settlers.
+
+_Madia sativa_, Molina, is one of our most troublesome species, because its
+viscid secretion is so very abundant. The plants are tall, but the flowers
+are inconspicuous, owing to the smallness or absence of the rays. It is
+native of Chile as well as of California.
+
+An oil of excellent quality was made from its seeds in that country before
+the olive was so abundant.
+
+
+LEOPARD-LILY. TIGER-LILY.
+
+_Lilium pardalinum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     Bulbs consisting of forking rhizomes, covered with small, erect
+     imbricated scales; often forming matted masses. _Stems._--Three
+     to ten feet high. _Leaves._--Usually whorled, with some
+     scattered above and below; lanceolate; three to seven inches
+     long. _Flowers._--Few to many; long-pediceled. _Perianth
+     segments._--Six; two or three inches long; six to nine lines
+     wide; strongly revolute; with orange base and reddish or
+     scarlet tips; spotted or dotted with purple on the lower half.
+     _Stamens._--Six. Anthers versatile. _Ovary._--Three-celled.
+     Style club-shaped. Stigma capitate. _Capsule._--Eighteen lines
+     or more long.
+
+[Illustration TARWEED--_Madia elegans_.]
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Santa Barbara County
+     to British Columbia, and eastward.
+
+No more magnificent sight could be imagined than a cañon-side covered with
+a mass of these red and gold blossoms nodding on their tall stems. The
+plants often grow in clumps and colonies of several hundred, and are always
+found in the rich soil of stream-banks or of wet, springy places. Most of
+us have been familiar with these spotted beauties from our childhood, with
+their delicately swinging anthers full of cinnamon-colored pollen.
+
+A friend writing us from near Mt. Shasta, one July, said: "I wish you could
+have seen the _grove_ of tiger-lilies we saw near the place where we rested
+and lunched. They sprang from a velvet bed of mosses and ferns, under the
+shadow of a great rock, that towered at least a hundred feet above them.
+Out of the rock sprang two streams of living water, ice-cold, which crossed
+the trail and dashed over a rock below. Upon one plant we counted
+twenty-five buds and blossoms, while a friend counted thirty-two upon
+another."
+
+Under extraordinarily favorable conditions, this lily has been known to
+reach a height of ten feet.
+
+
+YELLOW POND-LILY.
+
+_Nuphar polysepalum_, Engelm. Water-Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Six to twelve inches long; three fourths as wide;
+     obtuse; deeply cleft at base; floating or erect.
+     _Flowers._--Floating; three to five inches across.
+     _Sepals._--Eight to twelve; petaloid; bright yellow, sometimes
+     greenish without. _Petals._--Twelve to eighteen; small; about
+     equaling the stamens, and resembling them.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous; red; recurved in age; pollen yellow.
+     _Ovary._--Large; eight- to twenty-celled. Stigma button-shaped;
+     many-rayed; four lines to an inch across. _Hab._--From Colorado
+     to Central California, and northward to Alaska.
+
+Most of us are familiar with the yellow water-lily, and have seen its
+pretty shield-shaped leaves floating upon the surface of some glassy pond,
+starred with its large, golden flowers. The latter are sometimes five
+inches across and quite showy. Sometimes entire marshes are covered with
+the plants. The large seeds are very nutritious, and form an important
+article of diet among the northern Indians.
+
+
+HUMBOLDT'S LILY. TIGER-LILY.
+
+_Lilium Humboldtii_, Roezl and Leichtlin. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulbs._--Large; often weighing over a pound; with scales two
+     or three inches long. _Stems._--Stout; purplish; three or four
+     feet high; eight- or ten-flowered, or more.
+     _Leaves._--Wavy-margined; roughish; _Flowers._--Large; six to
+     eight inches in diameter; golden yellow; spotted with pale
+     purple, turning to red or brown. _Segments._--Having papillose
+     prominences near the base. (Otherwise like _L. pardalinum_.)
+     _Hab._--The foothills of the Sierras; southward to San Diego.
+
+This wonderful lily, at first glance, resembles the common leopard- or
+tiger-lily--_L. pardalinum_--and it is found sometimes in the same regions
+as the latter, but never in the same kind of localities. It affects the
+loose soil of dry, upland woods, but never grows in wet or boggy places.
+Its flowers are larger than those of _L. pardalinum_, and have more of a
+golden hue and less of red in them.
+
+By July this lily is in full bloom and a magnificent sight. A plant was
+once known which had fifty buds and blossoms, thirty of which were open at
+once!
+
+
+COMMON SUNFLOWER.
+
+_Helianthus annuus_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     Hispid, coarse plants. _Stems._--Several feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly alternate; petioled; deltoid-ovate to
+     ovate-lanceolate; acuminate; three to seven inches long;
+     three-ribbed at base. _Flower-heads._--Large; three or four
+     inches across, including the rays; solitary; composed of yellow
+     ray-flowers and purple-brown, tubular disk-flowers.
+     _Involucre._--Of several series of imbricated, ovate, acuminate
+     scales. _Disk._--An inch or so across. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+The stately form of the sunflower is a common sight in the south, where
+whole fields are often covered with the plants. Their season of blossoming
+is supposed to be in the autumn, but we have seen them blooming just as
+gayly in March. This wild sunflower of the plains is believed to be the
+original parent of the large sunflower of our gardens.
+
+Its seeds are used by the Indians as food and in the preparation of
+hair-oil.
+
+Popular tradition makes this blossom a worshiper of the sun, and it is
+believed to follow him with admiring glances.
+
+    "The lofty follower of the sun,
+    Sad when he sets, shuts up her hollow leaves,
+    Drooping all night, and when he warm returns,
+    Points her enamored bosom to his ray."
+
+Another species--_H. Californicus_, DC.--found from San Francisco Bay
+southward, along streams, has something the same habit as the above, but
+may be known from it by its slender, smooth stems, leafy to the top, the
+long, sprawling, awl-shaped bracts of its involucre, and its more delicate
+flowers, about two and a half inches across. The disk-corollas are slightly
+pubescent below. This species has a rather strong balsamic odor.
+
+
+PINE-DROPS.
+
+_Pterospora andromedea_, Nutt. Heath Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high. _Bracts._--Crowded at base;
+     scattered above. _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Three lines
+     long; yellowish. _Stamens._--Ten. Anthers tailed; opening
+     lengthwise. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style short. Stigma
+     five-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout California, and across the
+     continent.
+
+In our walks in the mountains, we occasionally encounter the flesh-colored
+wands of this curious plant. The colorless leaves are reduced to mere
+bracts, and the stems are densely clothed above with the little yellowish
+waxen bells. The whole plant is very viscid and disagreeable to handle.
+
+Though rare, it is found all across the continent. In the East it grows
+only under pine-trees, upon whose roots it is supposed to be parasitic,
+while in California it is said to be found under both oaks and pines.
+
+There is but a single species in this genus. The seed is furnished with a
+broad membranous wing, which has given rise to the name _Pterospora_,
+derived from two Greek words, meaning _wing_ and _seed_.
+
+[Illustration PINE-DROPS--_Pterospora andromedea_.]
+
+
+TARWEED.
+
+_Hemizonia luzulæfolia_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     Glandular, strong-scented plants. _Stems._--Loosely branching;
+     slender; six inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--Linear; very
+     small above; elongated and withering early below.
+     _Flower-heads._--White or light yellow; composed of ray- and
+     disk-flowers. _Rays._--Six to ten; two to five lines long;
+     three-lobed. _Scales._--of the involucre each clasping a ray.
+     _Hab._--Common throughout the western part of the State.
+
+Under the common designation of "tarweed," plants belonging to two
+different genera--_Madia_ and _Hemizonia_--and comprising thirty or forty
+species, may be found. They are mostly annuals or biennials, with viscid,
+heavily scented foliage, which make themselves conspicuous in late summer
+and through the autumn. The _Hemizonias_ are distinctively Californian;
+while the _Madias_ we have in common with Chile. Their viscid exudation is
+particularly ruinous to wool and clothing, but alcohol is a solvent for it,
+and will generally remove it.
+
+We wonder how these plants, which flourish in our driest seasons, can
+extract so much moisture from the parched earth, and of what practical use
+this resinous secretion can be in their economy. Though some of them are
+described as having a disagreeable odor, many of them have a very pleasant
+balsamic fragrance, which gives our summer and autumn atmosphere a peculiar
+character of its own. Whole fields and hillsides are tinged with their warm
+olive foliage, or are yellow with their golden flowers, which appear like a
+fall revival of the buttercups. The flowers open mostly at night or in
+early morning, closing in bright sunshine.
+
+_Hemizonia luzulæfolia_ is a common species, whose flowers are redolent of
+the odor of myrrh.
+
+[Illustration TARWEED--_Hemizonia luzulæfolia_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN GOLDENROD.
+
+_Solidago Californica_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+_Stem._--Rather stout; low or tall. _Leaves._--Oblong, or the upper
+oblong-lanceolate, and the lower obovate. _Flowers._--In a dense, pyramidal
+panicle, four to twelve inches long, with mostly erect racemose branches.
+_Heads._--Three or four lines long; yellow. _Rays._--Small; seven to
+twelve; about as many as the disk-flowers. _Hab._--Throughout California,
+to Nevada and Mexico.
+
+Our State is not so rich in goldenrods as New England, yet we have several
+rather pretty species. _Solidago Californica_ is found upon dry hills, and
+blooms from July to October. It is said to thrive well under cultivation.
+
+It differs from the "Western goldenrod" in having its flowers in a
+pyramidal cluster.
+
+
+MOTH-MULLEIN.
+
+_Verbascum Blattaria_, L. Figwort Family.
+
+_Stem._--Tall and slender. _Leaves._--Alternate; oblong; crenate-toothed;
+nearly smooth; the upper ovate, acute, clasping. _Flowers._--Yellow or
+white; purple-tinged; an inch or so across; in a terminal raceme; the
+pedicels much exceeding the calyx-lobes. _Calyx._--Five-parted.
+_Corolla._--Wheel-shaped, with five rounded, somewhat unequal lobes.
+_Stamens._--Five. Filaments violet-bearded. Anthers confluently one-celled.
+Pollen orange-colored, copious. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style slender.
+_Hab._--The Upper Sacramento Valley, etc.; naturalized from Europe.
+
+The mulleins are natives of Europe, which have found their way across the
+water to us. Two or three species are now common in some localities. The
+moth-mullein is so called because its blossoms have the appearance of a
+number of delicate moths resting upon the stem. This is a tall, green
+plant.
+
+Another species--_V. Thapsus_, L.--is also quite common. In the Sacramento
+Valley its tall, woolly tapers may be seen leaning in every direction,
+giving the fields a disorderly appearance. This plant abounds throughout
+Europe and Asia, and was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who
+made lampwicks of its dried leaves and utilized its stalks, dipped in
+tallow, for funeral torches. In medieval Europe it was called "hag-taper,"
+because it was employed by witches in their incantations. In Europe at the
+present time it is known as the "American velvet-plant," because of a
+mistaken idea that it is a native of this country.
+
+
+WESTERN GOLDENROD.
+
+_Solidago occidentalis_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     Smooth throughout. _Stems._--Paniculately branched; two to six
+     feet high. _Leaves._--Linear; entire; obscurely three-nerved;
+     two to four inches long; one to three lines wide.
+     _Flower-heads._--In numerous small, flat clusters, terminating
+     the slender branchlets; three lines long; yellow.
+     _Rays._--Sixteen to twenty not surpassing the eight to fourteen
+     disk-flowers. _Involucre._--Of imbricated scales; the outer
+     successively shorter. _Hab._--Near the Coast, from Southern
+     California to British America.
+
+The Western goldenrod, with its slender, willowy stems and small
+flower-clusters, may be found in wet places in late summer and early
+autumn. Its blossoms are acacia-scented.
+
+
+CREOSOTE-BUSH. GOBERNADORA. HIDEONDO.
+
+_Larrea Mexicana_, Moricand. Creosote-Bush Family.
+
+     Ill-smelling, resinous shrubs, four to ten feet high; diffusely
+     branched. _Leaves._--Opposite; with two unequal leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Three to six lines long; pointed; sessile.
+     _Flowers._--Solitary; yellow. _Sepals._--Five; silky;
+     deciduous. _Petals._--Five; three or four lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; on a small ten-lobed disk. Filaments winged
+     below. _Ovary._--Five-celled; Style slender. _Hab._--Inland
+     deserts of the southern part of the State.
+
+The most plentiful shrub growing in our southern desert regions is the
+creosote-bush, so called because its sticky leaves burn with a black smoke
+and a rank odor, between creosote and carbolic acid.
+
+These shrubs often cover vast tracts of arid soil, and in places are the
+only growth to be seen. The evergreen foliage is of a warm olive tone, and
+is borne at the ends of many slender, grayish branches. The small,
+stemless, opposite leaves, each divided almost to its base into two
+leaflets, spread butterfly-like upon the slender branchlets. The leaf-nodes
+are swollen into small, warty prominences, which are especially resinous.
+
+In many localities, especially in Arizona, the branches of this shrub are
+thickly incrusted with a certain gummy substance, which careful examination
+has proved to be almost identical with the East Indian shellac of commerce.
+This is caused by an insect of the genus _Coccus_, who stings the young
+twigs, at the same time laying its eggs in them, causing them to exude the
+gum. Could this gum be collected in sufficient quantities, it would
+doubtless prove a valuable article of commerce, probably not inferior to
+the East Indian lac. Dr. Edwd. Palmer writes that it is extensively used by
+our Indians as a cement with which to fasten their flint arrowheads to the
+shafts, to mend broken pottery, and to make water-tight their baskets,
+woven of grass and roots. The plant yields a greenish-yellow dye, with
+which they paint their persons and color their fabrics; but garments so
+dyed are said to emit a disagreeable odor always upon being heated.
+
+A lotion made by steeping the branches in water is said to be an excellent
+remedy for sores; while the leaves dried and reduced to powder are
+effectively used for the same purpose. Some of our pharmacists say that the
+plant is a valuable remedy for rheumatism.
+
+By the Spanish-Californians this shrub is known as "gobernadora" and
+"hideondo"; and by the American settlers of the desert it is known by
+several uncomplimentary names, among them the meaningless one of
+"greasewood."
+
+It blossoms in early summer.
+
+
+
+
+III. PINK
+
+
+[_Pink or occasionally or partially pink flowers not described in the Pink
+Section._
+
+_Described in the White Section_:--
+
+    ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM--Yarrow.
+    CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS--Mariposa Tulip.
+    CHIMAPHILA MENZIESII--Prince's Pine.
+    CONVOLVULUS LUTEOLUS--Wild Morning-glory.
+    GAULTHERIA SHALLON--Salal.
+    LATHYRUS TORREYI.
+    LATHYRUS VESTITUS--Common Wild Pea.
+    LAYIA GLANDULOSUM--White Daisy.
+    LILIUM RUBESCENS--Ruby Lily.
+    MALACOTHRIX SAXATILIS.
+    MESEMBRYANTHEMUM CRYSTALLINUM--Ice-Plant.
+    Å’NOTHERA CALIFORNICA--White Evening Primrose.
+    ORTHOCARPUS VERSICOLOR--White Owl's Clover.
+    PYROLA APHYLLA.
+    RHODODENDRON OCCIDENTALE--Californian Azalea.
+    RUBUS SPECTABILIS--Salmon-Berry.
+    SPIRÆA BETULIFOLIA--Pink Spiræa.
+    SPIRÆA DOUGLASII--Californian Hardhack.
+    SPRAGUEA UMBELLATA--Pussy's-Paws.
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    HOSACKIA GRACILIS.
+
+_Described in the Blue and Purple Section_:--
+
+    CALOCHORTUS SPLENDENS--Mariposa Tulip.
+    CALOCHORTUS UNIFLORUS.
+    TRILLIUM SESSILE--Californian Trillium.
+
+_Described in the Red Section_:--
+
+    GILIA AGGREGATA--Scarlet Gilia.
+
+_Described in the Miscellaneous Section_:--
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM CALIFORNICUM--Californian Lady's Slipper.
+    GOMPHOCARPUS TOMENTOSUS--Hornless Woolly Milkweed.
+    RUMEX HYMENOSEPALUS--Wild Pie-Plant; Canaigre.]
+
+
+RED-STEMMED FILAREE. ALFILERILLA. CLOCKS. PIN-CLOVER.
+
+_Erodium cicutarium_, L'Her. Geranium Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Chiefly radical in a depressed rosette; six to ten
+     inches long; dissected into narrow toothed lobes. Stem-leaves
+     smaller. _Flowers._--Pink; four to eight in an umbel; parts in
+     fives. _Petals._--Four lines long. _Stamens._--Five perfect,
+     with flattened filaments; five reduced to mere scales.
+     _Carpels_ and styles one or two inches long; separating upward
+     from a central axis into twisted, bearded tails.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+The name "alfilerilla" is Spanish, coming from _alfiler_, a needle, and
+refers to the long, slender beak of the carpels. By corruption it has
+become "filaree."
+
+This plant is found in abundance everywhere, and is one of our most
+valuable forage-plants. It varies greatly in size, and becomes very rank in
+growth where the soil is rich. Ordinarily, it makes its appearance soon
+after the beginning of the rainy season, as a rosette of leaves lying upon
+the ground, and later it sends up its reddish stems. Its seed-vessels look
+like a group of fantastic, long-billed storks, and the long beaks of the
+carpels, as they separate from the central axis, begin to curl about any
+convenient object. They are thus widely disseminated in the hair of animals
+and the clothing of people. Children call them "clocks," and love to stand
+the seed up in their clothing and watch the beaks wind slowly about, like
+the hands of a timepiece.
+
+We have several other species of _Erodium_. _E. moschatum_, L' Her., is a
+coarser plant whose foliage has a musky fragrance, especially when wilted.
+It is also a valuable forage-plant and is commonly known as "musky filaree"
+or "green-stemmed filaree."
+
+_E. Botrys_, Bertoloni, is a very abundant plant. Its flowers are larger,
+six lines across, and are pink, strongly veined with wine-color. The beaks
+of its carpels are sometimes four inches long.
+
+[Illustration RED-STEMMED FILAREE--_Erodium cicutarium_.]
+
+
+REDWOOD-SORREL.
+
+_Oxalis Oregana_, Nutt. Geranium Family.
+
+     Herbs with sour juice. _Leaves._--With three leaflets; petioles
+     two to even twelve inches long. Leaflets one or two inches
+     broad; usually light-blotched. _Scapes._--One to six inches
+     long; one-flowered. _Sepals._--Five. _Petals._--Five; nine to
+     twelve lines long; white or rose-colored, often veined with
+     darker color; usually having an orange spot at base.
+     _Stamens._--Ten. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Styles five.
+     _Hab._--Coast woods, from Santa Cruz to Washington.
+
+In deep woods, "where no stir nor call the sacred hush profanes," the
+beautiful leaves and delicate flowers of the redwood-sorrel cover the
+ground with an exquisite tapestry, which catches the shimmer of the
+sunlight as it sifts down through the tall trees. If the goddess Nanna in
+passing left the print of her pretty fingers upon the clover, perhaps some
+wood-nymph may have touched the leaves of this charming plant. Each day as
+twilight deepens, the leaflets fold gently together and prepare to sleep.
+
+The small yellow oxalis--_O. corniculata_, L.--becomes a troublesome weed
+in our lawns.
+
+
+ROCK-CRESS.
+
+_Arabis blepharophylla_, Hook. and Arn. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Four to twelve inches high.
+     _Radical-leaves._--Broadly spatulate; one or two inches long.
+     _Cauline-leaves._--Oblong; sessile. _All._--Ciliate.
+     _Flowers._--Purplish-pink. _Sepals._--Four; generally colored.
+     _Petals._--Four; six to nine lines long; clawed.
+     _Stamens._--Six; two shorter. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Stigma
+     button-shaped. _Pod._--Linear; an inch or more long; flattened.
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from San Francisco to Monterey.
+
+The bright magenta-colored blossoms of the rock-cress may be looked for in
+early spring along the hills of the Coast Ranges. This plant is said to be
+very beautiful in cultivation. The generic name was bestowed because many
+of the well-known species are natives of Arabia, while the formidable
+specific name means "eyelash-leaved," referring to the ciliate leaves.
+
+[Illustration REDWOOD-SORREL--_Oxalis Oregana_.]
+
+
+WILD HOLLYHOCK.
+
+_Sidalcea malvæflora_, Gray. Mallow Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several; eight inches to two feet long.
+     _Leaves._--Round in outline; variously lobed and cut.
+     _Flowers._--Pink; in terminal racemes. _Calyx._--Five-cleft;
+     without bractlets. _Petals._--Five; united at base; one inch
+     long. _Stamens._--United in a column; in two series. Anthers
+     one-celled. _Ovaries._--Three to ten in a ring; separating at
+     maturity. Styles as many; filiform. _Hab._--The Coast from San
+     Diego to Mendocino County.
+
+In early spring the graceful sprays of the _Sidalcea_ bend over our meadows
+everywhere, making them bright with their pink blossoms, which the children
+call "wild hollyhocks." The stamens of these flowers are especially pretty
+and interesting if examined with a glass. By a careful dissection, the
+stamen-column is found to be double, its outer part bearing five bunches of
+stamens. The anthers are one-celled and of a beautiful rose-pink. They may
+be seen best by pulling apart one of the unopened buds.
+
+There are two kinds of these plants, one having large pale-pink flowers,
+which are perfect; the other bearing smaller deep rose-pink blossoms, in
+which the anthers are only rudimentary.
+
+There are quite a number of species of _Sidalcea_ in California, but they
+are very difficult of determination for the non-botanist.
+
+
+REDBUD. JUDAS-TREE.
+
+_Cercis occidentalis_, Torr. Pea Family.
+
+     Small trees or shrubs. _Leaves._--Alternate; slender-petioled;
+     round-cordate; palmately veined; smooth; about two inches in
+     diameter. _Flowers._--Rose-color; papilionaceous; clustered in
+     the axils. _Petals._--Four lines long; the standard smaller and
+     inclosed by the wings. _Stamens._--Ten; all distinct.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Pods._--Two or three inches long; thin.
+     _Hab._--Mt. Shasta to San Diego.
+
+By April, or earlier, our interior hills and valleys begin to show the rosy
+blossoms of the Judas-tree. The leafless branches are wreathed with the
+abundant flowers, which gives the shrub the appearance of a garden
+fruit-tree. When seen later, in its full summer foliage, it is almost
+equally attractive. Its shapely leaves are then diversified by the
+clusters of long purple pods, which hang gracefully among them.
+
+[Illustration WILD HOLLYHOCK--_Sidalcea malvæflora_.]
+
+The Indians find the slender twigs of this shrub very useful in their
+basket-making. By means of the thumb-nail or flints, they split them into
+threads, which they use as woof.
+
+A closely allied species of _Cercis_, growing in Palestine, had, according
+to tradition, white flowers, until the arch-traitor Judas hanged himself
+from its limbs, when it blushed pink for very shame.
+
+In medieval Europe the Judas-tree was believed to be a favorite rendezvous
+for witches, and it was considered dangerous to approach one at nightfall.
+
+
+HUCKLEBERRY.
+
+_Vaccinium ovatum_, Pursh. Heath Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs, three to eight feet high. _Leaves._--Ovate to
+     oblong-lanceolate; leathery; smooth and shining. _Flowers._--In
+     axillary clusters: small; pinkish. _Calyx._--Minutely
+     fine-toothed. _Corolla._--Campanulate; two or three lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; anthers opening terminally. _Ovary._--Globose;
+     five-celled. Style filiform. _Berries._--Small; reddish,
+     turning black. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Monterey to
+     Vancouver Island.
+
+When in bloom our Californian huckleberry is a delightful shrub. Its
+leaves, which are of a particularly rich, shining green, are set at a
+characteristic angle to the red stems, contrasting finely with their warm
+tones; and the effect is heightened by the clusters of small pink and white
+waxen bells scattered here and there amid the foliage.
+
+The huckleberry is at its best upon the high ridges of the Coast Ranges,
+where it becomes especially luxuriant in the fog-nurtured region of the
+northern portion of the redwood belt. There its abundant berries become
+juicy and delicious, and are much sought for preserving and pie-making. Its
+branches, when cut, keep admirably in water and are favorite greens for
+household decoration.
+
+[Illustration HUCKLEBERRY--_Vaccinium ovatum_.]
+
+
+STAR-FLOWER. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.
+
+_Trientalis Europæa, var. latifolia_, Torr. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Root._--Tuberous. _Stem._--Four to eight inches high; with a
+     whorl of oval-pointed leaves one to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--White or pink; eight lines across. _Calyx_ and
+     rotate corolla seven-parted, sometimes six- to nine-parted;
+     divisions pointed. _Stamens._--As many as the corolla-lobes,
+     and opposite them. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style filiform.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Monterey northward.
+
+In April and May, as we walk through shaded woods, we begin to notice a
+trim little plant three or four inches high, with very slender stem,
+bearing at its summit a number of pretty leaves of varying size. A little
+later, we find among them one or two delicate pink, starry flowers on very
+slender, threadlike stems.
+
+The generic name is from the Latin _triens_, and is in allusion to the
+height of the plant, which is the third part of a foot.
+
+
+CLINTONIA.
+
+_Clintonia Andrewsiana_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Radical; oblong; six inches to one foot long; two to
+     four wide. _Flower-stem._--One or two feet high; with one leafy
+     bract. _Flowers._--Pink; many; in a terminal compound cluster
+     on pedicels an inch or less long. _Perianth._--Campanulate;
+     four to seven lines long. _Segments._--Six; gibbous at the
+     base. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Two- or three-celled.
+     _Fruit._--Beautiful, large, dark-blue berries. _Hab._--The
+     Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz to Humboldt County.
+
+This is one of the most distinguished-looking plants of our deep coast
+woods. Its large leaves, of a rich polished green, arrange themselves
+symmetrically around the short stem, seeming to come from the ground--and
+so fine are they, that if no blossom appeared, we should feel the plant had
+fulfilled its mission of beauty. But in April a blossom-stalk shoots up
+from their midst, bearing upon its summit a cluster of deep rose-colored,
+nodding bells. These are succeeded later by a bunch of superb dark-blue
+berries, which might be made of lapis lazuli or the rarest old delft china.
+I remember a beautiful spot upon the Lagunitas Creek, where the stream,
+flowing over a brown, pebbly bottom, passes among the redwoods where their
+tall shafts make dim cathedral aisles,--
+
+            ... "forest-corridors that lie
+    In a mysterious world unpeopled yet."
+
+Here little yellow violets and the charming wood-sorrel carpet the ground,
+the fetid adder's-tongue spreads its mottled leaves, while groups of the
+lovely _Clintonia_ put the finishing touches to an already beautiful scene.
+
+
+LEMONADE-BERRY. MAHOGANY.
+
+_Rhus integrifolia_, Benth. and Hook. Poison-oak or Cashew Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs two to six feet high, becoming small trees
+     southward. _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; one to three
+     inches long; rigid; leathery. _Flowers._--Of two sexes, also
+     some perfect; in short, dense terminal clusters one to three
+     inches long; rose-colored or white. _Sepals_, petals, and
+     stamens four to nine; usually five. _Petals._--Rounded;
+     ciliate; one or two lines across. _Ovary._--One-celled. Stigmas
+     three. _Fruit._--Flat; one-seeded; six lines across; red;
+     viscid and acid. _Hab._--The Coast from Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+Growing everywhere upon the southern coast in great abundance, this shrub
+forms low, dense, wind-shorn thickets. Farther inland it rises to a height
+of several feet, with tough, India-rubber-like branches, and in Lower
+California it becomes a small tree. In its better estate it is very
+ornamental, especially in spring, when sprinkled with its clusters of small
+pink flowers. The little drupes are covered with an acid, oily substance,
+and have long been used by the Indians and Mexicans in the preparation of a
+lemonade-like drink. These people are so fond of this fruit that they dry
+it for winter use, grinding and roasting it as we do coffee. The wood of
+these shrubs is of a dark-red color, which is responsible for the common
+name, "mahogany."
+
+Another _Rhus_ very common in the valleys of Southern California is _R.
+laurina_, Nutt., usually called "sumach." It is an evergreen shrub, with
+smooth, lanceolate leaves, two or three inches long, exhaling a rather
+strong odor, considered by some like bitter almonds, and bearing dense
+clusters of small white flowers in midsummer. Its small drupes are only a
+line or two across. They are also coated with a waxen substance, and yield
+a pungent oil.
+
+In the mountains from Santa Barbara to San Diego is found another
+species--_R. ovata_, Wats. This has large leathery, pointed leaves, and is
+known as "lemonade-and-sugar-tree," as the acid berries are coated with a
+sweet, waxen substance, which the Indians value as sugar. Its leaves
+resemble in form those of the lilacs of our gardens.
+
+
+SHOOTING-STARS. WILD CYCLAMEN. MAD VIOLETS.
+
+_Dodecatheon Meadia_, L. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; tufted; from obovate to lanceolate.
+     _Scape._--Three to fifteen inches high; umbel two- to
+     twenty-flowered. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft, the divisions
+     reflexed in flower, erect in fruit. _Corolla._--With extremely
+     short tube, and an abruptly reflexed five-parted limb; white,
+     rose-color, or purple. _Stamens._--Five; opposite the
+     corolla-lobes. Filaments short; united. Anthers standing erect
+     around the long style, forming a beak; violet.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Throughout the continent;
+     exceedingly variable.
+
+The shooting-star is one of our prettiest spring flowers, which arrives a
+little before the baby-eyes and just as the brakes are unrolling their
+green crosiers. There is something particularly pleasing in these blossoms.
+It seems as though Nature had taxed her ingenuity to produce something
+original when she fashioned them. The name _Dodecatheon_, from the Greek,
+is entirely a fanciful one, and means "the twelve gods."
+
+Formerly _D. Meadia_, L., was considered the only species, embracing many
+widely varying forms; but of late botanists have made several of the forms
+into separate species.
+
+_D. Hendersoni_ (Gray), Ktz., is the species prevalent in our central and
+northern Coast Ranges. This has ovoid or obovoid, very obtuse, entire
+leaves, with broad petiole, equaling the blade, two inches long. Its
+flower-stem is from eight to twelve inches high, bearing a cluster of
+bright rose-purple flowers. The corolla has a short, dark-maroon tube,
+encircled by a band of yellow, sometimes merging into white. A variety of
+this with very slender stems and the flower parts in fours is common in the
+Bay region, and southward possibly to Santa Barbara. This is called _var.
+cruciata_. Its blossoms have a strong odor, suggestive of a tannery. In
+this species the capsule opens at the top, splitting into a number of
+little teeth, which soon turn downward.
+
+[Illustration SHOOTING-STARS--_Dodecathceon Hendersoni var. cruciata_.]
+
+_D. Clevelandi_, Greene, is a beautiful species found in the south. It
+sends up a tall shaft, crowned with a large cluster of beautiful blossoms,
+varying from a delicate lilac to pure white. The petals are ringed below
+with pale yellow, and the beak of the flower is a rich prune-purple. There
+is a certain generous, fine look about these flowers, although they are
+exquisitely delicate. Their charm is completed by a delicious perfume, like
+that of the cultivated cyclamen.
+
+Among the children the various forms are known by a number of names, such
+as "mad violets," "prairie-pointers," "mosquito-bills," and
+"roosters'-heads." The latter is said to be the designation of prosaic
+little boys who see in these blossoms gaming possibilities, and who love to
+hook them together and pull to see which head will come off first.
+
+
+PRICKLY PHLOX.
+
+     _Gilia Californica_, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Woody; two or three feet high. _Leaves._--Palmately
+     three- to seven-parted, with spreading, needle-like divisions,
+     two to four lines long. _Flowers._--Solitary, at the ends of
+     the branchlets; rose-pink or lilac, with a white eye.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla-limb._--An inch and a half
+     across. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Dry hills from Monterey to San
+     Bernardino.
+
+I hardly know how to describe these delightful flowers. At a little
+distance the plant-stems have almost the look of a cactus, so densely are
+they clothed with the small, rigid leaves. Nor does a closer acquaintance
+serve to lessen the likeness--for in our breathless haste to take
+possession of the beautiful blossoms we are quite certain to have their
+prickly character impressed upon the hands as well as upon the sight. The
+texture of the flowers is of the finest silk, with an exquisite sheen;
+and they have a delicate fragrance. Growing at the tips of the numerous
+branchlets, they often form large masses of rich rose-colored bloom, which
+are especially brilliant and showy against the warm foliage.
+
+[Illustration PRICKLY PHLOX--_Gilia Californica_.]
+
+In some localities they are called "rock-rose," an unfortunate name in two
+respects: it has long belonged to a yellow flower of an entirely different
+family--_Helianthemum_; and these blossoms do not in the least resemble a
+rose.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN FOUR-O'CLOCK.
+
+_Mirabilis Californica_, Gray. Four-o'clock Family.
+
+     _Stems._--From a woody base; a foot or two long.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate; six to fifteen lines long; rather thick.
+     _Flowers._--Magenta-colored; one to three in a campanulate,
+     calyx-like, five-toothed involucre. Involucres nearly sessile.
+     _Perianth._--Six lines long; open funnel-form; five-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Five. Anthers yellow. _Ovary._--Globose;
+     one-celled. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. _Hab._--Southern
+     California and eastward.
+
+When the heat of the day is over and the morning-glories are folding
+together their faded chalices, the bright little four-o'clocks begin to
+open their myriad magenta-colored eyes upon the closing day, and they,
+together with the evening primroses, will keep the vigils of the night.
+These diaphanous little flowers, with their long stamens resting on the
+lower side of the perianth, are like diminutive azaleas.
+
+They are very puzzling, and the part that baffles the young botanist is the
+calyx, which, as it sometimes has two or three corollas within it, cannot
+be considered a calyx at all, but must be called an involucre. In reality
+the corolla is absent, and the calyx, which is colored like a corolla, is
+called a perianth. This appears to sit upon the top of the round ovary, but
+in reality a green continuation of it is drawn down tightly over the
+ovary.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN FOUR-O'CLOCK--_Mirabilis Californica_.]
+
+
+BEACH MORNING-GLORY.
+
+_Convolvulus Soldanella_, L. Morning-glory Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or less long; trailing.
+     _Leaves._--Kidney-shaped; long-petioled; leathery; an inch or
+     two broad. _Flowers._--Pink to lavender; one to nearly three
+     inches across, with a pair of thin bracts just below the calyx,
+     partly enveloping it. (Otherwise as _C. luteolus_.) _Hab._--The
+     seashore from Puget Sound to San Diego.
+
+The beach morning-glory trails its stems over the shifting sands of the
+seashore, making clusters of beautiful foliage, over which the large,
+delicate flowers raise their exquisite satin funnels.
+
+
+CALYPSO.
+
+_Calypso borealis_, Salisb. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--Small; solid. _Stem._--Three to six inches high.
+     _Leaf._--An inch or two long. _Sepals_ and petals light to deep
+     rose-color; six to nine lines long. _Lip._--Brownish pink,
+     mottled with purple. _Style._--Petaloid, oval, and concave,
+     bearing the hemispherical anther on its summit underneath.
+     _Hab._--The northern Coast Ranges; also across the continent.
+
+It has never been my good fortune to find this rare and exquisite little
+orchid, but beautiful specimens have been sent from the redwoods of Sonoma
+County and from Oregon. The books speak of it as growing in bogs; but I am
+told by those who gathered them that the little plants sit lightly upon the
+layer of needles that carpet the forest-floor. The roots scarcely penetrate
+the soil, so that the plants are easily disengaged without digging.
+
+Nature produced a perfect work when she fashioned this little plant, so
+simple, so charming in every way, with its one dainty leaf and one unique
+blossom. The form of the column is peculiarly interesting, being that of a
+curving concave petal, bearing the anther, in the shape of a hollow
+hemisphere, on its upper edge.
+
+[Illustration CALYPSO--_Calypso borealis_.]
+
+
+WILD PORTULACA.
+
+_Calandrinia caulescens_, HBK.; _var. Menziesii_, Gray. Purslane Family.
+
+     Decumbent, branching herbs, mostly smooth.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; linear to oblanceolate; one to three
+     inches long. _Flowers._--In loose racemes; rose-color or
+     magenta; about an inch across. _Sepals._--Two; keeled.
+     _Petals._--Mostly five. _Stamens._--Four to eleven.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender. Stigma three-cleft. Seeds
+     black, shining, lens-shaped. _Hab._--From Lower California to
+     Vancouver Island.
+
+The wild portulaca is very abundant, and in seasons favorable to its
+development is a very noticeable little plant. Its succulent stems have a
+spreading habit and bear many satiny flowers of a deep purplish-pink, which
+open in the bright sunshine. The petals, which are veined with a slightly
+darker color, become white toward the center, and the little anthers are
+full of orange-colored pollen. These blossoms have a delicate, somewhat
+musky perfume.
+
+Cattle are fond of the herbage, and the plants are considered excellent as
+potherbs and for salads. The seeds, which are a favorite food of the wild
+dove are very pretty, being lens-shaped, black and shining, with a granular
+surface.
+
+
+THE PRIDE OF CALIFORNIA.
+
+_Lathyrus splendens_, Kell. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Climbing; six to ten feet. _Leaflets._--About eight;
+     scattered; very variable; linear to lanceolate or oblong;
+     acute; mucronate; strongly three- to five-nerved.
+     _Tendrils._--Two- to five-parted. _Stipules._--Small;
+     semi-sagittate. _Peduncles._--Stout; usually seven- to
+     ten-flowered. _Flowers._--Very large; brilliant crimson.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed; eighteen-nerved. _Standard_ and keel an
+     inch or more long. _Pods._--Three inches long; smooth;
+     compressed; ten- to twenty-seeded. _Hab._--Parts of San Diego
+     County, and southward.
+
+Clambering over our wild shrubs, this wonderful pea gives them the
+appearance of being loaded with a magnificence of bloom quite unwonted. The
+blossoms are the richest and most gorgeous of crimsons throughout, and have
+such a superb air that it is difficult to believe they are not the product
+of centuries of careful selection by the gardener. The long standard turns
+back over the stem, continuing the gracefully outlined keel in a long
+compound curve. The blossoms hang from the stem in charming abandon, like a
+flock of graceful tropic-birds poising upon the wing before taking flight,
+or like a fleet of gayly decked pleasure-barges, with canopies thrown back,
+fit for the conveyance of a Cleopatra.
+
+[Illustration WILD PORTULACA--_Calandrinia caulescens_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN WILD CURRANT. INCENSE-SHRUB.
+
+_Ribes glutinosum_, Benth. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Shrubs six to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Three- to
+     five-lobed; glutinous when young; three to five inches broad.
+     _Flowers._--Rose-pink to pale pink; in long drooping racemes.
+     _Calyx._--Petaloid; five-lobed. _Petals_ and stamens five on
+     the calyx. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles two; more or less
+     united. _Berries._--Blue, with a dense bloom; glandular-hispid.
+     _Syn._--_Ribes sanguineum_, Pursh. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges;
+     more common southward.
+
+In early winter in the south, and somewhat later northward, the wild
+currant becomes a thing of beauty hardly to have been expected. The young
+foliage, of a clear brilliant green, is gayly decked with the long clusters
+of peculiarly fresh pink blossoms, which seem like the very incarnation of
+the spirit of Spring, producing a certain _eblouissement_, which quickens
+our sense into an anticipation of beauty on every side.
+
+We are made aware of a strong, heavy fragrance emanating from this shrub,
+for which its numerous glands are responsible, and which has gained for it
+the popular name of "incense-shrub" in some localities.
+
+The fruit, which ripens toward fall, is dry and bitter, or insipid.
+
+The genus _Ribes_ includes the currant and the gooseberry, and furnishes us
+with several charming shrubs in California.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN WILD CURRANT--_Ribes glutinosum_.]
+
+
+GROUND-PINK. FRINGED GILIA.
+
+_Gilia dianthoides_, Endl. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     One to six inches high. _Leaves._--Six lines or so long; linear
+     to filiform. _Flowers._--Rose or lilac, blending inward to
+     white, with darker color or yellow in the throat.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Nine to twelve lines across;
+     fringed. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--From Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+In March our southern meadows and hill-slopes are all aglow with the lovely
+flowers of this charming little _Gilia_. The plants are tiny, often no more
+than an inch high, but are ambitious out of all proportion to their size,
+covering themselves with blossoms exquisitely delicate in texture, form,
+and coloring, which literally carpet the earth with an overlapping mosaic.
+
+It is a wonderful thought that upon every one of these countless millions
+of little flowers that clothe the fields Nature has bestowed such care that
+each is a masterpiece in itself.
+
+
+COMMON FLEABANE.
+
+_Erigeron Philadelphicus_, L. Sunflower Family.
+
+     Hairy, perennial herbs. _Stems._--One to three feet high; leafy
+     to the top. _Root-leaves._--Spatulate or obovate.
+     _Stem-leaves._--Oblong; sessile, with broad clasping base;
+     irregularly toothed. _Flower-heads._--In a loose corymb.
+     _Disks._--Yellow; three or four lines across.
+     _Rays._--Innumerable; very narrow; flesh-color to rose-purple;
+     about three lines long. _Hab._--Widely distributed on the
+     Pacific and Atlantic Coasts.
+
+The feathery, daisy-like flowers of the common fleabane are of frequent
+occurrence in moist meadows or along the roadsides in spring. The
+ray-flowers are so narrow as to form a delicate fringe around the disk.
+
+The common name arose from the belief that these plants were harmful to
+fleas.
+
+[Illustration GROUND-PINK--_Gilia dianthoides_.]
+
+
+TURKISH RUGGING.
+
+_Chorizanthe staticoides_, Benth. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     A foot high or more, with widely spreading branches.
+     _Leaves._--All radical; oblong; obtuse; twelve to thirty lines
+     long, including petioles. _Involucres._--Loosely clustered;
+     sessile; one-flowered; campanulate; with six bristle-like
+     teeth. _Perianth._--Pink; two lines long; six-lobed; not
+     fringed. _Stamens._--Mostly nine; on the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles three. Stigmas capitate.
+     _Hab._--From Monterey to San Diego.
+
+In late spring the dry, open hills of the south are overrun with the soft
+lavender of the _Chorizanthe_. The flowers are small, but the whole plant
+is purplish, and the stems are quite as productive of color as the
+blossoms. In fact, the whole plant seems to consist of a scraggly
+interlacement of slender branches and small flowers, as the leaves, which
+nestle close to the ground, are not very noticeable.
+
+
+CANCHALAGUA. CALIFORNIAN CENTAURY.
+
+_Erythræa venusta_, Gray. Gentian Family.
+
+     Six inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--Six to twelve lines
+     long; pale apple-green. _Calyx._--Usually five-parted.
+     _Corolla._--Bright pink, with yellow or white center; an inch
+     or so across. _Stamens._--Five; anthers spirally twisted after
+     shedding the pollen. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender.
+     Stigmas two. _Hab._--From Plumas County southward; more
+     abundant southward.
+
+Just as our attention has been called afresh to the fields by the sudden
+appearance of the "golden stars," or _Bloomeria_, in late spring, we find,
+as we stoop to gather them, a charming pink flower nestling close to the
+earth amid the grasses. Though low of stature, these firstlings of the
+season atone for it by brilliancy of color, and their pink blossoms have a
+peculiarly clean, fresh, wide-awake appearance, reminding one of a
+rosy-faced country wench.
+
+While enjoying their bright beauty, we do not for a moment suspect that we
+are paying homage to the famous "canchalagua" of the Spanish-Californians.
+No well-regulated household among these people is without bundles of these
+herbs strung upon the rafters--for they are considered by them an
+indispensable remedy for fevers; also, an excellent bitter tonic, and are
+said to possess rare antiseptic properties.
+
+[Illustration CANCHALAGUA--_Erythræa venusta_.]
+
+
+FALSE MALLOW.
+
+_Malvastrum Thurberi_, Gray. Mallow Family.
+
+     Shrubby at base; three to fifteen feet high; densely tomentose.
+     _Leaves._--An inch or two across; thick. _Flowers._--Clustered
+     in the axils of the leaves; or in an interrupted naked spike.
+     _Calyx._--Five-lobed; with one to three bractlets.
+     _Petals._--Five, about six lines long; rose-purple.
+     _Stamens._--United in a column. _Ovaries._--Numerous; united in
+     a ring. Styles united at base. Stigmas capitate. _Hab._--The
+     southern Coast Ranges and islands of the Coast.
+
+Upon the mesas of the south we often see a shrubby member of the mallow
+family, with long, wandlike branches ornamented with closely set, pink
+flowers, of delicate texture and pleasant perfume. This is the false
+mallow. It is a very handsome and noticeable shrub when in full bloom. The
+anthers are golden brown, and the stigmas are spherical instead of
+filiform. Upon the seashore it blooms much earlier than in the valleys
+inland.
+
+
+MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. FIG-MARIGOLD.
+
+_Mesembryanthemum æquilaterale_, Haworth. Fig-marigold Family.
+
+     Succulent plants. _Stems._--Elongating; forming large mats.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; sessile; fleshy; three-angled; two inches
+     or more long; oblong. _Flowers._--Terminal; solitary; fifteen
+     lines to two inches across; pink. _Calyx._--With top-shaped
+     tube and five-lobed border. _Petals._--Very numerous; linear.
+     _Stamens._--Innumerable. _Ovary._--Four- to twenty-celled.
+     Stigmas six to ten. _Hab._--The Coast, from Point Reyes
+     southward.
+
+The fig-marigold is a very common plant upon our seashore. It seems to
+flourish best toward the south, where it covers large tracts of sand with
+its succulent foliage, making mats of pleasant verdure in otherwise sandy
+wastes. Its stems often trail many yards down the cliffs, making beautiful
+natural draperies, decked with myriads of the pink blossoms. Because it is
+capable of withstanding the drouth in the most remarkable manner, it has
+been planted to produce verdure where irrigation is impossible. The very
+numerous slender petals give the flower the appearance at first sight of a
+_Composita_. The fruit is pulpy and full of very small seeds, like the fig,
+and has a suggestion of the flavor of the Isabella grape.
+
+[Illustration FALSE MALLOW--_Malvastrum Thurberi_.]
+
+Many species of _Mesembryanthemum_ are cultivated in our gardens, mostly as
+border-plants. The genus is a large one, most of the species being native
+of Southern Africa, and it is supposed that the three species now common
+upon our Coast were introduced in the remote past without the agency of
+man.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Gilia androsacea_, Steud. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to twelve inches high; erect; spreading.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; sessile; palmately five- to seven-parted;
+     seemingly whorled. _Flowers._--In terminal clusters.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-shaped; rose-pink, lilac, or white, with a
+     yellow or dark throat; its tube filiform, about an inch long;
+     limb eight to ten lines across. Filaments and style slender;
+     exserted. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Throughout the western part of
+     the State; into the Sierra foothills.
+
+The delicate flowers of this little plant may be found nestling amid the
+grasses of dry hill-slopes in late spring, often making charming bits of
+color. It is usually rather a low plant, but in specially favorable
+situations it rises to a foot in height. Its fragile flowers vary from pure
+white to lilac and a lovely rose-pink, and look like small phloxes.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Mimulus Douglasii_, Gray. Figwort Family.
+
+     Flowering at half an inch high; later becoming a span high.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate or oblong; three- to five-nerved at base;
+     narrowed into a short petiole. _Flowers._--Rich maroon, with
+     deeper color in the throat and some yellow below.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--An inch to eighteen lines
+     long; with dilated throat. Lower lip much shorter than the
+     ample, erect, upper one; sometimes almost wanting. (See
+     _Mimulus_.) _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+This little _Mimulus_ is quite common upon gravelly or stony hills. Its
+pert little maroon flowers, with their very long tubes and erect lobes, so
+ridiculously out of proportion to the size of the tiny plant, give it the
+look of some very important small personage.
+
+[Illustration _Gilia Androsacea._]
+
+
+BITTER-ROOT. SPAT'LUM. TOBACCO-ROOT.
+
+_Lewisia rediviva_, Pursh. Purslane Family.
+
+     _Root._--Very thick. _Leaves._--Clustered; linear-oblong; one
+     or two inches long. _Scapes._--One-flowered; one or two inches
+     long; jointed in the middle, with a whorl of five to seven
+     scarious bracts at the joint. _Sepals._--Six to eight; six to
+     nine lines long; scarious-margined. _Petals._--Twelve to
+     fifteen; rose-color, sometimes white; oblong; eight to sixteen
+     lines long; rotately spreading in sunshine. _Stamens._--Forty
+     or more. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style three- to eight-parted
+     nearly to the base. _Hab._--The mountains of California,
+     northward and eastward.
+
+Within our borders this little plant is not abundant, but must be sought
+upon mountain heights. Formerly it was supposed not to occur south of Mt.
+Diablo, but it has since been found in the mountains of the southern part
+of the State and at intermediate points. It is very abundant in Montana,
+where it has been adopted as the State flower.
+
+The plants are very small, being but an inch or two high, but the flowers
+are handsome and showy, and the delicate, rose-colored corollas, which are
+often two inches across, are of an exquisite silken texture. The root is
+remarkably large and thick for so small a plant, and it contains a
+nutritious, farinaceous matter, much esteemed by the Indians for food.
+Among them it is known as "spat'lum," and they gather large quantities of
+it, which they store in bags for future use.
+
+This was the "racine-amère," or "bitter-root," of the early French
+settlers. It is also known as "tobacco-root," because when boiled it has a
+tobacco-like odor.
+
+The specific name, _rediviva_, was bestowed because of the wonderful
+vitality of these plants. It is known upon good authority that specimens
+which had been drying for two years in an herbarium continued to produce
+leaves, and at last, when taken out and planted, went on growing and
+blossomed!
+
+This genus is an exception to the other members of the Purslane family, in
+having more than two sepals.
+
+
+SPINELESS TUNA.
+
+_Opuntia basilaris, var. ramosa_, Parish. Cactus Family.
+
+     Low; spreading; branching freely above. _Joints._--Flat;
+     smooth; without large spines, but with close tufts of minute
+     bristles; obovate or fan-shaped; five to eight inches long;
+     nearly as wide at the top. _Flowers._--Large; brilliant
+     rose-magenta; two or three inches long. _Fruit._--Dry;
+     sub-globose. (Flower-structure as in _O. Engelmanni_.)
+     _Hab._--The southern deserts and San Bernardino Mountains.
+
+In the arid regions of the southern interior, this _Opuntia_ is a very
+common one, and its large, brilliant rose-magenta flowers attract the
+attention wherever seen. They are very tempting blossoms, and it is hard to
+resist them, even though we know the penalty will be the conversion of
+thumbs and fingers into pin-cushions for innumerable, minute, tormenting
+thorns.
+
+
+SNOW-BERRY.
+
+_Symphoricarpos racemosus_, Michx. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to four feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; cuneate to oblong; entire or lobed; nine to
+     eighteen lines long. _Flowers._--Small; mostly in terminal
+     clusters. _Calyx._--Adnate to the ovary; with five-toothed
+     border. _Corolla._--Campanulate; five-lobed; three lines long;
+     waxen; pinkish; very hairy within. _Stamens._--Five; on the
+     corolla. _Ovary._--Four-celled. _Berries._--Waxen-white; six
+     lines in diameter. _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+In early winter the pure-white clusters of the snow-berry, on their almost
+leafless stems, make flecks of light through the dun woods. At this season
+of few woodland attractions, these berries, together with the trailing
+sprays of the fragrant yerba buena and the long graceful leaves of the
+iris, are about the only trophies to be obtained upon a walk. In early
+spring, when their slender twigs first begin to leaf out, these little
+shrubs are among the most delicate and airy of growing things, and make a
+tender veil of green through the shadowy woodland. The blossoms, which
+arrive rather late, are inconspicuous.
+
+
+TREE-MALLOW.
+
+_Lavatera assurgentiflora_, Kell. Mallow Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Six to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Three to nine
+     inches across. _Flowers._--Pink, veined with maroon.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft, with an involucel below, like a second
+     calyx. _Petals._--Twelve to eighteen lines long.
+     _Filaments._--Numerous; united in a column.
+     _Styles._--Numerous; filiform. _Carpels._--One-seeded, in a
+     ring around an axis; separating at maturity. _Hab._--The
+     islands off the Coast; cultivated on the mainland north to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+
+The _Lavateras_ are Old-World plants, with the exception of a few species
+which are natives of the islands of our southern coast. In the early days
+the Padres planted the above species (_L. assurgentiflora_) plentifully
+around the old Missions, and thence it has spread and become spontaneous in
+many localities. It can be seen in San Francisco, planted as wind-break
+hedges about the market-gardens, where it thrives luxuriantly as long as it
+is protected from cattle.
+
+The leaves and twigs abound in mucilage, and are very fattening and
+nutritious food for sheep and cattle, who are very fond of it.
+
+
+WILD HONEYSUCKLE.
+
+_Lonicera hispidula_, Dougl. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Woody; climbing and twining. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; oval; pale; one to three inches long; the upper
+     pairs uniting around the stem. _Flowers._--Pink; in spikes of
+     several whorls. _Calyx._--Minute; growing to the ovary; border
+     five-toothed. _Corolla._--Tubular; six lines to an inch long;
+     bilabiate; the lips strongly revolute; the upper four-lobed,
+     the lower entire. _Stamens._--Five; much exserted.
+     _Ovary._--Two-or three-celled. Style slender. Stigma capitate.
+     _Berries._--Scarlet; translucent. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+In early summer the climbing honeysuckle with its pale foliage flings its
+long arms over neighboring trees and shrubs, showing glimpses here and
+there of small pinkish flowers. But it is far more noticeable in the fall,
+when its long pendulous branches are laden with the fine clusters of
+translucent, orange-red berries. It is quite variable and has many forms,
+which are all considered varieties of the one species.
+
+[Illustration TREE-MALLOW--_Lavatera assurgentiflora_.]
+
+
+PINK PAINT-BRUSH. ESCOBITA.
+
+_Orthocarpus purpurascens_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to twelve inches high. _Leaves._--Variously
+     parted into filiform divisions. _Bracts._--About equaling the
+     flowers; tipped with crimson or pale pink. _Corolla._--About an
+     inch long; the lower lip only moderately inflated and
+     three-saccate; the upper long, hooked, bearded, crimson.
+     _Stigma._--Large. (See _Orthocarpus_.) _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed.
+
+The bright-magenta tufts of the pink paint-brush are often so abundant that
+they give the country a purplish hue for miles at a stretch. The
+Spanish-Californians have a pretty name for these blossoms, calling them
+"escobitas," meaning "little whisk-brooms."
+
+_O. densiflorus_, Benth., is a very similar species; but its corolla has a
+straight upper lip, without hairs.
+
+
+CLARKIA.
+
+_Clarkia elegans_, Dougl. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to six feet high; simple or branching.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; broadly ovate to linear; dentate; an inch
+     or more long. _Petals._--About nine lines long; with long,
+     slender claws and rhomboidal blades; pink. _Stamens._--Eight;
+     all perfect. Filaments with a hairy scale at base.
+     _Stigma._--Four-lobed. _Capsule._--Six to nine lines long;
+     sessile. (Otherwise as _C. concinna_.) _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed.
+
+This plant is a very common one along our dusty roadsides in early summer,
+and it shows a facility in adapting itself to quite a range of climate and
+condition. It grows from six inches to six feet high, is nearly smooth or
+quite hairy, and has rather large flowers or quite small ones. Its scarlet
+stamens, purple-pink petals, and often deeper purple sepals make an odd
+combination of color. It often grows in showy masses, making patches of
+glowing color under the shade of trees.
+
+[Illustration PINK PAINT-BRUSH--_Orthocarpus purpurascens_.]
+
+
+CHAPARRAL PEA.
+
+_Pickeringia montana_, Nutt. Pea Family.
+
+     Evergreen, much branched, spiny shrubs, four to seven feet
+     high. _Leaves._--With from one to three leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Three to nine lines long.
+     _Flowers._--Magenta-colored; solitary; sessile; seven to nine
+     lines long; papilionaceous. _Stamens._--All ten distinct.
+     _Pod._--One-celled; two inches long. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges,
+     from Lake County to San Diego.
+
+Upon wild mountain-slopes where are heard the fluting notes of a certain
+shy bird that rarely comes near habitations, the chaparral pea often makes
+dense, impenetrable thickets. It would be impossible to mistake it for any
+other shrub, with its solitary magenta-colored pea-blossoms, which often
+cover the bushes with a mass of color. Its green branchlets terminate in
+long, rigid spines, which are often clothed with small leaves nearly to the
+end.
+
+Woe to him who tries to penetrate the chaparral when it is composed of this
+formidable and uncompromising shrub! The result is quite likely to be a
+humiliating progress upon hands and knees before he can extricate himself,
+probably with torn garments and scratched visage.
+
+
+HEDGE-NETTLE.
+
+_Stachys bullata_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Rough, pubescent herbs. _Stem._--Ten to eighteen inches high;
+     four-angled. _Leaves._--Opposite; ovate or ovate-oblong;
+     cordate; coarsely crenate; wrinkly veined; petioled; an inch or
+     two long. _Flowers._--Pinkish; in a narrow, interrupted spike.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Eight lines long; bilabiate.
+     Upper lip erect; lower deflexed, of three unequal lobes,
+     spotted with purple. _Stamens._--Four. Filaments hairy. Anthers
+     divergently two-celled. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     Style filiform. Stigma two-cleft. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+The hedge-nettles are common weeds, of which we have several species. _S.
+bullata_, so called on account of its leaves, which look as though
+blistered, is the most widespread. It is quite variable in aspect, and we
+are constantly meeting it in new guises and being deceived into believing
+it something finer than it really is, through some subtle change in its
+usually homely little pink flowers.
+
+[Illustration CHAPARRAL PEA--_Pickeringia montana_.]
+
+
+TWINING HYACINTH.
+
+_Brodiæa volubilis_, Baker. Lily Family.
+
+     Coated corm about one inch in diameter. _Leaves._--All radical;
+     broadly linear; a foot or more long. _Scape._--Twining; two to
+     even twelve feet long; naked. _Umbel._--Many-flowered.
+     _Perianth._--Five to eight lines long; rose-color without,
+     whitish within. _Stamens._--Three; alternating with three
+     notched staminodia. Filaments winged; very short.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style short. Stigma capitate.
+     _Syn._--_Stropholirion Californicum_, Torr. _Hab._--Sierra
+     foothills, from Mariposa County northward.
+
+In this plant we see the _Brodiæa_ disporting itself in a very odd manner,
+having vinelike aspirations. It produces several long leaves, which lie
+prostrate upon the ground, and then the stem puts in its appearance and
+commences a wonderful series of evolutions not to be outdone by any
+contortionist. It twists and clambers and climbs, reaching a height of five
+or six feet, often having expended twice that amount of stem in its
+convolutions.
+
+During this remarkable process, which consumes from two to four weeks, the
+terminal bud has remained dormant. But it now commences to grow, and in a
+couple of weeks the flower-cluster is complete in all its beauty. It is
+sometimes six inches across.
+
+It often happens that before the flower has blossomed, the stem is broken
+off at the ground. Strangely enough, this seems not to matter at all, for
+it grows on and perfects its flowers just as though nothing had occurred.
+People often bring the stem indoors and allow it to climb up over the
+curtains, where they can watch the interesting process of its growth.
+
+[Illustration TWINING HYACINTH--_Brodiæa volubilis_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY.
+
+_Rhododendron Californicum_, Hook. Heath Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs three to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Four to
+     six inches long; leathery. _Flowers._--Rose-pink; in large
+     clusters. _Calyx._--Small; with rounded lobes.
+     _Corolla._--Broadly campanulate; two inches or so across;
+     slightly irregular; with wavy, margined lobes; the upper
+     spotted within. _Stamens._--About equaling the corolla. Style
+     crimson. Stigma funnel-form. (Otherwise as _R. occidentale_.)
+     _Hab._--From British Columbia to Marin County.
+
+In our northern counties the rugged mountain-sides are often densely
+covered with the lovely rose-bay, which in early summer presents an
+appearance it would be impossible to rival. When the foliage, which is very
+rich in both quality and hue, is thickly massed with the great glowing
+flower-clusters, the sight is worth a pilgrimage to see. It is a shrub so
+beautiful, we marvel it is not generally cultivated in gardens.
+
+The bees are very fond of the blossoms, but popular tradition ascribes a
+poisonous quality to the honey made from them.
+
+We have noticed no perfume in these flowers, but the leaves are often quite
+pleasantly fragrant.
+
+
+COMMON WILD ROSE.
+
+_Rosa Californica_, Cham. and Schlecht. Rose Family.
+
+     Erect shrubs three to eight feet high. Prickles few; stout;
+     recurved; mostly in pairs beneath the entire stipules.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; pinnate; with five to seven leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Ovate or oblong; serrate. _Flowers._--Few to many
+     in clusters; pale-pink. _Calyx._--With urn-shaped tube and
+     five-cleft border, whose lobes are foliaceously tipped.
+     _Petals._--Five; six to nine lines long. _Stamens._--Very
+     numerous. _Ovaries._--Several; bony; in, but free from, the
+     calyx-tube. _Hips._--Many; four or five lines through.
+     _Hab._--From San Diego to Oregon.
+
+The wild rose is one of the few flowers that blooms cheerfully through the
+long summer days, lavishing its beautiful clusters of deliciously fragrant
+flowers as freely along the dusty roadside as in the more secluded thicket.
+In autumn it often seems inspired to a special luxuriance of blossoming,
+and it lingers to greet the asters and mingle its pink flowers and
+brilliant scarlet hips with their delicate lilacs.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY--_Rhododendron Californicum_.]
+
+_R. gymnocarpa_, Nutt., "the redwood-rose," is exquisitely dainty. This is
+found in shady places under the trees. It blooms earlier than the common
+species, and is neither so abundant nor so fragrant. Its flowers are barely
+an inch across and of a bright pink. The prickles are straight, and the
+calyx-lobes are without leafy tips, while the leaflets are small and
+shapely.
+
+
+BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA.
+
+_Clarkia concinna_ (F. and M.), Greene. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--One or
+     two inches long. _Flowers._--Axillary; sessile; parts in fours.
+     _Calyx._--Red-pink; tube an inch or more long.
+     _Petals._--Rose-pink; six lines to over an inch long.
+     _Ovary._--Four-celled. _Syn._--_Eucharidium concinnum_, Fisch.
+     and Mey. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Santa Barbara to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+In June these charming blossoms may be found in the company of the
+maidenhair fern fringing the banks of shady roads, or standing in glowing
+masses under the buckeye-trees. In them nature has ventured upon one of
+those rather daring color combinations of which we would have hardly
+dreamed, and the result is delightful. The petals are bright rose-pink,
+while the sepals are of a red pink.
+
+
+SPREADING DOGBANE.
+
+_Apocynum androsæmifolium_, L. Dogbane Family.
+
+     Erect; one to three feet high; spreading. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; ovate or roundish; an inch or two long.
+     _Flowers._--Clustered; pink. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--Campanulate; three or four lines long; with five
+     revolute lobes; having a small scale at base, opposite each
+     lobe. _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla. Filaments short.
+     Anthers erect around the stigma. Style none. _Ovaries._--Two;
+     becoming a pair of long pods. Seeds silky-tufted.
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed in the United States.
+
+[Illustration BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA--_Clarkia concinna_.]
+
+The small pink flowers of the spreading dogbane may be found all through
+the summer, often upon our driest hillsides. The shapely little blossoms
+are of a flesh-tint without, richly veined with deeper pink within, and
+quite fragrant. The plants have a milky juice and a tough fiber in the
+stem, similar to that in the American-Indian hemp. The plant was formerly
+supposed to be poisonous to dogs, from which fact it received its generic
+name, which translated gives the common English name, "dogbane." It is used
+in medicine as a remedy for rheumatic gout. The very long pods seem
+absurdly out of proportion to the small flowers.
+
+_A. cannabinum_, L., the American-Indian hemp, is also found within our
+borders, but it grows along stream-banks and in marshy places. It has
+oblong, pointed leaves, and small greenish-white flowers, only two lines
+long, whose close cylindrical corollas hardly surpass the calyx. The
+yellowish-brown bark of this plant is very tough and fibrous, and at the
+same time soft and silky. Our Indians have always found it of the utmost
+value in the making of ropes, lariats, nets, mats, baskets, etc., and
+before the coming of the white man they even made certain articles of
+clothing of it. A tincture made from the root is a recognized drug in the
+pharmacopœia. Professor Thouin, of Paris, says that a permanent dye may be
+obtained from a decoction of it, which is brown or black, according to the
+mordant used.
+
+
+FIRECRACKER FLOWER.
+
+_Brodiæa coccinea_, Gray. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Grasslike, a foot or two long. _Scape._--One to
+     three feet high; six- to fifteen-flowered. _Perianth._--An inch
+     or two long; rich crimson; the limb of six green or yellowish
+     oblong lobes. _Stamens._--Three; on the perianth. Filaments
+     adnate to its tube. Anther tips exserted. _Staminodia._--Three;
+     broad; short; white; on the throat of the perianth, alternating
+     with the stamens. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style exserted.
+     Stigma three-lobed. _Syn._--_Brevoortia coccinea_, Wats.
+     _Hab._--The mountains from Mendocino County to Shasta County.
+
+[Illustration FIRECRACKER FLOWER--_Brodiæa coccinea_.]
+
+When our northern valleys have become parched by the first heat of
+summer, many beautiful flowers are still to be found in deep cañon
+retreats, where the streams, overarched by great shadowing oaks, gush
+downward through leafy copses of hazelwood and thimble-berry by beds of
+moss and fern. Upon the walls of such charming gorges the firecracker
+flower rears its slender stem and shakes out its bunch of brilliant
+crimson blossoms. These are a prophetic symbol of our national holiday
+rather than an aid to its celebration--for they have often passed away
+before the Fourth of July.
+
+
+GODETIA. FAREWELL TO SPRING.
+
+_Godetia viminea_, Spach. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; sometimes stout.
+     _Leaves._--Linear to linear-lanceolate; entire; an inch or two
+     long; distant. _Flowers._--Nodding in the bud.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Two to four lines long. _Petals._--Deep
+     rose-color, sometimes yellowish at base with a dark spot; nine
+     to fifteen lines long. _Capsules._--Smoothish; eight to
+     eighteen lines long; its sides two-ribbed; sessile or
+     short-pediceled. (See _Godetia_.) _Hab._--From the Columbia
+     River southward to Ventura.
+
+In early summer the rosy flowers of this _Godetia_ make bright masses of
+color along dry banks and hill-slopes. Its blossoms are very variable as to
+marking. Sometimes the petals have a bright crimson blotch at the base and
+sometimes they are without it, both forms often occurring upon the same
+plant. In some seasons all the flowers are without the blotch.
+
+_G. grandiflora_, Lindl., found in Humboldt and Mendocino Counties, is
+probably the most showy species we have. The plants are a foot or two high
+and covered all over with the wonderful flowers, which are often four
+inches across. These are delicate pink, blotched with rich crimson.
+
+_G. Bottæ_, Spach., is an exquisite species found in the Coast Ranges, from
+Monterey to San Diego. Its very slender stems lift the fragile, satiny cups
+above the dried grasses in charming companies. These blossoms also vary
+much. Among the prettiest forms is one which is pale rose or lilac,
+blending to white at the center, delicately striate with purple-dotted
+lines, and having a rich purple spot in the center. This often grows with
+the lilac butterfly-tulip, _Calochortus splendens_, and at a little
+distance is so similar, it is difficult to distinguish it from the lily.
+But the lily rarely or never grows in throngs. The capsules of this species
+have pedicels from three to nine lines long.
+
+[Illustration FAREWELL TO SPRING--_Godetia viminea_.]
+
+
+BLEEDING-HEART.
+
+_Dicentra formosa_, DC. Bleeding-heart Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Ternately dissected, with toothed leaflets.
+     _Scapes._--Six inches to two feet high.
+     _Flowers._--Rose-colored to pale pink, sometimes almost white
+     or yellowish; nodding. (Floral structure as in _D.
+     chrysantha_.) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Middle
+     California to British Columbia.
+
+The bleeding-heart is a rather shy flower, and never makes itself common
+enough to dull our enthusiasm for it. It fully merits its specific name,
+for it is a plant of elegant form throughout, from its shapely divided
+leaves to its graceful clusters of pendent hearts. It is found in the woods
+of our Coast Ranges, but may be seen to best advantage when nestling amid
+the lush grasses of Sierra meadows.
+
+
+INDIAN RHUBARB. UMBRELLA-PLANT.
+
+_Saxifraga peltata_, Torr. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Thick; creeping. _Leaves._--Radical;
+     long-petioled; a foot or more across when mature; nine- to
+     fourteen-lobed; centrally depressed. _Scapes._--One to three
+     feet high. _Calyx._--Five-lobed. _Petals._--Five; roundish;
+     three lines or more long; purplish-pink. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     _Ovaries._--Two; distinct. Stigmas capitate or reniform.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from Mariposa County to Mt. Shasta; also
+     Mendocino County.
+
+Upon the borders of our swift-flowing mountain streams, where the
+water-ouzel flies up and down all day, sometimes filling the air with
+melody as he passes, may be seen the large lotus-like leaves of this great
+Saxifrage. They stand with their dark, warm stems in the water; or, poising
+upon the brink, they lean gracefully over it, making myriad reflections in
+the brown depths below, while every passing breeze awakens a quick response
+among them.
+
+Early in the season, before the coming of the leaves, these plants send up
+tall stems with dense, branching clusters of handsome purplish-pink
+flowers. The leaves, small at first, continue to grow until late summer,
+when they have reached their perfection; after which they begin to deepen
+into the richest of autumn hues.
+
+[Illustration BLEEDING-HEART--_Dicentra formosa_.]
+
+This plant is commonly called "Indian rhubarb," because the Indians are
+extravagantly fond of the stalks of the leaves and flowers. It is now
+cultivated in Eastern gardens.
+
+
+GREAT WILLOW-HERB. FIREWEED.
+
+_Epilobium spicatum_, Lam. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Often four to seven feet high. _Leaves._--Scattered;
+     willow-like. _Flowers._--Purplish-pink; an inch or more across.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Linear; limb four-parted; often colored.
+     _Stamens._--Eight. Anthers purplish. _Ovary._--Four-celled.
+     Seeds silky-tufted. _Syn._--_E. angustifolium_, L. _Hab._--The
+     Sierras; eastward to the Atlantic; also in the North Coast
+     mountains. Found also in Europe and Asia.
+
+This plant has received one of its English names, because its leaves are
+like those of the willow and its seeds are furnished with silken down, like
+the fluff on the willow.
+
+It is our finest and most showy species of _Epilobium_, and is also found
+in the Eastern States, where it is still known by a former name--_E.
+angustifolium_, L. Owing to the fact that it grows with special luxuriance
+in spots which have been recently burned over, it is commonly known as
+"fireweed." It may be found in perfection in the Sierras in August, where
+its great spikes of large pink flowers make showy masses of color along the
+streams and through the meadows, commanding our warmest admiration.
+
+In the fall the tall, pliant, widely branching stems of the "autumn
+willow-herb"--_E. paniculatum_, Nutt.--stand everywhere by the roadside.
+The small pink flowers, half an inch across, terminate the almost leafless
+stems, and later are replaced by the dry, curled remains of the opened
+capsules and the feathery down of the escaping seeds.
+
+[Illustration GREAT WILLOW-HERB--_Epilobium spicatum_.]
+
+
+ALPINE HEATHER.
+
+_Bryanthus Breweri_, Gray. Heath Family.
+
+     Dwarf evergreens; six inches to a foot high; woody.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; linear; three to seven lines long.
+     _Flowers._--Purplish-rose; on glandular pedicels.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed; small. _Corolla._--Saucer-shaped; six
+     lines or so across. _Stamens._--Seven to ten. Anthers
+     two-celled; opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style
+     slender. Stigma capitate. _Hab._--The High Sierras.
+
+This little plant, to which Mr. Muir fondly alludes in his charming book,
+"The Mountains of California," may be found blooming in July and August in
+the Sierras. Sometimes it nestles in rocky crevices in the cool drip of the
+snow-banks, and again it ventures boldly out into the openings, where it
+spreads its rich carpet, covered with a wealth of rosy bloom. From the
+abundance of this little heathling about its shores, one of our mountain
+lakes has received the name of "Heather Lake."
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Silene Gallica_, L. Pink Family.
+
+Hairy. _Stems._--Generally several. _Leaves._--Spatulate; six to eighteen
+lines long. _Flowers._--In terminal, one-sided racemes; four or five lines
+long; short-pediceled. _Petals._--Pale rose-color or almost white; barely
+exceeding the calyx. (Flower-structure as in _S. Californica_.)
+
+This little weed has come to us from Europe, and it is now so widely
+distributed, both near the sea and inland, that it is hard to believe it is
+not native. The slender racemes are from two to four inches long, and the
+little flowers vary from white to pale pink. They can boast none of the
+showy beauty of their relatives, the Indian pink and the Yerba del Indio.
+
+[Illustration ALPINE HEATHER--_Bryanthus Breweri_.]
+
+
+ALPINE PHLOX.
+
+_Phlox Douglasii_, Hook. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     Plants forming cushion-like tufts; three or four inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Needle-like; six lines or less long; with shorter
+     ones crowded in the axils. _Flowers._--Pink, lilac, or white;
+     sessile; terminating the branchlets. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-form; with five-lobed border.
+     _Stamens._--Five; on the tube of the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style three-lobed. _Hab._--The Sierras,
+     from Mariposa County northward and eastward.
+
+This delightful little flower may be found in the Sierras at an altitude of
+from five to ten thousand feet. It loves the open sunshine of the cool
+mountain heights, and with its cushiony tufts clothes many a bit of granite
+soil with beauty. It seems undaunted by its stern surroundings, and lifts
+its innocent eyes confidingly to the skies which bend gently over it--those
+skies
+
+    "So fathomless and pure, as if
+    All loveliest azure things have gone
+    To heaven that way--the flowers, the sea,--
+    And left their color there alone."
+
+
+PINK MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus Lewisii_, Pursh. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; eighteen inches or so high.
+     _Leaves._--Sessile; oblong-ovate to lanceolate; denticulate;
+     somewhat viscid. _Peduncles._--Elongated. _Corolla._--Eighteen
+     lines to two inches long; with tube exceeding the calyx and
+     five ample spreading ciliate lobes; rose-color or paler, with
+     usually a darker stripe down the center of each lobe. Ridges of
+     lower lobe yellow and spotted; bearded. _Stamens._--Included.
+     (See _Mimulus_.) _Hab._--The Sierras, from Central California
+     northward and eastward to Montana.
+
+One of the most beautiful of all our monkey-flowers is this charming
+species, which is found along the cold streams of the Sierras. Its large
+flowers have a fragile, delicate look, and the light stems and leaves are
+of an exquisite green.
+
+I remember coming upon a delightful company of these blossoms, in a little
+emerald meadow upon the margin of one of those alpine lakelets which nestle
+among the granite crags. They seemed the most fitting flowers for just such
+a high, pure atmosphere.
+
+[Illustration ALPINE PHLOX--_Phlox Douglasii_.]
+
+
+SIERRA PRIMROSE.
+
+_Primula suffrutescens_, Gray. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Wedge-shaped, an inch or so long; clustered at the
+     ends of the branches. _Flower-stems._--Several inches high.
+     Umbel several-flowered. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-shaped; an inch or less across; deep
+     rose-color, with a yellow eye. _Stamens._--High on the
+     corolla-throat opposite its lobes. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style
+     slender. _Hab._--The Sierras.
+
+If one takes his alpenstock in hand and climbs to the snow line in late
+summer, he is apt to be rewarded by the charming flowers of the Sierra
+primrose. The little plants grow in the drip of the snow-banks, where the
+melting ice gradually liberates the tufts of evergreen leaves. The glowing
+flowers look as though they might have caught and held the last rosy
+reflection of the sunset upon the snow above them.
+
+
+PRIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS.
+
+_Pentstemon Menziesii, var. Newberryi_, Gray. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to a foot high; woody at base.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate, obovate, or oblong; an inch or less long;
+     leathery. _Peduncles._--Usually one-flowered, forming a short,
+     glandular-pubescent raceme. _Corolla._--Bright rose-pink; an
+     inch long. _Anthers._--White-woolly; with divergent cells. (See
+     _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--The High Sierras of Central California.
+
+This charming _Pentstemon_ is one of the most gracious flowers to be found
+in the Sierras in late summer. Upon banks overhanging the streams, or
+growing at great heights under the open sky, it makes many a rock-shelf gay
+with its brilliant pink blossoms.
+
+We wonder how it can possibly subsist upon the hard, glittering granite;
+but there the mystery of its life continues from day to day, and there it
+cheerfully produces its masses of bright flowers, which gladden the weary
+climber to these snowy heights.
+
+This species of _Pentstemon_ is well marked by its white-woolly anthers,
+which almost fill the throat. Northward it passes into the typical _P.
+Menziesii_, which has flowers from violet-blue to pink-purple.
+
+[Illustration SIERRA PRIMROSE--_Primula suffrutescens_.]
+
+
+LESSINGIA.
+
+_Lessingia leptoclada_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     Finely white-woolly. _Stems._--From a few inches to two feet
+     high, with numerous, almost filiform branchlets, bearing few or
+     solitary heads of pink or white flowers. _Lower
+     leaves._--Spatulate; sparingly toothed; withering early. _Upper
+     leaves._--Lanceolate, or linear and entire; sessile; uppermost
+     diminished into remote, subulate bracts. _Heads._--Five- to
+     twenty-flowered. Of tubular disk-flowers only. Outer flowers
+     much larger. _Involucre._--Silky hairy; broadly campanulate;
+     with imbricated, appressed bracts. _Hab._--Widespread.
+
+In late summer the pink _Lessingia_ is apparent along dry roadsides or
+embankments, where its blossoms make charming masses of soft color. It is
+quite abundant in the Yosemite, especially in the lower end of the valley.
+
+_L. Germanorum_, Cham., found plentifully from San Diego to San Francisco,
+has yellow flowers.
+
+
+ELEPHANTS' HEADS.
+
+_Pedicularis Grœnlandica_, Retz. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Tall and slender; smooth. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     lanceolate in outline; pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate,
+     serrate divisions; diminishing upward into the flower-bracts.
+     _Flowers._--Pink; in a dense spike several inches long.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--With short tube and
+     bilabiate limb. Upper lip with a long beak, like an elephant's
+     trunk; lower three-lobed, deflexed. _Stamens._--Four. Filaments
+     and style filiform; sheathed in the beak. _Ovary._--Two-celled.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras from King's River northward; and eastward
+     to Hudson's Bay.
+
+No more curious flower could be found than this little denizen of our
+alpine meadows. Its tall pink spikes attract one from a distance, and
+astonish one upon nearer acquaintance by the wonderful resemblance of their
+blossoms to many small elephants' heads. The forehead, the long ears
+hanging at the sides of the head, and the long, slender, curving trunk are
+all perfectly simulated.
+
+These flowers have a pleasant perfume.
+
+Another species--_P. attollens_, Gray--often found growing with the above,
+is similar to it in general structure, but its leaves are more dissected,
+its flower-spike is rather woolly, and its beak is only two or three lines
+long. These blossoms bear no resemblance to the elephant.
+
+[Illustration LESSINGIA--_Lessingia leptoclada_.]
+
+
+ALPINE WILLOW-HERB. ROCK-FRINGE.
+
+_Epilobium obcordatum_, Gray. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Decumbent; three to five inches long.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; ovate; sessile; four to ten lines long.
+     _Flowers._--One to five; bright rose-pink; over an inch across.
+     _Calyx._--With linear tube and four-cleft limb.
+     _Petals._--Four; erect and spreading; obcordate.
+     _Stamens._--Eight; four shorter. Filaments slender; exserted.
+     _Ovary._--Linear, four-celled. Style filiform; much exserted.
+     Stigma four-lobed. Seeds silky-tufted. _Hab._--The Sierras from
+     Tulare County northward.
+
+Though low of stature, this little willow-herb is a charming plant, with
+large rosy flowers. At an elevation of eight thousand feet or more in the
+mountains, it nestles amid the rocks, fringing their crevices with a
+profusion of brilliant bloom. Though it often costs a hard climb up rocky
+crags to secure it, we feel well repaid by its bright beauty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hosackia Purshiana_, Benth. Pea Family.
+
+     Soft-woolly throughout. _Stems._--Erect or loosely spreading
+     over the ground. _Leaves._--Sessile. _Leaflets._--One to three;
+     ovate to lanceolate; three to nine lines long.
+     _Flowers._--Yellowish-pink; solitary; two or three lines long.
+     Peduncles usually exceeding the leaves; with a single leaflet
+     below the flower. _Calyx-teeth._--Linear; much exceeding the
+     tube, about equaling the corolla. _Pod._--Narrow; twelve to
+     eighteen lines long; five- to seven-seeded. (See _Hosackia_.)
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+This little plant is very abundant and widespread. It makes its appearance
+after the drouth sets in, and often spreads over the ground in considerable
+patches. Its woolly or silky foliage has a pale cast, and its small,
+solitary, pinkish flowers, which are quite numerous, are not unattractive.
+
+
+
+
+IV. BLUE AND PURPLE
+
+
+[_Blue or purple or occasionally or partially blue or purple flowers not
+described in the Blue and Purple Section._
+
+_Described in the White Section_:--
+
+    ANTIRRHINUM COULTERIANUM--Coulter's Snapdragon.
+    AUDIBERTIA POLYSTACHYA--White Sage.
+    CALOCHORTUS LUTEUS OCULATUS--Butterfly Tulip.
+    CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS--Mariposa Tulip.
+    CEANOTHUS INTEGERRIMUS--Mountain Birch; Tea-Tree; Soap-Bush.
+    ERIODICTYON GLUTINOSUM--Yerba Santa.
+    ERIODICTYON TOMENTOSUM--Yerba Santa.
+    LATHYRUS VESTITUS--Common Wild Pea.
+    MALACOTHRIX SAXATILIS.
+    MICROMERIA DOUGLASII--Yerba Buena.
+    SOLANUM DOUGLASII--Nightshade.
+    SPHACELE CALYCINA--Pitcher-Sage.
+    VIOLA BECKWITHII--Mountain Heart's-ease.
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS--Pimpernel.
+    CALOCHORTUS WEEDII--Mariposa Lily, or Tulip.
+    HOSACKIA CRASSIFOLIA.
+
+_Described in the Pink Section_:--
+
+    CONVOLVULUS SOLDANELLA--Beach Morning-glory.
+    DODECATHEON MEADIA--Shooting-Stars.
+    ERIGERON PHILADELPHICUS--Common Fleabane.
+    GILIA ANDROSACEA.
+    GILIA CALIFORNICA--Prickly Phlox.
+    GILIA DIANTHOIDES--Ground Pink.
+    PENTSTEMON MENZIESII--Pride of the Mountains.
+    PHLOX DOUGLASII--Alpine Phlox.
+
+_Described in the Red Section_:--
+
+    AQUILEGIA CÅ’RULEA.
+
+_Described in the Miscellaneous Section_:--
+
+    DARLINGTONIA CALIFORNICA--Californian Pitcher-Plant.
+    DIPSACUS FULLONUM--Teasel.]
+
+
+FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE.
+
+_Scoliopus Bigelovii_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Two; oval-elliptical to narrowly oblanceolate; four
+     to fifteen inches long; blotched with brown. _Flowers._--Three
+     to twelve; on lax pedicels three to nine inches long.
+     _Sepals._--Whitish, veined with purple; spreading.
+     _Petals._--Erect; narrowly linear; wine-color without.
+     _Stamens._--Three. _Ovary._--One-celled; three-angled. Stigma
+     three-lobed. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Marin to Humboldt
+     County.
+
+When the first white blossoms of the toothwort are making their appearance
+in moist woodlands, we may be sure that the fetid adder's-tongue is already
+pushing its shining green leaves aboveground away up in the cold cañons of
+north hill-slopes; and unless we hasten, we shall be too late to see its
+curious flowers. I have often arrived only in time to find its fruit, which
+resembles a beechnut in shape. When the flowers first open they stand
+erect, held in the shining chalice formed by the two sheathing green
+leaves. Later the leaves open out, showing their beautiful blotched
+surfaces, and the three-angled flower-stems become limp and twisted. The
+petals stand erect, and are so slender as to resemble three linear stigmas.
+The little oval anthers are green before opening, but soon become golden
+with the discharging pollen.
+
+These flowers are elegant in appearance, and suggestive of orchids; but
+unfortunately they have a very offensive odor, like that of the star-fishes
+found upon our beaches, which makes us quite content to leave them
+ungathered. But the large yellow slug has no such aversion to them, and we
+have often seen him banqueting upon them. Indeed, he is so fond of them
+that the flowers are often entirely gone from the stems.
+
+[Illustration FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE--_Scoliopus Bigelovii_.]
+
+
+HOUND'S-TONGUE.
+
+_Cynoglossum grande_, Dougl. Borage Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Two feet or so high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     long-petioled; ovate-oblong; pointed; usually rounded at base;
+     often a foot long. _Flowers._--Bright blue; in a terminal
+     panicle. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft. _Corolla._--Rotate; with
+     short tube and five-lobed border; having five beadlike crests
+     in the throat. _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla, alternate with
+     its lobes. _Ovary._--Four-lobed. Style undivided.
+     _Fruit._--Four prickly nutlets. _Hab._--From Marin County to
+     Washington.
+
+Among the first plants to respond to the quickening influence of the early
+winter rains, is the hound's-tongue, whose large, pointed leaves begin to
+push their way aboveground usually in January. At first these are often
+quite velvety beneath and of a pinkish hue, and hold hidden within their
+midst the well-formed buds which a few warm, sunny days will call forth.
+The flowers, at first pink, become bright blue after fertilization has
+taken place.
+
+The favorite haunts of this welcome blossom are half-shaded woods, where it
+rears its tall stalk in almost sole possession at this early season.
+
+The common name is a translation of the generic name, which is derived from
+two Greek words, signifying _dog_ and _tongue_, bestowed because of the
+shape of the leaves. In the olden times a superstition was rife that if a
+person laid the hound's-tongue beneath his feet it would prevent dogs from
+barking at him.
+
+The distribution of the seed is most cunningly provided for, as the upper
+surfaces of the nutlets are covered with tiny barbs, which a
+magnifying-glass reveals to be quite perfect little anchors, admirably
+adapted for catching in the hair of animals.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA LILAC. SOAP-BUSH.
+
+_Ceanothus divaricatus_, Nutt. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Tall, almost arborescent shrubs; with very divergent and rigid
+     branches. Twigs cylindrical; smooth; mostly very pale.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; ovate; four to ten lines
+     long; three-nerved; somewhat leathery. _Flowers._--In a
+     narrowly oblong, dense cluster two or three inches long; pale
+     blue to white. _Capsule._--Two or three lines in diameter; not
+     lobed; scarcely crested. (See _Ceanothus_.)
+    _Hab._--Chiefly the southern Coast Range.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration HOUND'S-TONGUE--_Cynoglossum grande_.]
+
+This species of California lilac is very abundant in the south, and is
+specially characterized by its widely branching habit and its round,
+pale-green twigs. The flowers are usually light blue; but in some
+localities they are pure white. Near Santa Barbara, in January, the
+mountain-slopes are often snowy with them.
+
+Dr. Gregg, of San Diego, while hunting one day in Lower California, just
+over the border, had his attention called to the wild lilac by his old
+Mexican guide, who assured him that the blossoms in themselves were
+excellent soap. Taking a handful of them down to the stream, he rubbed them
+vigorously between his wet hands, and found to his astonishment that they
+made an excellent lather, with a pleasant fragrance of wintergreen. I have
+since proved the fact for myself. A more delightful way of performing one's
+ablutions can hardly be imagined than at the brookside with so charming a
+soap. It is very cleansing and leaves the skin pleasantly soft.
+
+It was probably the blossoms of _C. integerrimus_ he used, as that shrub is
+called "soap-bush" in that region; but I have since tried the experiment
+upon _C. divaricatus_ and some other species with perfect success, from
+which I suspect this may be a generic characteristic.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN TRILLIUM.
+
+_Trillium sessile, var. Californicum_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Like a small turnip. _Stems._--Usually several
+     from the same root; a foot or so high. _Leaves._--Three at the
+     top of the stem; three to eight inches long. _Flowers._--White
+     to deep wine-color. _Petals._--One to four inches long.
+     (Otherwise as _T. ovatum_.) _Hab._--From San Luis Obispo to
+     Oregon.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN TRILLIUM--_Trillium sessile, var. Californicum_.]
+
+We begin to look for the Californian _Trillium_ early in the spring. Little
+companies of the plants may be seen upon low flats under the trees, where
+the soil is rich. The small, turnip-like tubers usually send up several
+stems, which lean gracefully away from one another. The large leaves are
+often like pieces of decorated china that have been several times through
+the kiln. They have various superimposed blotchings, the latest of which
+are dark, sharp, cuneiform characters, mysterious hieroglyphs of Nature,
+which might reveal wondrous secrets, could we but decipher them. The
+blossoms have a strong, heavy fragrance, and are exceedingly variable in
+color, ranging from pure white to lilac, deep wine, and even black-purple.
+These plants are much admired in the East and in Europe, where they are
+cultivated in the garden.
+
+
+BRODIÆA. CLUSTER-LILY. WILD HYACINTH.
+
+_Brodiæa capitata_, Benth. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Small; scaly-coated. _Leaves._--Linear; a foot or more
+     long; passing away early. _Scapes._--Four inches to over two
+     feet high. _Flowers._--Deep violet to white; six to ten lines
+     long. _Bracts._--Sometimes deep, rich purple. _Perianth._--With
+     oblong tube and campanulate, six-parted limb. _Stamens._--Six;
+     on the corolla; the inner with an appendage on each side; the
+     outer naked. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style stout. Stigma
+     three-lobed. _Hab_.--Throughout California.
+
+This beautiful _Brodiæa_ grows all over the hills in early spring, and
+steals into cultivated fields, where it luxuriates in the freshly stirred
+soil and lifts its fine violet-colored clusters above the waving grain. It
+holds quite as warm a place in our affections as the more gorgeous poppy.
+These blossoms will keep a long time after being gathered, and are used
+every year in lavish profusion in the decorations of the flower carnivals.
+
+The little bulbs, eaten raw, are quite palatable, and are eagerly sought by
+the children, who call them "grass-nuts." The early Spanish-Californians
+also appreciated them, and knew them as "saitas." They have a number of
+other common names, such as "Spanish-lily," "cluster-lily," "wild
+hyacinth," and "hog-onion"; but I must protest against the injustice of
+this latter, and beg all flower-lovers to discountenance it.
+
+[Illustration BRODIÆA--_Brodiæa capitata_.]
+
+Closely resembling the above, is _B. multiflora_, Benth. It has, however,
+but three stamens, the other three being represented by staminodia, which
+are entire and of the same length as the stamens.
+
+_B. congesta_, Smith, another similar species, is often four feet tall. It
+also has three stamens and three staminodia; but the latter are deeply
+cleft and exceed the anthers. This is called "ookow" by the Indians.
+
+
+BROWN LILY. MISSION-BELLS. BRONZE-BELLS. RICE-ROOT.
+
+_Fritillaria lanceolata_, Pursh. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stem._--A foot or two high. _Leaves._--In scattered whorls;
+     lanceolate; two to five inches long. _Flowers._--One to
+     several; open campanulate; greenish or black-purple; variously
+     checkered or mottled. _Perianth-segments._--Strongly arched,
+     with a large oblong nectary. _Stamens._--Six.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. _Hab_.--The Coast Ranges, from British
+     Columbia to Santa Cruz.
+
+    "'Neath cloistered boughs each floral bell that swingeth
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Makes Sabbath in the fields, and ever ringeth
+                A call to prayer."
+
+One of the oddest and most beautiful flowers of our rich woodlands is the
+brown lily, or _Fritillaria_. It is unrivaled in elegance, for every line
+of its contour is a study in grace. Nor do its charms cease with stem and
+leaf and flower; for, hidden away in the rich leaf-mold, is one of its most
+beautiful features, its bulb. This is pure, shining white, conical in form,
+and surrounded by many tiny bulblets, like grains of rice, which crumble
+away from it at a touch. If you go into the woods in early spring, you will
+often see certain handsome, broad, shining, solitary leaves, close to the
+ground, and you will wonder what they are. Often near them there are many
+tiny leaves of the same sort pushing their way aboveground; and sometimes
+among them all there is a solitary strong scape, with unfolding leaves and
+a promise of flowers. This is a colony of the beautiful brown lilies. The
+tiny leaves are the product of the little rice-grains, and are probably now
+seeing the light for the first time. Between these and the large leaves
+the breadth of the hand, are many sizes, in all stages. The broad leaves
+may be from bulbs four or five years old, but they will send up no
+blossom-stalk this year; for there is rarely or never a radical-leaf and a
+blossom-stalk from the same bulb at once.
+
+[Illustration BROWN LILY--_Fritillaria lanceolata_.]
+
+When the plant is about to flower, the bulb sends up a tall stalk, with
+here and there a whorl of shining leaves, hanging at the summit its string
+of pendent bronze-bells. These are mottled and checkered, and are of
+varying shades, from dull green to black-purple, and often have a beautiful
+bloom upon them. Their modest colors blend so nicely into the shadowy scene
+about, that it is difficult to see them unless the eye is somewhat
+practiced.
+
+Following the inflorescence comes a beautiful and unique seed-vessel,
+curiously winged and angled, and of a delicate, papery texture when mature.
+It contains the thin, flat seeds, neatly packed in six ranks.
+
+The flowers are usually an inch long, though they are sometimes two inches
+long. A plant was once found three and a half feet high, with a chime of
+nineteen bells.
+
+
+BLACK LILY. CHOCOLATE-LILY.
+
+_Fritillaria biflora_, Lindl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from San Diego to Mendocino County.
+
+We have a number of species of _Fritillaria_, most of them with beautiful
+flowers. They fall naturally into two groups, according to the character of
+the bulb; _F. lanceolata_ and _F. biflora_ being types of the two groups.
+
+_F. biflora_, the black, or chocolate, lily, is the species common in the
+south, and blooms early. It closely resembles _F. lanceolata_, but can
+always be distinguished by its bulb, which is composed of several erect,
+short, easily separable scales. Its specific name is an unfortunate one;
+for, far from being confined to two flowers, it often has as many as ten.
+
+_F. pluriflora_, Torr., found upon the upper Sacramento, has flowers of a
+uniform reddish-purple, without mottling or spots. It has a comparatively
+large bulb, an inch or so long, formed of separate scales.
+
+_F. pudica_, Spreng., found on the eastern slopes of the Sierras, has
+solitary yellow flowers.
+
+_F. liliacea_, Lindl., is our only white species. This is found upon the
+hills of San Francisco and in the Sacramento Valley. It has a whorl of
+leaves near the ground and two or three greenish-white, nodding flowers. It
+is exceedingly local.
+
+
+LARGE-FLOWERED PHACELIA.
+
+_Phacelia grandiflora_, Gray. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Coarse, glandular-viscid plants; one to three feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Round-ovate; irregularly toothed; sometimes three or
+     four inches long. _Flowers._--Lavender to white; variously
+     streaked and veined with purple. _Corolla._--Rotate; two inches
+     across; without scalelike appendages in the throat.
+     _Filaments._--Long; purple. Anthers large; versatile. Style
+     two-cleft. (See _Phacelia_.) _Hab._--From Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+This is the largest-flowered of all our _Phacelias_. Its tall stems are
+abundantly covered above with the fine-looking blossoms. These are very
+attractive to the uninitiated, who usually rushes forward in breathless
+haste to possess himself of these new-found treasures and is rarely
+satisfied with less than a large bunch of them. But woe lies in wait for
+him. The innumerable glands, covering the whole plant, readily yield up
+their viscid fluid, which in a few moments turns everything with which it
+comes in contact to a deep red-brown, like iron-rust. If he escape with
+ruined clothing, and hands the color of a red Indian, he will have come off
+well--for the plant poisons some people.
+
+Another species--_P. viscida_, Torr.--found in about the same range as the
+above, resembles it closely. It is a foot or so high, branching from the
+base, and has blue flowers, with purple or white centers, and only half the
+size of the above.
+
+
+VIOLET NIGHTSHADE.
+
+_Solanum Xanti_, Gray. Nightshade Family.
+
+     Herbaceous nearly to the base; viscid-pubescent, with jointed
+     hairs. _Stems._--Several feet high. _Leaves._--Two inches or
+     less long; sometimes with lobes at the base; thin.
+     _Flowers._--An inch or so across. _Calyx._--Five-parted.
+     _Corolla._--Violet, with green spots ringed with white at the
+     base. _Stamens._--Five. Filaments short. Anthers erect; opening
+     terminally. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style filiform; exserted.
+     _Berries._--Purple; six lines in diameter. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+These plants are especially abundant in the south, where one encounters
+them upon every roadside. The clusters of violet flowers are very handsome,
+and often have the perfume of the wild rose.
+
+Another species--_S. umbelliferum_, Esch.--is so nearly like the above as
+to be often confounded with it. But it has smaller, thicker leaves, the
+hairs are branched, and it is more woody below, with shorter flowering
+branches.
+
+We once saw, in an ideal Japanese villa among the redwoods, a rustic arbor
+over which had been trained the rough, woody stems of one of these
+nightshades. The genius of these wise little people, who had adapted this
+pretty woodland climber to sylvan cultivation, seemed to us worthy of
+emulation.
+
+
+GREEN-BANDED MARIPOSA. NOONA.
+
+_Calochortus macrocarpus_, Dougl. Lily Family
+
+Nature has sent this, one of the finest and most elegant of all our
+_Mariposas_, to beautify the arid sagebrush deserts of our northeastern
+boundary. In Europe it is admired beyond all our other species, and there
+is a great demand for the bulbs. Its large flowers are of a beautiful
+lilac, similar in tone to the Marie Louise violet, and each pointed petal
+has a green band running down its center.
+
+[Illustration VIOLET NIGHTSHADE--_Solanum Xanti_.]
+
+Among the Indians of their native region the rather large bulbs of these
+plants are known as "noonas," and regarded as a priceless delicacy. Even
+those who have never experienced the bliss of tasting them know them by
+reputation as the acme of all that is delicious. When Mr. Johnson, of
+Astoria, wished to secure a number of the bulbs for the European market, he
+hired the squaws to dig them, but found that they ate them as fast as they
+dug them; and it was only by offering them most liberal stores of bacon and
+flour he could induce them to restrain their appetites and part with the
+treasure.
+
+
+SKULLCAP.
+
+_Scutellaria tuberosa_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several inches high, or at length trailing, and a
+     foot long; from small tubers. _Leaves._--One inch long and
+     less; not aromatic. _Flowers._--Axillary; blue-purple.
+     _Calyx._--Bilabiate. _Corolla._--Six lines or more long;
+     tubular; bilabiate. _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; ascending;
+     contained in the helmet. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     Style filiform. _Hab._--Hillsides, from San Diego northward;
+     probably throughout the State.
+
+The bright-green herbage and the rich purple-blue flowers of the little
+skullcap may be looked for early in February. In the north they grow upon
+dry, stony hill-slopes under the chaparral, while southward they often
+affect the walls of cañons, among moist, luxuriant vegetation.
+
+Though borne in the axils of the opposite leaves, the pretty blossoms, by a
+twist of their pedicels, stand side by side in pairs, in a very sociable
+way. The curious little two-lipped calyx resembles an old-fashioned Quaker
+bonnet.
+
+Another species--_S. angustifolia_, Pursh.--has linear to oblong leaves, an
+inch long; flowers an inch or more long, the lower lobe of whose corolla is
+hairy within, and the root is not tuberous. It is otherwise like the above.
+
+_S. Californica_, Gray, is very similar to the last species, but has
+cream-white flowers. This is found in early summer upon dry banks.
+
+[Illustration SKULLCAP--_Scutellaria tuberosa_.]
+
+
+CORAL-ROOT.
+
+_Corallorhiza Bigelovii_, Wats. Orchis Family.
+
+     Leafless plants, with coral-like roots.
+     _Scapes._--Flesh-colored; six to twenty-four inches high, with
+     two to four scarious, sheathing bracts. _Flowers._--Few to
+     many; sessile. _Perianth._--Of six segments. The five upper
+     yellowish, striped with purple. The lip yellowish, tipped with
+     deep red-purple. _Anther._--One; resting upon the column like a
+     lid; falling early. _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Central and
+     northern Coast Ranges and Sierras.
+
+The coral-root is very rare in some localities, and one may not meet it
+more than a few times. But there are favored spots where its flesh-colored
+stems rear themselves luxuriantly. One year I saw a magnificent bunch of
+them in the hands of some friends who were taking them to San Francisco to
+furnish a rare and costly decoration for some festive occasion. Some of the
+stems were two feet tall and thickly covered above with the odd flowers,
+making a cluster which it would be difficult to equal for quiet elegance of
+coloring.
+
+The plants are often found in redwood groves or upon wooded hill-slopes of
+north exposure, where the dull stems and flowers blend so nicely into the
+dead needles and leaves upon the ground that it is difficult to detect
+their presence.
+
+As its name indicates, the root is the counterpart of a spray of branching
+coral.
+
+Another species--_C. multiflora_, Nutt.--has stems of a colder purple; and
+the lip of the flower is white, spotted with purple, somewhat fan-shaped
+and three-lobed.
+
+[Illustration CORAL-ROOT--_Corallorhiza Bigelovii_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIA LILAC. BLUE MYRTLE. BLUE-BLOSSOM.
+
+_Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_, Esch. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Varying from small, prostrate shrubs in exposed places, to
+     erect shrubs or small trees. _Branches._--Strongly angled; not
+     spiny. _Leaves._--Elliptical; twelve to eighteen lines long;
+     three-nerved; smooth and shining above. _Flowers._--Bright to
+     pale blue, rarely white; in dense clusters about three inches
+     long, terminating the usually elongated, somewhat leafy
+     peduncles. _Capsules._--Globose; two lines in diameter; smooth,
+     not crested; slightly lobed. (See _Ceanothus_.) _Hab._--Near
+     the coast, from Monterey northward into Oregon.
+
+In the spring our chaparral-covered slopes begin to take on a bluish tinge,
+like the misty smoke of distant camp-fires, for which the blossoms of the
+California lilac are responsible. This is a graceful evergreen shrub, with
+rich, shining leaves, among which the abundant feathery clusters of tiny
+blue flowers find a charming setting. The blossoms are deliciously
+fragrant, filling the cool air with perfume.
+
+This shrub is never found far away from the coast, and it reaches its
+greatest beauty in Mendocino County, where it becomes a tree, sometimes
+thirty-five feet high. Its wood is exceedingly brittle. In early days it
+used to be cultivated in San Francisco gardens before it was crowded out by
+foreign shrubs, often far less worthy.
+
+It is known in some localities as "blue myrtle," and in others as
+"blue-blossom." The name "California lilac," by which it is most often
+known, is more generally and more appropriately applied to this species of
+_Ceanothus_ than to any of the others.
+
+The dark seeds are a favorite food of the quail.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIA LILAC--_Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_.]
+
+
+BLUE LARKSPUR. ESPUELA DEL CABALLERO.
+
+_Delphinium_, Tourn. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+California is rich in beautiful larkspurs, but the species are very
+difficult of determination and not well defined as yet. We have two
+well-marked scarlet species; but confusion still reigns among the blue and
+the white. Some of the latter are poisonous to sheep and cattle, causing
+great losses to the herds every year in some localities.
+
+Among the blue larkspurs are some of our handsomest spring flowers. Their
+slender wands, covered with magnificent large blossoms, rise abundantly on
+every side upon some of the mesas of our seashore, making charming
+flower-gardens upon the plains. They are so lavishly bestowed that every
+comer may gather his fill and still none be missed. In color they are
+matchless--of the richest of Mazarin blue and purple-blue.
+
+Other species are to be found upon the slopes of interior valleys and
+scattered all through the Coast Ranges and the Sierra foothills. In
+midsummer, which is the vernal springtime of the mountains, many lovely
+species deck the alpine meadows and brooksides.
+
+The Spanish-Californians have a pretty title for these blossoms--"espuela
+del caballero"--"the cavalier's spur."
+
+[Illustration BLUE LARKSPUR.]
+
+
+CAT'S-EARS. PUSSY'S-EARS.
+
+     _Calochortus Maweanus_, Leichtlein. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from San Francisco and
+     Butte County to the Willamette Valley.
+
+This is an exceedingly pretty little _Calochortus_, much resembling _C.
+Benthami_ in form, but having pure-white or purplish-blue flowers, which
+are also covered with hairs and delicately fringed with hairs on the
+margin. Its stems are low, slender, and graceful, without bulblets at the
+base; and the gland upon the petals has a transverse scale covering its
+upper portion.
+
+This plant belongs to the section of _Calochortus_ whose species are known
+as "star-tulips." In the Coast Ranges, in early spring, the blossoms are
+found in moist meadows near the sea, where they nestle amid the grasses.
+
+The children are specially fond of them, and know them as "cat's-ears" and
+"pussy's-ears."
+
+_C. uniflorus_, Hook. and Arn., found in wet meadows from San Francisco
+northward, has lilac to rose-purple flowers. Its petals are hairy on the
+lower third, and its stems bear small bulblets at the base underground.
+
+_C. umbellatus_, Wood., is very similar to _C. Maweanus_; but its
+pure-white petals are almost without hairs, and its stem is without
+bulblets. This is found blooming in March and April on the low mountains of
+Contra Costa and Marin Counties.
+
+
+PURPLE NEMOPHILA.
+
+     _Nemophila aurita_, Lindl. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet long; square; angled; weak; very
+     brittle; with backward-pointing, hooked bristles.
+     _Leaves._--All with a dilated, clasping, eared base or winged
+     petiole; above deeply pinnatifid into five to nine oblong or
+     lanceolate, downward-pointing lobes. _Corolla._--Violet; an
+     inch or so across. (Otherwise as _Nemophila insignis_.)
+     _Hab._--From San Francisco to San Diego.
+
+[Illustration _CAT'S-EARS--Calochortus Maweanus._]
+
+The purple _Nemophila_ is most abundant in the south, growing everywhere in
+early springtime upon hillsides partially shaded. Its long, coarse,
+hispid stems run riot over small undershrubs or dead or unsightly
+brushwood, often completely covering them with a mound of foliage thickly
+sown with the dull-purple flowers.
+
+At first it is difficult to realize that this plant of coarse habit belongs
+to the sisterhood of baby-eyes, those delicate, ethereal favorites of the
+springtime. In fact, one's first impression of it is that it is some new
+species of nightshade. One learns, however, to have a fondness for these
+blossoms and a growing desire to gather them; but their tangling,
+quarrelsome habit forbids one, if any other flowers are in question.
+
+It is said that the dark-eyed señoritas of early days decked their
+ball-dresses with sprays of this flower, which clung gracefully to the thin
+fabrics.
+
+
+GROUND-IRIS.
+
+     _Iris macrosiphon_, Torr. Iris Family.
+
+     Almost stemless plants, often forming mats.
+     _Rhizome._--Slender. _Radical-leaves._--Grasslike; six to
+     fifteen inches long. _Buds._--One or two; borne in sheathing
+     bracts. _Flowers._--On short pedicels; deep purple-blue, marked
+     with white. _Perianth._--With slender tube one to three inches
+     long. _Stamens._--Three; borne under the petaloid divisions of
+     the style. _Ovary._--Three-celled. _Capsule._--Oblong-ovoid;
+     shortly acute at each end; one inch long. Seeds in two rows in
+     each cell; compressed and angled. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges,
+     from San Mateo to Trinity County.
+
+When spring is at its height, this charming little _Iris_ may be found upon
+sunny, open hillsides among the unrolling crosiers of the common brake.
+There is something peculiarly captivating about these blossoms, with their
+satisfying richness of hue and perfect symmetry of form, added to which is
+a sweet, delicate perfume, an ideal exhalation of the springtime.
+
+As the buds unfold beautifully in water, it is better to gather buds than
+flowers, as the latter are too fragile to carry without breaking.
+
+[Illustration GROUND-IRIS--_Iris macrosiphon_.]
+
+_I. longipetala_, Herb., is the common bog-iris of our central coast. It
+grows in large clumps in wet places, and while not a delicate flower, it
+has a certain brave, hardy look as it stands out upon the wind-swept
+downs of the Coast. Its stems are rather stout, a foot or two high, and
+have from three to five large lilac flowers. The sepals are veined with
+deeper lilac and blotched with orange.
+
+
+WILD HELIOTROPE. VERVENIA.
+
+     _Phacelia tanacetifolia_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; rough and hairy.
+     _Leaves._--Much divided. _Flowers._--Bright violet to blue; in
+     clustered, scorpioid racemes. _Calyx-lobes._--Linear or
+     linear-spatulate. _Corolla._--Six lines long. Style two-cleft.
+     (See _Phacelia_.) _Hab._--Throughout the western part of the
+     State.
+
+The wild heliotrope is one of the most abundant flowers of midspring,
+especially in the south. It affects the gravelly banks of streams or the
+sandy soil of mesas; or grows all along the railroad embankments, making
+great mounds of foliage, thickly sown with the bright violet-blue blossoms;
+or it may often be seen clambering up through small shrubs, seeming to seek
+the support of their stiff branches. It is needless to say that this is not
+a true heliotrope, but belongs to the closely allied genus, _Phacelia_.
+
+The specific name, _tanacetifolia_, meaning with tansy-like leaves, is
+more applicable to the _var. tenuifolia_, Thurber. Among the
+Spanish-Californians it is known as "vervenía."
+
+It is a very important honey-plant.
+
+_P. Douglasii_, Torr., is a species with lavender corolla with much the
+aspect of the baby-blue-eyes. This is common in the western part of the
+State, south of Monterey, and is found sparingly north of that point.
+
+[Illustration WILD HELIOTROPE--_Phacelia tanacetifolia_.]
+
+
+BLUE-EYED GRASS. AZULEA. VILLELA.
+
+_Sisyrinchium bellum_, Wats. Iris Family.
+
+_Leaves._--Radical; grasslike; shorter than the stems. _Stems._--Flat;
+clustered; six to eighteen inches high. _Flowers._--Four to seven;
+contained in two nearly equal sheathing bracts. _Perianth._--Six-parted;
+purplish-blue, with yellow center; six lines to an inch across.
+_Stamens._--Three. Filaments united. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style
+filiform. Stigma spindle-shaped; three-cleft after fertilization.
+_Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+The blue-eyed grass is such a modest flower, one would never suspect it to
+be closely allied to the regal _Iris_. In late spring its quiet stars are
+found in our meadows everywhere. In the south it grows so luxuriantly and
+so determinedly that it has become a serious pest to the farmer, crowding
+more useful plants from the pasture.
+
+Owing to the quaint manner in which its petals kink up when they fade,
+these blossoms are called "nigger-babies" by the children. Among the
+Spanish-Californians the plant is known as "azulea" and "villela," and is
+made into a tea, which is considered a valuable remedy in fevers. It is
+thought that a patient can subsist for many days upon it alone.
+
+_S. Californicum_, Ait., the "golden-eyed grass," with bright yellow
+flowers, is found in wet places all up and down the Coast.
+
+
+BABY-EYES. BLUE-VEINED NEMOPHILA.
+
+     _Nemophila intermedia_, Bioletti. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf
+     Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--With petioles somewhat widened at base and ciliate;
+     the upper all opposite. _Corolla._--Nine to twelve lines wide;
+     light blue to white; distinctly blue-veined or more or less
+     sown with purple dots. Scales of the corolla long, narrow,
+     hairy, with expanded tips extending nearly to the sinuses.
+     _Ovary._--Rounded; with twelve to twenty-four ovules.
+     (Otherwise as _N. insignis_.) _Syn._--_Nemophila Menziesii_,
+     Hook. and Arn. _Hab._--Rather widespread.
+
+[Illustration BLUE-EYED GRASS--_Sisyrinchium bellum_.]
+
+This beautiful _Nemophila_ is a more fragile flower than its sister, the
+baby-blue-eyes. Its delicate corolla is usually white in the center,
+blending to azure-blue upon the rim, and dotted and veined with the same.
+At its best, it is an inch across. It affects the borders of moist
+woodlands, rarely venturing far out into the openings. There it nestles
+amid the tender herbage, often producing its ethereal flowers in such
+profusion that it seems as though bits of the sky had fallen to earth. In
+the south these blossoms do not seem so truly at home--for they are never
+so large nor so fine.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN MILKWORT.
+
+     _Polygala Californica_, Nutt. Milkwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to eight inches high. _Leaves._--Six to twelve
+     lines long. _Flowers._--Rose-purple. _Sepals._--Five; two of
+     them large and spreading like wings; six lines or less long.
+     _Petals._--Three; united to each other and to the stamen-tube;
+     the middle one hooded above and beaked. _Stamens._--Eight.
+     Filaments united into a sheath, which is open above. Anthers
+     one-celled; opening terminally. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style
+     enlarging upward; curved like a button-hook. _Pod._--Rounded;
+     flat; three or four lines across. _Syn._--_P. cucullata_,
+     Benth. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges southward to Santa Barbara and
+     beyond.
+
+In late spring the little flowers of the milkwort are common upon dry
+hill-slopes in the shade of the trees. The small plants have a very
+grown-up look, as though their age might be greater than indicated by their
+stature. At first glance, one is quite certain to mistake these plants for
+members of the pea family, as the blossoms have wings and a keel like the
+papilionaceous flower. But a careful counting of sepals, petals, and
+stamens will reveal their separate identity.
+
+A curious feature of this plant is the fact that it bears another kind of
+flower near the root. This is without petals, and is destined, for some
+strange reason, to bear the seed. The upper flowers seem mostly for show,
+though one does occasionally mature fruit.
+
+_P. cornuta_, Kell., found in the Sierras, is a larger plant, with
+greenish-white flowers.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN MILKWORT--_Polygala Californica_.]
+
+
+WILD CANTERBURY-BELL.
+
+     _Phacelia Whitlavia_, Gray. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     A foot or so high; very hairy and glandular.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; ovate or deltoid; toothed;
+     twelve to eighteen lines long. _Flowers._--Purple.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--An inch or more long.
+     _Stamens._--Five; on the base of the corolla; appendaged at
+     base; long-exserted, with the two-cleft style.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Syn._--_Whitlavia grandiflora_, Harv.
+     _Hab._--From Los Angeles to San Bernardino.
+
+The wild Canterbury-bell is one of the most charming flowers to be found
+anywhere. It affects the rich soil of half-shaded hill-slopes in the
+vicinity of streams, where it opens its beautiful fragile bells. Its stems
+are very brittle, and the blossoms fall early, the lower ones usually
+having passed away before the upper buds have emerged from the coil. The
+exceedingly long stamens and style give these blossoms an elegant, airy
+look.
+
+_P. Parryi_, Torr., is another beautiful species, found from Los Angeles to
+San Diego. It resembles the above in foliage, color of blossoms, and the
+long stamens; but the form of the flowers is that of the _Nemophila_.
+
+
+BIRD'S-EYES.
+
+     _Gilia tricolor_, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; branching; six inches to a foot or more
+     high. _Leaves._--Twice pinnately parted into narrow linear
+     lobes. _Corolla._--Six lines long; with yellow tube;
+     funnel-form throat, marked with deep violet-purple; and lilac
+     or white limb. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Throughout Western
+     California.
+
+Whole slopes are often carpeted with this dainty _Gilia_, producing an
+effect which has been described as like light chinchilla. The little
+blossoms have a peculiarly fresh and winsome look, and are called
+"bird's-eyes" by the children. The corollas are delicate lilac, blending
+into white toward the center, while the throat has five purple spots
+within, which give way to bright gold below.
+
+[Illustration WILD CANTERBURY-BELL--_Phacelia Whitlavia_.]
+
+
+BABY-BLUE-EYES. CALIFORNIAN BLUEBELLS. MARIANAS.
+
+     _Nemophila insignis_, Dougl. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Tender, more or less hairy herbs. _Stems._--Branching; six to
+     twelve inches long. _Leaves._--Pinnately parted into five to
+     nine small, oblong, entire or two- to five-lobed divisions.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted, with five extra, alternating, reflexed
+     lobes. _Corolla._--An inch or more across; from azure-blue,
+     with a large, well-defined white center, more or less dotted,
+     to deep blue. The throat furnished with ten short, wide, hairy
+     scales, or plates. _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style two-cleft. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+When skies are smiling and the earth is already clothed with a luxuriant
+and tender herbage, we find upon some balmy morning that the baby-eyes have
+opened in gentle surprise upon the lovely world. The spring breezes blow
+over no more beautiful and ethereal flowers than these. Companies of them
+open together, dotting the sward and luring us on from one to another, the
+one just beyond always seeming a little brighter blue or a little more
+captivating than those near at hand, till we are beguiled into filling our
+hands with them.
+
+These delicate blossoms vary greatly in size and color. The largest and
+finest I ever saw grew upon the flower-sprinkled slopes of Lake Merced,
+near San Francisco. There the perfect azure corollas were an inch and a
+half across, with the large white circle in the center well defined.
+
+Under southern skies it becomes a deep Yale blue, with the texture of
+tissue-paper, and with dark red-brown anthers.
+
+From the campanulate, half-opened buds, it has been called "Californian
+bluebell," and among the Spanish-Californians it is known as "Mariana."
+
+[Illustration BABY-BLUE-EYES--_Nemophila insignis_.]
+
+
+LILAC SAND-VERBENA. WILD LANTANA.
+
+_Abronia villosa_, Wats. Four-o'clock Family.
+
+Plants with more or less glandular-villous pubescence. _Stems._--Prostrate.
+_Leaves._--Rarely an inch long. _Peduncles._--One to three inches long;
+five- to fifteen-flowered. _Involucral bracts._--Lanceolate; three or four
+lines long. _Perianth._--Lilac; four or five lines across; with obcordate
+lobes. (Otherwise as _A. latifotia_.) _Hab._--San Diego and eastward; also
+in southern deserts.
+
+The charming flowers of the lilac sand-verbena are not found upon the
+immediate sea-beach, but always a little withdrawn from it, where the soil
+is more firmly established, yet within sight and sound of the waves. The
+blossoms have a delicate beauty, not shared by our other species of
+_Abronia_, and somewhat resemble our garden verbenas. They are sometimes
+called "wild lantana."
+
+_A. umbellata_, Lam., is common all up and down our coast, often making
+masses of deep pink on the beach; while _A. maritima_, Nutt., is found from
+Santa Barbara to San Diego. The latter is a very stout, coarse, viscid
+plant, with small, very deep magenta flowers.
+
+
+CAMASS. KAMASS. WILD HYACINTH.
+
+     _Camassia esculenta_, Lindl. Lily Family.
+
+     Bulbs coated. _Leaves._--Radical; six or eight; grasslike;
+     three to eight lines broad; usually shorter than the scape.
+     _Scape._--Twelve to twenty-four inches high; loosely ten- to
+     twenty-flowered. Pedicels three to twelve lines long.
+     _Flowers._--From dark blue to nearly white; seven to fifteen
+     lines long or more; an inch or so across. _Perianth._--Of six
+     distinct, oblanceolate, three- to seven-nerved segments.
+     _Stamens._--Six; shorter than the segments. Anthers yellow.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style filiform; about equaling the
+     perianth; slightly three-cleft at the summit. _Hab._--From
+     Central California to Washington.
+
+In some localities these plants are found covering meadows and marshy
+tracts in great profusion. They bear beautiful clusters of showy blue
+flowers, somewhat like the hyacinth in habit, and have long been favorites
+in European gardens. We are especially interested in them, however, on
+account of the bulbs, which are about an inch in diameter and very
+nutritious.
+
+Grizzly bears, when more plentiful in the early days, were particularly
+fond of them; and the northern Indians to-day value them very highly as an
+article of diet, calling them "kamáss." Indeed, the Nez Percé Indian war in
+Idaho was caused by encroachments upon the territory which was especially
+rich in these bulbs. The plants are more abundant north of us than with us.
+
+Mr. Macoun gives a most interesting account in "Garden and Forest" of the
+preparation of kamáss among the Indians, which is a very important and
+elaborate performance. He says, in substance: For some days beforehand the
+squaws were busily engaged in carrying into camp branches of alder and
+maple, bundles of skunk-cabbage (_Lysichiton_), and a quantity of a black,
+hairlike lichen, which grows in profusion upon the western larch. A hole
+ten feet square and two feet deep was then dug, and a large fire was made
+in this, in which they heated a great many small boulders to the glowing
+point. They then piled maple and alder boughs over these to the depth of a
+foot or more, tramped them down, and laid over them the leaves of the
+skunk-cabbage. Thin sheets of tamarack bark were spread over the steaming
+green mass, and upon these were placed the bulbs in large baskets. The
+black lichen was laid over the uncovered bark, and the remaining bulbs were
+spread on this. The whole was then covered with boughs and leaves as
+before, and sand was sprinkled on to the depth of four or five inches, and
+on the top of the whole a larger fire than before was built. The sun was
+just setting when this was lighted, and it burned all night. The oven was
+left for a day to cool. When opened, the bulbs in the baskets were
+dissolved to a flour, from which bread could be made; while those on the
+lichen had become amalgamated with it, forming a substance resembling
+plug-tobacco, which could be broken up and kept sweet a long time.
+
+When boiled in water, the bulbs yield a very good molasses, much prized by
+the Indians, and used by them upon important festival occasions.
+
+There is a white-flowered form of this same species, whose bulb is said to
+be poisonous.
+
+
+INNOCENCE. COLLINSIA.
+
+_Collinsia bicolor_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+_Stems._--A foot or so high. _Leaves._--The lower oblong; the upper
+ovate-lanceolate. _Calyx._--Unequally five-cleft. _Corolla._--Nine lines
+long. Upper lip lilac or white; lower of three lobes; the middle folded
+into a keeled sac containing the stamens and style; the two lateral
+rose-purple. _Stamens._--Four; in two pairs on the corolla. Upper filaments
+bearded. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style filiform. _Hab._--Throughout Western
+California.
+
+Where spreading trees cast a dense shade and the moisture still lingers,
+companies of lovely _Collinsias_ stand amid the fresh green grasses, their
+delicate, many-storied blossoms swaying upon the idle breezes. In the north
+these are in the rear guard of spring flowers, and make their appearance
+just before the _Godetias_ bid farewell to spring; but in the south they
+come earlier. They vary much in color, from the typical rose-purple and
+white or lilac to all white.
+
+We have a number of species; but _C. bicolor_ is the most showy and
+widespread.
+
+
+BLACK SAGE. BALL-SAGE.
+
+     _Audibertia stachyoides_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Shrubby; three to eight feet high; with herbaceous flowering
+     branches. _Leaves._--Opposite; oblong-lanceolate; tapering into
+     a petiole; crenate. _Flowers._--In interrupted spikes, having
+     from three to nine dense, rather remote, headlike, bracteate
+     whorls. _Calyx._--Bilabiate; each lip with two or three awned
+     teeth. _Corolla._--Lavender; six lines long; bilabiate. Upper
+     lip erect; emarginate; lower deflexed; three-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Two sterile; two perfect on jointed filaments.
+     _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style slender. Stigma
+     two-cleft. _Hab._--From San Francisco Bay to San Diego.
+
+We have but two or three true sages, or _Salvias_, in California; but the
+plants of the closely allied genus _Audibertia_ are with perfect propriety
+called sages, as they manifest all the characteristics of that genus,
+differing only in the structure of the stamens. There are a number of
+species of _Audibertia_, all of them important honey-plants. They are
+particularly abundant in the south, where they form a characteristic
+feature in the landscape, often covering whole hill-slopes.
+
+[Illustration COLLINSIA--_Collinsia bicolor_.]
+
+_A. stachyoides_ frequently forms dense thickets over vast reaches of
+mountain-side, and when in full bloom is very noticeable. Its specific name
+is a happy one, denoting its resemblance to the _Stachys_, or hedge-nettle.
+But its pointed leaves, shrubby habit, and rank odor, together with its
+more numerous flower-whorls, proclaim its separate identity.
+
+_A. nivea_, Benth., found from Santa Barbara to San Diego, has larger
+spikes of rich, warm lilac flowers. Nothing could be more charming than the
+soft lavender billows of it undulating over slope after slope of wild
+mountain-side.
+
+
+BLUE GILIA.
+
+_Cilia Chamissonis_, Greene. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+_Stems._--About a foot high. _Leaves._--Alternate; dissected into linear
+segments. _Flowers._--In capitate clusters an inch and a half across; deep
+blue. _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--Four lines long; with five obtuse
+lobes. _Stamens._--Exserted. Anthers nearly white. (See _Gilia_.)
+_Hab._--The Coast of Central California.
+
+This pretty _Gilia_ is quite common about San Francisco in springtime, and
+often makes masses of bright deep blue over the fields.
+
+_G. capitata_, Dougl., is a closely allied species, found in the Coast
+Ranges from Central California northward. This is in every way a more
+delicate plant. Its stems are taller and more slender; its flower-heads are
+less than an inch across, and composed of very small light-blue flowers,
+with feathery, exserted stamens.
+
+_G. achilleæfolia_, Benth., is a beautiful form, closely related to both
+the above, but quite variable in habit. Its flowers are light
+lavender-blue, six lines or so long, and are borne in larger clusters,
+often two inches across, on long, naked peduncles. At a little distance
+these blossoms somewhat resemble the clusters of _Brodiæa capitata_.
+
+[Illustration BLUE GILIA--_Gilia Chamissonis_.]
+
+
+CHIA. SAGE.
+
+_Salvia Columbariæ_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--Wrinkly; one
+     to several inches long. _Flowers._--Blue; in interrupted
+     whorls. _Whorls._--Twelve to eighteen lines in diameter;
+     subtended by numerous, ovate-acuminate bracts.
+     _Calyx._--Bilabiate; upper lip arching, and tipped with two
+     short bristles; lower, of two awn-like teeth. _Corolla._--Three
+     or four lines long; bilabiate. Upper lip erect; notched or
+     two-lobed. Lower deflexed; with three lobes, the central much
+     larger. _Stamens._--Two. Filaments two; short; apparently
+     forked--_i.e._ bearing on their summit a cross-bar having on
+     one end a perfect anther-cell and on the other a dwarfed or
+     rudimentary one. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style
+     slender. _Hab._--Throughout the State, specially southward.
+
+This rough-leaved sage is quite common, especially southward, and grows
+upon dry hillsides or in sandy washes, where it blossoms in early spring.
+Its small bright-blue flowers are borne in an interrupted spike, consisting
+of from one to four button-like heads. Each of these heads has below it a
+number of leafy bracts, which are often of a bright wine-color, and form a
+rather striking combination with the blue flowers.
+
+After the blossoms have passed away, the dried stems and heads remain
+standing all over the hills, shaking out the little gray seed in abundance.
+These seeds have been for centuries an article of economic importance to
+the aborigines and their descendants. Dr. Rothrock writes that among the
+Nahua races of ancient Mexico the plant was cultivated as regularly as
+corn, and was one of their most important cereals. Quantities of the seed
+have been found buried beneath groves which must be at least several
+hundred years old. It was in use among the Indians of California before the
+occupation of the country by the whites, being known among them as "chia."
+
+Dr. Bard writes of these seeds: "They were roasted, ground, and used as
+food by being mixed with water. Thus prepared, it soon develops into a
+mucilaginous mass, larger than its original bulk. Its taste is somewhat
+like that of linseed meal. It is exceedingly nutritious, and was readily
+borne by the stomach when that organ refused to tolerate other aliment. An
+atole, or gruel, of this was one of the peace offerings to the first
+visiting sailors. One tablespoonful of these seeds was sufficient to
+sustain for twenty-four hours an Indian on a forced march. Chia was no less
+prized by the native Californian, and at this late date it frequently
+commands six or eight dollars a pound."
+
+[Illustration CHIA--_Salvia Columbariæ_.]
+
+When added to water, the seeds make a cooling drink, which has the effect
+of assuaging burning thirst--a very valuable quality on the desert.
+
+
+BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE.
+
+_Lupinus bicolor_, Lindl. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stoutish; six to ten inches high; silky.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; with small stipules. _Leaflets._--Five to
+     seven; linear-spatulate; one inch long. _Flowers._--Four or
+     five lines long; blue and white; the white changing to
+     red-purple after fertilization. Upper calyx-lip bifid; lower
+     twice as long; entire. _Keel._--Falcate; acute; ciliate toward
+     the apex. _Pod._--Small; about five-seeded. (See _Lupinus_.)
+     _Hab._--Western Central California.
+
+In late spring the open fields about San Francisco take on a delicate,
+amethystine tinge, due to the blossoms of the blue-and-white lupine. After
+fertilization has taken place, the white in these blossoms turns to deep
+red, and this admixture gives the general lilac tone to the mass.
+
+
+DOUGLAS IRIS.
+
+_Iris Douglasiana_, Herb. Iris Family.
+
+     _Rhizomes._--Stoutish; clumps not dense.
+     _Radical-leaves._--Strongly ribbed underneath; dark, shining
+     green above; one to three feet long; three to eight lines
+     broad; flexile; rosy pink at base. _Stems._--Simple; two- or
+     three-flowered. Flowers.--On pedicels six to eighteen lines
+     long; deep reddish-purple, lilac, or cream.
+     _Perianth-tube._--Six to twelve lines long.
+     _Capsule._--Narrowly oblong; acutely triangular; twenty lines
+     long. Seeds nearly globular. (Otherwise as _I. macrosiphon_.)
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from Santa Cruz to Marin County.
+
+On account of the bright and varied hues of its flowers, the genus _Iris_
+was named for the rainbow-winged messenger of the gods. In France it is
+known as "fleur-de-lis," a name whose origin has caused endless discussion
+and has been accounted for in many ways. There are many species, all of
+them beautiful. Orris-root is the product of the lovely white Florentine
+_Iris_.
+
+[Illustration BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE--_Lupinus bicolor_.]
+
+In California we have several comparatively well-known species, and a
+number of others which are without names as yet; but the Douglas _Iris_ is
+probably our most beautiful. It thrives well upon open mesas or upon
+well-drained hill-slope in the shelter of the chaparral. But it is found at
+its best in the rich soil of moist woodlands, whose seclusion seems the
+most fitting abode for so aristocratic a flower. There, surrounded by the
+delicate greenery of fern-fronds and a hundred other tender, springing
+things, it seems to hold a sylvan court, receiving homage from all the
+other denizens of the wood. There is a certain marked and personal
+individuality about these flowers which makes encountering them seem like
+meeting certain distinguished personages.
+
+
+ITHURIEL'S SPEAR. BLUE MILLA.
+
+_Brodiæa laxa_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Small; fiber-coated. _Leaves._--Usually two; radical;
+     linear channeled. _Scapes._--Six inches to two feet high.
+     _Umbels._--Of ten to thirty or more purple or violet, or even
+     white, flowers. _Pedicels._--One to three inches long.
+     _Perianth._--Twelve to twenty lines long. _Stamens._--Six; in
+     two rows; the upper opposite the inner lobes of the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled; on a stalk six lines long. _Hab._--From
+     Kern County to Northern Oregon.
+
+After the delicate _Collinsias_ have stolen away, the beautiful flowers of
+Ithuriel's spear begin to claim our attention in open grassy spots on the
+borders of rich woodlands. The common name is a happy one; for there is
+something commanding about this tall blossom-crowned shaft. It will perhaps
+be remembered that the angel Ithuriel possessed a truth compelling spear.
+When Satan, disguised, went to the Garden of Eden to tempt Eve, Ithuriel
+and Zephon were sent to expel him.
+
+[Illustration ITHURIEL'S SPEAR--_Brodiæa laxa_.]
+
+                    ... "him there they found,
+    Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve,
+    Assaying by his devilish art to reach
+    The organs of her fancy, and with them forge
+    Illusions as he list, phantasms, and dreams;
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear
+    Touched lightly; for no falsehood can endure
+    Touch of celestial temper, but returns
+    Of force to its own likeness: up he starts
+    Discovered and surprised."
+
+
+BEACH-ASTER.
+
+_Erigeron glaucus_, Ker. Composite Family.
+
+     Six to twelve inches high, having a tuft of radical leaves and
+     some ascending stems. _Leaves._--Obovate or spatulate-oblong;
+     one to four inches long; pale; somewhat succulent; slightly
+     viscid. _Flower-heads._--Composed of dull-yellow disk-flowers
+     and bright-violet ray-flowers. _Disk._--Eight lines or so
+     across. _Rays._--Six or eight lines long; narrow; numerous; in
+     several rows. _Hab._--The Coast, from Oregon to Southern
+     California.
+
+Almost anywhere upon our Coast, "within the roar of a surf-tormented
+shore," we can find the beautiful blossoms of the beach-aster. We may know
+them by their resemblance to the China asters of our gardens, though they
+are not so large. They present a most delightful combination of color in
+their old-gold centers, violet rays, and rather pale foliage.
+
+
+TOAD-FLAX.
+
+_Linaria Canadensis_, Dumont. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; six inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly alternate on the flowering stems, but smaller
+     and broader ones often opposite or whorled on the procumbent
+     shoots; linear; smooth. _Flowers._--Blue; in terminal racemes;
+     like those of _Antirrhinum_, but the tube furnished with a
+     long, downward-pointing spur at base. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+The delicate blue flowers of the toad-flax are not uncommon in spring, and
+the plants are usually found in sandy soil. The little blossoms are very
+ethereal and have a sweet perfume. I once saw a deep blue band upon a mesa
+near San Diego, which vied in richness with the ultramarine of the sea just
+beyond. It stretched for some distance, and at last curved around and
+crossed the road over which I was passing, when it proved to be made up of
+millions of these delicate flowers. The color effect seemed cumulative, for
+the mass was so much richer and deeper than the individual flowers.
+
+[Illustration BEACH-ASTER--_Erigeron glaucus_.]
+
+
+CATALINA MARIPOSA TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus Catalinæ_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two feet high; loosely branching; bulbiferous. Leaves
+     and bracts linear-lanceolate. _Flowers._--Erect; eighteen lines
+     or so long. _Sepals._--Green without; scarious-margined;
+     whitish within; with purple spot at base; one inch long; acute.
+     _Petals._--White; with garnet base; bearing a round gland
+     covered with hairs. Filaments garnet. _Capsule._--Narrowly
+     oblong; three-sided; obtuse; an inch or two long. Seeds flat;
+     horizontal. (See _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--From San Luis Obispo
+     County to San Bernardino; and the islands off the Coast.
+
+This is one of the earliest _Mariposas_ to bloom in the south. Its
+beautiful, stately white cups have a garnet base within, and this, with its
+oblong, obtuse capsule and horizontal seeds, clearly identifies it. These
+blossoms are favorite resting-places for the bees, who are often beguiled
+in them from their labors and lulled to a gentle slumber. We have
+frequently startled the little truants from these siestas, and with
+amusement watched them struggling for a moment before regaining
+consciousness and whizzing away once more upon their round of duties.
+
+This may be designated our maritime _Calochortus_, as it is found mostly
+near the Coast or upon its islands.
+
+_C. splendens_, Dougl., found in the Coast Ranges from Lake County to San
+Diego, is sometimes confused with the above. It is a beautiful flower,
+whose petals are a clear rose-lilac without spots or marks, with long,
+whitish, cobwebby hairs on their middle third. Its anthers are purple or
+lilac, three to six lines long.
+
+
+DOG-VIOLET.
+
+_Viola canina, var. adunca_, Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Leafy; several from the rootstocks. _Leaves._--Ovate;
+     often somewhat cordate at base; acute or obtuse; six to
+     eighteen lines long; obscurely crenate. Stipules foliaceous;
+     narrowly lanceolate; lacerately toothed. _Flowers._--Violet or
+     purple; rather large. Lateral petals bearded. Spur as long as
+     the sepals; rather slender; obtuse; hooked or curved.
+     (Otherwise as _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from
+     San Francisco to Washington.
+
+                      ... "violets
+    Which yet join not scent to hue
+    Crown the pale year weak and new."
+
+Nestling amid the grasses on many a moist mesa by the sea, the modest
+flowers of the dog-violet may be found at almost any time of year. They
+vary greatly in the length of their stems, according to the season and the
+locality of growth.
+
+
+THISTLE-SAGE.
+
+_Salvia carduacea_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; thistle-like; with cobwebby wool.
+     _Stems._--Stout; a foot or two high. _Flower-whorls._--An inch
+     or two through. _Calyx._--Bilabiate; with five spiny teeth.
+     _Corolla._--Lavender; an inch long. Upper lip erect; two-cleft.
+     Lower fan-shaped; white-fringed. _Stamens._--On the lower lip.
+     Proper filaments very short, with one short and one long fork,
+     each bearing an anther-cell. (Otherwise like _S. Columbariæ_.)
+     _Hab._--Western and Southern California.
+
+Upon the dry, open plains of the south, the charming flowers of the
+thistle-sage make their appearance by May. Upon the train we pass myriads
+of them standing along the embankments, and seeming to beckon mockingly at
+us, well knowing the train almost never stops where we can get them.
+
+These plants present the most remarkable blending of the rigid,
+uncompromising, touch-me-not aspect and the ethereal and fragile. In each
+of the several stories of the flower-cluster there are usually a number of
+the exquisitely delicate flowers in bloom at once, standing above the
+hemisphere of densely crowded, spiny calyx-tips. Nothing more airy or
+fantastic could well be imagined than these diaphanous blossoms. The upper
+lip of the corolla stands erect, its two lobes side by side, or crossed
+like two delicate little hands. The lower lip has two small and
+inconspicuous lateral lobes and one large central one, which is like the
+ruff of a fantail pigeon and daintily fringed with white. The color
+combination in these blossoms is charming. To the sage green of the foliage
+and the lilac of the blossoms is added the dash of orange in the anthers
+that puts the finishing touch. The whole plant has a heavy, dull odor of
+sage.
+
+This species is also sometimes called "chia," and its seeds are used in the
+same manner as those of our other _Salvia_, but to no such extent.
+
+
+VIOLET BEARD-TONGUE.
+
+_Pentstemon heterophyllus_, Lindl. Figwort Family.
+
+     Woody at base; many-stemmed. _Stems._--Two to five feet tall.
+     _Leaves._--Lanceolate or linear; or the lowest
+     oblong-lanceolate; diminishing into narrow floral bracts.
+     _Panicle._--Narrow. Pedicels one- to three-flowered; short and
+     erect. _Corolla._--Rose-purple, or violet suffused with pink;
+     an inch or more long; ventricose-funnel-form above the narrow,
+     slender tube. (See _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--Western California,
+     specially southward.
+
+The beautiful flowers of the violet beard-tongue are often seen among the
+soft browns of our dusty roadsides in early summer. They are truly charming
+flowers, and we marvel how any one can pass them by unnoticed. I have seen
+them especially showy in the southern part of the State, in Santa Barbara
+and Ventura Counties, where the plants often spread over two or three feet,
+sending up innumerable slender flower-covered wands. The undeveloped buds
+are of a characteristic greenish-yellow tone, making an unusual contrast to
+the expanded flowers and the rather pale foliage. The structure of the
+anthers is quite interesting, each cell consisting of a little bag with
+bristly margins, the two together being heart-shaped in outline.
+
+_P. azureus_, Benth., or the "azure beard-tongue," is very similar to the
+above, growing from one to three feet high; but it is smooth and glaucous;
+its leaves are inclined to have a broader base, and its flowers are usually
+larger, azure blue, approaching violet, sometimes having a red-purple
+tube, while its border is often an inch across. This is found throughout
+the State, but is more common in the interior and in the Sierras. Its buds
+are not yellow.
+
+[Illustration AZURE BEARD-TONGUE--_Pentstemon heterophyllus_.]
+
+
+WILD GINGER.
+
+_Asarum caudatum_, Lindl. Birthwort Family.
+
+     _Rootstocks._--Creeping; aboveground. _Leaves._--Alternate; two
+     to four inches long; heart-shaped; not mottled; shining green.
+     _Flowers._--Raisin-colored. _Perianth._--With spherical tube
+     and three long-pointed lobes, thirty lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Twelve. Filaments more or less coherent in groups,
+     adherent to the styles, and produced beaklike beyond the
+     anthers. _Ovary._--Six-celled. Styles united; equaling the
+     stamens. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz to British
+     Columbia.
+
+The beautiful long-stemmed leaves of the wild ginger stand upon the borders
+of many a shaded cañon stream, seeming to enjoy the gossiping of the brook
+as it gurgles by. The leaves and roots of these plants are aromatic, and
+the former when crushed emit a pleasant fragrance, similar to that of the
+camphor-laurel. The branching rootstocks, creeping along the surface of the
+ground, grow from their tips; which are swathed in the undeveloped silky
+leaves.
+
+In the spring a warm hue comes among these closely-folded leaves, and
+presently a curious dull-colored bud begins to protrude its long tip from
+their midst. This bud looks as though some worm had eaten off its end; but
+we soon see that its blunt appearance is due to the fact that the long
+prongs of the sepals are neatly folded in upon themselves, like the jointed
+leg of an insect. It must require considerable force in the flower to
+unfurl them. When at length expanded, these blossoms have the look of some
+rapacious, hobgoblin spider, lurking for its prey.
+
+Another species--_A. Hartwegi_, Wats.--the "Sierra wild ginger," is easily
+distinguished from the above by its white-mottled leaves, which grow in
+clusters, and by its smaller flowers. It blooms later than the other, its
+flowers lasting into July. These plants are closely related to the
+"Dutchman's pipe."
+
+[Illustration WILD GINGER--_Asarum caudatum_.]
+
+
+COMMON MILKWEED. SILKWEED.
+
+_Asclepias Mexicana_, Cav. Milkweed Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to five feet high; slender. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     whorled and fascicled; linear-lanceolate; short-petioled; two
+     to six inches long. _Peduncles._--Erect; slender; often in
+     whorls. _Flowers._--Very small and numerous; in umbels; white
+     and lavender. _Corolla-lobes._--Two lines long.
+     _Anthers._--Twice the filament column. _Horns._--Awl-shaped;
+     arising from below the middle of the ovate hoods, and
+     conspicuously curved over the stigma. _Pods._--Slender;
+     spindle-shaped. (Structure otherwise as in _Gomphocarpus_.)
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State, and beyond its borders.
+
+This is one of our most widely distributed milkweeds, and may be found
+blossoming along our dusty roadsides and through the fields in early
+summer. Its stems are tall and wandlike with long, narrow leaves, and its
+little blossoms are very trim. Its distaff-shaped pods, with their
+beautiful silken down, are familiar objects, much beloved by the children,
+and are sought by older people who utilize them in many dainty ways.
+
+
+CHICORY. SUCCORY. WILD BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.
+
+_Cichorium Intybus_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to five feet high; much branched.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; the lower oblong or lanceolate, partly
+     clasping, sometimes sharply incised; the upper reduced to
+     bracts. _Flower-heads._--Bright blue; sessile; two or three
+     together in the axils of the leaves or terminal; of ray-flowers
+     only. _Rays._--Ten lines long; about two wide; notched at the
+     tip. Bracts of the involucre in two series; green.
+     _Hab._--Escaped from cultivation in many places.
+
+The most careless observer will some day have his attention startled into
+activity by a certain tall, fine plant growing along the roadside, bearing
+beautiful, ragged blue flowers closely set to its stem. This is a stranger
+from over the seas, whose native home is England; and, like all English, it
+is an excellent colonist, having pushed its way into most parts of the
+civilized world. It has become quite plentiful among us in the last few
+years, and whole fields may often be seen covered with its lovely
+bright-blue blossoms, which are known as "ragged sailors," and "wild
+bachelor's-buttons." They open in the early morning, closing by midday.
+In Europe a popular belief is rife that they open at eight o'clock in the
+morning and close at four in the afternoon.
+
+[Illustration COMMON MILKWEED--_Asclepias Mexicana_.]
+
+    "On upland slopes the shepherds mark
+      The hour when, to the dial true,
+    Cichorium to the towering lark
+      Lifts her soft eye, serenely blue."
+
+The plant is useful in several ways. Its root is boiled and eaten as a
+vegetable; the leaves, when blanched, make an excellent salad; and the
+whole plant was formerly employed in medicine, and is still considered a
+valuable remedy for jaundice. But the most common use of it is as a
+substitute for coffee, or as an adulterant of it. The fleshy, milky root is
+dried, ground, and roasted, and though it has neither the essential oil nor
+the delicious aroma of coffee, it is not an unpleasant beverage, and its
+cheapness brings it within the reach of the very poor.
+
+The chicory industry has grown to be of considerable importance in
+California of late. The plants are grown in reclaimed tule land near
+Stockton, where there is a factory for the conversion of the root into the
+commercial article.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN LOBELIA.
+
+_Downingia pulchella_, Torr. Lobelia Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to six inches high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     sessile; linear; obtuse; passing into flower-bracts above.
+     _Flowers._--Racemose; blue. _Calyx-tube._--Very long and
+     slender; adnate to the ovary; its limb of five slender
+     divisions. _Corolla._--With short tube and bilabiate border.
+     The smaller lip of two narrow spreading or recurved divisions;
+     the larger three-lobed; broader than long; nine or ten lines by
+     five or six lines. All the lobes intense blue; the large
+     centers mostly white. _Stamens._--Five; united into a curved
+     tube. _Capsule._--Splitting at the sides. _Hab._--Nearly
+     throughout the State.
+
+These little lobeliaceous plants are very common, especially upon the
+plains of the interior, and may be found growing in wet places, where they
+often make the ground blue. The showy, white-centered flowers are familiar
+along the roadsides upon the borders of puddles. The blossoms, which are
+really stemless, appear to have stems of considerable length, owing to the
+very long, slender ovary and calyx-tube. They are cultivated for ornament
+under the name of _Clintonia pulchella_.
+
+We have one other species in the northern part of the State. It is a larger
+plant, sometimes a foot tall, with ovate to lanceolate leaves. This is _D.
+elegans_, Torr.
+
+
+FALSE INDIGO. LEAD-PLANT.
+
+_Amorpha Californica_, Nutt. Pea Family.
+
+     Shrubs three to over eight feet high. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     alternate; with stipules; pinnate. _Leaflets._--One inch long;
+     five to nine or more pairs. _Flower-spikes._--Two to six inches
+     long. _Flowers._--Black-purple; two and a half lines long.
+     _Calyx._--Half as long. _Corolla._--With only one petal! (the
+     standard); this erect and folded. _Stamens._--Slightly united
+     at base; exserted. _Ovary._--One-celled. _Pod._--Three lines
+     long. (See _Leguminosæ_.) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Marin
+     County to San Diego.
+
+This shrub or small tree is remarkable for its sickeningly fragrant
+foliage. The small blossoms, taken individually, are inconspicuous, but
+when seen in masses, sprinkling the foliage with black and gold, they are
+quite effective.
+
+
+BLUE-CURLS.
+
+_Trichostema lanceolatum_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     One or two feet high; branching from the base.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; sessile; crowded; lanceolate or
+     ovate-lanceolate; gradually acuminate; densely pubescent;
+     several-nerved; an inch or more long. _Flowers._--Blue; in
+     axillary, short-peduncled, dense clusters.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Six lines long; with filiform
+     tube; and border with five almost similar lobes.
+     _Stamens._--Four; of two lengths. Filaments filiform;
+     long-exserted and curled. _Ovary._--Of four seed like nutlets.
+     Style long; filiform; two-cleft at the tip. _Hab._--Throughout
+     Western California.
+
+Of all the plants of our acquaintance, the common blue-curls is the most
+aggressive and ill-smelling. Its odor is positively sickening. Some years
+ago, when it was first new to me, I brought some of it down from Sonoma
+County upon the train, and, even though it had been carefully wrapped, I
+was obliged to deposit it in the wood-box, as far as possible from the
+passengers.
+
+The generic name comes from two Greek words, signifying _hair_ and
+_stamen_, and was bestowed on account of the capillary filaments. The
+common name also refers to the long, curling blue stamens.
+
+This species blossoms late in summer, and grows upon very dry ground, where
+it seems almost a miracle for any plant to thrive.
+
+
+ROMERO. WOOLLY BLUE-CURLS.
+
+_Trichostema lanatum_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Shrubby; two to five feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite and
+     fascicled in the axils; an inch or so long; green above;
+     white-woolly beneath. _Flowers._--Blue; in terminal clusters
+     sometimes a foot long; covered with dense violet wool.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--Nearly an inch long; with
+     tube half its length and border violet-shaped. _Stamens and
+     Style._--Two inches long. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     _Hab._--From San Diego to Santa Barbara.
+
+When the first scorching winds of the desert have withered and laid low the
+lovely flowers of the southern plains, the Romero is just coming into bloom
+upon dry hillsides. Its shrubby form, with densely crowded leaves, becomes
+conspicuous by reason of its long spikes of purple-woolly buds and
+blossoms. This inflorescence is an exquisite thing, more like the
+production of a Paris milliner than a guileless creation of nature. The
+individual blossoms have much the look of alert little blue violets wearing
+long, elegant lilac aigrets. Both leaf and flower have a pleasant aromatic
+fragrance, entirely unlike the dreadful odor of the common blue-curls.
+
+Among the Spanish-Californians it is known altogether by the musical name
+of "Romero," and is one of their most highly valued medicinal herbs, being
+considered a panacea for many troubles. Fried in olive oil, it becomes an
+ointment which alleviates pain and cures ulcers; dried and reduced to
+powder, it is a snuff very efficacious for catarrh; and made into a
+tincture, it is used as a liniment. This plant is also sometimes called
+"black sage."
+
+[Illustration ROMERO--_Trichostema lanatum_.]
+
+
+HARVEST BRODIÆA. LARGE-FLOWERED BRODIÆA.
+
+_Brodiæa grandiflora_, Smith. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Fibrous-coated. _Leaves._--Narrowly linear; somewhat
+     cylindrical. _Scape._--Four to twelve inches high.
+     _Pedicels._--Three to ten, rarely one; unequal.
+     _Perianth._--Violet; waxen; ten to twenty lines long; broadly
+     funnel-form; six-cleft; lobes recurving. _Stamens._--Three;
+     opposite the inner segments. _Staminodia._--Three;
+     strap-shaped; entire; white; erect; about equaling the stamens.
+     _Ovary._--Sessile; three-celled. Style stout. Stigma
+     three-lobed. _Hab._--From Ventura to the British boundary in
+     the Coast Ranges and Sierras.
+
+In the latter part of May and early in June, just as the grain is mellowing
+in the fields, the dry grasses of our hill-slopes and roadsides begin to
+reveal the beautiful blossoms of the "harvest Brodiæa." Seen at its best,
+this is one of our finest species. It sends up a scape a foot high, bearing
+from five to ten of the large, lily-like, violet flowers. They are
+somewhere described as varying to rose. I have never seen them of this
+color, though a flash of them caught when riding by a field is often
+suggestive of a pink flower.
+
+These plants vary considerably in size, in some localities blooming when
+but an inch or two high, and in others having their tall scape crowned with
+as many as ten of the fine blossoms. These have their segments nerved with
+brown upon the outside. The clear-white stamens stand opposite the outer
+segments, alternating with the white staminodia. The leaves have dried away
+before the coming of the blossoms.
+
+_B. terrestris_, Kell., common throughout Central California, is always
+found in sandy soil. Its perianth is less than an inch long, and its
+staminodia are yellow, with inrolled edges. This is clearly distinguished
+by these characteristics, added to the fact that its flower-cluster has no
+common stalk or scape, but seems to sit upon the ground, giving the
+separate flowers the appearance of coming from the ground.
+
+[Illustration HARVEST BRODIÆA--_Brodiæa grandiflora_.]
+
+
+VIOLET SNAPDRAGON.
+
+_Antirrhinum vagans_, Gray. Figwort Family.
+
+     Herbs with prehensile branchlets. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; lanceolate to oblong-ovate; entire; an inch
+     long. _Flowers._--Six lines long; lavender. _Sepals._--Five;
+     upper one large; oblong; the others small, linear.
+     _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; on the corolla. Filaments slender.
+     Anthers with two diverging cells. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style
+     awl-shaped. _Hab._--Throughout the western part of the State.
+
+When the first dryness of summer is beginning to make itself felt, the tall
+wandlike sprays of the little lilac snapdragon begin to appear along our
+dusty roadsides. A curious feature of this plant is to be found in the long
+threadlike branchlets produced in the axils of the leaves. These are like
+so many little arms, apparently waving about in aimless abandon, but in
+reality vigilant of any opportunity to grasp some convenient object of
+support.
+
+Another species--_A. glandulosum_, Lindl.--is common from Santa Cruz
+southward. This may be known by its pink and yellow flowers, its very
+viscid, leafy stems, three to five feet tall, and its lack of prehensile
+branchlets. This has somewhat more the look of the familiar garden species.
+Its anthers are arranged like teeth in the roof of its mouth, and the
+children, by slightly pinching the sides of its funny little countenance,
+can make it open its mouth in quite a formidable manner.
+
+Sir John Lubbock, writing of the fertilization of flowers, says: "Thus the
+_Antirrhinum_, or snapdragon, is completely closed, and only a somewhat
+powerful insect can force its way in. The flower is in fact a strong-box,
+of which the humble-bee only has the key."
+
+[Illustration VIOLET SNAPDRAGON--_Antirrhinum vagans_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN HAREBELL. BELLFLOWER.
+
+_Campanula prenanthoides_, Durand. Harebell or Campanula Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; ovate-oblong to lanceolate; one inch or
+     less long. _Flowers._--Blue; on recurved pedicels.
+     _Calyx._--Growing to the ovary below; with five awl-shaped
+     teeth. _Corolla._--Five to eight lines long; with short tube
+     and slender, spreading, recurved lobes. _Stamens._--Five.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled. Style club-shaped; much
+     exserted. Stigma becoming three-lobed. _Hab._--Coast woods from
+     Monterey to Mendocino County, and through the northern Sierras.
+
+The fragile blossoms of the harebell lurk in the seclusion of our cool
+cañons or peer down at us from the banks of shaded mountain roads toward
+the end of July. We almost wonder that this ethereal flower dares delay its
+coming so long when outside its cool retreat all is parched and dry. It
+forms a delicate contrast to its more robust English sister, the harebell
+so often celebrated by the poets.
+
+
+SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL.
+
+_Brunella vulgaris_, L. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to fifteen inches high. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     petioled; ovate or oblong. _Flowers._--In a dense, short spike,
+     with broad, leafy bracts; purple, violet, or rarely white.
+     _Calyx._--Bilabiate; upper lip with three short teeth; the
+     lower two-cleft. _Corolla._--Bilabiate; upper lip arched,
+     entire; lower three-lobed; deflexed. _Stamens._--Four; in
+     pairs. Filaments two-forked; one fork naked, the other bearing
+     the two-celled anther. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     Style filiform; two-cleft above. _Hab._--Widely distributed
+     over the Northern Hemisphere.
+
+From April to July the purple blossoms of the self-heal, or heal-all, may
+be found in the borders of woods or in open grounds.
+
+The generic name is thought to come from the old German word, _braune_, a
+disease of the throat, for which this plant was believed to be a cure.
+According to the old doctrine of signatures, plants by their appearance
+were supposed to indicate the diseases for which nature intended them as
+remedies, and in England the _Brunella_ was considered particularly
+efficacious in the disorders of carpenters and common laborers, because
+its corolla resembled a bill-hook. Hence it was commonly called
+"carpenter's herb," "hook-heal," and "sicklewort."
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN HAREBELL--_Campanula prenanthoides_.]
+
+
+PENNYROYAL. POLÉO.
+
+_Monardella villosa_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Woody; branching from below; a foot or two high.
+     _Leaves._--An inch or less long; toothed or entire; veins
+     conspicuous. _Flowers._--White to deep lilac; in a dense head
+     subtended by a number of ovate, green bracts.
+     _Calyx._--Tubular; five-toothed; four lines long.
+     _Corolla._--Nine lines long; with filiform tube and bilabiate
+     border. Upper lip two-cleft; lower cleft into three linear
+     divisions. _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; exserted. Anther cells
+     divergent. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State; common.
+
+Owing to their resemblance to the _Monarda_, or horsemint of the East,
+these Western plants have been given the diminutive of its
+name--_Monardella_.
+
+In early summer the blossoms, which are generally purple, are conspicuous
+in our drying woods. The herbage is pleasantly fragrant. The more hairy
+form, which suggested the specific name, is found in the south.
+
+Another species--_M. lanceolata_, Gray--common in the Sierras and south to
+San Diego, is a very handsome plant with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
+entire leaves, an inch or two long, and having its bright rose-colored or
+purple corollas sometimes dark-spotted. This is known among the
+Spanish-Californians as "poléo" (pennyroyal), and is valued as a remedy for
+various ailments.
+
+_M. odoratissima_, Benth., found abundantly in the Sierras, and known as
+"wild pennyroyal," is a bushy, many-stemmed plant, whose flowers usually
+have a faded lavender hue. But the plant is exceedingly fragrant, perfuming
+the air all about.
+
+[Illustration PENNYROYAL--_Monardella villosa_.]
+
+
+LUCERN. ALFALFA. CHILEAN CLOVER.
+
+_Medicago sativa_, L. Pea Family.
+
+     Perennials, with roots sometimes reaching down eight or ten
+     feet. _Stems._--Two to four feet high. _Leaflets._--Three;
+     toothed above. _Flowers._--Violet. _Calyx._--Five-toothed.
+     _Corolla._--Papilionaceous; six lines long. _Stamens._--Nine
+     united; one free. _Pod._--Spirally coiled; without spines.
+     _Hab._--Usually escaped from cultivation.
+
+The value of this little plant has been known for many centuries. It was
+introduced into Greece from Media, whence it received the name _Medicago_,
+and was cultivated several centuries before Christ. It has reached us
+through Mexico and Chile, where it is called "alfalfa" and "Chilean
+clover."
+
+It is but sparingly naturalized among us, but on account of its very
+nutritious herbage it is largely cultivated for feed. Its very deep root
+enables it to seek moisture from perennial sources, and to thus withstand
+the dryness of our summers. It requires considerable care to start the
+plants; but once established, the roots will continue under favorable
+circumstances to produce crops of herbage almost indefinitely. When grown
+upon good soil and irrigated, it will yield several crops a year. When
+cured for hay, it is cut just before flowering. But it is of greatest value
+for feeding green to dairy cows and other animals. An alfalfa field is a
+beautiful and grateful sight amid the drouth of our late summer. In Chile
+sprays of this plant are laid about in the houses to drive away fleas.
+
+
+SQUAW'S CARPET. MAHALA MATS.
+
+_Ceanothus prostratus_, Benth. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Hardy, evergreen, trailing shrubs, carpeting the ground.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; short-petioled; obovate or spatulate;
+     cuneate; leathery; several-toothed above; three to twelve lines
+     long. _Flowers._--Bright blue; in loose clusters on stout
+     peduncles. _Fruit._--With thick, often red, flesh; with three
+     large wrinkled, somewhat spreading horns from near the apex,
+     and low intermediate crests. (See _Ceanothus_.) _Hab._--The
+     Sierras and northern Coast Ranges.
+
+[Illustration ALFALFA--_Medicago sativa_.]
+
+Upon half-shaded slopes in the Sierras, where great firs rear their
+noble shafts, forming an open forest, this little trailing shrub makes a
+clean, delightfully springy carpet underfoot. Early in the season it is
+an exquisite thing, when covered with its delicate clusters of
+bright-blue flowers, and it is no less attractive in late summer, when
+its odd scarlet fruit studs the rich green foliage.
+
+The children of our mountain districts know it as "squaw's carpet" and
+"mahala mats." Among the Digger Indians the word "Mahala" is applied as a
+title of respect to all the women of the tribe indiscriminately, and they
+always refer to one another as "Mahala Sally," "Mahala Nancy," etc.
+
+
+ACONITE. MONK'S-HOOD. FRIAR'S-CAP. BLUEWEED.
+
+_Aconitum Columbianum_, Nutt. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate; palmately
+     three- to five-cleft, three to five inches across.
+     _Flowers._--From blue to almost white; in a terminal cluster.
+     _Sepals._--Five; petaloid; very irregular; the upper one
+     helmet-shaped. _Petals._--Two to five; the upper two
+     stamen-like, concealed within the helmet; the lower three
+     minute or obsolete. _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments short.
+     _Pistils._--Usually three; becoming divergent follicles.
+     _Syn._--_A. Fischeri_, Reichb. _Hab._--The Sierras and the
+     northern Coast Ranges.
+
+The blossoms of the monk's-hood, or aconite, may be found with those of the
+tall blue larkspur and the little alpine lily along our mountain streams in
+late summer. Owing to the shape of the upper sepal, these flowers have
+received several of their common names, such as "helmet-flower,"
+"friar's-cap," and "monk's-hood."
+
+The genus _Aconitum_ has been known from remote times and noted for the
+poisonous qualities of its species. From the roots and leaves of _A.
+napellus_, the officinal species, supposed to be native of Britain, is made
+the powerful drug, aconite. Our own species is also poisonous, and among
+the mountaineers it is called "blueweed," and remembered only for its
+disastrous effect upon their sheep, who are sometimes driven to eat it when
+other feed is scare. The helmet varies greatly in breadth and length.
+
+[Illustration MONK'S-HOOD--_Aconitum Columbianum_.]
+
+
+BLUE GENTIAN.
+
+_Gentiana calycosa_, Griseb. Gentian Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to twelve inches high. _Leaves._--Eighteen lines
+     to less than an inch long. _Flowers._--Deep, rich blue.
+     _Corolla._--An inch or two long; plaited into folds between the
+     lobes; the sinuses with two long, toothlike appendages; the
+     lobes green-dotted. _Stamens._--Five; alternate with the
+     corolla-lobes. Filaments flattened and adnate to the corolla
+     below. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style awl-shaped. Stigma
+     two-lobed. _Hab._--The Sierras.
+
+This genus was named for Gentius, an ancient king of Illyria, who is said
+to have discovered the medicinal virtues of these plants. The drug called
+"gentian," a bitter tonic, is made from the root of a German species--_G.
+lutea_--with yellow flowers.
+
+All the Gentians are natives of the cooler portions of the world,
+inhabiting northern latitudes and mountain heights. We have several fine
+species, which are found in the Sierras and the northern Coast Ranges.
+
+_G. calycosa_ is a truly beautiful flower, rivaling the sky with its deep
+blue blossoms, which are to be found in the fall in many an alpine meadow,
+called by Mr. Muir "gentian-meadows."
+
+
+TALL MOUNTAIN LARKSPUR.
+
+_Delphinium scopulorum, var. glaucum_, Gray.
+
+Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     Mostly smooth; more or less glaucous. _Stems._--Two to six feet
+     high. _Leaves._--Palmately five- to seven-parted; the divisions
+     slashed into sharp-pointed lobes. _Flowers._--Blue; in narrow,
+     slender racemes; on rather short, slender pedicels.
+     _Sepals._--Rather narrow; six lines long or less; minutely
+     tomentose. Spur crapy; rather slender. _Ovaries._--Smooth.
+     (Flower-structure as in _D. nudicaule_.) _Syn._--_D.
+     scopulorum_, Gray. _Hab._--The Sierras, at about six thousand
+     feet; from the San Bernardino Mountains to the Yukon River.
+
+[Illustration BLUE GENTIAN--_Gentiana calycosa_.]
+
+By July and August the slender spires of the tall mountain larkspur are
+conspicuous along the watercourses of the Sierras, where they are usually
+found in the company of their near relatives, the monk's-hoods and the gay
+scarlet columbines. A ramble down one of these mountain streams affords a
+succession of most delightful surprises. Willow copses, alternating with
+tangles of larkspur, great willow-herb, and monk's-hood, are followed by
+open, velvety meadows, starred by white and blue daisies, or diversified by
+the pure spikes of the milk-white rein-orchis, or the lovely blossoms of
+the pink mimulus; while further down, the stream perchance suddenly narrows
+and deepens, flowing by some jutting rock-wall, resplendent with crimson
+pentstemons or brilliant sulphur-flowers.
+
+
+COMMON ASTER.
+
+_Aster Chamissonis_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+_Stems._--Two to five feet high; loosely branching. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+sessile; lanceolate; three to six inches long; the upper becoming small or
+minute. _Flower-heads._--Five or six lines long; composed of yellow
+disk-flowers and violet or purple rays. _Rays._--Twenty to twenty-five;
+half an inch long. _Involucre._--Campanulate; of many small imbricated
+scales. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+We have not as many species of _Aster_ as are found in the Eastern States,
+but we have some very beautiful ones. _A. Chamissonis_ is one of our
+commonest and most widespread species. Its blossoms begin to appear in late
+summer and linger along through the fall. Many species of _Erigeron_ (very
+closely allied to _Aster_) are called "asters" among us, and comprise some
+of our most charming flowers. These are found chiefly in the mountains,
+though _E. glaucus_ is found upon the sea-beach and ocean cliffs.
+
+
+LAVENDER MOUNTAIN DAISY.
+
+_Erigeron salsuginosus_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high. _Radical and lower
+     leaves._--Spatulate to nearly obovate; tapering into a margined
+     petiole. _Upper leaves._--Ovate-oblong to lanceolate; sessile.
+     _Uppermost leaves._--Small and bract-like.
+     _Flower-heads._--Solitary; large; of yellow disk-flowers and
+     lavender rays. _Disk._--Over half an inch across.
+     _Rays._--Fifty to seventy; six lines or more long; rather wide.
+     _Bracts_ of the involucre numerous; loosely spreading.
+     _Syn._--_Aster salsuginosus_, Richardson. _Hab._--Sierra
+     meadows, at an altitude of from six to ten thousand feet.
+
+[Illustration COMMON ASTER--_Aster Chamissonis_.]
+
+Of all the beautiful flowers of the Sierras, not one lingers so fondly in
+the memory, after our return to the lowlands, as this exquisite lavender
+daisy. Late in the summer it stars the alpine meadows with its charming
+flowers, or stands in sociable companies on those natural velvet lawns of
+the mountains. It resembles the feathery, white mountain daisy, and grows
+in the same region; but its rays are wider and give the blossoms a somewhat
+more substantial look.
+
+
+BLUE FORGET-ME-NOT. STICKSEED.
+
+_Echinospermum floribundum_, Lehm. Borage Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two feet or so high. _Leaves._--Oblong to
+     linear-lanceolate; two to five inches long. _Flowers._--In
+     numerous, slender-panicled racemes; on short, slender pedicels.
+     Racemes often in pairs. _Calyx._--Five-parted; minute.
+     _Corolla._--Sky-blue (rarely white); salver-form, with short
+     tube and spreading, five-lobed border; two to five lines
+     across, with conspicuous arching crests in the throat.
+     _Stamens._--Five; included; on the corolla. _Ovary._--Of four
+     nutlets; each having a deltoid, keeled disk and margined by
+     long, flat prickles. _Hab._--From California to British
+     Columbia and eastward.
+
+The beautiful blossoms of the wild blue forget-me-not will be readily
+recognized by all lovers of flowers. They may be found in the Sierras in
+midsummer. The tall stems rise amid the lush grasses upon the sides of
+steep cañons, where the air is humid and vegetation is rank. The flowers
+are unfortunately followed by very troublesome burs, which are much dreaded
+by sheep-herders.
+
+
+
+
+V. RED
+
+
+[_Red or occasionally or partially red flowers not described in the Red
+Section._
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS--Pimpernel.
+    MECONOPSIS HETEROPHYLLA--Wind-Poppy.
+    MIMULUS GLUTINOSUS--Sticky Monkey-Flower.
+    OPUNTIA ENGELMANNI--Prickly Pear.]
+    COTYLEDON PULVERULENTA.
+
+
+INDIAN WARRIOR.
+
+_Pedicularis densiflora_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Root woody. _Stems._--Six to twenty inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; oblong-lanceolate; pinnate; leaflets
+     lobed and toothed; diminishing into the flower-bracts.
+     _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-toothed. _Corolla._--Club-shaped,
+     bent downward above the calyx and oblique to it; one inch long;
+     the two upper lobes united and containing the stamens; the
+     three lower mere teeth. _Stamens._--Four. Style filiform;
+     exserted. _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Hab._--Throughout Western
+     California.
+
+These blossoms, which come early in the season, seem "warmed with the new
+wine of the year." They often stand in little companies in openings among
+the trees, and the rays of the afternoon sun slanting in upon them brighten
+and vivify them into a rich, warm claret-color. The leaves, finely
+dissected, like certain fern-fronds, are often of a bronze tone, which
+harmonizes finely with the flowers.
+
+To the casual observer, this flower resembles the Indian paint-brush. In
+reality, it belongs to a closely allied genus. But in this blossom the
+bracts do not constitute the brilliant part of the inflorescence, and the
+calyx, instead of being the showy, sheathing envelop it is in the
+paint-brush, is quite small and inconspicuous.
+
+Mrs. Blochman has quaintly and aptly alluded to the corolla of this flower
+as a long and slender mitten, just fit for some high-born fairy's hand.
+
+Among the children of our mountain districts this flower is known as
+"Indian warrior."
+
+[Illustration INDIAN WARRIOR--_Pedicularis densiflora_.]
+
+
+WILD GOOSEBERRY.
+
+_Ribes Menziesii_, Pursh. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high, with naked glandular-bristly or
+     prickly branches and stout triple thorns under the fascicled
+     leaves. _Peduncles._--With one or two drooping, Fuchsia-like
+     flowers. _Calyx._--Half an inch long; garnet; the five oblong
+     lobes somewhat longer than the tube, but hardly longer than the
+     stamens, which surpass the five white petals with inrolled
+     edges. Styles exserted. Anthers sagittate. _Berry._--Four to
+     six lines in diameter; thickly covered with long prickles.
+     (Otherwise as _Ribes glutinosum_.) _Hab._--From San Diego to
+     Humboldt County; also in the Sierras.
+
+The wild gooseberry, considered as a fruit, is very disappointing, as its
+large, prickly berries are composed mostly of skin and seeds. But as an
+ornamental shrub it is very pleasing. In February its long, thorny branches
+are densely clothed with small but rich green leaves, under which hang the
+perfect little miniature red and white Fuchsias.
+
+A closely allied species--_R. subvestitum_, Hook. and Arn.,--has long
+exserted filaments and glandular-prickly berries.
+
+
+FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY.
+
+_Ribes speciosum_, Pursh. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Shrubs six to ten feet high, with spreading branches, armed
+     with large triple thorns. _Leaves._--Evergreen; three- to
+     five-lobed; an inch or so long. _Flowers._--Bright cardinal; an
+     inch long. _Calyx._--Petaloid; its tube adnate to the ovary;
+     the limb is usually five-cleft (sometimes four). _Petals._--On
+     the sinuses of the calyx. _Stamens._--As many as the petals;
+     twice the length of the calyx. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style
+     two-cleft. _Fruit._--A dry, densely glandular berry.
+     _Hab._--From Monterey to San Diego.
+
+One of the most charming shrubs to be found in the southern part of the
+State is the Fuchsia-flowered gooseberry. Early in the season the long
+sprays of its spreading branches are thickly hung with the beautiful
+drooping cardinal flowers, which gleam against the rich green of the glossy
+leaves. The stems often rival the flowers in brilliance of coloring, but
+they harbor a multitude of formidable thorns which serve to cool our
+impetuous desire to possess ourselves of the blossoms. Though far more
+brilliant than the flowers of _R. subvestitum_, these are not so truly
+counterparts in miniature of the garden Fuchsia as they.
+
+[Illustration FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY--_Ribes speciosum_.]
+
+
+WILD PEONY.
+
+_Pæonia Brownii_, Dougl. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     Coarse, leathery herbs, with woody roots. _Stems._--Stout;
+     branched; ten to eighteen inches high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     once- or twice- ternately compound; the leaflets ternately lobed.
+     _Flowers._--Solitary; _Sepals._--Green; often with leaflike
+     appendages. _Petals._--Five to ten; dark red.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. _Pistils._--Two to five; becoming
+     leathery follicles. _Hab._--Almost throughout California.
+
+Our wild peony, which is the only species of North America, grows through a
+wide range of territory, from the hot plains of the south to the region of
+perpetual snow in the mountains of the north. As might be expected, it
+manifests considerable variation in form and character. Indeed, some
+authors have thought these variations sufficiently marked to warrant the
+division of the species into two.
+
+After the first rains in the south, the plant pushes up its broad,
+scarlet-tipped leaves, and by January, or earlier, produces its flowers,
+which are deep red, shading almost into black, an inch or so across, and
+quite fragrant. These blossoms are at first erect; but as the seed-vessels
+mature, the stems begin to droop, till the fruit rests upon the ground.
+
+The Spanish-Californians consider the thick root an excellent remedy for
+dyspepsia, when eaten raw; while the Indians of the south use it, powdered
+or made into a decoction, for colds, sore throat, etc. In the north its
+leaves are reputed to be poisonous to the touch.
+
+In some localities it is known as "Christmas-rose," and in others the
+children call its dark, round flowers "nigger-heads." In the mountains it
+blossoms in June and July near snow-banks.
+
+[Illustration WILD PEONY--_Pæonia Brownii_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN FIGWORT. CALIFORNIAN BEE-PLANT.
+
+_Scrophularia Californica_, Cham. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to five feet high; angled.
+     _Leaves._--Oblong-ovate or oblong-triangular; two or more
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Small; dull red; three to five lines
+     long; in loose terminal panicles. _Calyx._--Five-lobed.
+     _Corolla._--Bilabiate; upper lip four-lobed; lower of one lobe.
+     _Stamens._--Four perfect; in pairs; and a fifth scalelike,
+     rudimentary one. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style exserted.
+     _Hab._--Almost throughout the State.
+
+The tall stems of the Californian figwort are common along roadsides, and
+become especially rank and luxuriant where the soil has been freshly
+stirred. The plants are so plentiful and so plebeian in appearance, that we
+are apt to class them in the category of weeds; but the fact that their
+little corollas are almost always stored abundantly with honey for the
+bees, saves them from this reproachful title.
+
+They are cultivated by the keepers of bees. The odd, little dull-red or
+greenish flowers have a knowing look, which is enhanced by two of the
+stamens, which project just over the lower rim of the corolla, like the
+front teeth of some tiny rodent.
+
+
+FALSE ALUM-ROOT.
+
+_Tellima grandiflora_, R. Br. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Radical-leaves._--Long-petioled. _Stem-leaves._--With shorter
+     petioles, round-cordate; variously lobed and toothed; very
+     hairy, with coarse, bristle-like hairs; two to four inches
+     across. _Stems._--One to three feet high. _Flowers._--In long
+     racemes; on short pedicels; green or rose-color.
+     _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-toothed; ribbed; three to six lines
+     long; adnate to the ovary below. _Petals._--Five; short-clawed;
+     slashed above; two or three lines long; on the calyx.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; very short. _Ovary._--One-celled; with a
+     disklike summit, tapering into two stout styles with large
+     capitate stigmas. _Hab._--From Santa Cruz to Alaska.
+
+This robust plant bears no resemblance to its delicate relative, _T.
+affinis_. It is far more like the alum-root in habit and appearance, and
+its leaves are prettily blotched in the same manner. It grows along rich
+banks by shaded roads, and blooms from early spring onward. Its tall
+racemes of either rose-colored or greenish, obscure flowers look rather
+like the promise of something to come than a present fulfillment. The
+petals are small and inconspicuous at a distance; but when closely
+examined, reveal a delicacy and beauty of form entirely unsuspected.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN BEE PLANT--_ScrophulariaCalifornica_.]
+
+
+INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH. SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH.
+
+_Castilleia parviflora_, Bong. Figwort Family.
+
+     Hairy, at least above; six inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Laciniate-cleft or incised; sometimes entire; two
+     inches or so long; mostly alternate. _Flowers._--With
+     conspicuous colored bracts. _Calyx._--Tubular; about equally
+     cleft before and behind; tinged with scarlet or yellow.
+     _Corolla._--Tubular; six lines to over an inch long; the upper
+     lip equaling the tube; the lower very short; three-toothed; the
+     whole tinged with red or yellow. _Stamens._--Four; inclosed in
+     the upper lip. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long; exserted.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+Scarlet flowers are so rare, and nature is so chary of that beautiful hue,
+that these blossoms are especially welcome. Their dense tufts make
+brilliant dashes of color, which are very noticeable amid the vivid greens
+of springtime. Strange to say, most of their brilliancy is due not to the
+corollas, but to the large petal-like bracts under the flowers and to the
+calyxes. In the vicinity of the seashore these blossoms may be found at
+almost any time of the year, while inland they have their season of bloom
+in the spring, resting for the most part during the summer.
+
+They are known in some localities as "Indian plume." The specific name is a
+very misleading one--for these flowers, far from being small, are in
+reality comparatively large and fine. The species was probably first named
+from poor or depauperate specimens. It is in every way a larger, more showy
+flower than the closely allied species--_C. coccinea_, Spreng.--of the
+East, commonly known as the "painted cup."
+
+We have a number of species closely resembling one another. _C. foliolosa_,
+Hook. and Arn., may be easily recognized by its white-woolly stems and
+foliage.
+
+[Illustration INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH--_Castilleia parviflora_.]
+
+
+NORTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR. CHRISTMAS-HORNS.
+
+_Delphinium nudicaule_, Torr. and Gray. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high; naked or very few-leaved.
+     _Leaves._--One to three inches in diameter; deeply three- to
+     five-cleft, or barely parted into obovate or cuneate divisions.
+     _Flowers._--Scarlet; in loose, open racemes; on pedicels two to
+     four inches long. _Sepals._--Five; petaloid; the upper
+     prolonged upward into a spur containing the smaller spurs of
+     the two upper petals. Spur six to nine lines long.
+     _Petals._--Usually four; the two lateral small, not spurred.
+     _Stamens._--Many. _Pistils._--Mostly three; becoming divergent
+     follicles. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo to
+     Oregon.
+
+Though not so intensely brilliant and striking as the southern scarlet
+larkspur, this is a delightful flower, the sight of which gracing some
+rocky cañon-wall or making flecks of flame amid the grass, gives us a
+thrill of pleasure. It would require no great stretch of the imagination to
+fancy these blossoms a company of pert little red-coated elves clambering
+over the loose, slender stems. In our childhood we used to hear them called
+"Christmas-horns."
+
+
+SCARLET FRITILLARY.
+
+_Fritillaria recurva_, Benth. Lily Family.
+
+     Bulb as in _F. lanceolata_. _Stems._--Eight to eighteen inches
+     high; one- to nine-flowered. _Flowers._--Scarlet outside;
+     yellow, spotted with scarlet, within. _Perianth._--Campanulate;
+     urn-shaped. _Segments._--Twelve to eighteen lines long; with
+     recurved tips. _Stamens_ and style not quite equaling the
+     segments. _Capsule._--Rather obtusely angled. (Otherwise as _F.
+     lanceolata_.) _Hab._--The Sierras, from Placer County northward
+     into Oregon.
+
+The scarlet fritillary is without doubt the most beautiful of all our
+species. It is a wonderful blossom, which seems as much of a marvel to us
+every time we behold it as it did at first. Usually there are from one to
+nine of the brilliant bells; but the effect can be imagined when as many as
+thirty-five have been seen upon a single stem!
+
+_F. coccinea_, Greene, is another beautiful scarlet-and-yellow species,
+found in the mountains of Sonoma and Napa Counties. This has from one to
+four flowers, which are an inch long, with simple campanulate outline,
+without recurving tips.
+
+[Illustration NORTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR--_Delphinium nudicaule_.]
+
+
+COLUMBINE.
+
+     _Aquilegia truncata_, Fisch. and Mey. Buttercup or Crowfoot
+     Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; very slender.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly radical; divided into thin, distant leaflets.
+     _Flowers._--Scarlet; tinged with yellow; eighteen to
+     twenty-four lines across. Parts in fives. _Sepals._--Petaloid;
+     rotately spreading. _Petals._--Tubular; produced into long
+     spurs or horns. _Stamens._--Numerous on the receptacle; much
+     exserted. _Pistils._--Five; simple. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+    Sprung in a cleft of the wayside steep,
+    And saucily nodding, flushing deep,
+      With her airy tropic bells aglow,--
+    Bold and careless, yet wondrous light,
+    And swung into poise on the stony height,
+      Like a challenge flung to the world below!
+    Skirting the rocks at the forest edge
+    With a running flame from ledge to ledge,
+    Or swaying deeper in shadowy glooms,
+    A smoldering fire in her dusky blooms;
+    Bronzed and molded by wind and sun,
+    Maddening, gladdening every one
+    With a gypsy beauty full and fine,--
+    A health to the crimson columbine!
+
+    --ELAINE GOODALE
+
+To enjoy the exquisite airy beauty of this lovely flower, we must seek it
+in its own haunts--for there is a touch of wildness in its nature that will
+not be subdued; nor will it submit to being handled or ruthlessly
+transported from its own sylvan retreat.
+
+Fringing the stream, peering over the bank, as if to see its own loveliness
+reflected there, or hiding in the greenest recesses of the woodland, it is
+always a welcome blossom, and the eye brightens and the pulse quickens upon
+beholding it.
+
+This species is at home throughout our borders; but there is another
+form which is said to be found occasionally in our very high
+mountains--_A. cœrulea_, James. This is plentiful in the Rocky
+Mountains, and is the State flower of Colorado. Its blossoms, which are
+blue or white, are large and magnificent, with slender spurs an inch and
+a half or two inches long.
+
+[Illustration COLUMBINE--_Aquilegia truncata_.]
+
+
+CLIMBING PENTSTEMON. SCARLET HONEYSUCKLE.
+
+_Pentstemon cordifolius_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Woody at base, with long, slender branches, which climb over
+     other shrubs. _Leaves._--Cordate or ovate; an inch or less
+     long. _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-parted. _Corolla._--Bright
+     scarlet; eighteen lines long. Sterile stamen bearded down one
+     side. (See _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--From Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+In spring we notice in the borders of southern woodlands and along the
+roadsides certain long, wandlike branches with beautiful heart-shaped
+leaves, which are suggestive of those of the garden Fuchsia. Our curiosity
+is naturally aroused and we wonder what blossom is destined to grace this
+elegant foliage. Early summer solves the mystery by hanging the tips of
+these wands with brilliant scarlet blossoms, in every way satisfying the
+earlier promise.
+
+These flowers often look down at us in a sort of mocking, Mephistophelian
+manner, as they hang amid the rich greens of other shrubs and trees. Seen
+with a glass, they are quite glandular. The fifth stamen looks like a very
+cunning little golden hearth-brush.
+
+
+HUMMING-BIRD'S SAGE.
+
+_Audibertia grandiflora_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Coarse plants, with woolly stems; one to three feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; wrinkly; white-woolly beneath; crenate;
+     the lower three to eight inches long; hastate-lanceolate; on
+     margined petioles; upper sessile; pointed.
+     _Inflorescence._--Over a foot long, with many large, widely
+     separated whorls of crimson flowers. _Corollas._--Eighteen
+     lines long. Stamens and style much exserted.
+     _Flower-bracts._--Ovate; sharp-pointed; often crimson-tinged.
+     (Otherwise as _A. stachyoides._) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from
+     San Mateo southward.
+
+[Illustration CLIMBING PENTSTEMOM--_Pentstemon cordifolius_.]
+
+This, the largest-flowered of all our _Audibertias_, becomes especially
+conspicuous by April and May in southern woodlands, where its large, dark
+flower-clusters may be seen in little companies amid the shadows. The
+leaves and bracts are quite viscid, and have a rather rank, unpleasant
+odor; but the flowers are not without a certain comeliness. The long,
+crimson trumpets are arranged in whorls about the stems, projecting from
+many densely crowded bracts. Tier after tier of these interrupted whorls,
+sometimes as many as nine, mount the stems. The bracts and stems are
+usually of a rich bronze, which harmonizes finely with the color of the
+flowers. The joint in the filament is quite conspicuous in this species.
+
+    "Humming-birds that dart in the sun like green and golden arrows"
+
+seem to be the sole beneficiaries of the abundant nectar in these deep
+tubes.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB.
+
+WESTERN SPICE-BUSH.
+
+     _Calycanthus occidentalis_, Hook. and Arn. Sweet Shrub Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Six to twelve feet high. _Leaves._--Ovate to
+     oblong-lanceolate; three to six inches long; dark green;
+     roughish. _Flowers._--Wine-colored (sometimes white); solitary;
+     two inches or so across. _Sepals_, petals, and stamens
+     indefinite, passing into each other; all coalescent below into
+     the cuplike calyx-tube, on whose inner surface are borne the
+     numerous carpels. _Petals._--Linear-spatulate, usually
+     tawny-tipped. Carpels becoming akenes. _Hab._--From the lower
+     Sacramento River northward.
+
+This is one of our most beautiful shrubs. Upon the banks of streams, or
+often upon a shaded hillside where some little rill trickles out from a
+hidden source, it spreads its branches and lifts its canopy of ample
+leaves. There is a pleasant fragrance about the whole shrub, and the
+leaves, when crushed, are agreeably bitter. From April to November the
+charming flowers, like small wine-colored chrysanthemums, are produced; and
+these are followed by the prettily veined, urn-shaped seed-vessels, which
+remain upon the bushes until after the next season's flowers appear, by
+which time they are almost black. It is from these cuplike seed-vessels
+that the genus takes its name, which is derived from two Greek words,
+meaning _flower_ and _cup._
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB--_Calycanthus
+occidentalis_.]
+
+
+INDIAN PINK.
+
+_Silene Californica_, Durand. Pink Family.
+
+     _Root._--Deep. _Stems._--Several; procumbent or sub-erect;
+     leafy. _Leaves._--Ovate-elliptic or lanceolate; eighteen lines
+     to four inches long. _Flowers._--Brilliant scarlet; over an
+     inch across. _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Petals._--Five;
+     long-clawed; the blades variously cleft, and with two erect
+     toothlike appendages at the throat. _Stamens._--Ten; exserted
+     with the three filiform styles. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+The Indian pink is one of the most beautiful of our flowers, and it appeals
+to the æsthetic sense in a way few flowers do. Its brilliant scarlet
+blossoms brighten the soft browns of our roadsides in early summer, and
+gleam amid the green of thickets like bits of fire. Its corolla is
+elegantly slashed, and it is altogether a much finer flower than the
+southern form, _S. laciniata_. Its rather broad leaves are often quite
+viscid to the touch, in which respect it shares in the character from which
+the genus was named in allusion to Silenus, the companion of Bacchus, who
+is described as covered with foam.
+
+_S. laciniata_, Cav., is a similar species found from Central California
+southward. It is usually a taller plant, with many stems and narrow leaves.
+It is also quite viscid, and many small insects, mostly ants, are almost
+always to be seen ensnared upon its stems. We are at a loss to account for
+this until we remember what Sir John Lubbock says in this connection. He
+suggests that ants are not very desirable visitors for promoting
+cross-fertilization among plants, as their progress is slow, and they
+cannot visit many plants far apart. On the other hand, winged insects, such
+as bees, butterflies, and moths, making long excursions through the air,
+are admirably adapted for bringing pollen from distant plants. Hence plants
+spread their attractions for such insects, while they often contrive all
+sorts of ingenious devices for keeping undesirable ones, like ants, away
+from their flowers.
+
+The Spanish-Californians call this plant "Yerba del Indio," and make it
+into a tea which they esteem as a remedy for all sorts of aches and
+pains, and use as a healing application to ulcers.
+
+[Illustration INDIAN PINK--_Silene Californica_.]
+
+Another species--_S. Hookeri_, Nutt.--is easily known by its large pink
+flowers, often two and a half inches across, and delicately slashed. This
+is found in our western counties, growing upon wooded hillsides, where its
+charming flowers show to excellent advantage.
+
+
+COAST LILY.
+
+_Lilium maritimum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb_.--Conical; twelve to eighteen lines thick, with closely
+     appressed scales. _Stem._--One to three feet high; slender.
+     _Leaves._--Seldom, if at all, whorled; linear or narrowly
+     oblanceolate; obtuse; one to five inches long. _Flowers._--One
+     to five; deep blood-red; spotted with purple; long-pediceled;
+     horizontal. _Perianth-segments._--Six; lanceolate; eighteen
+     lines long; the upper third somewhat recurved. _Hab._--Near the
+     Coast, from San Mateo to Mendocino County.
+
+The little Coast lily is found most abundantly in the black peat bogs of
+Mendocino County, though it ranges southward to San Mateo County and
+northward to Humboldt County.
+
+Mr. Purdy says of it: "It is seldom seen farther than two miles from the
+ocean. On the edges of the bogs the lily is often a dwarf, blossoming at
+three or four inches. In the bogs it roots itself in the tufts, and becomes
+a lovely plant five feet high with ten or fifteen fine blossoms."
+
+The leaves are dark, glossy green and the blossoms are more cylindrical
+than funnel-form, the three inner segments spreading more than the outer,
+which remain almost erect. The little oval anthers, with cinnamon-colored
+pollen, almost fill the narrow tube and conceal the fact that the segments
+are yellow below and more decidedly spotted.
+
+
+CHOLLA-CACTUS.
+
+_Opuntia prolifera_, Engelm. Cactus Family.
+
+     Leafless, spiny, arborescent shrubs, three to ten feet high,
+     with elongated, cylindrical joints, covered with oblong
+     tubercles which bear from three to eight spines. Longest spines
+     twelve to eighteen lines long. _Stems._--Two to seven inches
+     thick. _Flowers._--Purplish-red; densely clustered at the ends
+     of the branches. _Sepals_, petals, and stamens, many.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style one. Stigmas several. _Fruit._--Green;
+     obovate; concave on the top; having no spines, only bristles;
+     usually sterile; often producing other flowers. _Hab._--From
+     Ventura to San Diego and southward.
+
+Upon dry hills, even as far north as Ventura, the cholla cactus is a
+familiar feature of the landscape. In many places it forms extensive and
+impassable thickets, which afford an asylum to many delicate and tender
+plants that retire to it as a last refuge from sheep and cattle.
+
+The young joints, which are clustered at the ends of the branches, are from
+three to nine inches long. By means of their barbed spines, these adhere to
+any passing object, and as they break off very readily, they are thus often
+transported to a distance. As they root easily, this seems to afford a
+means of propagation, in the absence of seed--for the fruit is usually
+seedless.
+
+The spines are quite variable in length, the longest being sometimes an
+inch and a half. Each one is covered by a papery sheath, which slips off
+easily.
+
+Upon the ground about these shrubs may usually be found the skeletons of
+old branches. These are hollow cylinders of woody basket-work, which are
+quite symmetrical and pretty.
+
+_O. serpentina_, Engelm., found at San Diego, and often growing with the
+above, resembles it somewhat, but may be known by its much longer spines,
+which are from three to nine inches long, and by its greenish-yellow
+flowers. The plants are usually found near the seashore and
+scattered--_i.e._ never forming thickets.
+
+Upon the sea-coast at San Diego is found another plant similar to the
+above--_Cereus Emoryi_, Engelm.--the "velvet cactus." Instead of being
+covered with tubercles, these plants have from sixteen to twenty vertical
+ribs, upon which are borne the bunches of slender spines. These spines are
+from a quarter of an inch to one and three quarters inches long, and
+without barbs. The flowers are greenish-yellow, and not particularly pretty
+or attractive.
+
+
+SCARLET BUGLER.
+
+_Pentstemon centranthifolius_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Very glaucous and smooth. _Stem._--One to three feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate-lanceolate; mostly sessile; the upper
+     cordate-clasping; thick. _Panicles._--Narrow; a foot or two
+     long. _Corolla._--Bright scarlet; an inch or more long; hardly
+     bilabiate. (See _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--From Monterey to Los
+     Angeles.
+
+The tall spires of the scarlet bugler are such familiar sights along
+southern roadsides and sandy washes that people almost forget the
+enthusiastic admiration their bright beauty first elicited. It is said that
+acres of mountain lands are sometimes a solid mass of vermilion during the
+blooming season of this lovely plant.
+
+The panicle is often two feet long, with its string of scarlet horns. The
+individual flowers bear quite a likeness to those of the honeysuckle,
+common in Eastern gardens, and by those who encounter the plant for the
+first time, it is usually spoken of as "honeysuckle." The blossoms are
+sometimes yellow near San Bernardino.
+
+_P. Bridgesii_, Gray, met more frequently in the Yosemite than elsewhere,
+though it occurs in the Sierras from the Yosemite southward, is a very
+similar plant to the above. But it differs in having its corolla quite
+distinctly bilabiate, though of the same general tubular, funnel-form
+shape.
+
+
+LARGE VETCH.
+
+_Vicia gigantea_, Hook. Pea Family.
+
+     Climbing. Stems.--Five to fifteen feet long.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; pinnate; terminated by a tendril.
+     _Leaflets._--Ten to thirteen pairs; linear-oblong; obtuse;
+     mucronulate; one or two inches long. _Stipules._--An inch long;
+     semi-sagittate. _Racemes._--Dense; one-sided; five to
+     eighteen-flowered. _Flowers._--Dull red.
+     _Corolla._--Papilionaceous. Petals not spreading.
+     _Stamens._--Nine united; one free. _Style._--Hairy all around
+     under the stigma. _Pod._--An inch or so long. (See
+     _Leguminosæ_.) _Hab._--From San Francisco Bay northward to
+     Sitka.
+
+This vine is usually found in moist places. Its blossoms are never
+attractive for they have a faded, worn-out look, even when they are fresh.
+The pods are black when ripe, and the seeds are said to be edible.
+
+[Illustration SCARLET BUGLER--_Pentstemon centranthifolius_.]
+
+
+SCARLET GILIA.
+
+_Gilia aggregata_, Spreng. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high. _Leaves._--Pinnately parted
+     into seven to thirteen linear, pointed divisions. Upper leaves
+     more simple. _Flowers._--In a loose panicle. _Calyx._--Deeply
+     five-cleft; glandular. _Corolla._--Scarlet, pink, or rarely
+     even white; with funnel-form tube, one inch long; and rotately
+     spreading five-lobed border. Lobes three to six lines long.
+     (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Throughout the Sierras.
+
+The scarlet _Gilia_ is a familiar flower in the Sierras in late summer,
+growing everywhere in dry places. It may be easily recognized by its rich,
+glossy, flat, green leaves, pinnately divided into linear divisions, its
+tall, loosely branching habit, and its bright, delicate scarlet flowers,
+standing out horizontally from the stem. The corolla-lobes are often
+flesh-pink or yellowish within, splashed or streaked with scarlet. The
+whole plant is quite viscid.
+
+
+SCARLET MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus cardinalis_, Dougl. Figwort Family.
+
+     Stout; viscid; hairy. _Stems._--One to five feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Sessile; ovate to ovate-lanceolate; ragged-margined;
+     several-nerved; two or three inches long. _Peduncles._--Three
+     inches long. _Corolla._--Scarlet; two inches or more long.
+     Upper lip erect; its two lobes turned back. Lower lip
+     three-lobed; reflexed. _Stamens._--Exserted. (See _Mimulus_.)
+     _Hab._--Throughout Oregon and California along watercourses.
+
+One day in June, when riding upon the shores of Bolinas Bay, I came upon a
+spot where a cañon stream flowed out upon a little flat at tide-level,
+making a small fresh-water marsh, in which mint, bulrushes, and scarlet
+_Mimulus_ were striving for the mastery. But the _Mimulus_ was the most
+wonderful I ever saw. It stood four or five feet high--a patch of
+it--strong and vigorous, and covered with its handsome, large scarlet
+flowers, a sight to be remembered. This species is often cultivated in
+gardens.
+
+[Illustration SCARLET GILIA--_Gilia Aggregata_.]
+
+
+SNOW-PLANT.
+
+_Sarcodes sanguinea_, Torr. Heath Family.
+
+     Fleshy, glandular-pubescent plants; six inches to over a foot
+     high; bright red; without green foliage; having, in place of
+     leaves, fleshy scales, with glandular-ciliate margins.
+     _Flowers._--Short-pediceled. _Sepals._--Five. _Corolla._--Six
+     lines long; campanulate; with five-lobed limb. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     Anthers two-celled; opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled;
+     globose. Style stout. Stigma capitate. _Hab._--Throughout the
+     Sierras, from four to nine thousand feet elevation.
+
+I shall never forget finding my first snow-plant. It was upon a perfect
+August day in the Sierras. Following the course of a little rill which
+wound among mosses and ferns through the open forest where noble fir shafts
+rose on every hand, I came unexpectedly upon this scarlet miracle, standing
+in the rich, black mold in a sheltered nook in the wood. A single ray of
+strong sunlight shone upon it, leaving the wood around it dark, so that it
+stood out like a single figure in a _tableau vivant_. There was something
+so personal, so glowing, and so lifelike about it, that I almost fancied I
+could see the warm life-blood pulsing and quivering through it. I knelt to
+examine it. In lieu of leaves, the plant was supplied with many overlapping
+scalelike bracts of a flesh-tint. These were quite rigid below and closely
+appressed to the stem, but above they became looser and curled gracefully
+about among the vivid red bells.
+
+I had heard that the plant was a root parasite; so it was with much
+interest and great care I dug about it with my trowel. But I failed to find
+its root connected with any other. I have since learned that it is now
+considered one of those plants akin to the fungi, which in some mysterious
+way draw their nourishment from decaying or decomposing matter.
+
+I carried my prize home, where it retained its beauty for a number of days.
+I afterward found many of them. They gradually follow the receding snows up
+the heights; so that late in the season one must climb for them.
+
+[Illustration SNOW-PLANT--_Sarcodes sanguinea_.]
+
+The name "snow-plant" is very misleading, because from it one naturally
+expects to find the plant growing upon the snow. But this is rarely or
+never the case, for it is _after_ the melting of the snow that it pushes
+its way aboveground.
+
+Late in the season the plant usually has one or more well-formed young
+plants underground at its base. These are all ready to come forth the next
+season at the first intimation that the snow has gone, which easily
+accounts for its marvelously rapid growth. By the end of August, the
+seed-vessels are well developed, and as large as a small marble, but
+flattened; and by that time the plants have lost their brilliant coloring,
+and become dull and faded.
+
+It is said that the stems have been boiled and eaten, and found quite
+palatable; but this would seem to the lover of the beautiful like eating
+the showbread from the ark of Nature's tabernacle.
+
+
+SOUTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR.
+
+_Delphinium cardinale_, Hook. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to ten feet tall. Leaves.--Large; five- to
+     seven-lobed nearly to the base, the lobes three- to five-cleft,
+     with long-pointed segments. _Flowers._--Large.
+     _Sepals._--Lanceolate; eight lines or more long; rotately
+     spreading; the spur an inch or more long; pointed. _Upper
+     petals._--Orange, tipped with red; pointed; standing
+     prominently forward. (Otherwise as _D. nudicaule_.) _Hab._--The
+     mountains, from Ventura County to San Diego.
+
+During all the long springtime, Nature has been quietly making her
+preparations for a grand floral _denouement_ to take place about mid-June.
+If we go out into the mountains of the south at that season, we shall be
+confronted with a blaze of glory, the like of which we have probably never
+witnessed before. This is due to the brilliant spires of the scarlet
+larkspur, which sometimes rise to a height of ten feet!
+
+One writer likens the appearance of these blossoms, as they grow in dense
+masses, to a hill on fire; and Mr. Sturtevant writes: "To come upon a large
+group of these plants in full bloom for the first time, is an event never
+to be forgotten. I first saw a mass of them in the distance from the top of
+a hill. Descending, I came upon them in such a position that the rays of
+the setting sun intensified the brilliancy of their fiery orange-scarlet
+color. I gathered a large armful of stalks, from three to seven feet high,
+and placed them in water. They continued to expand for several weeks in
+water."
+
+There is a general resemblance between this and the northern scarlet
+larkspur, but the clusters of this are far larger and denser, and the
+individual flowers are finer. The half-opened buds more resemble the open
+flowers of _D. nudicaule_; but the fully expanded flowers have the form of
+some of the finest of the blue larkspurs.
+
+The plants affect a sandy soil or one of decomposed granite.
+
+
+WESTERN CARDINAL-FLOWER.
+
+_Lobelia splendens_, Willd. Lobelia Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to four feet tall; slender, smooth or nearly so.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; mostly sessile; lanceolate or almost
+     linear; glandular-denticulate. _Flowers._--In an elongated,
+     wandlike raceme; cardinal red. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--With straight tube, over an inch long and split
+     down the upper side; border two-lipped; upper lip with two
+     rather erect lobes; lower spreading and three-cleft, with lobes
+     three to six lines long. _Stamens._--Five; united into a tube
+     above. Anthers somewhat hairy. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style
+     simple. Stigma two-lobed. _Hab._--San Diego, San Bernardino,
+     and Los Angeles Counties, and eastward to Texas.
+
+The Western cardinal-flower quite closely resembles _L. cardinalis_ of the
+East, differing from it in a few minor points only. I have never been
+fortunate enough to see it; but I am told that it is a magnificent plant,
+and that from July to September many a wet spot in our southern mountain
+cañons is made gay with its brilliant blossoms.
+
+Of the Eastern plant Mr. Burroughs writes: "But when vivid color is wanted,
+what can surpass or equal our cardinal-flower? There is a glow about this
+flower, as if color emanated from it as from a live coal. The eye is
+baffled and does not seem to reach the surface of the petal; it does not
+see the texture or material part as it does in other flowers, but rests in
+a steady, still radiance. It is not so much something colored as it is
+color itself. And then the moist, cool, shady places it affects usually,
+where it has no rivals, and where the large, dark shadows need just such a
+dab of fire! Often, too, we see it double, its reflected image in some dark
+pool heightening its effect."
+
+
+HUMMING-BIRD'S TRUMPET. CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA.
+
+_Zauschneria Californica_, Presl. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+Woody plants, more or less villous. _Stems._--Much branched; ascending or
+decumbent; one to three feet long. _Leaves._--Mostly alternate; sessile;
+narrowly lanceolate to ovate; six to eighteen lines long.
+_Flowers._--Bright scarlet; in a loose spike; funnel-form; twenty lines
+long. _Calyx._--Scarlet; four-cleft. _Petals._--Four; obcordate; borne on
+the calyx-tube. _Stamens._--Eight. Filaments and style more or less
+exserted. _Ovary._--Four-celled; inferior. Stigma four-lobed. _Hab._--From
+Plumas County to Mexico; and the Rocky Mountains east of the Great Basin.
+
+In late summer and through the autumn, the brilliant blossoms of the
+California Fuchsia brighten the sombre tones of our dry, open hill-slopes.
+Its aspect is one of gay insouciance, which would drive away melancholy
+despite oneself, and though other plants have been put to rout, one by one,
+by the sun's fierce glare, nothing daunted, it puts on its brightest hues,
+like a true apostle of cheerfulness. It has been cultivated for some time,
+and is highly prized in Eastern gardens, where it has earned for itself the
+pretty title of "humming-bird's trumpet." It is not confined to our limits,
+but extends southward into Mexico, and eastward to Wyoming. We have seen it
+flourishing in the Sierras, where it is particularly beautiful.
+
+It is called "balsamea" by the Spanish-Californians, who use a wash of it
+as a remedy for cuts and bruises.
+
+It varies greatly in the size and hairiness of its leaves, in the form of
+its flowers, which are broadly or narrowly funnel-form, and in the
+exsertion of the stamens and style. The _var. microphylla_ has a woolly
+pubescence, linear leaves often very small, three or four lines long, and
+other small leaves crowded in their axils. This is found in the south.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA--_Zauschneria Californica_.]
+
+
+
+
+    There is no glory in star or blossom
+      Till looked upon by a loving eye;
+    There is no fragrance in April breezes
+      Till breathed with joy as they wander by.
+
+    --WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.
+
+
+
+
+VI. MISCELLANEOUS
+
+
+MUILLA.
+
+_Muilla maritima_, Benth. Lily Family.
+
+     _Root._--A small membranous-coated corm. _Leaves._--Radical;
+     linear; equaling the slender scape. _Scapes._--Three to twelve
+     inches high, bearing an umbel of small greenish-white flowers,
+     subtended by several small lanceolate to linear bracts.
+     _Pedicels._--Five to fifteen; two to twelve lines long.
+     _Perianth._--Almost rotate; of six segments; two or three lines
+     long. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Globose; three-celled.
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from Marin County to Monterey; also inland.
+
+The generic name of this little plant is _Allium_ reversed.
+
+Though it has a coated bulb like the onion, it has none of its garlic
+flavor. It differs from the other umbellate-flowered genera of the Lily
+family in not having its flowers jointed upon their pedicels. It thus seems
+to be a link between the onion, on the one hand, and the beautiful
+_Brodiæas_ and _Bloomerias_, on the other. It is not at all an attractive
+plant, though its blossoms are pleasantly fragrant.
+
+It is found on the borders of salt marshes and in subsaline soils in the
+interior, as well as upon high hills in stony soils.
+
+Another species--_M. serotina_, Greene--common upon inland hills in the
+south, is quite a delicate, pretty flower. Its greenish-white blossoms,
+with dainty Nile-green anthers, are nearly an inch across, and each segment
+has a pale-green mid-nerve. The plant has a number of very long, slender
+leaves, and its flower-stems are sometimes two feet tall and very slender.
+
+
+SILK-TASSEL TREE. QUININE-BUSH.
+
+_Garrya elliptica_, Dougl. Dogwood Family.
+
+     Shrubs five to eight feet high. _Leaves._--Leathery;
+     white-woolly beneath; wavy-margined. _Flowers._--Of two kinds
+     on separate shrubs; in solitary or clustered catkins; and
+     without petals. _Staminate catkins._--Two to ten inches long,
+     consisting of a flexile chain of funnel-form bracts, depending
+     one from another; each having six flowers like clappers. These
+     flowers with four hairy sepals and four stamens with distinct
+     filaments. _Pistillate catkins._--Of similar structure but
+     stouter, more rigid. Their flowers without floral envelopes;
+     pistils two; fleshy and hairy; stigmas filiform; dark.
+     _Hab._--Near the Coast from Monterey County to Washington.
+
+This shrub might easily be mistaken for one of our young live-oaks, with
+its leathery leaves and gray bark; but the leaves are opposite, and not
+alternate, as with the oaks. The bark and leaves have an intensely bitter
+principle, similar to quinine and equally efficacious.
+
+Early in February, after the first spell of balmy weather, the bushes put
+forth their flowers, and then they are exceedingly beautiful. The long
+pale-green chains at the ends of all the branches hang limp and flexile,
+shaken with every breath of wind, or, falling over other branches, drape
+and festoon the whole shrub exquisitely. The catkins of the female shrub
+are stouter and more rigid than those of the male; but when the fruit is
+mature, they lengthen out into beautifully tinted clusters of little
+papery-coated grapes, which are quite attractive in themselves. This is
+cultivated as an ornamental shrub in England.
+
+_G. Fremonti_, Torr., another species, is distinguished by having its
+leaves pointed at both ends, not wavy-margined, and not permanently woolly;
+and also by its solitary catkins. This is the shrub usually spoken of as
+"quinine-bush," "fever-bush," etc., and whose leaves were used as a
+substitute for quinine in the early days among the miners. It is said that
+its roots, left in the ground after the cutting of the shrub, become
+marbled with green, and are then very beautiful for inlaying in ornamental
+woodwork.
+
+[Illustration SILK-TASSEL TREE--_Garrya elliptica_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIA LAUREL.
+
+_Umbellularia Californica_, Nutt. Laurel Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees, ten to one hundred feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; lanceolate-oblong; two to
+     four inches long; smooth, shining green; very aromatic.
+     _Flowers._--In clusters. _Sepals._--Six; greenish-white; two
+     and a half lines long. _Petals._--None. _Stamens._--Nine; in
+     three rows; the filaments of the inner row having on either
+     side, at base, a stalked orange-colored gland.
+     _Anthers._--Four-celled; the cells opening by uplifting lids.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style stout. Stigma lobed.
+     _Fruit._--Olive-like; an inch long; becoming purple.
+     _Hab._--From Oregon to San Diego.
+
+Early in February we usually have some of our loveliest days. Life is then
+pulsing and throbbing everywhere at full tide. The clear sunshine, the
+murmur of streams, the odor of the freshly turned sod, the caroling of
+larks all are eloquent of the springtime. The whole air is filled with a
+strange, spicy fragrance which makes it a delight to breathe. The
+California laurel is shaking out a delicious, penetrating odor from its
+countless blossoms.
+
+Mr. Sargent refers to this tree as one of the stateliest and most beautiful
+inhabitants of the North American forests, and one of the most striking
+features of the California landscape.
+
+In France it is now much appreciated and cultivated in parks and gardens.
+
+In Southern California it is only a shrub; but in the central and northern
+counties it becomes a magnificent tree, a hundred feet in height and from
+four to six feet in diameter. It thrives best in the rich soil along
+stream-banks, though it grows also upon hillsides. It would be impossible
+to mistake this tree for any other; for its leaves, when crushed, give out
+a peculiar pungent odor which, if inhaled too much, will cause headache.
+The odor is something like that of bay-rum. The Indians, as well as our own
+people, acting upon the homeopathic principle, use them as a remedy for
+headache. The oil is also used effectively in toothache, earache, etc., and
+enters into the composition of certain patent medicines.
+
+The wood of the laurel is one of the most beautiful employed by the
+cabinet-maker, and it is largely used in the manufacture of choice
+furniture. The olive-like fruit is ripe by July, and would remain upon the
+tree until the next year were not the squirrels so fond of it.
+
+This tree is known in different localities by a variety of names, such as
+"spice-bush," "balm of heaven," "sassafras laurel," "cajeput," "California
+bay-tree," "California olive," "mountain laurel," and "California laurel."
+But the last of these is the one prevalent where its finest forms are
+found.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.
+
+_Cercocarpus parvifolius_, Nutt. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to twenty feet high; branching from a thick base.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; cuneate; serrate across
+     the summit; more or less silky above; densely hoary-tomentose
+     beneath; six to eighteen lines long. _Flowers._--Mostly
+     solitary; axillary. _Calyx._--Narrowly tubular, with a
+     deciduous campanulate five-lobed limb. _Petals._--None.
+     _Stamens._--Fifteen to twenty-five; on the calyx.
+     _Ovary._--One-(rarely two-) celled. Style simple. _Fruit._--An
+     akene with a silky tail, at length becoming three or four
+     inches long. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Lake County to
+     Southern California.
+
+The mountain mahogany is a common shrub upon the interior hills of the
+Coast Ranges; and when one has once made its acquaintance, it is always
+easily recognized by its wedge-shaped, dark-green leaves, prominently
+veined and notched at the summit. Its flowers, having no petals, are green
+and inconspicuous; but the long, solitary plumes of its little fruit are
+very noticeable and pretty. Its wood is the heaviest and hardest we have.
+
+Mr. Greene says that its leafy twigs have a sweet, birchy flavor, rendering
+them excellent food for cattle in late summer.
+
+
+DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. PIPE-VINE.
+
+_Aristolochia Californica_, Torr. Birthwort Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Woody; climbing. _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled;
+     large; ovate-cordate, two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Greenish, veined with purple.
+     _Perianth._--Pipe-shaped; the lobes of the lip leather-colored
+     within. _Anthers._--Six; sessile; adnate in pairs to the thick
+     style under the broad lobes of the stigma; vertical.
+     _Stigma._--Three-lobed. _Ovary._--Inferior; six-angled;
+     six-celled. _Fruit._--A large, leathery pod two inches long.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Monterey to Marin County.
+
+This odd flower is found rather sparingly in our middle Coast Ranges from
+February to April, and in some parts of the Sierra foothills, reaching even
+to the Yosemite. As it flowers before the large leaves come out, and the
+blossoms are much like dead leaves in color, it requires keen eyes to find
+it. It usually grows on low ground, in a tangle of shrubs under the trees,
+often festooning gracefully from branch to branch. Before the flowers are
+fully open, the buds resemble ugly little brown ducks hanging from the
+vine.
+
+The common blue-black butterfly is often seen hovering over this vine, and
+it is said that its caterpillar is so fond of the fruit that it rarely
+permits one to ripen.
+
+Later in the season, the large cordate leaves are quite conspicuous, and
+cause people to wonder what may have been the flower of so fine a vine.
+
+
+TURK'S-HEAD CACTUS. TURBAN CACTUS.
+
+_Echinocactus viridescens_, Nutt. Cactus Family.
+
+     Depressed, hemispherical, fleshy, leafless plants, with from
+     thirteen to twenty-one prominent, vertical ribs, bearing groups
+     of rigid spines; usually less than a foot in diameter.
+     _Spines._--Straight or recurved; stout; reddish; transversely
+     ribbed or ringed. _Flowers._--Sessile; borne about the
+     depressed woolly center; yellowish-green; about eighteen lines
+     long. _Sepals._--Many; closely imbricated; merging into the
+     numerous, oblong, scarious petals; sometimes nerved with red.
+     _Stamens._--Very many. _Ovary._--One-celled. Stigmas twelve to
+     fifteen; linear. _Berry._--Pulpy; green; scaly. _Hab._--From
+     San Diego inland.
+
+The Turk's-head cactus looks very much like the end of a watermelon
+protruding from the ground, if one could imagine a watermelon deeply
+furrowed and furnished with very formidable spines.
+
+[Illustration DUTCHMAN'S PIPE--_Aristolochia Californica_.]
+
+This plant is abundant near San Diego, growing all over the mesas; and it
+is marvelous that horses and cattle are not more often injured by stepping
+upon these disagreeable, horrent globes; but long experience has doubtless
+taught them the instinct of caution.
+
+The plant is really beautiful when crowned with its circle of gauzy,
+yellow-green flowers, which are more like some exquisite artificial
+fabrication than real flowers. The fruit of this cactus is slightly acid
+and rather pleasant.
+
+The plant is cultivated in Europe under the name of _Echinocactus
+Californicus_.
+
+
+FAIRY BELLS. DROPS OF GOLD.
+
+_Prosartes Hookeri_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Creeping; spreading. _Stem._--A foot or two high;
+     branching horizontally. _Leaves._--Alternate; ovate; cordate;
+     acute; several-nerved; two or three inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Greenish; one to six; six lines long; pendulous
+     under the ends of the branches.
+     _Perianth._--Spreading-campanulate. _Segments._--Six;
+     lanceolate; arched at the base. _Stamens._--Six; equaling or
+     exceeding the perianth. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style slender;
+     entire. _Fruit._--An obovate, somewhat pubescent berry; golden,
+     ripening to scarlet. _Syn._--_Disporum Hookeri_, Britt.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Marin County to Santa Cruz; in
+     shady woods, but not by the water.
+
+In our walks through the April woods, we often notice a fine plant with
+branching stems, whose handsomely veined leaves are set obliquely to the
+stem and all lie in nearly the same horizontal plane. In our subsequent
+meetings with the plant it seems to change but little, and we begin to grow
+impatient for the coming of the flower, which, however, seems to show no
+disposition to appear. Some day, when bending over a bit of moss or a
+fern-frond, or peering into the silk-lined hole of a ground-spider, we
+suddenly catch a glimmer of something under the broad leaves of our
+hitherto disappointing plant, and hastening to examine it, we find to our
+amazement one or more exquisitely formed little green bells hanging from
+the tip of each branch. Later these are often succeeded by small berries,
+at first golden, and afterward scarlet.
+
+The generic name, _Prosartes_, comes from a Greek word signifying _to hang
+from_, and is in allusion to the pendulous flowers. By some authorities
+this plant is called _Disporum Hookeri_. The common name, "drops of gold,"
+applies to the berry.
+
+Another species _P. Menziesii_, Don.--is found growing along stream-banks
+in the Coast Ranges from Marin County northward. This differs from the
+above in its longer, more cylindrical, _milk-white_ flowers, and its
+salmon-colored berries. It usually blossoms a little later than the other
+species, lasting till June.
+
+
+COMMON MUGWORT.
+
+_Artemisia vulgaris, var. Californica_, Bess. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Rather simple; a foot or two high. _Leaves._--Ample;
+     slashed downward into long acute lobes; green above;
+     cottony-woolly beneath; bitter; strong-scented; the upper often
+     entire, linear or lanceolate. _Flower-heads._--Minute; two
+     lines high, one broad; composed of tubular disk-flowers only;
+     greenish, in long, slender, crowded panicles. _Hab._--Near the
+     Coast, from San Francisco northward.
+
+This is a common weed along our roadsides, and is easily known by its
+slashed leaves with silvery under surfaces. These leaves are very bitter.
+This is closely allied to the wormwood, and by many people is called
+"wormwood."
+
+
+ARTEMISIA. SAGEBRUSH.
+
+_Artemisia Californica_, Less. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Shrubby; four or five feet high; with many slender
+     branches. _Leaves._--Alternate; pinnately parted into three- to
+     seven-filiform divisions; or entire and filiform; an inch or so
+     long; strong-scented. _Flower-heads._--Very small; two lines or
+     less across; numerous, in narrow panicles; greenish; composed
+     of tubular disk-flowers only. _Hab._--Marin County to San
+     Bernardino.
+
+The _Artemisia_, or, as it is more commonly called, "sagebrush," is an old
+friend that we always expect to meet in our walks on rocky hill-slopes. Its
+leaves have a clean, bitter fragrance, similar to that of the mugwort, but
+sweeter, and when crushed in the hand they emit a strong odor of
+turpentine.
+
+Dr. Behr tells me that in the early days the miners laid sprays of it in
+their beds to drive away the fleas.
+
+The Spanish-Californians regard it as a panacea for all ills, and use it in
+the form of a strong wash to bathe wounds and swellings, with excellent
+results.
+
+Another species--_A. tridentata_, Nutt.--is the shrubby form, growing so
+abundantly all over the alkali plains of the Great Basin, where it holds
+undisputed possession with the prairie-dog and the coyote. It has narrow,
+wedge-shaped leaves, which are three-toothed at the apex; and the whole
+plant has a strong odor of turpentine.
+
+This is highly esteemed by the Indians as a medicinal plant.
+
+
+WILD PIE-PLANT. CANAIGRE.
+
+_Rumex hymenosepalus_, Torr. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     _Root._--A cluster of Dahlia-like tubers. _Stems._--About two
+     feet high. _Leaves._--Narrowly oblong or lanceolate; a foot
+     long or less; acute; undulate; narrowed into a short, very
+     thick petiole. _Flowers._--Light raisin-color; in a large
+     panicle a foot or so long. _Perianth._--Of six sepals; the
+     outer minute; the inner about five lines long, appressed to the
+     ovary. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Three-angled; one-celled.
+     Styles three; short. Stigmas tufted. _Hab._--Dry, sandy plains
+     of Southern California.
+
+The wild pie-plant is closely related to the garden rhubarb, and also to
+the dock and the sorrel. In early days in both Utah and Southern California
+housewives used its stems as a substitute for the cultivated pie-plant,
+finding them quite acceptable. The Indians have long used the root in the
+tanning of buckskins, and they have also found in it a bright
+mahogany-brown dye, with which to paint their bodies.
+
+Of late this plant has been attracting much notice under the name
+"canaigre," and it is hoped that it will prove a valuable substitute for
+tanbark. If it does, we shall hail it with delight as the savior of our
+beautiful oak forests. Tannin exists in large quantities in the thick
+roots; but it is yet a question whether it will prove remunerative to the
+farmer as a crop. At Rialto a company has been formed, which employs many
+men to gather and prepare the roots, and there will soon be thousands of
+acres of it under cultivation. The tops of the plants, with the small upper
+portions of the roots, which have all the eyes upon them, are cut off and
+replanted for the next year's crop, while the remainder of the root is
+sliced, dried, pulverized, and leached to extract the tannin, which is then
+ready for use.
+
+[Illustration CANAIGRE--_Rumex hymenosepalus_.]
+
+The plant is a very noticeable one, with its red leaf-stems and veins and
+its large, dense cluster of small raisin-colored flowers, and it is often
+seen upon our southern plains. But I am told that over the border in Lower
+California it grows in great abundance, covering the ground for miles. It
+would seem as though its cultivation might be carried on with best results
+where nature produces it so freely.
+
+
+HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED.
+
+_Gomphocarpus tomentosus_, Gray. Milkweed Family.
+
+     Densely white-woolly plants, with milky juice. _Stems._--One to
+     three feet high. _Leaves._--Two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Several, in a pendulous cluster on yarnlike
+     pedicels; lateral upon the stem between the leaves.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted; inconspicuous. _Corolla._--Deeply
+     five-parted; greenish without, pinkish within.
+     _Stamens._--Five; sunk in the column and alternating with the
+     five hoods. _Hoods._--Two lines across; saccate; open down the
+     outer face. _Ovaries._--Two; pointed; capped by a flat stigma.
+     _Fruit._--A pair of follicles; with many silken-tufted seeds.
+     _Hab._--Dry hills from San Diego to Monte Diablo.
+
+In the south by late spring the very woolly stems and foliage of this
+milkweed become quite noticeable before any hint of blossoms appears. The
+thick, gray leaves look as though they might have been cut out of heavy
+flannel. By May the flower-clusters begin to take definite form, and at
+last the buds open and reveal a most interesting flower, whose structure is
+quite complicated. The center of the blossom is occupied by a fleshy
+column, in which are sunk the anthers, and upon which are borne certain
+round, dark wine-colored bodies called the "hoods," which are in reality
+nectaries, holding honey for insect visitors. All the pollen in each
+anther-cell consists of a waxy mass, and the adjacent masses of different
+anthers are bound together by a gummy, elastic band, suspended upon the rim
+of the stigma. The stigma occupies the top of the fleshy column, and forms
+a cap, hiding from view the two tubes, or styles, leading down into the
+ovaries.
+
+[Illustration HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED--_Gomphocarpus tomentosus_.]
+
+The milkweeds of California are divided between two genera--_Asclepias_ and
+_Gomphocarpus_,--the difference between them lying in the presence of a
+horn or crest rising out of the hoods in _Asclepias_.
+
+Bees visiting the blossoms of the milkweeds are said to be frequently
+disabled by the pollen-masses, which adhere to them in such numbers and
+weigh them down so heavily that they cannot climb upon their combs, but
+fall down and perish.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.
+
+_Cypripedium montanum_, Dougl. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; a foot or two high; leafy. _Leaves._--Four to
+     six inches long; pointed. _Flowers._--One to three; short
+     pediceled. _Sepals and petals._--Brownish; eighteen to thirty
+     lines long; the two lower sepals united nearly to the apex.
+     _Sac._--An inch long; dull white, veined with purple.
+     _Anthers._--Two fertile (one on either side of the column); one
+     sterile, four or five lines long, yellow, with purple spots
+     longer than the stigma. _Hab._--The mountains from Central
+     California to the Columbia River.
+
+The mountain lady's slipper is a rare plant with us, which affects cool,
+secluded spots in our mountain forests. The plants, of which two or three
+usually grow from a creeping rootstock, generally stand where some moisture
+seeps out. The leaves are ample and shapely, and the quaint flowers quiet
+and elegant in coloring.
+
+The long, twisted sepals and petals and the oval sac give these blossoms
+the aspect of some floral daddy-long-legs or some weird brownie of the
+wood. We feel that we have fallen upon a rare day when we are fortunate
+enough to find these flowers, and we are reminded of Mr. Burroughs' lines:
+"How fastidious and exclusive is the _Cypripedium_!... It does not go in
+herds, like the commoner plants, but affects privacy and solitude. When I
+come upon it in my walks, I seem to be intruding upon some very private and
+exclusive company."
+
+[Illustration MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.--_Cypripedium montanum_.]
+
+In our Coast Ranges we may look for these blossoms in May.
+
+We have but two or three species of _Cypripedium_. _C. Californicum_, Gray,
+is similar to _C. montanum_, but its blossoms have comparatively short
+greenish-yellow sepals and petals, and the sac is from white to pale
+rose-color. They have a more compact look, and lack the careless grace of
+those of the mountain lady's slipper. Their haunts are swamps in open
+woodlands in the northern part of the State, where they bloom in August and
+September, and are often found in the company of the California
+pitcher-plant.
+
+
+REIN-ORCHIS.
+
+_Habenaria elegans_, Bolander. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Root._--An oblong tuber. _Stem._--Rather slender; a foot or
+     two high. _Leaves._--Two; radical; oblong; three to six inches
+     long; eighteen lines to two inches wide. _Flowers._--Small;
+     light green; in a dense but slender spike. Sepals and petals
+     about equal; two lines long; obtuse. _Lip._--Similar, with a
+     filiform spur three to five lines long. (Otherwise like _H.
+     leucostachys_.) _Hab._--Near the coast, from Monterey to
+     Vancouver Island.
+
+In early summer the fragrant spikes of the rein-orchis stand half-concealed
+under the trees and along the banks bordering wooded mountain roads. The
+little greenish flowers are inconspicuous, and reveal themselves only to
+those who have the habit of observation. Early in the spring the rather
+large lily-like leaves were far more noticeable and handsome; but they
+seemed to weary of waiting for the tardy arrival of the blossoms, and faded
+away long since. The little flowers are very deliberate about unfolding
+themselves; and I have sometimes watched them when they seemed for weeks at
+a standstill before yielding to the summer's invitation to come forth.
+
+They are arranged in a three-sided spike, on two sides of which the long
+spurs interlace and cross one another in quite a warlike manner.
+
+[Illustration REIN-ORCHIS--_Habenaria elegans_.]
+
+
+TEASEL. FULLER'S THISTLE.
+
+_Dipsacus Fullonum_, L. Teasel Family.
+
+The teasel is not an uncommon sight along our roadsides, having spread
+considerably since its introduction from Europe, some years ago. The strong
+stems are tall and slender, and bear at summit the large bristly cones,
+surrounded by rigid, erect bracts. These cones are the inflorescence of the
+plant, and each downward-pointing little hook is a bract beneath a flower.
+Before the flowers come out, the buds show their round, green heads, packed
+away down among the bristles. Then for a time the cones are ringed or
+covered by the delicate flesh-colored flowers; which stand out from the
+bristles, giving the cone a soft, fluffy look. After these have passed
+away, the cavities in which they were stored give the cone a pitted
+appearance. These burs are exquisitely symmetrical, and have long been in
+use by the fuller to "tease," or raise a nap upon cloth, whence the name,
+"teasel." They are cut in halves or quarters, and these are set in frames
+which are worked by machinery. Many vain attempts have been made to
+manufacture an instrument to take the place of the teasel; but it is
+difficult to find anything that is strong enough to do the work that at the
+same time will not injure the cloth.
+
+This is enumerated among the plants which are supposed to foretell the
+weather. Mr. Dyer quotes the following:--
+
+     ... "tezils, or fuller's thistle, being gathered and hanged up in the
+     house where the air may come freely to it, upon the alteration of cold
+     and windy weather will grow smoother, and against rain will close up
+     its prickles."
+
+SAMPHIRE. GLASSWORT.
+
+_Salicornia ambigua_, Michx. Goosefoot Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from San Francisco to Oregon.
+
+    Ye marshes, how candid and simple, and nothing withholding and free,
+    Ye publish yourselves to the sky, and offer yourselves to the sea;
+    Tolerant plains that suffer the sea and the rains and the sun,
+    Ye spread and span, like the catholic man who hath mightily won
+    God out of knowledge, and good out of infinite pain,
+    And sight out of blindness, and purity out of a stain.
+
+    --SIDNEY LANIER.
+
+Though a humble enough plant in itself, the samphire, or glasswort, is the
+source of a wonderful glory in our marshes in the autumn. Great stretches
+of tide-land not already pre-empted by the tule are covered by it, showing
+the most gorgeous blendings of crimson, purple, olives, and bronzes, which,
+seen with all the added charm of shifting and changing atmospheric effects,
+far outrival any Oriental rug that could be conceived of.
+
+This plant is easily known by its succulent branching, leafless stems and
+from the fact that it does not grow outside of the salt marshes. Its
+flowering is obscure, and all that can be seen is a few small stamens just
+protruding from the surface of the fleshy spike, which appears much like
+any of the other branches, the flowers being sunk in it.
+
+The generic name is derived from two Latin words--_sal_, salt, and _cornu_,
+a horn--and conveys the idea of saline plants with hornlike branches. The
+English name, "samphire," is of French derivation, and comes originally
+from the old "l'herbe de Saint Pierre," formerly having been written
+"sampêtra" and "sampire." In Great Britain this plant is usually designated
+as "_marsh_ samphire," to distinguish it from the ordinary samphire, which
+is a plant of the genus _Crithmum_.
+
+This plant is much relished by cattle, and in England it is made into a
+pickle, while on the continent it is used as a pot-herb. Formerly, in
+Europe, it was burned in large quantities for the soda contained in its
+ashes.
+
+
+MOTTLED SWAMP-ORCHIS. FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER.
+
+_Epipactis gigantea_, Dougl. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Creeping. _Stems._--Leafy; one to four feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; clasping; ovate below;
+     lanceolate above; three to eight inches long. _Flowers._--Three
+     to ten; in terminal racemes; greenish, veined with purple.
+     _Sepals._--Three; petaloid; lanceolate; an inch or less long.
+     _Petals._--The two upper about equaling the sepals. The lip
+     concave; saccate; eared at base; with a jointed, pendulous tip.
+     _Anther._--One; sessile upon the top of the column.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+The casual observer usually alludes to this plant as a "lady's slipper,"
+and he is not so very far wrong, for it is closely related to the
+_Cypripedium_, and resembles it much in habit, in the aspect of its leafy
+stems, and in the general form of its blossom. But instead of having its
+lip in the form of a sac, it is open and curiously jointed, the lower
+portion swinging freely, as upon a hinge. When this lid is raised, one can
+fancy some winged seraph or angel enshrined within, but when lowered the
+semblance is more to a monk bowed in meditation.
+
+These beautiful plants will be found abundantly fringing our streams in
+June and July, and the disciples of dear old Isaac Walton who then pass
+down the stream with rod and line are usually attracted by their quietly
+elegant colors. Dull purples and greens predominate, though the lip is
+tinged with orange or yellow.
+
+In Northern California and Oregon is occasionally found a rare and curious
+plant--the "phantom orchis," _Cephalanthera Oregana_, Richenb.f. This plant
+is white and ghostlike throughout, has stems a foot or two high, but no
+leaves--only three to five scarious sheathing bracts. Its blossoms are very
+similar in size and shape to those of _Epipactis gigantea_.
+
+I have never had the pleasure of finding this floral oddity myself; but one
+season a friend sent me the only plant which was found in a thicket near a
+pretty camp upon the Sacramento River, in the Shasta region.
+
+[Illustration FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER--_Epipactis gigantea_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT. CALF'S-HEAD.
+
+_Darlingtonia Californica_, Torr. Pitcher-plant Family.
+
+     Bog plants, with long horizontal rootstocks.
+     _Leaves._--Tubular; hooded and appendaged above; eighteen to
+     thirty-four inches high. _Scape._--Eighteen inches or more
+     high, with green bracts crowded near the solitary nodding
+     flower. Flower parts in fives. _Sepals._--Green; twenty lines
+     long. _Petals._--Purplish; shorter than the sepals; constricted
+     above into a terminal lobe. _Stamens._--Twelve to fifteen in a
+     circle around the ovary. _Ovary._--Top-shaped; truncate;
+     five-lobed; five-celled. Style five-lobed. Stigmas thickish.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from Truckee Pass into Oregon.
+
+Our pitcher-plant is one of the most wonderful and interesting of all the
+forms that grow, linking, as it were, the vegetable world with the animal,
+by its unnatural carnivorous habits. If you would like to visit it, this
+warm July day, we will take a mountain trail, leading around under lofty
+yellow pines, Douglas spruces, and incense-cedars, making our way through
+the undergrowth until we come to a swamp lying upon a hillside yonder.
+While still some distance away, we can discern the yellowish-green of the
+myriad hoods as they lift themselves in the sunlight like spotted snakes.
+
+If you have never seen the plant before, you will be in a fever of
+excitement till you can reach the spot and actually take one of the strange
+pitchers in your hand to examine it. Nothing could be cleverer than the
+nicely arranged wiles of this uncanny plant for the capturing of the
+innocent--yes, and of the more knowing ones--of the insect world who come
+within its enchantment. No ogre in his castle has ever gone to work more
+deliberately or fiendishly to entrap his victims while offering them
+hospitality, than does this plant-ogre. Attracted by the bizarre yellowish
+hoods or the tall nodding flowers, the foolish insect alights upon the
+former and commences his exploration of the fascinating region. He soon
+comes upon the wing, which often being smeared with a trail of sweets, acts
+as a guide to lure him on to the dangerous entrance to the hoodlike dome.
+Once within this hall of pleasure, he roams about, enjoying the hospitality
+spread for him. But at last, when he has partaken to satiety and would
+fain depart, he turns to retrace his steps. In the dazzlement of the
+translucent windows of the dome above, he loses sight of the darkened door
+in the floor by which he entered and flies forcibly upward, bumping his
+head in his eagerness to escape. He is stunned by the blow and plunged
+downward into the tube below. Here he struggles to rise, but countless
+downward-pointing, bristly hairs urge him to his fate. He sinks lower and
+lower in this "well of death" until he reaches the fatal waters in the
+bottom, where he is at length ingulfed, adding one more to the already
+numerous victims of this diabolical plant.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT--_Darlingtonia Californica_.]
+
+The fluid at the bottom of the well is secreted by the plant, and seems to
+have somewhat the action of a gastric juice in disintegrating the insects
+submerged in it. Many species of ants, flies, bees, hornets, grasshoppers,
+butterflies, moths, dragon-flies, beetles, etc., are to be found in the
+tube, sometimes filling it to a depth of two or three inches.
+
+The disagreeableness of the vicinity of these plants can be imagined upon a
+hot day when the sun is shining "upon this sad abode of death" and all the
+air is tainted with their sickening odor.
+
+The mountaineers call the plant "calf's-head," because of the large
+yellowish domes of the pitchers.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO LATIN NAMES
+
+
+[To assist in the pronunciation of the Latin names, the accented syllable
+in each word is indicated by an accent mark. If this syllable ends in a
+vowel, the vowel has the long sound; but if it ends in a consonant, the
+vowel has a short sound. Either the English or the Continental sounds may
+be given the vowels, though the former are more generally authorized.]
+
+                            PAGE
+
+    Abro´nia latifo´lia, 146
+      marit´ima, 292
+      umbella´ta, 292
+      villo´sa, 292
+
+    Achille´a Millefo´lium, 97
+
+    Aconi´tum Columbia´num, 328
+      Fisch´eri, 328
+
+    Adenos´toma fascicula´tum, 60
+      sparsifo´lium, 60
+
+    Æs´culus Califor´nica, 69
+
+    Amelan´chier alnifo´lia, 88
+
+    Amor´pha Califor´nica, 315
+
+    Amsinck´ia, 128
+
+    Anagal´lis arven´sis, 126
+
+    Anaph´alis Margarita´cea, 102
+
+    Anemo´ne nemoro´sa, 18
+      quinquefo´lia, 18
+
+    Anemop´sis Califor´nica, 76
+
+    Antenna´ria, 102
+
+    Antirrhi´num Coulteria´num, 46
+      glandulo´sum, 320
+      Orcuttia´num, 46
+      va´gans, 320
+
+    Apoc´ynum androsæmifo´lium, 236
+      cannab´inum, 238
+
+    Aquile´gia cœru´lea, 348
+      trunca´ta, 348
+
+    Ar´abis blepharophyl´la, 196
+
+    Ara´lia Califor´nica, 76
+
+    Ar´butus Menzie´sii, 37
+
+    Arctostaph´ylos bi´color, 14
+      glau´ca, 14
+      manzani´ta, 12
+      pun´gens, 12
+
+    Argemo´ne platy´ceras, 74
+
+    Aristolo´chia Califor´nica, 374
+
+    Artemis´ia Califor´nica, 377
+      tridenta´ta, 378
+      vulga´ris, 377
+
+    As´arum cauda´tum, 310
+      Hartwe´gi, 310
+
+    Ascle´pias Mexica´na, 312
+
+    As´ter Chamisso´nis, 332
+      salsugino´sus, 32
+
+    Astragalus, xxxv
+      leucop´sis, 40
+
+    Audiber´tia grandiflo´ra, 350
+      stachyoi´des, 294
+      niv´ea, 296
+
+
+    Bac´charis Douglas´ii, 106
+      pilula´ris, 104
+
+    Bae´ria gra´cilis, 124
+
+    Ber´beris Aquifo´lium, 122
+      nervo´sa, 118
+      re´pens, 118
+
+    Bloome´ria au´rea, 154
+      Clevelan´di, 156
+
+    Boykin´ia occidenta´lis, 81
+
+    Bras´sica ni´gra, 140
+
+    Brevoor´tia coccin´ea, 238
+
+    Brodiæ´a capita´ta, 262
+      coccin´ea, 238
+      conges´ta, 264
+      grandiflo´ra, 318
+      ixioi´des, 156
+      lac´tea, 156
+      lax´a, 302
+      multiflo´ra, 262
+      terres´tris, 318
+
+
+    Brodiæ´a volu´bilis, 232
+
+    Brunel´la vulga´ris, 322
+
+    Bryan´thus Brew´eri, 246
+
+
+    Calandrin´ia caules´cens, 212
+
+    Calochor´tus, xl
+      al´bus, 54
+      Ben´thami, 130
+      Catali´næ, 306
+      clava´tus, 150
+      lu´teus, 174
+      lu´teus ocula´tus, 81
+      macrocar´pus, 268
+      Mawea´nus, 278
+      pulchel´lus, 144
+      splen´dens, 306
+      umbella´tus, 278
+      uniflo´rus, 278
+      venus´tus, 78
+      Weed´ii, 150
+
+    Calycan´thus occidenta´lis, 352
+
+    Calyp´so boreal´is, 210
+
+    Camas´sia esculen´ta, 292
+
+    Campan´ula prenanthoi´des, 322
+
+    Cardam´ine paucisec´ta, 4
+
+    Castille´ia foliolo´sa, 344
+      parviflo´ra, 344
+
+    Ceano´thus, xxxiv
+      divarica´tus, 258
+      integer´rimus, 84
+      prostra´tus, 326
+      thyrsiflo´rus, 274
+      velu´tinus, 39
+
+    Cephalan´thera Orega´na, 388
+
+    Cephalan´thus occidenta´lis, 98
+
+    Cer´cis occidenta´lis, 198
+
+    Cercocar´pus parvifo´lius, 373
+
+    Chamæba´tia foliolo´sa, 92
+      (Pronounced _K_ameba´tia.)
+
+    Cheiran´thus as´per, 132
+
+    Chimaph´ila Menzie´sii, 104
+      umbella´ta, 104
+
+    Chlorog´alum pomeridia´num, 82
+
+    Chorizan´the staticoi´des, 218
+
+    Cicho´rium In´tybus, 312
+
+    Clar´kia concin´na, 236
+      el´egans, 228
+
+    Clayto´nia perfolia´ta, 16
+
+    Clem´atis lasian´tha, 91
+      ligusticifo´lia, 91
+
+    Clinto´nia Andrewsia´na, 202
+
+    Collin´sia bi´color, 294
+
+    Collo´mia grandiflo´ra, 178
+
+    Convol´vulus arven´sis, 42
+      lute´olus, 40
+      occidenta´lis, 40
+      Soldanel´la, 210
+      villo´sus, 42
+
+    Corallorhi´za Bigelo´vii, 272
+      multiflo´ra, 272
+
+    Cor´nus Nuttal´lii, 94
+
+    Cot´ula coronopifo´lia, 151
+
+    Cotyle´don Califor´inicum, 142
+      ed´ulis, 142
+      lanceola´ta, 141
+      pulverulen´ta, 142
+
+    Cucur´bita fœtidis´sima, 117
+      peren´nis, 117
+
+    Cus´cuta, 160
+      sali´na, 161
+
+    Cynoglos´sum gran´de, 258
+
+    Cypripe´dium Califor´nicum, 384
+      monta´num, 382
+
+
+    Darlingto´nia Califor´nica, 390
+
+    Datu´ra meteloi´des, 54
+      Stramo´nium, 96
+      suaveo´lens, 96
+
+    Delphin´ium, 276
+      cardina´le, 364
+      nudicau´le, 346
+      scopulo´rum, 330
+
+    Dendrome´con rig´idum, 118
+
+    Denta´ria Califor´nica, 4
+
+    Dicen´tra chrysan´tha, 162
+      formo´sa, 242
+
+    Dip´sacus Fullon´um, 386
+
+    Dis´porum Hook´eri, 376
+
+    Dodeca´theon Clevelan´di, 206
+      Henderso´ni, 204
+      Mea´dia, 204
+
+    Downin´gia el´egans, 315
+      pulchel´la, 314
+
+
+    Echinocac´tus virides´cens, 374
+
+    Echinocys´tis faba´cea, 26
+      macrocar´pa, 26
+
+    Echinosperm´um floribun´dum, 334
+
+    Ellis´ia chrysanthemifo´lia, 36
+
+    Emmenan´the penduliflo´ra, 130
+
+    Ence´lia Califor´nica, 128
+
+    Epilo´bium angustifo´lium, 244
+      obcorda´tum, 254
+      panicula´tum, 244
+      spica´tum, 244
+
+    Epipac´tis gigante´a, 388
+
+    Erig´eron Coul´teri, 106
+
+    Erig´eron glau´cus, 304
+      Philadel´phicus, 216
+      salsugino´sus, 332
+
+    Eriodic´tyon glutino´sum, 56
+      tomento´sum, 58
+
+    Eriog´onum fascicula´tum, 34
+      nu´dum, 34
+      umbella´tum, 178
+      ursi´num, 178
+
+    Eriophyl´lum cæspito´sum, 182
+      confertiflo´rum, 180
+
+    Eritrich´ium, 30
+
+    Ero´dium Bo´trys, 194
+      cicuta´rium, 194
+      moscha´tum, 194
+
+    Erys´imum as´perum, 132
+      grandiflo´rum, 132
+
+    Erythræ´a venus´ta, 218
+
+    Erythro´nium gigante´um, 136
+      grandiflo´rum, 138
+
+    Eschschol´tzia Califor´nica, 114
+
+    Eucharid´ium concin´num, 236
+
+
+    Flœr´kia Douglas´ii, 126
+
+    Fraga´ria Califor´nica, 10
+      Chilen´sis, 10
+
+    Fremon´tia Califor´nica, 158
+
+    Fritilla´ria biflo´ra, 266
+      coccin´ea, 346
+      lanceola´ta, 264
+      lilia´cea, 267
+      pluriflo´ra, 266
+      pu´dica, 267
+      recur´va, 346
+
+
+    Ga´lium Apari´ne, 28
+      angustifo´lium, 29
+
+    Gar´rya ellip´tica, 370
+      Fremon´ti, 370
+
+    Gaulthe´ria Shal´lon, 75
+
+    Gentia´na calyco´sa, 330
+
+    Gil´ia, xxxvii
+      achilleæfo´lia, 296
+      aggrega´ta, 360
+      androsa´cea, 222
+      Califor´nica, 206
+      capita´ta, 296
+      Chamisso´nis, 296
+      dianthoi´des, 216
+      dicho´toma, 50
+      grandiflo´ra, 178
+      tri´color, 288
+
+    Gnapha´lium decur´rens, 68
+      Sprenge´lii, 68
+
+    Gode´tia, xxxvi
+      Bot´tæ, 240
+      grandiflo´ra, 240
+      vimine´a, 240
+
+    Gomphocar´pus tomento´sus, 380
+
+    Goodye´ra Menzie´sii, 98
+
+    Grinde´lia cuneifo´lia, 176
+      hirsu´tula, 178
+      robus´ta, 176
+
+
+    Habena´ria el´egans, 384
+      leucosta´chys, 94
+
+    Helian´thus an´nuus, 185
+      Califor´nicus, 186
+
+    Heliotro´pium Curassa´vicum, 47
+
+    Hemizo´nia luzulæfo´lia, 188
+
+    Heterome´les arbutifo´lia, 90
+
+    Heu´chera micran´tha, 58
+
+    Hosack´ia bi´color, 165
+      crassifo´lia, 166
+      gla´bra, 152
+      gra´cilis, 166
+      Purshia´na, 252
+      Tor´reyi, 165
+
+    Hyper´icum anagalloi´des, 172
+      concin´num, 162
+
+
+    I´ris longipet´ala, 280
+      macrosi´phon, 280
+
+    Iso´meris arbo´rea, 144
+
+
+    Krynitz´kia, 30
+
+
+    Lar´rea Mexica´na, 191
+
+    Lath´yrus splen´dens, 212
+      Tor´reyi, 25
+      vesti´tus, 25
+
+    Lava´tera assurgentiflo´ra, 226
+
+    Lay´ia glandulo´sa, 28
+      platyglos´sa, 148
+
+    Le´dum glandulo´sum, 103
+
+    Lepto´syne Douglas´ii, 148
+      marit´ima, 146
+
+    Lessin´gia Germano´rum, 252
+      lepto´clada, 252
+
+    Lewis´ia redivi´va, 224
+
+    Lil´ium Humbold´tii, 185
+      marit´imum, 356
+      pardali´num, 182
+      par´vum, 180
+      rubes´cens, 72
+
+    Limnan´thes Douglas´ii, 126
+
+    Lina´ria Canaden´sis, 304
+
+    Lobe´lia splen´dens, 365
+
+    Lonic´era hispid´ula, 226
+      involucra´ta, 122
+
+    Lupi´nus, xxxiv
+      al´bifrons, 161
+      arbo´reus, 161
+      bi´color, 300
+      densiflo´rus, 85
+      Sti´veri, 161
+
+    Lysichi´ton Camtschatcen´sis, 166
+
+
+    Ma´dia el´egans, 182
+      sati´va, 182
+
+    Maho´nia Aquifo´lium, 122
+
+    Malaco´thrix Califor´nica, 151
+      saxat´ilis, 75
+      tenuifo´lia, 75
+
+    Malvas´trum Thur´beri, 220
+
+    Mamilla´ria Goodridg´ii, 24
+
+    Marru´bium vulga´re, 47
+
+    Meconop´sis heterophyl´la, 129
+
+    Medica´go denticula´ta, 132
+      sati´va, 326
+
+    Megarrhi´za Califor´nica, 26
+
+    Melilo´tus al´ba, 156
+      parviflo´ra, 156
+
+    Mentze´lia lævicau´lis, 168
+      Lind´leyi, 168
+
+    Mesembryan´themum æquilatera´le, 220
+      crystalli´num, 51
+
+    Micram´pelis, 26
+
+    Microme´ria Douglas´ii, 62
+
+    Mim´ulus, xxxviii
+      brev´ipes, 134
+      cardina´lis, 360
+      Douglas´ii, 222
+      glutino´sus, 138
+      Lewis´ii, 248
+      lu´teus, 134
+      moscha´tus, 134
+
+    Mirab´ilis Califor´nica, 208
+
+    Monardel´la lanceola´ta, 324
+      odoratis´sima, 324
+      villo´sa, 324
+
+    Mon´tia perfolia´ta, 16
+
+    Muil´la marit´ima, 369
+      seroti´na, 369
+
+
+    Neil´lia opulifo´lia, 85
+
+    Nemoph´ila atoma´ria, 39
+      auri´ta, 278
+      insig´nis, 290
+      interme´dia, 284
+      macula´ta, 39
+      Menzie´sii, 284
+      parviflo´ra, 39
+
+    Nicotia´na glau´ca, 129
+
+    Nu´phar polysep´alum, 184
+
+    Nuttal´lia cerasifor´mis, 18
+
+
+    Œnothe´ra, xxxv
+      bien´nis, 175
+      bistor´ta, 136
+      Califor´nica, 48
+      cheiranthifo´lia, 136
+      ova´ta, 110
+
+    Opun´tia basila´ris, 225
+      Engelman´ni, 170
+      prolif´era, 356
+      serpenti´na, 357
+
+    Orthocar´pus, xxxviii
+      densiflo´rus, 228
+      erian´thus, 151
+      purpuras´cens, 228
+      versic´olor, 52
+
+    Ox´alis cornicula´ta, 196
+
+    Orega´na, 195
+
+
+    Pæo´nia Brown´ii, 340
+
+    Papa´ver Califor´nicum, 116
+
+    Pedicula´ris attol´lens, 253
+      densiflo´ra, 336
+      Grœnlan´dica, 253
+
+    Pentachæ´ta au´rea, 126
+
+    Penste´mon, xxxix
+      azu´reus, 308
+      Bridge´sii, 358
+      centranthifo´lius, 358
+      cordifo´lius, 350
+      heterophyl´lus, 308
+      Menzie´sii, 250
+
+    Phace´lia, xxxvii
+      Douglas´ii, 282
+      grandiflo´ra, 267
+      Par´ryi, 288
+      tanacetifo´lia, 282
+      vis´cida, 267
+      Whitla´via, 288
+
+    Phlox Douglas´ii, 248
+
+    Pickerin´gia monta´na, 230
+
+    Pipto´calyx, 30
+
+    Plagioboth´rys, 30
+
+    Platyste´mon Califor´nicus, 112
+
+    Polyg´ala Califor´nica, 286
+
+    Polyg´ala cornu´ta, 286
+      cuculla´ta, 286
+
+    Potentil´la Anseri´na, 175
+      glandulo´sa, 175
+
+    Primu´la suffrutes´cens, 250
+
+    Prosar´tes Hook´eri, 376
+      Menzie´sii, 377
+
+    Pru´nus demis´sa, 36
+      ilicifo´lia, 61
+      subcorda´ta, 34
+
+    Pteros´pora andromede´a, 186
+
+    Pyr´ola aphyl´la, 100
+      denta´ta, 100
+      pic´ta, 100
+      rotundifo´lia, 100
+
+
+    Ranun´culus Califor´nicus, 110
+
+    Rham´nus Califor´nica, 67
+      Purshia´na, 68
+
+    Rhododen´dron Califor´nicum, 234
+      occidenta´le, 86
+
+    Rhus aromat´ica, 154
+      Canaden´sis, 152
+      diversilo´ba, 8
+      integrifo´lia, 203
+      lauri´na, 203
+      ova´ta, 204
+
+    Ri´bes glutino´sum, 214
+      Menzie´sii, 338
+      sanguin´eum, 214
+      specio´sum, 338
+      subves´titum, 338
+
+    Romanzof´fia Sitchen´sis, 22
+
+    Romne´ya Coul´teri, 64
+
+    Ro´sa Califor´nica, 234
+      gymnocar´pa, 236
+
+    Ru´bus Nutka´nus, 24
+      spectab´ilis, 25
+
+    Ru´mex hymenosep´alus, 378
+
+
+    Salicor´nia ambig´ua, 387
+
+    Sal´via cardua´cea, 307
+      Columba´riæ, 298
+
+    Sambu´cus glau´ca, 45
+
+    Sarco´des sanguin´ea, 362
+
+    Saxif´raga Califor´nica, 14
+      pelta´ta, 242
+      Virginien´sis, 14
+
+    Scoli´opus Bigelo´vii, 256
+
+    Scrophula´ria Califor´nica, 342
+
+    Scutella´ria angustifo´lia, 270
+      Califor´nica, 270
+      tubero´sa, 270
+
+    Se´dum spathulifo´lium, 170
+
+    Sidal´cea malvæflo´ra, 198
+
+    Sile´ne Califor´nica, 354
+      Gal´lica, 246
+      lacinia´ta, 354
+
+    Sisyrin´chium bel´lum, 284
+      Califor´nicum, 284
+
+    Smilaci´na amplexicau´lis, 22
+      sessilifo´lia, 22
+
+    Sola´num Douglas´ii, 80
+      ni´grum, 80
+      umbellif´erum, 268
+      Xan´ti, 268
+
+    Solida´go Califor´nica, 190
+      occidenta´lis, 191
+
+    Spha´cele calyci´na, 42
+
+    Spiræ´a betulifo´lia, 85
+      dis´color, 85
+      Douglas´ii, 85
+
+    Spiran´thes Romanzoffia´num, 92
+
+    Spra´guea umbella´ta, 70
+
+    Sta´chys bulla´ta, 230
+
+    Stropholi´rion Califor´nicum, 232
+
+    Symphoricar´pos racemo´sus, 225
+
+
+    Telli´ma af´finis, 32
+      grandiflo´ra, 342
+
+    Thermop´sis Califor´nica, 148
+
+    Trichoste´ma lanatum, 316
+      lanceola´tum, 315
+
+    Trienta´lis Europæ´a, 202
+
+    Tril´lium ova´tum, 10
+      ses´sile, 260
+
+
+    Umbellula´ria Califor´nica, 372
+
+
+    Vaccin´ium ova´tum, 200
+
+    Vancouve´ria parviflo´ra, 88
+
+    Venegas´ia carpesioi´des, 171
+
+    Vera´trum Califor´nicum, 108
+      fimbria´tum, 108
+
+    Verbas´cum Blatta´ria, 190
+      Thap´sus, 190
+
+    Vic´ia gigante´a, 358
+
+    Vi´ola Beckwith´ii, 29
+      cani´na, 307
+      ocella´ta, 50
+      sarmento´sa, 140
+
+
+    Whip´plea modes´ta, 32
+
+    Whitla´via grandiflo´ra, 288
+
+    Wye´thia angustifo´lia, 157
+      gla´bra, 157
+
+    Wye´thia helenioi´des, 157
+      mol´lis, 157
+
+
+    Xerophyl´lum te´nax, 51
+
+
+    Yuc´ca arbores´cens, 44
+      bacca´ta, 20
+
+    Yuc´ca Mohaven´sis, 20
+      Whip´plei, 70
+
+
+    Zauschne´ria Califor´nica, 366
+
+    Zygade´nus Fremon´ti, 6
+      veneno´sus, 6
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES
+
+
+                            PAGE
+
+    Aconite, 328
+
+    Alfalfa, 326
+
+    Alfilerilla, 194
+
+    Alpine Heather, 246
+
+    Alpine Phlox, 248
+
+    Alpine Willow-Herb, 254
+
+    Alum-Root, 58
+
+    Amapola, 116
+
+    American Barrenwort, 88
+
+    American Velvet-Plant, 191
+
+    Amole, 82
+
+    Angels' Trumpets, 96
+
+    Apple of Peru, 96
+
+    August-Flower, 176
+
+    Azulea, 284
+
+
+    Baby-Blue-Eyes, 290
+
+    Baby-Eyes, 284
+
+    Ball-Sage, 294
+
+    Balm of Heaven, 373
+
+    Balsamea, 366
+
+    Beach-Aster, 304
+
+    Beach Morning-glory, 210
+
+    Beach Primrose, 136
+
+    Beach Strawberry, 10
+
+    Bearberry, 12
+
+    Bear-Clover, 92
+
+    Bearwood, 68
+
+    Beautiful Clarkia, 236
+
+    Bed-Straw, 28
+
+    Bellflower, 322
+
+    Black Lily, 266
+
+    Black Sage, 294, 316
+
+    Bladderpod, 144
+
+    Blazing-Star, 168
+
+    Bleeding-Heart, 242
+
+    Blood-Drop, 129
+
+    Blue-Blossom, 274
+
+    Blue-Curls, 315
+
+    Blue-eyed Grass, 284
+
+    Blue Forget-me-not, 334
+
+    Blue Gentian, 330
+
+    Blue Gilia, 296
+
+    Blue Larkspur, 276
+
+    Blue-and-white Lupine, 300
+
+    Blue Milla, 302
+
+    Blue Myrtle, 274
+
+    Blue-veined Nemophila, 284
+
+    Blueweed, 328
+
+    Big-Root, 26
+
+    Bird's-Eyes, 288
+
+    Bitter-Bark, 68
+
+    Bitter-Root, 224
+
+    Brass Buttons, 151
+
+    Brodiæa, 262
+
+    Bronze-Bells, } 264
+    Brown Lily,   }
+
+    Buck-Brush, 152
+
+    Bur-Clover, 132
+
+    Butter-and-Eggs, 151
+
+    Butterfly Tulip, 81
+
+    Button-Bush,   } 98
+    Button-Willow, }
+
+
+    Cajeput, 373
+
+    Calabazilla, 117
+
+    Calf's-Head, 390
+
+    Californian Azalea, 86
+
+    California Bay-Tree, 373
+
+    Californian Bee-Plant, 342
+
+    Californian Bluebells, 290
+
+    Californian Buckeye, 69
+
+    Californian Centaury, 218
+
+    California Coffee, 67
+
+    Californian Compass-Plant, 157
+
+    Californian Dandelion, 164
+
+    Californian False Hellebore, 108
+
+    Californian Figwort, 342
+
+    Californian Fish-hook Cactus, 24
+
+    Californian Four-o'clock, 208
+
+
+    California Fuchsia, 366
+
+    Californian Goldenrod, 190
+
+    Californian Hardhack, 85
+
+    Californian Harebell, 322
+
+    Californian Holly, 90
+
+    Californian Horse-Chestnut, 69
+
+    California Laurel, 372
+
+    California Lilac, 258, 274
+
+    Californian Lobelia, 314
+
+    Californian Milkwort, 286
+
+    Californian Olive, 373
+
+    Californian Pitcher-Plant, 390
+
+    California Poppy, 114
+
+    Californian Rose-Bay, 234
+
+    Californian Saxifrage, 14
+
+    Californian Slippery-Elm, 158
+
+    Californian Spikenard, 76
+
+    Califor'n Sweet-scented Shrub, 352
+
+    Californian Trillium, 260
+
+    Californian Wild Currant, 214
+
+    Calypso, 210
+
+    Camass, 292
+
+    Canaigre, 378
+
+    Cancer-Root, 172
+
+    Canchalagua, 218
+
+    Canker Lettuce, 100
+
+    Cascara Sagrada, 67
+
+    Catalina Mariposa Tulip, 306
+
+    Cat's-Ears, 278
+
+    Chamisal, 60
+
+    Chamise Lily, 136
+
+    Chamiso, 60
+
+    Chaparral Lily, 72
+
+    Chaparral Pea, 230
+
+    Chia, 298
+
+    Chicalote, 74
+
+    Chickweed-Wintergreen, 202
+
+    Chicory, 312
+
+    Chilean Clover, 326
+
+    Chili-Cojote, 117
+
+    Chilicothe, 26
+
+    Chittemwood, 68
+
+    Chocolate Lily, 266
+
+    Choke-Cherry, 36
+
+    Cholla-Cactus, 356
+
+    Christmas-Berry, 90
+
+    Christmas-Horns, 346
+
+    Christmas-Rose, 340
+
+    Cinquefoil, 175
+
+    Clarkia, 228
+
+    Cleavers, 28
+
+    Clematis, 91
+
+    Climbing Pentstemon, 350
+
+    Clintonia, 202
+
+    Clocks, 194
+
+    Cluster-Lily, 262
+
+    Coast Lily, 356
+
+    Collinsia, 294
+
+    Columbine, 348
+
+    Common Aster, 332
+
+    Common Black Mustard, 140
+
+    Common Buttercup, 110
+
+    Common Elder, 45
+
+    Common Evening Primrose, 175
+
+    Common Fleabane, 216
+
+    Common Milkweed, 312
+
+    Common Monkey-Flower, 134
+
+    Common Mugwort, 377
+
+    Common Nightshade, 80
+
+    Common Stramonium, 96
+
+    Common Sunflower, 185
+
+    Common White Lupine, 85
+
+    Common Wild Pea, 25
+
+    Common Wild Rose, 234
+
+    Copa de Oro, 114
+
+    Coral-Root, 272
+
+    Coulter's Snapdragon, 46
+
+    Cowslips, 110
+
+    Cream-colored Wall-Flower, 132
+
+    Cream-Cups, 112
+
+    Creeping Wood-Violet, 140
+
+    Creosote-Bush, 191
+
+    Cudweed, 68
+
+    Cup of Gold, 116
+
+
+    Death Camass, 6
+
+    Deerweed, 152
+
+    Devil's Apple, 96
+
+    Diogenes' Lantern, 144
+
+    Dodder, 160
+
+    Dog's-tooth Violet, 136
+
+    Dog-Violet, 307
+
+    Dormidera, 116
+
+    Douglas Iris, 300
+
+    Drops of Gold, 376
+
+    Dutchman's Pipe, 374
+
+
+    Echeveria, 141
+
+    Elephants' Heads, 252
+
+    Ellisia, 36
+
+    Escobita, 228
+
+    Espuela del Caballero, 276
+
+    Evening Snow, 50
+
+    Everlasting Flower, 68
+
+
+    Fairy Bells, 376
+
+    False Alum-Root, 342
+
+
+    False Indigo, 315
+
+    False Lupine, 148
+
+    False Lady's Slipper, 388
+
+    False Mallow, 220
+
+    False Pimpernel, 172
+
+    False Solomon's Seal, 22
+
+    False Tidy-Tips, 148
+
+    Farewell to Spring, 240
+
+    Fawn-Lily, 136
+
+    Fetid Adder's-Tongue, 256
+
+    Fever-Bush, 370
+
+    Fig-Marigold, 220
+
+    Filaree, 194
+
+    Finger-Tips, 142
+
+    Firecracker Flower, 238
+
+    Fireweed, 244
+
+    Flaming Poppy, 129
+
+    Floriponda, 96
+
+    Fly-Flower, 124
+
+    Fragrant Sumach, 152
+
+    Friar's-Cap, 328
+
+    Fringed Gilia, 216
+
+    Fuller's Thistle, 386
+
+    Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry, 338
+
+
+    Giant Californian White Poppy, 66
+
+    Glasswort, 387
+
+    Gobernadora, 191
+
+    Godetia, 240
+
+    Golden Brodiæa, 156
+
+    Golden Butterfly-Tulip, 150
+
+    Golden Dicentra, 162
+
+    Golden Lily-Bell, 144
+
+    Golden Stars, 154
+
+    Golden Thread, 160
+
+    Golden Yarrow, 180
+
+    Golden-eyed Grass, 284
+
+    Goose-Grass, 28
+
+    Gourd, 117
+
+    Grass-Nuts, 262
+
+    Greasewood, 60, 66
+
+    Great Willow-Herb, 244
+
+    Green-banded Mariposa, 268
+
+    Green-stemmed Filaree, 194
+
+    Ground-Iris, 280
+
+    Ground-Pink, 216
+
+    Groundsel-Tree, 104
+
+    Gum-Plant, 176
+
+
+    Hag-Taper, 191
+
+    Hairbell, 54
+
+    Harvest Brodiæa, 318
+
+    Heal-All, 322
+
+    Heart's-Ease, 50
+
+    Hedge-Nettle, 230
+
+    Heliotrope, 47
+
+    Helmet-Flower, 328
+
+    Hen-and-Chickens, 142
+
+    Hideondo, 191
+
+    Hog-Onion, 262
+
+    Hog's Potato, 8
+
+    Holly-leaved Barberry, 122
+
+    Holly-leaved Cherry, 61
+
+    Honeysuckle, 86
+
+    Horehound, 47
+
+    Hound's-Tongue, 258
+
+    Huckleberry, 200
+
+    Humboldt's Lily, 185
+
+    Humming-bird's Sage, 350
+
+    Humming-bird's Trumpet, 367
+
+
+    Ice-Plant, 51
+
+    Incense-Shrub, 214
+
+    Indian Lettuce, 16, 100
+
+    Indian Paint-Brush, 344
+
+    Indian Pink, 354
+
+    Indian Plume, 344
+
+    Indian Rhubarb, 242
+
+    Indian Warrior, 336
+
+    Indian Wheat, 157
+
+    Innocence, 294
+
+    Islay, 61
+
+    Ithuriel's Spear, 302
+
+
+    Jamestown-Weed, } 96
+    Jimson-Weed,    }
+
+    Joshua-Tree, 44
+
+    Judas-Tree, 198
+
+    June-Berry, 88
+
+
+    Kamass, 292
+
+
+    Labrador Tea, 103
+
+    Lady's Tobacco, 68
+
+    Ladies' Tresses, 92
+
+    Lantern of the Fairies, 54
+
+    Large-flowered Brodiæa, 318
+
+    Large-flowered Datura, 54
+
+    Large-flowered Dogwood, 94
+
+    Large-flowered Phacelia, 267
+
+    Large Vetch, 358
+
+    Large White Mountain Daisy, 106
+
+    Large Yellow Lupine, 161
+
+    Lavender Mountain Daisy, 332
+
+    Lead-Plant, 315
+
+    Leatherwood, 160
+
+    Lemonade-Berry, 3, 203
+
+    Lemon-Lily, 109
+
+
+    Leopard-Lily, 182
+
+    Lessingia, 252
+
+    Lilac Sand-Verbena, 292
+
+    Little Alpine Lily, 180
+
+    Llavina, 24
+
+    Lobelia, 6
+
+    Loco-Weed, 40
+
+    Love-Vine, 160
+
+    Lucern, 326
+
+
+    Mad-Apple, 96
+
+    Madrone,  } 37
+    Madroño,  }
+
+    Mad Violets, 204
+
+    Mahala Mats, 326
+
+    Mahogany, 203
+
+    Mahonia, 118, 122
+
+    Main-oph-weep, 56
+
+    Man-in-the-Ground, 26
+
+    Manzanita, 12
+
+    Marianas, 290
+
+    Mariposa Tulip, 78, 81
+
+    Matilija Poppy, 64
+
+    Meadow-Foam, 126
+
+    Meadow-Sweet, 85
+
+    Mesembryanthemum, 220
+
+    Milfoil, 97
+
+    Milkweed, Hornless Woolly, 380
+
+    Milk-white Rein-Orchis, 94
+
+    Miner's Lettuce, 16
+
+    Mission-Bells, 264
+
+    Mission Poppy, 66
+
+    Mist-Maidens, 22
+
+    Mock-Orange, 117
+
+    Monk's-Hood, 328
+
+    Mosquito-Bills, 206
+
+    Moth-Mullein, 190
+
+    Mother's Heart, 78
+
+    Mottled Swamp-Orchis, 388
+
+    Mountain Balm, 56
+
+    Mountain Birch, 84
+
+    Mountain Heart's-Ease, 29
+
+    Mountain Lady's Slipper, 382
+
+    Mountain Laurel, 373
+
+    Mountain Mahogany, 373
+
+    Mountain Misery, 92
+
+    Muilla, 369
+
+    Musky Filaree, 194
+
+
+    Naked Broom-Rape, 172
+
+    Nievitas, 30
+
+    Nigger-Babies, 284
+
+    Nigger-Heads, 340
+
+    Nine-Bark, 85
+
+    Noona, 268
+
+    Northern Scarlet Larkspur, 346
+
+
+    Oregon Grape, 118, 122
+
+    Orpine, 170
+
+    Oso-Berry, 18
+
+    Our Lord's Candle, 70
+
+
+    Pearly Everlasting Flower, 102
+
+    Pennyroyal, 324
+
+    Pentachæta, 126
+
+    Pepper-Root, 4
+
+    Phantom Orchis, 388
+
+    Pigeon-Berry, 67
+
+    Pimpernel, 126
+
+    Pin-Clover, 194
+
+    Pine-Drops, 186
+
+    Pink Monkey-Flower, 248
+
+    Pink Paint-Brush, 228
+
+    Pipe-Vine, 374
+
+    Pipsissiwa, 104
+
+    Pitcher-Sage, 42
+
+    Poison-Oak, 8
+
+    Poison-Weed, 157
+
+    Poléo, 324
+
+    Poor-Man's Weather-Glass, 126
+
+    Pop-corn Flower, 30
+
+    Prairie-Pointers, 206
+
+    Prickly-Pear, 170
+
+    Prickly Phlox, 206
+
+    Pride of California, The, 212
+
+    Pride of the Mountains, 250
+
+    Prince's Pine, 104
+
+    Purple Nemophila, 278
+
+    Pussy's-Ears, 278
+
+    Pussy's-Paws, 70
+
+
+    Quinine-Bush, 370
+
+
+    Racine-Amère, 224
+
+    Rattlesnake Plantain, 98
+
+    Rattle-Weed, 40
+
+    Redbud, 198
+
+    Red-stemmed Filaree, 194
+
+    Redwood Lily, 72
+
+    Redwood Sorrel, 196
+
+    Rein-Orchis, 384
+
+    Resin-Weed, 176
+
+    Rice-Root, 264
+
+    Rock-Cress, 196
+
+    Rock-Fringe, 254
+
+    Rock-Rose, 208
+
+    Romero, 316
+
+    Roosters'-Heads, 206
+
+    Ruby Lily, 72
+
+
+    Sacred Bark, 67
+
+    Sage, 298
+
+    Sagebrush, 377
+
+    Saitas, 262
+
+    Salal, 75
+
+    Samphire, 387
+
+    Sassafras Laurel, 373
+
+    Satin-Bell, 54
+
+    Sauco, 45
+
+    Scarlet Bugler, 358
+
+    Scarlet Fritillary, 346
+
+    Scarlet Gilia, 360
+
+    Scarlet Honeysuckle, 350
+
+    Scarlet Monkey-Flower, 360
+
+    Scarlet Paint-Brush, 344
+
+    Sea-Dahlia, 146
+
+    Self-Heal, 322
+
+    Service-Berry, 88
+
+    Shad-Bush, 90
+
+    Shasta Lily, 102
+
+    Shepherd's Purse, 78
+
+    Shooting-Stars, 204
+
+    Sierra Plum, 34
+
+    Sierra Primrose, 250
+
+    Silk-Tassel Tree, 370
+
+    Silver-weed, 175
+
+    Silkweed, 312
+
+    Si me quieres, no me quieres, 124
+
+    Skullcap, 270
+
+    Skunk-Cabbage, 108, 166
+
+    Snow-Berry, 225
+
+    Snow-Plant, 362
+
+    Snowy Lily-Bell, 54
+
+    Soap-Bush, 84, 258
+
+    Soap-Plant, 6, 82
+
+    Sour-Grass, 51
+
+    Southern Scarlet Larkspur, 364
+
+    Spanish Bayonet, 20, 70
+
+    Spanish Lily, 262
+
+    Spat'lum, 224
+
+    Spice-Bush, 373
+
+    Spineless Tuna, 225
+
+    Spreading Dogbane, 236
+
+    Spring-Blossom, 4
+
+    Squaw-Berry, 152
+
+    Squaw-Grass, 51
+
+    Squaw's Carpet, 326
+
+    Star-Flower, 202
+
+    Stickseed, 334
+
+    Sticky Monkey-Flower, 138
+
+    St. John's-Wort, 162
+
+    Stonecrop, 170
+
+    Strawberry Cactus, 24
+
+    Succory, 312
+
+    Sulphur-Flower, 178
+
+    Sun-Cups, 110
+
+    Sunflower, 157
+
+    Sunshine, 124
+
+
+    Tall Mountain Larkspur, 330
+
+    Tarweed, 92, 182, 188
+
+    Teasel, 386
+
+    Thimble-Berry, 24
+
+    Thistle-Poppy, 74
+
+    Thistle-Sage, 307
+
+    Thorn-Apple, 96
+
+    Tidy-Tips, 148
+
+    Tiger-Lily, 182, 185
+
+    Toad-Flax, 304
+
+    Tobacco-Root, 224
+
+    Tolguacha, 54
+
+    Toothwort, 4
+
+    Torosa, 114
+
+    Toyon, 90
+
+    Tree-Mallow, 226
+
+    Tree-Poppy, 118
+
+    Tree-Tobacco, 129
+
+    Tree-Yucca, 44
+
+    Trefoil Sumach, 152
+
+    Tuna, 170
+
+    Turban Cactus, 374
+
+    Turkey-Beard, 51
+
+    Turkish Rugging, 218
+
+    Turk's-head Cactus, 374
+
+    Twin-Berry, 122
+
+    Twining Hyacinth, 232
+
+
+    Umbrella-Plant, 242
+
+
+    Velvet Cactus, 357
+
+    Venegasia, 171
+
+    Vervenia, 282
+
+    Villela, 284
+
+    Violet Beard-Tongue, 308
+
+    Violet Nightshade, 268
+
+    Violet Snapdragon, 320
+
+    Virgin's Bower, 91
+
+
+    Wahoo, 68
+
+    Wake-Robin, 10
+
+    Washington Lily, 102
+
+    Water-Holly, 118
+
+    Water-Lily, 6
+
+    Western Boykinia, 81
+
+    Western Cardinal-Flower, 365
+
+    Western Goldenrod, 191
+
+    Western Spice-Bush, 352
+
+    Western Wall-Flower, 132
+
+
+    Whipplea, 32
+
+    Whispering Bells, 130
+
+    White Brodiæa, 156
+
+    White Daisy, 28
+
+    White Evening Primrose, 48
+
+    White Forget-me-not, 30
+
+    White Fritillary, 267
+
+    White Globe-Tulip, 54
+
+    White Layia, 28
+
+    White Nemophila, 39
+
+    White Owl's Clover, 52
+
+    White Sage, 66
+
+    White Sweet Clover, 156
+
+    White Tea-Tree, 84
+
+    White-veined Shinleaf, 100
+
+    Wild Bachelor's Button, 312
+
+    Wild Bouvardia, 178
+
+    Wild Bridal-Wreath, 85
+
+    Wild Broom, 152
+
+    Wild Buckwheat, 34
+
+    Wild Canterbury-Bell, 288
+
+    Wild Cherry, 36
+
+    Wild Coreopsis, 182
+
+    Wild Cucumber, 26
+
+    Wild Cyclamen, 204
+
+    Wild Date, 20
+
+    Wild Ginger, 310
+
+    Wild Gooseberry, 338
+
+    Wild Heliotrope, 282
+
+    Wild Hollyhock, 198
+
+    Wild Honeysuckle, 226
+
+    Wild Hyacinth, 262, 292
+
+    Wild Lantana, 292
+
+    Wild Morning-glory, 40
+
+    Wild Peony, 340
+
+    Wild Pie-Plant, 378
+
+    Wild Plum, 34
+
+    Wild Portulaca, 212
+
+    Wild White Lilac, 39
+
+    Wind-Flower, 18
+
+    Wind-Poppy, 129
+
+    Wintergreen, 75
+
+    Wood Anemone, 18
+
+    Wood-Balm, 42
+
+    Woodland Star of Bethlehem, 32
+
+    Wood Strawberry, 10
+
+    Woolly Blue-Curls, 316
+
+    Woolly Breeches, 128
+
+
+    Yarrow, 97
+
+    Yellow-Boy, 67
+
+    Yellow Daisy, 148
+
+    Yellow Forget-me-not, 128
+
+    Yellow Globe-Tulip, 144
+
+    Yellow Mariposa Tulip, 174
+
+    Yellow Pansy, 120
+
+    Yellow Pond-Lily, 184
+
+    Yellow-Root, 67
+
+    Yellow Sand-Verbena, 146
+
+    Yellow Star Tulip, 130
+
+    Yellow Sweet Clover, 156
+
+    Yerba Buena, 62
+
+    Yerba de Chivato, 91
+
+    Yerba del Indio, 354
+
+    Yerba del Pasmo, 61
+
+    Yerba Mansa, 76
+
+    Yerba Santa, 56
+
+    Yucca-Palm, 44
+
+
+    Zygadene, 6
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
+
+
+    PAGE
+
+    Aggregate fruit, xxx
+
+    Akene, xxx
+
+    Ament, xxviii
+
+    Anther, xxix
+
+    Axil, xxii
+
+
+    Berry, xxx
+
+    Blade, xxiii
+
+    Bract, xxvii
+
+    Bulb, xxiii
+
+
+    Calyx, xxviii
+
+    Capsule, xxx
+
+    Catkin, xxviii
+
+    Complete flower, xxviii
+
+    Compound leaf, xxiv
+
+    Corm, xxiii
+
+    Corolla, xxviii
+
+    Corymb, xxvii
+
+    Cyme, xxviii
+
+
+    Drupe, xxx
+
+
+    Essential organs, xxviii
+
+
+    Female flower, xxix
+
+    Filament, xxix
+
+    Flower-cluster, xxvii
+
+    Flower-head, xxviii
+
+    Follicle, xxx
+
+    Foot-stalk, xxiii
+
+    Fruit, xxix
+
+
+    Gourd, xxx
+
+
+    Imperfect flower, xxix
+
+    Inflorescence, xxvii
+
+    Internodes, xxii
+
+    Involucre, xxvii
+
+
+    Leaflet, xxiv
+
+    Leaves, xxiii
+
+    Legume, xxx
+
+
+    Male flower, xxix
+
+
+    Neutral flower, xxix
+
+    Nodes, xxii
+
+
+    Ovary, xxix
+
+
+    Palmate leaf, xxiv
+
+    Panicle, xxviii
+
+    Pedicel, xxvii
+
+    Peduncle, xxvii
+
+    Pepo, xxx
+
+    Perianth, xxviii
+
+    Perfect flower, xxix
+
+    Pericarp, xxix
+
+    Petals, xxviii
+
+    Petiole, xxiii
+
+    Pinnate leaf, xxiv
+
+    Pistil, xxix
+
+    Pistillate flower, xxix
+
+    Pollen, xxix
+
+    Pome, xxx
+
+
+    Raceme, xxvii
+
+    Rhizome, xxiii
+
+    Root, xxii
+
+    Rootstock, xxiii
+
+
+    Samara, xxx
+
+    Scape, xxvii
+
+    Sepals, xxviii
+
+    Simple leaf, xxiv
+
+    Solitary flower, xxvii
+
+    Spadix, xxviii
+
+    Spathe, xxviii
+
+    Spike, xxviii
+
+    Stamen, xxix
+
+    Staminate flower, xxix
+
+    Staminodia, xxix
+
+    Stem, xxii
+
+    Stigma, xxix
+
+    Stipules, xxiii
+
+    Style, xxix
+
+
+    Tuber, xxiii
+
+
+    Umbel, xxvii
+
+
+    Veinlets, xxiv
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+
+     _Abortive_, defective or barren.
+
+     _Acuminate_, ending in a tapering point.
+
+     _Adnate_, growing to; or said of an anther whose cells are
+     borne upon the sides of the apex of the filament.
+
+     _Appendage_, any superadded part.
+
+     _Appressed_, lying flat against or together for the whole
+     length.
+
+     _Arborescent_, treelike; approaching the size of a tree.
+
+     _Attenuate_, slenderly tapering to a point.
+
+     _Auricle_, a small earlike lobe at the base of a leaf.
+
+     _Awn_, a bristle-shaped appendage.
+
+
+     _Barb_, a sharply reflexed point upon an awn, etc., like the
+     barb of a fish-hook.
+
+     _Basifixed_, attached by the base or lower end.
+
+     _Beak_, a narrow or prolonged tip.
+
+     _Bifid_, two-cleft to the middle or thereabouts.
+
+     _Bilabiate_, two-lipped.
+
+     _Blade_, the expanded portion of a leaf, petal, etc.
+
+     _Bract_, one of the leaves of a flower-cluster.
+
+     _Bracteate_, furnished with bracts.
+
+     _Bractlet_, a bract of the ultimate grade; as one inserted _on_
+     a pedicel or ultimate flower-stalk instead of _under_ it.
+
+     _Bracteolate_, having bractlets.
+
+     _Bulbiferous_, bearing bulbs.
+
+
+     _Caducous_, dropping off very early.
+
+     _Campanulate_, bell-shaped.
+
+     _Capitate_, headlike, or collected in a head.
+
+     _Carina_, a salient longitudinal projection on the center of
+     the lower face of an organ.
+
+     _Carinate_, furnished with a carina, or keel.
+
+     _Carpel_, a simple pistil, or one of the several parts of a
+     compound one.
+
+     _Ciliate_, marginally fringed with hairs.
+
+     _Clavate_, club-shaped.
+
+     _Claw_, the narrowed base, or stalk, which some petals, etc.,
+     possess.
+
+     _Coalescing_, cohering; used properly in respect to similar
+     parts.
+
+     _Column_, a body formed by the union of filaments (stamineal);
+     or (in orchids) of the stamens and pistil.
+
+     _Confluent_, blended, or running together.
+
+     _Connate_, growing together; united in one.
+
+     _Connective_, the portion of the filament which connects or
+     separates the cells of an anther.
+
+     _Connivent_, coming into contact or converging.
+
+     _Cordate_, heart-shaped.
+
+     _Coriaceous_, leathery.
+
+     _Corymb_, a flat-topped inflorescence flowering from the margin
+     inward.
+
+     _Corymbose_, in corymbs, or in the form of a corymb.
+
+     _Cruciferous_, of four somewhat similar petals, spreading in
+     the form of a cross.
+
+     _Cymose_, in cymes. (See _cyme_, in Explanation of Terms, p.
+     xxviii.)
+
+
+     _Deciduous_, falling at the end of the season.
+
+     _Declined_, bent or curved downward or forward.
+
+     _Decumbent_, reclining, but with summit ascending.
+
+     _Decurrent_, running down the stem; applied to a leaf with
+     blade prolonged below its insertion.
+
+     _Deflexed_, bent or turned abruptly downward.
+
+     _Dehiscing_, opening by valves, slits, or regular lines; as a
+     capsule or an anther.
+
+     _Deltoid_, having the shape of the Greek letter _delta_;
+     broadly triangular.
+
+     _Denticulate_, minutely toothed.
+
+     _Depauperate_, impoverished in size by unfavorable
+     surroundings.
+
+     _Dichotomous_, forking regularly by pairs.
+
+     _Diæcious_, with stamens and pistils in different flowers on
+     different plants.
+
+     _Dissected_, deeply cut, or divided into numerous segments.
+
+     _Divaricate_, extremely divergent.
+
+     _Divided_, lobed or cut clear to the base.
+
+
+     _Emarginate_, notched at the extremity.
+
+     _Entire_, with the margin uninterrupted; without teeth or
+     divisions of any sort.
+
+     _Equitant_, astride; as of leaves folding over each other in
+     two ranks; as in the iris.
+
+     _Erose_, gnawed.
+
+     _Exserted_, projecting beyond an envelop; as stamens from a
+     corolla.
+
+     _Extrorse_, facing outward; said of the anther.
+
+
+     _Falcate_, scythe-shaped; sickle-shaped.
+
+     _Fascicled_, in a close cluster or bundle; said of flowers,
+     stalks, roots, and leaves.
+
+     _Fertile_, capable of producing fruit; as a pistillate flower;
+     applied also to a pollen-bearing stamen.
+
+     _Fibrous_, composed of or of the nature of fibres.
+
+     _Filiform_, threadlike.
+
+     _Flexuous_, zigzag; bent alternately in opposite directions.
+
+     _Foliaceous_, leaflike in structure or appearance; leafy.
+
+     _Foliolate_, having leaflets; the number indicated by the Latin
+     prefixes, _bi-_, _tri-_, etc.
+
+     _Follicle_, a pod formed from a single pistil, dehiscing along
+     the ventral suture only.
+
+     _Free_, not growing to other organs.
+
+     _Fugacious_, falling very early.
+
+     _Funnel-form_, tubular, but expanding gradually from the narrow
+     base to the spreading border or limb; _e.g._ the Morning-glory
+     flower.
+
+
+     _Galea_, a helmet; applied to the helmet-shaped upper lip of
+     the corolla in _Labiatæ_, etc.; also in some _Scrophularineæ_,
+     though not so shaped.
+
+     _Glabrous_, without any kind of hairiness.
+
+     _Gland_, any secreting structure, depression or prominence, on
+     any part of a plant, or any structure having such an
+     appearance.
+
+     _Glandular_, bearing glands, or glandlike.
+
+     _Glaucous_, covered or whitened with a bloom like that on a
+     cabbage-leaf.
+
+
+     _Habit_, the general form or mode of growth of a plant.
+
+     _Herbaceous_, having the character of an herb; not woody or
+     shrubby.
+
+     _Hispid_, beset with rigid or bristly hairs, or with bristles.
+
+
+     _Imbricate_, overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
+
+     _Incised_, cut irregularly and sharply.
+
+     _Included_, inclosed by the surrounding organs; not exserted.
+
+     _Indigenous_, native to the country.
+
+     _Inferior_, said of the ovary when the calyx, corolla, or
+     stamens are borne upon its summit or sides.
+
+     _Inflorescence_, the flowering portion of a plant, and
+     especially the mode of its arrangement.
+
+     _Innate_, said of an anther when it is a continuation of the
+     filament.
+
+     _Introrse_, facing inward, or toward the axis, as an anther.
+
+     _Involucrate_, having an involucre.
+
+     _Involucre_, a circle of bracts subtending a flower-cluster.
+
+     _Involute_, rolled inward.
+
+
+     _Keel._ (See _carina_.)
+
+     _Keeled_, furnished with a keel, or carina.
+
+
+     _Lacerate_, torn; irregularly and deeply cleft.
+
+     _Laciniate_, cut into narrow, slender teeth, or lobes.
+
+     _Liliaceous_, lily-like.
+
+     _Limb_, the dilated and usually spreading portion of a perianth
+     or petal as distinct from the tubular part, or claw.
+
+     _Line_, the twelfth part of inch.
+
+     _Linear_, narrow and elongated, with parallel margins.
+
+     _Lip_, either of the two divisions of a bilabiate corolla or
+     calyx; in orchids the upper petal (often, apparently, the
+     lower) usually very different from the others.
+
+     _Lobe_, any division of a leaf, corolla, etc., especially if
+     rounded.
+
+     _Lunate_, crescent-shaped, or half-moon-shaped.
+
+     _Lyrate_, lyre-shaped; pinnatifid with the terminal lobe large
+     and rounded, and one or more of the lower pairs small.
+
+
+     _Membranaceous_, thin; rather soft and translucent, like
+     membrane.
+
+     _Monœcious_, with stamens and pistils in separate blossoms on
+     the same plant.
+
+     _Mucronate_, with a short, abrupt, small tip.
+
+
+     _Nectar_, the sweetish secretion of the blossom from which bees
+     make honey.
+
+     _Nectary_, the place or gland in which nectar is secreted.
+
+     _Nerve_, a simple, unbranched vein or slender rib.
+
+     _Nerved_, furnished with a nerve or nerves.
+
+
+     _Ob-_, used as a prefix meaning inversely.
+
+     _Obtuse_, blunt or rounded at the end.
+
+     _Odd-pinnate_, pinnate, with an odd leaflet at the end.
+
+
+     _Palate_, a protrusion at or near the throat of a two-lipped
+     corolla.
+
+     _Panicle_, a loose, irregularly branching inflorescence.
+
+     _Papilionaceous_, butterfly-like; applied to the peculiar
+     irregular flower common in _Leguminosæ_.
+
+     _Papillæ_, minute, thick, nipple-shaped, or somewhat elongated
+     projections.
+
+     _Parasitic_, growing upon and deriving nourishment from another
+     plant.
+
+     _Parted_, cleft nearly, but not quite, to the base.
+
+     _Perfoliate_, said of leaves connate about the stem.
+
+     _Persistent_, not falling off; said of leaves continuing
+     through the winter.
+
+     _Petaloid_, petal-like.
+
+     _Petiolate_, having a petiole.
+
+     _Petiole_, the foot-stalk of a leaf.
+
+     _Petiolulate_, having a petiolule.
+
+     _Petiolule_, the foot-stalk of a leaflet.
+
+     _Pinnate_, having its parts arranged in pairs along a common
+     rachis.
+
+     _Pinnatifid_, pinnately cleft.
+
+     _Pistillate_, having a pistil or pistils, and no stamens.
+
+     _Puberulent_, minutely pubescent.
+
+     _Pubescent_, covered with hairs, usually soft and short.
+
+
+     _Rachis_, the axis (backbone) of a spike, or of a compound
+     leaf.
+
+     _Radiate_, diverging from a common center, or bearing
+     ray-flowers; said of flower-heads of composite plants.
+
+     _Radical_, belonging to or proceeding from the root, or from
+     the base of the stem.
+
+     _Ray_, one of the radiating branches of an umbel; the marginal
+     flowers, as distinct from those of the disk, in _Compositæ_,
+     etc.
+
+     _Receptacle_, a more or less expanded surface, forming a
+     support for a cluster of organs (in a flower) or a cluster of
+     flowers (in a head), etc.
+
+     _Recurved_, curved backward or downward.
+
+     _Reflexed_, abruptly bent or turned backward or downward.
+
+     _Regular_, symmetrical in form; uniform in shape or structure.
+
+     _Retrorse_, directed backward or downward.
+
+     _Revolute_, rolled backward from the margins or apex.
+
+     _Rhomboidal_, quadrangular, with the lateral angles obtuse.
+
+     _Rudiment_, an imperfectly developed and functionally useless
+     organ.
+
+     _Rugose_, wrinkled; ridged.
+
+
+     _Saccate_, sac-shaped; baggy.
+
+     _Sagittate_, shaped like an arrowhead; triangular, with basal
+     lobes prolonged downward.
+
+     _Salver-form_, narrowly tubular, with limb abruptly or flatly
+     expanded.
+
+     _Scabrous_, rough to the touch.
+
+     _Scape_, a naked peduncle rising from the ground.
+
+     _Scarious_, thin, dry, membranaceous, and not green.
+
+     _Scorpioid_, incurved like the tail of a scorpion; said of an
+     inflorescence.
+
+     _Segment_, one of the parts of a leaf or other organ that is
+     cut or divided.
+
+     _Serrate_, having teeth directed forward, like the teeth of a
+     saw.
+
+     _Serrulate_, minutely serrate.
+
+     _Sessile_, stemless.
+
+     _Sinus_, a recess or re-entering angle.
+
+     _Sheathing_, infolding like a sheath.
+
+     _Spathe_, a large bract or pair of bracts (often colored)
+     inclosing a flower-cluster.
+
+     _Spinescent_, ending in a spine or rigid point.
+
+     _Spinulose_, with diminutive spines.
+
+     _Spur_, a usually slender tubular process, from some part of a
+     flower, often honey-bearing.
+
+     _Staminate_, having stamens, but no pistils.
+
+     _Staminodium_, a sterile stamen, or something taking the place
+     of a stamen.
+
+     _Stellate_, star-shaped.
+
+     _Sterile_, barren; incapable of producing seed; a sterile
+     stamen is one not producing pollen.
+
+     _Striate_, marked with fine longitudinal lines.
+
+     _Subtended_, supported or surrounded; as a pedicel by a bract,
+     or a flower-cluster by an involucre.
+
+     _Subulate_, awl-shaped.
+
+     _Succulent_, fleshy and juicy.
+
+     _Superior_, growing above; a superior ovary is one wholly above
+     and free from the calyx.
+
+
+     _Terete_, cylindrical.
+
+     _Ternate_, in threes.
+
+     _Thyrse_, a contracted or ovate panicle.
+
+     _Thyrsoid_, thyrselike.
+
+     _Tomentum_, dense, matted, woolly pubescence.
+
+     _Trifoliolate_, having three leaflets.
+
+     _Tubular_, tube-shaped.
+
+
+     _Undulate_, wavy.
+
+     _Unisexual_, of one sex; said of flowers having stamens only,
+     or pistils only.
+
+     _Urceolate_, cylindrical or ovoid, but contracted at or below
+     the open orifice, like an urn or a pitcher.
+
+
+     _Valve_, the several parts of a dehiscent pericarp; the
+     doorlike lid by which some anthers open.
+
+     _Ventricose_, swelling unequally, or inflated on one side.
+
+     _Versatile_, swinging; turning freely on its support.
+
+     _Villous_, bearing long and soft, straight or straightish
+     hairs.
+
+     _Virgate_, wandlike.
+
+     _Viscid_, glutinous; sticky.
+
+
+     _Whorl_, an arrangement of leaves, flowers, etc., in a circle
+     about the stem, or axis.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+UTF-8 encoding
+Obvious punctuation and spelling errors repaired.
+Flowers with no common name have a thought break.
+Inconsistent hyphenation has been repaired.
+
+Page 141 "black-bird" changed to "blackbird".
+Page 192 "arrow-heads" changed to "arrowheads".
+Page 324 "horse-mint" changed to "horsemint".
+Page 164 "over-powering" changed to "overpowering".
+Page 141 "lace-like" changed to "lacelike".
+Page 190 "golden-rod" changed to "goldenrod".
+Page 354 "tooth-like" changed to "toothlike".
+
+The following index entries were repaired:
+
+Large Yellow Lupine, 16[**numbers missing]
+Lavender Mountain Daisy, [**numbers missing]
+Lead-Plant, [**numbers missing]
+Leatherwood, [**numbers missing]
+Lemonade-Berry, [**numbers missing]
+Lemon-Lily, [**numbers missing]
+
+In ambiguous cases, the text has been left as it appears in the
+original book.  In particular, the following errors:
+
+endquote missing punctuation
+paragraph starts with lower-case
+mismatched square backets
+mismatched quotes
+wrong spaced quotes
+missing paragraph breaks
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wild Flowers of California: Their
+Names, Haunts, and Habits, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wild Flowers of California: Their
+Names, Haunts, and Habits, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Wild Flowers of California: Their Names, Haunts, and Habits
+
+Author: Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+Illustrator: Margaret Warriner Buck
+
+Release Date: February 15, 2012 [EBook #38886]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Mark Young and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    THE WILD FLOWERS
+    OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+
+
+    THE WILD FLOWERS
+    OF CALIFORNIA
+
+    _THEIR NAMES, HAUNTS, AND HABITS_
+
+    BY
+    MARY ELIZABETH PARSONS
+
+    ILLUSTRATED BY
+    MARGARET WARRINER BUCK
+
+    _THIRD THOUSAND_
+
+    [Illustration]
+
+    WILLIAM DOXEY
+    AT THE SIGN OF THE LARK
+    SAN FRANCISCO
+    1897
+
+
+
+
+    COPYRIGHT, 1897
+    WILLIAM DOXEY
+
+    THE DOXEY PRESS
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                     PAGE
+
+  PREFACE                                    vii
+
+  TABLE OF PLATES                           xiii
+
+  HOW TO USE THE BOOK                        xix
+
+  EXPLANATION OF TERMS                      xxii
+
+  IMPORTANT PLANT FAMILIES AND GENERA       xxxi
+
+  INTRODUCTORY                              xlii
+
+  PRELUDE                                  xlvii
+
+  FLOWER DESCRIPTIONS:--
+
+          I. WHITE                             3
+
+         II. YELLOW                          109
+
+        III. PINK                            193
+
+         IV. BLUE AND PURPLE                 255
+
+          V. RED                             335
+
+         VI. MISCELLANEOUS                   369
+
+  INDEX TO LATIN NAMES                       393
+
+  INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES                     399
+
+  INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS                   405
+
+  GLOSSARY                                   406
+
+
+
+
+    "Were I, O God, in churchless lands remaining,
+      Far from all voice of teachers or divines,
+    My soul would find in flowers of thy ordaining
+            Priests, sermons, shrines!"
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+To the thoughtless a flower is often a trivial thing--beautiful perhaps,
+and worthy of a passing glance--but that is all. But to the mind open to
+the great truths of the universe, it takes on a deeper significance. Such a
+mind sees in its often humble beginnings the genesis of things far-reaching
+and mighty. Two thousand years ago one grain of the shower of pollen wafted
+upon the wind and falling upon a minute undeveloped cone, quickened a seed
+there into life, and this dropping into the soil pushed up a tiny thread of
+green, which, after the quiet process of the ages, you now behold in the
+giant Sequoia which tosses its branches aloft, swept by the four winds of
+heaven.
+
+Whether manifesting itself in the inconspicuous flower upon the tree or in
+the equally unassuming inflorescence of the vegetable, or unfurling petals
+of satin or gauze of brilliant hue and marvelous beauty, the blossom is the
+origin of most that is useful or beautiful in the organic world about us.
+Strip the world of its blossoms, and the higher forms of life must come to
+a speedy termination. Thus we see the flower playing a wonderfully
+important part in the cosmos around us. It becomes henceforth not only a
+thing of beauty for the gratification of the aesthetic sense, but the
+instrument by which Nature brings about the fullness of her perfection in
+her own good season.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is perhaps no nature-study that can yield the same amount of pure and
+unalloyed pleasure with so little outlay as the study of the wild flowers.
+When one is interested in them, every walk into the fields is transformed
+from an aimless ramble into a joyous, eager quest, and every journey upon
+stage or railroad becomes a rare opportunity for making new
+plant-acquaintances--a season of exhilarating excitement.
+
+Mr. Burroughs, that devout lover of nature, says: "Most young people find
+botany a dull study. So it is, as taught from the text-books in the
+schools; but study it yourself in the fields and woods, and you will find
+it a source of perennial delight. Find your flower, and then name it by the
+aid of the botany. There is so much in a name. To find out what a thing is
+called is a great help. It is the beginning of knowledge; it is the first
+step. When we see a new person who interests us, we wish to know his or her
+name. A bird, a flower, a place--the first thing we wish to know about it
+is its name. Its name helps us to classify it; it gives us a handle to
+grasp it by; it sheds a ray of light where all before was darkness. As soon
+as we know the name of a thing, we seem to have established some sort of
+relation with it."
+
+Having learned the name of a flower or plant, or having been formally
+introduced to it, as it were, our acquaintance has but just begun. Instead
+of being our end and aim, as it was with students of botany in the olden
+times, this is but the beginning. If this were our ultimate aim, all our
+pleasure would be at an end as soon as we had learned the names of all the
+plants within our reach. But the point of view has changed and broadened.
+The plant is now recognized as a _living organism_, not a dead, unchanging
+thing. It is _vital_; it grows; it is amenable to the great laws of the
+universe; and we see it daily complying with those laws, adapting itself to
+its surroundings--or perishing. It becomes a thing of absorbing interest
+when we trace the steps by which it has come to be what it is; when we note
+its relationship to other closely allied forms, and locate its place in the
+great world of plants.
+
+A thoughtful observation of the structure of plants alone will fill the
+mind with amazement at the beauty of their minutest parts, the exquisite
+perfection of every organ. Then it is most interesting to notice the
+various kinds of places where the same plants grow; how they flourish in
+different soils and climates; how they parry the difficulties of new and
+unaccustomed surroundings, by some change of structure or habit to meet the
+altered conditions--as clothing themselves with wool, to prevent the undue
+escape of moisture, or twisting their leaves to a vertical position for the
+same purpose, or sending their roots deep into the earth to seek perennial
+sources of moisture, which enables them to flourish in our driest times. It
+is wonderful to note, too, the methods employed to secure the distribution
+of the seed--how it is sometimes imbedded in a delicious edible fruit,
+again furnished with hooks or bristles or springs, or provided with silken
+sails to waft it away upon the wings of the wind. Then the insects that
+visit plants. It is marvelous to note how plants spread their attractions
+in bright colors and perfumes and offerings of honey to bees, butterflies,
+and moths that can carry their pollen abroad, and how they even place
+hindrances in the way of such as are undesirable.
+
+Studied in this way, botany is no longer the dry science it used to be, but
+becomes a most fascinating pursuit; and we know of no richer field in which
+to carry on the study of flowers than that afforded in California.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There has been a long-felt need of a popular work upon the wild flowers of
+California. Though celebrated throughout the world for their wealth and
+beauty, and though many of them have found their way across the waters and
+endeared themselves to plant lovers in many a foreign garden, the story of
+their home life has never yet been told.
+
+It has been the delightful task of the author and the illustrator of the
+present work to seek them out in their native haunts--on seashore and mesa,
+in deep, cool cañon, on dry and open hill-slope, on mountain-top, in
+glacier meadow, by stream and lake, in marsh and woodland, and to listen to
+the ofttimes marvelous tales they have had to unfold. If they shall have
+succeeded in making better known these children of Mother Nature to her
+lovers and appreciators, and in arousing an interest in them among those
+who have hitherto found the technical difficulties of scientific botany
+insurmountable, they will feel amply rewarded for their labors.
+
+The present work does not claim by any means to be a complete flora of the
+region treated. Our State is so new, and many parts of it have as yet been
+so imperfectly explored, that a comprehensive and exhaustive flora of it
+must be the work of a future time, and will doubtless be undertaken by some
+one when all the data have been procured. Such an attempt, however, were it
+possible, is without the scope of the present work.
+
+California, with her wonderfully varied climate and topography, has a flora
+correspondingly rich and varied, probably not surpassed by any region of
+like area in the Northern Hemisphere. Thus the author finds herself
+confronted with an embarrassment of riches rather than with any lack of
+material; and it has often been exceedingly difficult to exclude some
+beautiful flower that seemed to have strong claims to representation. She
+therefore craves beforehand the indulgence of the reader, should he find
+some favorite missing.
+
+In making a choice, she has been guided by the following general
+principles, and selected, _first_--the flowers most general in their
+distribution; _second_--those remarkable for their beauty of form or color,
+their interesting structure, history, or economic uses; _third_--those
+which are characteristically Californian. At the same time, those which are
+too insignificant in appearance to attract attention and those too
+difficult of determination by the non-botanist have been omitted. Flowering
+plants only have been included.
+
+Many of our species extend northward into Oregon and Washington. Thus,
+while this work is called "THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA," it will in a
+certain measure apply equally well to Oregon and Washington.
+
+It has been the aim of the author to picture for the most part the flowers
+peculiarly Californian, leaving Mrs. Dana's charming book, "How to Know the
+Wild Flowers," to illustrate those we possess in common with the Atlantic
+Slope, thus making the works the complements one of the other.
+
+Mrs. Dana has kindly permitted the author to use her plan of
+arrangement--_i.e._ of grouping all the white flowers in one section, the
+yellow in another, the pink in a third, and so on, which, in the absence of
+a key, greatly facilitates the finding of any given flower. The flowers of
+each section have been arranged as nearly as possible according to their
+natural succession in the seasons, with one or two exceptions.
+
+Such confusion is rife in the nomenclature of Californian plants, and the
+same plant is so often furnished with several names,--and several plants
+sometimes with the same name,--that the authority is in every instance
+quoted, in order to make it perfectly clear what plant is meant by the name
+given. Wherever allusion is made to the Spanish-Californians, the
+Spanish-_speaking_ Californians are meant, very few of whom are Castilians
+at the present day, most of whom are of an admixture of races.
+
+The flower-cuts are all from pen-and-ink drawings by the illustrator; and
+all but four are from her own original studies from nature. These four,
+which it was impossible for her to procure, have been adapted by her from
+other drawings, by the aid of herbarium specimens. They include _Aphyllon
+fasciculatum_, _Fremontia Californica_, _Hosackia gracilis_, and _Brodiaea
+volubilis_. It has been impossible upon so small a page to maintain a
+uniform relative size in the drawings, for which reason the
+plant-descriptions in fine print should be consulted for the size.
+
+The author and the illustrator desire to make grateful acknowledgments to
+many kind friends throughout the State who have rendered them assistance in
+numerous ways. Their gratitude is due in particular to Miss Alice Eastwood,
+of the California Academy of Sciences, who, by her unfailing kindness and
+encouragement, as well as by her personal assistance, has rendered them
+invaluable aid. Also, to Mr. Carl Purdy, of Ukiah, who from his wide
+experience, as a grower of our native liliaceous plants, has a knowledge of
+them shared by few or none, and who has generously placed at their disposal
+the results of his observations. They also tender their thanks to the
+Southern Pacific and the North Pacific Railways, who, by their generous
+granting of reduced rates and passes, have made possible a wider personal
+acquaintance with the flowers than could have otherwise been enjoyed.
+
+    San Rafael, Cal., October 15, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF PLATES
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+  ACONITE                       _Aconitum Columbianum_         329
+  ALFALFA                       _Medicago sativa_              327
+  ALFILERILLA                   _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  ALPINE HEATHER                _Bryanthus Breweri_            247
+  ALPINE PHLOX                  _Phlox Douglasii_              249
+  ALUM-ROOT                     _Heuchera micrantha_            59
+  AMERICAN BARRENWORT           _Vancouveria parviflora_        89
+  ANEMONE, WOOD                 _Anemone quinquefolia_          19
+  AUGUST-FLOWER                 _Grindelia cuneifolia_         177
+  AZULEA                        _Sisyrinchium bellum_          285
+  AZURE BEARD-TONGUE            _Pentstemon azureus_           309
+
+  BABY-BLUE-EYES                _Nemophila insignis_           291
+  BEACH-ASTER                   _Erigeron glaucus_             305
+  BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA             _Clarkia concinna_             237
+  BEE-PLANT, CALIFORNIAN        _Scrophularia Californica_     343
+  BELLFLOWER                    _Campanula prenanthoides_      323
+  BIG-ROOT                      _Echinocystis fabacea_          27
+  BLAZING-STAR                  _Mentzelia Lindleyi_           169
+  BLEEDING-HEART                _Dicentra formosa_             243
+  BLUE-BLOSSOM                  _Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_       275
+  BLUE-EYED GRASS               _Sisyrinchium bellum_          285
+  BLUE GENTIAN                  _Gentiana calycosa_            331
+  BLUE GILIA                    _Gilia Chamissonis_            297
+  BLUE LARKSPUR                 _Delphinium_                   277
+  BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE         _Lupinus bicolor_              301
+  BLUE MILLA                    _Brodiaea laxa_                303
+  BLUE MYRTLE                   _Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_       275
+  BLUEWEED                      _Aconitum Columbianum_         329
+  BRODIAEA                      _Brodiaea capitata_            263
+  BRONZE-BELLS                }
+  BROWN LILY                  } _Fritillaria lanceolata_       265
+
+  CALF'S-HEAD                   _Darlingtonia Californica_     391
+  CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA            _Zauschneria Californica_      367
+  CALIFORNIA LILAC              _Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_       275
+  CALIFORNIA POPPY              _Eschscholtzia Californica_    115
+  CALIFORNIAN AZALEA            _Rhododendron occidentale_      87
+  CALIFORNIAN CENTAURY          _Erythraea venusta_            219
+  CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY          _Rhododendron Californicum_    235
+  CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM      _Fremontia Californica_        159
+  CALYPSO                       _Calypso borealis_             211
+  CANAIGRE                      _Rumex hymenosepalus_          379
+  CANCER-ROOT                   _Aphyllon fasciculatum_        173
+  CANCHALAGUA                   _Erythraea venusta_            219
+  CAT'S-EARS                    _Calochortus Maweanus_         279
+  CHAMISE LILY                  _Erythronium giganteum_        137
+  CHAPARRAL LILY                _Lilium rubescens_              73
+  CHAPARRAL PEA                 _Pickeringia montana_          231
+  CHIA                          _Salvia Columbariae_           299
+  CHILICOTHE                    _Echinocystis fabacea_          27
+  CHRISTMAS-HORNS               _Delphinium nudicaule_         347
+  CLIMBING PENTSTEMON           _Pentstemon cordifolius_       351
+  CLOCKS                        _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  CLUSTER-LILY                  _Brodiaea capitata_            263
+  COLLINSIA                     _Collinsia bicolor_            295
+  COLUMBINE                     _Aquilegia truncata_           349
+  COMMON ASTER                  _Aster Chamissonis_            333
+  COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER          _Mimulus luteus_               135
+  CORAL-ROOT                    _Corallorhiza Bigelovii_       273
+  CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER     _Erysimum grandiflorum_        133
+  CREAM-CUPS                    _Platystemon Californicus_     113
+  CURRANT, CALIFORNIAN WILD     _Ribes glutinosum_             215
+
+  DEERWEED                      _Hosackia glabra_              153
+  DIOGENES' LANTERN             _Calochortus pulchellus_       145
+  DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET            _Erythronium giganteum_        137
+  DUTCHMAN'S PIPE               _Aristolochia Californica_     375
+
+  FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER          _Epipactis gigantea_           389
+  FALSE MALLOW                  _Malvastrum Thurberi_          221
+  FALSE TIDY-TIPS               _Leptosyne Douglasii_          149
+  FAREWELL TO SPRING            _Godetia viminea_              241
+  FAWN-LILY                     _Erythronium giganteum_        137
+  FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE          _Scoliopus Bigelovii_          257
+  FIRECRACKER FLOWER            _Brodiaea coccinea_            239
+
+  FIREWEED                      _Epilobium spicatum_           245
+  FOUR-O'CLOCK, CALIFORNIAN     _Mirabilis Californica_        209
+  FRINGED GILIA                 _Gilia dianthoides_            217
+
+  GODETIA                       _Godetia viminea_              241
+  GOLDEN LILY-BELL              _Calochortus pulchellus_       145
+  GOLDEN STARS                  _Bloomeria aurea_              155
+  GOOSEBERRY, FUCHSIA-FLOWERED  _Ribes speciosum_              339
+  GREAT WILLOW-HERB             _Epilobium spicatum_           245
+  GROUND-IRIS                   _Iris macrosiphon_             281
+  GROUND-PINK                   _Gilia dianthoides_            217
+  GUM-PLANT                     _Grindelia cuneifolia_         177
+
+  HAIRBELL                      _Calochortus albus_             55
+  HAREBELL, CALIFORNIAN         _Campanula prenanthoides_      323
+  HARVEST BRODIAEA              _Brodiaea grandiflora_         319
+  HEN-AND-CHICKENS              _Cotyledon Californicum_       143
+  HOUND'S-TONGUE                _Cynoglossum grande_           259
+  HUCKLEBERRY                   _Vaccinium ovatum_             201
+  HUMMING-BIRD'S TRUMPET        _Zauschneria Californica_      367
+
+  INDIAN LETTUCE                _Montia perfoliata_             17
+  INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH            _Castilleia parviflora_        345
+  INDIAN PINK                   _Silene Californica_           355
+  INDIAN WARRIOR                _Pedicularis densiflora_       337
+  ITHURIEL'S SPEAR              _Brodiaea laxa_                303
+
+  LADIES' TRESSES               _Spiranthes Romanzoffianum_     93
+  LANTERN OF THE FAIRIES        _Calochortus albus_             55
+  LARGE-FLOWERED BRODIAEA       _Brodiaea grandiflora_         319
+  LESSINGIA                     _Lessingia leptoclada_         253
+  LITTLE ALPINE LILY            _Lilium parvum_                181
+  LOCO-WEED                     _Astragalus leucopsis_          41
+  LUCERN                        _Medicago sativa_              327
+
+  MANZANITA                     _Arctostaphylos manzanita_      13
+  MARIPOSA TULIP                _Calochortus venustus_          79
+  MATILIJA POPPY                _Romneya Coulteri_              65
+  MEADOW-FOAM                   _Floerkia Douglasii_            127
+  MILKWEED, COMMON              _Asclepias Mexicana_           313
+  MILKWEED, HORNLESS WOOLLY     _Gomphocarpus tomentosus_      381
+  MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS        _Habenaria leucostachys_        95
+  MILKWORT, CALIFORNIAN         _Polygala Californica_         287
+  MINER'S LETTUCE               _Montia perfoliata_             17
+
+  MIST-MAIDENS                  _Romanzoffia Sitchensis_        23
+  MONK'S-HOOD                   _Aconitum Columbianum_         329
+  MOTTLED SWAMP-ORCHIS          _Epipactis gigantea_           389
+  MOUNTAIN BALM                 _Eriodictyon glutinosum_        57
+  MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER       _Cypripedium montanum_         383
+
+  PENNYROYAL                    _Monardella villosa_           325
+  PENTACHAETA                   _PentachAEta aurea_            125
+  PEPPER-ROOT                   _Dentaria Californica_           5
+  PIN-CLOVER                    _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  PINE-DROPS                    _Pterospora andromedea_        187
+  PINK PAINT-BRUSH              _Orthocarpus purpurascens_     229
+  PIPE-VINE                     _Aristolochia Californica_     375
+  PIPSISSIWA                    _Chimaphila Menziesii_         105
+  PITCHER-PLANT, CALIFORNIAN    _Darlingtonia Californica_     391
+  PITCHER-SAGE                  _Sphacele calycina_             43
+  POISON-OAK                    _Rhus diversiloba_               9
+  POLÉO                         _Monardella villosa_           325
+  POP-CORN FLOWER                                               31
+  PRICKLY PHLOX                 _Gilia Californica_            207
+  PRINCE'S PINE                 _Chimaphila Menziesii_         105
+  PUSSY'S-EARS                  _Calochortus Maweanus_         279
+  PUSSY'S-PAWS                  _Spraguea umbellata_            71
+
+  QUININE-BUSH                  _Garrya elliptica_             371
+
+  RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN          _Goodyera Menziesii_            99
+  RATTLE-WEED                   _Astragalus leucopsis_          41
+  RED-STEMMED FILAREE           _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  REDWOOD-SORREL                _Oxalis Oregana_               197
+  REIN-ORCHIS                   _Habenaria elegans_            385
+  RESIN-WEED                    _Grindelia cuneifolia_         177
+  RICE-ROOT                     _Fritillaria lanceolata_       265
+  ROMERO                        _Trichostema lanatum_          317
+  RUBY LILY                     _Lilium rubescens_              73
+
+  SAXIFRAGE, CALIFORNIAN        _Saxifraga Californica_         15
+  SCARLET BUGLER                _Pentstemon centranthifolius_  359
+  SCARLET GILIA                 _gilia Aggregata_              361
+  SCARLET HONEYSUCKLE           _Pentstemon cordifolius_       351
+  SCARLET LARKSPUR, NORTHERN    _Delphinium nudicaule_         347
+  SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH           _Castilleia parviflora_        345
+  SHOOTING-STARS                _Dodecatheon Meadia_           205
+  SIERRA PRIMROSE               _Primula Suffrutescens_        251
+
+  SILK-TASSEL TREE              _Garrya elliptica_             371
+  SKULLCAP                      _Scutellaria tuberosa_         271
+  SNAPDRAGON, VIOLET            _Antirrhinum vagans_           321
+  SNOW-PLANT                    _Sarcodes sanguinea_           363
+  SOAP-PLANT                    _Chlorogalum pomeridianum_      83
+  SPRING-BLOSSOM                _Dentaria Californica_           5
+  STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER          _Mimulus glutinosus_           139
+  ST. JOHN'S-WORT               _Hypericum concinnum_          163
+  SULPHUR-FLOWER                _Eriogonum umbellatum_         179
+  SUN-CUPS                      _OEnothera ovata_              111
+  SUNSHINE                      _Baeria gracilis_              125
+  SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB, CALIF'N. _Calycanthus occidentalis_     353
+
+  TARWEED                       _Hemizonia luzulaefolia_       189
+  TARWEED                       _Madia elegans_                183
+  TIDY-TIPS                     _Layia platyglossa_            149
+  TOOTHWORT                     _Dentaria Californica_           5
+  TOROSA                        _Eschscholtzia Californica_    115
+  TREE-MALLOW                   _Lavatera assurgentiflora_     227
+  TREE-POPPY                    _Dendromecon rigidum_          119
+  TRILLIUM, CALIFORNIAN         _Trillium sessile_             261
+  TWIN-BERRY                    _Lonicera involucrata_         123
+  TWINING HYACINTH              _Brodiaea volubilis_           233
+
+  VILLELA                       _Sisyrinchium bellum_          285
+  VIOLET NIGHTSHADE             _Solanum Xanti_                269
+
+  WAKE-ROBIN                    _Trillium ovatum_               11
+  WHIPPLEA                      _Whipplea modesta_              33
+  WHISPERING BELLS              _Emmenanthe penduliflora_      131
+  WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE        _OEnothera Californica_         49
+  WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT                                           31
+  WHITE OWL'S CLOVER            _Orthocarpus versicolor_        53
+  WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF         _Pyrola picta_                 101
+  WILD BROOM                    _Hosackia glabra_              153
+  WILD BUCKWHEAT                _Eriogonum fasciculatum_        35
+  WILD CANTERBURY-BELL          _Phacelia Whitlavia_           289
+  WILD COREOPSIS                _Madia elegans_                183
+  WILD CUCUMBER                 _Echinocystis fabacea_          27
+  WILD CURRANT, CALIFORNIAN     _Ribes glutinosum_             215
+  WILD CYCLAMEN                 _Dodecatheon Meadia_           205
+  WILD GINGER                   _Asarum caudatum_              311
+  WILD HELIOTROPE               _Phacelia tanacetifolia_       283
+
+  WILD HOLLYHOCK                _Sidalcea malvaeflora_         199
+  WILD HYACINTH                 _Brodiaea capitata_            263
+  WILD PEONY                    _Paeonia Brownii_              341
+  WILD PIE-PLANT                _Rumex hymenosepalus_          379
+  WILD PORTULACA                _Calandrinia caulescens_       213
+  WIND-FLOWER                   _Anemone quinquefolia_          19
+  WOOD-BALM                     _Sphacele calycina_             43
+  WOOLLY BLUE-CURLS             _Trichostema lanatum_          317
+
+  YELLOW DAISY                  _Layia platyglossa_            149
+  YELLOW GLOBE-TULIP            _Calochortus pulchellus_       145
+  YELLOW PANSY                  _Viola pedunculata_            121
+  YELLOW SAND-VERBENA           _Abronia latifolia_            147
+  YERBA BUENA                   _Micromeria Douglasii_          63
+  YERBA MANSA                   _Anemopsis Californica_         77
+  YERBA SANTA                   _Eriodictyon glutinosum_        57
+
+  ZYGADENE                      _Zygadenus Fremonti_             7
+
+   ----                         _Baccharis Douglasii_          107
+   ----                         _Gilia androsacea_             223
+   ----                         _Hosackia gracilis_            167
+
+
+
+
+HOW TO USE THE BOOK
+
+
+When gathering flowers with a view to ascertaining their names with the
+help of the botany, the whole plant--root, stem, leaves, flowers, buds, and
+fruit--should be secured, if possible. This will avoid much uncertainty in
+the work.
+
+The anthers are best seen in the unopened buds, and the ovary in old
+flowers or those gone to seed. A cross-section of the ovary will show the
+number of its cells.
+
+The flowers should be sorted into colors, and each in turn looked for in
+its own color-section. In arranging the flowers according to color, some
+difficulty has been experienced, because the pink blends so gradually into
+the purple, and the purple into white, etc., that it has been impossible
+sometimes to say accurately to which section a flower rightly belongs. In
+such a case search must be made in the other probable section. Sometimes
+the same flower occurs in several colors, in which case it is usually put
+into the section in whose color it most frequently occurs. In the Red
+Section have been included flowers of a scarlet hue, not those of crimson
+or magenta hues, as these have a tendency to merge into pink or purple.
+Flowers of a greenish-white are usually put into the White Section, those
+of more decided green into the Miscellaneous.
+
+It is an excellent plan for the student to write a careful description of
+his plant before beginning to look for it in the book; commencing with the
+root, passing on to stem, leaves, inflorescence, calyx, corolla, etc.,
+taking the order of the technical descriptions in the book. This will serve
+to do away with that vacillating condition of mind which is often the
+result of reading a number of plant-descriptions before fixing firmly in
+mind the characters of the specimen under consideration.
+
+A magnifying-glass--or a small dissecting microscope and a good Zeiss lens,
+if more careful work is to be done,--a couple of dissecting needles, a
+pocket-knife, and a small three or four-inch measure, having one of the
+inches divided into lines, will be required for examining specimens.
+
+It is also a good plan to make a note of the date and place of collection
+of all plants, as it is often of great interest to know these facts at some
+future time.
+
+Plants are grouped into great orders, or families, which are made up of a
+number of genera, each genus consisting of a number of species. Every plant
+has two Latin names; the first a generic name, answering to the last name
+of a person; the second a specific name, answering to a person's given
+name. The latter is usually descriptive of some quality or character of the
+plant, the name of the place where found, or of its discoverer, or of some
+person in whose honor it is named. This dual name serves to clearly
+distinguish the species from all others, especially when the name of the
+person by whom the specific name was bestowed is added.
+
+Each plant-family bears an English title, which is usually the name of its
+best-known genus. Thus the order _Leguminosae_ is known as the "Pea Family"
+because _Lathyrus_, or the pea, is its best-known genus. In many instances
+the English names borne by orders in the Eastern States have no
+significance with us, as the type genus is not found in our flora. In such
+cases we have given the name of the genus best known among us, to which we
+have added the other; thus, "Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family."
+
+Most of our plants have common English names, and the same plant is often
+known by one name in one locality and by another in another. Hence, while
+these names are often pretty and apt, they cannot serve for the accurate
+identification of the plant. For this we must consult its Latin name, by
+which it is known all over the world.
+
+Wherever the terms used are not understood, reference should be made to the
+"Explanation of Terms" or to the Glossary.
+
+For identification of species not found in the present work, other books
+should be consulted. The two large volumes of the botany of the Geological
+Survey of California are the most complete of anything thus far published.
+In addition to these, "The Synoptical Flora of North America," as far as
+published (the _Gamopetalae_, the _Compositae_, and some orders of the
+_Polypetalae_), furnishes valuable aid. Professor E.L. Greene's works, "The
+Botany of the Bay Region," "Pittonia," and "Flora Franciscana," furnish
+excellent plant-descriptions for the more advanced botanist. The author's
+technical descriptions have in every instance been verified by comparison
+with one or more of the above works.
+
+Miss Eastwood's little volume, recently published as Part Second of
+"Bergen's Elements of Botany," (and also issued in separate form), is
+recommended for use in connection with the present work, as it embodies in
+compact form a general view of the method of classification of plants,
+showing their places in the plant-world and their relations to one another.
+It also contains very clear descriptions of plant-families. To the student
+who becomes interested in knowing more about the structure of plants,
+Gray's "Structural Botany" will prove useful; and the large work of Oliver
+and Kerner (translated from the German) will prove a fascinating book.
+
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF TERMS
+
+     [The following simple definitions of the more common terms used
+     have been mostly taken or adapted from the works of Asa Gray
+     and others, and will prove useful to those unacquainted with
+     botany, or to those whose memories require refreshing.]
+
+
+ROOTS
+
+The =root= is that portion of the plant which grows downward, fixing it to
+the soil, and absorbing nourishment from the latter. True roots produce
+nothing but root-branches or rootlets.
+
+Simple or unbranched roots are named according to their shapes--
+
+     _conical_, when like the carrot;
+
+     _napiform_, when like the turnip;
+
+     _fusiform_, when like the long radish.
+
+Multiple, or branched, roots may be--
+
+     _fascicled_, or bunched, as in the dahlia;
+
+     _tubercular_, when furnished with small tubers;
+
+     _fibrous_, when threadlike.
+
+
+STEMS
+
+The =stem= is the ascending axis of the plant, which usually bears the
+leaves, flowers, and fruit. The points on the stem to which the leaves are
+fastened are called the =nodes=; and the portions of stem between the nodes
+are called the =internodes=. The angle formed by the upper side of the leaf
+and the stem is called the =axil=.
+
+Stems aboveground are classed as--
+
+     _erect_, when growing upright;
+
+     _procumbent_, when lying on the ground without rooting;
+
+     _decumbent_, when lying on the ground with the tip ascending;
+
+     _diffuse_, when loosely spreading;
+
+     _creeping_, when growing on the ground and rooting.
+
+Stems underground are classed as =rhizomes= (or =rootstocks=) =tubers=,
+=corms=, and =bulbs=, the forms passing into one another by gradations.
+
+     A =rhizome=, or =rootstock=, is a horizontal underground stem. It
+     is sometimes thick, fleshy, or woody, as in the iris;
+
+     a =tuber= is a short, much thickened rootstock, having eyes or
+     buds of which the potato is an example;
+
+     a =corm= is a depressed and rounded, solid rootstock; it may be
+     called a solid bulb; the garden cyclamen is an example;
+
+     a =bulb= is a leaf-bud, commonly underground, with fleshy scales
+     or coats; the lily is an example.
+
+LEAVES
+
+=Leaves= are the green expansions borne by the stem, out-spread in the
+air and light, in which assimilation is carried on. They may be said to
+be the stomachs of the plant. A typical leaf consists of three
+parts--the =blade=, the =foot-stalk= (or =petiole=), and a pair of
+=stipules=. Yet any one of these parts may be absent.
+
+     The =blade= is the expanded portion of the leaf and the part to
+     which the word _leaf_, in its commonest sense, is applied;
+
+     the =stipules= are small, usually leaflike bodies borne at the
+     base of the petiole, usually one on either side;
+
+     the =petiole= is the stalk of the leaf.
+
+=Leaves= are =simple=, when having but one blade; =compound=, when
+having more than one, when each blade is called a =leaflet=.
+
+Compound leaves are said to be--
+
+     _pinnate_, when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of a
+     petiole, or rather of its prolongation, the rachis;
+
+     _abruptly pinnate_, with an even number of leaflets;
+
+     _odd-pinnate_, with an odd leaflet at the end;
+
+     _palmate_, or _digitate_, when the leaflets all diverge from
+     the summit of the petiole, like the fingers of a hand.
+
+VENATION
+
+The venation, or veining, of leaves relates to the mode in which the woody
+tissue, in the form of ribs, veins, etc., is distributed in the cellular
+tissue.
+
+There are two principle modes--
+
+     the _parallel-veined_, of which the iris is an example;
+
+     the _reticulated-veined_, or _netted-veined_, of which the Elm
+     is an example.
+
+Small veins are called =veinlets=.
+
+
+FORM
+
+As to general form, or outline, leaves are:--
+
+Those broadest in the middle--
+
+     _peltate_, or shield-shaped, when rounded, with the stem
+     attached to the center, or near it--as in the garden
+     nasturtium;
+
+     _orbicular_, when circular in outline, or nearly so;
+
+     _oval_, when having a flowing outline, with the breadth
+     considerably more than half the length, and both ends alike;
+
+     _elliptical_, when having a flowing outline, twice or thrice as
+     long as broad, and both ends alike;
+
+     _oblong_, when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad;
+
+     _linear_, when narrow, several times longer than wide, and of
+     about the same width throughout;
+
+     _acerose_, when needle-shaped--like the Pine.
+
+Those broadest at the base--
+
+     _deltoid_, when having the triangular shape of the Greek letter
+     _delta_;
+
+     _ovate_, when having an outline like the section of a
+     hen's-egg, the broader end downward;
+
+     _lanceolate_, or lance-shaped, when several times longer than
+     broad, and tapering upward, or both upward and downward;
+
+     _subulate_, when shaped like an awl;
+
+     _cordate_, when ovate, with a heart-shaped base;
+
+     _reniform_, when like the last, only rounder and broader than
+     long;
+
+     _auriculate_, when having a pair of small blunt projections, or
+     ears, at the base;
+
+     _sagittate_, or arrow-shaped, when those ears are acute and
+     turned downward, the body of the leaf tapering upward;
+
+     _hastate_, or halberd-shaped, when the ears or lobes point
+     outward.
+
+Those broadest at the apex--
+
+     _obovate_, when inversely ovate;
+
+     _oblanceolate_, when inversely lanceolate;
+
+     _spatulate_, when rounded above, and long and narrow below,
+     like a druggist's spatula;
+
+     _cuneate_, or wedge-shaped, when broad above, tapering by
+     straight lines to an acute base;
+
+     _obcordate_, when inversely cordate.
+
+Sometimes no one of the above terms will describe a leaf, and it becomes
+necessary to combine two of them; as, _linear-spatulate_,
+_ovate-lanceolate_, etc.
+
+
+THE APEX
+
+Leaves are classified according to their apices; as--
+
+     _emarginate_, when having a decided terminal notch;
+
+     _truncate_, when abruptly cut off;
+
+     _obtuse_, when ending in a blunt or roundish extremity;
+
+     _acute_, when ending in an acute angle, without special
+     tapering;
+
+     _acuminate_, when tapering into a narrow, more or less
+     prolonged end;
+
+     _mucronate_, when abruptly tipped with a small, short point.
+
+
+THE MARGIN
+
+Leaves are classified according to their margins; as--
+
+     _entire_, when the margin is completely filled out to an even
+     line;
+
+     _repand_, or _undulate_, when the margin is a wavy line;
+
+     _dentate_, or _toothed_, when the teeth point outward;
+
+     _crenate_, or _scalloped_, when dentate, with the teeth
+     rounded;
+
+     _serrate_, when having small sharp teeth directed forward;
+
+     _incised_, when cut by sharp and irregular incisions more or
+     less deeply;
+
+     _lobed_, when cut not more than half-way to the midrib, and the
+     divisions or their angles are rounded;
+
+     _cleft_, when cut half-way down or more, and the lobes or
+     sinuses are narrow or acute;
+
+     _parted_, when the cutting reaches almost but not quite to the
+     midrib;
+
+     _divided_, when the blade is cut into distinct parts, thus
+     making the leaf compound.
+
+All these terms may be modified by the words _pinnate_ or _palmate_;
+thus--_pinnately parted_, _pinnately divided_, _palmately parted_,
+_palmately divided_, etc.; also by the adjectives _once_, _twice_,
+_thrice_, etc.
+
+
+TEXTURE
+
+Leaves vary as to texture, and may be--
+
+     _coriaceous_, or leathery;
+
+     _succulent_, or juicy;
+
+     _scarious_, or dry and thin;
+
+     _fleshy_, or thick;
+
+     _herbaceous_, or thin.
+
+
+ARRANGEMENT
+
+According to their arrangement on the stem, leaves are--
+
+     _alternate_, when distributed singly at different heights on
+     the stem;
+
+     _opposite_, when two stand opposite each other at the nodes;
+
+     _whorled_, when more than two are borne at a node, equidistant
+     in a circle around the stem.
+
+
+INFLORESCENCE
+
+=Inflorescence= is a term commonly applied to the mode of flowering--_i.e._
+to the arrangement of blossoms on the stem and their relative positions to
+one another.
+
+     A =peduncle= is the stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem
+     of a flower-cluster;
+
+     a =scape= is a peduncle growing from the ground;
+
+     a =pedicel= is the stem of each flower in a cluster;
+
+     a =bract= is a small floral leaf;
+
+     an =involucre= is a collection of bracts around a flower-cluster
+     or around a single flower.
+
+Flowers may be solitary or clustered.
+
+Solitary flowers or flower-clusters are--
+
+     _terminal_, when borne at the summit of the stem;
+
+     _axillary_, when borne in the axils of the leaves.
+
+A flower-cluster is called--
+
+     a =raceme=, when the flowers are arranged along the axis upon
+     pedicels nearly equal in length;
+
+     a =corymb=, when the flowers are arranged as in the raceme, with
+     the lower pedicels elongated, making the cluster flat-topped;
+
+     an =umbel=, when the pedicels arise from the same point, like the
+     rays of an umbrella, and the cluster is flat-topped;
+
+     a =panicle=, when compound, irregularly made up of a number of
+     racemes;
+
+     a =spike=, when like a raceme, the flowers being without
+     pedicels;
+
+     a =spadix=, when it is a fleshy spike, generally enveloped by a
+     large bract, called a =spathe=, as in the calla-lily;
+
+     an =ament=, or =catkin=, when it is a pendent spike, with scaly
+     bracts, like the Willow;
+
+     a =head=, when it is a shortened spike, with a globular form;
+
+     a =cyme=, when it is branched and flat-topped, usually compound,
+     with the older flowers in the center of each simple cluster.
+
+
+THE INDIVIDUAL FLOWER
+
+A =complete flower= consists of =stamens= and =pistils= (the organs of
+reproduction), and =calyx= and =corolla= (the floral envelops which
+protect the stamens and pistils). But any one of these organs may be
+absent.
+
+     The =calyx= is the outer floral envelop, which is more often
+     green, though it is sometimes colored. It may consist of a
+     number of separate parts, called =sepals=, or these may be more
+     or less united.
+
+     The =corolla= is the inner floral envelop. It is usually colored,
+     and forms the most beautiful feature of the flower, and plays
+     an important part in attracting insects to it, which may carry
+     on the work of fertilization. It may consist of a number of
+     separate parts, called =petals=, or these may be more or less
+     united, in which case the corolla is said to be _gamopetalous_.
+     When the calyx and corolla are much alike, and seem like one
+     floral circle, this is referred to as a =perianth=.
+
+     The =stamens= and =pistils= are called the =essential organs= of a
+     flower, because they are necessary to the maturing of the
+     fruit.
+
+     =Perfect flowers= have both sets of essential organs.
+
+     =Imperfect flowers= have but one set of essential organs.
+
+     _Staminate_ (or male) _flowers_ have only stamens;
+
+     _Pistillate_ (or female) _flowers_ have only pistils.
+
+     _Neutral flowers_ have neither.
+
+THE STAMEN
+
+The =stamen= consists of two parts--the =filament= and the =anther=. The
+filament is the stalk of the stamen. The anther is the little case
+holding the =pollen=, or powdery substance, which, falling upon the
+stigma, is conducted downward into the ovary, where it quickens the
+ovules into life. The anther normally consists of two cells, which more
+often open lengthwise for the discharge of the pollen, though they
+sometimes open by terminal pores or chinks, or by uplifting lids.
+
+Stamens sometimes undergo a morphological change, taking the form of
+scales or other bodies (as is the case in many of our _Brodiaeas_), when
+they are called =staminodia=.
+
+
+THE PISTIL
+
+The =pistil= is the organ occupying the center of the flower. It
+consists of three parts--the =ovary=, or the enlarged part below,
+consisting of one or more cells or cavities, and containing the ovules,
+or unfertilized seed; the =style=, or the stem which upholds the stigma;
+the =stigma=, or the roughened portion which receives the pollen.
+
+The pistil is _simple_, when it has but one ovary, style, stigma, etc.;
+_compound_, if any one of these is duplicated.
+
+
+THE FRUIT
+
+The =fruit= is the ripened ovary. After the ovules have been fertilized,
+the ovary is called a =pericarp=. Fruits may be either _fleshy_ or
+_dry_.
+
+The following are some of the principal kinds of dry fruits:--
+
+     A =capsule= is a dry, dehiscent (splitting) fruit, composed of
+     more than one carpel or division;
+
+     an =akene= is a small, dry, hard, one-celled, one-seeded
+     indehiscent fruit;
+
+     a =follicle= is a pod formed from a single pistil, dehiscing
+     along the ventral suture only;
+
+     a =legume= is a simple pericarp, opening by both seams.
+
+     a =samara= is a dry, indehiscent fruit, having a wing.
+
+The following are some of the principal kinds of fleshy fruits:--
+
+     A =pome= is a fruit like an apple or pear;
+
+     the =pepo=, or =gourd=, fruit is like that of the melon, squash,
+     etc.;
+
+     the =drupe= is like that of the cherry, plum, and peach;
+
+     the =berry= is like that of the grape, currant, and tomato.
+
+=Aggregate fruits= are those in which a cluster of carpels, all of one
+flower, are crowded upon the receptacle into one mass; as in the
+raspberry and blackberry.
+
+
+
+
+IMPORTANT PLANT FAMILIES AND GENERA
+
+     [To avoid too long technical descriptions in the body of the
+     work, a few of the more important plant families and genera
+     have been inserted below, to which reference has been made in
+     the technical descriptions.]
+
+
+FAMILIES
+
+=Cruciferae.= Mustard Family.
+
+     Herbs with pungent, watery juice. _Leaves._--Alternate; without
+     stipules; entire or divided. _Flowers._--Generally in racemes.
+     _Sepals._--Four. _Petals._--Four; usually with narrowed base or
+     claw; the blades spreading to form a cross. _Stamens._--Six;
+     two of them shorter than the other four. _Ovary._--Two-celled;
+     rarely one-celled. Style undivided, or none. Stigma entire or
+     two-lobed. _Fruit._--A silique--_i.e._ a capsule, in which the
+     walls separate upward away from a central partition.
+
+The Mustard family is a very large one, comprising over a hundred and
+seventy genera, and containing between one and two thousand species. It is
+widely distributed over all parts of the world, but is most abundantly
+represented in the cooler or temperate regions. It furnishes us with many
+useful plants; such as the mustard, horseradish, radish, cabbage, turnip,
+cauliflower, etc.
+
+The genera of this order are very closely allied, and very difficult of
+discrimination. The fruit, as well as the flower, is necessary in the study
+of any given species.
+
+=Leguminosae.= Pea Family.
+
+The order _Leguminosae_ is divided into three well-marked sub-orders--the
+Pea family proper, the Brasiletto family, and the Mimosa family. But as all
+our genera, save _Cercis_, fall under the first, we shall describe that
+only.
+
+PAPILIONACEAE. Pea Family proper.
+
+     Herbs, shrubs, or trees. _Leaves._--Usually alternate;
+     compound; with stipules; the latter sometimes transformed into
+     thorns or tendrils. _Flowers._--Seldom solitary; usually in
+     spikes, racemes or umbels. _Calyx._--Five-toothed; often
+     bilabiate. _Corolla._--Irregular; of five petals;
+     _papilionaceous_--_i.e._ the two lower petals more or less
+     coherent, forming the _keel_; the two lateral ones often
+     adherent to the keel, called the _wings_; the upper petal
+     called the _standard_ or _banner_. Stamens and pistil inclosed
+     in the keel. _Stamens._--Ten; their filaments either coherent
+     into a tube surrounding the pistil; or nine of them united into
+     a sheath, open above, the tenth lying in front of the cleft; or
+     rarely all distinct. _Ovary._--Superior; one-celled.
+     _Style._--Simple and incurved. _Stigma._--Simple. _Fruit._--A
+     two-valved pod, of which the garden pea is typical.
+
+The Pea family, including its three sub-orders, is one of the most
+important plant-families known. It is distributed over almost the entire
+world, and furnishes some of the most valuable products to man. The
+Judas-tree, the numerous acacias, and the sweet pea, are well known in our
+gardens; while among our most valuable vegetables are the bean, the pea,
+and the lentil. The clover and alfalfa are extremely important forage
+plants.
+
+The order furnishes several important timber-trees, in different parts of
+the world, such as the Rosewood, the Laburnum, and the Locust; and yields
+numerous products of economic importance, such as licorice, senna, gum
+Senegal, gum Arabic, gum tragacanth, balsam of copaiba, balsam of Tolu,
+indigo, logwood, red sandalwood, etc.
+
+=Compositae.= Composite Family.
+
+     Herbs, rarely shrubs. _Leaves._--Usually alternate; without
+     stipules. _Flowers._--In a close head on a common _receptacle_,
+     surrounded by an _involucre_, whose divisions are called
+     _scales_ or _bracts_. _Calyx-tube._--Adnate to the one-celled
+     ovary; its limb (called a _pappus_) crowning its summit in the
+     form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc.; or cup-shaped; or
+     else entirely absent. _Corolla._--Either strap-shaped or
+     tubular; in the latter chiefly five-lobed. _Stamens._--Five
+     (rarely four); on the corolla; their anthers united in a tube.
+     _Style._--Two-cleft at the apex. _Fruit._--An akene. Flowers
+     with strap-shaped corollas are called _ray flowers_ or _rays_.
+     The _tubular flowers_ compose the disk.
+
+The Composite family is the largest of all plant-families, numbering twelve
+thousand species and upward, and is widely distributed over the world. In
+the cooler parts of the world the plants are mostly herbaceous, but toward
+the tropics they gradually become shrubs, and even trees. In North America
+they comprise about one sixth of all the flowering plants.
+
+For so large a family there are comparatively few useful plants found in
+it. Among the products of the order, may be mentioned chicory, lettuce, the
+artichoke, the vegetable oyster, arnica, chamomile-flowers, wormwood,
+absinth, elecampane, coltsfoot, taraxacum, oil of tansy, etc. But our
+gardens owe to this family innumerable beautiful and showy plants such as
+the China aster, the chrysanthemum, the cosmos, zinnia, dahlia, ageratum,
+gaillardia, coreopsis, sunflower, etc., etc.
+
+The plants of this family are quickly recognized by the flowers being
+always borne in a head and surrounded by an involucre, and presenting the
+appearance of a single flower. The heads are sometimes made up entirely of
+one kind of flower. The dandelion and the chicory are examples of a head
+made up entirely of ray-flowers, while the thistle consists of tubular
+flowers only. The more common arrangement, however, is the mixed one,
+comprising both tubular disk-flowers and strap-shaped rays, as in the
+daisy. The seeds are usually furnished with silken down or a delicate
+parachute to waft them abroad.
+
+The identification of the flowers of this order is a very difficult matter,
+even for experienced botanists.
+
+=Labiatae.= Mint Family.
+
+     Herbs with square stems. _Leaves._--Opposite; usually aromatic.
+     _Flowers._--Axillary, or often in whorls or heads.
+     _Corolla._--Bilabiate (rarely regular). _Stamens._--Four (or
+     only two). _Ovary._--Deeply four-lobed; becoming four seedlike
+     nutlets. Style single; arising from the midst of the lobes.
+
+The plants of this order are easily recognized by the traits in the above
+description. But some of these traits are shared by the plants of the
+Figwort family, which have also the bilabiate corolla. The distinguishing
+character, however, is always to be found in the _four-lobed ovary_ for the
+Figworts have a two-celled ovary.
+
+This order is a large one; and there are no noxious or poisonous plants to
+be found in it. On the contrary, it comprises many useful plants, too well
+known almost to need enumeration--such as the lavender, peppermint, sage,
+horehound, thyme, spearmint, horsemint, pennyroyal, etc.
+
+
+GENERA
+
+CEANOTHUS, L. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spinescent.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite or alternate; petioled; variously toothed
+     or entire. _Flowers._--Blue or white; small, usually not more
+     than two or three lines across; borne in showy thyrsoid or
+     cymose clusters. _Calyx._--Petaloid; with short tube and
+     five-cleft border, the lobes acute and connivent.
+     _Petals._--Five; long-clawed; hooded; inserted on the
+     calyx-tube. _Stamens._--Five; opposite the petals; long
+     exserted. _Ovary._--Three-lobed; three-celled. Style short;
+     three-cleft. _Fruit._--Dry; consisting of three dehiscent
+     nutlets; sometimes crested.
+
+The genus _Ceanothus_ is mainly a Western one. Of its thirty or more
+species, two thirds are found in the region between the Rocky Mountains and
+the Pacific Ocean.
+
+In California we have about twenty species; and these all hybridize to such
+an extent, that often the determination of any given species is a very
+difficult matter. The genus reaches its culmination in the mountains of
+Santa Cruz County, where there are many beautiful species. Many of the
+species are commonly known as "California lilac."
+
+LUPINUS, Catullus. Pea Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Palmately divided, with from one to sixteen
+     leaflets; stipules adnate; seldom conspicuous.
+     _Leaflets._--Entire; sessile. _Flowers._--In terminal racemes,
+     whorled or scattered. _Calyx._--Deeply bilabiate; upper lip
+     notched; lower usually entire, or occasionally three-toothed or
+     cleft. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous. _Standard._--Broad, with
+     sides reflexed. _Wings._--Falcate; oblong; commonly slightly
+     united at the tip in front of and inclosing the falcate,
+     usually slender, pointed keel. _Stamens._--With their filaments
+     united in a tube; of two forms; five with longer and basifixed
+     anthers; the alternate five with shorter and versatile ones.
+     _Pod._--Compressed; straight; two-valved. Style slender. Stigma
+     bearded.
+
+The Lupines are mostly plants of Western America. In fact, they are so
+abundant between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean that that
+territory is known among botanists as the "Lupine Region."
+
+The species, which are very numerous, are difficult of determination,
+requiring very long technical descriptions, which cannot be given in a work
+like the present. For this reason we have been able to give but a few of
+the more easily recognized.
+
+We have in California upwards of forty species. They are of little economic
+importance, although one or two species have been found very useful in the
+reclaiming of sand-dunes. Several species have been cultivated for
+ornament. The leaves are often beautiful and the flower-clusters showy.
+
+The generic name is supposed to come from the Latin _lupinus_, a _wolf_,
+and to have been given because of the voracity evinced by the species in
+exhausting the soil.
+
+ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. Pea Family.
+
+     Herbs, or sometimes plants woody at base. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     with stipules; unequally pinnate. _Flowers._--Rather small;
+     chiefly in simple axillary spikes or racemes, upon a commonly
+     elongated peduncle; papilionaceous. _Calyx._--Five-toothed.
+     _Corolla_ and its slender-clawed petals usually narrow. Keel
+     not pointed. _Stamens._--Nine united; one free.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled; sometimes apparently two-celled.
+     _Pod._--Very various; commonly inflated. _Seeds._--Few to many
+     on slender stalks; generally small for the size of the pod.
+
+The genus _Astragalus_ is a very large one, comprising many species in most
+parts of the world, save Australia and South Africa. About two hundred
+species are native of North America, most of which are found in the region
+west of the Mississippi River. Of these several are known as "loco-weed,"
+and are poisonous to sheep and cattle.
+
+Very few species of this genus have any economic value. _A. gummifer_ and
+some other similar species of Western Asia, low, spiny shrubs, yield the
+gum tragacanth of commerce.
+
+OENOTHERA, L. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     Herbs, or plants sometimes woody at the base.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate. _Flowers._--Axillary or in spikes or
+     racemes. _Calyx-tube._--More or less prolonged above the ovary
+     with four reflexed segments.
+
+     _Petals._--Four; obcordate to obovate; sessile; yellow to
+     white, often tinged with red or turning red in fading.
+     _Stamens._--Eight; equal; or those opposite the petals shorter.
+     Anthers perfect; two-celled; versatile. _Ovary._--Four-celled;
+     many ovuled. Style filiform. Stigma four-lobed or capitate.
+     _Fruit._--A capsule with the seeds in one or two rows in each
+     cell.
+
+The name _OEnothera_ is from two Greek words, meaning _wine_ and _a hunt_,
+or _pursuit_. Mr. Gray tells us that it was given in ancient times to some
+plant whose roots were eaten to provoke a relish for wine.
+
+This is a large genus, containing a hundred or more species, which are
+mostly confined to America, about a quarter of them being Californian. Many
+of them are very beautiful and have long been favorites in gardens. The
+flowers are yellow or white, and are commonly designated as "evening
+primroses," as many of them open upon the edge of evening.
+
+GODETIA, Spach. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+The genus _Godetia_ is closely allied to that of _OEnothera_; but is
+distinguished from the latter in several points. Its flowers are purple,
+lilac, or rose-colored--never yellow; the anthers are basifixed--_i.e._
+fixed by their bases--not versatile; and the stigma, instead of being
+capitate, has four linear lobes.
+
+The plants of this genus were formerly included under _OEnothera_; but it
+has been thought best to put them into a separate genus, which has been
+named for a Dr. Godet.
+
+There are numerous species, many of them very beautiful and showy. They
+vary a great deal under different conditions and in different seasons, and
+are not well understood by botanists as yet.
+
+The genus is confined to the western coast of North America, and is most
+largely represented in California.
+
+The species flower mostly in late spring and early summer, which has given
+rise to the pretty name of "farewell to spring" for the plants of this
+genus.
+
+GILIA, Renz. and Pav. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     Herbs or plants somewhat shrubby at base. _Leaves._--Opposite
+     or alternate; simple or compound; without stipules. Many
+     species with showy flowers. All the parts of the flower five,
+     except the pistil, which has a three-celled ovary and a
+     three-lobed style. _Calyx._--Imbricated in the bud.
+     _Corolla._--Regular; funnel-form, salver-form, or sometimes
+     short campanulate or rotate; convolute in the bud.
+     _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla alternate with its lobes;
+     distinct. Filaments mostly slender; sometimes unequal in
+     length; not bearded at base.
+
+This genus was named in honor of Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist. In America
+the name is pronounced _jil'i-a_, though according to the rules of the
+Spanish language _he'li-a_ would be the correct pronunciation.
+
+This is a comparatively large genus, comprising about a hundred species,
+most of which are native to the western parts of the United States. The
+flowers are often showy and beautiful, and some of them closely resemble
+the phloxes. A number are cultivated under the botanical name of
+_Ipomopsis_ or _Leptosiphon_.
+
+PHACELIA, Juss. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Herbs, mostly branched from the base and hairy.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; the lower sometimes opposite; simple or
+     compound. _Flowers._--Usually in one-sided scorpioid racemes.
+     _Calyx._--Deeply five-parted; without appendages.
+     _Corolla._--From almost rotate to narrowly funnel-form;
+     five-lobed; with ten vertical plates or scales at the base
+     within. _Stamens._--Five; equally inserted low or at the base
+     of the corolla. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles two; or one which
+     is two-cleft. _Fruit._--A capsule.
+
+The name _Phacelia_ is from a Greek word signifying a _fascicle_, or
+_bunch_, and refers to the fascicled or clustered flower-racemes.
+
+This genus is closely allied to _Nemophila_, but differs from it in several
+points. The calyx is not furnished with appendages at the sinuses; the
+corolla is imbricated in the bud--_i.e._ the lobes overlap one another in
+the manner of bricks in a wall,--and is not convolute, or rolled up, as in
+_Nemophila_.
+
+This is mainly a North American genus, having about fifty species, about
+thirty of which are Californian. Many of the species have beautiful and
+showy flowers, and are cultivated in gardens. The blossoms are blue,
+violet, purple, or white, but never yellow (save sometimes in the tube or
+throat).
+
+MIMULUS, L. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; simple. _Flowers._--Axillary on solitary
+     peduncles; sometimes becoming racemose by the diminution of the
+     upper leaves to bracts. _Calyx._--Tubular or campanulate;
+     mostly five-angled and five- toothed. _Corolla._--Funnel-form;
+     bilabiate; the upper lip erect, two-lobed; the lower
+     three-lobed; a pair of ridges, either bearded or naked, running
+     down the lower side of the throat. _Stamens._--Four. Anthers
+     often near together in pairs, with divergent cells.
+     _Ovary._--Superior; two-celled. Style filiform. Stigma
+     two-lipped, with the lips commonly dilated and petaloid.
+
+The genus _Mimulus_ is so named from the shape of the corolla, which is
+supposed to resemble the gaping countenance of an ape. It comprises forty
+or fifty species, and affords us some of our most beautiful flowers. The
+greater number of species and the handsomest are Pacific, and several of
+our Californian species are especially prized in cultivation.
+
+The plants of the genus are all known as "monkey-flowers." They exhibit an
+interesting character in the structure and movements of the stigma. It is
+usually composed of two somewhat expanded lips. These are extremely
+sensitive, and when touched, or when pollen has been received by them, they
+close quite rapidly.
+
+ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. Figwort Family.
+
+     Low herbs; almost all annuals. _Leaves._--Mainly alternate;
+     sessile; often cut into from three to five filiform divisions;
+     the upper passing into the bracts of the dense spike and
+     usually colored, as are the calyx-lobes.
+     _Calyx._--Short-tubular or oblong-campanulate; evenly
+     four-cleft, or sometimes cleft before and behind and the
+     divisions again cleft. _Corolla._--Tubular; the upper lip, or
+     galea, little or not at all longer than the lower; small in
+     comparison with the large, inflated, one- to three-saccate lower
+     one, which usually bears more or less conspicuous teeth.
+     _Stamens._--Four; inclosed in the upper lip.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long. Stigma capitate. _Fruit._--A
+     capsule.
+
+The genus _Orthocarpus_ is mainly Californian, comprising within our
+borders something less than twenty species. Most of them are to be found
+from San Francisco northward and in the mountains.
+
+They are closely related to the _Castilleias_, and resemble them closely in
+habit. The difference between the two genera lies in the relative sizes of
+the upper and lower lips of the corolla. In _Castilleia_ the upper lip is
+the larger and more prominent; while in _Orthocarpus_ the lower is much
+more conspicuous, often consisting of three inflated sacs.
+
+The species are quite difficult of determination.
+
+"Owl's clover" is a common English name for the plants of this genus.
+
+PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Figwort Family.
+
+     Perennial herbs, or rarely shrubby. _Leaves._--Opposite, rarely
+     whorled; the upper sessile or clasping; the floral gradually or
+     abruptly reduced to bracts. _Flowers._--Usually red, blue,
+     purple, or white, rarely yellow; in raceme-like panicles.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--With a conspicuous and
+     mostly elongated or ventricose tube; the throat swelling out on
+     the lower if on either side; the limb more or less bilabiate,
+     with the upper lip two-lobed and the lower three-cleft,
+     recurved, or spreading. _Stamens._--Four perfect; a fifth with
+     a bearded filament only. Anther cells mostly united or running
+     together at the summit. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long.
+     Stigma entire.
+
+The name _Pentstemon_ is from two Greek words, signifying _five_ and
+_stamen_. It was bestowed upon this genus because the fifth stamen is
+present, though sterile.
+
+The genus is a large one, comprising seventy species, most of which are
+North American, though a few are Mexican. It is most abundantly represented
+in the Pacific States and the States west of the Mississippi. California
+has over twenty species, many of them very beautiful, a number of them
+being in cultivation.
+
+"Beard-tongue" is the common English name for the plants of this genus.
+
+From so many charming species it has been very difficult to select; and if
+the reader finds some beautiful flower of this genus which is unnamed in
+these pages, he is advised to consult the technical botanies.
+
+CALOCHORTUS, Pursh. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Branching; from a membranous-coated, sometimes
+     fibrous-coated corm. _Leaves._--Few; linear-lanceolate; the
+     radical one or two much larger than those of the flexuous or
+     erect stem. _Flowers._--Few to many; showy; terminal or
+     axillary, or umbellately fascicled. _Perianth._--Deciduous; of
+     six more or less concave segments; the three outer lanceolate,
+     greenish, more or less sepal-like; the inner (petals) mostly
+     broadly cuneate-obovate, usually with a conspicuous glandular
+     pit toward the base, which is apt to be hidden by long hairs.
+     _Stamens._--Six. Anthers erect; basifixed.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled; three-angled. Stigmas three; sessile;
+     recurved. _Capsule._--Three-angled or winged.
+
+The _Calochorti_ are the most widely diffused of all the liliaceous plants
+of the Pacific Coast, and comprise some of the most beautiful flowers in
+the world. "On the north they reach British America; one species is to be
+found as far east as Nebraska; and several are natives of Northern Mexico;
+and within these limits no considerable section of country is destitute of
+some species."[1] They are so closely allied to the true tulips that the
+common designation of them as "tulips" is not at all amiss.
+
+The name _Calochortus_ signifies _beautiful grass_. The members of the
+genus fall naturally into three general groups:--
+
+_First_--The GLOBE TULIPS, which have flexile stems, sub-globose, nodding
+flowers, and nodding capsules. Of these there are three--_C. albus_, _C.
+pulchellus_, and _C. amoenus_.
+
+_Second_--The STAR TULIPS, having low, flexile stems, erect, starlike
+flowers, with spreading petals, and nodding capsules. They comprise _C.
+Benthami_, _C. Maweanus_, _C. coeruleus_, _C. apiculatus_, _C. elegans_,
+_C. Tolmei_, _C. umbellatus_, etc.
+
+_Third_--The MARIPOSA TULIPS, which are usually tall, fine plants, with
+stiff, erect stems, having erect, cup-shaped or open-campanulate flowers,
+usually large and handsome, followed by erect capsules.
+
+They have a few narrow, grasslike, radical leaves, which have usually dried
+away by the time of flowering, which is in early summer, after the ground
+has become dry and hard. These inhabit our dry, open hillsides and grassy
+slopes, loving a stony, clayey, sandy, or volcanic soil. They comprise
+over thirty different known forms, and others are constantly being
+discovered.
+
+They have a tendency to hybridize, and the various forms sport and vary,
+and run into one another in such a wonderful manner that the exact
+determination of all the species is an impossible task to all but a few
+experts--and even they are not certain about them all yet. We have given
+only a few of the commonest or best-characterized species.
+
+_Mariposa_ is the Spanish word meaning _butterfly_, and was applied on
+account of the marvelous resemblance of the markings of the petals of some
+of the forms to the wings of that insect.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[Footnote 1: Mr. Carl Purdy.]
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY
+
+
+Situated on the western verge of the continent, so far removed from the
+other parts of our country, not only by great distance, but by those mighty
+natural barriers that traverse the continent from north to south,
+California is eminently individual in her natural features. Stretching
+through nine and one half degrees of latitude, with a sea-coast of seven
+hundred miles, and several ranges of fine and lofty mountains, there is
+probably not another State in the Union that has so wonderful a diversity
+of climate and vegetation. Her shores, bathed by the warm Japan Current, or
+Ku-ro Si-wa, which is deflected southward from Alaska, are many degrees
+warmer than their latitude alone would warrant.
+
+Her general topography is simple and readily understood. The Sierra Nevada,
+or "snowy range," upon the eastern boundary, with its granite summits and
+its shoulders clothed with successive belts of majestic coniferous forests,
+with an occasional snow-peak towering above the range, forms the eastern
+wall of the great Central Valley, which is inclosed upon the west by the
+Coast Range, less in height than the Sierra, but equally beautiful, less
+forbidding, more companionable. The great Central Valley, four hundred and
+fifty miles long, is drained by two rivers, which meet in its center and
+break through the Coast Range, delivering their waters to the ocean through
+the Golden Gate. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers receive many
+important tributaries from the east, fed by the melting snows of the
+Sierras, and flow through one of the most fertile regions of the world.
+
+The Sierras may be divided into five different belts, of varying altitudes
+along the length of the range, beginning with the foothill region, which
+may be termed the chaparral region. This is succeeded by the yellow-pine
+belt, above which is the sugar-pine, or upper forest, belt, which is in
+turn succeeded by the sub-alpine, while the alpine dominates all.
+
+The Coast Range is channeled on both sides by many beautiful wooded cañons,
+affording homes for some of our loveliest flowers. Mr. Purdy writes of it:
+This "is not a continuous range, but a broken mass of parallel ridges from
+forty to seventy miles wide, with many other chains transverse to the
+general trend of the range, and inclosing numerous valleys, large and
+small, of widely different altitudes. In the Coast Range there is no warm
+belt, but isolated warm spots. Climate here can only be ascertained by
+experience. The geological formation of the ranges and the character of
+soils constantly vary, and often widely at short intervals. Hence the flora
+of this region is particularly interesting. It is hardly probable there is
+a more captivating field for the botanist in the world."
+
+In the north and the south the two great ranges meet in some of the noblest
+snow-peaks on the continent. Below their southern junction, to the
+eastward, lies an arid desert region, and above their northern junction
+extends a dry and elevated plateau to the northeast. Thus there arises a
+great diversity of natural condition. As all living organisms are greatly
+influenced by their environment, the flora naturally distributes itself
+along the lines of climatic variation. Thus we have alpine species on the
+snowy heights of the Sierras, and sub-alpine forms luxuriating in the
+meadows fed from their snows; inland species in the Central Valley, and
+following some distance up its eastern and western walls; the leathery and
+hardy forms of the wind-swept coast; the curious prickly races of arid
+regions; delicate lovers of the cool and shaded brook; dwellers in marshes
+and on lake borders; denizens of dry, rocky hill-slopes, exposed to the
+glare of the sun; and inhabiters of shaded woods. It may be said that the
+most characteristically Western plants of our flora are to be found in the
+Central Valley, in the lower belts of the Sierras, and in the valleys of
+the Coast Range, many of which extend beyond our borders, both northward
+and southward. Many of our alpine species are common to the East, and our
+maritime flora is of necessity somewhat cosmopolitan, containing many
+introduced species from various parts of the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The climate of California is divided into two seasons--the wet and the
+dry,--the former extending from October to May, the latter occupying the
+remaining months of the year. And this climatic division coincides almost
+exactly with the area of the State. Of course, these dates are not
+absolute, as showers may occur beyond their limits.
+
+It will be readily seen that the rainy season, or the winter, so-called, is
+the growing time of our year--the time when the earth brings forth every
+plant in his kind. On the other hand, the summer is the time of rest. Most
+of the plant-life having germinated after the first moisture of the fall,
+grows luxuriantly during the showery months of winter, blossoms lavishly in
+the balmy sunshine of early springtime, produces seed in abundance by early
+summer, and is then ready for its annual rest. Instead of shrouding the
+earth in snow during our period of plant-rest, as she does in more rigorous
+climes, Nature gently spreads over hill and valley a soft mantle of brown.
+
+When the first shrill notes of the cicada are heard in late spring, we
+awake to a sudden realization that summer is at hand, and, looking about
+us, we see that the flowers have nearly all vanished; hill and valley no
+longer glow with great masses of color; only a few straggling species of
+the early summer remain; but they too are soon gone, and soft browns and
+straw-colors prevail everywhere. It is then that the deep, rich greens of
+our symmetrically rounded Live-Oaks, so characteristic of this region, show
+in fine contrast against this delicate background, forming a picture that
+every Californian dearly loves; the Madroño and the Laurel spread their
+canopies of grateful shade; while the Redwood affords cool retreats from
+the summer sun. Then our salt marshes, as though realizing the need of
+refreshing verdure, put on their most vivid greens; and our
+chaparral-covered hill-slopes make walls of bronze and olive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Perhaps no coniferous forests in the world are so beautiful or so
+attractive as the Redwood forests of our Coast Ranges; and they play so
+important a part in the distribution of our plants, it will not be out of
+place to devote a little space to them here.
+
+The main Redwood belt is of limited range, extending along the Coast from
+Monterey County to Humboldt County, and nowhere exceeding twenty miles in
+breadth. Straggling trees may be found beyond these limits, but nowhere a
+forest growth or trees of great size. In its densest portion, the stately
+and colossal trees are too close together to permit of a wagon passing
+between them.
+
+Mr. Purdy writes: "The Redwood is not only a lover of moisture, but to an
+extent hardly to be believed, unless seen, a condenser and conserver of
+moisture. Their tops reach high into the sea of vapor, and a constant
+precipitation from them, like rain, takes place. The water stands in
+puddles in the roads under them. This causes the densest of undergrowth;
+hazels, huckleberries, various Ceanothi, ferns of large size and in
+greatest profusion, large bushes of rhododendron, and numerous other plants
+make the forest floor a perfect tangle in moister portions."
+
+Many charming plants find their homes amid the cool shade of these noble
+trees. Trillium, and scoliopus, and dog's-tooth violets vie with clintonias
+and vancouverias in elegance and grace, while little creeping violets, and
+the lovely redwood-sorrel, and the salal make charming tapestries over the
+forest floor about these dim cathedral columns.
+
+On the other hand, the open forest belts of the Sierras, which are of far
+greater extent, present another and quite different flora from that of the
+Coast Range and the Redwood belt. There may be found many interesting
+plants of the Heath family--cassiope, bryanthus, chimaphila, ledum, various
+pyrolas, and the snow-plant; there the aconite, false hellebore, eriogonums
+and gentians, and new and beautiful pentstemons and Mimuli and lilies deck
+the meadows and stream-banks.
+
+After the season of blossoming is over in the lowlands, we may pass on up
+into the mountains and live again through a vernal springtime of flowers.
+
+Perhaps in no country in the world does the arrival of the spring flowers
+"so transform the face of Nature as in California." The march of
+civilization has brought changes in its wake; the virgin soil has been
+broken and subdued into grainfields and vineyards; still enough of the
+lavish blossoming is left us to appreciate Mr. Muir's description of the
+face of the country as it appeared years ago. He says: "When California was
+wild, it was one sweet bee-garden throughout its entire length, north and
+south, and all the way across from the snowy Sierra to the ocean.... The
+Great Central Plain ... during the months of March, April, and May was one
+smooth, continuous bed of honey-bloom, so marvelously rich that in walking
+from one end of it to the other, a distance of four hundred miles, your
+foot would press about a hundred flowers at every step. Mints, gilias,
+nemophilas, castilleias, and innumerable Compositae were so crowded
+together, that had ninety-nine per cent of them been taken away, the plain
+would still have seemed to any but Californians extravagantly flowery. The
+radiant, honeyful corollas, touching and overlapping and rising above one
+another, glowed in the living light like a sunset sky--one sheet of purple
+and gold.... Sauntering in any direction, hundreds of these happy
+sun-plants brushed against my feet at every step and closed over them as if
+I were wading in liquid gold. The air was sweet with fragrance, the larks
+sang their blessed songs, rising on the wing as I advanced, then sinking
+out of sight in the polleny sod; while myriads of wild bees stirred the
+lower air with their monotonous hum--monotonous, yet forever fresh and
+sweet as everyday sunshine."
+
+
+
+
+PRELUDE
+
+    O LAND OF THE WEST! I know
+    How the field-flowers bud and blow,
+    And the grass springs and the grain
+    To the first soft touch and summons of the rain!
+    O, the music of the rain!
+    O, the music of the streams!
+
+    --INA D. COOLBRITH.
+
+
+Toward the end of our long cloudless summer, after most other flowers have
+stolen away, Mother Nature marshals her great order of Compositae for a
+last rally; and they come as welcome visitants to fill the places of our
+vanished summer friends.
+
+Asters and goldenrods, grindelias, lessingias, and the numerous tarweeds,
+with their cheerful blossoms, relieve the sober browns of sun-dried
+hill-slopes and meadows, or fringe with color our roadsides and salt
+marshes.
+
+But even these late-comers weary after a time, and one by one disappear,
+till there comes a season when, without flowers, Nature seems to be humbled
+in sackcloth and ashes. The dust lies thick upon roadside trees, a haze
+hangs like a veil in the air, and the sun beats down with fierce, continued
+glare.
+
+As this wears on day after day, a certain vague expectancy creeps gradually
+over the face of things--a rapt, mysterious aspect, foreboding change. One
+day there is a telltale clarity in the atmosphere. Later, the sky darkens
+by degrees, and a dull, leaden hue spreads over the vault of heaven.
+Nature mourns, and would weep. Her heart is full to bursting; still the
+tears come not. The winds spring up and blow freshly over the parched land.
+A few hard-wrung drops begin to fall, and at length there closes down a
+thoroughgoing shower. The flood-gates are opened at last; the long tension
+is over, and we breathe freely once more.
+
+During this first autumn rain, those of us who are so fortunate as to live
+in the country are conscious of a strange odor pervading all the air. It is
+as though Dame Nature were brewing a vast cup of herb tea, mixing in the
+fragrant infusion all the plants dried and stored so carefully during the
+summer.
+
+When the clouds vanish after this baptismal shower, everything is
+charmingly fresh and pure, and we have some of the rarest of days. Then the
+little seeds, harbored through the long summer in Earth's bosom, burst
+their coats and push up their tender leaves, till on hillside and
+valley-floor appears a delicate mist of green, which gradually confirms
+itself into a soft, rich carpet--and all the world is in verdure clad. Then
+we begin to look eagerly for our first flowers.
+
+
+
+
+FLOWER DESCRIPTIONS
+
+A FANCY
+
+
+              I think I would not be
+                  A stately tree,
+    Broad-boughed, with haughty crest that seeks the sky.
+              Too many sorrows lie
+    In years, too much of bitter for the sweet:
+    Frost-bite, and blast, and heat,
+    Blind drought, cold rains, must all grow wearisome,
+              Ere one could put away
+              Their leafy garb for aye,
+              And let death come.
+
+              Rather this wayside flower!
+              To live its happy hour
+    Of balmy air, of sunshine, and of dew.
+    A sinless face held upward to the blue;
+              A bird-song sung to it,
+              A butterfly to flit
+    On dazzling wings above it, hither, thither,--
+    A sweet surprise of life,--and then exhale
+    A little fragrant soul on the soft gale,
+              To float--ah! whither?
+
+    --INA D. COOLBRITH.
+
+
+
+
+_White or occasionally or partially white flowers not described in the
+White Section._
+
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS--Pimpernel.
+
+    BRODIAEA LACTEA--White Brodiaea.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS WEEDII--Mariposa Tulip.
+
+    CUSCUTA--Dodder.
+
+    ERIOGONUM URSINUM.
+
+    ERYSIMUM GRANDIFLORUM--Cream-colored Wallflower.
+
+    ESCHSCHOLTZIA CALIFORNICA--California Poppy.
+
+    FLOERKIA DOUGLASII--Meadow-Foam.
+
+    HEMIZONIA LUZULAEFOLIA--Tarweed.
+
+    HOSACKIA BICOLOR.
+
+    MELILOTUS ALBA--White Sweet Clover.
+
+    PTEROSPORA ANDROMEDEA--Pine-Drops.
+
+    VERBASCUM BLATTARIA--Moth-Mullein.
+
+
+_Described in the Pink Section_:--
+
+    APOCYNUM CANNABINUM--American-Indian Hemp.
+
+    DODECATHEON CLEVELANDI--Shooting-Stars.
+
+    GILIA ANDROSACEA.
+
+    LEWISIA REDIVIVA--Bitter-Root.
+
+    OXALIS OREGANA--Redw'd-Sorrel.
+
+    PHLOX DOUGLASII--Alpine Phlox.
+
+    RHUS INTEGRIFOLIA--Lemonade-Berry.
+
+    RHUS LAURINA--Sumach.
+
+    SILENE GALLICA.
+
+    TRIENTALIS EUROPAEA--Star-Flower.
+
+
+_Described in the Blue and Purple Section_:--
+
+    BRODIAEA LAXA--Ithuriel's Spear.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS CATALINAE--Catalina Mariposa Tulip.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS MAWEANUS--Cat's-Ears.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS UMBELLATUS--White Star-Tulip.
+
+    CEANOTHUS DIVARICATUS--Wild Lilac.
+
+    CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS--California Lilac.
+
+    COLLINSIA BICOLOR--Collinsia.
+
+    DELPHINIUM.
+
+    FRITILLARIA LILIACEA--White Fritillary.
+
+    IRIS DOUGLASIANA--Douglas Iris.
+
+    IRIS MACROSIPHON-Ground Iris.
+
+    POLYGALA CORNUTA.
+
+    SCUTELLARIA CALIFORNICA--White Skullcap
+
+    TRILLIUM SESSILE--Calif. Trillium.
+
+
+_Described in the Red Section_:--
+
+    GILIA AGGREGATA--Scarlet Gilia.
+
+    AQUILEGIA COERULEA.
+
+
+_Described in the Miscellaneous Section_:--
+
+    CEPHALANTHERA OREGANA--Phantom Orchis.
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM CALIFORNICUM--California Lady's Slipper.
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM MONTANUM--Mountain Lady's Slipper.
+
+    PROSARTES MENZIESII--Drops of Gold.
+
+
+TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. SPRING-BLOSSOM.
+
+_Dentaria Californica_, Nutt. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Roots._--Bearing small tubers. _Stems._--Six inches to two
+     feet high. _Root-leaves._--Simple and roundish or with three
+     leaflets. _Stem-leaves._--Usually with three to five pinnate
+     leaflets, one to three inches long. _Flowers._--White to pale
+     rose-color. _Sepals and Petals._--Four. _Stamens._--Four long
+     and two short. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style simple.
+     _Pod._--Slender; twelve to eighteen lines long.
+     _Syn._--_Cardamine paucisecta_, Benth. _Hab._--Throughout the
+     Coast Ranges.
+
+What a rapture we always feel over this first blossom of the year! not only
+for its own dear sake, but for the hopes and promises it holds out, the
+visions it raises of spring, with flower-covered meadows, running brooks,
+buds swelling everywhere, bird-songs, and the air rife with perfumes.
+
+It is like the dove sent forth from the ark, this first tentative blossom,
+this _avant courier_ of the great army of Crucifers, or cross-bearers, so
+called because their four petals are stretched out like the four arms of a
+cross.
+
+It is usually in some sheltered wood that we look for this first shy
+blossom; but once it has proved the trustworthiness of the skies, it is
+followed by thousands of its companions, who then come out boldly and star
+the meadows with their pure white constellations.
+
+The Latin name of this genus (from the word _dens_, a tooth), translated
+into the vernacular, becomes toothwort, the termination _wort_ signifying
+merely plant or herb.
+
+It was so named because of the toothed rootstocks of many species.
+
+The little tubers upon the root often have a pungent taste, from which
+comes one of the other common names--"pepper-root." Various other names
+have been applied to these flowers, such as "lady's smocks" and
+"milkmaids."
+
+[Illustration _TOOTHWORT--Dentaria Californica._]
+
+
+ZYGADENE.
+
+_Zygadenus Fremonti_, Michx. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--Dark-coated. _Leaves._--Linear; a foot or two long;
+     deeply channeled. _Scape._--Three inches to even four feet
+     high. _Flowers._--White. _Perianth Segments._--Six; strongly
+     nerved; bearing at base yellow glands; inner segments clawed.
+     _Stamens._--Six; shorter than the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Styles three; short.
+     _Capsule._--Three-beaked. _Hab._--Coast Ranges, San Diego to
+     Humboldt County.
+
+The generic name, _Zygadenus_, is from the Greek, and signifies yoked
+glands, referring to the glands upon the base of the perianth segments.
+
+We have several species, the most beautiful and showy of which is _Z.
+Fremonti_. This is widely distributed, and grows in very different
+situations. In our central Coast Range its tall stems, with their lovely
+clusters of white stars, make their appearance upon rocky hill-slopes with
+warm exposure, in the shelter of the trees, soon after the toothwort has
+sprinkled the fields with its white bloom. In the south it rears its tall
+stems upon open mesas, unprotected by the shelter of friendly tree or
+shrub, and in some localities it makes itself at home in bogs. It is
+possible that the future may reveal the presence of more than one species.
+
+It has sometimes been called "soap-plant"; but this name more appropriately
+belongs to _Chlorogalum_. It somewhat resembles the Star of Bethlehem of
+Eastern gardens. The fact that it grows in boggy places has given rise to
+the name of "water-lily" in certain localities; but this ought to be
+discountenanced, as it bears not the slightest resemblance to the
+magnificent water-lily of Eastern ponds.
+
+Another species--_Z. venenosus_, Wats.--is found from Monterey and Mariposa
+Counties to British Columbia. This may be distinguished from the above by
+its narrow leaves--only two or three lines wide,--usually folded together,
+and by its smaller flowers, with perianth segments only two or three lines
+long; and also by the fact that the stamens equal the segments in length.
+The bulb is poisonous, and our Northern Indians call it "death camass,"
+while the farmers in the Sierras call it "Lobelia," not because of any
+resemblance to that plant, but because its poisonous effects are similar to
+those of the latter. It is fatal to horses, but hogs eat it with impunity,
+from which it is also known as "hogs' potato." It is found in moist meadows
+or along stream-banks, in June and July.
+
+[Illustration _ZYGADENE--Zygadenus Fremonti._]
+
+
+POISON-OAK.
+
+_Rhus diversiloba_, Torr. and Gray. Poison-Oak or Cashew Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Three to fifteen feet high. _Leaflets._--One to four
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Greenish white; small. _Sepals and
+     Petals._--Usually five. _Stamens._--As many or twice as many as
+     the petals. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles three: distinct or
+     united. _Fruit._--A small, dry, striate, whitish drupe.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+The presence of the poison-oak in our woods and fields makes these outdoor
+haunts forbidden pleasures to persons who are susceptible to it. It is
+closely allied to the poison-ivy of the Eastern States, and very similar in
+its effects. It is a charming shrub in appearance, with beautiful glossy,
+shapely leaves; and in early summer, when it turns to many shades of
+scarlet and purple-bronze, it is especially alluring to the unsuspecting.
+It is quite diverse in its habit, sometimes appearing as an erect shrub,
+and again climbing trees or rock surfaces, by means of small aerial
+rootlets, to a considerable height. Horses eat the leaves without injury;
+and the honey which the bees distill from its small greenish-white flowers
+is said to be excellent.
+
+Many low plants seek the shelter of these shrubs, and some of our loveliest
+flowers, such as Clarkias, Godetias, Collinsias, Brodiaeas, and larkspurs,
+seem to realize that immunity from human marauders is to be had within its
+safe retreat.
+
+The remedies for oak-poisoning are numerous; and it may not be out of place
+to mention a few of them here. Different remedies are required by different
+individuals. Any of the following plants may be made into a tea and used as
+a wash: Grindelia, manzanita, wild peony, California holly, and _Rhamnus
+Purshiania_, or _Californica_. Hot solutions of soda, Epsom salts, or
+saltpeter are helpful to many, and the bulb of the soap-root,--_Chlorogalum
+pomeridianum_--pounded to a paste and used as a salve, allowing it to
+dry upon the surface and remain for some hours at least, is considered
+excellent. In fact, any pure toilet soap may be used in the same manner.
+
+[Illustration POISON OAK--_Rhus diversiloba_.]
+
+
+WAKE-ROBIN.
+
+_Trillium ovatum_, Pursh. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Thickened. _Stem._--Erect; stout; a foot or more
+     high; bearing at summit a whorl of three sessile leaves.
+     _Leaves._--Rhomboidal; acuminate; netted-veined; five-nerved;
+     two to six inches long. _Flower._--Solitary; pure white,
+     turning to deep rose; peduncle one to three inches long.
+     _Sepals._--Three; herbaceous. _Petals._--One or two inches
+     long. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Stigmas three;
+     sessile. _Capsule._--Broadly ovate: six-winged. _Hab._--The
+     Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz to British Columbia.
+
+The wake-robin is in the vanguard of our spring flowers, and a walk into
+some high, cold cañon while the days are still dark and short will be amply
+rewarded by the finding of its white and peculiarly pure-looking blossoms
+standing upon the bank overlooking the streamlet. The blossoms remain
+unchanged for a time, and then, as they fade, turn to a deep purplish
+rose-color.
+
+Our wake-robin so closely resembles _T. grandiflorum_, Salisb., of the
+Eastern States, that it seems a pity it should have been made into a
+different species.
+
+
+BEACH-STRAWBERRY.
+
+_Fragaria Chilensis_, Ehrhart. Rose Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The coast, from Alaska to San Francisco and southward.
+
+This beautiful strawberry is found growing near the seashore, where its
+large, delicious berries are often buried beneath the shifting sand,
+becoming bleached in color. It sometimes covers acres with its thick,
+shining, dark-green leaves, among which are sprinkled its large pure-white
+flowers, an inch or more across.
+
+The wood-strawberry--_F. Californica_--is very common in the Coast Ranges;
+but for the most part it is dry and flavorless.
+
+[Illustration WAKE-ROBIN--_Trillium ovatum_.]
+
+
+=MANZANITA. BEARBERRY.=
+
+_Arctostaphylos manzanita_, Parry. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs three to twenty-five feet high, with purple-brown bark.
+     _Leaves._--Pale. _Flowers._--White or pinkish; in crowded
+     clusters. _Corolla._--Four or five lines long; campanulate.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; filaments dilated and bearded at base; anthers
+     two-celled, opening terminally, each cell furnished with a long
+     downward-pointing horn. _Ovary._--Globose; five to ten-celled.
+     Style simple. _Fruit._--Six lines in diameter, containing
+     several bony nutlets. _Syn._--_Arctostaphylos pungens_, HBK.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+Of all our shrubs, the manzanita is the most beautiful and the best known.
+Sometimes as early as Christmas it may be found in full bloom, when its
+dense crown of pale foliage, surmounting the rich purple-brown stems, is
+thickly sown with the little clusters of fragrant waxen bells. After the
+blossoms have passed away, the shrubs put forth numerous brilliant scarlet
+or crimson shoots, which at a little distance look like a strange and
+entirely new kind of blossoming. The manzanita is closely allied to the
+madroño, and resembles it in many ways, particularly in the annual peeling
+of its rich red bark and in the form of its flowers.
+
+The Greek generic name, translated into English, becomes "bearberry." The
+pretty Spanish name--from _manzana_, apple, and the diminutive, _ita_,--was
+bestowed by the early Spanish-Californians, who recognized the resemblance
+of the fruit to tiny apples.
+
+We have a dozen or more species of _Arctostaphylos_, but _A. manzanita_ is
+the commonest of them all. It varies greatly in size and habit. In
+localities most favorable it becomes a large, erect shrub, with many
+clustered trunks, while in the Sierras it finds but a precarious footing
+among the granite rocks, often covering their surfaces with its small
+tortuous, stiff branches. The leaves, by a twisting of their stalks, assume
+a vertical position on the branches, a habit which enables many plants of
+dry regions to avoid unnecessary evaporation.
+
+[Illustration MANZANITA--_Arctostaphylos manzanita_.]
+
+The largest manzanita known is upon the estate of Mr. Tiburcio Parrott, in
+St. Helena, Napa County, California. It is thirty-five feet high, with a
+spread of branches equal to its height, while its trunk measures eleven and
+a half feet in circumference at the ground, soon dividing into large
+branches. It is a veritable patriarch, and has doubtless seen many
+centuries. According to an interesting account in "Garden and Forest," it
+once had a narrow escape from the ax of a woodman. A gentleman who was a
+lover of trees, happening to pass, paid the woodman two dollars to spare
+its life.
+
+Years ago no traveler from the East felt that he could return home without
+a manzanita cane, made from as straight a branch as could be secured.
+
+The berries of this shrub are dry and bony and quite unsatisfactory. They
+are, however, pleasantly acid, and have been put to several uses. It is
+said that both brandy and vinegar are made from them, and housewives make
+quite a good jelly from some species. Bears are fond of the berries, and
+the Indians eat them, both raw and pounded into a flour, from which mush is
+made. The leaves made into a tincture or infusion are now an officinal
+drug, valued in catarrh of the throat or stomach.
+
+From Monterey to San Diego is found _A. glauca_, Lindl., the great-berried
+manzanita. It closely resembles the above, but its berries are three
+fourths of an inch in diameter.
+
+Of the same range as the last is _A. bicolor_, Gray, whose leaves are of a
+rich, shining green above and white and woolly beneath. Its berries are the
+size of a pea, yellowish at first, and turning red later.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SAXIFRAGE.
+
+_Saxifraga Californica_, Greene. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Few; all radical; oval; one to two inches long, on
+     broad petioles six to twelve lines long. _Scape._--Six to
+     eighteen inches high. _Flowers._--White or rose; four or five
+     lines across. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft, with reflexed lobes.
+     _Petals._--Borne on the calyx. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     _Ovaries._--Two; partly united. Styles short. Stigmas capitate.
+     _Syn._--_S. Virginiensis_, Michx. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIANSAXIFRAGE--_Saxifraga Californica_.]
+
+In the rich soil of cool northward slopes, or on many a mossy bank amid the
+tender young fronds of the maidenhair, may be found the delicate clusters
+of our little Californian saxifrage. The plants are small, with but a few,
+perhaps only one or two, oval, rather hairy leaves, lying upon the ground,
+and a slender red scape upholding the dainty cluster of small white
+flowers. The tips of the calyx-lobes are usually red, and the wee stamens
+are pink.
+
+We have several species of saxifrage, most of which are plants of exceeding
+delicacy and grace, and with small flowers.
+
+
+MINER'S LETTUCE. INDIAN LETTUCE.
+
+_Montia perfoliata_, Howell. Purslane Family.
+
+     Smooth, succulent herbs. _Radical Leaves._--Long-petioled;
+     broadly rhomboidal. _Stems._--Simple; six to twelve inches
+     high, having, near the summit, a pair of leaves united around
+     the stem. _Flowers._--White. _Sepals._--Two. _Petals._--Five,
+     minute. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--One-celled Style slender.
+     Stigma three-cleft. _Syn._--_Claytonia perfoliata_, Don.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+Though our Indian lettuce is closely allied to the Eastern "Spring Beauty,"
+one would never suspect it from its outward appearance and habit. The
+little flower-racemes look as though they might have pushed their way right
+through the rather large saucer-like leaf just below them. The succulent
+leaves and stems are greedily eaten by the Indians, from which it is called
+"Indian lettuce."
+
+Mr. Powers, of Sheridan, writes that the Placer County Indians have a novel
+way of preparing their salad. Gathering the stems and leaves, they lay them
+about the entrances of the nests of certain large red ants. These, swarming
+out, run all over it. After a time the Indians shake them off, satisfied
+that the lettuce has a pleasant sour taste equaling that imparted by
+vinegar. These little plants are said to be excellent when boiled and well
+seasoned, and they have long been grown in England, where they are highly
+esteemed for salads.
+
+[Illustration MINER'S LETTUCE--_Montia Perfoliata_.]
+
+
+WOOD ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.
+
+_Anemone quinquefolia_, L. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Horizontal. _Stem._--Six to fourteen inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Radical leaf remote from the stem; trifid; the
+     segments serrate. Involucral leaf not far below the flower;
+     three foliolate. _Sepals._--Petaloid; five or six; usually
+     bluish outside. _Petals._--Wanting. _Stamens and
+     Pistils._--Numerous. _Akenes._--Two lines long; twelve to
+     twenty. _Syn._--_Anemone nemorosa_, L. _Hab._--The Coast
+     Ranges, in moist shade.
+
+The delicate blossoms of the wood anemone might at first be confounded with
+those of the toothwort by the careless observer, but a moment's reflection
+will quickly distinguish them. The anemone is always a solitary flower with
+many stamens, and its petals are of a more delicate texture. It grows upon
+wooded banks or cool, shaded flats among the redwoods.
+
+There are many quaint traditions as to the origin of its name, and poets
+have from early times found something ideal of which to sing in these
+simple spring flowers.
+
+The generic name has the accent upon the third syllable, but, when
+Anglicized into the common name, the accent falls back upon the second.
+
+
+OSO-BERRY.
+
+_Nuttallia cerasiformis_, Torr. and Gray. Rose Family
+
+     Deciduous shrubs; two to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Broadly
+     oblanceolate; two to four inches long; narrowed into a short
+     petiole. _Flowers._--White; in short terminal racemes;
+     dioecious; three to eleven lines across. _Calyx._--Top-shaped,
+     with five-lobed border. _Petals._--Five; inserted with ten of
+     the stamens on the calyx; broadly spatulate.
+     _Stamens._--Fifteen. _Ovaries._--Five. Styles short.
+     _Fruit._--Blue-black, oblong drupes; six to eight lines long.
+     _Hab._--Chiefly the Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo to Fraser
+     River.
+
+[Illustration WOOD ANEMONE--_Anemone quinquefolia._]
+
+About the same time that the beautiful leaves of the buckeye are
+emerging from their wrappings, we notice in the woods a shrub which has
+just put forth its clusters of bright-green leaves from buds all along
+its slender twigs. Amid their delicate green hang short clusters of
+greenish-white flowers. These blossoms have a delicious bitter
+fragrance, redolent of all the tender memories of the springtime.
+
+This shrub is usually mistaken for a wild plum; and the illusion is still
+further assisted when the little drupes, like miniature plums, begin to
+ripen and hang in yellow and purple clusters amid the matured leaves.
+
+
+WILD DATE. SPANISH BAYONET.
+
+_Yucca Mohavensis_, Sargent. Lily Family.
+
+     _Trunk._--Usually simple; rarely exceeding fifteen feet high;
+     six or eight inches in diameter; naked, or covered with
+     refracted dead leaves, or clothed to the ground with the living
+     leaves. _Leaves._--Linear-lanceolate; one to three feet long;
+     one or two inches wide; rigid; margins at length bearing coarse
+     recurved threads. _Flowers._--In short-stemmed or sessile,
+     distaff-shaped panicles, a foot or two long; pedicels
+     eventually drooping, twelve to eighteen lines long.
+     _Perianth._--Broadly campanulate. _Segments._--Six; thirty
+     lines long; six to twelve wide. _Stamens._--Six; six to nine
+     lines long; filaments white, club-shaped. _Ovary._--Oblong;
+     white; an inch or two long, including the slender style.
+     Stigmas three. _Fruit._--Cylindrical; three or four inches
+     long; pendulous, pulpy. _Syn._--_Yucca baccata_, Torr.
+     _Hab._--Southern California, from Monterey to San Diego; coast
+     and inland.
+
+The genus _Yucca_ comprises sixteen or eighteen species, and reaches its
+greatest development in Northern Mexico. Three species are to be found
+within our borders, two of which are arborescent, _Y. arborescens_, and _Y.
+Mohavensis_. Considerable confusion has hitherto reigned among the species,
+but they are now better understood.
+
+They are all valuable to our Indians as basket and textile plants, and are
+useful to them in many other ways.
+
+Owing to the structure of the flowers, self-fertilization seems impossible,
+and scientists who have made a study of the subject say that these plants
+are dependent upon a little white, night-flying moth to perform this office
+for them. This little creature goes from plant to plant, gathering the
+pollen, which she rolls up into a ball with her feet. When sufficient has
+been gathered, she goes to another plant, lays her egg in its ovary, and
+before leaving ascends to the stigma and actually pushes the pollen into
+it, seeming to realize that unless she performs this last act, there will
+be nothing for her progeny to eat. This seems an almost incredible instance
+of insect intelligence; but it is a well-authenticated fact.
+
+_Yucca Mohavensis_, commonly called "wild date," or "Spanish bayonet," is
+more widely distributed within our borders than either of our other
+species. Its large panicle of overpoweringly fragrant white waxen bells is
+a striking object wherever seen. On the coast this yucca is often stemless,
+but in the interior, where it is more abundant, it rises to a considerable
+height, and culminates upon the Mojave Desert, where the finest specimens
+are found.
+
+The fruit, which ripens in August and September, turns from green to a
+tawny yellow, afterward becoming brownish purple, and eventually almost
+black. This has a sweet, succulent flesh, and, either fresh or dried, is a
+favorite fruit among the Indians. Dr. Palmer writes that this is one of the
+most useful plants to the Indians of New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern
+California. They cut the stems into slices, beat them into a pulp, and mix
+them with the water in washing, as a substitute for soap.
+
+The leaves are parched in ashes, to make them pliable, and are afterward
+soaked in water and pounded with a wooden mallet. The fibers thus liberated
+are long, strong, and durable, and lend themselves admirably to the weaving
+of the gayly decorated horse-blankets made by the tribes of Southern
+California. They also make from it ropes, twine, nets, hats, hair-brushes,
+shoes, mattresses, baskets, etc.
+
+
+FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.
+
+_Smilacina sessilifolia_, Nutt. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Slender; branching; creeping; scars not
+     conspicuous. _Stem._--About a foot long (sometimes two);
+     usually zigzag above; leafy. _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile;
+     lanceolate; two to six inches long; shining above; spreading in
+     a horizontal plane. _Flowers._--White; few; in a simple
+     terminal raceme, on pedicels two to seven lines long.
+     _Perianth._--Of six, distinct, spreading segments.
+     _Segments._--One and one half to four lines long; lanceolate.
+     _Stamens._--Six; half the length of the segments.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style short. _Berry._--Nearly black;
+     three to five lines through. _Hab._--Monterey to British
+     Columbia.
+
+The False Solomon's Seal is one of the prettiest plants in our woods in
+March, and in many places it almost hides the ground from view. It has a
+graceful, drooping habit that shows its handsome, spreading leaves to full
+advantage, and its few delicate little white blossoms are a fitting
+termination to the pretty sprays.
+
+_S. amplexicaulis_, Nutt., is a very handsome, decorative plant, with fine,
+tall, leafy stem, and large, feathery panicle of tiny white flowers. The
+broadened white filaments are the most conspicuous part of these blossoms,
+which are less than a line long. The berries are light-colored, dotted with
+red or purple.
+
+
+MIST-MAIDENS.
+
+_Romanzoffia Sitchensis_, Bongard. Baby-eyes or Water leaf Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Six to eighteen lines across; smooth.
+     _Flowers._--White, pink, or purple. _Calyx._--Deeply
+     five-parted. _Corolla._--Funnel-form; five-lobed; four lines
+     long. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Hab._--Coast
+     Ranges, from Santa Cruz northward.
+
+In appearance these delicate herbs resemble the saxifrages, and they affect
+much the same sort of places, decking mossy banks and stream borders with
+their beautiful scalloped leaves and small white flowers.
+
+The genus was named in honor of Nicholas Romanzoff, a Russian nobleman,
+who, by his munificence, enabled some noted botanists to visit this coast
+early in the century.
+
+[Illustration MIST-MAIDENS--_Romanzoffia Sitchensis._]
+
+
+STRAWBERRY CACTUS. CALIFORNIAN FISH-HOOK CACTUS. LLAVINA.
+
+_Mamillaria Goodridgii_, Scheer. Cactus Family.
+
+     Oval, fleshy, leafless plants; mostly single, though sometimes
+     clustered; three to five inches long; covered with prominences
+     or tubercles. _Tubercles._--Each bearing a flat rosette of
+     short, whitish spines, with an erect, dark, fish-hook-like
+     central one. _Flowers._--Small; greenish-white. _Outer
+     Sepals._--Fringed. _Petals._--About eight; awned.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. _Ovary._--One-celled. Stigmas five or
+     six. _Fruit._--Scarlet; an inch long. _Hab._--San Diego and
+     neighboring islands, and southward.
+
+The dry hill-slopes about San Diego afford the most interesting field
+accessible to civilization, _i.e._ within our boundaries, for the gathering
+and study of the cacti.
+
+Nestling close to the ground, usually under some shrub or vine, you will
+find the little fish-hook cactus, one of the prettiest and most interesting
+of them all. Its oval form bristles with the little dark hooks, each of
+which emanates from a flat star of whitish spines.
+
+The flowers may be found in April or May, but it is more noticeable when in
+fruit. The handsome scarlet berries, like old-fashioned coral eardrops,
+protruding from among the thorns, are easily picked out, and they very
+naturally find their way to one's mouth. Nor is one disappointed in the
+expectation raised by their brilliant exterior--for the flavor is
+delicious, though I cannot say it resembles that of the strawberry, as some
+aver. To me it is more like a fine tart apple.
+
+
+THIMBLE-BERRY.
+
+_Rubus Nutkanus_, Mocino. Rose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to eight feet high. _Leaves._--Palmately and
+     nearly equally five-lobed; cordate at base; four to twelve
+     inches broad; the lobes acute; densely tomentose beneath.
+     _Flowers._--Few; clustered; white, sometimes pale rose; an inch
+     or two across, with rounded petals. _Stamens and
+     Pistils._--Numerous. _Fruit._--Large; red; "like an inverted
+     saucer;" sweet and rather dry. _Hab._--Monterey to Alaska.
+
+The thimble-berry is unequaled for the canopy of pure light-green foliage
+which it spreads in our woods. It would take the clearest of water-colors
+to portray its color and texture. The large white flowers, with their
+crumpled petals, are deliciously fragrant, but with us are never followed
+by an edible fruit, probably owing to the dryness of our summer climate. In
+Oregon and northward the berries are said to be luscious. There the bushes
+grow in the fir forests, where they seem most at home.
+
+_Rubus spectabilis_, Pursh., the salmon-berry, has leaves with three
+leaflets, and large solitary, rose-colored flowers, which are followed by a
+salmon-colored berry. These shrubs are exceedingly beautiful when in full
+bloom.
+
+
+COMMON WILD PEA.
+
+_Lathyrus vestitus_, Nutt. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to ten feet high; slender; not winged.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; with small semi-sagittate stipules;
+     pinnate, with four to six pairs of leaflets; tendril-bearing at
+     the summit. _Leaflets._--Ovate-oblong to linear; six to twelve
+     lines long; acute. _Flowers._--White, pale rose or violet;
+     seven to ten lines long. _Lower Calyx-teeth._--About equaling
+     the tube. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous; the standard veined with
+     purple in the center. _Stamens._--Nine united; one free.
+     _Ovary._--Flattened; pubescent. Style hairy down the inner
+     side. (See _Leguminosae_.) _Hab._--Sonoma County to San Diego.
+
+The genus _Lathyrus_, which contains the beautiful sweet pea of the garden,
+affords us several handsome wild species, but most of them are difficult of
+determination, and many of them are as yet much confused. This genus is
+quite closely related to _Vicia_, but, in general, the leaflets are
+broader, the flowers are larger, and the style is hairy down the inner side
+as well as at the tip.
+
+_Lathyrus vestitus_ is the common wild pea of the south. It is quite
+plentiful, and clambers over and under shrubs, hanging out its occasional
+clusters of rather large pale flowers.
+
+_L. Torreyi_, Gray, found from Santa Clara County to Napa in dry woods, is
+a slender plant, having from one to three small white or pinkish flowers.
+It is remarkable for and easily distinguished by its very fragrant
+foliage.
+
+
+WILD CUCUMBER. BIG-ROOT. CHILICOTHE.
+
+_Echinocystis fabacea_, Naudin. Gourd Family.
+
+     Tendril-bearing vines, ten to thirty feet long.
+     _Root._--Enormous; woody. _Leaves._--Palmately five- to
+     seven-lobed; three to six inches broad. _Flowers._--Yellowish
+     white; monoecious. _Calyx-tube._--Campanulate; teeth small or
+     none. _Corolla._--Five- to seven-lobed; three to six lines
+     across. _Staminate Flowers._--Five to twenty in racemes; their
+     stamens two and a half, with short connate filaments and
+     somewhat horizontal anthers. _Pistillate Flowers._--Solitary;
+     from the same axils as the racemes. _Ovary._--Two- to
+     four-celled. _Fruit._--Two inches long; prickly.
+     _Syn._--_Megarrhiza Californica_, Torr. _Hab._--Near the coast,
+     from San Diego to Point Reyes.
+
+The wild cucumber is one of our most graceful native vines. It drapes many
+an unsightly stump, or clambers up into shrubs, embowering them with its
+pretty foliage. Seeing its rather delicate ivy-like habit above ground, one
+would never dream that it came from a root as large as a man's body, buried
+deep in the earth. From this root, it has received two of its common names,
+"big-root" and "man-in-the-ground." Sometimes this may be seen upon the
+ocean beach or rolling about in the breakers, where it has been liberated
+by the wearing away of the cliffs. It is intensely bitter.
+
+The seeds have a very interesting method of germinating. The two large
+radical leaves remain underground, sending up the terminal shoot only. They
+are so tender and succulent that they would be eaten forthwith, if they
+showed themselves above the ground. An oil expressed from the roasted seeds
+has been used by the Indians to promote the growth of the hair.
+
+Authorities have differed about the classification of these plants, and
+they have been variously called _Megarrhiza, Micrampelis_, and
+_Echinocystis_, the latter being latest approved. We have several species.
+One common in the South is _E. macrocarpa_, Greene. This has a large oval,
+prickly ball, four inches or so long. When mature, this opens at the top,
+splitting into several segments, which gradually roll downward, like the
+petals of a beautiful white lily, showing their pure-white inner surfaces
+and leaving exposed the four cells in the center, with lacelike walls, in
+which nestle the large, handsome dark seeds. These seeds are often
+beautifully mottled and colored, and in the early days served the
+Spanish-Californian children for marbles.
+
+[Illustration _WILD CUCUMBER--Echinocystis fabacea._]
+
+
+WHITE LAYIA. WHITE DAISY.
+
+_Layia glandulosa_, Hook. and Arn. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to twelve inches high; loosely branching; hairy;
+     often reddish. _Leaves._--Sessile; linear; the upper all small
+     and entire; the lower often lanceolate and incised pinnatifid.
+     _Heads._--Usually large and showy. _Ray-flowers._--Bright, pure
+     white, sometimes rose-color; eight to thirteen; three-lobed; an
+     inch or less long; six lines wide. _Disk-flowers._--Golden
+     yellow; five-toothed. Each scale of the involucre clasping a
+     ray-flower. _Hab._--Columbia River to Los Angeles.
+
+These white daisies, as they are commonly called in the south, cover the
+fields and plains in early spring, jostling one another in friendly
+proximity and stretching away in an endless perspective. They are of a
+charming purity, and to me are more attractive than their sisters, the
+tidy-tips.
+
+They love a sandy soil, and I have seen them flourishing in the
+disintegrated granite of old river-beds, where the dazzling whiteness of
+the stones was hardly distinguishable from the blossoms. The involucre is
+thickly studded with curious little glands, resembling small glass-headed
+pins.
+
+
+BED-STRAW. GOOSE-GRASS. CLEAVERS.
+
+_Galium Aparine_, L. Madder Family.
+
+     Climbing by the prickly stem-angles and leaf-margins.
+     _Stems._--Weak; one to four feet long. _Leaves._--In whorls of
+     six to eight; linear oblanceolate; one inch long.
+     _Peduncles._--Elongated; one- to two-flowered.
+     _Flowers._--Minute; one line across; greenish-white.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Adnate to the ovary; limb obsolete.
+     _Corolla._--Mostly four-cleft. _Stamens._--Four.
+     _Ovary._--Two-lobed, two-celled. Styles two, short. Stigmas,
+     capitate. _Fruit._--Two or three lines across, covered with
+     hooked bristles. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+All through our moist woodlands, in early spring, the long stems of the
+bed-straw may be found, running about upon the ground or entangled amid the
+stems of other plants. The angles of these weak stems and the leaf-margins
+and midribs are all clothed with small backward-pointing bristles, which
+make the plants cling to surrounding objects. The flowers are greenish and
+minute, and are followed by tiny prickly balls.
+
+A cold infusion of this little plant is used as a domestic remedy in cases
+of fever, where a cooling drink is desired.
+
+The genus has received the common name of "bed-straw," because it was
+supposed that one of the species, _G. verum_, filled the manger in which
+was laid the Infant Jesus. There are a dozen or so species in California.
+
+Very conspicuous all through the south is _G. angustifolium_, Nutt., often
+three feet high, sending up very numerous slender, feathery stems from a
+woody base. This has its small leaves in whorls of four.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN HEART'S-EASE.
+
+_Viola Beckwithii_, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Broadly cordate in outline; three-parted; the
+     divisions cleft into linear or oblong segments.
+     _Peduncles._--About equaling the leaves. _Petals._--Four to
+     seven lines long; very broad; the upper deep purple, the others
+     lilac, bluish, or white, veined with purple, with a yellowish
+     base; the lateral bearded; the lowest emarginate.
+     _Stigma._--Bearded at the sides. _Capsule._--Obtuse. (Otherwise
+     as _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--The Central Sierras.
+
+    "By scattered rocks and turbid waters shifting,
+            By furrowed glade and dell,
+    To feverish men thy calm, sweet face uplifting,
+            Thou stayest them to tell
+
+    "The delicate thought that cannot find expression--
+            For ruder speech too fair,--
+    That, like thy petals, trembles in possession,
+            And scatters on the air."
+
+The poet, with a delicate insight, has made this mountain flower the
+reminder to the rugged miner of home and scenes far away. But the vision
+lasts but for a moment only; then, as he brushes away a tear, his uplifted
+pick--
+
+        "Through root and fiber cleaves--
+    And on the muddy current slowly drifting
+        Are swept thy bruised leaves.
+
+    "And yet, O poet! in thy homely fashion,
+        Thy work thou dost fulfill;
+    For on the turbid current of his passion
+        Thy face is shining still."
+
+
+POP-CORN FLOWER.
+
+WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT. NIEVITAS.
+
+Borage Family.
+
+The wild white forget-me-nots are among our most welcome flowers. Though
+not showy, taken singly, they often cover the fields, presenting the
+appearance of a light snowfall, from which fact the Spanish-Californians
+have bestowed the pretty name "nievitas," the diminutive of _nieve_, snow.
+
+Their chief charm often lies in their pure, delightful fragrance, which
+recalls the days of our careless, happy childhood. Children are keen
+observers of flowers, and are among their most appreciative lovers, and
+with them these modest, chaste little blossoms are special favorites.
+
+There are many species, and even genera, and their determination is beset
+with serious difficulties. It requires endless study and patience to
+disentangle the facts about any one of them. They are comprised under
+several genera, _Krynitzkia_, _Plagiobothrys_, _Eritrichium_, _Piptocalyx_,
+etc. Some have fragrant flowers and some have not. Children of the south
+call them "pop-corn flowers."
+
+[Illustration WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT.]
+
+
+WHIPPLEA.
+
+_Whipplea modesta_, Torr. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Slender, diffuse, hairy undershrubs. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; ovate; toothed or entire; an inch or less long;
+     three-nerved. _Flowers._--White; barely three lines across; in
+     small terminal clusters. _Calyx._--White; five-cleft.
+     _Petals._--Five. _Stamens._--Usually ten. Filaments awl-shaped.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled, globose. Styles of the same
+     number. _Hab._--Coast Ranges from Monterey to Mendocino County.
+
+Under the redwoods, or in moist cañons in their vicinity, may be found this
+pretty undershrub trailing over banks or brushwood. In April its exquisite
+little clusters of pure white flowers, with a pleasant fragrance, make
+their appearance, and the plants have then been sometimes mistaken for a
+species of _Ceanothus_.
+
+
+WOODLAND STAR OF BETHLEHEM.
+
+_Tellima affinis_, Bolander. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; six to twenty inches high.
+     _Root-leaves._--Round-reniform; scalloped; rarely an inch
+     across. _Stem-leaves._--Three to five; ternately cleft;
+     variously toothed. _Flowers._--White; in a loose raceme; nine
+     lines across. _Calyx._--Small; campanulate; five-toothed.
+     _Petals._--Five; wedge-shaped, with three acute lobes.
+     _Stamens._--Ten. Filaments very short. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     Styles, three, short, stout. Stigmas, capitate. _Hab._--Shady
+     places almost throughout the State.
+
+"Star of Bethlehem" is the common name by which many of our children know
+this fragile flower. Its slender stems rise from many a mossy bank,
+upbearing their few delicately slashed, pure-white stars, which seem to
+shed a gentle radiance about them upon the woodland scene.
+
+[Illustration WHIPPLEA--_Whipplea modesta._]
+
+
+WILD BUCKWHEAT.
+
+_Eriogonum fasciculatum_, Bentham. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     Shrubby; very leafy. _Leaves._--Alternate; nearly sessile;
+     narrowly oblanceolate; acute; tomentose beneath; glabrous
+     above; three to nine lines long; much fascicled.
+     _Flowers._--White or pinkish; in densely crowded compound
+     clusters; several perianths contained in the involucres.
+     _Involucres._--Campanulate; five- or six-nerved and toothed; two
+     lines high. _Perianth._--Minute; of six nearly equal segments.
+     (See _Eriogonum umbellatum_.) _Hab._--Santa Barbara and
+     southward; east to Arizona.
+
+The wild buckwheat is a characteristic feature of the southern landscape.
+It is a charming plant when in full bloom, and its feathery clusters of
+pinkish-white flowers show finely against the warm olive tones of its
+foliage. It is a very important honey plant, as it yields an exceptionally
+pure nectar and remains in bloom a long time. Growing near the sea, it is
+often close-cropped and shorn by the wind, and then it quite closely
+resembles the _Adenostoma_, or chamisal.
+
+Another very widely distributed and common species is _E. nudum_, Dougl.
+Every one is familiar with its tall, green, naked, rushlike stems, bearing
+on the ends of the branchlets the small balls of white or pinkish flowers.
+Its leaves are all radical, smooth green above and densely white-woolly
+beneath.
+
+
+SIERRA PLUM. WILD PLUM.
+
+_Prunus subcordata_, Benth. Rose Family.
+
+     Trees or shrubs three to ten feet high, with ash-gray bark and
+     branchlets occasionally spinescent. _Leaves._--Short-petioled;
+     ovate; sharply and finely serrate; an inch or two long.
+     _Umbels._--Two- to four-flowered. Pedicels three to six lines
+     long. _Flowers._--White; six lines across. _Fruit._--Red or
+     purple; six to fifteen lines long; fleshy; smooth. (Otherwise
+     as _P. ilicifolia_.) _Hab._--Mostly eastward of the Central
+     Valley, from San Felipe into Oregon.
+
+The wild plum reaches its greatest perfection in the north, where the
+shrubs are found in extensive groves covering whole mountain slopes.
+
+[Illustration WILD BUCKWHEAT--_Eriogonum fasciculatum._]
+
+The flowers, which are produced before the leaves, from March to May, are
+white, fading to rose-color. By August and September, the bushes are
+loaded with the handsome fruit, richly mottled with red, yellow, and
+purple; and these colors are duplicated in the autumn foliage, which in the
+North becomes very brilliant.
+
+This fruit is excellent for canning, preserving, and making into jelly.
+Many families make annual pilgrimages to these wild-plum orchards of the
+mountains and carry away bushels of the fruit; but even then countless tons
+of it go to waste.
+
+_P. demissa_, Walpers,--the wild cherry or choke-cherry,--is found upon
+mountains throughout the State, but less abundantly near the coast. Its
+small white flowers grow in racemes three or four inches long, and these
+ripen into the pretty shining black cherries, half an inch in diameter. It
+often covers acres upon acres of rough land, and commences to bear when but
+two feet high.
+
+Housewives of our mountain districts make a marmalade of the fruit, which
+has a peculiarly delicious, tart flavor.
+
+
+ELLISIA.
+
+_Ellisia chrysanthemifolia_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     More or less hairy. _Stems._--Loosely branching; a foot or so
+     high. _Leaves._--Mostly opposite; auricled at base; twice- or
+     thrice-parted into many short, small lobes. _Flowers._--In
+     loose racemes; white; three lines or so across.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft; without appendages at the sinuses; almost
+     equaling the corolla. _Corolla._--Open-campanulate; having ten
+     minute scales at base within. _Stamens._--Five.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled; globose. Style slender; two-cleft.
+     _Hab._--San Francisco to San Diego.
+
+These little plants, with delicately dissected leaves, are common in moist,
+shaded localities; but, unfortunately, their foliage has a very strong
+odor, which just escapes being agreeable. Their general aspect is somewhat
+similar to that of some of the small species of _Nemophila_; but the lack
+of appendages upon the calyx reveals their separate identity. It blooms
+freely from March to June, and is especially abundant southward.
+
+
+MADROÑO. MADRONE.
+
+_Arbutus Menziesii_, Pursh. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees. _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; oblong; entire
+     or serrulate; four inches or so long. _Flowers._--White; waxen;
+     in large clusters. _Calyx._--Five-cleft; minute; white.
+     _Corolla._--Broadly urn-shaped; three lines long; with five
+     minute, recurved teeth. _Stamens._--Ten; on the corolla.
+     Filaments dilated; bearded. Anthers two-celled; saccate;
+     opening terminally; furnished with a pair of reflexed horns
+     near the summit. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style rather long.
+     _Fruit._--A cluster of scarlet-orange berries, with rough
+     granular coats. _Hab._--Puget Sound to Mexico and Texas;
+     specially in the Coast Ranges.
+
+    Captain of the Western wood,
+    Thou that apest Robin Hood!
+    Green above thy scarlet hose,
+    How thy velvet mantle shows;
+    Never tree like thee arrayed,
+    O thou gallant of the glade!
+
+    When the fervid August sun
+    Scorches all it looks upon,
+    And the balsam of the pine
+    Drips from stem to needle fine,
+    Round thy compact shade arranged,
+    Not a leaf of thee is changed!
+
+    When the yellow autumn sun
+    Saddens all it looks upon,
+    Spreads its sackcloth on the hills,
+    Strews its ashes in the rills,
+    Thou thy scarlet hose dost doff,
+    And in limbs of purest buff
+    Challengest the somber glade
+    For a sylvan masquerade.
+
+    Where, oh where shall he begin
+    Who would paint thee, Harlequin?
+    With thy waxen, burnished leaf,
+    With thy branches' red relief,
+    With thy poly-tinted fruit,
+    In thy spring or autumn suit,--
+    Where begin, and oh, where end,--
+    Thou whose charms all art transcend?
+
+    --BRET HARTE.
+
+The name "madroño" was applied by the early Spanish-Californians to this
+tree because of its strong resemblance and close relationship to the
+_Arbutus unido_, or strawberry-tree of the Mediterranean countries, which
+was called madroño in Spain.
+
+Our madroño, though but a large shrub in the south, increases in size
+northward, and reaches its maximum development in Marin County, where there
+are some superb specimens of it. One tree upon the shores of Lake Lagunitas
+measures more than twenty-three feet in circumference and a hundred feet in
+height, and sends out many large branches, each two or three feet in
+diameter.
+
+A large part of the forest growth on the northern slopes of Mt. Tamalpais
+is composed of it; and as it is an evergreen, it forms a mountain wall of
+delightful and refreshing green the year around. The bark on the younger
+limbs, which is of a rich Indian red, begins to peel off in thin layers
+about midsummer, leaving a clear, smooth, greenish-buff surface, and
+strewing the forest floor with its warm shreds, which mingling with the
+exquisite tones of its ripened leaves, which have fallen at about the same
+time, make a carpet equal in beauty of coloring to that under the English
+beeches. It is thoroughly patrician in all its parts. The leaves which are
+clustered at the ends of the slender twigs are rich, polished green above,
+and somewhat paler beneath.
+
+In the spring it puts forth great panicles of small, white, waxen bells,
+which call the bees to a sybaritic feast, and in the autumn it spreads a no
+less inviting repast in its great clusters of fine scarlet berries for the
+blue pigeons who visit it in large flocks.
+
+The wood of the madrone is hard and close-grained, of a light brown, shaded
+with red, with lighter-colored sap-wood. It is used in the manufacture of
+furniture, but is particularly valuable for the making of charcoal to be
+used in the composition of gunpowder. The bark is sometimes used in tanning
+leather.
+
+
+WILD WHITE LILAC.
+
+_Ceanothus velutinus_, Dougl. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Widely branching shrubs, two to six feet or more high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; roundish, or broadly ovate;
+     eighteen lines to three inches long; polished, resinous above;
+     somewhat pubescent beneath; strongly three-nerved.
+     _Flowers._--White; three lines across; in large, dense,
+     compound clusters four or five inches long and wide. (See
+     _Ceanothus_ for flower structure.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges;
+     Columbia River, southward to San Francisco Bay; also eastward
+     to Colorado.
+
+Its ample bright-green, highly varnished leaves and large white
+flower-clusters make this a very beautiful species of _Ceanothus_. The
+foliage is glutinous with a gummy exudation, which has a rather
+disagreeable odor. Yet the shrub would be very handsome in cultivation.
+
+
+WHITE NEMOPHILA.
+
+_Nemophila atomaria_, Fisch. and Mey. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     _Corolla._--Pure white, closely dark-dotted nearly to the edge;
+     an inch or less across; densely hairy within the tube. Scales
+     of the corolla narrow, with long hairs. (Otherwise as _N.
+     insignis_.) _Hab._--Central California.
+
+This delicate _Nemophila_ haunts wet, springy places among the hills, and
+is at its best in early spring. There are a number of small-flowered forms
+of _Nemophila_ which have been hitherto referred to _N. parviflora_, but
+which the future will probably prove to constitute a number of species.
+
+_N. maculata_, Benth., found in Middle California and the High Sierras, is
+a charming form, with large flowers, whose petals bear strong violet
+blotches at the top.
+
+
+RATTLE-WEED. LOCO-WEED.
+
+_Astragalus leucopsis_, Torr. and Gray. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or so high. _Leaflets._--In many pairs; six
+     lines or more long. _Flowers._--Greenish-white; six lines long;
+     in spikelike racemes an inch or two long. _Calyx._--With teeth
+     more than half the length of the campanulate-tube.
+     _Pod._--Thin; bladdery-inflated; an inch or more long, on a
+     smooth stalk twice or thrice the length of the calyx-tube. (See
+     Astragalus.) _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+These plants are very noticeable and quite pretty, with their pale foliage,
+symmetrical leaves, and white flowers; but they are dreaded by the farmers
+of the region of their growth, who aver that they are deadly loco-weeds. It
+is said that native stock will not touch them; but animals brought from a
+distance and unacquainted with them, eat them, with dreadful results of
+loco.
+
+We have numerous species, all rather difficult of determination.
+
+
+WILD MORNING-GLORY.
+
+_Convolvulus luteolus_, Gray. Morning-Glory Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Twining and climbing twenty feet or more.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sagittate; two inches or so long; smooth.
+     _Peduncles._--Several-flowered; axillary, with two small
+     linear-lanceolate bracts a little below the flower.
+     _Flowers._--Cream-color or pinkish, sometimes deep rose.
+     _Sepals._--Five; without bracts immediately below them.
+     _Corolla._--Open funnel-form; eighteen lines long; not lobed or
+     angled. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Globose; two-celled or
+     imperfectly four-celled. Style filiform. Stigmas two.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+I remember long stretches of mountain road where the wild morning-glory has
+completely covered the unsightly shrubs charred by a previous year's fire,
+flinging out its slender stems, lacing and interlacing them in airy
+festoons, which are covered with the fragile flowers in greatest profusion.
+In these tangles, the industrious spiders have hung their exquisite
+geometrical webs, which catch the glittering water-drops in their meshes.
+When the sun comes out after a dense, cool fog-bath on a summer morning,
+nothing more charmingly fresh could be imagined than such a scene.
+
+[Illustration RATTLE-WEED--_Astragalus leucopsis._]
+
+The common morning-glory of the south--_C. occidentalis_, Gray--is very
+similar to the above, but may be distinguished from it by the pair of
+large, thin bracts immediately below the calyx and enveloping it.
+
+Another very pretty species is _C. villosus_, Gray. This is widely
+distributed, but not very common. Its trailing stems and foliage are of a
+velvety sage-gray throughout, and its small flowers of a yellowish
+cream-color. The hastate leaves are shapely, and the whole plant is
+charming when grown away from dust.
+
+The common European bindweed--_C. arvensis_, L.--is to the farmer a very
+unwelcome little immigrant. In fields it becomes a serious pest; for the
+more its roots are disturbed and broken up the better it thrives. But
+despite its bad character, we cannot help admiring its pretty little white
+funnels, which lift themselves so debonairly among the prostrate stems and
+leaves.
+
+In medicine a tincture of the whole plant is valued for several uses.
+
+
+WOOD-BALM. PITCHER-SAGE.
+
+_Sphacele calycina_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Woody at the base; two to five feet high; hairy or woolly.
+     _Leaves._--Two to four inches long. _Flowers._--Dull white or
+     purplish; an inch or more long; mostly solitary in the upper
+     axils. _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Having a hairy ring at
+     base within. _Stamens._--Four, in two pairs. _Ovary._--Of four
+     seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma two-lobed. _Hab._--Dry
+     hills. San Francisco Bay, southward.
+
+The wood-balm is closely allied to the sages, which fact is betrayed by its
+opposite, wrinkly, sage-scented leaves; but its flowers have quite a
+different aspect. These are ample and cylindrical, with a five-lobed
+border, one of the lobes being prolonged into somewhat of a lip.
+
+The generic name is from the Greek word meaning _sage_; and the specific
+name, signifying _cuplike_, refers to the shape of the blossoms.
+
+The dwellers among our southern mountains, with that happy instinct
+possessed by those who live close to the heart of nature, have aptly named
+this "pitcher-sage."
+
+[Illustration PITCHER-SAGE--_Sphacele calycina._]
+
+After the flowers have passed away, the large inflated, light-green
+calyxes, densely crowded upon the stems, become quite conspicuous.
+
+
+YUCCA-PALM. TREE-YUCCA. JOSHUA-TREE.
+
+_Yucca arborescens_, Trelease. Lily Family.
+
+     Scraggly trees; thirty, or forty feet high; with trunks one or
+     two feet in diameter. _Leaves._--Eight inches long; crowded;
+     rigid; spine-tipped; serrulate; the older ones reflexed and
+     sun-bleached, the younger ashy-green. _Flowers._--In sessile,
+     ovate panicles, terminating the branches. Panicles several
+     inches long. _Perianth._--Narrowly campanulate; eighteen to
+     thirty lines long. _Fruit._--Two or three inches long.
+     (Otherwise as _Y. Mohavensis_.) _Hab._--Southwestern Utah to
+     the Mojave Desert.
+
+The traveler crossing the Mojave Desert upon the railroad has his curiosity
+violently aroused by certain fantastic tree forms that whirl by the car
+windows. These are the curious Joshua-trees of the Mormons, which are
+called in California tree-yucca or yucca-palm. A writer in "The Land of
+Sunshine" thus aptly characterizes them: "Weird, twisted, demoniacal, the
+yuccas remind me of those enchanted forests described by Dante, whose trees
+were human creatures in torment. In twisted groups or standing isolated,
+they may readily be imagined specters of the plains."
+
+Mr. Sargent tells us that, though found much to the eastward of our
+borders, it abounds in the Mojave Desert, where it attains its largest size
+and forms a belt of gaunt, straggling forest several miles in width along
+the desert's western rim.
+
+Its flowers appear from March to May, but are not at all attractive, on
+account of their soiled white color and disagreeable, fetid odor. "The
+unopened panicles form conspicuous cones eight to ten inches long, covered
+with closely overlapping white scales, often flushed with purple at the
+apex."
+
+The seeds are gathered and used by the omnivorous Indians, who grind them
+into meal, which they eat either raw or cooked as a mush. The wood
+furnishes an excellent material for paper pulp, and some years ago an
+English company established a mill at Ravenna, in Soledad Pass, for its
+manufacture. It is said that several editions of a London journal were
+printed upon it, but owing to the great cost of its manufacture, the
+enterprise had to be abandoned.
+
+The light wood is put to many uses now, and in the curio bazaars of the
+south it plays a conspicuous part, made into many small articles. By sawing
+round and round the trunk of the tree, thin sheets of considerable size are
+procured. A sepia reproduction of one of the old missions upon the
+ivory-tinted ground of one of these combines sentiment and novelty in a
+very pretty souvenir. Surgeons find these same sheets excellent for
+splints, as they are unyielding in one direction and pliable in the other;
+and orchardists wrap them around the bases of their trees to protect them
+from the gnawing of rabbits.
+
+
+COMMON ELDER.
+
+_Sambucus glauca_, Nutt. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Shrubby or arborescent; often thirty feet high; with finely
+     fissured bark. _Leaves._--Opposite; petioled; pinnate.
+     _Leaflets._--Three to nine; lanceolate; acuminate; serrate; two
+     inches or so long; smooth. _Flowers._--Minute; two or three
+     lines across; in large, flat, five-branched cymes; white.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--Rotate; five-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Five; alternate with the corolla lobes.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled. Stigmas of same number.
+     _Berries._--Small; dark blue, with a dense white bloom.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State; common.
+
+The elder is one of our most widely distributed shrubs, and is a familiar
+sight upon almost every open glade or plain. It is especially abundant in
+the south. Its flower-clusters, made up of myriads of tiny cream-white
+blossoms, make a showy but delicate and lacelike mat, while its berries are
+beautiful and inviting. The bears are especially appreciative of these, and
+we have sometimes seen their footprints leading along a lonely mountain
+road to the elder-berry bushes. The fruit is prized by our housewives for
+pies and preserves, and it would doubtless make as good wine as that of the
+Eastern species.
+
+Among the Spanish-Californians the blossoms are known as "sauco" and are
+regarded as an indispensable household remedy for colds. They are
+administered in the form of a tea, which induces a profuse perspiration.
+It is said that Dr. Boerhaave held the elder in such reverence for the
+multitude of its virtues, that he always removed his hat when he passed it.
+
+In ancient times the elder was the subject of many strange superstitions.
+In his interesting book, "The Folk-Lore of Plants," Mr. Thistleton Dyer
+says that it was reputed to be possessed of magic power, and that any
+baptized person whose eyes had been anointed with the green juice of its
+inner bark could recognize witches anywhere. Owing to these magic
+properties, it was often planted near dwellings to keep away evil spirits.
+By making a magic circle and standing within it with elder-berries gathered
+on St. John's Night, the mystic fern-seed could be secured which possessed
+the strength of forty men and enabled one to walk invisible. This was one
+of the trees suspected as having furnished wood for the Cross; and to this
+day the English country people believe themselves safe from lightning when
+standing under an elder, because lightning never strikes the tree of which
+the Cross was made.
+
+
+COULTER'S SNAPDRAGON.
+
+_Antirrhinum Coulterianum_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to four feet high; smooth below.
+     _Leaves._--Linear to oval; distant. Tendril-shoots long and
+     slender, produced mostly below the flowers. _Flowers._--White
+     or violet; in densely crowded villous-pubescent spikes, two to
+     ten inches long. (Otherwise as _A. vagans_.) _Hab._--Santa
+     Barbara to San Diego.
+
+The flowers of this pretty snapdragon are usually white, and the lower lip,
+with its great palate often dotted with dark color, takes up the major part
+of the blossom. They are sometimes violet, however, when they much resemble
+the flowers of the toad-flax, but are without their long spur.
+
+_A. Orcuttianum_, Gray, is a similar species, but more slender, with fewer
+and smaller flowers, whose lower lip is not much larger than the upper, and
+whose flower-spikes are disposed to have the tortile branchlets in their
+midst. This is found near San Diego and southward.
+
+
+HELIOTROPE.
+
+_Heliotropium Curassavicum_, L. Borage Family.
+
+     Diffusely spreading; six to twelve inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; obovate to linear; an inch or
+     two long; succulent; glaucous. _Flowers._--Usually white,
+     sometimes lavender; in dense, usually two-forked spikes.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Salver-form; border
+     five-lobed, with plaited sinuses; three lines across.
+     _Stamens._--Five. Anthers sessile. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike
+     nutlets. Stigma umbrella-like. _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+This, the only species of true heliotrope common within our borders, is
+widely distributed over the world. It affects the sand of the seashore or
+saline soils of the interior. It is in no way an attractive plant, as
+compared with our garden heliotrope, as its flowers have a washed-out look
+and are not at all fragrant, while its pale stems and foliage lack color
+and character.
+
+Its leaves, which contain a mucilaginous juice, are dried and reduced to
+powder by the Spanish-Californians, who esteem them very highly as a cure
+for the wounds of men and animals. They blow the dry powder into the wound.
+
+
+HOREHOUND.
+
+_Marrubium vulgare_, Linn. Mint Family.
+
+The horehound has been introduced from Europe at various points along our
+Coast, but it is now so abundant as to seem like an indigenous plant. It
+has many white-woolly, square stems, and roundish, wrinkly opposite leaves,
+covered beneath with matted, white-woolly hairs. Its small, white,
+bilabiate flowers are crowded in the axils of the upper leaves so densely
+as to appear like whorls. It may be known from the other members of the
+Mint family by its campanulate calyx with ten strong, recurved teeth.
+
+This has long been used in medicine as a tonic, and is especially esteemed
+by our Spanish-Californians as a remedy for colds and lung troubles.
+
+
+WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE.
+
+_OEnothera Californica_, Watson. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     Hoary pubescent, and more or less villous. _Stems._--A foot or
+     so high. _Leaves._--Oblanceolate or lanceolate; sinuately
+     toothed or irregularly pinnatifid; two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--White; turning to rose-color; two inches across.
+     _Ovary and Calyx-tube._--Over three inches long.
+     _Calyx-lobes._--One inch long; separate at the tips. (See
+     _OEnothera_ for flower-structure.) _Hab._--Central and Southern
+     California; especially about the San Bernardino region; not
+     plentiful.
+
+Perhaps the most beautiful of all our evening primroses is this charming
+white species. Late in the afternoon the handsome silvery foliage begins to
+show the great white, opening moons of the fragile blossoms. Their silken
+texture, delicate fragrance, and chaste look make them paramount among
+blossoms.
+
+It is a most interesting sight to watch the opening of one of the nodding
+silvery buds. I sat down by one which had already uplifted its head. The
+calyx-lobes had just commenced to part in the center, showing the white,
+silken corolla tightly rolled within. It grew larger from moment to moment,
+when suddenly the calyx-lobes parted with a jerk, and the petals, freed
+from their bondage, quickly spread wider and wider, as though some spirit
+within were forcing its way out, while one after another the calyx-lobes
+were turned downward with a quick, decisive movement. It was a wonderful
+exhibition of the power of motion in plants. I could now look within and
+see a magical tangle of yellow anthers delicately draped with cobwebby
+ropes of pollen.
+
+The stamens take a downward curve toward the lower petal. The anthers have
+already opened their stores of golden pollen before the unfurling of the
+buds, so that the somewhat sticky ropes are all ready to adhere to the
+first moth who visits the flower in search of the delicious and abundant
+nectar stored in the depths of the long calyx-tube. The day following their
+opening the blossoms begin to turn to a delicate pink, and the calyx-lobes
+have a fleshlike look.
+
+[Illustration WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE--_OEnothera Californica._]
+
+
+EVENING SNOW.
+
+_Gilia dichotoma_, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     Six inches to a foot high; erect; sparsely leaved.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; mostly entire; filiform.
+     _Flowers._--Nearly sessile in the forks, or terminal.
+     _Calyx._--With cylindric tube five lines long; wholly white,
+     scarious, except the five filiform green ribs, continued into
+     needle-like lobes. _Corolla._--White; an inch or two across.
+     Anthers linear. _Hab._--Throughout the western part of the
+     State.
+
+This is one of the most showy of our gilias. Miss Eastwood writes of it:
+"At about four o'clock in the afternoon _Gilia dichotoma_ begins to whiten
+the hillside. Before expansion the flowers are hardly noticeable; the dull
+pink of the edges, which are not covered in the convolute corolla, hides
+their identity and makes the change which takes place when they unveil
+their radiant faces to the setting sun the more startling. They intend to
+watch all night and by sunset all are awake. In the morning they roll up
+their petals again when daylight comes on, and when the sun is well up all
+are asleep, tired out with the vigil of the night. The odor is most
+sickening.... The same flower opens several times, and grows larger as it
+grows older."
+
+
+HEART'S-EASE.
+
+_Viola ocellata_, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Nearly erect; six to twelve inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Cordate; acutish; conspicuously crenate.
+     _Petals._--Five to seven lines long; the upper white within,
+     deep brown-purple without; the others white or yellowish,
+     veined with purple; the lateral with a purple spot near the
+     base and slightly bearded on the claw. (Flower structure as in
+     _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--Wooded districts from Monterey to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+This dainty little heart's-ease has nothing of the gay, joyous,
+self-assertive look of our yellow pansy, but rather the shy, timid mien
+belonging to all the creatures of the woodland. It ventures its pretty
+blossoms in late spring and early summer.
+
+
+ICE-PLANT.
+
+_Mesembryanthemum crystallinum_, L. Fig-Marigold Family.
+
+     Procumbent, succulent plants, covered with minute, elongated,
+     glistening papillae. _Leaves._--Flat; ovate or spatulate;
+     undulate-margined; clasping. _Flowers._--White or rose-colored;
+     axillary; nearly sessile; rather small. _Calyx._--With
+     campanulate tube and usually five unequal lobes.
+     _Petals._--Linear; numerous. _Stamens._--Numerous.
+     _Ovary._--Two- to many-celled. Stigmas five. _Hab._--The Coast
+     and adjacent islands from Santa Barbara southward; also in the
+     Mojave Desert.
+
+The ice-plant spreads its broad, green leaves over the ground, often making
+large rugs, which, when reddened by the approach of drouth and glistening
+with small crystals, produce a charming effect. The flat leaves of this
+plant are quite unexpectedly different from those of our other species of
+_Mesembryanthemum_, which are usually cylindrical or triangular. The
+leaf-stems and the calyx-tube, in particular, are beautifully jeweled with
+the clear, glasslike incrustation. The flesh-pink or almost white flowers
+resemble small sea-anemones, with their single row of tentacle-like petals
+and hollow tube powdered with the little white anthers.
+
+The plant grows so abundantly in the fields of the southern seasides as to
+be a dreadful pest to the farmer, and it is very disagreeable to walk
+through, as it yields up the water of its crystals very readily, and this
+is said to be of an alkaline quality, which is ruinous to shoe-leather.
+
+This ice-plant grows plentifully in the chalky regions of France, and has
+there been recommended for use as a food, to be prepared like spinach. It
+also grows in the Canary Islands.
+
+
+SQUAW-GRASS. SOUR-GRASS. TURKEY-BEARD.
+
+_Xerophyllum tenax_, Nutt. Lily Family.
+
+     _Radical leaves._--Very numerous; two or three feet long; about
+     two lines broad; gracefully flexile; serrulate. _Scape._--Two
+     to five feet high; with scattered leaves; bearing at top a
+     dense raceme a foot or two long. _Perianth segments._--Six;
+     spreading rotately; four or five lines long; white.
+     _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Styles three;
+     filiform. _Hab._--Coast Ranges to British Columbia; also in the
+     Northern Sierras.
+
+Often upon high ridges we notice the large clumps of certain plants with
+long, slender, grasslike leaves, which ray out in every direction like a
+fountain, and resemble a small pampas-grass before it flowers. We naturally
+wonder what the plants are, but it may be many years before our curiosity
+is satisfied. Suddenly some spring we find them sending up tall
+blossom-shafts, crowned with great airy plumes of pure-white flowers, fully
+worthy of our long and patient waiting. After putting forth this supreme
+effort of a lifetime, and maturing its seed, the plant dies.
+
+In the north, where it is sometimes very abundant, and occupies extensive
+meadows, it is known as "sour-grass." The name "squaw-grass" is also
+applied there, because the leaves, which are long, wiry, and tough, are
+used by the Indians in the weaving of some of their finest baskets. Baskets
+made from them are particularly pliable and durable.
+
+
+WHITE OWL'S CLOVER.
+
+_Orthocarpus versicolor_, Greene. Figwort Family.
+
+     Slender; seldom branching or more than six inches high. Herbage
+     slightly reddish. _Leaves._--Cleft into filiform divisions at
+     the apex. _Flowers._--Pure white, fading pinkish; very
+     fragrant. Lower lip of the corolla with three very large sacs.
+     Folds of the throat densely bearded. (See _Orthocarpus_.)
+     _Hab._--San Francisco and Marin County.
+
+During the spring the meadows about San Francisco are luxuriantly covered
+with the pretty blossoms of the owl's clover, which make snowy patches in
+some places. Unlike the other species of _Orthocarpus_, this has
+delightfully fragrant blossoms.
+
+I do not know why this plant should be accredited to the owl and called
+clover, unless the quizzical-looking little blossoms are suggestive of the
+wise bird. But with all his wisdom, I doubt if he would recognize his
+clover.
+
+[Illustration WHITE OWL'S CLOVER--_Orthocarpus versicolor._]
+
+
+HAIRBELL. LANTERN OF THE FAIRIES.
+
+WHITE GLOBE-TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus albus_, Dougl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stem._--One or two feet high; branching. _Flowers._--White.
+     _Sepals._--Lanceolate. _Petals._--Twelve to fifteen lines long;
+     pearly white, sometimes lavender-tinged outside; covered within
+     with long, silky white hairs. _Gland._--Shallow
+     crescent-shaped, with four transverse scales fringed with short
+     glandular hairs. (See _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges and
+     Sierras, San Diego to Tehama County.
+
+Just before the oncoming of summer, our wooded hill-slopes and cañon-sides
+entertain one of the most charming of flowers; for the graceful stalks of
+the hairbell begin to hang out their delicate, white satin globes. Never
+was flower more exquisite in texture and fringing--never one more graceful
+in habit. If fairies have need of lanterns at all, these blossoms would
+certainly make very dainty globes to hold their miniature lights.
+
+Wherever they grow, these flowers win instant and enthusiastic admiration;
+and they have received a variety of common names in different localities,
+being known as "snowy lily-bell," "satin-bell," "hairbell," "lantern of the
+fairies," and "white globe-tulip."
+
+
+TOLGUACHA. LARGE-FLOWERED DATURA.
+
+_Datura meteloides_, DC. Nightshade Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Southern California, and northward--at least to
+     Stockton.
+
+The large-flowered Datura is a common plant along southern roadsides,
+producing in early May its enormous white or violet-tinged funnels, which
+are sometimes ten inches long. It resembles the common Jamestown-weed, of
+which it is a near relative, but may be distinguished by its large flower
+and its cylindrical calyx, which is not angled. It shares with the
+Jamestown-weed its narcotic poisonous qualities, and is a famous plant
+among our Indians. Dr. Palmer writes that they bruise and boil the root in
+water, and when the infusion thus made is cold, they drink it to produce a
+stupefying effect. In a different degree they administer it to their young
+dancing women as a powerful stimulant, and before going into battle the
+warriors take it to produce a martial frenzy in themselves.
+
+[Illustration HAIRBELL--_Calochortus albus._]
+
+By the Piutes it is called "main-oph-weep." The specific name,
+_meteloides_, indicates the resemblance of this plant to _Datura Metel_, of
+India.
+
+
+YERBA SANTA. MOUNTAIN BALM.
+
+     _Eriodictyon glutinosum_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Shrubby; three to five feet high. _Leaves._--Thick; glutinous;
+     smooth above; light beneath, with prominent net-veining; three
+     to six inches long. _Flowers._--Purple, violet, or white.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Six lines long; four lines
+     across. _Stamens._--Five; alternate with the corolla-lobes.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. Styles two. _Hab._--Western California;
+     common on dry hills.
+
+The bitter, aromatic leaves of the yerba santa are a highly valued,
+domestic remedy for colds, and many old-fashioned people would not be
+without it.
+
+Dr. Bard, one of our most eminent physicians, writes of this interesting
+little shrub: "It has been reserved for the Californian Indian to furnish
+three of the most valuable vegetable additions which have been made to the
+pharmacopoeia during the last twenty years. One, the _Eriodictyon
+glutinosum_, growing profusely in our foothills, was used by them in
+affections of the respiratory tract, and its worth was so appreciated by
+the missionaries that they named it yerba santa, or holy plant."
+
+The other plants referred to by Dr. Bard are the _Rhamnus_, or _Cascara
+sagrada_, and the _Grindelia_. In the mountains of Mariposa County, it is
+known as "wild peach," probably because the leaf somewhat resembles the
+peach-leaf.
+
+Dr. Behr writes that considerable quantities of it are exported, partly for
+medicinal purposes, and partly as a harmless and agreeable substitute for
+hops in the brewing of certain varieties of beer, especially porter.
+
+In Ventura County this passes by insensible gradations into _E.
+tomentosum_, Benth., and there it is difficult to distinguish clearly
+between the two species.
+
+[Illustration YERBA SANTA--_Eriodictyon glutinosum._]
+
+_E. tomentosum_, Benth., is found from San Diego probably to Santa Barbara.
+This comely shrub is so disguised in its woolly coat that one does not at
+first detect its close relationship to the more common yerba santa. Its
+broad, oval leaves, ribbed like the chestnut and closely notched, and its
+generous clusters of unusually large violet flowers, serve to bewilder us
+for the moment. The wool upon the foliage gives it a gray-green tone,
+harmonizing perfectly with the violet flowers. It is specially abundant all
+over the mesas by the seashore, near San Diego.
+
+
+ALUM-ROOT.
+
+_Heuchera micrantha_, Dougl. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Stout. _Leaves._--All radical; two to four inches
+     long. Scapes.--Often two feet high. _Flowers._--White; minute;
+     in loose panicles. _Calyx._--Five-toothed; one or two lines
+     long. _Petals._--Five; one line long; on the sinuses of the
+     calyx. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles two.
+     _Hab._--Coast Ranges and Sierras from Monterey to British
+     Columbia.
+
+Upon almost any drive or walk along a shaded road, we may find the
+alum-root hanging over a mossy bank. Its large, airy panicle is composed of
+minute flowers, and appears in early summer. But it is more conspicuous for
+its exquisite foliage than for its flowers. The leaves are usually mottled
+in light green and richly veined in dark brown or red, and they often turn
+to a rich red later in the season.
+
+The root is woody and astringent, to which latter fact the plant owes its
+English name, which it shares with the other members of the genus. These
+are very satisfactory plants to bring in from the woods, because they
+remain beautiful in water for many weeks.
+
+[Illustration ALUM-ROOT--_Heuchera micrantha._]
+
+
+CHAMISAL. CHAMISO. GREASEWOOD.
+
+_Adenostoma fasciculatum_, Hook. and Arn. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to twenty feet high, with gray, shreddy bark and
+     reddish, slender branches. _Leaves._--Two to four lines long;
+     linear to awl-shaped; smooth; clustered. Stipules small; acute.
+     _Flowers._--White; two lines across; in terminal racemose
+     panicles. _Calyx._--Five-toothed; with bracts below resembling
+     another calyx; tube ten-ribbed. _Petals._--Five.
+     _Stamens._--Ten to fifteen; in clusters between the petals.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Fruit._--A dry akene. _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed.
+
+The chamisal forms a large part of the chaparral of our mountain slopes,
+and when not in bloom gives to them much the aspect imparted to the Scotch
+Highlands by the heather. It is an evergreen shrub, with small clustered,
+needle-like leaves. In late spring it is covered with large, feathery
+panicles of tiny white blossoms, which show with particular effectiveness
+against the rich olive of its foliage, and furnish the bees with valuable
+honey material for a considerable season. When interspersed with shrubs of
+livelier greens, it gives to our hill-slopes and mountain-sides a
+wonderfully rich and varied character. In the summer of a season when it
+has flowered freely, the cinnamon-colored seed-vessels blending with the
+olives of the foliage lend a rich, warm bronze to whole hillsides, forming
+a charming contrast to the straw tints and russets of grassy slopes, and
+adding another to the many soft harmonies of our summer landscape. It is
+most abundant in the Coast Ranges, where, in some localities, it covers
+mile after mile of hill-slopes, with its close-cropped, uniform growth.
+
+When the chaparral, or dense shrubby growth of our mountain-sides, is
+composed entirely of _Adenostoma_, it is called chamisal.
+
+Another species, _A. sparsifolium_, Torr., found in the south, and somewhat
+resembling the above, may be known from it by its lack of stipules, its
+scattered, not clustered leaves, which are obtuse and not pointed, and its
+somewhat larger flowers, each one pediceled.
+
+This is commonly known among the Spanish-Californians as "Yerba del
+Pasmo," literally the "herb of the convulsion," and among them and the
+Indians it is a sovereign remedy for many ailments, being considered
+excellent for colds, cramps, and snakebites, and an infallible cure for
+tetanus, or lockjaw. The foliage fried in grease becomes a healing
+ointment.
+
+The bark of this species is reddish and hangs in shreds.
+
+
+HOLLY-LEAVED CHERRY. ISLAY.
+
+_Prunus ilicifolia_, Walp. Rose Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs or small trees; eight to thirty feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; holly-like; an inch or two long.
+     _Flowers._--White; three lines across; in racemes eighteen
+     lines to three inches long. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Petals._--Five; spreading. _Stamens._--Twelve to twenty-five.
+     _Ovary._--Solitary; one-celled. Style terminal. _Fruit._--A
+     dark red cherry, becoming black; six lines in diameter.
+     _Hab._--Coast Ranges, San Francisco into Lower California.
+
+The holly-leaved cherry is a very ornamental shrub, with its shining,
+prickly evergreen leaves, and it is coming more and more into favor for
+cultivation, especially as a hedge-shrub. In its natural state it attains
+its greatest perfection in the mountains near Santa Barbara and southward.
+On dry hills it is only a shrub, but in the rich soil of cañon bottoms it
+becomes a tree. Some of the finest specimens are to be found in the gardens
+of the old missions, where they have been growing probably a century.
+
+Dr. Behr tells us that the foliage, in withering, develops hydrocyanic
+acid, the odor of which is quite perceptible. The leaves are then poisonous
+to sheep and cattle.
+
+The shrubs are especially beautiful in spring, after they have made their
+new growth of bright green at the ends of the branches, and put forth a
+profusion of feathery bloom. The blossoms have the pleasant, bitter
+fragrance of the cultivated cherry, and attract myriads of bees, who make
+the region vocal with their busy hum. The fruit, which ripens from
+September to December, is disappointing, owing to its very thin pulp,
+though its astringent and acid flavor is not unpleasant.
+
+It was used by the aborigines as food, however, and made into an
+intoxicating drink by fermentation. The meat of the stones ground and made
+into balls constituted a delicate morsel with them.
+
+
+YERBA BUENA.
+
+_Micromeria Douglasii_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Aromatic trailing vines. _Stems._--Slender; one to four feet
+     long. _Leaves._--One inch long; round-ovate.
+     _Flowers._--Solitary; axillary; white or purplish.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed; two lines long. _Corolla._--Five lines
+     long; bilabiate. _Stamens._--Four; in pairs on the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma
+     unevenly two-lipped. _Hab._--Vancouver Island to Los Angeles
+     County.
+
+The yerba buena is as dear to the Californian as the Mayflower to the New
+Englander, and is as intimately associated with the early traditions of
+this Western land as is that delicate blossom with the stormy past of the
+Pilgrim Fathers. Its delicious, aromatic perfume seems in some subtle way
+to link those early days of the Padres with our own, and to call up visions
+of the long, low, rambling mission buildings of adobe, with their
+picturesque red-tiled roofs; the flocks and herds tended by gentle
+shepherds in cowls; and the angelus sounding from those quaint belfries,
+and vibrating in ever-widening circles over hill and vale.
+
+Before the coming of the Mission Fathers, the Indians used this little
+herb, placing great faith in its medicinal virtues, so that the Padres
+afterward bestowed upon it the name of "yerba buena"--"the good herb." It
+is still used among our Spanish-Californians in the form of a tea, both as
+a pleasant beverage and as a febrifuge, and also as a remedy for
+indigestion and other disorders.
+
+They designate this as "Yerba Buena del Campo"--_i.e._ the wild or field
+yerba buena,--to distinguish it from the "Yerba Buena del Poso"--"the herb
+of the well,"--which is the common garden-mint growing in damp places.
+
+Aside from its associations and medicinal virtues, this is a charming
+little plant. In half-shaded woods its long, graceful stems make a trailing
+interlacement upon the ground and yield up their minty fragrance as we
+pass.
+
+[Illustration YERBA BUENA--_Micromeria Douglasii_.]
+
+
+MATILIJA POPPY.
+
+_Romneya Coulteri_, Harv. Poppy Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Numerous; two to fifteen feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; the lower pinnatifid; the upper
+     pinnately cut into long narrow segments; glaucous; three to
+     five inches long; smooth. _Flowers._--Solitary; six to nine
+     inches across. _Sepals._--Three; strongly arched, covered with
+     bristly appressed hairs; caducous. _Petals._--Six; white.
+     _Stamens._--Very numerous. Filaments filiform; yellow, purple
+     below. _Ovary._--Seven- to eleven-celled. Stigmas several.
+     _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+The Matilija poppy (pronounced ma-til'li-ha) must be conceded the queen of
+all our flowers. It is not a plant for small gardens, but the fitting
+adornment of a large park, where it can have space and light and air to
+rear its imperial stems and shake out its great diaphanous flowers. It is
+one of the most wonderful of wild flowers, and it is difficult to believe
+that nature, without the aid of a careful gardener, should have produced
+such a miracle of loveliness. It is justly far-famed, and by English
+gardeners, who now grow it successfully, it is regarded as a priceless
+treasure, and people go from many miles around to see it when it blooms. It
+is to be regretted that our flowers must go abroad to find their warmest
+admirers.
+
+This plant was named in honor of Dr. Romney Robinson, a famous astronomer.
+Its common name was given it because it grows in particular abundance in
+the Matilija Cañon, some miles above Ventura in the mountains. Many people
+have the mistaken idea that it grows only in that region. It is not common,
+by any means; but it is found in scattered localities from Santa Barbara
+southward into Mexico. It is very abundant near Riverside, and also upon
+the southern boundary and below in Lower California, where the plants cover
+large areas. It not only grows in fertile valleys, but seeks the seclusion
+of remote cañons, and nothing more magnificent could be imagined than a
+steep cañon-side covered with the great bushy plants, thickly sown with the
+enormous white flowers.
+
+The round buds (which, however, are sometimes pointed) are closely wrapped
+in three overlapping hairy sepals. These gradually open, and at dawn the
+buds unfurl their crumpled petals to the day, exhaling a pleasant
+fragrance. The blossoms remain open for many days.
+
+[Illustration MATILIJA POPPY--_Romneya Coulteri_.]
+
+These plants have long been in use among the Indians of Lower California,
+who esteem them highly for their medicinal qualities. The seeds require a
+long period for germination, and they have been known to come at the end of
+two years. The better method of propagation is from root-cuttings.
+
+The plant has been called "Mission poppy" and "Giant Californian white
+poppy," but the pretty Indian name cannot be improved upon.
+
+
+WHITE SAGE. GREASEWOOD.
+
+_Audibertia polystachya_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Shrubby, three to ten feet high; many-stemmed.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; lanceolate; narrowing into a petiole;
+     several inches long. _Flowers._--White or pale lavender, in
+     loose panicles a foot or two long. _Calyx._--Tubular;
+     bilabiate. _Corolla._--About six lines long, with short tube
+     and bilabiate border. Upper lip small; erect. Lower lip
+     three-lobed; the middle lobe large. _Stamens._--Two; jointed.
+     _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style slender. Stigma
+     two-cleft. _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+The classic honey of Hymettus could not have been clearer or more wholesome
+than that distilled by the bees from the white sage of Southern California,
+which has become justly world-renowned. The plants cover extensive reaches
+of valley and hill-slopes, and are often called "greasewood."
+
+Certain it is that the white stems have a very greasy, gummy feel and a
+rank, aggressive odor. In spring the long, coarse, sparsely leafy branches
+begin to rise from the woody base, often making the slopes silvery; and by
+May these have fully developed their loose, narrow panicles of pale flowers
+and yellowish buds.
+
+The structure of these blossoms is very interesting. The long, prominent
+lower lip curves downward and upward and backward upon itself, like a
+swan's neck, while the two stamens rising from its surface lift themselves
+like two long horns, and the style curves downward.
+
+A bee arriving at this flower naturally brushes against the stigma, leaving
+upon it some of the pollen gained from another flower. Then alighting upon
+the lower lip, his weight bends it downward, and he grasps the stamens as
+convenient handles, thus drawing the anthers toward his body, where the
+pollen is dusted upon his coat as he probes beneath the closed upper lip
+for the honey in the depths of the tube. The various sages of the south
+have a very interesting way of hybridizing.
+
+
+CASCARA SAGRADA. CALIFORNIA COFFEE.
+
+_Rhamnus Californica_, Esch. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Four to eighteen feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     elliptic to oblong; denticulate or entire; leathery; one to
+     four inches long; six to eighteen lines wide.
+     _Flowers._--Clustered; greenish white; small.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Petals._--Five; minute; on the sinuses
+     of the calyx; each clasping a stamen. _Ovary._--Two- to
+     four-celled. Style short. _Fruit._--Berry-like; black; four to
+     six lines long; containing two or three nutlets, like
+     coffee-beans. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+Long before the advent of the Spanish, the medicinal virtues of this shrub
+were known to the Indians, who used it as a remedy for rheumatism and,
+according to Dr. Bard, to correct the effects of an acorn diet. The Mission
+Fathers afterward came to appreciate its worth so highly that they bestowed
+upon it the name _Cascara sagrada_, or the "sacred bark." Since those early
+days the fame of it has spread the world around. No more valuable laxative
+is known to the medical world to-day, and every year great quantities of it
+are exported from our shores. Though the shrub is found as far south as San
+Diego, the bark is not gathered in any quantity south of Monterey, as it
+becomes too thin southward. The shrub goes under a variety of names,
+according to the locality in which it is found.
+
+In Monterey County it is known as "yellow-boy" or "yellow-root," and in
+Sonoma County it becomes "pigeon-berry," because the berry is a favorite
+food of the wild pigeons, and lends to their flesh a bitter taste.
+
+Some years ago quite an excitement prevailed in the State when some
+visionary persons believed they had found a perfect substitute for coffee
+in the seeds of this shrub. To be sure, they do somewhat resemble the
+coffee-bean in form, but the resemblance goes no further; for upon a
+careful analysis they revealed none of the qualities of coffee, nor upon
+roasting did they exhale its aroma. After much discussion of the matter and
+the laying out in imagination of extensive, natural coffee-plantations upon
+our wild hill-slopes, these hopeful people were destined to see their
+project fall in ruins.
+
+This shrub is very variable, according to the locality where it grows.
+Under shade, the leaves become herbaceous and ample, and as we go northward
+that becomes the prevailing type, and is then called _R. Purshiana_, DC. It
+is then often very large, having a trunk the size of a man's body. In
+Oregon it is known as "chittemwood" and "bitter bark," and also as "wahoo"
+and "bear-wood." The _var. tomentella_, Brew. and Wats., is densely
+white-tomentose, especially on the under surfaces of the leaves.
+
+
+EVERLASTING FLOWER. CUDWEED. LADY'S TOBACCO.
+
+_Gnaphalium decurrens_, Ives. Composite Family
+
+     Viscid-glandular under the loose hairs. _Flower-heads._--In
+     densely crowded, flattish clusters. _Involucre._--Campanulate;
+     of very numerous, scarious, yellowish-white, oval scales.
+     (Otherwise similar to _Anaphalis Margaritacea_.) _Hab._--From
+     San Diego through Oregon.
+
+The common everlasting flower, or cudweed, is plentiful upon our dry hills,
+blooming in early summer, where its white clusters are conspicuous objects
+amid the drying vegetation. In our rural districts it is believed that
+sleeping upon a pillow made of these flowers will cure catarrhal
+affections.
+
+_G. Sprengelii_, Hook. and Arn., may be known from the above by its densely
+gray, woolly herbage, which is not glandular-viscid. It is also common
+throughout the State.
+
+The beautiful edelweiss of the Alps is a species of _Gnaphalium_, _G.
+leontopodium_.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN BUCKEYE. CALIFORNIAN HORSE-CHESTNUT.
+
+_AEsculus Californica_, Nutt. Maple or Soapberry Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees ten to forty feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     petioled; with five palmate, stalked leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Oblong; acute; three to five inches long;
+     serrulate. _Flowers._--White; in a thyrse a foot long; many of
+     them imperfect. _Calyx._--Tubular; two-lobed. _Petals._--Four
+     or five; six lines or more long; unequal. _Stamens._--Five to
+     seven; exserted. Anthers buff. _Ovary._--Three-celled.
+     _Nuts._--One to three inches in diameter; usually one in the
+     pod. _Hab._--Coast Ranges of Middle California; also the Sierra
+     foothills.
+
+Our Californian buckeye is closely allied to the horse-chestnuts and
+buckeyes of the eastern half of the continent. It is usually found upon
+stream-banks or the side-walls of cañons, and reaches its greatest
+perfection in the valleys of our central Coast Ranges. It usually branches
+low into a number of clean, round, light-gray limbs, which widen out into a
+broad, dense, rounded head. Its leaves are fully developed before the
+flowers appear. When in full bloom, in May, it is considered one of the
+most beautiful of all our American species. Its long, white flower-spikes,
+sprinkled rather regularly over the green mound of foliage, are very
+suggestive of a neat calico print. Early to come, the leaves are as early
+to depart, and by midsummer the beautiful skeleton is often bare, its
+interlacing twigs making a delicate network against the deep azure of the
+sky.
+
+Though lavish in its production of flowers, usually but one or two of the
+large cluster succeed in maturing fruit. By October and November the
+leathery pods begin to yield up their big golden-brown nuts, which are
+great favorites among the squirrels. The Indians are said to resort to
+these nuts in times of famine. Before using them, they roast them a day or
+two in the ground, to extract the poison.
+
+The inner wood of the root, after being kiln-cured for several weeks,
+becomes very valuable to the cabinet-maker. It is then of an exquisite
+mottled green, and when highly polished can hardly be distinguished from a
+fine piece of onyx.
+
+
+PUSSY'S-PAWS.
+
+_Spraguea umbellata_, Torr. Purslane Family.
+
+     _Radical-leaves._--Spatulate or oblanceolate; six lines to four
+     inches long. _Stem-leaves._--Similar, but smaller, often
+     reduced to a few bracts. _Scapes._--Several; two to twelve
+     inches high. _Flowers._--In dense spikes. _Sepals._--Two;
+     orbicular; thin; papery; two to four lines across; whitish;
+     equaling the petals. _Petals._--Four; rose-color.
+     _Stamens._--Three. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style bifid.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from the Yosemite to British Columbia.
+
+Pussy's-paws is a very plentiful plant in the Sierras, usually growing upon
+dry, rocky soil. It varies much in aspect, sometimes sending up a stout,
+erect flower-scape, and again growing low and matlike with its prostrate
+flower-stems radiating from the center. It blooms from early summer onward,
+often almost covering the ground with its blossoms. The flower-clusters
+grow in a bunch, much like the pink cushions on pussy's feet, whence the
+pretty common name.
+
+
+SPANISH BAYONET. OUR LORD'S CANDLE.
+
+_Yucca Whipplei_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     Without a trunk. _Leaves._--All radical in a bristling
+     hemisphere; sword-like. _Flower-panicles._--Distaff-shaped;
+     three or more feet long; at the summit of a leafless bracteate
+     scape, ten or fifteen feet high. _Perianth._--Rotately
+     spreading; waxen-white (sometimes rich purple), often green- or
+     purple-nerved. _Filaments._--Clavate; pure white. Anthers
+     transverse; yellow. Style very thick; three-angled. Stigma
+     stalked; green; covered with tiny prominences. _Fruit._--A dry
+     capsule. (Structure otherwise as in _Y. Mohavensis_.)
+     _Hab._--Monterey to San Diego and eastward.
+
+In spring and early summer the chaparral-covered hillsides of Southern
+California present a wonderful appearance when hundreds of these Spanish
+bayonets are in bloom. From day to day the waxen tapers on the distant
+slopes increase in height as the white bells climb the slender shafts. At
+length each cluster reaches its perfection, and becomes a solid distaff of
+sometimes two--yes, even six--thousand of the waxen blossoms!
+
+[Illustration PUSSY'S-PAWS--_Spraguea umbellata_.]
+
+A friend writing of them, once said: "Nearly every poetaster in the country
+has sung the praises of the yellow poppies and the sweet little
+_Nemophilas_, but not one, so far as I know, has ever written a stanza to
+these grand white soldiers and their hundred swords." There is, indeed,
+something glorious and warlike about them, as they marshal themselves to
+the defense of our hillsides.
+
+This surpasses all known species in the height and beauty of its
+flower-panicles; but, once the season of flowering and fruiting has been
+consummated, its life mission is fulfilled, and the plant dies. The dead
+stalks remain standing sometimes for years upon the mountain-sides.
+
+The seeds of this species, as well as those of the tree-yucca, are made
+into flour by the Indians; and from the leaves they obtain a soft, white
+fiber, which they use in making the linings of the coarse saddle-blankets
+they weave from _Yucca Mohavensis_. The undeveloped flowering shoots they
+consider a great delicacy, either raw or prepared as mescal. They gather
+great numbers of the plants when just at the right stage, and strip off the
+leaves, leaving round masses. These they prepare after the manner of a
+clam-bake, and when the pile is pulled to pieces and the mescal is taken
+out, it has a faint resemblance to a baked sweet apple, and is of about the
+same consistency. The whole mass is a mixture of sweet, soft pulp and
+coarse white fibers much like manilla rope-yarn.
+
+
+RUBY LILY. CHAPARRAL LILY. REDWOOD LILY.
+
+_Lilium rubescens_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+_Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Marin County to Humboldt County.
+
+This is the most charming of all our Californian lilies, even surpassing in
+loveliness the beautiful Washington lily; and it is said to be the most
+fragrant of any in the world. It resembles the Washington lily; but its
+flowers are fuller in form, with wider petals and shorter tube, and it has
+a smaller bulb. It sends up a noble shaft, sometimes seven feet high, with
+many scattered whorls of undulate leaves, and often bears at the summit as
+many as twenty-five of the beautiful flowers. These are at first pure
+white, dotted with purple, but they soon take on a metallic luster and
+begin to turn to a delicate pink, which gradually deepens into a ruby
+purple. Mr. Purdy mentions having seen a plant with a stalk nine feet high,
+bearing thirty-six flowers.
+
+[Illustration RUBY LILY--_Lilium rubescens_.]
+
+The favorite haunts of this lily are high and inaccessible ridges, among
+the chaparral, or under the live-oak or redwood. Comparatively few people
+know of its existence, though living within a few miles of it, because they
+rarely ever visit these out-of-the-way fastnesses of nature.
+
+Mr. Burroughs has somewhere said: "Genius is a specialty; it does not grow
+in every soil, it skips the many and touches the few; and the gift of
+perfume to a flower is a special grace, like genius or like beauty, and
+never becomes common or cheap." Certainly these blossoms have been richly
+endowed with this charming gift, and their delicious fragrance wafted by
+the wind often betrays their presence upon a hillside when unsuspected
+before, so that one skilled in woodcraft can often trace them by it.
+
+
+THISTLE-POPPY. CHICALOTE.
+
+_Argemone platyceras_, Link and Otto. Poppy Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to two and one half feet high; hispid throughout,
+     or armed with rigid bristles or prickles. Sap yellow.
+     _Leaves._--Thistle-like; three to six inches long.
+     _Flowers._--White; two to four inches in diameter.
+     _Sepals._--Three; spinosely beaked. _Petals._--Four to six.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments slender. _Ovary._--Oblong;
+     one-celled. Stigma three- or four-lobed. Capsule very prickly.
+     _Hab._--Dry hillsides from Central California southward.
+
+The thistle-poppy would be considered in any other country a surpassingly
+beautiful flower, with its large diaphanous white petals and its thistly
+gray-green foliage, but in California it must yield precedence to the
+Matilija poppy. It resembles the latter very closely in its flower, and is
+often mistaken for it. It may be known by its yellow juice, its prickly
+foliage, and its very prickly capsules. I believe the flowers are somewhat
+more cup-shaped than those of _Romneya_.
+
+It affects dry hill-slopes and valleys, often otherwise barren, where it
+grows luxuriantly, and sometimes attains a height of six feet, being in
+full bloom in May. There, where one is unprepared for such a sight, it
+becomes an object of startling beauty.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Malacothrix saxatilis_, Torr. and Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; a foot or two high; woody.
+     _Leaves._--Lanceolate to spatulate; one or two inches long;
+     entire or pinnatifid; somewhat succulent.
+     _Flower-heads._--Terminating the paniculate branches; large;
+     two inches or so across; white, changing to rose or lilac; of
+     ray-flowers only. _Involucre._--Campanulate or hemispherical;
+     six lines high, with many imbricated scales passing downward
+     into loose, awl-shaped bracts. _Hab._--The Coast, from Santa
+     Barbara southward.
+
+This beautiful plant is a dweller upon the ocean cliffs, and may be seen in
+abundance from the car-windows just before the train reaches Santa Barbara
+going north. The stems are woody and very leafy, and the plants are usually
+covered all over the top with the showy flower-heads.
+
+_M. tenuifolia_, Torr. and Gray, is a very tall, slender, sparsely leafy
+plant with fragile, airy white flowers. This is common along the dusty
+roadsides of the south in early summer.
+
+
+SALAL. WINTERGREEN.
+
+_Gaultheria Shallon_, Pursh. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubby, and one to three or more feet high or prostrate.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; ovate to elliptical;
+     pointed; two to four inches long; leathery; bristle-toothed
+     when young; evergreen. _Flowers._--Manzanita-like; slenderer;
+     glandular-viscid; white or pinkish. _Ovary._--Five-celled.
+     Style single. _Fruit._--Black; berry-like; aromatic; edible.
+     (Otherwise like _Arctostaphylos Manzanita_.) _Hab._--Coast
+     woods, from Santa Barbara County to British Columbia.
+
+The floor of the redwood forest in our northern coast counties is often
+carpeted with this little undershrub, while in other places one can wade
+waist-deep in it. It grows much larger north of us, and upon Vancouver
+Island it forms dense, impenetrable thickets. Its dark-purple berries have
+a very agreeable flavor, and form an important article of diet among the
+Oregon Indians, who call them "salal."
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SPIKENARD.
+
+_Aralia Californica_, Wats. Ginseng Family.
+
+     _Root._--Thick; aromatic. _Stems._--Eight to ten feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Bipinnate; or the upper pinnate, with one or two
+     pairs of leaflets. _Leaflets._--Cordate-ovate; four to eight
+     inches long; serrate. _Flowers._--White; two lines long; in
+     globular umbels, arranged in loose panicles a foot or two long.
+     Pedicels four to six lines long. _Calyx._--Five-toothed or
+     entire. _Petals and Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Two- to
+     five-celled. Styles united to the middle. _Fruit._--A purple
+     berry. _Hab._--Widely distributed; on stream-banks.
+
+In moist, cool ravines, where the sun only slants athwart the branches and
+a certain dankness always lingers, the Californian spikenard scents the air
+with its peculiar odor. It closely resembles _A. racemosa_ of the Eastern
+States, but it is a larger, coarser plant in every way. It throws up its
+tall stems with a fine confidence that there will be ample space for its
+large leaves to spread themselves uncrowded. Its feathery panicles of white
+flowers are followed by clusters of small purple berries, and are rather
+more delicate than we should expect from so large a plant.
+
+
+YERBA MANSA.
+
+_Anemopsis Californica_, Hook. Yerba Mansa Family.
+
+     Rootstock creeping. _Radical-leaves._--Long-petioled; elliptic
+     oblong; two to ten inches long. _Stems._--Six inches to two
+     feet high. _Flowers._--Without sepals and petals, sunk in a
+     conical spike; six to eighteen lines long; a small white bract
+     under each flower. _Spikes._--Subtended by from five to eight
+     white petal-like bracts, six to fifteen lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Three to eight. _Ovary._--Apparently one-celled.
+     Stigmas one to five. _Hab._--Southern to Central California.
+
+Just as the fervid glow of the sun is beginning to transform the green of
+our southern hill-slopes to soft browns, the still vividly green lowland
+meadows suddenly bring forth myriads of white stars, which in their green
+setting become grateful resting-points for the eye. These are the blossoms
+of the famous _Yerba Mansa_ of the Spanish-Californians. Among these people
+the plant is an infallible remedy for many disorders, and so highly do they
+prize it, that they often travel or send long distances for it.
+
+[Illustration YERBA MANSA--_Anemopsis Californica_.]
+
+The aromatic root, which has a strong, peppery taste, is very astringent,
+and when made into a tea or a powder, is applied with excellent results to
+cuts and sores. The tea is also taken as a blood-purifier; and the plant,
+in the form of a wash or poultice, is used for rheumatism, while the wilted
+leaves are said to reduce swellings. In the medical world it is beginning
+to be used in diseases of the mucous membrane.
+
+
+SHEPHERD'S PURSE.
+
+_Capsella Bursa-pastoris_, Medic. Mustard Family.
+
+Among our commonest and most harmless weeds is the shepherd's purse, which
+has been introduced from Europe in the past. It may be easily recognized by
+its tiny white cruciferous flowers and its shapely little triangular, flat
+pods, which have a peppery taste. It is used medicinally, and valued as a
+remedy for many different maladies. In Europe, a common name for the plant
+is "mother's heart," and Mr. Johnston says that children play a sort of
+game with the seed-pouch. "They hold it out to their companions, inviting
+them to 'take a haud o' that.' It immediately cracks, and then follows a
+triumphant shout, 'You've broken your mother's heart!'"
+
+Equally common is the _Lepidium_, or pepper-grass, the small round, flat
+pods of which also have a peppery taste. Both of these belong to the great
+Mustard family.
+
+
+MARIPOSA TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus venustus_, Benth. (and varieties). Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high; branching. _Leaves._--Narrow;
+     grasslike; channeled; glaucous; decumbent. _Flowers._--Erect;
+     cup-shaped; white, lilac, pink, claret, magenta, purple, or
+     rarely light yellow; of uniform color or shaded; plain or
+     variously oculated, stained, or blotched. _Petals._--One or two
+     inches long; slightly hairy below. _Gland._--Large; roundish;
+     densely hairy. _Capsule._--Lanceolate; four or five lines
+     broad. (See _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--Dry sandy soil, in the
+     Coast Ranges and Sierra foothills, from Mendocino County to Los
+     Angeles.
+
+[Illustration MARIPOSA TULIP--_Calochortus venustus_.]
+
+I once emerged from the dense chaparral of a steep hillside upon a grassy
+slope, where myriads of these lovely flowers tossed their delicate cups
+upon the breeze. As I passed from flower to flower, I noticed many insect
+guests regaling themselves upon the nectar. Bees and flies jostled one
+another and crawled amid the hairs below, and beautifully mottled
+butterflies hovered over them.
+
+As originally described, this flower was white or pale lilac, with a more
+or less conspicuous, usually reddish, stain, or blotch, near the top, a
+brownish spot bordered with yellow in the center, and a brownish striate
+base. But it varies so widely from this type, in both color and spots, that
+neither is a reliable character from which to determine the species. Some
+of the oculated forms of _C. luteus_ are so similar that they are readily
+confused with this, but a careful examination of the gland and the form of
+the capsule, together with the character of the soil in which the plants
+grow, will identify the species.
+
+
+COMMON NIGHTSHADE.
+
+_Solanum nigrum_, L. Nightshade Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Along streams near the coast.
+
+This may be easily distinguished from _S. Xanti_ by its very small white
+flowers, whose corollas are but three or four lines across, and much more
+deeply and pointedly lobed, the lobes having a tendency to turn backward as
+the flowers grow older; also by its thinner, duller leaves, and much
+smaller, black berries, the size of peas.
+
+It is considered a violent narcotic poison, both berries and leaves having
+caused death when eaten. It is used in the medical world, in the form of a
+tincture for various maladies, and it is said that in Bohemia the
+blossoming plant is hung over the cradles of infants to induce sweet
+slumber; while in Dalmatia the root is fried in butter and eaten to produce
+sleep, and is also used as remedy for hydrophobia.
+
+_Solanum Douglasii_, Dunal, is a similar species, with larger flowers,
+which are usually white, though sometimes light blue.
+
+
+BUTTERFLY TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus luteus, var. oculatus_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Sierras and Coast Ranges, from Fresno County to Oregon.
+
+Of all our lovely Mariposa tulips, this charming form is perhaps the most
+like the insect for which it is named. Its creamy or purplish flowers have
+an exquisitely tinted dark-maroon eye, surrounded by yellow, and it is
+often streaked in marvelous imitation of the insect's wing. It was
+doubtless this form Miss Coolbrith had in mind when she wrote the beautiful
+lines below:
+
+    "Insect or blossom? Fragile, fairy thing,
+    Poised upon slender tip and quivering
+    To flight! a flower of the fields of air;
+    A jeweled moth, a butterfly with rare
+    And tender tints upon his downy wing
+    A moment resting in our happy sight;
+    A flower held captive by a thread so slight
+    Its petal-wings of broidered gossamer
+    Are, light as the wind, with every wind astir,
+    Wafting sweet odor, faint and exquisite.
+    O dainty nursling of the field and sky!
+    What fairer thing looks up to heaven's blue,
+    And drinks the noontide sun, the dawning's dew?
+    Thou winged bloom! thou blossom butterfly!"
+
+
+WESTERN BOYKINIA.
+
+_Boykinia occidentalis_, Torr. and Gray. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; a foot or two high.
+     _Leaves._--Round-reniform; palmately three- to seven-lobed; one
+     to three inches broad; the lobes coarsely toothed.
+     _Flowers._--In long-peduncled, loose panicles; white; four
+     lines across; parts in fives. _Calyx._--With acute teeth.
+     _Petals._--On the sinuses of the calyx. _Stamens._--On the
+     calyx, opposite its teeth. Filaments short. _Ovary._--With its
+     two cells attenuate into the slender styles. _Hab._--Coast
+     Ranges, from Santa Barbara to Washington.
+
+The tufted leaves, and exquisitely delicate saxifrage-like clusters of the
+_Boykinia_, fringe our streams in early summer.
+
+
+SOAP-PLANT. AMOLE.
+
+_Chlorogalum pomeridianum_, Kunth. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--One to four inches in diameter; densely brown-fibrous.
+     _Leaves._--Six to eighteen inches long. _Scape._--One to five
+     feet high; bearing a loosely spreading panicle.
+     _Perianth._--White; of six spreading, recurved segments nine
+     lines long. _Stamens._--Six; shorter than the segments.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style filiform. Stigma three-lobed.
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+The leaves of the soap-plant have been with us all the spring, increasing
+in length as the season has advanced. You can easily recognize them, as
+they resemble a broad, wavy-margined grass, usually lying flat upon the
+ground, with some of the ragged brown fibres of the bulb showing
+aboveground, like the fragment of an old manilla mat.
+
+In early summer, from their midst begins to shoot a slender stalk. When the
+process of its growth is complete, it stands from two to five feet high,
+with slender, widespreading branches and rather sparsely scattered flowers.
+
+If you would find its flowers open, you must seek it in the afternoon. At a
+little distance, it appears as though the truant summer wind had lodged a
+delicate white feather here and there upon the branches. In themselves,
+these blossoms are not ill-favored, with their slender, recurved petals;
+but to us the root is the most interesting part of the plant. This the
+early Spanish-Californians used extensively in lieu of soap, and esteemed
+greatly as a hair tonic, and it was known by them as "amole." Even now it
+is much used among their descendants, and we know of one aged señora over
+ninety who refuses to use anything else for washing. Her grandsons keep her
+supplied with the bulbs, which they dig by the sackful from the neighboring
+hill-slopes and mesas. She takes her linen down to the brookside, and
+there, in primitive fashion, upon her knees she scours and rinses it till
+it is as white as the driven snow.
+
+The Indians of the Sierra foothills have a curious use for the bulb. After
+the June freshets have subsided, many fish are usually left in small pools
+in the streams. The squaws go to these pools with an abundance of
+soap-root, and kneeling upon the banks, rub up a great suds with it. The
+fish soon rise to the surface stupefied, and are easily taken.
+
+[Illustration SOAP-PLANT--_Chlorogalum pomeridianum_.]
+
+We are told that in the early days of the gold excitement, when commodities
+were scarce and brought fabulous prices, the fibrous outer coats of the
+bulb were used for stuffing mattresses.
+
+The inner portion of the bulb, when reduced to a paste, is said to be an
+excellent remedy for oak-poisoning, applied as a salve.
+
+This is not the only plant popularly known as soap-plant among us. Several
+others share the title, among them the goose-foot, the yucca, and the
+California lilac. There are several other species of _Chlorogalum_.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN BIRCH. WHITE TEA-TREE. SOAP-BUSH.
+
+_Ceanothus integerrimus_, Hook. and Arn. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Shrubs or small trees; five to twelve feet high; with
+     cylindrical, usually warty, branches. _Leaves._--Alternate; on
+     slender petioles two to six lines long; ovate to ovate-oblong;
+     one to three inches long; entire or rarely slightly
+     glandular-serrulate; thin. _Flowers._--White; sometimes blue;
+     in a thyrse three to seven inches long, one to four thick.
+     _Fruit._--Not crested. (See _Ceanothus_.) _Hab._--Mountains
+     from Los Angeles to the Columbia River.
+
+When in flower, this is one of the most attractive of all our _Ceanothi_.
+It often covers great mountain-sides with its white bloom as with drifted
+snow. The trip to the Yosemite is often diversified by this beautiful
+spectacle, which comes as an exhilarating surprise.
+
+Among the mountaineers this shrub is highly valued as forage for their
+cattle, which they turn upon it after the lowland pastures have dried up.
+
+The young twigs and leaves have the spicy fragrance of the black birch of
+the Eastern States. The foliage is deciduous, and of rather a pale though
+bright green. The bark of the root of this shrub is becoming celebrated as
+a remedy for various disorders, such as malaria, catarrh, and liver
+trouble.
+
+
+COMMON WHITE LUPINE.
+
+_Lupinus densiflorus_, Benth. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; simple below; parted in the middle into
+     numerous widespreading branches; two feet high; succulent;
+     sparsely villous. _Flowers._--In long-peduncled racemes; six to
+     ten inches long; with usually five or six dense whorls. Bracts
+     bristle-like, from a broad base. _Calyx._--Upper lip scarious;
+     deeply cleft; lower long, toothed. _Corolla._--White or
+     rose-color; seven lines or so long; the standard dark dotted.
+     _Pod._--Two-seeded. _Hab._--Widespread; Sacramento Valley
+     southward.
+
+In the days when we went fishing in the brook with a pin for minnows, a
+company of these pretty white lupines in a field represented to our
+childish fancy so many graceful dames in flounced skirts dancing in a
+sylvan ballroom.
+
+
+MEADOW-SWEET.
+
+_Spiraea discolor_, Pursh. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; an inch or two long; oval or ovate; crenately
+     lobed above; the lobes often toothed; silky pubescent beneath.
+     _Flowers._--White; two lines across; in feathery panicles
+     several inches long. _Calyx._--Five-parted; petaloid.
+     _Petals._--Five; equaling the sepals. _Stamens._--About twenty.
+     _Pistils._--Five; distinct; one-celled. _Hab._--Coast Ranges,
+     mostly from Monterey County northward.
+
+Not until midsummer is upon us does the common meadow-sweet make itself
+noticeable by its large feathery clusters of minute white flowers, which
+have a pleasant odor, reminiscent of slippery-elm.
+
+We have two species of _Spiraea_ with pink flowers--_S. Douglasii_, Hook.,
+the Californian hardhack, having its blossoms in long clusters, (found in
+Northern California,) and _S. betulifolia_, Pall., having flat-topped
+flower-clusters, (found in the Sierras).
+
+Another shrub closely resembling the _Spiraeas_ is _Neillia opulifolia_,
+Benth. and Hook., the wild bridal-wreath, or ninebark. Indeed, this has
+been classed by some authorities among the _Spiraeas_. It may be easily
+recognized by its hemispherical clusters of white flowers. These clusters
+are an inch or two across. Though the shrub is quite showy when in bloom,
+it is almost equally attractive when its carpels are beginning to redden.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN AZALEA.
+
+_Rhododendron occidentale_, Gray. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to twelve feet high. _Leaves._--Clustered at the
+     ends of the branches; obovate to lanceolate; two to four inches
+     long; herbaceous. _Flower-clusters._--Large, from a special
+     terminal bud. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft. _Corolla._--With
+     funnel-form tube, and five-cleft border; white; the upper lobe
+     blotched with corn-color; sometimes tinged with pink;
+     glandular-viscid without. _Stamens._--Five. Anthers two-celled,
+     opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. _Capsule._--Very
+     woody. _Hab._--Stream-banks throughout the State.
+
+One of the most deservedly admired of all our shrubs is the lovely
+Californian azalea. In June and July, the borders of our mountain streams
+are covered for miles with the bushes, whose rich green foliage is often
+almost obscured from view by the magnificent clusters of white and yellow,
+or sometimes pinkish, flowers. Its delicious, spicy perfume is always
+subtly suggestive of charming days spent with rod and line along cool
+streams, or of those all too brief outings spent far from the haunts of
+men, in some sequestered mountain-cabin among redwood groves or by rushing
+waters.
+
+In Oregon it is commonly known as "honeysuckle," and there in the autumn
+its life ebbs away in a flood of glory, showering the forest floor with
+flecks of scarlet and crimson. Its root is said to contain a strong
+narcotic poison, and the leaves are also reputed to be poisonous if eaten,
+but they are not at all harmful to the touch.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN AZALEA--_Rhododendron occidentale_.]
+
+
+AMERICAN BARRENWORT.
+
+_Vancouveria parviflora_, Greene. Barberry Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One or two feet high. _Leaves._--All radical; twice
+     to thrice ternately compound. _Leaflets._--One to two inches
+     broad; rich shining green; persisting; undulate and
+     membrane-margined. _Flowers._--Twenty-five to fifty, in loose
+     panicles; small; with six to nine sepal-like bracts. Parts in
+     sixes all in front of one another. _Sepals._--Petaloid; two
+     lines long. _Petals._--White to lavender. _Stamens._--Erect;
+     closely appressed to the pistil. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style
+     stoutish. _Hab._--Coast Ranges of Central California.
+
+There is no more exquisite plant in our coast woods than the American
+barrenwort. Its delicate threadlike stems, which are yet strong and wiry,
+hold up its spreading evergreen leaves, every leaflet in its own place.
+There is a likeness in these leaves to the fronds of our Californian
+maidenhair, and one could easily imagine the maidenhair amplified,
+strengthened, and polished into this form. The leaflets are also somewhat
+ivy-like in form.
+
+In June its delicate, airy panicles of small white blossoms appear. These
+are especially interesting as belonging to the Barberry family, where all
+the floral organs stand in front of one another, and the anthers open by
+cunningly contrived little uplifting valves. These plants are said to grow
+upon bushy hillsides, in masses sometimes several feet across. But I have
+never seen it with other than an exclusive and rather solitary habit,
+growing in shaded forests. We have one or two other species.
+
+
+SERVICE-BERRY. JUNE-BERRY.
+
+_Amelanchier alnifolia_, Nutt. Rose Family.
+
+     Deciduous shrubs, three to eight feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; from rounded to oblong-ovate;
+     serrate usually only toward the apex; six to eighteen lines
+     long. _Flowers._--White, in short racemes.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Campanulate; limb five-parted. _Petals._--Five;
+     oblong; six lines or so long. _Stamens._--Twenty; short.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled. Styles three to five.
+     _Fruit._--Small; berry-like; dark purple. _Hab._--Throughout
+     the State and northward; also eastward to the Western States.
+
+[Illustration AMERICANBARRENWORT--_Vancouveria parviflora_.]
+
+The service-berry seems to be at home throughout our borders, but it
+reaches its greatest perfection north of us, on the rich bottom-lands of
+the Columbia River. In spring the bushes are beautiful, when snowily laden
+with masses of ragged white flowers; and from June to September they are no
+less welcome, when abundantly hung with the black berries, which usually
+have a bloom upon them. These berries are an important article of food
+among our Western Indians, who make annual pilgrimages to the regions of
+their growth, gathering and drying large quantities for winter use. The
+drying they effect by crushing them to a paste, which they spread upon bark
+or stones in the sun. It is said that many a party of explorers, lost in
+the woods, has been kept alive by this little fruit.
+
+Almost the same shrub in the Atlantic States is called "shad-bush," because
+it blooms at about the season when the shad are running up the streams.
+
+
+CHRISTMAS-BERRY. CALIFORNIAN HOLLY. TOYON.
+
+_Heteromeles arbutifolia_, Roemer. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs four to twenty-five feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; oblong; serrate; leathery; two to four inches
+     long. _Flowers._--Small; white; four lines across; in dense
+     terminal panicles. _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Petals._--Five;
+     roundish; spreading. _Stamens._--Ten; on the calyx. Filaments
+     awl-shaped; flat. _Ovaries._--Two; one-celled. Styles slender.
+     _Berries._--Red; four lines in diameter; in large clusters.
+     _Hab._--Coast Ranges, from San Diego to Mendocino County.
+
+Christmas could hardly be celebrated among us without our beautiful
+Californian holly. Florists' windows and the baskets of street-venders at
+that season are gay with the magnificent clusters of rich cardinal berries,
+which are really ripe by Thanksgiving. The common name, "Californian
+holly," refers more to the berries than to the leaves, as the latter have
+not the form of holly-leaves. We have often seen the venders mix the
+berries with the prickly foliage of the live-oak, to make them seem more
+like holly.
+
+The large clusters of spicy white flowers appear in July and August.
+Nothing in all our flora yields a finer contrast of lavish scarlet against
+rich green. The berries have a rather pleasant taste, somewhat acid and
+astringent, and are eaten by the Indians with great relish. The
+Spanish-Californians used them in the preparation of an agreeable drink.
+
+This is a very handsome shrub in cultivation.
+
+
+VIRGIN'S BOWER. CLEMATIS.
+
+_Clematis ligusticifolia_, Nutt. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     Nearly smooth. _Stems._--Woody; sometimes climbing thirty feet.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; long-petioled; five-foliolate.
+     _Leaflets._--Ovate to lanceolate; eighteen lines to three
+     inches long; three-lobed and coarsely toothed; rarely entire or
+     three-parted. _Flowers._--Dioecious; in axillary panicles.
+     _Sepals._--Four; petaloid; four to six lines long; thin.
+     _Petals._--Wanting. _Stamens._--Numerous. _Pistils._--Many;
+     becoming long-tailed, silky akenes. _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+The virgin's bower usually looks down upon us from among the branches of
+some tree, where it entwines itself indistinguishably with the foliage of
+its host. It climbs by means of the stalks of its leaflets, which wrap
+themselves about small twigs. This species is not so noticeable during the
+season of its blossoming as it is later, when the long plumes of its seed
+have twisted themselves into silvery balls, making feathery masses. Mrs.
+Blochman writes that among the Spanish-Californians, it is called "yerba de
+chivato," and valued as a remedy for barbed-wire cuts in animals. It is
+used in the form of a wash, and remarkable cures are effected.
+
+Another widespread species--_C. lasiantha_, Nutt.--is far more showy than
+the above. It is found in the Coast Ranges, from Los Angeles to Napa County
+at least, and in the Sierras to Plumas County. Its long-peduncled flowers
+are solitary; but they are so numerous and grow so closely together, that
+they make dense masses of white, conspicuous at a long distance. The
+flowers are larger, the sepals being an inch long, and covered with a silky
+pubescence, which makes them like soft cream-colored velvet. The three
+ovate leaflets are also silky.
+
+
+LADIES' TRESSES.
+
+_Spiranthes Romanzoffianum_, Cham. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Roots._--Fascicled tubers. _Stems._--Stout; four to eighteen
+     inches high. _Leaves._--Oblong-lanceolate to linear.
+     _Spikes._--One to even ten inches long. _Perianth._--Yellowish
+     white; four lines long. Upper sepal and two petals coherent.
+     Lip recurved, bearing a small protuberance on each side at
+     base. _Anther._--On the face of the short column.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Through the mountains from Los
+     Angeles northward.
+
+The twisted spikes of these little orchids are interesting, because their
+ranks remain so clearly defined as they wind about the stem. The plants
+vary greatly in different seasons as to size, and are usually found in
+moist places.
+
+
+TARWEED. MOUNTAIN MISERY.
+
+_Chamaebatia foliolosa_, Benth. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubby; a foot or two high; branching freely; glandular
+     pubescent throughout; fragrant. _Leaves._--Alternate; finely
+     dissected; ovate or oblong in outline; two or three inches
+     long. _Flowers._--White; few in terminal cymes.
+     _Calyx._--Five-lobed. _Petals._--Five; spreading; three or four
+     lines long. _Stamens._--Very numerous; short.
+     _Ovary._--Solitary. Style terminal. _Fruit._--A leathery akene.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from Mariposa County to Nevada County.
+
+One of the most conspicuous plants to be met on the way to the Yosemite is
+the _Chamaebatia_. It is exceedingly abundant, covering considerable areas
+and filling the air with its balsamic fragrance, strongly suggestive of
+tansy, though to many not so agreeable as the latter. It is a beautiful
+plant, with its feathery leaves and strawberry-like flowers; but by the
+roadside, where its viscid leaves and stems have caught the dust, it is
+often but a travesty of itself.
+
+Mrs. Brandegee writes of it: "Along the line of the railroad in Placer
+County it is often called 'bear-clover,' perhaps in accordance with our
+felicitous custom of giving names, because it bears not the least
+resemblance to clover, and the bear will have nothing to do with it."
+
+[Illustration LADIES' TRESSES--_Spiranthes Romanzoffianum_.]
+
+
+LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD.
+
+_Cornus Nuttallii_, Audubon. Dogwood Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees, fifteen to seventy feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; obovate; acute at each end; three to five
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Numerous; small; greenish; in a head
+     surrounded by an involucre of four to six large, yellowish or
+     white bracts, often tinged with red, and eighteen lines to
+     three inches long. _Calyx._--Four-toothed. _Petals and
+     Stamens._--Four. _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Fruit._--Scarlet; five
+     or six lines long. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from
+     Monterey and Plumas Counties to British Columbia.
+
+Our large-flowered dogwood more nearly resembles the Eastern _C. florida_
+than any other species, but it is a much handsomer shrub than the latter.
+It reaches its maximum size in Northern Oregon and Washington, where, in
+the season of its blossoming, it is a sight never to be forgotten. Its
+masses of large white flowers, like single Cherokee roses, contrast finely
+with the deep, rich greens of the fir forests, in which it often grows. In
+its northern range, its leaves turn beautifully, and it becomes one of the
+most brilliant masqueraders in the autumn pageant.
+
+The wood is very hard, close-grained, and tough, and is used as a
+substitute for boxwood in the making of bobbins and shuttles for weaving,
+and also in cabinet-work.
+
+
+MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS.
+
+_Habenaria leucostachys_, Wats. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Root._--A fusiform tuber. _Stems._--One to four feet high;
+     leafy throughout. _Leaves._--Lanceolate; diminishing upward.
+     _Flowers._--Bright white, in a spike. _Perianth segments._--Two
+     or three lines long. _Lip._--Four lines long, with a slender
+     spur four to six lines long. _Anther._--On the column just
+     above the stigma. _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Mountains
+     throughout California.
+
+From July to September we may look for the milk-white rein-orchis in moist
+meadows. It is especially abundant in the Sierras, where its charmingly
+fragrant, pure-white spikes are particularly effective against the lush
+green of the alpine meadows.
+
+[Illustration MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS--_Habenaria leucostachys_.]
+
+
+JAMESTOWN-WEED. JIMSON-WEED. THORN-APPLE. COMMON STRAMONIUM.
+
+_Datura Stramonium_, L. Nightshade Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two or three feet high; stout. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     ovate; coarsely angled; long-petioled. _Flowers._--In the forks
+     of the stem; short-pediceled; white. _Calyx._--Tubular; angled;
+     five-toothed; over an inch long. _Corolla._--Funnel-form; three
+     inches long; with an expanded five-angled border.
+     _Stamens._--Five; included. Filaments long and slender; adnate
+     to the corolla below. Style long. _Ovary._--Two-celled; each
+     cell nearly divided again. _Fruit._--Larger than a walnut;
+     prickly. _Hab._--Waste grounds near habitations; introduced.
+
+The jimson-weed, which is a native of Asia, has become quite common in
+waste places. It is a rank, ill-smelling, nauseating weed, possessing
+narcotic, poisonous qualities, but its flowers are rather large and showy.
+The leaves and seeds are made into the drug called "stramonium," which is
+used as a remedy in neuralgia, spasmodic cough, and other disorders.
+
+As the plant usually grows by roadsides or in the vicinity of dwellings,
+children are not infrequently poisoned by its fruit and leaves. The poison
+manifests itself in dryness of the throat, rapid pulse, and delirium; and
+even death may ensue, preceded by convulsions and coma.
+
+This plant is also called "mad-apple," "apple of Peru," and "Devil's
+apple."
+
+It has a near relative--_D. suaveolens_, HBK.,--a large shrub with
+dark-green leaves and very large, pendulous white flowers. This is common
+in Californian gardens, and is known popularly as "floriponda," or "angels'
+trumpets." It sheds a powerful fragrance upon the air at night, which is
+not noticeable by day.
+
+
+YARROW. MILFOIL.
+
+_Achillea Millefolium_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high. _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile;
+     twice-pinnately parted into fine linear, acute, three- to
+     five-cleft lobes; lanceolate in outline; two to four inches
+     long; strong-scented. _Flower-heads._--Crowded in a flat
+     cluster; white, sometimes pink; four lines across, including
+     the rays; made up of white disk-flowers and obovate white rays.
+     _Hab._--All around the Northern Hemisphere.
+
+The yarrow, which is a common weed in most countries of the Northern
+Hemisphere, has long been known to botanists and herbalists, and was
+formerly in high repute for its many virtues. The leaves steeped in hot
+water are still considered very healing applications to cuts or bruises;
+and among the Spanish-Californians the fresh plants are used for stanching
+the blood in recent wounds.
+
+This plant received the name _Achillea_, because the great hero of the
+Trojan war was supposed to have been the first to discover its virtues.
+
+In Sweden it is used as a substitute for hops in the brewing of beer. Among
+the superstitious, even of the present day, it is regarded as a most potent
+love-charm, when plucked by a love-lorn maiden from the grave of a young
+man, while repeating the proper formula.
+
+In the spring, the plants first develop a rosette of finely dissected,
+feathery leaves, which lie flat upon the ground. Later, when these are well
+grown, it sends up its tall flower-stalks, crowned with close, flat
+clusters of small white blossoms.
+
+M. Naudin, who has an intimate knowledge of the plants of dry countries,
+recommends the yarrow for lawn-making where irrigation is impossible. "It
+grows freely in the driest of weather, and makes a handsome turf. It must
+be frequently cut, however, to prevent it from throwing up flower-stems. It
+will not succeed on a lime-impregnated soil."
+
+Among children the yarrow is commonly known as "old man."
+
+
+RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.
+
+_Goodyera Menziesii_, Lindl. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Two or three inches long; leathery; dark green,
+     veined with white. _Scape._--Six to fifteen inches high, with
+     scattered lanceolate bracts. _Spike._--Many-flowered.
+     _Perianth._--White; two to four lines long; downy. Lateral
+     sepals deflexed; upper and two petals coherent. Lip erect,
+     saccate below, concave above, and narrowing into the recurved
+     summit. _Anther._--On the base of the column behind.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Mountains, from Mendocino and
+     Mariposa Counties to British Columbia.
+
+The rattlesnake plantain is frequently met under the coniferous trees of
+our northern woods. Its common name comes from the mottling of its leaves,
+which is similar to that of the rattlesnake's skin. In midsummer, or later,
+the plant sends up a stalk of small but shapely little blossoms. These are
+so modest, one would hardly suspect they belonged to the showy orchis
+family.
+
+
+BUTTON-BUSH. BUTTON-WILLOW.
+
+_Cephalanthus occidentalis_, L. Madder Family.
+
+     Shrubs eight to ten feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite, or in
+     whorls of three or four; petioled; ovate to lanceolate; three
+     to five inches long. _Flowers._--Small; white; in spherical
+     heads an inch in diameter. _Calyx._--Four-toothed.
+     _Corolla._--Long funnel-form with four-cleft limb.
+     _Stamens._--Four; short; borne on the throat of the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--Two- to four-celled. Style long-exserted. Stigma
+     capitate. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+The button-bush is a handsome shrub, found upon stream borders, often
+standing where its roots are constantly under water. Its leaves are
+willow-like, and its spherical flower-heads, poised gracefully at the ends
+of the branches, resemble small cushions filled with pins. The blossoms
+often have a jessamine-like fragrance.
+
+A tincture made of the bark is used by physicians as a tonic and laxative
+and as a remedy for fevers and coughs.
+
+This shrub is especially abundant in the interior, on the lower reaches of
+the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, where it is in bloom from June to
+August.
+
+[Illustration RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN--_Goodyera Menziesii_.]
+
+
+WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF.
+
+_Pyrola picta_, Smith. Heath Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Leathery; dark green, veined with white; one or two
+     inches long. _Scape._--Four to nine inches high.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Petals._--Six lines or so long; white.
+     _Stamens._--Ten. Anthers opening terminally.
+     _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style long; curved. _Hab._--The Middle
+     Sierras and Mendocino County, and northward.
+
+The great coniferous forests of our higher mountains afford homes for many
+interesting members of the Heath family. A trip to the Sierras in August
+will yield many a prize to the flower-lover. _Pyrolas_, with waxen
+clusters, vie with _Pipsissiwas_; the weird looking _Pterospora_ rears its
+uncanny, gummy stems, clothed with small, yellowish bells, while an
+occasional glimpse of a blood-red spike betrays the most wonderful of them
+all--the snow-plant.
+
+Of the _Pyrolas_ we made the acquaintance of three in this region. These
+pretty plants are called "shinleaf," because the leaves of some of the
+species were used by the English peasantry as plasters which they applied
+to bruises or sores. _Pyrola picta_, with its rich leathery, white-veined
+leaves and clusters of whitish, waxen flowers, was quite plentiful and
+always a delight to meet. _Pyrola dentata_, Smith, we often found growing
+with it. This has spatulate, wavy-margined leaves; which are pale and not
+veined with white, and its scapes are more slender. It never was so
+attractive or vigorous a plant as the other.
+
+A ramble in the woods one day brought us to the brink of a charming stream,
+whose pure, ice-cold waters babbled along most invitingly. Following its
+course, we found ourselves in a delightfully cool, moist thicket, where,
+nestling in the deep shade, we found the beautiful, rich, glossy leaves of
+_Pyrola rotundifolia, var. bracteata_, Gray. The leaves are roundish, of a
+beautiful, bright chrome green, highly polished, and the delicate flowers
+are rose-pink. This is called "Indian lettuce" and "canker lettuce," and a
+tincture of the fresh plant is used in medicine for the same purposes as
+chimaphila. _P. aphylla_, Smith, is easily distinguished by the absence
+of leaves. It has flesh-colored stems, and its flowers are sometimes of the
+same color, and sometimes white. This is found in the Coast Ranges.
+
+[Illustration WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF--_Pyrola picta_.]
+
+
+PEARLY EVERLASTING FLOWER.
+
+_Anaphalis Margaritacea_, Benth. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; leafy up to the flowers.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; lanceolate or linear-lanceolate;
+     two to four inches long; white-woolly, at length becoming green
+     above. _Heads._--Of filiform disk-flowers only.
+     _Involucre._--Of many rows of pearly white, pointed scales, not
+     longer than the flowers, resembling ray-flowers. _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed over the northern parts of America and Asia.
+
+Our wild everlasting flowers are very difficult of determination, and are
+comprised under at least three genera, _Gnaphalium_, _Anaphalis_, and
+_Antennaria_. The word _Anaphalis_ is from the same root as the word
+_Gnaphalium_, and the species have quite the aspect of _Gnaphalium_.
+
+The flowers of the pearly everlasting have a peculiarly pure pearly look
+before they are entirely open, and their sharp-pointed little scales give
+them a prim, set look, like very regular, tiny white roses. There is a hint
+of green in them, but they are never of the dirty yellowish-white of the
+cudweed, nor have they the slippery-elm-like fragrance of the latter. When
+fully expanded, the centers are brown. The leaves, which at length become a
+dark, shining green, make a fine contrast with the permanently white-woolly
+stems. The flower-clusters are loosely compound.
+
+
+WASHINGTON LILY. SHASTA LILY.
+
+_Lilium Washingtonianum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Throughout the Sierras from three to six thousand feet
+     elevation.
+
+I shall never forget the thrill of delight I felt on first beholding this
+noble white lily, some years ago, in an open fir forest near Mt. Shasta. I
+had often heard of it, but never dared hope it would be my privilege to
+gather it for myself in its own native haunts.
+
+The blossoms somewhat resemble those of the ruby lily, but the petals have
+longer claws and are more loosely put together. They are fragrant, but
+their perfume is not to be compared with that of the ruby lily.
+
+Mr. Purdy once saw, upon a single great mountain-side, ten thousand of
+these wonderful plants, upbearing their beautiful, pure lilies--a sight
+outrivaling the poet's vision of the golden daffodils.
+
+The Shasta lily is never found in the Coast Ranges. Another species, _L.
+Parryi_, Wats., resembling this in the form of its flowers, is found in the
+San Bernardino Mountains. This is known as the "lemon lily," and has clear
+yellow flowers, dotted sparingly with deeper yellow. It is a charming
+flower, and is always found in shaded, springy places in cool cañons.
+
+
+LABRADOR TEA.
+
+_Ledum glandulosum_, Nutt. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; oblong or oval; an inch or two long;
+     coriaceous; sprinkled beneath with resin-dots.
+     _Flowers._--White; in terminal and axillary clusters.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Petals._--Five; three lines long;
+     rotately spreading. _Stamens._--Four to ten. Anthers opening
+     terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style filiform, persistent.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Mendocino County northward, and
+     through the Sierras.
+
+Our Labrador tea is a comely shrub, found in the mountains at an elevation
+of four thousand feet and upward. Its small, leathery leaves are miniature
+copies of those of the Californian rhododendron, differing from them,
+however, in the sprinkling of resin-dots upon the under surface.
+
+Upon seeing the flowers of this shrub for the first time, one is apt to
+imagine it a member of the Rose family, something akin to the cherry, with
+its clusters of small white flowers of a bitter fragrance; but a glance at
+the anthers, with their terminal pores, tells the story quickly.
+
+A tea made from the leaves is, with many people, a valued remedy for
+rheumatism.
+
+This little shrub is much dreaded by sheepmen, who claim that it poisons
+their flocks. It has been suggested that it would be an excellent thing to
+have it widely planted as a means of reducing these bands of "hoofed
+locusts," as Mr. Muir terms them--these marauders who trample down so much
+beauty, and leave desolation everywhere in their wake.
+
+
+PIPSISSIWA. PRINCE'S PINE.
+
+_Chimaphila Menziesii_, Spreng. Heath Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches high. _Leaves._--Six to eighteen lines
+     long; dark green, sometimes variegated with white; leathery.
+     _Flowers._--One to three. _Calyx._--Five-parted; white.
+     _Petals._--Five; waxen-white or pinkish. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     Filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle. Anthers two-celled;
+     opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style short. Stigma
+     button-like. _Hab._--The Middle Sierras and Mendocino County.
+
+The prince's pine is a charming little plant, and may be found beneath the
+undergrowth in the great coniferous woods of the Sierras, where it sits
+demurely with bowed head, like some cloistered nun engaged with her own
+meditations. It has an exquisite perfume, like that of the lily of the
+valley.
+
+The common prince's pine of the Eastern States--_C. umbellata_--is more
+rare with us, though it is found through somewhat the same range as the
+above. It is a more vigorous plant than the other, has from four to seven
+purplish flowers in the cluster, while its leaves are never spotted.
+
+In the East, from the leaves of this species is manufactured the drug
+"chimaphila," which is valued as a tonic and astringent, also as a remedy
+for cataract.
+
+
+GROUNDSEL-TREE.
+
+_Baccharis pilularis_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     Evergreen dioecious shrubs, one to twelve feet high, with angled
+     or striate branches. _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; obovate;
+     cuneate; obtuse; coarsely toothed; leathery; one inch or less
+     long. _Flower-heads._--Crowded at the ends of the branchlets;
+     four lines long; one or two across; without ray-flowers.
+     _Involucres._--Oblong; of many imbricated scales. _Sterile
+     heads._--With funnel-form, five-lobed corollas. _Fertile
+     heads._--With filiform corollas, mixed with a dense white silky
+     pappus, which soon elongates. _Hab._--All along the Coast.
+
+[Illustration PRINCE'S PINE--_Chimaphila Menziesii_.]
+
+In the fall, the dark-green foliage of the groundsel-tree is relieved by
+its abundant small white flower-clusters. The flowers of the male shrub
+are never very beautiful, being usually of a yellowish or dirty white;
+indeed, so little resembling the other, as to appear like a separate
+species. But when the white silk down of the female shrub is fully
+expanded, its boughs are laden as with drifted snow. This lavish provision
+of silk is designed by nature for the wafting abroad of the seed.
+
+It varies greatly in size and habit. Upon exposed, wind-swept sandhills it
+is low and close-cropped, but in more favorable localities, where the soil
+is rich and the climate more genial, it responds graciously to the changed
+conditions, becoming one of our most picturesque shrubs.
+
+Growing and blooming at the same time with the above, may be found its near
+relative--_B. Douglasii_, DC. This does not aspire to shrubhood, but its
+tall stems, with their lanceolate, somewhat glutinous leaves, sometimes
+reach four feet in height, bearing at summit their pretty Ageratum-like,
+white flower-clusters. It loves the sandy soil of creek-banks and low
+fields, and is abundant from San Francisco to Los Angeles.
+
+
+LARGE WHITE MOUNTAIN DAISY.
+
+_Erigeron Coulteri_, T.C. Porter. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Six to twenty inches high; leafy; bearing solitary or
+     rarely two or three large, slender-peduncled heads.
+     _Leaves._--Obovate to oblong; entire or with several sharp
+     teeth; thin. _Flower-heads._--Of yellow disk-flowers, and
+     usually pure white ray-flowers. _Disk._--Half an inch wide.
+     _Rays._--Fifty to seventy; narrowly linear; six lines or more
+     long. _Hab._--The Sierras; also the Rocky Mountains of
+     Colorado.
+
+    "High on the crest of the blossoming grasses,
+      Bending and swaying, with face toward the sky,
+    Stirred by the lightest west wind as it passes,
+      Hosts of the silver-white daisy-stars lie."
+
+No fairer sight could be imagined than a mountain meadow filled with these
+large, pure-white, feathery daisies.
+
+[Illustration BACCHARIS--_Baccharis Douglasii_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN FALSE HELLEBORE.
+
+_Veratrum Californicum_, Durand. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; three to seven feet high. _Leaves._--Oval;
+     narrowing to lanceolate; sessile; sheathing; four to twelve
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Greenish-white in a large panicle,
+     with usually ascending branches. _Stamens and pistils_ in the
+     same flowers, or in separate ones. _Pedicels._--About two lines
+     long. _Perianth segments._--Six; spreading; oblanceolate; their
+     bases thickened and green or brownish; upper margins sometimes
+     minutely toothed; three to eight lines long. _Stamens._--Six.
+     Anthers confluently one-celled. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Styles
+     three, divergent. _Hab._--The Middle Sierras and Mendocino
+     County northward to the Columbia; also eastward.
+
+The false hellebore may be found in midsummer in the mountains. It grows
+along watercourses, and often covers rich, moist meadows, where its stems
+rise from three to seven feet, with their coarsely ribbed, boat-shaped
+leaves and large panicles of greenish-white flowers. When at its best it is
+a rather fine, showy thing, but its leaves are often perforated by some
+insect, and present a ragged, untidy appearance.
+
+The mountaineers commonly call this plant "skunk cabbage," a deplorable
+misnomer, because it is in no sense merited; and, moreover, we have a plant
+to which the title more rightfully belongs. The root and young shoots are a
+violent poison, and are fatal to animals which are unfortunate enough to
+crop them.
+
+Another species--_V. fimbriatum_, Gray--a smaller plant, is found upon the
+plains in Mendocino County. It may be distinguished from the above by its
+more slender leaves, its woolly flower-panicle, and its decidedly fringed
+flower-petals.
+
+
+
+
+II. YELLOW
+
+
+[_Yellow or occasionally or partially yellow flowers not described in the
+Yellow Section._
+
+    _Described in the White Section:--_
+
+    CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS--Mariposa Lily, or Tulip.
+    LILIUM PARRYI--Lemon-Lily.
+    VIOLA OCELLATA--Heart's-ease.
+
+    _Described in the Pink Section:--_
+
+    LESSINGIA GERMANORUM--Yellow Lessingia.
+
+    _Described in the Blue and Purple Section:--_
+
+    FRITILLARIA PUDICA--Yellow Fritillary.
+    IRIS MACROSIPHON--Ground-Iris.
+    SISYRINCHIUM CALIFORNICUM--Golden-eyed Grass.
+    TRILLIUM SESSILE--Californian Trillium.
+
+    _Described in the Red Section:--_
+
+    CASTILLEIA PARVIFLORA--Indian Paint-Brush.
+    CEREUS EMORYI--Velvet Cactus.
+    PENTSTEMON CENTRANTHIFOLIUS--Scarlet Bugler.
+
+    _Described in the Miscellaneous Section:--_
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM CALIFORNICUM--Californian Lady's Slipper.]
+
+
+SUN-CUPS.
+
+_OEnothera ovata_, Nutt. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Root._--A thick tap-root. _Leaves._--All radical;
+     oblong-lanceolate; smooth; ciliate. _Flowers._--Solitary in the
+     axils; bright golden yellow. _Calyx-tube._--Filiform; one to
+     five inches long; limb of four lanceolate, reflexed divisions.
+     _Petals._--Four; three to ten lines long. _Stamens._--Eight.
+     _Ovary._--Four-celled; underground. Style filiform. Stigma
+     capitate. _Fruit._--A ribbed capsule. _Hab._--Near the coast
+     from San Francisco to Monterey.
+
+This little evening primrose is an exceedingly interesting plant, although
+it is not of very wide distribution. The flat rosettes of leaves sometimes
+measure over a foot across, and are thickly sown with the bright golden
+flowers, large in proportion to the size of the plants. A flower or bud is
+found in the axil of every leaf, diminishing in size toward the center, one
+plant sometimes having a hundred blossoms and buds. These flowers are
+peculiarly fresh and winsome, and were they not so abundant where they grow
+they would doubtless be considered very beautiful.
+
+A strange feature of the plant is its flower-stem, which is not a
+flower-stem at all, but a very much prolonged calyx-tube, the seed-vessel
+being just within the surface of the ground.
+
+We wonder how these imprisoned seeds are going to escape and find lodgment
+to start new colonies elsewhere. Perhaps the moles and gophers could tell
+something about it if they would.
+
+The leaves of these little plants are sometimes used for salads.
+
+These blossoms are often erroneously called "cow-slips."
+
+
+COMMON BUTTERCUP.
+
+_Ranunculus Californicus_, Benth. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; branching; six to eighteen inches high.
+     _Radical-leaves._--Commonly pinnately ternate; the leaflets cut
+     into three to seven usually linear lobes. Divisions of the
+     stem-leaves usually narrower. _Flowers._--Five to ten lines in
+     diameter; shining golden yellow. _Sepals._--Green; strongly
+     reflexed. _Petals._--Ten to fourteen; obovate; each with a
+     small scale at the base. _Stamens._--Numerous. _Pistils._
+     Numerous; on a receptacle. Ovaries flattened. Stigmas
+     recurved. _Hab._--Throughout Western California into Oregon.
+
+[Illustration SUN-CUPS--_OEnothera ovata_.]
+
+    "The buttercup catches the sun in its chalice;
+    And there's never a leaf nor a blade too mean
+    To be some happy creature's palace."
+
+The first clear, beautiful note of a lark has been heard; skies are blue
+and fields are green; little frogs are filling the air with their
+music;--and the buttercups are here. The fields are full of them, and their
+bright golden eyes starring the meadows, bring a gladness to the face of
+nature. The children wade knee-deep in their gold, filling their hands with
+treasure; and yonder, where their golden masses cover the slopes, King
+Midas may have passed, transforming the earth with his magical touch.
+
+Because some of the buttercups grow where frogs abound, Pliny bestowed the
+Latin name _Ranunculus_, meaning "little frog."
+
+The Indians, who seem to have a use for everything, parch the seeds of our
+common buttercup and beat them to a flour, which they eat without the
+further formality of cooking. This flour is said to have the peculiar rich
+flavor of parched corn.
+
+We have a number of other species of buttercup--some of them denizens of
+marshy spots; but the common field buttercup is widest-spread and best
+known.
+
+
+CREAM-CUPS.
+
+_Platystemon Californicus_, Benth. Poppy Family.
+
+     Delicate hairy herbs. _Stems._--A span or two high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly opposite; sessile; two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Axillary; long-peduncled; an inch or so across.
+     _Sepals._--Three; falling early. _Petals._--Six, in two rows;
+     cream-color, often with a yellow spot at base.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments broad; petaloid.
+     _Pistils._--Six to twenty-five; united in a ring at first;
+     afterward separating. Stigmas terminal. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+[Illustration CREAM-CUPS--_Platystemon Californicus_.]
+
+The cream-cups are delicate, hairy plants of the early springtime, which
+often grow in masses and take possession of whole fields. They seem to be
+more vigorous in the south, and produce larger flowers there than in the
+north, often having as many as nine petals. The delicate, nodding green
+buds (like miniature poppy-buds) soon throw off their outer wrappings, and,
+emerging from captivity, gradually assume an erect position and unfurl
+their lovely, pure, straw-colored petals to their widest extent. These
+blossoms open for several successive days.
+
+The genus takes its name from the flat filaments. The numerous slender
+pistils are so cleverly joined together into a cylinder, that they appear
+like a hollow, one-celled ovary. But a cross-section will show the separate
+ovaries under a glass.
+
+Some people like the odor of these flowers; but I must confess to a lack of
+appreciation of it. I suspect its charm must exist in some pleasant
+association.
+
+
+COPA DE ORO. CALIFORNIA POPPY. TOROSA.
+
+_Eschscholtzia Californica_, Cham. Poppy Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Twelve to eighteen inches high; branching.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; finely dissected; glaucous.
+     _Flowers._--Two or three inches across; usually orange; but
+     ranging from that to white. Summit of the peduncle enlarging
+     into a cup-shaped torus or disk, upon the upper inner surface
+     of which are borne the calyx, corolla, and stamens. _Calyx._--A
+     pointed green cap, falling early. _Petals._--Four.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous, in four groups, in front of the petals.
+     Anthers linear. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style short. Stigmas four
+     to six; unequal. _Capsule._--Cylindrical; ten-nerved; two or
+     three inches long. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+    Thy satin vesture richer is than looms
+      Of Orient weave for raiment of her kings!
+      Not dyes of olden Tyre, not precious things
+    Regathered from the long-forgotten tombs
+    Of buried empires, not the iris plumes
+      That wave upon the tropics' myriad wings,
+      Not all proud Sheba's queenly offerings
+    Could match the golden marvel of thy blooms.
+    For thou art nurtured from the treasure-veins
+      Of this fair land; thy golden rootlets sup
+        Her sands of gold--of gold thy petals spun.
+    Her golden glory, thou! On hills and plains,
+      Lifting, exultant, every kingly cup
+        Brimmed with the golden vintage of the sun.
+
+    --INA D. COOLBRITH.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIA POPPY--_Eschscholtzia Californica_.]
+
+It is difficult to exaggerate the charms of this wonderful flower. When
+reproduced in countless millions, its brilliant blossoms fairly cover the
+earth; and far away upon distant mountain-slopes, bright patches of red
+gold denote that league after league of it lies open to the sun. It revels
+in the sunshine, and not until the morning is well advanced does it begin
+to unfurl its tightly rolled petals.
+
+In the early days, when Spanish vessels sailed up and down the
+newly-discovered coast, the mariners, looking inland, saw the flame of the
+poppies upon the hills and called this "the land of fire." They said that
+the altar-cloth of San Pascual was spread upon the hills, and, filled with
+a devotional spirit, they disembarked to worship upon the shore.
+
+This flower is now cultivated in many parts of the world. But one can form
+no conception of it, pale and languishing in a foreign garden. One must go
+to its native hillsides to get any idea of its prodigal beauty.
+
+The common title, "California poppy," though it has been widely used, is
+open to the objection that it belongs more properly to another flower,
+_Papaver Californicum_. The generic name is dissonant and harsh. Why not
+replace it by one of the more euphonious Spanish titles--"amapola,"
+"dormidera," "torosa," or, most charmingly appropriate of all, "copa de
+oro,"--"cup of gold"?
+
+There are many forms of _Eschscholtzia_, and of late the original species,
+_E. Californica_, has been divided into a number of new species, which are,
+however, difficult of determination.
+
+The Indians of Placer County, it is said, boil the herbage, or roast it by
+means of hot stones, lay it in water afterward, and then eat it as a green.
+A drug made from this plant is used in medicine as a harmless substitute
+for morphine and as a remedy for headache and insomnia, and it has an
+especially excellent effect with children. The Spanish-Californians make a
+hair-oil, which they prize highly, by frying the whole plant in olive oil
+and adding some choice perfume. This is said to promote the growth of the
+hair and to make it glossy.
+
+
+MOCK-ORANGE. GOURD. CHILI-COJOTE. CALABAZILLA.
+
+_Cucurbita foetidissima_, HBK. Gourd Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Long; coarse; trailing. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     petioled; triangular-cordate; six to twelve inches long; acute;
+     rough. _Tendrils._--Three- to five-cleft. _Flowers._--Solitary;
+     yellow; three or four inches long; monoecious.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Six lines long, equaling the five linear lobes.
+     _Corolla._--Campanulate; five-cleft to the middle or lower;
+     with recurved lobes. _Stamens._--In the male flowers two with
+     two-celled anthers, and one with one; in the female all three
+     rudimentary. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style short. Stigmas
+     three; two-lobed. _Fruit._--Orange-like, but with a hard rind.
+     _Syn._--_C. perennis_, Gray. _Hab._--San Diego to San Joaquin
+     County.
+
+The rough, ill-smelling foliage of the Chili-cojote is a common sight in
+Southern California, where it may be seen trailing over many a field; but
+woe to the negligent farmer who allows this pest to get a foothold--for it
+will cost him a small fortune to eradicate it. It sends down into the earth
+an enormous root, six feet or so long, and often as broad. When the gourds
+are ripe, these vines look like the dumping-ground for numerous poor,
+discarded oranges.
+
+Notwithstanding its unsavory character, the various parts of this vine are
+put to use--specially among the Spanish-Californians and the Indians. The
+root is a purgative more powerful than croton-oil. When pounded to a pulp,
+it is used as soap by the Spanish-Californians, who aver that it cleanses
+as nothing else can; but rinsing must be very thorough--for any particles
+remaining in the garments prove very irritating to the skin. The leaves are
+highly valued for medicinal purposes, and the pulp of the green fruit,
+mixed with soap, is said to remove stains from clothing. The Indians eat
+the seed, when ground and made into a mush. The early Californian women
+used the gourds as darning-balls.
+
+This vine is a near relative of the pumpkins and squashes of our gardens.
+
+The flowers are said to be violet-scented.
+
+
+WATER-HOLLY. MAHONIA.
+
+_Berberis nervosa_, Pursh. Barberry Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Simple; a foot or so high; bearing at summit a crown
+     of large leaves, mixed with many dry, chaffy, persistent
+     bracts. _Leaves._--One or two feet long, with from eleven to
+     seventeen ovate, acuminate, prickly, somewhat palmately nerved
+     leaflets. _Flowers._--Yellow, in elongated, clustered racemes.
+     Bractlets, sepals, petals, and stamens six, standing in front
+     of one another. Anthers two-celled; opening by uplifting
+     valves. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style short or none.
+     _Fruit._--Dark-blue, glaucous berries; four lines in diameter.
+     _Hab._--Deep coast woods, from Monterey to Vancouver Island.
+
+The water-holly is one of the beautiful plants to be found in our deep
+coast woods within the cool influence of the sea-fogs. The plants are very
+symmetrical, with their crown of dark, shining leaves, with numerous
+prickly leaflets, and in spring, when the long graceful racemes of yellow
+flowers are produced in abundance, and hang amid and below the leaves, they
+are very ornamental. The stems are densely clothed with numerous dry,
+awl-shaped scales, an inch or more long.
+
+Another species--_B. repens_--the creeping barberry, or Oregon grape, is a
+low, prostrate shrub, less than a foot high, with from three to seven
+leaflets. These leaflets are pinnately veined, and have not the beautiful,
+shining upper surface of those of the water-holly, and the few racemes of
+yellow flowers which terminate the branches are quite short--only an inch
+or two long. This is found throughout the State and northward upon rocky
+hills.
+
+
+TREE-POPPY.
+
+_Dendromecon rigidum_, Benth. Poppy Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to eight feet high. _Leaves._--One to three inches
+     long; leathery. _Flowers._--Solitary; yellow; one to three
+     inches across. _Sepals._--Two; falling early. _Petals._--Four.
+     _Stamens._--Many. _Ovary._--Linear; one-celled. Stigma
+     two-lobed. _Capsule._--Eighteen to thirty lines long.
+     _Hab._--Dry hills from San Diego to Butte County.
+
+[Illustration TREE-POPPY--_Dendromecon rigidum_.]
+
+The tree-poppy is the only truly woody plant in the poppy family. Its pale
+leaves are quite rigid, and resemble those of the willow in form. The
+bright golden flowers are sometimes three inches across, and one can
+readily imagine the fine effect produced when many of them are open at once
+upon a hillside. Though found through quite a range, this shrub attains its
+most perfect development in Santa Barbara County.
+
+
+YELLOW PANSY.
+
+_Viola pedunculata_, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Leafy; two to six inches or more high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; long-petioled; ovate; cuneate; crenate;
+     with lanceolate stipules. _Flowers._--Large; long-peduncled;
+     deep golden yellow. _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Petals._--The two
+     upper tinged with brown outside; the three lower veined with
+     purple; the two lateral bearded; the lower one with a short
+     spur at base. _Stamens._--Five. Anthers nearly sessile; erect
+     around the club-shaped style. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     _Hab._--Southern to Middle California.
+
+    Pansies! Pansies! How I love you, pansies!
+    Jaunty-faced, laughing-lipped, and dewy-eyed with glee;
+    Would my song might blossom out in little five-leaved stanzas
+                As delicate in fancies
+                As your beauty is to me!
+
+    But, my eyes shall smile on you and my hands infold you,
+    Pet, caress, and lift you to the lips that love you, so
+    That, shut ever in the years that may mildew or mold you,
+                My fancy shall behold you
+                Fair as in the long ago.
+
+    --JAS. WHITCOMB RILEY.
+
+On wind-swept downs near the ocean, on the low hills of the Coast Ranges,
+or upon the plains of the interior, this charming golden pansy spreads
+itself in profusion in early spring. It is the darling of the children, who
+on their way to school gather great handfuls of its brown-eyed blossoms.
+
+You may often see myriads of them dancing on their long stems in the
+breeze, and showing glimpses of red-brown where their purplish outer petals
+are turned toward you for the moment. In the shelter of quiet woodlands,
+its stems are longer and more fragile.
+
+[Illustration YELLOW PANSY--_Viola pedunculata_.]
+
+
+TWIN-BERRY.
+
+_Lonicera involucrata_, Banks. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Shrubs eight to ten feet high. _Leaves.-_-Three inches long or
+     so. _Flowers._--A pair; at the summit of an axillary peduncle;
+     with a conspicuous involucre of four bracts, tinged with red or
+     yellow. _Calyx._--Adherent to the ovary; the limb minute or
+     obsolete. _Corolla._--Tubular; irregular; half an inch or more
+     long; viscid-pubescent; yellowish. _Stamens._--Five.
+     _Ovary._--Two- or three-celled. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.
+     _Berries._--Black-purple. _Hab._--Throughout the State;
+     eastward to Lake Superior.
+
+A walk through some moist thicket, or along a stream-bank in March, will
+reveal the yellow flowers of the twin-berry amid its ample, thin green
+leaves. These blossoms are always borne in pairs at the summit of the stem,
+and are surrounded by a leafy involucre, consisting of two pairs of round,
+fluted bracts. As the berries ripen and become black, these bracts deepen
+to a brilliant red and make the shrubs much more conspicuous and ornamental
+than at blossoming-time.
+
+
+OREGON GRAPE. HOLLY-LEAVED BARBERRY. MAHONIA.
+
+_Berberis Aquifolium_, Pursh. Barberry Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high; branching. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     pinnate. _Leaflets._--Seven to nine; glossy; ovate to
+     oblong-lanceolate; one and one half to four inches long;
+     acuminate; sinuately dentate, with numerous spinose teeth; the
+     lowest pair distant from the stem. _Racemes._--Eighteen lines
+     to two inches long; clustered near the ends of the branches.
+     (Otherwise as _B. nervosa_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges and Sierras
+     from Monterey and Kern County northward into Oregon.
+
+The holly-leaved barberry, or Oregon grape, is a very ornamental shrub and
+one much prized in our gardens, where it is known as _Mahonia Aquifolium_.
+In the spring, when yellow with its masses of flowers; or in its summer
+dress of rich, shining green; or in the autumn, when its foliage is richly
+touched with bronze or scarlet or yellow, amid which are the beautiful blue
+berries, it is always a fine shrub. In its native haunts it affects greater
+altitudes than our other species.
+
+[Illustration TWIN-BERRY--_Lonicera involucrata_.]
+
+Among our Californian Indians, a decoction made from the root is a
+favorite tonic remedy, and it has become a recognized drug in the
+pharmacopoeia of our Coast, being used as an alterative and tonic. The root
+is tough and hard, of a bright golden yellow, and intensely bitter. The
+bark of the root is the part that is used medicinally.
+
+The shrub is very plentiful in the woods of Mendocino County, where it
+covers considerable areas.
+
+
+SUNSHINE. FLY-FLOWER.
+
+_Baeria gracilis_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     Six inches or so high; branching freely. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     opposite; linear; entire; an inch or so long.
+     _Flower-heads._--Yellow; of disk and ray-flowers. _Rays._--Ten
+     to fourteen; three or four lines long.
+     _Involucre._--Campanulate; of a single series of small
+     lanceolate, herbaceous scales. _Hab._--From San Francisco
+     southward.
+
+Considered singly, the blossom of this plant is a simple, unassuming little
+flower; but when countless millions of its golden stars stud the nether
+firmament, it becomes one of the most conspicuous of all our _Compositae_.
+It literally covers the earth with a close carpet of rich golden bloom, and
+other plants, such as scarlet paint-brushes, blue Phacelias, and yellow and
+white tidy-tips, rise out of its golden tapestry. Mile after mile of it
+whirls by the car-window as we journey along, or long stretches of it gild
+the gently rounded hill-slopes of the distant landscape.
+
+There are several other species of _Baeria_, but this is the most abundant
+and widespread. In some localities this little plant is so much frequented
+by a small fly, which feeds upon its pollen, that it is called
+"fly-flower." It then becomes a serious nuisance to horses and cattle,
+which grow wild and restive under the persecution of this insect.
+
+In the Spanish deck of playing-cards in the early days, the "Jack of
+Spades" always held one of these flowers in his hand. By the
+Spanish-Californians it was called "Si me quieres, no me quieres"--"Love
+me, love me not,"--because their dark-eyed maidens tried their fortunes
+upon it in the same manner that our own maidens consult the marguerite.
+
+[Illustration PENTACHAETA--_Pentachaeta aurea_.]
+
+[Illustration SUNSHINE--_Baeria gracilis_.]
+
+Growing in brilliant beds by themselves, or intermingling their gold with
+that of the _Baeria_, the charming feathery blossoms of _Pentachaeta
+aurea_, Nutt., are found in midspring. They have from fifty to seventy
+rays and their involucres consist of several rows of scarious-margined
+bracts.
+
+
+MEADOW-FOAM.
+
+_Floerkia Douglasii_, Baillon. Geranium Family.
+
+     Smooth, succulent herbs. _Stems._--A foot or so long.
+     _Leaves._--Much dissected. _Flowers._--Axillary; solitary.
+     _Sepals._--Narrow; acute. _Petals._--Nine lines long or so;
+     yellow, sometimes tipped with white, white, or rose-tinged.
+     _Stamens._--Ten, in two sets; a gland at the base of those
+     opposite the sepals. _Ovary._--Of five carpels, becoming
+     distinct. Style five-cleft at the apex. _Syn._--_Limnanthes
+     Douglasii_, R. Br. _Hab._--Oregon to Southern California.
+
+When the spring is well advanced, our wet meadows are all a-cream with the
+meadow-foam, whose dense masses blend exquisitely with the rich red of the
+common sorrel, which is in blossom at the same time.
+
+This plant is a near relative of the redwood-sorrel, and its flowers are
+similar in size and veining, and also in their habit of closing at night.
+It is much admired and has long been in cultivation.
+
+
+PIMPERNEL. POOR-MAN'S WEATHER-GLASS.
+
+_Anagallis arvensis_, L. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate; spreading. _Leaves._--Usually opposite;
+     sessile; ovate. _Flowers._--Solitary on axillary peduncles;
+     orange-vermilion (rarely blue or white); six lines or so
+     across. _Calyx_ and rotate corolla five-parted.
+     _Petals._--Rounded; purple at base. _Stamens._--Five; opposite
+     the petals. Filaments purple, bearded. _Capsule._--Globose; the
+     top falling off as a lid. _Hab._--Common everywhere. Introduced
+     from Europe.
+
+The little orange-vermilion flower of the pimpernel is a plain little
+blossom to the unassisted eye, but it becomes truly regal when seen under a
+glass, where its rich purple center displays itself in glistening splendor.
+It is a forcible example of the infinite care bestowed upon all of Nature's
+children, even to the humblest weeds.
+
+[Illustration MEADOW-FOAM--_Floerkia Douglasii_.]
+
+This little plant has come to us from Europe, and it makes itself perfectly
+at home among us in many widely-differing situations. From the fact that it
+furls its petals upon cloudy days, or at the approach of rain, it is called
+in England "poor-man's weather-glass."
+
+The plant is an acrid poison and was extensively used in medicine by the
+ancients. It seems to act particularly upon the nervous system, and was
+used as a remedy for convulsions, the plague, gout, and hydrophobia.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Encelia Californica_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     Bushy; two to four feet high; strong-scented. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     alternate; short-petioled; ovate-lanceolate; an inch or two
+     long. _Flower-heads._--Solitary; long-peduncled; large.
+     _Disk._--Eight lines across; of black-purple, tubular flowers,
+     with deep-yellow styles. _Rays._--Sterile; over an inch long;
+     five lines wide; four-toothed. _Involucre._--Open-campanulate
+     of several series of coriaceous, imbricated scales.
+     _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+This shrubby _Composita_ is quite abundant in the south, and when covered
+with its large yellow flowers with purple-brown centers is very showy. We
+have seen mesas covered with the bushes, which have much the same spreading
+habit as the white marguerite of the garden. It thrives particularly well
+near the coast, but is also at home upon some of the hills of interior
+valleys as well. It is quite strong-scented, but the flowers are very
+handsome, rivaling in decorativeness many of the cherished plants of our
+gardens.
+
+
+YELLOW FORGET-ME-NOT. WOOLLY-BREECHES.
+
+_Amsinckia_, Lehm. Borage Family.
+
+     Hispid annuals. _Leaves._--Alternate; oblong-ovate to linear.
+     _Flowers._--Small; yellow or orange, in coiled spikes or
+     racemes. _Calyx._--Five-parted; persistent.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-shaped, or somewhat funnel-form; with
+     five-lobed border; the throat naked or with minute hairy tufts
+     opposite the lobes. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Of four
+     seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.
+
+We have several species of _Amsinckia_, all of which have small yellow
+flowers, resembling in form our little white forget-me-nots. The genus is a
+Western American one, and the species are very difficult of determination.
+They are all hispid plants, very disagreeable to handle, and are generally
+of rank growth. They often occur in great masses, when they become rather
+showy.
+
+The largest-flowered species, which is also the most common one in the
+south, is _A. spectabilis_, Fisch. and Mey. The corolla of this is often
+half an inch long and half an inch across, of an orange-yellow, with deeper
+orange spots in the throat.
+
+
+TREE-TOBACCO.
+
+_Nicotiana glauca_, Graham. Nightshade Family.
+
+     Loosely branching shrubs, fifteen feet or so high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; ovate; smooth.
+     _Flowers._--Clustered at the ends of the branches.
+     _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-toothed. _Corolla._--Tubular;
+     eighteen lines long; with constricted throat; and border
+     shortly five-toothed. _Stamens._--Five, on the base of the
+     corolla, adnate to the tube below. Anthers with two diverging
+     cells. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender. Stigma capitate;
+     two-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout Southern California; introduced.
+
+The tall, loosely branching, spreading form of the tree-tobacco is a
+familiar sight in the south about vacant lots and waste places. Its
+clusters of long, greenish-yellow flowers hang gracefully from the ends of
+the slender branches, and the ovate leaves are rather long-stalked. It is
+supposed to have been introduced from Buenos Ayres, and old inhabitants
+remember the time when but one or two plants were known. In thirty years it
+has spread rapidly, and is now exceedingly common.
+
+
+WIND-POPPY. BLOOD-DROP. FLAMING POPPY.
+
+_Meconopsis heterophylla_, Benth. Poppy Family.
+
+     Smooth herbs. _Stems._--Slender; a foot or two high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly petioled; pinnately divided into variously
+     toothed, oval to linear segments. _Flowers._--Solitary; on long
+     peduncles; orange-vermilion to scarlet. _Sepals._--Two; falling
+     early. Petals.--Four; two to twelve lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments filiform; purple. Anthers
+     yellow. _Ovary._--Top-shaped; ribbed; one-celled. Style short.
+     Stigma large; capitate; four- to eight-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout
+     Western California.
+
+The wind-poppy is an exceedingly variable flower. In the central part of
+the State it is large and showy, its beautiful flame-colored blossoms
+being two inches across; while in the south it is usually very small,
+making tiny flecks of red in the grass, for which reason it is there called
+"blood-drop." It is an exquisite thing. Its petals have the delicate satin
+texture of the poppy; and their showy orange or scarlet blends suddenly at
+the center into a deep maroon. The bright-green, top-shaped ovary stands up
+in the midst of the slender stamens, whose yellow anthers show brilliantly
+against the dark maroon of the petals.
+
+It blossoms in spring upon open hillsides, seeming to prefer those which
+are shaded for at least part of the day. It is very fragile, and falls to
+pieces at a touch, which makes it an unsatisfactory flower to gather.
+
+
+WHISPERING BELLS.
+
+_Emmenanthe penduliflora_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Six inches to a foot high; branched above; hairy; somewhat
+     viscid. _Leaves._--An inch or more long; pinnatifid.
+     _Flowers._--Straw-colored; at length pendulous.
+     _Corolla._--Campanulate; about six lines long. (Flower
+     structure as in _Phacelia_.) _Hab._--Lake County to San Diego.
+
+In midspring, when passing among the plants upon our dry, open hillsides,
+our attention is often attracted by a certain delicate, rustling sound,
+which we find emanates from the little papery bells of the dried blossoms
+of the _Emmenanthe_, which retain the semblance of their first freshness
+for many weeks.
+
+Though not at first apparent, a little examination will reveal the fact
+that these plants are very closely related to the _Phacelias_, the chief
+difference being in the yellow corollas.
+
+
+YELLOW STAR TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus Benthami_, Baker. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Much elongated; two to five lines broad.
+     _Stems._--Slender; three to six inches high. _Buds._--Nodding.
+     _Flowers._--Erect; yellow. _Petals._--Six or seven lines long;
+     spreading; mostly obtuse; rather densely covered with yellow
+     hairs. _Gland._--Shallow; lunate. _Capsule._--Nodding; six to
+     nine lines long. _Hab._--Sierra Nevada foothills, throughout
+     their length.
+
+[Illustration WHISPERING BELLS--_Emmenanthe penduliflora_.]
+
+This is a very pretty little star tulip, with graceful, flexuous stems
+and erect flowers, whose spreading petals are covered with hairs. Sometimes
+there is a dark-brown, almost black, spot upon the petals, and when such is
+the case the plant is called _C. Benthami, var. Wallacei_.
+
+
+CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER.
+
+_Erysimum grandiflorum_, Nutt. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to eighteen inches high. _Leaves._--Spatulate or
+     oblanceolate; entire, toothed or lobed; lower long-petioled.
+     _Sepals._--Four; one pair strongly gibbous at base.
+     _Petals._--An inch long; long-clawed; cream-color or yellowish.
+     _Stamens._--Six; two shorter. _Ovary._--One-celled; linear.
+     Style stout; short. Stigma capitate. _Pod._--Nearly flat;
+     thirty lines or less long. _Syn._--_Cheiranthus asper_, Cham.
+     and Schlecht. _Hab._--The seaboard from Los Angeles to Oregon.
+
+Growing along sandy stretches, or upon open mesas by the seashore, we may
+find the showy blossoms of the cream-colored wall-flower from February to
+May. These flowers are less stocky and much more delicate than the garden
+species; and when seen numerously dotting a field carpeted with other
+flowers, they stand out conspicuously, claiming the attention peculiarly to
+themselves. They have not the delicious fragrance of the Western
+wall-flower. At first yellowish, they become pale cream-color after
+fertilization has taken place.
+
+_E. asperum_, DC., the Western wall-flower, is widely distributed, and may
+be known from the above by its four-sided pods, and by its flowers, which
+are usually orange-color--though they occasionally vary to yellow or
+purple. These blossoms are especially abundant in the mountains and valleys
+of the south, where their brilliant orange is conspicuous amid the lush
+greens of springtime. They are very fragrant, and are favorites among our
+wild flowers.
+
+
+BUR-CLOVER.
+
+_Medicago denticulata_, Willd. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate or ascending. _Leaves._--Trifoliolate.
+     _Leaflets._--Cuneate-obovate or obcordate; toothed above.
+     _Flowers._--Papilionaceous; small; yellow; two or three in a
+     cluster. _Stamens._--Nine united, one free. _Pods._--Coiled
+      into two circles; armed with hooked prickles. _Hab._--Common
+      everywhere; introduced.
+
+[Illustration CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER--_Erysimum grandiflorum_.]
+
+The bur-clover is a little European weed which has become very widespread
+and very much at home among us. It is an excellent forage-plant, and in
+late summer, when our cattle have eaten everything else, they feed upon the
+little burs, which are very nutritious in themselves. But these same little
+coiled burs, with their numerous firm hooks, work great damage to wool,
+imbedding themselves in it so firmly as to make it very difficult to remove
+them without seriously injuring its quality. These plants invade our lawns,
+where they become very troublesome.
+
+
+COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus luteus_, L. Figwort Family.
+
+     Varying greatly in size. _Stems._--One to four feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly smooth; ovate-oval or cordate; coarsely
+     notched. _Flowers._--Yellow. _Calyx._--Sharply five-angled;
+     unevenly five-lobed. _Corolla._--One or two inches long; lower
+     lip usually spotted with brown purple. _Stamens._--Four; in
+     pairs. Anthers with two divergent cells. _Ovary._--Two-celled.
+     Style long and slender. Stigma with two rounded lips.
+     _Hab._--Common throughout California.
+
+The bright canary-colored blossoms of the common monkey-flower are a
+familiar sight upon almost every stream-bank. The plant varies greatly in
+size, according to the locality of its growth. I once saw it flourishing in
+the rich soil of a lake-shore, where its hollow stems were as large as an
+ordinary cane, and its blossoms grotesquely large.
+
+_M. moschatus_, Dougl., the common musk-plant of cultivation, is usually
+found along mountain-streams. It may be known by its clammy, musk-scented,
+light-green herbage. Its flowers are larger than in cultivation.
+
+_M. brevipes_, Benth., is common from Santa Barbara to San Diego, upon
+hillsides in spring. It has stems a foot or two high, lanceolate leaves one
+to four inches long, and large, handsome yellow flowers, having a pair of
+ridges running down their open throats.
+
+[Illustration COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER--_Mimulus luteus_.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_OEnothera bistorta_, Nutt. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     From several inches to a foot or two high. _Leaves._--Three or
+     four inches long; denticulate; the upper mostly rounded at
+     base. _Petals._--Yellow; four to seven lines long; with usually
+     a brown spot at the base. _Stigma._--Large and spherical.
+     _Capsule._--Four to nine lines long; a line or so wide;
+     attenuate upward; contorted. (See _OEnothera_.) _Hab._--Ventura
+     to San Diego.
+
+This is a very common species of evening primrose in the south, and may be
+found blooming until June. It is very variable in its manner of growth. In
+moist, shaded localities it becomes an erect plant a foot or two high;
+while upon open, exposed plains it is often only two or three inches high,
+but seems almost to emulate the "sunshine" in its attempt to gild the plain
+with its bright blossoms. It frequently grows in gravelly washes. Its
+flowers have a peculiarly clean, brilliant, alert look, and may usually be
+known by the brown spot at the base of the petals. The specific name is in
+reference to its twice-twisted capsule.
+
+The "beach primrose," _OE. cheiranthifolia, var. suffruticosa_, Wats.,
+often grows in great beds upon the dry sands of the seashore, from Monterey
+to San Diego. Its decumbent stems are thickly clothed with small, ovate,
+stemless leaves, and its silvery foliage makes a beautiful setting for its
+large golden flowers.
+
+
+FAWN-LILY. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. CHAMISE-LILY.
+
+_Erythronium giganteum_, Lindl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Usually elongated. _Leaves._--Oblong; six to ten
+     inches long; dark green, usually mottled in mahogany and dark
+     brown. _Scape._--One- to many-flowered. _Perianth._--Broadly
+     funnel-form, with six deciduous segments; at length revolute to
+     the stem. _Segments._--Straw-color, with orange base, with
+     often a transverse, brownish band across the base; broadly
+     lanceolate; eighteen lines or so long. _Stamens._--Six.
+     Filaments filiform. Anthers basifixed. _Ovary._--Three-celled.
+     Style slender. Stigma three-lobed. _Hab._--The interior of the
+     Coast Ranges, from Sonoma County to the Willamette Valley.
+
+[Illustration FAWN-LILY--_Erythronium giganteum_.]
+
+The dog's-tooth violets expand into larger, finer creations upon our shores
+than were ever dreamed of elsewhere. They seem to imbibe new vigor in the
+sweet life-giving air of our Coast Range forests. In Southern Oregon, they
+reach their maximum development, manifesting themselves in numerous
+beautiful species. With us the common title becomes still more
+inappropriate than for the Atlantic species--for nothing could be farther
+from a violet than these large pale flowers, which in reality look far more
+like lilies. Indeed, in Mendocino County they are commonly known as
+"chamise-lilies." Another name is "Adam and Eve," bestowed because the
+plant often bears a large and a small flower at the same time.
+
+Personally, I am inclined to favor Mr. Burroughs' suggestion of
+"fawn-lily." It is both appropriate and pretty. The two erect leaves are
+like the ears of a fawn; their beautiful mottling is not without a hint of
+the fawn's spots; and the blossom is lily-like. The plant is shy, too,
+keeping to the seclusion of our deep cañons. In such situations we may find
+them in groups of a few, or occasionally in beds of hundreds. No more
+delightful surprise could be imagined than to come suddenly upon such a
+garden far from the habitations of man. The pale flowers, with orange
+centers, when fully open, roll their petals back to the stem, like those of
+the leopard-lily; but in cloudy weather they often maintain a campanulate
+outline. Plants have frequently been seen with from eight to sixteen
+flowers upon a stem, the flowers three or four inches across!
+
+These are great favorites in gardens, and in cultivation are known as _E.
+grandiflorum_. We have several species of _Erythronium_, all of them
+beautiful.
+
+
+STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus glutinosus_, Wend. Figwort Family.
+
+     Glutinous shrubs two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Narrowly
+     oblong to linear; one to four inches long; with margins at
+     length rolled backward. _Flowers._--Corn-color to red; eighteen
+     lines to three inches long. _Calyx._--Irregularly five-toothed.
+     _Corolla._--Funnel-form; five-lobed; the lobes gnawed.
+     _Stigma._--White. (See _Mimulus_.) _Hab._--San Francisco to San
+     Diego, and southward.
+
+[Illustration STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER--_Mimulus glutinosus_.]
+
+During a walk upon the hills, at almost any time of year, we may find the
+corn-colored blossoms of the sticky monkey-flower, but they are most
+abundant in spring and summer. When in full flower the small bushes are
+very ornamental, as they are a perfect mass of bloom. They are said to be
+especially handsome as greenhouse plants.
+
+The flowers vary through a wide range of color, from almost white to a rich
+scarlet, but the commoner hue is the corn-color. The scarlet-flowered form,
+found at San Diego, constitutes the _var. puniceus_, Gray. Another form,
+with red-brown to salmon-colored flowers on very short pedicels, is the
+_var. linearis_, Gray. The very long-flowered form is the _var. brachypus_,
+Gray. The sensitive lips of the stigma close upon being touched or after
+receiving pollen.
+
+
+CREEPING WOOD-VIOLET.
+
+_Viola sarmentosa_, Dougl. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Creeping. _Leaves._--Round-cordate; six to eighteen
+     lines broad; finely crenate; often rusty beneath; usually
+     punctate with dark dots. _Peduncles._--Slender.
+     _Flowers._--Small; light yellow without and within. (Flower
+     structure as in _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges, from
+     Monterey to British Columbia.
+
+This modest little violet is found commonly in woods,--often in redwood
+forests,--where it carpets the ground with its shapely little round leaves.
+
+Its specific name refers to its running habit.
+
+
+COMMON BLACK MUSTARD.
+
+_Brassica nigra_, Koch. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to twelve feet high. _Lower
+     leaves._--Lyrate; with large terminal lobes. _Upper
+     leaves._--Lobed or entire. _Flowers._--Yellow. _Sepals._--Four.
+     _Petals._--Four; three to four lines long. _Stamens._--Six.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long. _Pod._--Six to nine lines
+     long, with seeds in one row. _Hab._--Common everywhere;
+     introduced.
+
+I can give no truer idea of the manner of growth of this common plant in
+California than by quoting Mrs. Jackson's charming description of it from
+"Ramona":--
+
+"The wild mustard in Southern California is like that spoken of in the New
+Testament, in the branches of which the birds of the air may rest. Coming
+up out of the earth, so slender a stem that dozens can find starting-point
+in an inch, it darts up a slender, straight shoot, five, ten, twenty feet,
+with hundreds of fine, feathery branches locking and interlocking with all
+the other hundreds around it, till it is an inextricable network, like
+lace. Then it bursts into yellow bloom, still finer, more feathery and
+lacelike. The stems are so infinitesimally small and of so dark a green,
+that at a short distance they do not show, and the cloud of blossoms seems
+floating in the air; at times it looks like a golden dust. With a clear,
+blue sky behind it, as it is often seen, it looks like a golden snowstorm."
+
+The tall stems are favorite haunts of the red-winged blackbird, who tilts
+about among them, showing his scarlet wings and occasionally plunging into
+the depths below, as though he found a spot there much to his mind.
+
+A very superior oil is made from the seed of the mustard, which is one of
+the strongest antiseptics known. It is especially adapted to the needs of
+the druggist, because it does not become rancid. The flour of mustard is
+now much used by surgeons to render their hands aseptic. Tons of the seed
+are exported from California every year.
+
+
+ECHEVERIA.
+
+_Cotyledon lanceolata_, Benth. and Hook. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.
+
+     Fleshy plants, with tufted radical leaves. _Leaves._--Narrowly
+     lanceolate; the outer ones two to four inches long; acuminate.
+     _Scapes._--Fifteen inches high; their lower leaves lanceolate;
+     becoming above broadly triangular-ovate, clasping, acute;
+     bearing on their summit a branching flower-cluster.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Cylindrical; of five almost
+     distinct, oblong, acute petals, four to six lines long,
+     reddish-yellow. _Stamens._--Ten. _Ovaries._--Five; distinct;
+     one-celled. _Hab._--Los Angeles to San Diego.
+
+These plants, which are of frequent occurrence in the south, usually affect
+dry, sandy soils. The fleshy foliage is of a warm tone, owing to a
+suffusion of pink in the leaves. These have a loose, erect habit, and are
+not crowded in dense rosettes, as are those of some species, and they are
+so weak that they pull apart easily. The tall flowering stems have but few
+leaves, and are sometimes nearly naked.
+
+In early summer these plants put forth a strong effort, quickly sending up
+several tall, vigorous flower-shoots, drawing upon the nourishment stored
+in the fleshy leaves, which then become limp and shriveled.
+
+Growing upon the coast at San Diego is a very curious and interesting
+species--_C. edulis_, Brew. This has cylindrical leaves, about the size of
+a lead-pencil, which grow in tufts, often a foot or two across. Its flowers
+are greenish-yellow. It is commonly known as "finger-tips." Its young
+leaves are considered very palatable by the Indians, who use them as a
+salad.
+
+
+HEN-AND-CHICKENS.
+
+_Cotyledon Californicum_, Trelease. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.
+
+     (For flower structure, see _Cotyledon lanceolata_.)
+     _Hab._--Central California.
+
+The word "cotyledon" signifies any cup-shaped hollow or cavity, and has
+been applied to the plants of this genus on account of the manner of growth
+of the leaves, which is usually in a hollow rosette. The fleshy leaves are
+often covered with a bloom or a floury powder. These plants are familiar to
+most of us, as some of the species are extensively cultivated in our
+gardens as border-plants. Owing to their habit of producing a circle of
+young plants around the parent, they are commonly called
+"hen-and-chickens." We have several native species, which are usually found
+upon warm, rocky hill-slopes, or upon rocks near the sea.
+
+_C. Californicum_ is a beautiful form, with pointed, ovate leaves, of a
+light glaucous green, often tinged with pink. Its flowers are yellow, and
+have their petals distinct almost to the base, and its carpels are
+distinct. We are told that the Indians make soothing poultices of these
+leaves.
+
+[Illustration HEN-AND-CHICKENS--_Cotyledon Californicum_.]
+
+Another species--_C. pulverulenta_, Benth. and Hook.,--found from Santa
+Barbara to San Diego, is a very beautiful plant. It bears its leaves in a
+symmetrical rosette, like a diminutive century-plant. These leaves are
+usually covered with a dense white bloom, and the outer ones are spatulate,
+abruptly pointed, and two to four inches broad at the tip, while the inner
+are pointed. The plants are sometimes a foot and a half across, and send up
+as many as eight of the leafy flowering stems, which look like
+many-storied, slender Chinese pagodas. The blossoms are pale-red.
+
+
+BLADDERPOD.
+
+_Isomeris arborea_, Nutt. Caper Family.
+
+     Shrubby; evil-scented. _Leaves._--Alternate; compound, with
+     three leaflets. _Flowers._--With their parts in fours.
+     _Petals._--Yellow; five to eight lines long. _Stamens._--Eight;
+     of equal length. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style short.
+     _Pod._--Pendulous; inflated; pear-shaped; on a long stalk.
+     _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+This low shrub is somewhat plentiful upon the mesas of the south. Its
+yellow flowers attract one to it, only to be repulsed by the dreadful odor
+of its foliage. It certainly ought to have some compensating utility for so
+repellent a characteristic. The ovary is so long-stalked, even in the
+flower, that it looks like an abnormal, inflated stigma.
+
+This is the only species of the genus.
+
+
+YELLOW GLOBE-TULIP. DIOGENES' LANTERN. GOLDEN LILY-BELL.
+
+_Calochortus pulchellus_, Dougl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Somewhat flexuous, with spreading branches; two
+     inches to a foot or more high. _Radical leaf._--Equaling or
+     exceeding the stem; four to twelve lines broad.
+     _Sepals._--Greenish or yellow; eight to twelve lines long.
+     _Petals._--Yellow; strongly arched; glandular ciliate.
+     _Gland._--A deep pit, conspicuously prominent on the outside of
+     the petals, covered within by appressed hairs. (See
+     _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges, from Monterey to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+We have no more charmingly graceful flower than the yellow globe-tulip. A
+single, long, grasslike leaf precedes the flexuous stem, with its quaintly
+arched and delicately fringed blossoms. There is a certain quizzical look
+about these flowers--something akin to the inquiring look of Diogenes, as
+he thrust his lantern into all sorts of out-of-the-way places in broad
+daylight. The margins of the petals look as though they had been snipped
+into a very fine, delicate fringe, unlike the slender, tapering hairs of
+_C. alba_.
+
+[Illustration DIOGENES' LANTERN--_Calochortus pulchellus_.]
+
+The Indians are fond of the bulbs, which they eat with great relish,
+calling them "Bo."
+
+
+YELLOW SAND-VERBENA.
+
+_Abronia latifolia_, Esch. Four-o'clock Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate; rubbery. _Leaves._--Opposite; unequal;
+     roundish; an inch or so across; petioled; leathery; gummy.
+     _Flowers._--Yellow; five or six lines long; in dense clusters,
+     subtended by an involucre of five distinct bracts.
+     _Perianth._--Salver-shaped. Tube green; its base strongly
+     angled or winged. Limb yellow; four or five-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Mostly five, within the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style filiform. Stigma club-shaped.
+     _Hab._--The seashore from Vancouver Island to Monterey.
+
+The fragrant blossoms of the yellow sand-verbena may be found upon the
+beach at almost any time of year. The stout root, which often becomes
+several feet long, is sometimes eaten by the Indians.
+
+
+SEA-DAHLIA.
+
+_Leptosyne maritima_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sometimes six inches long; two or three
+     times divided into rather sparse, linear divisions; quite
+     succulent. _Flower-heads._--Solitary; on naked peduncles from
+     six inches to two feet long; large; three or four inches
+     across; yellow; of disk- and ray-flowers. _Rays._--Narrowly
+     oblong; ten-nerved; three-toothed. _Involucre._--Double; the
+     outer part of several loose, leafy scales; the inner of eight
+     to twelve, erect, more chaffy ones. _Hab._--The seashore of San
+     Diego and the islands.
+
+On the cliffs overlooking the sea, where its merry yellow faces can watch
+the white-crested breakers as they chase one another ashore in never-ending
+succession, and where the pelicans sail lazily over in lines, and gulls
+circle and scream, the sea-dahlia flaunts its large yellow flowers. They
+closely resemble the yellow single dahlias of our gardens; but the foliage
+ is cut into long lobes, and has the appearance of a coarse, very open
+lace. The odor of the flowers is not especially agreeable, but the plant
+merits a place in the garden for its beauty.
+
+[Illustration YELLOW SAND-VERBENA--_Abronia latifolia_.]
+
+
+FALSE LUPINE.
+
+_Thermopsis Californica_, Wats. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two feet tall. _Leaves._--With leafy stipules an inch
+     long. _Leaflets._--Three; obovate to oblanceolate; an inch or
+     two long; somewhat woolly. _Flowers._--Yellow; in
+     long-peduncled recemes. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft; the two
+     upper teeth often united. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous; eight
+     lines long. _Stamens._--Ten; all distinct.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Pod._--Silky; six- to eight-seeded.
+     _Hab._--Marin County and southward.
+
+The false lupine very closely resembles the true lupines, but may be
+distinguished from them by the stamens, which are all distinct, instead of
+being united into a sheath. Its silvery foliage and racemes of rather large
+canary-colored flowers are common upon open hill-slopes by April.
+
+
+TIDY-TIPS. YELLOW DAISY.
+
+_Layia platyglossa_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or so high; loosely branching.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; the lower linear and pinnatifid,
+     the upper entire. _Flowerheads._--Solitary; terminal; of
+     disk- and ray-flowers. _Disk-flowers._--Yellow, with black
+     stamens. _Rays._--Bright yellow, tipped with white; six lines
+     long; four lines wide; three-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout Western
+     California; in low ground.
+
+Among the most charming of our flowers are the beautiful tidy-tips. In
+midspring, countless millions of them lift themselves above the sheets of
+golden _Baeria_ on our flower-tapestried plains. The fresh winds come
+sweetly laden with their delicate fragrance. Were they not scattered
+everywhere in such lavish profusion, we would doubtless cherish them in our
+gardens.
+
+Growing among these blossoms is often found another flower, somewhat
+similar to them. This is _Leptosyne Douglasii_, DC., the false tidy-tip. It
+has not the clean, natty appearance of _Layia platyglossa_; for the gradual
+blending of the light tips into the darker yellow below gives it an
+indefinite, unattractive look. There is a difference in the involucre,
+which has two series of bracts, and there are no touches of black among the
+disk-flowers.
+
+[Illustration FALSE TIDY-TIPS--_Leptosyne Douglasii_. TIDY-TIPS--_Layia
+Platyglossa_.]
+
+
+GOLDEN BUTTERFLY-TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus clavatus_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Los Angeles County to San Luis Obispo and El Dorado
+     County.
+
+Of all our Mariposa tulips, this is the largest-flowered and
+stoutest-stemmed, and once seen is not readily forgotten. Its magnificent
+flowers are sometimes six inches across, though not usually so large, and
+have the form of a broad-based cup. The sturdy, zigzagging stems and
+glaucous leaves and bracts, combined with the large rich, canary-colored or
+golden flowers, make a striking plant. The first glance within the cup
+shows the ring of club-shaped hairs, characteristic of this species, and
+the anthers radiating starlike in the center; and as the latter are often a
+dark, rich prune-purple, the effect can readily be imagined.
+
+I saw this charming Mariposa blooming in abundance in May near Newhall,
+where its golden cups were conspicuously beautiful against the soft browns
+of the drying fields and hill-slopes. It is usually found growing upon lava
+soil.
+
+_C. Weedii_, Wood., found from San Diego to San Luis Obispo, is a charming
+species, somewhat similar to the above. Its flowers are yellow, purple, or
+pure white, and it may be known by several characteristics. Its bulb is
+heavily coated with coarse fibers; it has a single, long radical leaf, like
+_C. albus_, but unusual among the Mariposas; and its cups are covered all
+over within with silky hairs.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Malacothrix Californica_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; pinnately parted into very narrow
+     linear divisions. _Scape._--Six inches to a foot high; bearing
+     a solitary, large, light-yellow head. _Flower-head._--Composed
+     of strap-shaped ray-flowers only; five-toothed at the apex.
+     _Involucres._--Of narrow acute scales in two or three series.
+     _Receptacle._--Nearly naked. _Hab._--San Francisco to San
+     Diego, and eastward.
+
+These beautiful _Compositae_ are conspicuous upon our open plains in late
+spring, and are among the handsomest plants of the family. The fine flowers
+seem to be sown like disks of light over the flower-carpet of the plain.
+
+
+BUTTER-AND-EGGS.
+
+_Orthocarpus erianthus_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Slender, with many erect branches; stems and bracts usually
+     dark-reddish; soft pubescent. _Corolla._--Deep sulphur-yellow;
+     the slender falcate upper lip dark purple; the tube very
+     slender, but the sacs of the lower lip large and deep, their
+     folds hairy within. (See _Orthocarpus_.) _Hab._--Monterey
+     County and northward; very common.
+
+There are many species of _Orthocarpus_, and they are more numerous in
+Middle and Northern California and in the Sierras, few of them reaching the
+south. They are very difficult of determination, and are not well
+understood by botanists yet. A common name for the plants of this genus is
+"owl's clover."
+
+
+BRASS BUTTONS.
+
+_Cotula coronopifolia_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to a foot long. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     lanceolate or oblong-linear; pinnatifid or entire.
+     _Flower-heads._--Solitary; yellow; three to six lines across;
+     without rays. _Involucre._--Of two ranks of nearly equal,
+     scarious-margined scales. _Hab._--Common everywhere.
+
+These little weeds are natives of the Southern Hemisphere, but are now
+common everywhere. They affect wet places, and their little flowers, like
+brass buttons, are very familiar objects along our roadsides. The foliage
+when crushed gives out a curious odor, between lemon-verbena and camphor.
+
+
+DEER-WEED. WILD BROOM.
+
+_Hosackia glabra_, Torr. Pea Family.
+
+     Woody at base; two to eight feet high; erect or decumbent.
+     _Stems._--Many; slender; branching; reed-like.
+     _Leaves._--Sparse; short-petioled; mostly trifoliolate.
+     Leaflets three to six lines long; oblong to linear-oblong;
+     nearly glabrous. _Flowers._--In numerous small axillary umbels;
+     yellow; four lines long. _Calyx._--Less than three lines long;
+     five-toothed. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous. _Stamens._--Nine
+     united and one free. _Pod._--Elongated; exserted. Seeds two.
+     (See _Leguminosae_.) _Hab._--Common throughout the State.
+
+This graceful, willowy plant, whose slender branches are closely set with
+small golden-yellow flowers, in which there is often a hint of red, is as
+ornamental as any of the small-flowered foreign _Genestas_, or brooms, we
+grow in our gardens; but because it is so very abundant throughout our
+borders, we have become blind to its merits. It is especially beautiful and
+symmetrical in the south, where the low, bushy plants often spread over
+several feet of ground; and on the mesas of Coronado, the plants growing
+not far removed from one another, lend to the natural scene the aspect of a
+garden. There it is in full flower in April; but in the north the blossoms
+are usually later in arriving, and it is often June before they show
+themselves; then making whole hill-slopes dull-yellow among the chaparral.
+
+It is a great favorite with the bees, and for them holds untold treasure in
+honey-making sweets. Among the mountaineers it is known as "deer-weed" and
+"buck-brush," as both deer and stock are said to feed upon it and flourish,
+when pasturage is scarce, though they rarely touch it when other food is
+plenty.
+
+
+TREFOIL SUMACH. FRAGRANT SUMACH. SQUAW-BERRY.
+
+_Rhus Canadensis, var. trilobata_, Gray. Poison-Oak or Cashew Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to five feet high; spreading.
+     _Leaves._--Three-foliolate. _Leaflets._--Sessile; wedge-shaped;
+     six lines to an inch long; pubescent, becoming smooth.
+     _Flowers._--Yellowish; minute; borne in short, scaly-bracted
+     spikes preceding the leaves. _Fruit._--Viscid; reddish; two or
+     three lines in diameter; pleasantly acid. _Syn._--_R.
+     aromatica, var. trilobata_, Gray. _Hab._--Dakota to Texas, and
+     west to California and Oregon.
+
+[Illustration DEER-WEED.--_Hosackia glabra_.]
+
+The dense foliage of these little bushes has a strong odor, which is not
+altogether agreeable, while their small fruit has a pleasant acid taste,
+and is much relished by the Indians.
+
+Dr. Edward Palmer writes that this shrub furnishes the Indians of Utah,
+Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern California with one of the most valuable
+of basket materials. The young twigs, which are much tougher than those of
+the willow, are soaked, scraped, and split. The baskets are then built up
+of a succession of small rolls of grass, over which the split twigs are
+closely and firmly bound. The baskets thus made are very durable, will hold
+water, and are often used to cook in, by dropping hot stones into them till
+the food is done. The wood exhales a peculiar odor, which is always
+recognizable about the camps of these Indians, and never leaves articles
+made from it.
+
+This is grown in England as an ornamental shrub.
+
+
+GOLDEN STARS.
+
+_Bloomeria aurea_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--Six lines in diameter. _Leaf._--Solitary; about
+     equaling the scape; three to six lines broad. _Scape._--Six to
+     eighteen inches high. _Flowers._--Yellow; fifteen to sixty in
+     an umbel. _Perianth._--About an inch across. _Stamens._--Six;
+     with cup-shaped appendages. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style
+     club-shaped. Stigma three-lobed. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from
+     Monterey to San Diego.
+
+Just as the floral procession begins to slacken a little before the
+oncoming of summer, the fields suddenly blossom out anew and twinkle with
+millions of the golden stars of the _Bloomeria_. These plants are closely
+allied to the _Brodiaeas_, and by some authorities are classed as such.
+They are especially characterized by the structure of the stamens, which
+rise out of a tiny cup. Under a glass this cup is seen to be granular,
+somewhat flattened, and furnished with two cusps, or points. The anthers
+are a very pretty Nile or peacock green.
+
+[Illustration GOLDEN STARS--_Bloomeria aurea_.]
+
+Another species--_B. Clevelandi_, Wats.--is easily distinguished from the
+above by its numerous narrow leaves and its green-nerved perianth. This is
+found at San Diego, upon the mesas in midspring, growing abundantly in
+spots which, earlier in the season, have been mud-holes. Its open flowers
+are so outnumbered by the numerous undeveloped green buds, that, even
+though it grows in masses, it is not very showy, but makes the ground a
+dull yellow. But its flower-clusters are feathery and delicate.
+
+There is another plant which closely resembles the _Bloomerias_. This is
+the "golden Brodiaea"--_Brodiaea ixioides_, Wats. But the filaments,
+instead of having a cuplike appendage, are winged, with the little anthers
+swinging prettily upon their summits. This is found in the Coast Ranges,
+from Santa Barbara northward, also in the Sierras. It is a beautiful
+flower; especially when seen starring the velvet alpine meadows in August.
+
+Another plant--_Brodiaea lactea_, Wats.--the "white Brodiaea" has flowers
+similar to the above, but pure white (sometimes lilac), with a green
+mid-vein. This is common in late spring from Monterey to British Columbia.
+
+
+YELLOW SWEET CLOVER.
+
+_Melilotus parviflora_, Desf. Pea Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Widely naturalized from Europe.
+
+In early summer the breezes come laden with fragrance from the sweet
+clover. This is easily recognized by its tall stems, its fragrant leaves,
+with three small, toothed leaflets, and its small crowded racemes of minute
+yellow flowers a line long.
+
+A white form--_Melilotus alba_, Lam.--is found in the north. Its flowers
+are vanilla-scented.
+
+This plant is a highly valued remedy in the pharmacopoeia for various
+ailments, and its sweet-scented flowers have been used for flavoring many
+products, such as Gruyère cheese, snuff, and tobacco. In Europe the
+blossoms are packed among furs to give them a pleasant odor and keep away
+moths.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN COMPASS-PLANT. SUNFLOWER.
+
+_Wyethia angustifolia_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Long-lanceolate; pointed at both ends; the radical
+     and lower ones six to twelve inches long; the upper sessile,
+     shorter, and often broader. _Flower-heads._--Yellow; composed
+     of ray- and disk-flowers. Plume-like styles of the latter
+     conspicuous. _Ray flowers._--Numerous; one inch long; six lines
+     wide; early deciduous. _Involucre._--Broadly campanulate, of
+     numerous erect, loose, foliaceous, ciliate scales, in several
+     rows. _Hab._--Monterey, east to the Sierra foothills and north
+     to Oregon.
+
+In late spring our open plains and hillsides are often plentifully sown
+with the large golden flowers of these Californian compass-plants, called
+"sunflowers" by many people. There is a belief prevalent that their erect
+leaves always stand with their edges pointing north and south, whence the
+common name. This trait is said to be true of all the species.
+
+_W. helenioides_, Nutt., has large, broad leaves, which are white-woolly
+when young. Its flower-heads are often four inches or more across.
+
+This plant is used as a common domestic remedy for coughs and colds by
+Californian housewives, and goes under the unmerited name of "poison-weed."
+It has also been adopted among physicians as an officinal drug. The root,
+which is slightly bitter and aromatic, is made into a tincture and
+administered for asthma, throat disorders, and epidemic influenza, with
+excellent results. It blooms in early spring, and is common upon hillsides.
+
+Another species, very similar to the above, is _W. glabra_, Gray. This may
+be known by its smooth green leaves, which are often very viscid. It is
+found from Marin County southward, in the Coast Ranges, and probably
+northward.
+
+_W. mollis_, Gray, or "Indian wheat," is very abundant in the Sierras,
+growing all through the open woods, and covering great tracts of dry
+gravelly soil. Its large, coarse, somewhat woolly radical leaves stand
+erect and clustered, usually having a flower-stalk or two in their midst,
+bearing some smaller leaves, and several yellow flower-heads, which
+resemble small sunflowers with yellow centers. It has a strong odor, and
+gives a characteristic smell to the region where it grows. The common name,
+"Indian wheat," has been bestowed upon it not because it in the least
+resembles wheat, but because the Indians gather the seed in great
+quantities and grind it into a flour.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM.
+
+_Fremontia Californica_, Torr. Hand-tree Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees from two to twenty feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; round-cordate to round-ovate;
+     moderately three- to five-lobed or cleft; woolly or whitish
+     beneath; the larger two inches wide.
+     _Flowers._--Short-peduncled on very short lateral branches;
+     numerous; one to three inches across; having three to five
+     small bractlets. _Calyx._--Corolla-like; brilliant gold,
+     five-cleft nearly to the base; the lobes having a rounded,
+     hairy pit at base. _Corolla._--Wanting. _Filaments._--United to
+     their middle; each bearing a linear, adnate, curved, two-celled
+     anther. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style filiform. _Hab._--Dry
+     Sierra foothills, from Lake County southward.
+
+No more beautiful sight is often seen than a slope covered with the wild
+slippery-elm in blossom. The bushes are almost obscured from view by the
+masses of large golden flowers. This shrub takes on various forms;
+sometimes sending out in every direction long slender branches, which are
+solid wreaths of the magnificent blooms; and again assuming a more erect,
+treelike habit. It has been hailed with delight in the gardens of our
+Southern States, and heartily welcomed in France and England. Why do not
+_we_ honor it with a place in our own gardens, instead of giving room to so
+many far less beautiful exotics?
+
+It flowers in early summer, and its season of bloom is said to last only
+about two weeks, but the brilliant hibiscus-like blossoms, drying upon
+their stems, maintain for a long time a semblance of their first beauty.
+The branches are tough and flexible, and are often cut for whips by
+teamsters. Among the mountaineers it is generally known as "leatherwood."
+But this name properly belongs to another entirely different plant, _Dirca
+palustris_.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM--_Fremontia Californica_.]
+
+The bark of the _Fremontia_ so closely resembles that of the slippery-elm
+in taste and other qualities, that it is difficult to distinguish between
+them; and it is used in the same manner for making poultices.
+
+We are told that this shrub thrives best upon a disintegrated granite soil,
+and reaches its finest development upon the arid slopes bordering such
+rainless regions as the Mojave Desert. It was first discovered by General
+Fremont when crossing the Sierras, about half a century ago, and was named
+in his honor. It is closely related to the mallows.
+
+
+DODDER. LOVE-VINE. GOLDEN-THREAD.
+
+_Cuscuta_, Tourn. Morning-Glory Family.
+
+     Leafless plants with filiform, yellow or orange-colored stems;
+     germinating in the soil; soon breaking off and becoming
+     parasitic upon other plants. _Flowers._--Small; white; densely
+     clustered. _Calyx._--Usually five-cleft or parted.
+     _Corolla._--Tubular or campanulate; four- or five-toothed or
+     lobed. _Stamens._--On the corolla, alternate with its lobes.
+     Filaments with fringed scales below. _Ovary._--Globose;
+     two-celled. Styles two.
+
+        .   .   .   "while everywhere
+    The love-vine spreads a silken snare,
+    The tangles of her yellow hair."
+
+Though popularly known as the love-vine, because of its clinging habit, it
+must be confessed that this pernicious plant in no respect merits the
+title. On the other hand, it might with propriety be called the octopus of
+the plant world. If you break a branch from a plant which has become its
+victim, you can see how it has twined itself about it, drawing its very
+life-blood from it at every turn, by means of ugly, wartlike suckers.
+
+It is no wonder, however, that people are generally deceived as to the
+moral character of this plant--for it is indeed a beautiful sight, when it
+spreads its golden tangle over the chamisal, wild buckwheat, and other
+plants, often completely hiding them from view.
+
+We have a number of species. _C. salina_ often covers our salt marshes with
+brilliant patches of orange.
+
+
+LARGE YELLOW LUPINE.
+
+_Lupinus arboreus_, Sims. Pea Family.
+
+     Shrubby; four to ten feet high. _Flowers._--Large; in a loose,
+     whorled raceme; sulphur-yellow; very fragrant.
+     _Leaflets._--Four to eleven; generally about nine; narrowly
+     lanceolate; nine to twenty lines long. _Pods._--Two to three
+     inches long; ten- to twelve-seeded; silky pubescent. (See
+     _Lupinus_.) _Hab._--Common from the Sacramento to San Diego.
+
+The large yellow lupine is a common plant upon our wind-swept mesas,
+growing in sandy soil. Its shrubby form, somewhat silvery foliage, and
+large canary-colored, very fragrant flowers make it always a conspicuous
+and beautiful plant.
+
+This species, together with _L. albifrons_, have been found most useful in
+anchoring the shifting sands of the dunes near San Francisco. It was
+accidentally discovered in a deep cutting that these lupines sent their
+roots down sometimes twenty feet, and the idea was conceived of making use
+of them in the above manner. Barley, which grows more rapidly than the
+lupine, was sown to protect the plants while very young. In a single year
+the lupines covered the sands with a dense growth, two or three feet high,
+sufficient to prevent them from shifting during the severest storms, and to
+allow of the subsequent planting of various pines, willows, and other
+trees. Thus the way was prepared for one of the most beautiful of
+pleasure-grounds--the Golden Gate Park of San Francisco which can hardly be
+rivaled anywhere for natural situation and diversity of scene.
+
+One of our handsomest species is _L. Stiveri_, Kell., found in the
+Yosemite. Its blossoms have yellow standards and rose-colored wings.
+
+
+ST. JOHN'S-WORT.
+
+_Hypericum concinnum_, Benth. St. John's-wort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to eighteen inches high; branching from a woody
+     base. _Leaves._--Opposite; often in four ranks; linear to
+     oblong; six lines to an inch or more long; usually folded;
+     translucently dotted. _Flowers._--Golden yellow; over an inch
+     across. _Sepals._--Five. _Petals._--Five; margins black-dotted.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous; in three bunches. _Ovary._--Usually
+     three-celled. Styles three. _Hab._--Central California.
+
+Just as spring is merging into summer, we may look for the bright golden
+flowers of our common St. John's-wort. The numerous stamens give these
+blossoms a feathery appearance, and the leaves often group themselves
+characteristically in four ranks upon the stems.
+
+All the plants of the genus are known as St. John's-wort, because certain
+of the species were supposed to flower upon the anniversary of this saint.
+Perhaps there are no other plants around which tradition has thrown such a
+glamour. Mr. Dyer says, in his interesting book, "The Folk-Lore of Plants,"
+that the St. John's-wort was supposed to be an excellent amulet against
+lightning, and that it had the magic property of revealing the presence of
+witches; whence in Germany it was extensively worn on St. John's Eve, when
+the air was supposed to be peopled with witches and evil spirits, who
+wandered abroad upon no friendly errands. In Denmark it is resorted to by
+anxious lovers who wish to divine their future.
+
+
+GOLDEN DICENTRA.
+
+_Dicentra chrysantha_, Hook. and Arn. Bleeding-heart Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Glaucous and smooth; two to five feet high.
+     _Leaves._--The larger ones a foot long or more; finely
+     dissected into small linear lobes. _Flowers._--Erect; yellow;
+     six to nine lines long; in a loose terminal panicle a foot or
+     two long. _Sepals._--Two; small; caducous.
+     _Corolla._--Flattened and cordate; of two pairs of petals; the
+     outer larger, saccate at base, and with spreading tips; the
+     inner much narrower, spoon-shaped, their tips cohering and
+     inclosing the anthers and stigma. _Stamens._--Six.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender. Stigma two-lobed.
+     _Hab._--Dry hills, Lake County to San Diego.
+
+[Illustration ST. JOHN'S-WORT--_Hypericum concinnum_.]
+
+The arrangement of the essential organs in the genus _Dicentra_ is very
+curious and interesting. The six stamens are borne in two companies of
+three each, which stand in front of the outer petals, and have their
+filaments more or less united at the base. The central stamen in each group
+has a two-celled anther, while its neighbor on either hand has but a
+one-celled anther. The stigma-lobes often bend downward prettily, like the
+flukes of a little anchor.
+
+To this genus belongs the beautiful Oriental bleeding-heart of the garden;
+and we have two or three interesting native species.
+
+_D. chrysantha_ is usually a somewhat coarse plant, lacking the grace of
+_D. formosa_, the Californian bleeding-heart. The pale leaves, which are
+minutely and delicately dissected, are suggestive of the fronds of certain
+Japanese ferns. But the flower-stalks are often stiff and sparsely
+flowered, and the blossoms, which are erect, not pendulous, have an
+over-powering narcotic odor, much like that of the poppy. These plants may
+be found upon dry hillsides or in sandy washes in early summer, where the
+brilliant yellow blossoms are quite conspicuous. One view of these flowers
+is not unlike the conventionalized tulip.
+
+This species is said to thrive well in cultivation and make a very
+effective plant when grown in rich garden soil.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN DANDELION.
+
+_Troximon grandiflorum_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     Herbs with woody tap-root and milky juice. _Leaves._--All
+     radical; lanceolate or oblanceolate; mostly laciniately
+     pinnatifid. _Scapes._--One to two and one half feet high.
+     _Heads._--Solitary; two inches or so across; of strap-shaped
+     yellow rays only. _Involucre._--Of several series of imbricated
+     scales, the outer foliaceous and loose. _Receptacle._--Mostly
+     naked; pitted. _Akenes._--Two lines long; tapering into a
+     filiform beak six or eight lines long, surmounted by a tuft of
+     silk. _Hab._--Washington to Southern California near the Coast.
+
+The common dandelion of the East has found its way into our lawns, but it
+never adapts itself as a wild plant to the vicissitudes of our dry summer
+climate. Nature has given us a dandelion of our own, of a different genus,
+which is quite as beautiful, though its flowers are not so vivid a gold.
+They are larger than those of the Eastern plant, and are borne upon taller
+stems. In early summer the large, ethereal globes of the ripened seed are
+conspicuous objects, hovering over our straw-tinted fields.
+
+Mr. Burroughs writes of the dandelion:--"After its first blooming, comes
+its second and finer and more spiritual inflorescence, when its stalk,
+dropping its more earthly and carnal flower, shoots upward and is presently
+crowned by a globe of the most delicate and aerial texture. It is like the
+poet's dream, which succeeds his rank and golden youth. This globe is a
+fleet of a hundred fairy balloons, each one of which bears a seed which it
+is destined to drop far from the parent source."
+
+If gathered just before they open and allowed to expand in the house, these
+down-globes will remain perfect for a long time and make an exquisite
+adornment for some delicate vase.
+
+We have several other species of _Troximon_, but this is our finest.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hosackia bicolor_, Dougl. Pea Family.
+
+     Smooth throughout; erect; two feet high. _Leaves._--With rather
+     large, scarious, triangular stipules; pinnate.
+     _Leaflets._--Five to nine; obovate or oblong; six to twelve
+     lines long. _Peduncles._--Three- to seven-flowered; naked or
+     with a small scarious, one- to three-leaved bract.
+     _Flowers._--Seven lines long. _Calyx-teeth._--Triangular; half
+     as long as the tube. _Standard._--Yellow; wings and keel white.
+     _Stamens._--Nine united; one free. _Pod._--Linear; nearly two
+     inches long; acute. _Hab._--Middle California to the State of
+     Washington.
+
+The yellow and white blossoms of this pretty _Hosackia_ are quite showy,
+and are usually found upon low ground near the seaboard.
+
+Another similar species, also having a yellow standard and white wings and
+keel, is _H. Torreyi_, Gray. This is more or less silky pubescent; its
+wings are not spreading, its leaflets are narrower, and the bract of the
+umbel is sessile. This is found along shaded stream-banks both in the
+higher Coast Ranges and in the Sierras, and blooms in summer.
+
+_H. gracilis_, Benth., with the standard yellow and the widespreading wings
+and shorter keel of rose-color, occurs in moist meadows along the coast
+from Monterey to the Columbia. It blooms by the middle of April.
+
+_H. crassifolia_, Benth., a very large species, two or three feet high,
+with greenish-yellow or purplish flowers, is abundant in the Yosemite
+Valley about the borders of meadows. It is also common in the foothill
+region.
+
+
+SKUNK-CABBAGE.
+
+_Lysichiton Camtschatcensis_, Schott. Arum Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Thick; horizontal. _Leaves._--All radical;
+     oblong-lanceolate; acute; one to three feet or more long; three
+     to ten inches broad; narrowed to a short petiole or sessile.
+     _Flowers._--Small, crowded on a spadix, at the summit of a
+     stout peduncle becoming six to twelve inches long.
+     _Spadix._--With an erect, spoon-shaped spathe, one and one-half
+     to two feet long; bright yellow. _Perianth._--Four-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Four. Filaments short, flat. _Ovary._--Conical;
+     two-celled. Stigma depressed. _Fruit._--Fleshy, coalescent and
+     sunk in the rachis. _Hab._--Peat bogs; from Mendocino County
+     northward to Alaska; also, perhaps, in the Rocky Mountains.
+
+In our northwestern counties, before the frost is entirely out of the
+ground, the leaves of the skunk-cabbage may be seen pushing their way up
+through the standing water of marshy localities. They soon attain a great
+size, and resemble the leaves of the banana-tree. They are of a rich
+velvet-green, slightly mottled, and are said to rival some of the tropical
+productions of our greenhouses.
+
+There seems to be a difference of opinion as to the disagreeableness of
+these leaves. I suspect the odor lies mostly in the slimy, soapy sap, and
+is not very noticeable if they are not bruised or cut.
+
+When the plants are in bloom, in May and June, they are very handsome, the
+large spoon-shaped, golden spathes being conspicuous at some distance. As
+this spathe withers away, the flower-stalk continues to grow, and its
+little greenish-yellow blossoms become brown.
+
+[Illustration _Hosackia gracilis._]
+
+The peppery root is highly esteemed for medicinal purposes, and is
+gathered and made into a salve, which is considered a specific for
+ringworm, white swelling, inflammatory rheumatism, etc. The root is said to
+enter largely into the composition of a patent medicine called "Skookum."
+
+Mr. Johnson, of the U.S. Forestry Department in Oregon, tells me that the
+bears are very fond of this root, and dig industriously for it, often
+making a hole large enough to bury themselves, and he mentions having seen
+whole fields plowed up by them in their search for it.
+
+This plant belongs to the same family as the skunk-cabbage of the East and
+the calla-lily. It has been found in the Santa Cruz Mountains.
+
+
+BLAZING-STAR.
+
+_Mentzelia laevicaulis_, Torr. and Gray. Loasa or Blazing-star Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; two or three feet high; white.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; lanceolate; sinuate-toothed; two
+     to eight inches long. _Flowers._--Sessile, on short branches;
+     light yellow or cream-color; three or four inches across.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Cylindrical; naked; limb five-cleft nearly to
+     the base. _Petals._--About ten; oblanceolate; acute.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous on the calyx; almost equaling the petals.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled; truncate at summit. Style three-cleft.
+     _Capsule._--Fifteen lines long. _Hab._--San Diego to the
+     Columbia River, and eastward to Wyoming.
+
+After most other flowers have departed, the magnificent blossoms of the
+_Mentzelia_ come forth. It seems as though they had waited for the
+firmament to be clear of other stars before bursting upon the sight. Their
+enormous blossoms are crowned by the soft radiance of the long stamens,
+"like the lashes of light that trim the stars."
+
+These plants are furnished with barbed hairs, which cause them to cling to
+whatever they come in contact with. They are of tall and spreading habit,
+and are often found in the dry beds of streams, where their flowers open in
+the daytime--unlike those of _M. Lindleyi_, which open at night.
+
+[Illustration BLAZING-STAR--_Mentzelia Lindleyi_.]
+
+_M. Lindleyi_, Torr. and Gray, is one of the most brilliantly radiant of
+all our flowers. Its charming blossoms, which open on the edge of evening,
+are of a delicate silken texture, and of the richest gold. When the
+flowers first open, the stamens lie flat upon the petals; but they
+gradually rise up, forming a large tuft in the center of the flower. The
+faded sepals crown the long seed-vessel, like the flame of the conventional
+torch seen in old pictures. This grows in the Monte Diablo Range; and Niles
+and Alum Rock are convenient places to find it. It is cultivated in Eastern
+gardens under the name of _Bartonia aurea_.
+
+
+STONECROP.
+
+_Sedum spathulifolium_, Hook. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; fleshy; spatulate; six to ten lines long;
+     sessile; crowded in rosettes at the ends of the decumbent
+     branches. _Scapes._--Four to six inches high. _Flowers._--In
+     compound, one-sided, loose cymes; their parts four or five;
+     pale-yellow. _Sepals._--United at base. _Petals._--Lanceolate;
+     three lines long. _Stamens._--Twice the number of the petals.
+     _Pistils._--Equaling the number of the petals; attenuate into
+     the short styles. _Ovaries._--One-celled. _Hab._--Middle
+     California to Vancouver Island.
+
+Blooming somewhat earlier than the "hen-and-chickens," but in similar
+situations, the stonecrop often clothes rock-masses with beautiful color.
+The common name, "orpine," was given on account of the yellow, or orpine,
+flowers; and the name "stonecrop," from its always growing in stony places.
+
+
+PRICKLY-PEAR. TUNA.
+
+_Opuntia Engelmanni_, Salm. Cactus Family.
+
+     Erect, bushy, spreading shrubs without leaves, with flattened
+     stems produced in successive, compressed oval Joints.
+     _Joints._--Six to twelve inches long; studded sparsely with
+     bundles of stout spines. _Flowers._--Solitary; sessile; yellow
+     or red; about three inches across. _Sepals_, petals, and
+     stamens numerous in many series, their cohering bases coating
+     the one-celled ovary and forming a cup above it.
+     _Petals._--Spreading. Style one, with several stigmas.
+     _Fruit._--Purple; oval; pulpy; juicy; two inches long.
+     _Hab._--Southern California, Los Angeles, San Diego, etc.
+
+The genus _Opuntia_ is divided into two sections, consisting respectively
+of flat-stemmed and cylindrical-stemmed plants, the former commonly known
+as "prickly-pear," or "tuna," the latter as _Cholla cactus_.
+
+Of the former, _O. Engelmanni_ is our commonest wild species. It is the one
+seen from the car-windows growing in great patches upon the Mojave Desert,
+and it is abundant upon dry hills all through the south. There are two
+varieties of it--_var. occidentalis_, Engelm., the form prevalent in the
+interior, and _var. littoralis_, Engelm., found upon the sea-coast from
+Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+These plants have a very leathery, impermeable skin, from which evaporation
+takes place but slowly, which enables them to inhabit arid regions. The
+fruit is sweet and edible, and the Indians, who are especially fond of it,
+dry large quantities for winter use. They make of the fresh fruit a sauce,
+by long-continued boiling, which they regard as especially nutritious and
+stimulating after it is slightly fermented. They also roast the leaves in
+hot ashes and eat the slimy, sweet substance which is left after the outer
+skin and thorns have been removed.
+
+Cattle-men of the southern plains plant the different species as hedges
+about their corrals, and feed the succulent joints to their stock after
+burning off the spines.
+
+Several Mexican species were planted in the early days about the Missions
+by the Padres, as defensive hedges, and remnants of these redoubtable
+fortifications, ten to fifteen feet high, are still to be seen stretching
+for miles through our southern fields.
+
+In Mexico the _Opuntia tuna_ is largely cultivated for the rearing of
+cochineal insects.
+
+
+VENEGASIA.
+
+_Venegasia carpesioides_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     Several feet high; leafy to the top. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     slenderly petioled; cordate or ovate-deltoid; crenate; two to
+     four inches long; thin. _Flower-heads._--Large; two-inches
+     across, including the rays; yellow; slender-peduncled; composed
+     of ray- and disk-flowers. _Rays._--Over an inch long; six lines
+     wide; two- or three-toothed; fertile; about fifteen.
+     _Involucre._--Broad; of many roundish-green scales; becoming
+     scarious inward. _Hab._--Santa Barbara and southward.
+
+This plant, with its ample thin leaves and large yellow flowers, would
+arrest the attention anywhere. It often grows under the shade of trees in
+cool cañons, where its blossoms brighten the twilight gloom. It is an
+admirable plant, and has but one drawback--its rather unpleasant odor. It
+is the only species of the genus which was named in honor of an early
+Jesuit missionary, Michael Venegas. It is especially abundant and beautiful
+about Santa Barbara.
+
+
+FALSE PIMPERNEL.
+
+_Hypericum anagalloides_, Cham. and Schlecht. St. John's-wort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Numerous; weak; low; spreading; rooting at the
+     joints. _Leaves._--Two to six lines long; oblong to round;
+     clasping. _Flowers._--Three or four lines across;
+     salmon-colored. _Stamens._--Fifteen to twenty.
+     _Capsule._--One-celled. _Hab._--Lower California to British
+     Columbia, eastward into Montana.
+
+In moist places the prostrate stems of this little plant often make dense
+mats.
+
+Its specific name indicates its resemblance to the Anagallis, or pimpernel.
+In fact, one might easily imagine it a pimpernel with salmon-colored
+flowers.
+
+
+CANCER-ROOT. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.
+
+_Aphyllon fasciculatum_, Gray. Broom-rape Family.
+
+     Leafless parasitic plants. _Stems._--Scaly; thickened and
+     knotty below, and bearing on their summits few or many
+     clustered, one-flowered peduncles of about the same length.
+     _Flowers._--Yellowish; sometimes purplish or reddish outside.
+     _Calyx._--Slenderly five-toothed. _Corolla._--Tubular; over an
+     inch long, with five spreading lobes; somewhat bilabiate.
+     _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; included. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     Style slender. Stigma two-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout California,
+     eastward to Lake Superior.
+
+There are about half a dozen species of cancer-root known upon our Coast,
+all strange-looking, leafless plants, of very doubtful moral character--for
+I fear it must be confessed they are thieves. Stealthily sending their
+roots down and imbedding them in the roots of their victims, they draw from
+them the nourishment needed for their sustenance. But they have been
+overtaken by the proper retributive punishment--for having no longer any
+need of organs for the elaboration of nourishment, they are denied green
+leaves, the most beautiful adornment of many plants; and even the flowers
+of some of them seem to us to have a sickly, unwholesome hue. However, it
+must be acknowledged that these plants are quite interesting, despite their
+evil ways.
+
+[Illustration CANCER-ROOT--_Aphyllon fasciculatum_.]
+
+_A. fasciculatum_ usually blooms in early summer, on dry, rocky hills, and
+is parasitic upon the roots of sagebrush, wild buckwheat, etc.
+
+
+YELLOW MARIPOSA TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus luteus_, Dougl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Four to twelve inches high; bearing a single bulblet
+     inclosed in the stem-sheath. _Leaves._--Very narrow; one to
+     three lines wide. _Flowers._--Erect; cup-shaped; yellow; small;
+     not oculated, but the petals striated with brown lines,
+     especially on the middle third. _Gland._--Transversely oblong
+     to lunate; densely hairy with orange-colored ascending hairs,
+     with scattered spreading hairs about it. _Capsule._--Broad at
+     the base; tapering upward. _Hab._--Clay soil; Coast Ranges from
+     Mendocino County to San Diego.
+
+The typical _C. luteus_, as described above, is the least beautiful of all
+the Mariposa tulips, being lower of stature and smaller of flower than most
+of the others; but among its varieties may be found some of the most
+charming flowers of the genus, the true butterfly-tulips of the early
+Spanish, often oculated and marked in a wonderful manner. In color and
+marking they often run closely into forms of _C. venustus_, the only
+constant characters by which to distinguish them being found in the shape
+of the gland and the capsule and the character of the soil in which they
+grow.
+
+There are two well-marked varieties--_citrinus_ and _oculatus_--besides
+numerous other forms, where the species seems to have run riot in color and
+marking. The _var. citrinus_ is a strong, vigorous-growing plant, with
+flowers of a deep lemon-yellow, with a large, distinct, very dark maroon
+eye on each petal. It is exceedingly beautiful.
+
+
+SILVER-WEED. CINQUEFOIL.
+
+_Potentilla Anserina_, L. Rose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate. _Leaves._--All radical; a foot or so long;
+     pinnate, with seven to twenty-one leaflets with smaller ones
+     interposed. _Leaflets._--Sessile; oblong; toothed; shining
+     green; silvery beneath. _Flowers._--Bright yellow;
+     long-peduncled; solitary; an inch across. _Sepals._--Five; with
+     five bractlets between. _Petals._--Five. _Stamens._--Twenty to
+     twenty-five. _Pistils._--Numerous; on a hairy receptacle.
+     _Hab._--Throughout North America.
+
+The bright golden blossoms of the silver-weed are common in moist places,
+haunting stream-banks, lingering about stagnant ponds, or even pushing
+their way up amid the grasses of our salt marshes. The white under-surfaces
+of the leaves are responsible for one of the common names of this plant.
+
+_P. glandulosa_, Lindl., is found upon dry hillsides. It is one or two feet
+high, and is an ill-smelling, somewhat sticky plant, with glandular hairs.
+The stems are leafy, and the small flowers, like pale-yellow
+strawberry-blossoms, are produced in loose clusters. The corolla scarcely
+exceeds the calyx. The leaves, which have from five to nine leaflets, have
+not the silvery under-surface of those of _P. Anserina_.
+
+
+COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE.
+
+_OEnothera biennis_, L. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; usually simple; one to five feet high; more or
+     less hairy. _Leaves._--Mostly sessile; lanceolate to oblong;
+     two to six inches long; denticulate. _Flowers._--Golden yellow;
+     in a leafy spike; erect in the bud. _Calyx-tube._--Twelve to
+     thirty lines long. _Petals._--Six to nine lines long.
+     _Stigma-lobes._--Linear. _Capsule._--An inch or less long. (See
+     _OEnothera_.) _Hab._--Throughout the United States.
+
+The common evening primrose is a very widespread plant in the United
+States, and it has long been in cultivation in Europe. Its flowers open
+suddenly at night, and, according to tradition, with a popping noise.
+Referring to this, the poet Keats speaks of--
+
+              "A turf of evening primroses,
+    O'er which the mind may hover till it dozes;
+    O'er which it well might take a pleasant sleep,
+    But that 'tis ever startled by the leap
+    Of buds into ripe flowers."
+
+These blossoms are said to be luminous at night, shining by the sunlight
+they have stored during the daytime.
+
+The young roots, which are edible, are excellent, either pickled or boiled,
+having a nutty flavor. In Germany and France these are used, either stewed
+or raw, in salads, like celery; and the young mucilaginous twigs are also
+used in the same way. A tincture of the whole plant is a valued remedy in
+medicine for many disorders. Our Californian plants are mostly of the _var.
+hirsutissima_, Gray, having very large flowers and a hairy capsule.
+
+
+GUM-PLANT. RESIN-WEED. AUGUST-FLOWER.
+
+_Grindelia cuneifolia_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     Bushy; two to four feet high; smooth.
+     _Leaves._--Cuneate-spatulate to linear-oblong; leathery; three
+     or four inches long. _Flower-heads._--Solitary; terminating the
+     branches; yellow; composed of disk- and ray-flowers.
+     _Rays._--One inch long. _Involucre._--Hemispherical; of
+     numerous scales, with spreading tips. _Buds_.--Covered with a
+     milky gum. _Syn._--_Grindelia robusta, var. angustifolia_,
+     Gray. _Hab._--From Santa Barbara northward.
+
+The _Grindelias_ are especially characteristic of the region west of the
+Mississippi River, and are all known as "gum-plant," or "resin-weed," owing
+to the balsamic exudation which is found mostly upon the flower-heads. We
+have several species, all of which are rather difficult of determination.
+
+Before the occupation of California by the whites, the value of these
+plants was known to the Indians, who used them in pulmonary troubles, and
+as a wash in cases of oak-poisoning or other skin-diseases. They are now
+made into a drug by our own people, who use them in the same manner as the
+aborigines.
+
+By the middle of August our salt marshes are gay with the bright yellow
+flowers.
+
+Every year men are sent out to gather the plant. Only about five or six
+inches of the tops of the branches are cut, as the resin is found mostly
+there in the form of a white gum. Tons of these shoots are shipped East
+annually, to be returned to us later in the form of the medicine called
+"grindelia."
+
+[Illustration GUM-PLANT--_Grindelia cuneifolia_.]
+
+_Grindelia hirsutula_, Hook. and Arn., is a pretty species, flowering in
+early summer upon hill-slopes. This may be known by its reddish stems and
+more slender and fewer ray-flowers.
+
+
+SULPHUR-FLOWER.
+
+_Eriogonum umbellatum_, Torr. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; obovate to oblong-spatulate; two inches
+     or less long; mostly smooth above; sometimes woolly below.
+     _Scapes._--Three to twelve inches high.
+     _Flowers._--Sulphur-yellow; two or three lines long; many
+     contained in each little top-shaped involucre, on threadlike
+     stems. _Involucres._--Two lines or so long; deeply cleft, the
+     lobes becoming reflexed. _Perianth._--Six-parted.
+     _Stamens._--Nine. _Ovary._--Triangular; one-celled.
+     _Styles._--Three. Stigmas capitate. _Hab._--Mountains of Middle
+     and Northern California, and eastward.
+
+Large companies of the sulphur-flower may be seen in the Sierras in July
+and August, where it covers open, dry, rocky slopes, making brilliant
+masses of color.
+
+Growing with this is often found another species--_E. ursinum_, Wats.--with
+flowers of a beautiful translucent cream-color, often tinged with pink.
+
+
+WILD BOUVARDIA.
+
+_Gilia grandiflora_, Gray. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Erect; a foot or two high. _Leaves._--Two or three
+     inches long; linear or oblong-lanceolate; sessile.
+     _Flowers._--Salmon-color; crowded at the summit of the stem.
+     _Calyx._--With obconic tube and broad, obtuse lobes.
+     _Corolla._--Narrowly funnel-form, with tube an inch long, and
+     five-lobed border almost as broad. (See _Gilia_.)
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+This plant was formerly placed in the genus _Collomia_; but that genus was
+not well founded, and all its species have now been transferred to _Gilia_.
+From the resemblance of its showy buff or salmon-colored flowers to the
+_Bouvardias_ of our gardens, these plants are popularly known as "wild
+Bouvardia." The blossoms are found in early summer, and grow usually in dry
+places, exposed to the sun.
+
+[Illustration SULPHUR-FLOWER--_Eriogonum umbellatum_.]
+
+
+LITTLE ALPINE LILY.
+
+_Lilium parvum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulbs._--Small; of short, thick, jointed scales.
+     _Stem._--Slender; eighteen inches to six feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Scattered, or in whorls; two to five inches long; an
+     inch or less broad; rich green. _Flowers._--Orange-vermilion,
+     dotted with purple; two to fifty; scattered or somewhat
+     whorled. _Capsule._--Sub-spherical; six to nine lines long.
+     _Hab._--The High Sierras, from Yosemite Valley to Lake Tahoe.
+
+Passing from the parched and dusty plains of our central valleys in July
+and August, we are transported as though upon the magic tapestry of Prince
+Houssain into a heavenly region of springtime, where the streams, fed by
+the snow lying in shadowy mountain fastnesses, gush through plushy emerald
+meadows, starred with millions of daisies and bordered by luxuriant tangles
+of larkspurs, columbines, monk's-hoods, lupines, and a thousand other
+charming plants--a veritable flower-lover's paradise.
+
+Here from the thickets, standing with their roots in the rich, loamy soil
+of the brookside, gleam the small orange blossoms of the little alpine
+lily--little only in flower, for the slender stems often rise to a height
+of six feet, producing several whorls of rich green leaves. These lilies
+are but an inch or an inch a half long, with their perianth-segments yellow
+or orange below and deeper orange-vermilion above, their tips only being
+rolled backward.
+
+
+GOLDEN YARROW.
+
+_Eriophyllum confertiflorum_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     White-woolly plants, at length smooth. _Stems._--A foot or two
+     high. _Leaves._--Cuneate in outline; divided into three to
+     seven narrow linear divisions. _Flowers._--Golden yellow; in
+     densely crowded flat-topped clusters. _Heads._--Small; of
+     disk- and ray-flowers. _Rays._--Four or five; broadly oval or
+     roundish. _Involucre._--Oval; of about five thin bracts; two
+     lines long. _Hab._--From San Francisco to the Sierras, and
+     southward to San Diego.
+
+[Illustration LITTLE ALPINE LILY--_Lilium parvum_.]
+
+In early summer many a dry, rocky hill-slope is ablaze with the brilliant
+flowers of the golden yarrow. The brown-mottled butterfly may often be
+seen hovering over it, or delicately poising upon its golden table, fanning
+his wings.
+
+_E. caespitosum_, Dougl., is a very handsome species with solitary golden
+flower-heads an inch or so across. Its leaves are broader and not so finely
+divided, and some of the upper ones are linear and entire. This is found
+throughout California.
+
+
+TARWEED. WILD COREOPSIS.
+
+_Madia elegans_, Don. Composite Family.
+
+     Usually viscid throughout. _Stems._--Three to six feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Crowded at the base of the stem; six to ten inches
+     long; small above. _Flower-heads._--Of both ray- and
+     disk-flowers. _Rays._--Twelve to fifteen; one inch long;
+     three-lobed at the apex; yellow, sometimes with a dark-red
+     base. _Involucre._--With one series of scales, each clasping a
+     ray. _Hab._--Throughout California, and in Oregon and Nevada.
+
+This is one of the most beautiful of all our tarweeds. Its golden,
+Coreopsis-like flowers open after sunset, and close at the first warmth of
+the morning rays.
+
+All the _Madias_ are used medicinally by old Spanish settlers.
+
+_Madia sativa_, Molina, is one of our most troublesome species, because its
+viscid secretion is so very abundant. The plants are tall, but the flowers
+are inconspicuous, owing to the smallness or absence of the rays. It is
+native of Chile as well as of California.
+
+An oil of excellent quality was made from its seeds in that country before
+the olive was so abundant.
+
+
+LEOPARD-LILY. TIGER-LILY.
+
+_Lilium pardalinum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     Bulbs consisting of forking rhizomes, covered with small, erect
+     imbricated scales; often forming matted masses. _Stems._--Three
+     to ten feet high. _Leaves._--Usually whorled, with some
+     scattered above and below; lanceolate; three to seven inches
+     long. _Flowers._--Few to many; long-pediceled. _Perianth
+     segments._--Six; two or three inches long; six to nine lines
+     wide; strongly revolute; with orange base and reddish or
+     scarlet tips; spotted or dotted with purple on the lower half.
+     _Stamens._--Six. Anthers versatile. _Ovary._--Three-celled.
+     Style club-shaped. Stigma capitate. _Capsule._--Eighteen lines
+     or more long.
+
+[Illustration TARWEED--_Madia elegans_.]
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Santa Barbara County
+     to British Columbia, and eastward.
+
+No more magnificent sight could be imagined than a cañon-side covered with
+a mass of these red and gold blossoms nodding on their tall stems. The
+plants often grow in clumps and colonies of several hundred, and are always
+found in the rich soil of stream-banks or of wet, springy places. Most of
+us have been familiar with these spotted beauties from our childhood, with
+their delicately swinging anthers full of cinnamon-colored pollen.
+
+A friend writing us from near Mt. Shasta, one July, said: "I wish you could
+have seen the _grove_ of tiger-lilies we saw near the place where we rested
+and lunched. They sprang from a velvet bed of mosses and ferns, under the
+shadow of a great rock, that towered at least a hundred feet above them.
+Out of the rock sprang two streams of living water, ice-cold, which crossed
+the trail and dashed over a rock below. Upon one plant we counted
+twenty-five buds and blossoms, while a friend counted thirty-two upon
+another."
+
+Under extraordinarily favorable conditions, this lily has been known to
+reach a height of ten feet.
+
+
+YELLOW POND-LILY.
+
+_Nuphar polysepalum_, Engelm. Water-Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Six to twelve inches long; three fourths as wide;
+     obtuse; deeply cleft at base; floating or erect.
+     _Flowers._--Floating; three to five inches across.
+     _Sepals._--Eight to twelve; petaloid; bright yellow, sometimes
+     greenish without. _Petals._--Twelve to eighteen; small; about
+     equaling the stamens, and resembling them.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous; red; recurved in age; pollen yellow.
+     _Ovary._--Large; eight- to twenty-celled. Stigma button-shaped;
+     many-rayed; four lines to an inch across. _Hab._--From Colorado
+     to Central California, and northward to Alaska.
+
+Most of us are familiar with the yellow water-lily, and have seen its
+pretty shield-shaped leaves floating upon the surface of some glassy pond,
+starred with its large, golden flowers. The latter are sometimes five
+inches across and quite showy. Sometimes entire marshes are covered with
+the plants. The large seeds are very nutritious, and form an important
+article of diet among the northern Indians.
+
+
+HUMBOLDT'S LILY. TIGER-LILY.
+
+_Lilium Humboldtii_, Roezl and Leichtlin. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulbs._--Large; often weighing over a pound; with scales two
+     or three inches long. _Stems._--Stout; purplish; three or four
+     feet high; eight- or ten-flowered, or more.
+     _Leaves._--Wavy-margined; roughish; _Flowers._--Large; six to
+     eight inches in diameter; golden yellow; spotted with pale
+     purple, turning to red or brown. _Segments._--Having papillose
+     prominences near the base. (Otherwise like _L. pardalinum_.)
+     _Hab._--The foothills of the Sierras; southward to San Diego.
+
+This wonderful lily, at first glance, resembles the common leopard- or
+tiger-lily--_L. pardalinum_--and it is found sometimes in the same regions
+as the latter, but never in the same kind of localities. It affects the
+loose soil of dry, upland woods, but never grows in wet or boggy places.
+Its flowers are larger than those of _L. pardalinum_, and have more of a
+golden hue and less of red in them.
+
+By July this lily is in full bloom and a magnificent sight. A plant was
+once known which had fifty buds and blossoms, thirty of which were open at
+once!
+
+
+COMMON SUNFLOWER.
+
+_Helianthus annuus_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     Hispid, coarse plants. _Stems._--Several feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly alternate; petioled; deltoid-ovate to
+     ovate-lanceolate; acuminate; three to seven inches long;
+     three-ribbed at base. _Flower-heads._--Large; three or four
+     inches across, including the rays; solitary; composed of yellow
+     ray-flowers and purple-brown, tubular disk-flowers.
+     _Involucre._--Of several series of imbricated, ovate, acuminate
+     scales. _Disk._--An inch or so across. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+The stately form of the sunflower is a common sight in the south, where
+whole fields are often covered with the plants. Their season of blossoming
+is supposed to be in the autumn, but we have seen them blooming just as
+gayly in March. This wild sunflower of the plains is believed to be the
+original parent of the large sunflower of our gardens.
+
+Its seeds are used by the Indians as food and in the preparation of
+hair-oil.
+
+Popular tradition makes this blossom a worshiper of the sun, and it is
+believed to follow him with admiring glances.
+
+    "The lofty follower of the sun,
+    Sad when he sets, shuts up her hollow leaves,
+    Drooping all night, and when he warm returns,
+    Points her enamored bosom to his ray."
+
+Another species--_H. Californicus_, DC.--found from San Francisco Bay
+southward, along streams, has something the same habit as the above, but
+may be known from it by its slender, smooth stems, leafy to the top, the
+long, sprawling, awl-shaped bracts of its involucre, and its more delicate
+flowers, about two and a half inches across. The disk-corollas are slightly
+pubescent below. This species has a rather strong balsamic odor.
+
+
+PINE-DROPS.
+
+_Pterospora andromedea_, Nutt. Heath Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high. _Bracts._--Crowded at base;
+     scattered above. _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Three lines
+     long; yellowish. _Stamens._--Ten. Anthers tailed; opening
+     lengthwise. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style short. Stigma
+     five-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout California, and across the
+     continent.
+
+In our walks in the mountains, we occasionally encounter the flesh-colored
+wands of this curious plant. The colorless leaves are reduced to mere
+bracts, and the stems are densely clothed above with the little yellowish
+waxen bells. The whole plant is very viscid and disagreeable to handle.
+
+Though rare, it is found all across the continent. In the East it grows
+only under pine-trees, upon whose roots it is supposed to be parasitic,
+while in California it is said to be found under both oaks and pines.
+
+There is but a single species in this genus. The seed is furnished with a
+broad membranous wing, which has given rise to the name _Pterospora_,
+derived from two Greek words, meaning _wing_ and _seed_.
+
+[Illustration PINE-DROPS--_Pterospora andromedea_.]
+
+
+TARWEED.
+
+_Hemizonia luzulaefolia_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     Glandular, strong-scented plants. _Stems._--Loosely branching;
+     slender; six inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--Linear; very
+     small above; elongated and withering early below.
+     _Flower-heads._--White or light yellow; composed of ray- and
+     disk-flowers. _Rays._--Six to ten; two to five lines long;
+     three-lobed. _Scales._--of the involucre each clasping a ray.
+     _Hab._--Common throughout the western part of the State.
+
+Under the common designation of "tarweed," plants belonging to two
+different genera--_Madia_ and _Hemizonia_--and comprising thirty or forty
+species, may be found. They are mostly annuals or biennials, with viscid,
+heavily scented foliage, which make themselves conspicuous in late summer
+and through the autumn. The _Hemizonias_ are distinctively Californian;
+while the _Madias_ we have in common with Chile. Their viscid exudation is
+particularly ruinous to wool and clothing, but alcohol is a solvent for it,
+and will generally remove it.
+
+We wonder how these plants, which flourish in our driest seasons, can
+extract so much moisture from the parched earth, and of what practical use
+this resinous secretion can be in their economy. Though some of them are
+described as having a disagreeable odor, many of them have a very pleasant
+balsamic fragrance, which gives our summer and autumn atmosphere a peculiar
+character of its own. Whole fields and hillsides are tinged with their warm
+olive foliage, or are yellow with their golden flowers, which appear like a
+fall revival of the buttercups. The flowers open mostly at night or in
+early morning, closing in bright sunshine.
+
+_Hemizonia luzulaefolia_ is a common species, whose flowers are redolent of
+the odor of myrrh.
+
+[Illustration TARWEED--_Hemizonia luzulaefolia_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN GOLDENROD.
+
+_Solidago Californica_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+_Stem._--Rather stout; low or tall. _Leaves._--Oblong, or the upper
+oblong-lanceolate, and the lower obovate. _Flowers._--In a dense, pyramidal
+panicle, four to twelve inches long, with mostly erect racemose branches.
+_Heads._--Three or four lines long; yellow. _Rays._--Small; seven to
+twelve; about as many as the disk-flowers. _Hab._--Throughout California,
+to Nevada and Mexico.
+
+Our State is not so rich in goldenrods as New England, yet we have several
+rather pretty species. _Solidago Californica_ is found upon dry hills, and
+blooms from July to October. It is said to thrive well under cultivation.
+
+It differs from the "Western goldenrod" in having its flowers in a
+pyramidal cluster.
+
+
+MOTH-MULLEIN.
+
+_Verbascum Blattaria_, L. Figwort Family.
+
+_Stem._--Tall and slender. _Leaves._--Alternate; oblong; crenate-toothed;
+nearly smooth; the upper ovate, acute, clasping. _Flowers._--Yellow or
+white; purple-tinged; an inch or so across; in a terminal raceme; the
+pedicels much exceeding the calyx-lobes. _Calyx._--Five-parted.
+_Corolla._--Wheel-shaped, with five rounded, somewhat unequal lobes.
+_Stamens._--Five. Filaments violet-bearded. Anthers confluently one-celled.
+Pollen orange-colored, copious. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style slender.
+_Hab._--The Upper Sacramento Valley, etc.; naturalized from Europe.
+
+The mulleins are natives of Europe, which have found their way across the
+water to us. Two or three species are now common in some localities. The
+moth-mullein is so called because its blossoms have the appearance of a
+number of delicate moths resting upon the stem. This is a tall, green
+plant.
+
+Another species--_V. Thapsus_, L.--is also quite common. In the Sacramento
+Valley its tall, woolly tapers may be seen leaning in every direction,
+giving the fields a disorderly appearance. This plant abounds throughout
+Europe and Asia, and was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who
+made lampwicks of its dried leaves and utilized its stalks, dipped in
+tallow, for funeral torches. In medieval Europe it was called "hag-taper,"
+because it was employed by witches in their incantations. In Europe at the
+present time it is known as the "American velvet-plant," because of a
+mistaken idea that it is a native of this country.
+
+
+WESTERN GOLDENROD.
+
+_Solidago occidentalis_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     Smooth throughout. _Stems._--Paniculately branched; two to six
+     feet high. _Leaves._--Linear; entire; obscurely three-nerved;
+     two to four inches long; one to three lines wide.
+     _Flower-heads._--In numerous small, flat clusters, terminating
+     the slender branchlets; three lines long; yellow.
+     _Rays._--Sixteen to twenty not surpassing the eight to fourteen
+     disk-flowers. _Involucre._--Of imbricated scales; the outer
+     successively shorter. _Hab._--Near the Coast, from Southern
+     California to British America.
+
+The Western goldenrod, with its slender, willowy stems and small
+flower-clusters, may be found in wet places in late summer and early
+autumn. Its blossoms are acacia-scented.
+
+
+CREOSOTE-BUSH. GOBERNADORA. HIDEONDO.
+
+_Larrea Mexicana_, Moricand. Creosote-Bush Family.
+
+     Ill-smelling, resinous shrubs, four to ten feet high; diffusely
+     branched. _Leaves._--Opposite; with two unequal leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Three to six lines long; pointed; sessile.
+     _Flowers._--Solitary; yellow. _Sepals._--Five; silky;
+     deciduous. _Petals._--Five; three or four lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; on a small ten-lobed disk. Filaments winged
+     below. _Ovary._--Five-celled; Style slender. _Hab._--Inland
+     deserts of the southern part of the State.
+
+The most plentiful shrub growing in our southern desert regions is the
+creosote-bush, so called because its sticky leaves burn with a black smoke
+and a rank odor, between creosote and carbolic acid.
+
+These shrubs often cover vast tracts of arid soil, and in places are the
+only growth to be seen. The evergreen foliage is of a warm olive tone, and
+is borne at the ends of many slender, grayish branches. The small,
+stemless, opposite leaves, each divided almost to its base into two
+leaflets, spread butterfly-like upon the slender branchlets. The leaf-nodes
+are swollen into small, warty prominences, which are especially resinous.
+
+In many localities, especially in Arizona, the branches of this shrub are
+thickly incrusted with a certain gummy substance, which careful examination
+has proved to be almost identical with the East Indian shellac of commerce.
+This is caused by an insect of the genus _Coccus_, who stings the young
+twigs, at the same time laying its eggs in them, causing them to exude the
+gum. Could this gum be collected in sufficient quantities, it would
+doubtless prove a valuable article of commerce, probably not inferior to
+the East Indian lac. Dr. Edwd. Palmer writes that it is extensively used by
+our Indians as a cement with which to fasten their flint arrowheads to the
+shafts, to mend broken pottery, and to make water-tight their baskets,
+woven of grass and roots. The plant yields a greenish-yellow dye, with
+which they paint their persons and color their fabrics; but garments so
+dyed are said to emit a disagreeable odor always upon being heated.
+
+A lotion made by steeping the branches in water is said to be an excellent
+remedy for sores; while the leaves dried and reduced to powder are
+effectively used for the same purpose. Some of our pharmacists say that the
+plant is a valuable remedy for rheumatism.
+
+By the Spanish-Californians this shrub is known as "gobernadora" and
+"hideondo"; and by the American settlers of the desert it is known by
+several uncomplimentary names, among them the meaningless one of
+"greasewood."
+
+It blossoms in early summer.
+
+
+
+
+III. PINK
+
+
+[_Pink or occasionally or partially pink flowers not described in the Pink
+Section._
+
+_Described in the White Section_:--
+
+    ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM--Yarrow.
+    CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS--Mariposa Tulip.
+    CHIMAPHILA MENZIESII--Prince's Pine.
+    CONVOLVULUS LUTEOLUS--Wild Morning-glory.
+    GAULTHERIA SHALLON--Salal.
+    LATHYRUS TORREYI.
+    LATHYRUS VESTITUS--Common Wild Pea.
+    LAYIA GLANDULOSUM--White Daisy.
+    LILIUM RUBESCENS--Ruby Lily.
+    MALACOTHRIX SAXATILIS.
+    MESEMBRYANTHEMUM CRYSTALLINUM--Ice-Plant.
+    OENOTHERA CALIFORNICA--White Evening Primrose.
+    ORTHOCARPUS VERSICOLOR--White Owl's Clover.
+    PYROLA APHYLLA.
+    RHODODENDRON OCCIDENTALE--Californian Azalea.
+    RUBUS SPECTABILIS--Salmon-Berry.
+    SPIRAEA BETULIFOLIA--Pink Spiraea.
+    SPIRAEA DOUGLASII--Californian Hardhack.
+    SPRAGUEA UMBELLATA--Pussy's-Paws.
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    HOSACKIA GRACILIS.
+
+_Described in the Blue and Purple Section_:--
+
+    CALOCHORTUS SPLENDENS--Mariposa Tulip.
+    CALOCHORTUS UNIFLORUS.
+    TRILLIUM SESSILE--Californian Trillium.
+
+_Described in the Red Section_:--
+
+    GILIA AGGREGATA--Scarlet Gilia.
+
+_Described in the Miscellaneous Section_:--
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM CALIFORNICUM--Californian Lady's Slipper.
+    GOMPHOCARPUS TOMENTOSUS--Hornless Woolly Milkweed.
+    RUMEX HYMENOSEPALUS--Wild Pie-Plant; Canaigre.]
+
+
+RED-STEMMED FILAREE. ALFILERILLA. CLOCKS. PIN-CLOVER.
+
+_Erodium cicutarium_, L'Her. Geranium Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Chiefly radical in a depressed rosette; six to ten
+     inches long; dissected into narrow toothed lobes. Stem-leaves
+     smaller. _Flowers._--Pink; four to eight in an umbel; parts in
+     fives. _Petals._--Four lines long. _Stamens._--Five perfect,
+     with flattened filaments; five reduced to mere scales.
+     _Carpels_ and styles one or two inches long; separating upward
+     from a central axis into twisted, bearded tails.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+The name "alfilerilla" is Spanish, coming from _alfiler_, a needle, and
+refers to the long, slender beak of the carpels. By corruption it has
+become "filaree."
+
+This plant is found in abundance everywhere, and is one of our most
+valuable forage-plants. It varies greatly in size, and becomes very rank in
+growth where the soil is rich. Ordinarily, it makes its appearance soon
+after the beginning of the rainy season, as a rosette of leaves lying upon
+the ground, and later it sends up its reddish stems. Its seed-vessels look
+like a group of fantastic, long-billed storks, and the long beaks of the
+carpels, as they separate from the central axis, begin to curl about any
+convenient object. They are thus widely disseminated in the hair of animals
+and the clothing of people. Children call them "clocks," and love to stand
+the seed up in their clothing and watch the beaks wind slowly about, like
+the hands of a timepiece.
+
+We have several other species of _Erodium_. _E. moschatum_, L' Her., is a
+coarser plant whose foliage has a musky fragrance, especially when wilted.
+It is also a valuable forage-plant and is commonly known as "musky filaree"
+or "green-stemmed filaree."
+
+_E. Botrys_, Bertoloni, is a very abundant plant. Its flowers are larger,
+six lines across, and are pink, strongly veined with wine-color. The beaks
+of its carpels are sometimes four inches long.
+
+[Illustration RED-STEMMED FILAREE--_Erodium cicutarium_.]
+
+
+REDWOOD-SORREL.
+
+_Oxalis Oregana_, Nutt. Geranium Family.
+
+     Herbs with sour juice. _Leaves._--With three leaflets; petioles
+     two to even twelve inches long. Leaflets one or two inches
+     broad; usually light-blotched. _Scapes._--One to six inches
+     long; one-flowered. _Sepals._--Five. _Petals._--Five; nine to
+     twelve lines long; white or rose-colored, often veined with
+     darker color; usually having an orange spot at base.
+     _Stamens._--Ten. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Styles five.
+     _Hab._--Coast woods, from Santa Cruz to Washington.
+
+In deep woods, "where no stir nor call the sacred hush profanes," the
+beautiful leaves and delicate flowers of the redwood-sorrel cover the
+ground with an exquisite tapestry, which catches the shimmer of the
+sunlight as it sifts down through the tall trees. If the goddess Nanna in
+passing left the print of her pretty fingers upon the clover, perhaps some
+wood-nymph may have touched the leaves of this charming plant. Each day as
+twilight deepens, the leaflets fold gently together and prepare to sleep.
+
+The small yellow oxalis--_O. corniculata_, L.--becomes a troublesome weed
+in our lawns.
+
+
+ROCK-CRESS.
+
+_Arabis blepharophylla_, Hook. and Arn. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Four to twelve inches high.
+     _Radical-leaves._--Broadly spatulate; one or two inches long.
+     _Cauline-leaves._--Oblong; sessile. _All._--Ciliate.
+     _Flowers._--Purplish-pink. _Sepals._--Four; generally colored.
+     _Petals._--Four; six to nine lines long; clawed.
+     _Stamens._--Six; two shorter. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Stigma
+     button-shaped. _Pod._--Linear; an inch or more long; flattened.
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from San Francisco to Monterey.
+
+The bright magenta-colored blossoms of the rock-cress may be looked for in
+early spring along the hills of the Coast Ranges. This plant is said to be
+very beautiful in cultivation. The generic name was bestowed because many
+of the well-known species are natives of Arabia, while the formidable
+specific name means "eyelash-leaved," referring to the ciliate leaves.
+
+[Illustration REDWOOD-SORREL--_Oxalis Oregana_.]
+
+
+WILD HOLLYHOCK.
+
+_Sidalcea malvaeflora_, Gray. Mallow Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several; eight inches to two feet long.
+     _Leaves._--Round in outline; variously lobed and cut.
+     _Flowers._--Pink; in terminal racemes. _Calyx._--Five-cleft;
+     without bractlets. _Petals._--Five; united at base; one inch
+     long. _Stamens._--United in a column; in two series. Anthers
+     one-celled. _Ovaries._--Three to ten in a ring; separating at
+     maturity. Styles as many; filiform. _Hab._--The Coast from San
+     Diego to Mendocino County.
+
+In early spring the graceful sprays of the _Sidalcea_ bend over our meadows
+everywhere, making them bright with their pink blossoms, which the children
+call "wild hollyhocks." The stamens of these flowers are especially pretty
+and interesting if examined with a glass. By a careful dissection, the
+stamen-column is found to be double, its outer part bearing five bunches of
+stamens. The anthers are one-celled and of a beautiful rose-pink. They may
+be seen best by pulling apart one of the unopened buds.
+
+There are two kinds of these plants, one having large pale-pink flowers,
+which are perfect; the other bearing smaller deep rose-pink blossoms, in
+which the anthers are only rudimentary.
+
+There are quite a number of species of _Sidalcea_ in California, but they
+are very difficult of determination for the non-botanist.
+
+
+REDBUD. JUDAS-TREE.
+
+_Cercis occidentalis_, Torr. Pea Family.
+
+     Small trees or shrubs. _Leaves._--Alternate; slender-petioled;
+     round-cordate; palmately veined; smooth; about two inches in
+     diameter. _Flowers._--Rose-color; papilionaceous; clustered in
+     the axils. _Petals._--Four lines long; the standard smaller and
+     inclosed by the wings. _Stamens._--Ten; all distinct.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Pods._--Two or three inches long; thin.
+     _Hab._--Mt. Shasta to San Diego.
+
+By April, or earlier, our interior hills and valleys begin to show the rosy
+blossoms of the Judas-tree. The leafless branches are wreathed with the
+abundant flowers, which gives the shrub the appearance of a garden
+fruit-tree. When seen later, in its full summer foliage, it is almost
+equally attractive. Its shapely leaves are then diversified by the
+clusters of long purple pods, which hang gracefully among them.
+
+[Illustration WILD HOLLYHOCK--_Sidalcea malvaeflora_.]
+
+The Indians find the slender twigs of this shrub very useful in their
+basket-making. By means of the thumb-nail or flints, they split them into
+threads, which they use as woof.
+
+A closely allied species of _Cercis_, growing in Palestine, had, according
+to tradition, white flowers, until the arch-traitor Judas hanged himself
+from its limbs, when it blushed pink for very shame.
+
+In medieval Europe the Judas-tree was believed to be a favorite rendezvous
+for witches, and it was considered dangerous to approach one at nightfall.
+
+
+HUCKLEBERRY.
+
+_Vaccinium ovatum_, Pursh. Heath Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs, three to eight feet high. _Leaves._--Ovate to
+     oblong-lanceolate; leathery; smooth and shining. _Flowers._--In
+     axillary clusters: small; pinkish. _Calyx._--Minutely
+     fine-toothed. _Corolla._--Campanulate; two or three lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; anthers opening terminally. _Ovary._--Globose;
+     five-celled. Style filiform. _Berries._--Small; reddish,
+     turning black. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Monterey to
+     Vancouver Island.
+
+When in bloom our Californian huckleberry is a delightful shrub. Its
+leaves, which are of a particularly rich, shining green, are set at a
+characteristic angle to the red stems, contrasting finely with their warm
+tones; and the effect is heightened by the clusters of small pink and white
+waxen bells scattered here and there amid the foliage.
+
+The huckleberry is at its best upon the high ridges of the Coast Ranges,
+where it becomes especially luxuriant in the fog-nurtured region of the
+northern portion of the redwood belt. There its abundant berries become
+juicy and delicious, and are much sought for preserving and pie-making. Its
+branches, when cut, keep admirably in water and are favorite greens for
+household decoration.
+
+[Illustration HUCKLEBERRY--_Vaccinium ovatum_.]
+
+
+STAR-FLOWER. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.
+
+_Trientalis Europaea, var. latifolia_, Torr. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Root._--Tuberous. _Stem._--Four to eight inches high; with a
+     whorl of oval-pointed leaves one to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--White or pink; eight lines across. _Calyx_ and
+     rotate corolla seven-parted, sometimes six- to nine-parted;
+     divisions pointed. _Stamens._--As many as the corolla-lobes,
+     and opposite them. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style filiform.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Monterey northward.
+
+In April and May, as we walk through shaded woods, we begin to notice a
+trim little plant three or four inches high, with very slender stem,
+bearing at its summit a number of pretty leaves of varying size. A little
+later, we find among them one or two delicate pink, starry flowers on very
+slender, threadlike stems.
+
+The generic name is from the Latin _triens_, and is in allusion to the
+height of the plant, which is the third part of a foot.
+
+
+CLINTONIA.
+
+_Clintonia Andrewsiana_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Radical; oblong; six inches to one foot long; two to
+     four wide. _Flower-stem._--One or two feet high; with one leafy
+     bract. _Flowers._--Pink; many; in a terminal compound cluster
+     on pedicels an inch or less long. _Perianth._--Campanulate;
+     four to seven lines long. _Segments._--Six; gibbous at the
+     base. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Two- or three-celled.
+     _Fruit._--Beautiful, large, dark-blue berries. _Hab._--The
+     Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz to Humboldt County.
+
+This is one of the most distinguished-looking plants of our deep coast
+woods. Its large leaves, of a rich polished green, arrange themselves
+symmetrically around the short stem, seeming to come from the ground--and
+so fine are they, that if no blossom appeared, we should feel the plant had
+fulfilled its mission of beauty. But in April a blossom-stalk shoots up
+from their midst, bearing upon its summit a cluster of deep rose-colored,
+nodding bells. These are succeeded later by a bunch of superb dark-blue
+berries, which might be made of lapis lazuli or the rarest old delft china.
+I remember a beautiful spot upon the Lagunitas Creek, where the stream,
+flowing over a brown, pebbly bottom, passes among the redwoods where their
+tall shafts make dim cathedral aisles,--
+
+            ... "forest-corridors that lie
+    In a mysterious world unpeopled yet."
+
+Here little yellow violets and the charming wood-sorrel carpet the ground,
+the fetid adder's-tongue spreads its mottled leaves, while groups of the
+lovely _Clintonia_ put the finishing touches to an already beautiful scene.
+
+
+LEMONADE-BERRY. MAHOGANY.
+
+_Rhus integrifolia_, Benth. and Hook. Poison-oak or Cashew Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs two to six feet high, becoming small trees
+     southward. _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; one to three
+     inches long; rigid; leathery. _Flowers._--Of two sexes, also
+     some perfect; in short, dense terminal clusters one to three
+     inches long; rose-colored or white. _Sepals_, petals, and
+     stamens four to nine; usually five. _Petals._--Rounded;
+     ciliate; one or two lines across. _Ovary._--One-celled. Stigmas
+     three. _Fruit._--Flat; one-seeded; six lines across; red;
+     viscid and acid. _Hab._--The Coast from Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+Growing everywhere upon the southern coast in great abundance, this shrub
+forms low, dense, wind-shorn thickets. Farther inland it rises to a height
+of several feet, with tough, India-rubber-like branches, and in Lower
+California it becomes a small tree. In its better estate it is very
+ornamental, especially in spring, when sprinkled with its clusters of small
+pink flowers. The little drupes are covered with an acid, oily substance,
+and have long been used by the Indians and Mexicans in the preparation of a
+lemonade-like drink. These people are so fond of this fruit that they dry
+it for winter use, grinding and roasting it as we do coffee. The wood of
+these shrubs is of a dark-red color, which is responsible for the common
+name, "mahogany."
+
+Another _Rhus_ very common in the valleys of Southern California is _R.
+laurina_, Nutt., usually called "sumach." It is an evergreen shrub, with
+smooth, lanceolate leaves, two or three inches long, exhaling a rather
+strong odor, considered by some like bitter almonds, and bearing dense
+clusters of small white flowers in midsummer. Its small drupes are only a
+line or two across. They are also coated with a waxen substance, and yield
+a pungent oil.
+
+In the mountains from Santa Barbara to San Diego is found another
+species--_R. ovata_, Wats. This has large leathery, pointed leaves, and is
+known as "lemonade-and-sugar-tree," as the acid berries are coated with a
+sweet, waxen substance, which the Indians value as sugar. Its leaves
+resemble in form those of the lilacs of our gardens.
+
+
+SHOOTING-STARS. WILD CYCLAMEN. MAD VIOLETS.
+
+_Dodecatheon Meadia_, L. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; tufted; from obovate to lanceolate.
+     _Scape._--Three to fifteen inches high; umbel two- to
+     twenty-flowered. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft, the divisions
+     reflexed in flower, erect in fruit. _Corolla._--With extremely
+     short tube, and an abruptly reflexed five-parted limb; white,
+     rose-color, or purple. _Stamens._--Five; opposite the
+     corolla-lobes. Filaments short; united. Anthers standing erect
+     around the long style, forming a beak; violet.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Throughout the continent;
+     exceedingly variable.
+
+The shooting-star is one of our prettiest spring flowers, which arrives a
+little before the baby-eyes and just as the brakes are unrolling their
+green crosiers. There is something particularly pleasing in these blossoms.
+It seems as though Nature had taxed her ingenuity to produce something
+original when she fashioned them. The name _Dodecatheon_, from the Greek,
+is entirely a fanciful one, and means "the twelve gods."
+
+Formerly _D. Meadia_, L., was considered the only species, embracing many
+widely varying forms; but of late botanists have made several of the forms
+into separate species.
+
+_D. Hendersoni_ (Gray), Ktz., is the species prevalent in our central and
+northern Coast Ranges. This has ovoid or obovoid, very obtuse, entire
+leaves, with broad petiole, equaling the blade, two inches long. Its
+flower-stem is from eight to twelve inches high, bearing a cluster of
+bright rose-purple flowers. The corolla has a short, dark-maroon tube,
+encircled by a band of yellow, sometimes merging into white. A variety of
+this with very slender stems and the flower parts in fours is common in the
+Bay region, and southward possibly to Santa Barbara. This is called _var.
+cruciata_. Its blossoms have a strong odor, suggestive of a tannery. In
+this species the capsule opens at the top, splitting into a number of
+little teeth, which soon turn downward.
+
+[Illustration SHOOTING-STARS--_Dodecathceon Hendersoni var. cruciata_.]
+
+_D. Clevelandi_, Greene, is a beautiful species found in the south. It
+sends up a tall shaft, crowned with a large cluster of beautiful blossoms,
+varying from a delicate lilac to pure white. The petals are ringed below
+with pale yellow, and the beak of the flower is a rich prune-purple. There
+is a certain generous, fine look about these flowers, although they are
+exquisitely delicate. Their charm is completed by a delicious perfume, like
+that of the cultivated cyclamen.
+
+Among the children the various forms are known by a number of names, such
+as "mad violets," "prairie-pointers," "mosquito-bills," and
+"roosters'-heads." The latter is said to be the designation of prosaic
+little boys who see in these blossoms gaming possibilities, and who love to
+hook them together and pull to see which head will come off first.
+
+
+PRICKLY PHLOX.
+
+     _Gilia Californica_, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Woody; two or three feet high. _Leaves._--Palmately
+     three- to seven-parted, with spreading, needle-like divisions,
+     two to four lines long. _Flowers._--Solitary, at the ends of
+     the branchlets; rose-pink or lilac, with a white eye.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla-limb._--An inch and a half
+     across. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Dry hills from Monterey to San
+     Bernardino.
+
+I hardly know how to describe these delightful flowers. At a little
+distance the plant-stems have almost the look of a cactus, so densely are
+they clothed with the small, rigid leaves. Nor does a closer acquaintance
+serve to lessen the likeness--for in our breathless haste to take
+possession of the beautiful blossoms we are quite certain to have their
+prickly character impressed upon the hands as well as upon the sight. The
+texture of the flowers is of the finest silk, with an exquisite sheen;
+and they have a delicate fragrance. Growing at the tips of the numerous
+branchlets, they often form large masses of rich rose-colored bloom, which
+are especially brilliant and showy against the warm foliage.
+
+[Illustration PRICKLY PHLOX--_Gilia Californica_.]
+
+In some localities they are called "rock-rose," an unfortunate name in two
+respects: it has long belonged to a yellow flower of an entirely different
+family--_Helianthemum_; and these blossoms do not in the least resemble a
+rose.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN FOUR-O'CLOCK.
+
+_Mirabilis Californica_, Gray. Four-o'clock Family.
+
+     _Stems._--From a woody base; a foot or two long.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate; six to fifteen lines long; rather thick.
+     _Flowers._--Magenta-colored; one to three in a campanulate,
+     calyx-like, five-toothed involucre. Involucres nearly sessile.
+     _Perianth._--Six lines long; open funnel-form; five-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Five. Anthers yellow. _Ovary._--Globose;
+     one-celled. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. _Hab._--Southern
+     California and eastward.
+
+When the heat of the day is over and the morning-glories are folding
+together their faded chalices, the bright little four-o'clocks begin to
+open their myriad magenta-colored eyes upon the closing day, and they,
+together with the evening primroses, will keep the vigils of the night.
+These diaphanous little flowers, with their long stamens resting on the
+lower side of the perianth, are like diminutive azaleas.
+
+They are very puzzling, and the part that baffles the young botanist is the
+calyx, which, as it sometimes has two or three corollas within it, cannot
+be considered a calyx at all, but must be called an involucre. In reality
+the corolla is absent, and the calyx, which is colored like a corolla, is
+called a perianth. This appears to sit upon the top of the round ovary, but
+in reality a green continuation of it is drawn down tightly over the
+ovary.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN FOUR-O'CLOCK--_Mirabilis Californica_.]
+
+
+BEACH MORNING-GLORY.
+
+_Convolvulus Soldanella_, L. Morning-glory Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or less long; trailing.
+     _Leaves._--Kidney-shaped; long-petioled; leathery; an inch or
+     two broad. _Flowers._--Pink to lavender; one to nearly three
+     inches across, with a pair of thin bracts just below the calyx,
+     partly enveloping it. (Otherwise as _C. luteolus_.) _Hab._--The
+     seashore from Puget Sound to San Diego.
+
+The beach morning-glory trails its stems over the shifting sands of the
+seashore, making clusters of beautiful foliage, over which the large,
+delicate flowers raise their exquisite satin funnels.
+
+
+CALYPSO.
+
+_Calypso borealis_, Salisb. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--Small; solid. _Stem._--Three to six inches high.
+     _Leaf._--An inch or two long. _Sepals_ and petals light to deep
+     rose-color; six to nine lines long. _Lip._--Brownish pink,
+     mottled with purple. _Style._--Petaloid, oval, and concave,
+     bearing the hemispherical anther on its summit underneath.
+     _Hab._--The northern Coast Ranges; also across the continent.
+
+It has never been my good fortune to find this rare and exquisite little
+orchid, but beautiful specimens have been sent from the redwoods of Sonoma
+County and from Oregon. The books speak of it as growing in bogs; but I am
+told by those who gathered them that the little plants sit lightly upon the
+layer of needles that carpet the forest-floor. The roots scarcely penetrate
+the soil, so that the plants are easily disengaged without digging.
+
+Nature produced a perfect work when she fashioned this little plant, so
+simple, so charming in every way, with its one dainty leaf and one unique
+blossom. The form of the column is peculiarly interesting, being that of a
+curving concave petal, bearing the anther, in the shape of a hollow
+hemisphere, on its upper edge.
+
+[Illustration CALYPSO--_Calypso borealis_.]
+
+
+WILD PORTULACA.
+
+_Calandrinia caulescens_, HBK.; _var. Menziesii_, Gray. Purslane Family.
+
+     Decumbent, branching herbs, mostly smooth.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; linear to oblanceolate; one to three
+     inches long. _Flowers._--In loose racemes; rose-color or
+     magenta; about an inch across. _Sepals._--Two; keeled.
+     _Petals._--Mostly five. _Stamens._--Four to eleven.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender. Stigma three-cleft. Seeds
+     black, shining, lens-shaped. _Hab._--From Lower California to
+     Vancouver Island.
+
+The wild portulaca is very abundant, and in seasons favorable to its
+development is a very noticeable little plant. Its succulent stems have a
+spreading habit and bear many satiny flowers of a deep purplish-pink, which
+open in the bright sunshine. The petals, which are veined with a slightly
+darker color, become white toward the center, and the little anthers are
+full of orange-colored pollen. These blossoms have a delicate, somewhat
+musky perfume.
+
+Cattle are fond of the herbage, and the plants are considered excellent as
+potherbs and for salads. The seeds, which are a favorite food of the wild
+dove are very pretty, being lens-shaped, black and shining, with a granular
+surface.
+
+
+THE PRIDE OF CALIFORNIA.
+
+_Lathyrus splendens_, Kell. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Climbing; six to ten feet. _Leaflets._--About eight;
+     scattered; very variable; linear to lanceolate or oblong;
+     acute; mucronate; strongly three- to five-nerved.
+     _Tendrils._--Two- to five-parted. _Stipules._--Small;
+     semi-sagittate. _Peduncles._--Stout; usually seven- to
+     ten-flowered. _Flowers._--Very large; brilliant crimson.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed; eighteen-nerved. _Standard_ and keel an
+     inch or more long. _Pods._--Three inches long; smooth;
+     compressed; ten- to twenty-seeded. _Hab._--Parts of San Diego
+     County, and southward.
+
+Clambering over our wild shrubs, this wonderful pea gives them the
+appearance of being loaded with a magnificence of bloom quite unwonted. The
+blossoms are the richest and most gorgeous of crimsons throughout, and have
+such a superb air that it is difficult to believe they are not the product
+of centuries of careful selection by the gardener. The long standard turns
+back over the stem, continuing the gracefully outlined keel in a long
+compound curve. The blossoms hang from the stem in charming abandon, like a
+flock of graceful tropic-birds poising upon the wing before taking flight,
+or like a fleet of gayly decked pleasure-barges, with canopies thrown back,
+fit for the conveyance of a Cleopatra.
+
+[Illustration WILD PORTULACA--_Calandrinia caulescens_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN WILD CURRANT. INCENSE-SHRUB.
+
+_Ribes glutinosum_, Benth. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Shrubs six to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Three- to
+     five-lobed; glutinous when young; three to five inches broad.
+     _Flowers._--Rose-pink to pale pink; in long drooping racemes.
+     _Calyx._--Petaloid; five-lobed. _Petals_ and stamens five on
+     the calyx. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles two; more or less
+     united. _Berries._--Blue, with a dense bloom; glandular-hispid.
+     _Syn._--_Ribes sanguineum_, Pursh. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges;
+     more common southward.
+
+In early winter in the south, and somewhat later northward, the wild
+currant becomes a thing of beauty hardly to have been expected. The young
+foliage, of a clear brilliant green, is gayly decked with the long clusters
+of peculiarly fresh pink blossoms, which seem like the very incarnation of
+the spirit of Spring, producing a certain _eblouissement_, which quickens
+our sense into an anticipation of beauty on every side.
+
+We are made aware of a strong, heavy fragrance emanating from this shrub,
+for which its numerous glands are responsible, and which has gained for it
+the popular name of "incense-shrub" in some localities.
+
+The fruit, which ripens toward fall, is dry and bitter, or insipid.
+
+The genus _Ribes_ includes the currant and the gooseberry, and furnishes us
+with several charming shrubs in California.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN WILD CURRANT--_Ribes glutinosum_.]
+
+
+GROUND-PINK. FRINGED GILIA.
+
+_Gilia dianthoides_, Endl. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     One to six inches high. _Leaves._--Six lines or so long; linear
+     to filiform. _Flowers._--Rose or lilac, blending inward to
+     white, with darker color or yellow in the throat.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Nine to twelve lines across;
+     fringed. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--From Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+In March our southern meadows and hill-slopes are all aglow with the lovely
+flowers of this charming little _Gilia_. The plants are tiny, often no more
+than an inch high, but are ambitious out of all proportion to their size,
+covering themselves with blossoms exquisitely delicate in texture, form,
+and coloring, which literally carpet the earth with an overlapping mosaic.
+
+It is a wonderful thought that upon every one of these countless millions
+of little flowers that clothe the fields Nature has bestowed such care that
+each is a masterpiece in itself.
+
+
+COMMON FLEABANE.
+
+_Erigeron Philadelphicus_, L. Sunflower Family.
+
+     Hairy, perennial herbs. _Stems._--One to three feet high; leafy
+     to the top. _Root-leaves._--Spatulate or obovate.
+     _Stem-leaves._--Oblong; sessile, with broad clasping base;
+     irregularly toothed. _Flower-heads._--In a loose corymb.
+     _Disks._--Yellow; three or four lines across.
+     _Rays._--Innumerable; very narrow; flesh-color to rose-purple;
+     about three lines long. _Hab._--Widely distributed on the
+     Pacific and Atlantic Coasts.
+
+The feathery, daisy-like flowers of the common fleabane are of frequent
+occurrence in moist meadows or along the roadsides in spring. The
+ray-flowers are so narrow as to form a delicate fringe around the disk.
+
+The common name arose from the belief that these plants were harmful to
+fleas.
+
+[Illustration GROUND-PINK--_Gilia dianthoides_.]
+
+
+TURKISH RUGGING.
+
+_Chorizanthe staticoides_, Benth. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     A foot high or more, with widely spreading branches.
+     _Leaves._--All radical; oblong; obtuse; twelve to thirty lines
+     long, including petioles. _Involucres._--Loosely clustered;
+     sessile; one-flowered; campanulate; with six bristle-like
+     teeth. _Perianth._--Pink; two lines long; six-lobed; not
+     fringed. _Stamens._--Mostly nine; on the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles three. Stigmas capitate.
+     _Hab._--From Monterey to San Diego.
+
+In late spring the dry, open hills of the south are overrun with the soft
+lavender of the _Chorizanthe_. The flowers are small, but the whole plant
+is purplish, and the stems are quite as productive of color as the
+blossoms. In fact, the whole plant seems to consist of a scraggly
+interlacement of slender branches and small flowers, as the leaves, which
+nestle close to the ground, are not very noticeable.
+
+
+CANCHALAGUA. CALIFORNIAN CENTAURY.
+
+_Erythraea venusta_, Gray. Gentian Family.
+
+     Six inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--Six to twelve lines
+     long; pale apple-green. _Calyx._--Usually five-parted.
+     _Corolla._--Bright pink, with yellow or white center; an inch
+     or so across. _Stamens._--Five; anthers spirally twisted after
+     shedding the pollen. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender.
+     Stigmas two. _Hab._--From Plumas County southward; more
+     abundant southward.
+
+Just as our attention has been called afresh to the fields by the sudden
+appearance of the "golden stars," or _Bloomeria_, in late spring, we find,
+as we stoop to gather them, a charming pink flower nestling close to the
+earth amid the grasses. Though low of stature, these firstlings of the
+season atone for it by brilliancy of color, and their pink blossoms have a
+peculiarly clean, fresh, wide-awake appearance, reminding one of a
+rosy-faced country wench.
+
+While enjoying their bright beauty, we do not for a moment suspect that we
+are paying homage to the famous "canchalagua" of the Spanish-Californians.
+No well-regulated household among these people is without bundles of these
+herbs strung upon the rafters--for they are considered by them an
+indispensable remedy for fevers; also, an excellent bitter tonic, and are
+said to possess rare antiseptic properties.
+
+[Illustration CANCHALAGUA--_Erythraea venusta_.]
+
+
+FALSE MALLOW.
+
+_Malvastrum Thurberi_, Gray. Mallow Family.
+
+     Shrubby at base; three to fifteen feet high; densely tomentose.
+     _Leaves._--An inch or two across; thick. _Flowers._--Clustered
+     in the axils of the leaves; or in an interrupted naked spike.
+     _Calyx._--Five-lobed; with one to three bractlets.
+     _Petals._--Five, about six lines long; rose-purple.
+     _Stamens._--United in a column. _Ovaries._--Numerous; united in
+     a ring. Styles united at base. Stigmas capitate. _Hab._--The
+     southern Coast Ranges and islands of the Coast.
+
+Upon the mesas of the south we often see a shrubby member of the mallow
+family, with long, wandlike branches ornamented with closely set, pink
+flowers, of delicate texture and pleasant perfume. This is the false
+mallow. It is a very handsome and noticeable shrub when in full bloom. The
+anthers are golden brown, and the stigmas are spherical instead of
+filiform. Upon the seashore it blooms much earlier than in the valleys
+inland.
+
+
+MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. FIG-MARIGOLD.
+
+_Mesembryanthemum aequilaterale_, Haworth. Fig-marigold Family.
+
+     Succulent plants. _Stems._--Elongating; forming large mats.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; sessile; fleshy; three-angled; two inches
+     or more long; oblong. _Flowers._--Terminal; solitary; fifteen
+     lines to two inches across; pink. _Calyx._--With top-shaped
+     tube and five-lobed border. _Petals._--Very numerous; linear.
+     _Stamens._--Innumerable. _Ovary._--Four- to twenty-celled.
+     Stigmas six to ten. _Hab._--The Coast, from Point Reyes
+     southward.
+
+The fig-marigold is a very common plant upon our seashore. It seems to
+flourish best toward the south, where it covers large tracts of sand with
+its succulent foliage, making mats of pleasant verdure in otherwise sandy
+wastes. Its stems often trail many yards down the cliffs, making beautiful
+natural draperies, decked with myriads of the pink blossoms. Because it is
+capable of withstanding the drouth in the most remarkable manner, it has
+been planted to produce verdure where irrigation is impossible. The very
+numerous slender petals give the flower the appearance at first sight of a
+_Composita_. The fruit is pulpy and full of very small seeds, like the fig,
+and has a suggestion of the flavor of the Isabella grape.
+
+[Illustration FALSE MALLOW--_Malvastrum Thurberi_.]
+
+Many species of _Mesembryanthemum_ are cultivated in our gardens, mostly as
+border-plants. The genus is a large one, most of the species being native
+of Southern Africa, and it is supposed that the three species now common
+upon our Coast were introduced in the remote past without the agency of
+man.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Gilia androsacea_, Steud. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to twelve inches high; erect; spreading.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; sessile; palmately five- to seven-parted;
+     seemingly whorled. _Flowers._--In terminal clusters.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-shaped; rose-pink, lilac, or white, with a
+     yellow or dark throat; its tube filiform, about an inch long;
+     limb eight to ten lines across. Filaments and style slender;
+     exserted. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Throughout the western part of
+     the State; into the Sierra foothills.
+
+The delicate flowers of this little plant may be found nestling amid the
+grasses of dry hill-slopes in late spring, often making charming bits of
+color. It is usually rather a low plant, but in specially favorable
+situations it rises to a foot in height. Its fragile flowers vary from pure
+white to lilac and a lovely rose-pink, and look like small phloxes.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Mimulus Douglasii_, Gray. Figwort Family.
+
+     Flowering at half an inch high; later becoming a span high.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate or oblong; three- to five-nerved at base;
+     narrowed into a short petiole. _Flowers._--Rich maroon, with
+     deeper color in the throat and some yellow below.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--An inch to eighteen lines
+     long; with dilated throat. Lower lip much shorter than the
+     ample, erect, upper one; sometimes almost wanting. (See
+     _Mimulus_.) _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+This little _Mimulus_ is quite common upon gravelly or stony hills. Its
+pert little maroon flowers, with their very long tubes and erect lobes, so
+ridiculously out of proportion to the size of the tiny plant, give it the
+look of some very important small personage.
+
+[Illustration _Gilia Androsacea._]
+
+
+BITTER-ROOT. SPAT'LUM. TOBACCO-ROOT.
+
+_Lewisia rediviva_, Pursh. Purslane Family.
+
+     _Root._--Very thick. _Leaves._--Clustered; linear-oblong; one
+     or two inches long. _Scapes._--One-flowered; one or two inches
+     long; jointed in the middle, with a whorl of five to seven
+     scarious bracts at the joint. _Sepals._--Six to eight; six to
+     nine lines long; scarious-margined. _Petals._--Twelve to
+     fifteen; rose-color, sometimes white; oblong; eight to sixteen
+     lines long; rotately spreading in sunshine. _Stamens._--Forty
+     or more. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style three- to eight-parted
+     nearly to the base. _Hab._--The mountains of California,
+     northward and eastward.
+
+Within our borders this little plant is not abundant, but must be sought
+upon mountain heights. Formerly it was supposed not to occur south of Mt.
+Diablo, but it has since been found in the mountains of the southern part
+of the State and at intermediate points. It is very abundant in Montana,
+where it has been adopted as the State flower.
+
+The plants are very small, being but an inch or two high, but the flowers
+are handsome and showy, and the delicate, rose-colored corollas, which are
+often two inches across, are of an exquisite silken texture. The root is
+remarkably large and thick for so small a plant, and it contains a
+nutritious, farinaceous matter, much esteemed by the Indians for food.
+Among them it is known as "spat'lum," and they gather large quantities of
+it, which they store in bags for future use.
+
+This was the "racine-amère," or "bitter-root," of the early French
+settlers. It is also known as "tobacco-root," because when boiled it has a
+tobacco-like odor.
+
+The specific name, _rediviva_, was bestowed because of the wonderful
+vitality of these plants. It is known upon good authority that specimens
+which had been drying for two years in an herbarium continued to produce
+leaves, and at last, when taken out and planted, went on growing and
+blossomed!
+
+This genus is an exception to the other members of the Purslane family, in
+having more than two sepals.
+
+
+SPINELESS TUNA.
+
+_Opuntia basilaris, var. ramosa_, Parish. Cactus Family.
+
+     Low; spreading; branching freely above. _Joints._--Flat;
+     smooth; without large spines, but with close tufts of minute
+     bristles; obovate or fan-shaped; five to eight inches long;
+     nearly as wide at the top. _Flowers._--Large; brilliant
+     rose-magenta; two or three inches long. _Fruit._--Dry;
+     sub-globose. (Flower-structure as in _O. Engelmanni_.)
+     _Hab._--The southern deserts and San Bernardino Mountains.
+
+In the arid regions of the southern interior, this _Opuntia_ is a very
+common one, and its large, brilliant rose-magenta flowers attract the
+attention wherever seen. They are very tempting blossoms, and it is hard to
+resist them, even though we know the penalty will be the conversion of
+thumbs and fingers into pin-cushions for innumerable, minute, tormenting
+thorns.
+
+
+SNOW-BERRY.
+
+_Symphoricarpos racemosus_, Michx. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to four feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; cuneate to oblong; entire or lobed; nine to
+     eighteen lines long. _Flowers._--Small; mostly in terminal
+     clusters. _Calyx._--Adnate to the ovary; with five-toothed
+     border. _Corolla._--Campanulate; five-lobed; three lines long;
+     waxen; pinkish; very hairy within. _Stamens._--Five; on the
+     corolla. _Ovary._--Four-celled. _Berries._--Waxen-white; six
+     lines in diameter. _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+In early winter the pure-white clusters of the snow-berry, on their almost
+leafless stems, make flecks of light through the dun woods. At this season
+of few woodland attractions, these berries, together with the trailing
+sprays of the fragrant yerba buena and the long graceful leaves of the
+iris, are about the only trophies to be obtained upon a walk. In early
+spring, when their slender twigs first begin to leaf out, these little
+shrubs are among the most delicate and airy of growing things, and make a
+tender veil of green through the shadowy woodland. The blossoms, which
+arrive rather late, are inconspicuous.
+
+
+TREE-MALLOW.
+
+_Lavatera assurgentiflora_, Kell. Mallow Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Six to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Three to nine
+     inches across. _Flowers._--Pink, veined with maroon.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft, with an involucel below, like a second
+     calyx. _Petals._--Twelve to eighteen lines long.
+     _Filaments._--Numerous; united in a column.
+     _Styles._--Numerous; filiform. _Carpels._--One-seeded, in a
+     ring around an axis; separating at maturity. _Hab._--The
+     islands off the Coast; cultivated on the mainland north to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+
+The _Lavateras_ are Old-World plants, with the exception of a few species
+which are natives of the islands of our southern coast. In the early days
+the Padres planted the above species (_L. assurgentiflora_) plentifully
+around the old Missions, and thence it has spread and become spontaneous in
+many localities. It can be seen in San Francisco, planted as wind-break
+hedges about the market-gardens, where it thrives luxuriantly as long as it
+is protected from cattle.
+
+The leaves and twigs abound in mucilage, and are very fattening and
+nutritious food for sheep and cattle, who are very fond of it.
+
+
+WILD HONEYSUCKLE.
+
+_Lonicera hispidula_, Dougl. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Woody; climbing and twining. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; oval; pale; one to three inches long; the upper
+     pairs uniting around the stem. _Flowers._--Pink; in spikes of
+     several whorls. _Calyx._--Minute; growing to the ovary; border
+     five-toothed. _Corolla._--Tubular; six lines to an inch long;
+     bilabiate; the lips strongly revolute; the upper four-lobed,
+     the lower entire. _Stamens._--Five; much exserted.
+     _Ovary._--Two- or three-celled. Style slender. Stigma capitate.
+     _Berries._--Scarlet; translucent. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+In early summer the climbing honeysuckle with its pale foliage flings its
+long arms over neighboring trees and shrubs, showing glimpses here and
+there of small pinkish flowers. But it is far more noticeable in the fall,
+when its long pendulous branches are laden with the fine clusters of
+translucent, orange-red berries. It is quite variable and has many forms,
+which are all considered varieties of the one species.
+
+[Illustration TREE-MALLOW--_Lavatera assurgentiflora_.]
+
+
+PINK PAINT-BRUSH. ESCOBITA.
+
+_Orthocarpus purpurascens_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to twelve inches high. _Leaves._--Variously
+     parted into filiform divisions. _Bracts._--About equaling the
+     flowers; tipped with crimson or pale pink. _Corolla._--About an
+     inch long; the lower lip only moderately inflated and
+     three-saccate; the upper long, hooked, bearded, crimson.
+     _Stigma._--Large. (See _Orthocarpus_.) _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed.
+
+The bright-magenta tufts of the pink paint-brush are often so abundant that
+they give the country a purplish hue for miles at a stretch. The
+Spanish-Californians have a pretty name for these blossoms, calling them
+"escobitas," meaning "little whisk-brooms."
+
+_O. densiflorus_, Benth., is a very similar species; but its corolla has a
+straight upper lip, without hairs.
+
+
+CLARKIA.
+
+_Clarkia elegans_, Dougl. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to six feet high; simple or branching.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; broadly ovate to linear; dentate; an inch
+     or more long. _Petals._--About nine lines long; with long,
+     slender claws and rhomboidal blades; pink. _Stamens._--Eight;
+     all perfect. Filaments with a hairy scale at base.
+     _Stigma._--Four-lobed. _Capsule._--Six to nine lines long;
+     sessile. (Otherwise as _C. concinna_.) _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed.
+
+This plant is a very common one along our dusty roadsides in early summer,
+and it shows a facility in adapting itself to quite a range of climate and
+condition. It grows from six inches to six feet high, is nearly smooth or
+quite hairy, and has rather large flowers or quite small ones. Its scarlet
+stamens, purple-pink petals, and often deeper purple sepals make an odd
+combination of color. It often grows in showy masses, making patches of
+glowing color under the shade of trees.
+
+[Illustration PINK PAINT-BRUSH--_Orthocarpus purpurascens_.]
+
+
+CHAPARRAL PEA.
+
+_Pickeringia montana_, Nutt. Pea Family.
+
+     Evergreen, much branched, spiny shrubs, four to seven feet
+     high. _Leaves._--With from one to three leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Three to nine lines long.
+     _Flowers._--Magenta-colored; solitary; sessile; seven to nine
+     lines long; papilionaceous. _Stamens._--All ten distinct.
+     _Pod._--One-celled; two inches long. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges,
+     from Lake County to San Diego.
+
+Upon wild mountain-slopes where are heard the fluting notes of a certain
+shy bird that rarely comes near habitations, the chaparral pea often makes
+dense, impenetrable thickets. It would be impossible to mistake it for any
+other shrub, with its solitary magenta-colored pea-blossoms, which often
+cover the bushes with a mass of color. Its green branchlets terminate in
+long, rigid spines, which are often clothed with small leaves nearly to the
+end.
+
+Woe to him who tries to penetrate the chaparral when it is composed of this
+formidable and uncompromising shrub! The result is quite likely to be a
+humiliating progress upon hands and knees before he can extricate himself,
+probably with torn garments and scratched visage.
+
+
+HEDGE-NETTLE.
+
+_Stachys bullata_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Rough, pubescent herbs. _Stem._--Ten to eighteen inches high;
+     four-angled. _Leaves._--Opposite; ovate or ovate-oblong;
+     cordate; coarsely crenate; wrinkly veined; petioled; an inch or
+     two long. _Flowers._--Pinkish; in a narrow, interrupted spike.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Eight lines long; bilabiate.
+     Upper lip erect; lower deflexed, of three unequal lobes,
+     spotted with purple. _Stamens._--Four. Filaments hairy. Anthers
+     divergently two-celled. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     Style filiform. Stigma two-cleft. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+The hedge-nettles are common weeds, of which we have several species. _S.
+bullata_, so called on account of its leaves, which look as though
+blistered, is the most widespread. It is quite variable in aspect, and we
+are constantly meeting it in new guises and being deceived into believing
+it something finer than it really is, through some subtle change in its
+usually homely little pink flowers.
+
+[Illustration CHAPARRAL PEA--_Pickeringia montana_.]
+
+
+TWINING HYACINTH.
+
+_Brodiaea volubilis_, Baker. Lily Family.
+
+     Coated corm about one inch in diameter. _Leaves._--All radical;
+     broadly linear; a foot or more long. _Scape._--Twining; two to
+     even twelve feet long; naked. _Umbel._--Many-flowered.
+     _Perianth._--Five to eight lines long; rose-color without,
+     whitish within. _Stamens._--Three; alternating with three
+     notched staminodia. Filaments winged; very short.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style short. Stigma capitate.
+     _Syn._--_Stropholirion Californicum_, Torr. _Hab._--Sierra
+     foothills, from Mariposa County northward.
+
+In this plant we see the _Brodiaea_ disporting itself in a very odd manner,
+having vinelike aspirations. It produces several long leaves, which lie
+prostrate upon the ground, and then the stem puts in its appearance and
+commences a wonderful series of evolutions not to be outdone by any
+contortionist. It twists and clambers and climbs, reaching a height of five
+or six feet, often having expended twice that amount of stem in its
+convolutions.
+
+During this remarkable process, which consumes from two to four weeks, the
+terminal bud has remained dormant. But it now commences to grow, and in a
+couple of weeks the flower-cluster is complete in all its beauty. It is
+sometimes six inches across.
+
+It often happens that before the flower has blossomed, the stem is broken
+off at the ground. Strangely enough, this seems not to matter at all, for
+it grows on and perfects its flowers just as though nothing had occurred.
+People often bring the stem indoors and allow it to climb up over the
+curtains, where they can watch the interesting process of its growth.
+
+[Illustration TWINING HYACINTH--_Brodiaea volubilis_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY.
+
+_Rhododendron Californicum_, Hook. Heath Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs three to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Four to
+     six inches long; leathery. _Flowers._--Rose-pink; in large
+     clusters. _Calyx._--Small; with rounded lobes.
+     _Corolla._--Broadly campanulate; two inches or so across;
+     slightly irregular; with wavy, margined lobes; the upper
+     spotted within. _Stamens._--About equaling the corolla. Style
+     crimson. Stigma funnel-form. (Otherwise as _R. occidentale_.)
+     _Hab._--From British Columbia to Marin County.
+
+In our northern counties the rugged mountain-sides are often densely
+covered with the lovely rose-bay, which in early summer presents an
+appearance it would be impossible to rival. When the foliage, which is very
+rich in both quality and hue, is thickly massed with the great glowing
+flower-clusters, the sight is worth a pilgrimage to see. It is a shrub so
+beautiful, we marvel it is not generally cultivated in gardens.
+
+The bees are very fond of the blossoms, but popular tradition ascribes a
+poisonous quality to the honey made from them.
+
+We have noticed no perfume in these flowers, but the leaves are often quite
+pleasantly fragrant.
+
+
+COMMON WILD ROSE.
+
+_Rosa Californica_, Cham. and Schlecht. Rose Family.
+
+     Erect shrubs three to eight feet high. Prickles few; stout;
+     recurved; mostly in pairs beneath the entire stipules.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; pinnate; with five to seven leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Ovate or oblong; serrate. _Flowers._--Few to many
+     in clusters; pale-pink. _Calyx._--With urn-shaped tube and
+     five-cleft border, whose lobes are foliaceously tipped.
+     _Petals._--Five; six to nine lines long. _Stamens._--Very
+     numerous. _Ovaries._--Several; bony; in, but free from, the
+     calyx-tube. _Hips._--Many; four or five lines through.
+     _Hab._--From San Diego to Oregon.
+
+The wild rose is one of the few flowers that blooms cheerfully through the
+long summer days, lavishing its beautiful clusters of deliciously fragrant
+flowers as freely along the dusty roadside as in the more secluded thicket.
+In autumn it often seems inspired to a special luxuriance of blossoming,
+and it lingers to greet the asters and mingle its pink flowers and
+brilliant scarlet hips with their delicate lilacs.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY--_Rhododendron Californicum_.]
+
+_R. gymnocarpa_, Nutt., "the redwood-rose," is exquisitely dainty. This is
+found in shady places under the trees. It blooms earlier than the common
+species, and is neither so abundant nor so fragrant. Its flowers are barely
+an inch across and of a bright pink. The prickles are straight, and the
+calyx-lobes are without leafy tips, while the leaflets are small and
+shapely.
+
+
+BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA.
+
+_Clarkia concinna_ (F. and M.), Greene. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--One or
+     two inches long. _Flowers._--Axillary; sessile; parts in fours.
+     _Calyx._--Red-pink; tube an inch or more long.
+     _Petals._--Rose-pink; six lines to over an inch long.
+     _Ovary._--Four-celled. _Syn._--_Eucharidium concinnum_, Fisch.
+     and Mey. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Santa Barbara to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+In June these charming blossoms may be found in the company of the
+maidenhair fern fringing the banks of shady roads, or standing in glowing
+masses under the buckeye-trees. In them nature has ventured upon one of
+those rather daring color combinations of which we would have hardly
+dreamed, and the result is delightful. The petals are bright rose-pink,
+while the sepals are of a red pink.
+
+
+SPREADING DOGBANE.
+
+_Apocynum androsaemifolium_, L. Dogbane Family.
+
+     Erect; one to three feet high; spreading. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; ovate or roundish; an inch or two long.
+     _Flowers._--Clustered; pink. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--Campanulate; three or four lines long; with five
+     revolute lobes; having a small scale at base, opposite each
+     lobe. _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla. Filaments short.
+     Anthers erect around the stigma. Style none. _Ovaries._--Two;
+     becoming a pair of long pods. Seeds silky-tufted.
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed in the United States.
+
+[Illustration BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA--_Clarkia concinna_.]
+
+The small pink flowers of the spreading dogbane may be found all through
+the summer, often upon our driest hillsides. The shapely little blossoms
+are of a flesh-tint without, richly veined with deeper pink within, and
+quite fragrant. The plants have a milky juice and a tough fiber in the
+stem, similar to that in the American-Indian hemp. The plant was formerly
+supposed to be poisonous to dogs, from which fact it received its generic
+name, which translated gives the common English name, "dogbane." It is used
+in medicine as a remedy for rheumatic gout. The very long pods seem
+absurdly out of proportion to the small flowers.
+
+_A. cannabinum_, L., the American-Indian hemp, is also found within our
+borders, but it grows along stream-banks and in marshy places. It has
+oblong, pointed leaves, and small greenish-white flowers, only two lines
+long, whose close cylindrical corollas hardly surpass the calyx. The
+yellowish-brown bark of this plant is very tough and fibrous, and at the
+same time soft and silky. Our Indians have always found it of the utmost
+value in the making of ropes, lariats, nets, mats, baskets, etc., and
+before the coming of the white man they even made certain articles of
+clothing of it. A tincture made from the root is a recognized drug in the
+pharmacopoeia. Professor Thouin, of Paris, says that a permanent dye may be
+obtained from a decoction of it, which is brown or black, according to the
+mordant used.
+
+
+FIRECRACKER FLOWER.
+
+_Brodiaea coccinea_, Gray. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Grasslike, a foot or two long. _Scape._--One to
+     three feet high; six- to fifteen-flowered. _Perianth._--An inch
+     or two long; rich crimson; the limb of six green or yellowish
+     oblong lobes. _Stamens._--Three; on the perianth. Filaments
+     adnate to its tube. Anther tips exserted. _Staminodia._--Three;
+     broad; short; white; on the throat of the perianth, alternating
+     with the stamens. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style exserted.
+     Stigma three-lobed. _Syn._--_Brevoortia coccinea_, Wats.
+     _Hab._--The mountains from Mendocino County to Shasta County.
+
+[Illustration FIRECRACKER FLOWER--_Brodiaea coccinea_.]
+
+When our northern valleys have become parched by the first heat of
+summer, many beautiful flowers are still to be found in deep cañon
+retreats, where the streams, overarched by great shadowing oaks, gush
+downward through leafy copses of hazelwood and thimble-berry by beds of
+moss and fern. Upon the walls of such charming gorges the firecracker
+flower rears its slender stem and shakes out its bunch of brilliant
+crimson blossoms. These are a prophetic symbol of our national holiday
+rather than an aid to its celebration--for they have often passed away
+before the Fourth of July.
+
+
+GODETIA. FAREWELL TO SPRING.
+
+_Godetia viminea_, Spach. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; sometimes stout.
+     _Leaves._--Linear to linear-lanceolate; entire; an inch or two
+     long; distant. _Flowers._--Nodding in the bud.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Two to four lines long. _Petals._--Deep
+     rose-color, sometimes yellowish at base with a dark spot; nine
+     to fifteen lines long. _Capsules._--Smoothish; eight to
+     eighteen lines long; its sides two-ribbed; sessile or
+     short-pediceled. (See _Godetia_.) _Hab._--From the Columbia
+     River southward to Ventura.
+
+In early summer the rosy flowers of this _Godetia_ make bright masses of
+color along dry banks and hill-slopes. Its blossoms are very variable as to
+marking. Sometimes the petals have a bright crimson blotch at the base and
+sometimes they are without it, both forms often occurring upon the same
+plant. In some seasons all the flowers are without the blotch.
+
+_G. grandiflora_, Lindl., found in Humboldt and Mendocino Counties, is
+probably the most showy species we have. The plants are a foot or two high
+and covered all over with the wonderful flowers, which are often four
+inches across. These are delicate pink, blotched with rich crimson.
+
+_G. Bottae_, Spach., is an exquisite species found in the Coast Ranges,
+from Monterey to San Diego. Its very slender stems lift the fragile,
+satiny cups above the dried grasses in charming companies. These blossoms
+also vary much. Among the prettiest forms is one which is pale rose or
+lilac, blending to white at the center, delicately striate with
+purple-dotted lines, and having a rich purple spot in the center. This
+often grows with the lilac butterfly-tulip, _Calochortus splendens_, and
+at a little distance is so similar, it is difficult to distinguish it from
+the lily. But the lily rarely or never grows in throngs. The capsules of
+this species have pedicels from three to nine lines long.
+
+[Illustration FAREWELL TO SPRING--_Godetia viminea_.]
+
+
+BLEEDING-HEART.
+
+_Dicentra formosa_, DC. Bleeding-heart Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Ternately dissected, with toothed leaflets.
+     _Scapes._--Six inches to two feet high.
+     _Flowers._--Rose-colored to pale pink, sometimes almost white
+     or yellowish; nodding. (Floral structure as in _D.
+     chrysantha_.) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Middle
+     California to British Columbia.
+
+The bleeding-heart is a rather shy flower, and never makes itself common
+enough to dull our enthusiasm for it. It fully merits its specific name,
+for it is a plant of elegant form throughout, from its shapely divided
+leaves to its graceful clusters of pendent hearts. It is found in the woods
+of our Coast Ranges, but may be seen to best advantage when nestling amid
+the lush grasses of Sierra meadows.
+
+
+INDIAN RHUBARB. UMBRELLA-PLANT.
+
+_Saxifraga peltata_, Torr. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Thick; creeping. _Leaves._--Radical;
+     long-petioled; a foot or more across when mature; nine- to
+     fourteen-lobed; centrally depressed. _Scapes._--One to three
+     feet high. _Calyx._--Five-lobed. _Petals._--Five; roundish;
+     three lines or more long; purplish-pink. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     _Ovaries._--Two; distinct. Stigmas capitate or reniform.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from Mariposa County to Mt. Shasta; also
+     Mendocino County.
+
+Upon the borders of our swift-flowing mountain streams, where the
+water-ouzel flies up and down all day, sometimes filling the air with
+melody as he passes, may be seen the large lotus-like leaves of this great
+Saxifrage. They stand with their dark, warm stems in the water; or, poising
+upon the brink, they lean gracefully over it, making myriad reflections in
+the brown depths below, while every passing breeze awakens a quick response
+among them.
+
+Early in the season, before the coming of the leaves, these plants send up
+tall stems with dense, branching clusters of handsome purplish-pink
+flowers. The leaves, small at first, continue to grow until late summer,
+when they have reached their perfection; after which they begin to deepen
+into the richest of autumn hues.
+
+[Illustration BLEEDING-HEART--_Dicentra formosa_.]
+
+This plant is commonly called "Indian rhubarb," because the Indians are
+extravagantly fond of the stalks of the leaves and flowers. It is now
+cultivated in Eastern gardens.
+
+
+GREAT WILLOW-HERB. FIREWEED.
+
+_Epilobium spicatum_, Lam. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Often four to seven feet high. _Leaves._--Scattered;
+     willow-like. _Flowers._--Purplish-pink; an inch or more across.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Linear; limb four-parted; often colored.
+     _Stamens._--Eight. Anthers purplish. _Ovary._--Four-celled.
+     Seeds silky-tufted. _Syn._--_E. angustifolium_, L. _Hab._--The
+     Sierras; eastward to the Atlantic; also in the North Coast
+     mountains. Found also in Europe and Asia.
+
+This plant has received one of its English names, because its leaves are
+like those of the willow and its seeds are furnished with silken down, like
+the fluff on the willow.
+
+It is our finest and most showy species of _Epilobium_, and is also found
+in the Eastern States, where it is still known by a former name--_E.
+angustifolium_, L. Owing to the fact that it grows with special luxuriance
+in spots which have been recently burned over, it is commonly known as
+"fireweed." It may be found in perfection in the Sierras in August, where
+its great spikes of large pink flowers make showy masses of color along the
+streams and through the meadows, commanding our warmest admiration.
+
+In the fall the tall, pliant, widely branching stems of the "autumn
+willow-herb"--_E. paniculatum_, Nutt.--stand everywhere by the roadside.
+The small pink flowers, half an inch across, terminate the almost leafless
+stems, and later are replaced by the dry, curled remains of the opened
+capsules and the feathery down of the escaping seeds.
+
+[Illustration GREAT WILLOW-HERB--_Epilobium spicatum_.]
+
+
+ALPINE HEATHER.
+
+_Bryanthus Breweri_, Gray. Heath Family.
+
+     Dwarf evergreens; six inches to a foot high; woody.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; linear; three to seven lines long.
+     _Flowers._--Purplish-rose; on glandular pedicels.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed; small. _Corolla._--Saucer-shaped; six
+     lines or so across. _Stamens._--Seven to ten. Anthers
+     two-celled; opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style
+     slender. Stigma capitate. _Hab._--The High Sierras.
+
+This little plant, to which Mr. Muir fondly alludes in his charming book,
+"The Mountains of California," may be found blooming in July and August in
+the Sierras. Sometimes it nestles in rocky crevices in the cool drip of the
+snow-banks, and again it ventures boldly out into the openings, where it
+spreads its rich carpet, covered with a wealth of rosy bloom. From the
+abundance of this little heathling about its shores, one of our mountain
+lakes has received the name of "Heather Lake."
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Silene Gallica_, L. Pink Family.
+
+Hairy. _Stems._--Generally several. _Leaves._--Spatulate; six to eighteen
+lines long. _Flowers._--In terminal, one-sided racemes; four or five lines
+long; short-pediceled. _Petals._--Pale rose-color or almost white; barely
+exceeding the calyx. (Flower-structure as in _S. Californica_.)
+
+This little weed has come to us from Europe, and it is now so widely
+distributed, both near the sea and inland, that it is hard to believe it is
+not native. The slender racemes are from two to four inches long, and the
+little flowers vary from white to pale pink. They can boast none of the
+showy beauty of their relatives, the Indian pink and the Yerba del Indio.
+
+[Illustration ALPINE HEATHER--_Bryanthus Breweri_.]
+
+
+ALPINE PHLOX.
+
+_Phlox Douglasii_, Hook. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     Plants forming cushion-like tufts; three or four inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Needle-like; six lines or less long; with shorter
+     ones crowded in the axils. _Flowers._--Pink, lilac, or white;
+     sessile; terminating the branchlets. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-form; with five-lobed border.
+     _Stamens._--Five; on the tube of the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style three-lobed. _Hab._--The Sierras,
+     from Mariposa County northward and eastward.
+
+This delightful little flower may be found in the Sierras at an altitude of
+from five to ten thousand feet. It loves the open sunshine of the cool
+mountain heights, and with its cushiony tufts clothes many a bit of granite
+soil with beauty. It seems undaunted by its stern surroundings, and lifts
+its innocent eyes confidingly to the skies which bend gently over it--those
+skies
+
+    "So fathomless and pure, as if
+    All loveliest azure things have gone
+    To heaven that way--the flowers, the sea,--
+    And left their color there alone."
+
+
+PINK MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus Lewisii_, Pursh. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; eighteen inches or so high.
+     _Leaves._--Sessile; oblong-ovate to lanceolate; denticulate;
+     somewhat viscid. _Peduncles._--Elongated. _Corolla._--Eighteen
+     lines to two inches long; with tube exceeding the calyx and
+     five ample spreading ciliate lobes; rose-color or paler, with
+     usually a darker stripe down the center of each lobe. Ridges of
+     lower lobe yellow and spotted; bearded. _Stamens._--Included.
+     (See _Mimulus_.) _Hab._--The Sierras, from Central California
+     northward and eastward to Montana.
+
+One of the most beautiful of all our monkey-flowers is this charming
+species, which is found along the cold streams of the Sierras. Its large
+flowers have a fragile, delicate look, and the light stems and leaves are
+of an exquisite green.
+
+I remember coming upon a delightful company of these blossoms, in a little
+emerald meadow upon the margin of one of those alpine lakelets which nestle
+among the granite crags. They seemed the most fitting flowers for just such
+a high, pure atmosphere.
+
+[Illustration ALPINE PHLOX--_Phlox Douglasii_.]
+
+
+SIERRA PRIMROSE.
+
+_Primula suffrutescens_, Gray. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Wedge-shaped, an inch or so long; clustered at the
+     ends of the branches. _Flower-stems._--Several inches high.
+     Umbel several-flowered. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-shaped; an inch or less across; deep
+     rose-color, with a yellow eye. _Stamens._--High on the
+     corolla-throat opposite its lobes. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style
+     slender. _Hab._--The Sierras.
+
+If one takes his alpenstock in hand and climbs to the snow line in late
+summer, he is apt to be rewarded by the charming flowers of the Sierra
+primrose. The little plants grow in the drip of the snow-banks, where the
+melting ice gradually liberates the tufts of evergreen leaves. The glowing
+flowers look as though they might have caught and held the last rosy
+reflection of the sunset upon the snow above them.
+
+
+PRIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS.
+
+_Pentstemon Menziesii, var. Newberryi_, Gray. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to a foot high; woody at base.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate, obovate, or oblong; an inch or less long;
+     leathery. _Peduncles._--Usually one-flowered, forming a short,
+     glandular-pubescent raceme. _Corolla._--Bright rose-pink; an
+     inch long. _Anthers._--White-woolly; with divergent cells. (See
+     _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--The High Sierras of Central California.
+
+This charming _Pentstemon_ is one of the most gracious flowers to be found
+in the Sierras in late summer. Upon banks overhanging the streams, or
+growing at great heights under the open sky, it makes many a rock-shelf gay
+with its brilliant pink blossoms.
+
+We wonder how it can possibly subsist upon the hard, glittering granite;
+but there the mystery of its life continues from day to day, and there it
+cheerfully produces its masses of bright flowers, which gladden the weary
+climber to these snowy heights.
+
+This species of _Pentstemon_ is well marked by its white-woolly anthers,
+which almost fill the throat. Northward it passes into the typical _P.
+Menziesii_, which has flowers from violet-blue to pink-purple.
+
+[Illustration SIERRA PRIMROSE--_Primula suffrutescens_.]
+
+
+LESSINGIA.
+
+_Lessingia leptoclada_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     Finely white-woolly. _Stems._--From a few inches to two feet
+     high, with numerous, almost filiform branchlets, bearing few or
+     solitary heads of pink or white flowers. _Lower
+     leaves._--Spatulate; sparingly toothed; withering early. _Upper
+     leaves._--Lanceolate, or linear and entire; sessile; uppermost
+     diminished into remote, subulate bracts. _Heads._--Five- to
+     twenty-flowered. Of tubular disk-flowers only. Outer flowers
+     much larger. _Involucre._--Silky hairy; broadly campanulate;
+     with imbricated, appressed bracts. _Hab._--Widespread.
+
+In late summer the pink _Lessingia_ is apparent along dry roadsides or
+embankments, where its blossoms make charming masses of soft color. It is
+quite abundant in the Yosemite, especially in the lower end of the valley.
+
+_L. Germanorum_, Cham., found plentifully from San Diego to San Francisco,
+has yellow flowers.
+
+
+ELEPHANTS' HEADS.
+
+_Pedicularis Groenlandica_, Retz. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Tall and slender; smooth. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     lanceolate in outline; pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate,
+     serrate divisions; diminishing upward into the flower-bracts.
+     _Flowers._--Pink; in a dense spike several inches long.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--With short tube and
+     bilabiate limb. Upper lip with a long beak, like an elephant's
+     trunk; lower three-lobed, deflexed. _Stamens._--Four. Filaments
+     and style filiform; sheathed in the beak. _Ovary._--Two-celled.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras from King's River northward; and eastward
+     to Hudson's Bay.
+
+No more curious flower could be found than this little denizen of our
+alpine meadows. Its tall pink spikes attract one from a distance, and
+astonish one upon nearer acquaintance by the wonderful resemblance of their
+blossoms to many small elephants' heads. The forehead, the long ears
+hanging at the sides of the head, and the long, slender, curving trunk are
+all perfectly simulated.
+
+These flowers have a pleasant perfume.
+
+Another species--_P. attollens_, Gray--often found growing with the above,
+is similar to it in general structure, but its leaves are more dissected,
+its flower-spike is rather woolly, and its beak is only two or three lines
+long. These blossoms bear no resemblance to the elephant.
+
+[Illustration LESSINGIA--_Lessingia leptoclada_.]
+
+
+ALPINE WILLOW-HERB. ROCK-FRINGE.
+
+_Epilobium obcordatum_, Gray. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Decumbent; three to five inches long.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; ovate; sessile; four to ten lines long.
+     _Flowers._--One to five; bright rose-pink; over an inch across.
+     _Calyx._--With linear tube and four-cleft limb.
+     _Petals._--Four; erect and spreading; obcordate.
+     _Stamens._--Eight; four shorter. Filaments slender; exserted.
+     _Ovary._--Linear, four-celled. Style filiform; much exserted.
+     Stigma four-lobed. Seeds silky-tufted. _Hab._--The Sierras from
+     Tulare County northward.
+
+Though low of stature, this little willow-herb is a charming plant, with
+large rosy flowers. At an elevation of eight thousand feet or more in the
+mountains, it nestles amid the rocks, fringing their crevices with a
+profusion of brilliant bloom. Though it often costs a hard climb up rocky
+crags to secure it, we feel well repaid by its bright beauty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hosackia Purshiana_, Benth. Pea Family.
+
+     Soft-woolly throughout. _Stems._--Erect or loosely spreading
+     over the ground. _Leaves._--Sessile. _Leaflets._--One to three;
+     ovate to lanceolate; three to nine lines long.
+     _Flowers._--Yellowish-pink; solitary; two or three lines long.
+     Peduncles usually exceeding the leaves; with a single leaflet
+     below the flower. _Calyx-teeth._--Linear; much exceeding the
+     tube, about equaling the corolla. _Pod._--Narrow; twelve to
+     eighteen lines long; five- to seven-seeded. (See _Hosackia_.)
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+This little plant is very abundant and widespread. It makes its appearance
+after the drouth sets in, and often spreads over the ground in considerable
+patches. Its woolly or silky foliage has a pale cast, and its small,
+solitary, pinkish flowers, which are quite numerous, are not unattractive.
+
+
+
+
+IV. BLUE AND PURPLE
+
+
+[_Blue or purple or occasionally or partially blue or purple flowers not
+described in the Blue and Purple Section._
+
+_Described in the White Section_:--
+
+    ANTIRRHINUM COULTERIANUM--Coulter's Snapdragon.
+    AUDIBERTIA POLYSTACHYA--White Sage.
+    CALOCHORTUS LUTEUS OCULATUS--Butterfly Tulip.
+    CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS--Mariposa Tulip.
+    CEANOTHUS INTEGERRIMUS--Mountain Birch; Tea-Tree; Soap-Bush.
+    ERIODICTYON GLUTINOSUM--Yerba Santa.
+    ERIODICTYON TOMENTOSUM--Yerba Santa.
+    LATHYRUS VESTITUS--Common Wild Pea.
+    MALACOTHRIX SAXATILIS.
+    MICROMERIA DOUGLASII--Yerba Buena.
+    SOLANUM DOUGLASII--Nightshade.
+    SPHACELE CALYCINA--Pitcher-Sage.
+    VIOLA BECKWITHII--Mountain Heart's-ease.
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS--Pimpernel.
+    CALOCHORTUS WEEDII--Mariposa Lily, or Tulip.
+    HOSACKIA CRASSIFOLIA.
+
+_Described in the Pink Section_:--
+
+    CONVOLVULUS SOLDANELLA--Beach Morning-glory.
+    DODECATHEON MEADIA--Shooting-Stars.
+    ERIGERON PHILADELPHICUS--Common Fleabane.
+    GILIA ANDROSACEA.
+    GILIA CALIFORNICA--Prickly Phlox.
+    GILIA DIANTHOIDES--Ground Pink.
+    PENTSTEMON MENZIESII--Pride of the Mountains.
+    PHLOX DOUGLASII--Alpine Phlox.
+
+_Described in the Red Section_:--
+
+    AQUILEGIA COERULEA.
+
+_Described in the Miscellaneous Section_:--
+
+    DARLINGTONIA CALIFORNICA--Californian Pitcher-Plant.
+    DIPSACUS FULLONUM--Teasel.]
+
+
+FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE.
+
+_Scoliopus Bigelovii_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Two; oval-elliptical to narrowly oblanceolate; four
+     to fifteen inches long; blotched with brown. _Flowers._--Three
+     to twelve; on lax pedicels three to nine inches long.
+     _Sepals._--Whitish, veined with purple; spreading.
+     _Petals._--Erect; narrowly linear; wine-color without.
+     _Stamens._--Three. _Ovary._--One-celled; three-angled. Stigma
+     three-lobed. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Marin to Humboldt
+     County.
+
+When the first white blossoms of the toothwort are making their appearance
+in moist woodlands, we may be sure that the fetid adder's-tongue is already
+pushing its shining green leaves aboveground away up in the cold cañons of
+north hill-slopes; and unless we hasten, we shall be too late to see its
+curious flowers. I have often arrived only in time to find its fruit, which
+resembles a beechnut in shape. When the flowers first open they stand
+erect, held in the shining chalice formed by the two sheathing green
+leaves. Later the leaves open out, showing their beautiful blotched
+surfaces, and the three-angled flower-stems become limp and twisted. The
+petals stand erect, and are so slender as to resemble three linear stigmas.
+The little oval anthers are green before opening, but soon become golden
+with the discharging pollen.
+
+These flowers are elegant in appearance, and suggestive of orchids; but
+unfortunately they have a very offensive odor, like that of the star-fishes
+found upon our beaches, which makes us quite content to leave them
+ungathered. But the large yellow slug has no such aversion to them, and we
+have often seen him banqueting upon them. Indeed, he is so fond of them
+that the flowers are often entirely gone from the stems.
+
+[Illustration FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE--_Scoliopus Bigelovii_.]
+
+
+HOUND'S-TONGUE.
+
+_Cynoglossum grande_, Dougl. Borage Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Two feet or so high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     long-petioled; ovate-oblong; pointed; usually rounded at base;
+     often a foot long. _Flowers._--Bright blue; in a terminal
+     panicle. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft. _Corolla._--Rotate; with
+     short tube and five-lobed border; having five beadlike crests
+     in the throat. _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla, alternate with
+     its lobes. _Ovary._--Four-lobed. Style undivided.
+     _Fruit._--Four prickly nutlets. _Hab._--From Marin County to
+     Washington.
+
+Among the first plants to respond to the quickening influence of the early
+winter rains, is the hound's-tongue, whose large, pointed leaves begin to
+push their way aboveground usually in January. At first these are often
+quite velvety beneath and of a pinkish hue, and hold hidden within their
+midst the well-formed buds which a few warm, sunny days will call forth.
+The flowers, at first pink, become bright blue after fertilization has
+taken place.
+
+The favorite haunts of this welcome blossom are half-shaded woods, where it
+rears its tall stalk in almost sole possession at this early season.
+
+The common name is a translation of the generic name, which is derived from
+two Greek words, signifying _dog_ and _tongue_, bestowed because of the
+shape of the leaves. In the olden times a superstition was rife that if a
+person laid the hound's-tongue beneath his feet it would prevent dogs from
+barking at him.
+
+The distribution of the seed is most cunningly provided for, as the upper
+surfaces of the nutlets are covered with tiny barbs, which a
+magnifying-glass reveals to be quite perfect little anchors, admirably
+adapted for catching in the hair of animals.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA LILAC. SOAP-BUSH.
+
+_Ceanothus divaricatus_, Nutt. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Tall, almost arborescent shrubs; with very divergent and rigid
+     branches. Twigs cylindrical; smooth; mostly very pale.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; ovate; four to ten lines
+     long; three-nerved; somewhat leathery. _Flowers._--In a
+     narrowly oblong, dense cluster two or three inches long; pale
+     blue to white. _Capsule._--Two or three lines in diameter; not
+     lobed; scarcely crested. (See _Ceanothus_.)
+    _Hab._--Chiefly the southern Coast Range.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration HOUND'S-TONGUE--_Cynoglossum grande_.]
+
+This species of California lilac is very abundant in the south, and is
+specially characterized by its widely branching habit and its round,
+pale-green twigs. The flowers are usually light blue; but in some
+localities they are pure white. Near Santa Barbara, in January, the
+mountain-slopes are often snowy with them.
+
+Dr. Gregg, of San Diego, while hunting one day in Lower California, just
+over the border, had his attention called to the wild lilac by his old
+Mexican guide, who assured him that the blossoms in themselves were
+excellent soap. Taking a handful of them down to the stream, he rubbed them
+vigorously between his wet hands, and found to his astonishment that they
+made an excellent lather, with a pleasant fragrance of wintergreen. I have
+since proved the fact for myself. A more delightful way of performing one's
+ablutions can hardly be imagined than at the brookside with so charming a
+soap. It is very cleansing and leaves the skin pleasantly soft.
+
+It was probably the blossoms of _C. integerrimus_ he used, as that shrub is
+called "soap-bush" in that region; but I have since tried the experiment
+upon _C. divaricatus_ and some other species with perfect success, from
+which I suspect this may be a generic characteristic.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN TRILLIUM.
+
+_Trillium sessile, var. Californicum_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Like a small turnip. _Stems._--Usually several
+     from the same root; a foot or so high. _Leaves._--Three at the
+     top of the stem; three to eight inches long. _Flowers._--White
+     to deep wine-color. _Petals._--One to four inches long.
+     (Otherwise as _T. ovatum_.) _Hab._--From San Luis Obispo to
+     Oregon.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN TRILLIUM--_Trillium sessile, var. Californicum_.]
+
+We begin to look for the Californian _Trillium_ early in the spring. Little
+companies of the plants may be seen upon low flats under the trees, where
+the soil is rich. The small, turnip-like tubers usually send up several
+stems, which lean gracefully away from one another. The large leaves are
+often like pieces of decorated china that have been several times through
+the kiln. They have various superimposed blotchings, the latest of which
+are dark, sharp, cuneiform characters, mysterious hieroglyphs of Nature,
+which might reveal wondrous secrets, could we but decipher them. The
+blossoms have a strong, heavy fragrance, and are exceedingly variable in
+color, ranging from pure white to lilac, deep wine, and even black-purple.
+These plants are much admired in the East and in Europe, where they are
+cultivated in the garden.
+
+
+BRODIAEA. CLUSTER-LILY. WILD HYACINTH.
+
+_Brodiaea capitata_, Benth. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Small; scaly-coated. _Leaves._--Linear; a foot or more
+     long; passing away early. _Scapes._--Four inches to over two
+     feet high. _Flowers._--Deep violet to white; six to ten lines
+     long. _Bracts._--Sometimes deep, rich purple. _Perianth._--With
+     oblong tube and campanulate, six-parted limb. _Stamens._--Six;
+     on the corolla; the inner with an appendage on each side; the
+     outer naked. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style stout. Stigma
+     three-lobed. _Hab_.--Throughout California.
+
+This beautiful _Brodiaea_ grows all over the hills in early spring, and
+steals into cultivated fields, where it luxuriates in the freshly stirred
+soil and lifts its fine violet-colored clusters above the waving grain. It
+holds quite as warm a place in our affections as the more gorgeous poppy.
+These blossoms will keep a long time after being gathered, and are used
+every year in lavish profusion in the decorations of the flower carnivals.
+
+The little bulbs, eaten raw, are quite palatable, and are eagerly sought by
+the children, who call them "grass-nuts." The early Spanish-Californians
+also appreciated them, and knew them as "saitas." They have a number of
+other common names, such as "Spanish-lily," "cluster-lily," "wild
+hyacinth," and "hog-onion"; but I must protest against the injustice of
+this latter, and beg all flower-lovers to discountenance it.
+
+[Illustration BRODIAEA--_Brodiaea capitata_.]
+
+Closely resembling the above, is _B. multiflora_, Benth. It has, however,
+but three stamens, the other three being represented by staminodia, which
+are entire and of the same length as the stamens.
+
+_B. congesta_, Smith, another similar species, is often four feet tall. It
+also has three stamens and three staminodia; but the latter are deeply
+cleft and exceed the anthers. This is called "ookow" by the Indians.
+
+
+BROWN LILY. MISSION-BELLS. BRONZE-BELLS. RICE-ROOT.
+
+_Fritillaria lanceolata_, Pursh. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stem._--A foot or two high. _Leaves._--In scattered whorls;
+     lanceolate; two to five inches long. _Flowers._--One to
+     several; open campanulate; greenish or black-purple; variously
+     checkered or mottled. _Perianth-segments._--Strongly arched,
+     with a large oblong nectary. _Stamens._--Six.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. _Hab_.--The Coast Ranges, from British
+     Columbia to Santa Cruz.
+
+    "'Neath cloistered boughs each floral bell that swingeth
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Makes Sabbath in the fields, and ever ringeth
+                A call to prayer."
+
+One of the oddest and most beautiful flowers of our rich woodlands is the
+brown lily, or _Fritillaria_. It is unrivaled in elegance, for every line
+of its contour is a study in grace. Nor do its charms cease with stem and
+leaf and flower; for, hidden away in the rich leaf-mold, is one of its most
+beautiful features, its bulb. This is pure, shining white, conical in form,
+and surrounded by many tiny bulblets, like grains of rice, which crumble
+away from it at a touch. If you go into the woods in early spring, you will
+often see certain handsome, broad, shining, solitary leaves, close to the
+ground, and you will wonder what they are. Often near them there are many
+tiny leaves of the same sort pushing their way aboveground; and sometimes
+among them all there is a solitary strong scape, with unfolding leaves and
+a promise of flowers. This is a colony of the beautiful brown lilies. The
+tiny leaves are the product of the little rice-grains, and are probably now
+seeing the light for the first time. Between these and the large leaves
+the breadth of the hand, are many sizes, in all stages. The broad leaves
+may be from bulbs four or five years old, but they will send up no
+blossom-stalk this year; for there is rarely or never a radical-leaf and a
+blossom-stalk from the same bulb at once.
+
+[Illustration BROWN LILY--_Fritillaria lanceolata_.]
+
+When the plant is about to flower, the bulb sends up a tall stalk, with
+here and there a whorl of shining leaves, hanging at the summit its string
+of pendent bronze-bells. These are mottled and checkered, and are of
+varying shades, from dull green to black-purple, and often have a beautiful
+bloom upon them. Their modest colors blend so nicely into the shadowy scene
+about, that it is difficult to see them unless the eye is somewhat
+practiced.
+
+Following the inflorescence comes a beautiful and unique seed-vessel,
+curiously winged and angled, and of a delicate, papery texture when mature.
+It contains the thin, flat seeds, neatly packed in six ranks.
+
+The flowers are usually an inch long, though they are sometimes two inches
+long. A plant was once found three and a half feet high, with a chime of
+nineteen bells.
+
+
+BLACK LILY. CHOCOLATE-LILY.
+
+_Fritillaria biflora_, Lindl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from San Diego to Mendocino County.
+
+We have a number of species of _Fritillaria_, most of them with beautiful
+flowers. They fall naturally into two groups, according to the character of
+the bulb; _F. lanceolata_ and _F. biflora_ being types of the two groups.
+
+_F. biflora_, the black, or chocolate, lily, is the species common in the
+south, and blooms early. It closely resembles _F. lanceolata_, but can
+always be distinguished by its bulb, which is composed of several erect,
+short, easily separable scales. Its specific name is an unfortunate one;
+for, far from being confined to two flowers, it often has as many as ten.
+
+_F. pluriflora_, Torr., found upon the upper Sacramento, has flowers of a
+uniform reddish-purple, without mottling or spots. It has a comparatively
+large bulb, an inch or so long, formed of separate scales.
+
+_F. pudica_, Spreng., found on the eastern slopes of the Sierras, has
+solitary yellow flowers.
+
+_F. liliacea_, Lindl., is our only white species. This is found upon the
+hills of San Francisco and in the Sacramento Valley. It has a whorl of
+leaves near the ground and two or three greenish-white, nodding flowers. It
+is exceedingly local.
+
+
+LARGE-FLOWERED PHACELIA.
+
+_Phacelia grandiflora_, Gray. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Coarse, glandular-viscid plants; one to three feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Round-ovate; irregularly toothed; sometimes three or
+     four inches long. _Flowers._--Lavender to white; variously
+     streaked and veined with purple. _Corolla._--Rotate; two inches
+     across; without scalelike appendages in the throat.
+     _Filaments._--Long; purple. Anthers large; versatile. Style
+     two-cleft. (See _Phacelia_.) _Hab._--From Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+This is the largest-flowered of all our _Phacelias_. Its tall stems are
+abundantly covered above with the fine-looking blossoms. These are very
+attractive to the uninitiated, who usually rushes forward in breathless
+haste to possess himself of these new-found treasures and is rarely
+satisfied with less than a large bunch of them. But woe lies in wait for
+him. The innumerable glands, covering the whole plant, readily yield up
+their viscid fluid, which in a few moments turns everything with which it
+comes in contact to a deep red-brown, like iron-rust. If he escape with
+ruined clothing, and hands the color of a red Indian, he will have come off
+well--for the plant poisons some people.
+
+Another species--_P. viscida_, Torr.--found in about the same range as the
+above, resembles it closely. It is a foot or so high, branching from the
+base, and has blue flowers, with purple or white centers, and only half the
+size of the above.
+
+
+VIOLET NIGHTSHADE.
+
+_Solanum Xanti_, Gray. Nightshade Family.
+
+     Herbaceous nearly to the base; viscid-pubescent, with jointed
+     hairs. _Stems._--Several feet high. _Leaves._--Two inches or
+     less long; sometimes with lobes at the base; thin.
+     _Flowers._--An inch or so across. _Calyx._--Five-parted.
+     _Corolla._--Violet, with green spots ringed with white at the
+     base. _Stamens._--Five. Filaments short. Anthers erect; opening
+     terminally. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style filiform; exserted.
+     _Berries._--Purple; six lines in diameter. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+These plants are especially abundant in the south, where one encounters
+them upon every roadside. The clusters of violet flowers are very handsome,
+and often have the perfume of the wild rose.
+
+Another species--_S. umbelliferum_, Esch.--is so nearly like the above as
+to be often confounded with it. But it has smaller, thicker leaves, the
+hairs are branched, and it is more woody below, with shorter flowering
+branches.
+
+We once saw, in an ideal Japanese villa among the redwoods, a rustic arbor
+over which had been trained the rough, woody stems of one of these
+nightshades. The genius of these wise little people, who had adapted this
+pretty woodland climber to sylvan cultivation, seemed to us worthy of
+emulation.
+
+
+GREEN-BANDED MARIPOSA. NOONA.
+
+_Calochortus macrocarpus_, Dougl. Lily Family
+
+Nature has sent this, one of the finest and most elegant of all our
+_Mariposas_, to beautify the arid sagebrush deserts of our northeastern
+boundary. In Europe it is admired beyond all our other species, and there
+is a great demand for the bulbs. Its large flowers are of a beautiful
+lilac, similar in tone to the Marie Louise violet, and each pointed petal
+has a green band running down its center.
+
+[Illustration VIOLET NIGHTSHADE--_Solanum Xanti_.]
+
+Among the Indians of their native region the rather large bulbs of these
+plants are known as "noonas," and regarded as a priceless delicacy. Even
+those who have never experienced the bliss of tasting them know them by
+reputation as the acme of all that is delicious. When Mr. Johnson, of
+Astoria, wished to secure a number of the bulbs for the European market, he
+hired the squaws to dig them, but found that they ate them as fast as they
+dug them; and it was only by offering them most liberal stores of bacon and
+flour he could induce them to restrain their appetites and part with the
+treasure.
+
+
+SKULLCAP.
+
+_Scutellaria tuberosa_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several inches high, or at length trailing, and a
+     foot long; from small tubers. _Leaves._--One inch long and
+     less; not aromatic. _Flowers._--Axillary; blue-purple.
+     _Calyx._--Bilabiate. _Corolla._--Six lines or more long;
+     tubular; bilabiate. _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; ascending;
+     contained in the helmet. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     Style filiform. _Hab._--Hillsides, from San Diego northward;
+     probably throughout the State.
+
+The bright-green herbage and the rich purple-blue flowers of the little
+skullcap may be looked for early in February. In the north they grow upon
+dry, stony hill-slopes under the chaparral, while southward they often
+affect the walls of cañons, among moist, luxuriant vegetation.
+
+Though borne in the axils of the opposite leaves, the pretty blossoms, by a
+twist of their pedicels, stand side by side in pairs, in a very sociable
+way. The curious little two-lipped calyx resembles an old-fashioned Quaker
+bonnet.
+
+Another species--_S. angustifolia_, Pursh.--has linear to oblong leaves, an
+inch long; flowers an inch or more long, the lower lobe of whose corolla is
+hairy within, and the root is not tuberous. It is otherwise like the above.
+
+_S. Californica_, Gray, is very similar to the last species, but has
+cream-white flowers. This is found in early summer upon dry banks.
+
+[Illustration SKULLCAP--_Scutellaria tuberosa_.]
+
+
+CORAL-ROOT.
+
+_Corallorhiza Bigelovii_, Wats. Orchis Family.
+
+     Leafless plants, with coral-like roots.
+     _Scapes._--Flesh-colored; six to twenty-four inches high, with
+     two to four scarious, sheathing bracts. _Flowers._--Few to
+     many; sessile. _Perianth._--Of six segments. The five upper
+     yellowish, striped with purple. The lip yellowish, tipped with
+     deep red-purple. _Anther._--One; resting upon the column like a
+     lid; falling early. _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Central and
+     northern Coast Ranges and Sierras.
+
+The coral-root is very rare in some localities, and one may not meet it
+more than a few times. But there are favored spots where its flesh-colored
+stems rear themselves luxuriantly. One year I saw a magnificent bunch of
+them in the hands of some friends who were taking them to San Francisco to
+furnish a rare and costly decoration for some festive occasion. Some of the
+stems were two feet tall and thickly covered above with the odd flowers,
+making a cluster which it would be difficult to equal for quiet elegance of
+coloring.
+
+The plants are often found in redwood groves or upon wooded hill-slopes of
+north exposure, where the dull stems and flowers blend so nicely into the
+dead needles and leaves upon the ground that it is difficult to detect
+their presence.
+
+As its name indicates, the root is the counterpart of a spray of branching
+coral.
+
+Another species--_C. multiflora_, Nutt.--has stems of a colder purple; and
+the lip of the flower is white, spotted with purple, somewhat fan-shaped
+and three-lobed.
+
+[Illustration CORAL-ROOT--_Corallorhiza Bigelovii_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIA LILAC. BLUE MYRTLE. BLUE-BLOSSOM.
+
+_Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_, Esch. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Varying from small, prostrate shrubs in exposed places, to
+     erect shrubs or small trees. _Branches._--Strongly angled; not
+     spiny. _Leaves._--Elliptical; twelve to eighteen lines long;
+     three-nerved; smooth and shining above. _Flowers._--Bright to
+     pale blue, rarely white; in dense clusters about three inches
+     long, terminating the usually elongated, somewhat leafy
+     peduncles. _Capsules._--Globose; two lines in diameter; smooth,
+     not crested; slightly lobed. (See _Ceanothus_.) _Hab._--Near
+     the coast, from Monterey northward into Oregon.
+
+In the spring our chaparral-covered slopes begin to take on a bluish tinge,
+like the misty smoke of distant camp-fires, for which the blossoms of the
+California lilac are responsible. This is a graceful evergreen shrub, with
+rich, shining leaves, among which the abundant feathery clusters of tiny
+blue flowers find a charming setting. The blossoms are deliciously
+fragrant, filling the cool air with perfume.
+
+This shrub is never found far away from the coast, and it reaches its
+greatest beauty in Mendocino County, where it becomes a tree, sometimes
+thirty-five feet high. Its wood is exceedingly brittle. In early days it
+used to be cultivated in San Francisco gardens before it was crowded out by
+foreign shrubs, often far less worthy.
+
+It is known in some localities as "blue myrtle," and in others as
+"blue-blossom." The name "California lilac," by which it is most often
+known, is more generally and more appropriately applied to this species of
+_Ceanothus_ than to any of the others.
+
+The dark seeds are a favorite food of the quail.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIA LILAC--_Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_.]
+
+
+BLUE LARKSPUR. ESPUELA DEL CABALLERO.
+
+_Delphinium_, Tourn. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+California is rich in beautiful larkspurs, but the species are very
+difficult of determination and not well defined as yet. We have two
+well-marked scarlet species; but confusion still reigns among the blue and
+the white. Some of the latter are poisonous to sheep and cattle, causing
+great losses to the herds every year in some localities.
+
+Among the blue larkspurs are some of our handsomest spring flowers. Their
+slender wands, covered with magnificent large blossoms, rise abundantly on
+every side upon some of the mesas of our seashore, making charming
+flower-gardens upon the plains. They are so lavishly bestowed that every
+comer may gather his fill and still none be missed. In color they are
+matchless--of the richest of Mazarin blue and purple-blue.
+
+Other species are to be found upon the slopes of interior valleys and
+scattered all through the Coast Ranges and the Sierra foothills. In
+midsummer, which is the vernal springtime of the mountains, many lovely
+species deck the alpine meadows and brooksides.
+
+The Spanish-Californians have a pretty title for these blossoms--"espuela
+del caballero"--"the cavalier's spur."
+
+[Illustration BLUE LARKSPUR.]
+
+
+CAT'S-EARS. PUSSY'S-EARS.
+
+     _Calochortus Maweanus_, Leichtlein. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from San Francisco and
+     Butte County to the Willamette Valley.
+
+This is an exceedingly pretty little _Calochortus_, much resembling _C.
+Benthami_ in form, but having pure-white or purplish-blue flowers, which
+are also covered with hairs and delicately fringed with hairs on the
+margin. Its stems are low, slender, and graceful, without bulblets at the
+base; and the gland upon the petals has a transverse scale covering its
+upper portion.
+
+This plant belongs to the section of _Calochortus_ whose species are known
+as "star-tulips." In the Coast Ranges, in early spring, the blossoms are
+found in moist meadows near the sea, where they nestle amid the grasses.
+
+The children are specially fond of them, and know them as "cat's-ears" and
+"pussy's-ears."
+
+_C. uniflorus_, Hook. and Arn., found in wet meadows from San Francisco
+northward, has lilac to rose-purple flowers. Its petals are hairy on the
+lower third, and its stems bear small bulblets at the base underground.
+
+_C. umbellatus_, Wood., is very similar to _C. Maweanus_; but its
+pure-white petals are almost without hairs, and its stem is without
+bulblets. This is found blooming in March and April on the low mountains of
+Contra Costa and Marin Counties.
+
+
+PURPLE NEMOPHILA.
+
+     _Nemophila aurita_, Lindl. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet long; square; angled; weak; very
+     brittle; with backward-pointing, hooked bristles.
+     _Leaves._--All with a dilated, clasping, eared base or winged
+     petiole; above deeply pinnatifid into five to nine oblong or
+     lanceolate, downward-pointing lobes. _Corolla._--Violet; an
+     inch or so across. (Otherwise as _Nemophila insignis_.)
+     _Hab._--From San Francisco to San Diego.
+
+[Illustration _CAT'S-EARS--Calochortus Maweanus._]
+
+The purple _Nemophila_ is most abundant in the south, growing everywhere in
+early springtime upon hillsides partially shaded. Its long, coarse,
+hispid stems run riot over small undershrubs or dead or unsightly
+brushwood, often completely covering them with a mound of foliage thickly
+sown with the dull-purple flowers.
+
+At first it is difficult to realize that this plant of coarse habit belongs
+to the sisterhood of baby-eyes, those delicate, ethereal favorites of the
+springtime. In fact, one's first impression of it is that it is some new
+species of nightshade. One learns, however, to have a fondness for these
+blossoms and a growing desire to gather them; but their tangling,
+quarrelsome habit forbids one, if any other flowers are in question.
+
+It is said that the dark-eyed señoritas of early days decked their
+ball-dresses with sprays of this flower, which clung gracefully to the thin
+fabrics.
+
+
+GROUND-IRIS.
+
+     _Iris macrosiphon_, Torr. Iris Family.
+
+     Almost stemless plants, often forming mats.
+     _Rhizome._--Slender. _Radical-leaves._--Grasslike; six to
+     fifteen inches long. _Buds._--One or two; borne in sheathing
+     bracts. _Flowers._--On short pedicels; deep purple-blue, marked
+     with white. _Perianth._--With slender tube one to three inches
+     long. _Stamens._--Three; borne under the petaloid divisions of
+     the style. _Ovary._--Three-celled. _Capsule._--Oblong-ovoid;
+     shortly acute at each end; one inch long. Seeds in two rows in
+     each cell; compressed and angled. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges,
+     from San Mateo to Trinity County.
+
+When spring is at its height, this charming little _Iris_ may be found upon
+sunny, open hillsides among the unrolling crosiers of the common brake.
+There is something peculiarly captivating about these blossoms, with their
+satisfying richness of hue and perfect symmetry of form, added to which is
+a sweet, delicate perfume, an ideal exhalation of the springtime.
+
+As the buds unfold beautifully in water, it is better to gather buds than
+flowers, as the latter are too fragile to carry without breaking.
+
+[Illustration GROUND-IRIS--_Iris macrosiphon_.]
+
+_I. longipetala_, Herb., is the common bog-iris of our central coast. It
+grows in large clumps in wet places, and while not a delicate flower, it
+has a certain brave, hardy look as it stands out upon the wind-swept
+downs of the Coast. Its stems are rather stout, a foot or two high, and
+have from three to five large lilac flowers. The sepals are veined with
+deeper lilac and blotched with orange.
+
+
+WILD HELIOTROPE. VERVENIA.
+
+     _Phacelia tanacetifolia_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; rough and hairy.
+     _Leaves._--Much divided. _Flowers._--Bright violet to blue; in
+     clustered, scorpioid racemes. _Calyx-lobes._--Linear or
+     linear-spatulate. _Corolla._--Six lines long. Style two-cleft.
+     (See _Phacelia_.) _Hab._--Throughout the western part of the
+     State.
+
+The wild heliotrope is one of the most abundant flowers of midspring,
+especially in the south. It affects the gravelly banks of streams or the
+sandy soil of mesas; or grows all along the railroad embankments, making
+great mounds of foliage, thickly sown with the bright violet-blue blossoms;
+or it may often be seen clambering up through small shrubs, seeming to seek
+the support of their stiff branches. It is needless to say that this is not
+a true heliotrope, but belongs to the closely allied genus, _Phacelia_.
+
+The specific name, _tanacetifolia_, meaning with tansy-like leaves, is
+more applicable to the _var. tenuifolia_, Thurber. Among the
+Spanish-Californians it is known as "vervenía."
+
+It is a very important honey-plant.
+
+_P. Douglasii_, Torr., is a species with lavender corolla with much the
+aspect of the baby-blue-eyes. This is common in the western part of the
+State, south of Monterey, and is found sparingly north of that point.
+
+[Illustration WILD HELIOTROPE--_Phacelia tanacetifolia_.]
+
+
+BLUE-EYED GRASS. AZULEA. VILLELA.
+
+_Sisyrinchium bellum_, Wats. Iris Family.
+
+_Leaves._--Radical; grasslike; shorter than the stems. _Stems._--Flat;
+clustered; six to eighteen inches high. _Flowers._--Four to seven;
+contained in two nearly equal sheathing bracts. _Perianth._--Six-parted;
+purplish-blue, with yellow center; six lines to an inch across.
+_Stamens._--Three. Filaments united. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style
+filiform. Stigma spindle-shaped; three-cleft after fertilization.
+_Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+The blue-eyed grass is such a modest flower, one would never suspect it to
+be closely allied to the regal _Iris_. In late spring its quiet stars are
+found in our meadows everywhere. In the south it grows so luxuriantly and
+so determinedly that it has become a serious pest to the farmer, crowding
+more useful plants from the pasture.
+
+Owing to the quaint manner in which its petals kink up when they fade,
+these blossoms are called "nigger-babies" by the children. Among the
+Spanish-Californians the plant is known as "azulea" and "villela," and is
+made into a tea, which is considered a valuable remedy in fevers. It is
+thought that a patient can subsist for many days upon it alone.
+
+_S. Californicum_, Ait., the "golden-eyed grass," with bright yellow
+flowers, is found in wet places all up and down the Coast.
+
+
+BABY-EYES. BLUE-VEINED NEMOPHILA.
+
+     _Nemophila intermedia_, Bioletti. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf
+     Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--With petioles somewhat widened at base and ciliate;
+     the upper all opposite. _Corolla._--Nine to twelve lines wide;
+     light blue to white; distinctly blue-veined or more or less
+     sown with purple dots. Scales of the corolla long, narrow,
+     hairy, with expanded tips extending nearly to the sinuses.
+     _Ovary._--Rounded; with twelve to twenty-four ovules.
+     (Otherwise as _N. insignis_.) _Syn._--_Nemophila Menziesii_,
+     Hook. and Arn. _Hab._--Rather widespread.
+
+[Illustration BLUE-EYED GRASS--_Sisyrinchium bellum_.]
+
+This beautiful _Nemophila_ is a more fragile flower than its sister, the
+baby-blue-eyes. Its delicate corolla is usually white in the center,
+blending to azure-blue upon the rim, and dotted and veined with the same.
+At its best, it is an inch across. It affects the borders of moist
+woodlands, rarely venturing far out into the openings. There it nestles
+amid the tender herbage, often producing its ethereal flowers in such
+profusion that it seems as though bits of the sky had fallen to earth. In
+the south these blossoms do not seem so truly at home--for they are never
+so large nor so fine.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN MILKWORT.
+
+     _Polygala Californica_, Nutt. Milkwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to eight inches high. _Leaves._--Six to twelve
+     lines long. _Flowers._--Rose-purple. _Sepals._--Five; two of
+     them large and spreading like wings; six lines or less long.
+     _Petals._--Three; united to each other and to the stamen-tube;
+     the middle one hooded above and beaked. _Stamens._--Eight.
+     Filaments united into a sheath, which is open above. Anthers
+     one-celled; opening terminally. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style
+     enlarging upward; curved like a button-hook. _Pod._--Rounded;
+     flat; three or four lines across. _Syn._--_P. cucullata_,
+     Benth. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges southward to Santa Barbara and
+     beyond.
+
+In late spring the little flowers of the milkwort are common upon dry
+hill-slopes in the shade of the trees. The small plants have a very
+grown-up look, as though their age might be greater than indicated by their
+stature. At first glance, one is quite certain to mistake these plants for
+members of the pea family, as the blossoms have wings and a keel like the
+papilionaceous flower. But a careful counting of sepals, petals, and
+stamens will reveal their separate identity.
+
+A curious feature of this plant is the fact that it bears another kind of
+flower near the root. This is without petals, and is destined, for some
+strange reason, to bear the seed. The upper flowers seem mostly for show,
+though one does occasionally mature fruit.
+
+_P. cornuta_, Kell., found in the Sierras, is a larger plant, with
+greenish-white flowers.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN MILKWORT--_Polygala Californica_.]
+
+
+WILD CANTERBURY-BELL.
+
+     _Phacelia Whitlavia_, Gray. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     A foot or so high; very hairy and glandular.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; ovate or deltoid; toothed;
+     twelve to eighteen lines long. _Flowers._--Purple.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--An inch or more long.
+     _Stamens._--Five; on the base of the corolla; appendaged at
+     base; long-exserted, with the two-cleft style.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Syn._--_Whitlavia grandiflora_, Harv.
+     _Hab._--From Los Angeles to San Bernardino.
+
+The wild Canterbury-bell is one of the most charming flowers to be found
+anywhere. It affects the rich soil of half-shaded hill-slopes in the
+vicinity of streams, where it opens its beautiful fragile bells. Its stems
+are very brittle, and the blossoms fall early, the lower ones usually
+having passed away before the upper buds have emerged from the coil. The
+exceedingly long stamens and style give these blossoms an elegant, airy
+look.
+
+_P. Parryi_, Torr., is another beautiful species, found from Los Angeles to
+San Diego. It resembles the above in foliage, color of blossoms, and the
+long stamens; but the form of the flowers is that of the _Nemophila_.
+
+
+BIRD'S-EYES.
+
+     _Gilia tricolor_, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; branching; six inches to a foot or more
+     high. _Leaves._--Twice pinnately parted into narrow linear
+     lobes. _Corolla._--Six lines long; with yellow tube;
+     funnel-form throat, marked with deep violet-purple; and lilac
+     or white limb. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Throughout Western
+     California.
+
+Whole slopes are often carpeted with this dainty _Gilia_, producing an
+effect which has been described as like light chinchilla. The little
+blossoms have a peculiarly fresh and winsome look, and are called
+"bird's-eyes" by the children. The corollas are delicate lilac, blending
+into white toward the center, while the throat has five purple spots
+within, which give way to bright gold below.
+
+[Illustration WILD CANTERBURY-BELL--_Phacelia Whitlavia_.]
+
+
+BABY-BLUE-EYES. CALIFORNIAN BLUEBELLS. MARIANAS.
+
+     _Nemophila insignis_, Dougl. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Tender, more or less hairy herbs. _Stems._--Branching; six to
+     twelve inches long. _Leaves._--Pinnately parted into five to
+     nine small, oblong, entire or two- to five-lobed divisions.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted, with five extra, alternating, reflexed
+     lobes. _Corolla._--An inch or more across; from azure-blue,
+     with a large, well-defined white center, more or less dotted,
+     to deep blue. The throat furnished with ten short, wide, hairy
+     scales, or plates. _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style two-cleft. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+When skies are smiling and the earth is already clothed with a luxuriant
+and tender herbage, we find upon some balmy morning that the baby-eyes have
+opened in gentle surprise upon the lovely world. The spring breezes blow
+over no more beautiful and ethereal flowers than these. Companies of them
+open together, dotting the sward and luring us on from one to another, the
+one just beyond always seeming a little brighter blue or a little more
+captivating than those near at hand, till we are beguiled into filling our
+hands with them.
+
+These delicate blossoms vary greatly in size and color. The largest and
+finest I ever saw grew upon the flower-sprinkled slopes of Lake Merced,
+near San Francisco. There the perfect azure corollas were an inch and a
+half across, with the large white circle in the center well defined.
+
+Under southern skies it becomes a deep Yale blue, with the texture of
+tissue-paper, and with dark red-brown anthers.
+
+From the campanulate, half-opened buds, it has been called "Californian
+bluebell," and among the Spanish-Californians it is known as "Mariana."
+
+[Illustration BABY-BLUE-EYES--_Nemophila insignis_.]
+
+
+LILAC SAND-VERBENA. WILD LANTANA.
+
+_Abronia villosa_, Wats. Four-o'clock Family.
+
+Plants with more or less glandular-villous pubescence. _Stems._--Prostrate.
+_Leaves._--Rarely an inch long. _Peduncles._--One to three inches long;
+five- to fifteen-flowered. _Involucral bracts._--Lanceolate; three or four
+lines long. _Perianth._--Lilac; four or five lines across; with obcordate
+lobes. (Otherwise as _A. latifotia_.) _Hab._--San Diego and eastward; also
+in southern deserts.
+
+The charming flowers of the lilac sand-verbena are not found upon the
+immediate sea-beach, but always a little withdrawn from it, where the soil
+is more firmly established, yet within sight and sound of the waves. The
+blossoms have a delicate beauty, not shared by our other species of
+_Abronia_, and somewhat resemble our garden verbenas. They are sometimes
+called "wild lantana."
+
+_A. umbellata_, Lam., is common all up and down our coast, often making
+masses of deep pink on the beach; while _A. maritima_, Nutt., is found from
+Santa Barbara to San Diego. The latter is a very stout, coarse, viscid
+plant, with small, very deep magenta flowers.
+
+
+CAMASS. KAMASS. WILD HYACINTH.
+
+     _Camassia esculenta_, Lindl. Lily Family.
+
+     Bulbs coated. _Leaves._--Radical; six or eight; grasslike;
+     three to eight lines broad; usually shorter than the scape.
+     _Scape._--Twelve to twenty-four inches high; loosely ten- to
+     twenty-flowered. Pedicels three to twelve lines long.
+     _Flowers._--From dark blue to nearly white; seven to fifteen
+     lines long or more; an inch or so across. _Perianth._--Of six
+     distinct, oblanceolate, three- to seven-nerved segments.
+     _Stamens._--Six; shorter than the segments. Anthers yellow.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style filiform; about equaling the
+     perianth; slightly three-cleft at the summit. _Hab._--From
+     Central California to Washington.
+
+In some localities these plants are found covering meadows and marshy
+tracts in great profusion. They bear beautiful clusters of showy blue
+flowers, somewhat like the hyacinth in habit, and have long been favorites
+in European gardens. We are especially interested in them, however, on
+account of the bulbs, which are about an inch in diameter and very
+nutritious.
+
+Grizzly bears, when more plentiful in the early days, were particularly
+fond of them; and the northern Indians to-day value them very highly as an
+article of diet, calling them "kamáss." Indeed, the Nez Percé Indian war in
+Idaho was caused by encroachments upon the territory which was especially
+rich in these bulbs. The plants are more abundant north of us than with us.
+
+Mr. Macoun gives a most interesting account in "Garden and Forest" of the
+preparation of kamáss among the Indians, which is a very important and
+elaborate performance. He says, in substance: For some days beforehand the
+squaws were busily engaged in carrying into camp branches of alder and
+maple, bundles of skunk-cabbage (_Lysichiton_), and a quantity of a black,
+hairlike lichen, which grows in profusion upon the western larch. A hole
+ten feet square and two feet deep was then dug, and a large fire was made
+in this, in which they heated a great many small boulders to the glowing
+point. They then piled maple and alder boughs over these to the depth of a
+foot or more, tramped them down, and laid over them the leaves of the
+skunk-cabbage. Thin sheets of tamarack bark were spread over the steaming
+green mass, and upon these were placed the bulbs in large baskets. The
+black lichen was laid over the uncovered bark, and the remaining bulbs were
+spread on this. The whole was then covered with boughs and leaves as
+before, and sand was sprinkled on to the depth of four or five inches, and
+on the top of the whole a larger fire than before was built. The sun was
+just setting when this was lighted, and it burned all night. The oven was
+left for a day to cool. When opened, the bulbs in the baskets were
+dissolved to a flour, from which bread could be made; while those on the
+lichen had become amalgamated with it, forming a substance resembling
+plug-tobacco, which could be broken up and kept sweet a long time.
+
+When boiled in water, the bulbs yield a very good molasses, much prized by
+the Indians, and used by them upon important festival occasions.
+
+There is a white-flowered form of this same species, whose bulb is said to
+be poisonous.
+
+
+INNOCENCE. COLLINSIA.
+
+_Collinsia bicolor_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+_Stems._--A foot or so high. _Leaves._--The lower oblong; the upper
+ovate-lanceolate. _Calyx._--Unequally five-cleft. _Corolla._--Nine lines
+long. Upper lip lilac or white; lower of three lobes; the middle folded
+into a keeled sac containing the stamens and style; the two lateral
+rose-purple. _Stamens._--Four; in two pairs on the corolla. Upper filaments
+bearded. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style filiform. _Hab._--Throughout Western
+California.
+
+Where spreading trees cast a dense shade and the moisture still lingers,
+companies of lovely _Collinsias_ stand amid the fresh green grasses, their
+delicate, many-storied blossoms swaying upon the idle breezes. In the north
+these are in the rear guard of spring flowers, and make their appearance
+just before the _Godetias_ bid farewell to spring; but in the south they
+come earlier. They vary much in color, from the typical rose-purple and
+white or lilac to all white.
+
+We have a number of species; but _C. bicolor_ is the most showy and
+widespread.
+
+
+BLACK SAGE. BALL-SAGE.
+
+     _Audibertia stachyoides_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Shrubby; three to eight feet high; with herbaceous flowering
+     branches. _Leaves._--Opposite; oblong-lanceolate; tapering into
+     a petiole; crenate. _Flowers._--In interrupted spikes, having
+     from three to nine dense, rather remote, headlike, bracteate
+     whorls. _Calyx._--Bilabiate; each lip with two or three awned
+     teeth. _Corolla._--Lavender; six lines long; bilabiate. Upper
+     lip erect; emarginate; lower deflexed; three-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Two sterile; two perfect on jointed filaments.
+     _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style slender. Stigma
+     two-cleft. _Hab._--From San Francisco Bay to San Diego.
+
+We have but two or three true sages, or _Salvias_, in California; but the
+plants of the closely allied genus _Audibertia_ are with perfect propriety
+called sages, as they manifest all the characteristics of that genus,
+differing only in the structure of the stamens. There are a number of
+species of _Audibertia_, all of them important honey-plants. They are
+particularly abundant in the south, where they form a characteristic
+feature in the landscape, often covering whole hill-slopes.
+
+[Illustration COLLINSIA--_Collinsia bicolor_.]
+
+_A. stachyoides_ frequently forms dense thickets over vast reaches of
+mountain-side, and when in full bloom is very noticeable. Its specific name
+is a happy one, denoting its resemblance to the _Stachys_, or hedge-nettle.
+But its pointed leaves, shrubby habit, and rank odor, together with its
+more numerous flower-whorls, proclaim its separate identity.
+
+_A. nivea_, Benth., found from Santa Barbara to San Diego, has larger
+spikes of rich, warm lilac flowers. Nothing could be more charming than the
+soft lavender billows of it undulating over slope after slope of wild
+mountain-side.
+
+
+BLUE GILIA.
+
+_Cilia Chamissonis_, Greene. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+_Stems._--About a foot high. _Leaves._--Alternate; dissected into linear
+segments. _Flowers._--In capitate clusters an inch and a half across; deep
+blue. _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--Four lines long; with five obtuse
+lobes. _Stamens._--Exserted. Anthers nearly white. (See _Gilia_.)
+_Hab._--The Coast of Central California.
+
+This pretty _Gilia_ is quite common about San Francisco in springtime, and
+often makes masses of bright deep blue over the fields.
+
+_G. capitata_, Dougl., is a closely allied species, found in the Coast
+Ranges from Central California northward. This is in every way a more
+delicate plant. Its stems are taller and more slender; its flower-heads are
+less than an inch across, and composed of very small light-blue flowers,
+with feathery, exserted stamens.
+
+_G. achilleaefolia_, Benth., is a beautiful form, closely related to both
+the above, but quite variable in habit. Its flowers are light
+lavender-blue, six lines or so long, and are borne in larger clusters,
+often two inches across, on long, naked peduncles. At a little distance
+these blossoms somewhat resemble the clusters of _Brodiaea capitata_.
+
+[Illustration BLUE GILIA--_Gilia Chamissonis_.]
+
+
+CHIA. SAGE.
+
+_Salvia Columbariae_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--Wrinkly; one
+     to several inches long. _Flowers._--Blue; in interrupted
+     whorls. _Whorls._--Twelve to eighteen lines in diameter;
+     subtended by numerous, ovate-acuminate bracts.
+     _Calyx._--Bilabiate; upper lip arching, and tipped with two
+     short bristles; lower, of two awn-like teeth. _Corolla._--Three
+     or four lines long; bilabiate. Upper lip erect; notched or
+     two-lobed. Lower deflexed; with three lobes, the central much
+     larger. _Stamens._--Two. Filaments two; short; apparently
+     forked--_i.e._ bearing on their summit a cross-bar having on
+     one end a perfect anther-cell and on the other a dwarfed or
+     rudimentary one. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style
+     slender. _Hab._--Throughout the State, specially southward.
+
+This rough-leaved sage is quite common, especially southward, and grows
+upon dry hillsides or in sandy washes, where it blossoms in early spring.
+Its small bright-blue flowers are borne in an interrupted spike, consisting
+of from one to four button-like heads. Each of these heads has below it a
+number of leafy bracts, which are often of a bright wine-color, and form a
+rather striking combination with the blue flowers.
+
+After the blossoms have passed away, the dried stems and heads remain
+standing all over the hills, shaking out the little gray seed in abundance.
+These seeds have been for centuries an article of economic importance to
+the aborigines and their descendants. Dr. Rothrock writes that among the
+Nahua races of ancient Mexico the plant was cultivated as regularly as
+corn, and was one of their most important cereals. Quantities of the seed
+have been found buried beneath groves which must be at least several
+hundred years old. It was in use among the Indians of California before the
+occupation of the country by the whites, being known among them as "chia."
+
+Dr. Bard writes of these seeds: "They were roasted, ground, and used as
+food by being mixed with water. Thus prepared, it soon develops into a
+mucilaginous mass, larger than its original bulk. Its taste is somewhat
+like that of linseed meal. It is exceedingly nutritious, and was readily
+borne by the stomach when that organ refused to tolerate other aliment. An
+atole, or gruel, of this was one of the peace offerings to the first
+visiting sailors. One tablespoonful of these seeds was sufficient to
+sustain for twenty-four hours an Indian on a forced march. Chia was no less
+prized by the native Californian, and at this late date it frequently
+commands six or eight dollars a pound."
+
+[Illustration CHIA--_Salvia Columbariae_.]
+
+When added to water, the seeds make a cooling drink, which has the effect
+of assuaging burning thirst--a very valuable quality on the desert.
+
+
+BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE.
+
+_Lupinus bicolor_, Lindl. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stoutish; six to ten inches high; silky.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; with small stipules. _Leaflets._--Five to
+     seven; linear-spatulate; one inch long. _Flowers._--Four or
+     five lines long; blue and white; the white changing to
+     red-purple after fertilization. Upper calyx-lip bifid; lower
+     twice as long; entire. _Keel._--Falcate; acute; ciliate toward
+     the apex. _Pod._--Small; about five-seeded. (See _Lupinus_.)
+     _Hab._--Western Central California.
+
+In late spring the open fields about San Francisco take on a delicate,
+amethystine tinge, due to the blossoms of the blue-and-white lupine. After
+fertilization has taken place, the white in these blossoms turns to deep
+red, and this admixture gives the general lilac tone to the mass.
+
+
+DOUGLAS IRIS.
+
+_Iris Douglasiana_, Herb. Iris Family.
+
+     _Rhizomes._--Stoutish; clumps not dense.
+     _Radical-leaves._--Strongly ribbed underneath; dark, shining
+     green above; one to three feet long; three to eight lines
+     broad; flexile; rosy pink at base. _Stems._--Simple; two- or
+     three-flowered. Flowers.--On pedicels six to eighteen lines
+     long; deep reddish-purple, lilac, or cream.
+     _Perianth-tube._--Six to twelve lines long.
+     _Capsule._--Narrowly oblong; acutely triangular; twenty lines
+     long. Seeds nearly globular. (Otherwise as _I. macrosiphon_.)
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from Santa Cruz to Marin County.
+
+On account of the bright and varied hues of its flowers, the genus _Iris_
+was named for the rainbow-winged messenger of the gods. In France it is
+known as "fleur-de-lis," a name whose origin has caused endless discussion
+and has been accounted for in many ways. There are many species, all of
+them beautiful. Orris-root is the product of the lovely white Florentine
+_Iris_.
+
+[Illustration BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE--_Lupinus bicolor_.]
+
+In California we have several comparatively well-known species, and a
+number of others which are without names as yet; but the Douglas _Iris_ is
+probably our most beautiful. It thrives well upon open mesas or upon
+well-drained hill-slope in the shelter of the chaparral. But it is found at
+its best in the rich soil of moist woodlands, whose seclusion seems the
+most fitting abode for so aristocratic a flower. There, surrounded by the
+delicate greenery of fern-fronds and a hundred other tender, springing
+things, it seems to hold a sylvan court, receiving homage from all the
+other denizens of the wood. There is a certain marked and personal
+individuality about these flowers which makes encountering them seem like
+meeting certain distinguished personages.
+
+
+ITHURIEL'S SPEAR. BLUE MILLA.
+
+_Brodiaea laxa_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Small; fiber-coated. _Leaves._--Usually two; radical;
+     linear channeled. _Scapes._--Six inches to two feet high.
+     _Umbels._--Of ten to thirty or more purple or violet, or even
+     white, flowers. _Pedicels._--One to three inches long.
+     _Perianth._--Twelve to twenty lines long. _Stamens._--Six; in
+     two rows; the upper opposite the inner lobes of the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled; on a stalk six lines long. _Hab._--From
+     Kern County to Northern Oregon.
+
+After the delicate _Collinsias_ have stolen away, the beautiful flowers of
+Ithuriel's spear begin to claim our attention in open grassy spots on the
+borders of rich woodlands. The common name is a happy one; for there is
+something commanding about this tall blossom-crowned shaft. It will perhaps
+be remembered that the angel Ithuriel possessed a truth compelling spear.
+When Satan, disguised, went to the Garden of Eden to tempt Eve, Ithuriel
+and Zephon were sent to expel him.
+
+[Illustration ITHURIEL'S SPEAR--_Brodiaea laxa_.]
+
+                    ... "him there they found,
+    Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve,
+    Assaying by his devilish art to reach
+    The organs of her fancy, and with them forge
+    Illusions as he list, phantasms, and dreams;
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear
+    Touched lightly; for no falsehood can endure
+    Touch of celestial temper, but returns
+    Of force to its own likeness: up he starts
+    Discovered and surprised."
+
+
+BEACH-ASTER.
+
+_Erigeron glaucus_, Ker. Composite Family.
+
+     Six to twelve inches high, having a tuft of radical leaves and
+     some ascending stems. _Leaves._--Obovate or spatulate-oblong;
+     one to four inches long; pale; somewhat succulent; slightly
+     viscid. _Flower-heads._--Composed of dull-yellow disk-flowers
+     and bright-violet ray-flowers. _Disk._--Eight lines or so
+     across. _Rays._--Six or eight lines long; narrow; numerous; in
+     several rows. _Hab._--The Coast, from Oregon to Southern
+     California.
+
+Almost anywhere upon our Coast, "within the roar of a surf-tormented
+shore," we can find the beautiful blossoms of the beach-aster. We may know
+them by their resemblance to the China asters of our gardens, though they
+are not so large. They present a most delightful combination of color in
+their old-gold centers, violet rays, and rather pale foliage.
+
+
+TOAD-FLAX.
+
+_Linaria Canadensis_, Dumont. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; six inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly alternate on the flowering stems, but smaller
+     and broader ones often opposite or whorled on the procumbent
+     shoots; linear; smooth. _Flowers._--Blue; in terminal racemes;
+     like those of _Antirrhinum_, but the tube furnished with a
+     long, downward-pointing spur at base. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+The delicate blue flowers of the toad-flax are not uncommon in spring, and
+the plants are usually found in sandy soil. The little blossoms are very
+ethereal and have a sweet perfume. I once saw a deep blue band upon a mesa
+near San Diego, which vied in richness with the ultramarine of the sea just
+beyond. It stretched for some distance, and at last curved around and
+crossed the road over which I was passing, when it proved to be made up of
+millions of these delicate flowers. The color effect seemed cumulative, for
+the mass was so much richer and deeper than the individual flowers.
+
+[Illustration BEACH-ASTER--_Erigeron glaucus_.]
+
+
+CATALINA MARIPOSA TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus Catalinae_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two feet high; loosely branching; bulbiferous. Leaves
+     and bracts linear-lanceolate. _Flowers._--Erect; eighteen lines
+     or so long. _Sepals._--Green without; scarious-margined;
+     whitish within; with purple spot at base; one inch long; acute.
+     _Petals._--White; with garnet base; bearing a round gland
+     covered with hairs. Filaments garnet. _Capsule._--Narrowly
+     oblong; three-sided; obtuse; an inch or two long. Seeds flat;
+     horizontal. (See _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--From San Luis Obispo
+     County to San Bernardino; and the islands off the Coast.
+
+This is one of the earliest _Mariposas_ to bloom in the south. Its
+beautiful, stately white cups have a garnet base within, and this, with its
+oblong, obtuse capsule and horizontal seeds, clearly identifies it. These
+blossoms are favorite resting-places for the bees, who are often beguiled
+in them from their labors and lulled to a gentle slumber. We have
+frequently startled the little truants from these siestas, and with
+amusement watched them struggling for a moment before regaining
+consciousness and whizzing away once more upon their round of duties.
+
+This may be designated our maritime _Calochortus_, as it is found mostly
+near the Coast or upon its islands.
+
+_C. splendens_, Dougl., found in the Coast Ranges from Lake County to San
+Diego, is sometimes confused with the above. It is a beautiful flower,
+whose petals are a clear rose-lilac without spots or marks, with long,
+whitish, cobwebby hairs on their middle third. Its anthers are purple or
+lilac, three to six lines long.
+
+
+DOG-VIOLET.
+
+_Viola canina, var. adunca_, Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Leafy; several from the rootstocks. _Leaves._--Ovate;
+     often somewhat cordate at base; acute or obtuse; six to
+     eighteen lines long; obscurely crenate. Stipules foliaceous;
+     narrowly lanceolate; lacerately toothed. _Flowers._--Violet or
+     purple; rather large. Lateral petals bearded. Spur as long as
+     the sepals; rather slender; obtuse; hooked or curved.
+     (Otherwise as _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from
+     San Francisco to Washington.
+
+                      ... "violets
+    Which yet join not scent to hue
+    Crown the pale year weak and new."
+
+Nestling amid the grasses on many a moist mesa by the sea, the modest
+flowers of the dog-violet may be found at almost any time of year. They
+vary greatly in the length of their stems, according to the season and the
+locality of growth.
+
+
+THISTLE-SAGE.
+
+_Salvia carduacea_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; thistle-like; with cobwebby wool.
+     _Stems._--Stout; a foot or two high. _Flower-whorls._--An inch
+     or two through. _Calyx._--Bilabiate; with five spiny teeth.
+     _Corolla._--Lavender; an inch long. Upper lip erect; two-cleft.
+     Lower fan-shaped; white-fringed. _Stamens._--On the lower lip.
+     Proper filaments very short, with one short and one long fork,
+     each bearing an anther-cell. (Otherwise like _S. Columbariae_.)
+     _Hab._--Western and Southern California.
+
+Upon the dry, open plains of the south, the charming flowers of the
+thistle-sage make their appearance by May. Upon the train we pass myriads
+of them standing along the embankments, and seeming to beckon mockingly at
+us, well knowing the train almost never stops where we can get them.
+
+These plants present the most remarkable blending of the rigid,
+uncompromising, touch-me-not aspect and the ethereal and fragile. In each
+of the several stories of the flower-cluster there are usually a number of
+the exquisitely delicate flowers in bloom at once, standing above the
+hemisphere of densely crowded, spiny calyx-tips. Nothing more airy or
+fantastic could well be imagined than these diaphanous blossoms. The upper
+lip of the corolla stands erect, its two lobes side by side, or crossed
+like two delicate little hands. The lower lip has two small and
+inconspicuous lateral lobes and one large central one, which is like the
+ruff of a fantail pigeon and daintily fringed with white. The color
+combination in these blossoms is charming. To the sage green of the foliage
+and the lilac of the blossoms is added the dash of orange in the anthers
+that puts the finishing touch. The whole plant has a heavy, dull odor of
+sage.
+
+This species is also sometimes called "chia," and its seeds are used in the
+same manner as those of our other _Salvia_, but to no such extent.
+
+
+VIOLET BEARD-TONGUE.
+
+_Pentstemon heterophyllus_, Lindl. Figwort Family.
+
+     Woody at base; many-stemmed. _Stems._--Two to five feet tall.
+     _Leaves._--Lanceolate or linear; or the lowest
+     oblong-lanceolate; diminishing into narrow floral bracts.
+     _Panicle._--Narrow. Pedicels one- to three-flowered; short and
+     erect. _Corolla._--Rose-purple, or violet suffused with pink;
+     an inch or more long; ventricose-funnel-form above the narrow,
+     slender tube. (See _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--Western California,
+     specially southward.
+
+The beautiful flowers of the violet beard-tongue are often seen among the
+soft browns of our dusty roadsides in early summer. They are truly charming
+flowers, and we marvel how any one can pass them by unnoticed. I have seen
+them especially showy in the southern part of the State, in Santa Barbara
+and Ventura Counties, where the plants often spread over two or three feet,
+sending up innumerable slender flower-covered wands. The undeveloped buds
+are of a characteristic greenish-yellow tone, making an unusual contrast to
+the expanded flowers and the rather pale foliage. The structure of the
+anthers is quite interesting, each cell consisting of a little bag with
+bristly margins, the two together being heart-shaped in outline.
+
+_P. azureus_, Benth., or the "azure beard-tongue," is very similar to the
+above, growing from one to three feet high; but it is smooth and glaucous;
+its leaves are inclined to have a broader base, and its flowers are usually
+larger, azure blue, approaching violet, sometimes having a red-purple
+tube, while its border is often an inch across. This is found throughout
+the State, but is more common in the interior and in the Sierras. Its buds
+are not yellow.
+
+[Illustration AZURE BEARD-TONGUE--_Pentstemon heterophyllus_.]
+
+
+WILD GINGER.
+
+_Asarum caudatum_, Lindl. Birthwort Family.
+
+     _Rootstocks._--Creeping; aboveground. _Leaves._--Alternate; two
+     to four inches long; heart-shaped; not mottled; shining green.
+     _Flowers._--Raisin-colored. _Perianth._--With spherical tube
+     and three long-pointed lobes, thirty lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Twelve. Filaments more or less coherent in groups,
+     adherent to the styles, and produced beaklike beyond the
+     anthers. _Ovary._--Six-celled. Styles united; equaling the
+     stamens. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz to British
+     Columbia.
+
+The beautiful long-stemmed leaves of the wild ginger stand upon the borders
+of many a shaded cañon stream, seeming to enjoy the gossiping of the brook
+as it gurgles by. The leaves and roots of these plants are aromatic, and
+the former when crushed emit a pleasant fragrance, similar to that of the
+camphor-laurel. The branching rootstocks, creeping along the surface of the
+ground, grow from their tips; which are swathed in the undeveloped silky
+leaves.
+
+In the spring a warm hue comes among these closely-folded leaves, and
+presently a curious dull-colored bud begins to protrude its long tip from
+their midst. This bud looks as though some worm had eaten off its end; but
+we soon see that its blunt appearance is due to the fact that the long
+prongs of the sepals are neatly folded in upon themselves, like the jointed
+leg of an insect. It must require considerable force in the flower to
+unfurl them. When at length expanded, these blossoms have the look of some
+rapacious, hobgoblin spider, lurking for its prey.
+
+Another species--_A. Hartwegi_, Wats.--the "Sierra wild ginger," is easily
+distinguished from the above by its white-mottled leaves, which grow in
+clusters, and by its smaller flowers. It blooms later than the other, its
+flowers lasting into July. These plants are closely related to the
+"Dutchman's pipe."
+
+[Illustration WILD GINGER--_Asarum caudatum_.]
+
+
+COMMON MILKWEED. SILKWEED.
+
+_Asclepias Mexicana_, Cav. Milkweed Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to five feet high; slender. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     whorled and fascicled; linear-lanceolate; short-petioled; two
+     to six inches long. _Peduncles._--Erect; slender; often in
+     whorls. _Flowers._--Very small and numerous; in umbels; white
+     and lavender. _Corolla-lobes._--Two lines long.
+     _Anthers._--Twice the filament column. _Horns._--Awl-shaped;
+     arising from below the middle of the ovate hoods, and
+     conspicuously curved over the stigma. _Pods._--Slender;
+     spindle-shaped. (Structure otherwise as in _Gomphocarpus_.)
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State, and beyond its borders.
+
+This is one of our most widely distributed milkweeds, and may be found
+blossoming along our dusty roadsides and through the fields in early
+summer. Its stems are tall and wandlike with long, narrow leaves, and its
+little blossoms are very trim. Its distaff-shaped pods, with their
+beautiful silken down, are familiar objects, much beloved by the children,
+and are sought by older people who utilize them in many dainty ways.
+
+
+CHICORY. SUCCORY. WILD BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.
+
+_Cichorium Intybus_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to five feet high; much branched.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; the lower oblong or lanceolate, partly
+     clasping, sometimes sharply incised; the upper reduced to
+     bracts. _Flower-heads._--Bright blue; sessile; two or three
+     together in the axils of the leaves or terminal; of ray-flowers
+     only. _Rays._--Ten lines long; about two wide; notched at the
+     tip. Bracts of the involucre in two series; green.
+     _Hab._--Escaped from cultivation in many places.
+
+The most careless observer will some day have his attention startled into
+activity by a certain tall, fine plant growing along the roadside, bearing
+beautiful, ragged blue flowers closely set to its stem. This is a stranger
+from over the seas, whose native home is England; and, like all English, it
+is an excellent colonist, having pushed its way into most parts of the
+civilized world. It has become quite plentiful among us in the last few
+years, and whole fields may often be seen covered with its lovely
+bright-blue blossoms, which are known as "ragged sailors," and "wild
+bachelor's-buttons." They open in the early morning, closing by midday.
+In Europe a popular belief is rife that they open at eight o'clock in the
+morning and close at four in the afternoon.
+
+[Illustration COMMON MILKWEED--_Asclepias Mexicana_.]
+
+    "On upland slopes the shepherds mark
+      The hour when, to the dial true,
+    Cichorium to the towering lark
+      Lifts her soft eye, serenely blue."
+
+The plant is useful in several ways. Its root is boiled and eaten as a
+vegetable; the leaves, when blanched, make an excellent salad; and the
+whole plant was formerly employed in medicine, and is still considered a
+valuable remedy for jaundice. But the most common use of it is as a
+substitute for coffee, or as an adulterant of it. The fleshy, milky root is
+dried, ground, and roasted, and though it has neither the essential oil nor
+the delicious aroma of coffee, it is not an unpleasant beverage, and its
+cheapness brings it within the reach of the very poor.
+
+The chicory industry has grown to be of considerable importance in
+California of late. The plants are grown in reclaimed tule land near
+Stockton, where there is a factory for the conversion of the root into the
+commercial article.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN LOBELIA.
+
+_Downingia pulchella_, Torr. Lobelia Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to six inches high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     sessile; linear; obtuse; passing into flower-bracts above.
+     _Flowers._--Racemose; blue. _Calyx-tube._--Very long and
+     slender; adnate to the ovary; its limb of five slender
+     divisions. _Corolla._--With short tube and bilabiate border.
+     The smaller lip of two narrow spreading or recurved divisions;
+     the larger three-lobed; broader than long; nine or ten lines by
+     five or six lines. All the lobes intense blue; the large
+     centers mostly white. _Stamens._--Five; united into a curved
+     tube. _Capsule._--Splitting at the sides. _Hab._--Nearly
+     throughout the State.
+
+These little lobeliaceous plants are very common, especially upon the
+plains of the interior, and may be found growing in wet places, where they
+often make the ground blue. The showy, white-centered flowers are familiar
+along the roadsides upon the borders of puddles. The blossoms, which are
+really stemless, appear to have stems of considerable length, owing to the
+very long, slender ovary and calyx-tube. They are cultivated for ornament
+under the name of _Clintonia pulchella_.
+
+We have one other species in the northern part of the State. It is a larger
+plant, sometimes a foot tall, with ovate to lanceolate leaves. This is _D.
+elegans_, Torr.
+
+
+FALSE INDIGO. LEAD-PLANT.
+
+_Amorpha Californica_, Nutt. Pea Family.
+
+     Shrubs three to over eight feet high. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     alternate; with stipules; pinnate. _Leaflets._--One inch long;
+     five to nine or more pairs. _Flower-spikes._--Two to six inches
+     long. _Flowers._--Black-purple; two and a half lines long.
+     _Calyx._--Half as long. _Corolla._--With only one petal! (the
+     standard); this erect and folded. _Stamens._--Slightly united
+     at base; exserted. _Ovary._--One-celled. _Pod._--Three lines
+     long. (See _Leguminosae_.) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Marin
+     County to San Diego.
+
+This shrub or small tree is remarkable for its sickeningly fragrant
+foliage. The small blossoms, taken individually, are inconspicuous, but
+when seen in masses, sprinkling the foliage with black and gold, they are
+quite effective.
+
+
+BLUE-CURLS.
+
+_Trichostema lanceolatum_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     One or two feet high; branching from the base.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; sessile; crowded; lanceolate or
+     ovate-lanceolate; gradually acuminate; densely pubescent;
+     several-nerved; an inch or more long. _Flowers._--Blue; in
+     axillary, short-peduncled, dense clusters.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Six lines long; with filiform
+     tube; and border with five almost similar lobes.
+     _Stamens._--Four; of two lengths. Filaments filiform;
+     long-exserted and curled. _Ovary._--Of four seed like nutlets.
+     Style long; filiform; two-cleft at the tip. _Hab._--Throughout
+     Western California.
+
+Of all the plants of our acquaintance, the common blue-curls is the most
+aggressive and ill-smelling. Its odor is positively sickening. Some years
+ago, when it was first new to me, I brought some of it down from Sonoma
+County upon the train, and, even though it had been carefully wrapped, I
+was obliged to deposit it in the wood-box, as far as possible from the
+passengers.
+
+The generic name comes from two Greek words, signifying _hair_ and
+_stamen_, and was bestowed on account of the capillary filaments. The
+common name also refers to the long, curling blue stamens.
+
+This species blossoms late in summer, and grows upon very dry ground, where
+it seems almost a miracle for any plant to thrive.
+
+
+ROMERO. WOOLLY BLUE-CURLS.
+
+_Trichostema lanatum_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Shrubby; two to five feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite and
+     fascicled in the axils; an inch or so long; green above;
+     white-woolly beneath. _Flowers._--Blue; in terminal clusters
+     sometimes a foot long; covered with dense violet wool.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--Nearly an inch long; with
+     tube half its length and border violet-shaped. _Stamens and
+     Style._--Two inches long. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     _Hab._--From San Diego to Santa Barbara.
+
+When the first scorching winds of the desert have withered and laid low the
+lovely flowers of the southern plains, the Romero is just coming into bloom
+upon dry hillsides. Its shrubby form, with densely crowded leaves, becomes
+conspicuous by reason of its long spikes of purple-woolly buds and
+blossoms. This inflorescence is an exquisite thing, more like the
+production of a Paris milliner than a guileless creation of nature. The
+individual blossoms have much the look of alert little blue violets wearing
+long, elegant lilac aigrets. Both leaf and flower have a pleasant aromatic
+fragrance, entirely unlike the dreadful odor of the common blue-curls.
+
+Among the Spanish-Californians it is known altogether by the musical name
+of "Romero," and is one of their most highly valued medicinal herbs, being
+considered a panacea for many troubles. Fried in olive oil, it becomes an
+ointment which alleviates pain and cures ulcers; dried and reduced to
+powder, it is a snuff very efficacious for catarrh; and made into a
+tincture, it is used as a liniment. This plant is also sometimes called
+"black sage."
+
+[Illustration ROMERO--_Trichostema lanatum_.]
+
+
+HARVEST BRODIAEA. LARGE-FLOWERED BRODIAEA.
+
+_Brodiaea grandiflora_, Smith. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Fibrous-coated. _Leaves._--Narrowly linear; somewhat
+     cylindrical. _Scape._--Four to twelve inches high.
+     _Pedicels._--Three to ten, rarely one; unequal.
+     _Perianth._--Violet; waxen; ten to twenty lines long; broadly
+     funnel-form; six-cleft; lobes recurving. _Stamens._--Three;
+     opposite the inner segments. _Staminodia._--Three;
+     strap-shaped; entire; white; erect; about equaling the stamens.
+     _Ovary._--Sessile; three-celled. Style stout. Stigma
+     three-lobed. _Hab._--From Ventura to the British boundary in
+     the Coast Ranges and Sierras.
+
+In the latter part of May and early in June, just as the grain is mellowing
+in the fields, the dry grasses of our hill-slopes and roadsides begin to
+reveal the beautiful blossoms of the "harvest Brodiaea." Seen at its best,
+this is one of our finest species. It sends up a scape a foot high, bearing
+from five to ten of the large, lily-like, violet flowers. They are
+somewhere described as varying to rose. I have never seen them of this
+color, though a flash of them caught when riding by a field is often
+suggestive of a pink flower.
+
+These plants vary considerably in size, in some localities blooming when
+but an inch or two high, and in others having their tall scape crowned with
+as many as ten of the fine blossoms. These have their segments nerved with
+brown upon the outside. The clear-white stamens stand opposite the outer
+segments, alternating with the white staminodia. The leaves have dried away
+before the coming of the blossoms.
+
+_B. terrestris_, Kell., common throughout Central California, is always
+found in sandy soil. Its perianth is less than an inch long, and its
+staminodia are yellow, with inrolled edges. This is clearly distinguished
+by these characteristics, added to the fact that its flower-cluster has no
+common stalk or scape, but seems to sit upon the ground, giving the
+separate flowers the appearance of coming from the ground.
+
+[Illustration HARVEST BRODIAEA--_Brodiaea grandiflora_.]
+
+
+VIOLET SNAPDRAGON.
+
+_Antirrhinum vagans_, Gray. Figwort Family.
+
+     Herbs with prehensile branchlets. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; lanceolate to oblong-ovate; entire; an inch
+     long. _Flowers._--Six lines long; lavender. _Sepals._--Five;
+     upper one large; oblong; the others small, linear.
+     _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; on the corolla. Filaments slender.
+     Anthers with two diverging cells. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style
+     awl-shaped. _Hab._--Throughout the western part of the State.
+
+When the first dryness of summer is beginning to make itself felt, the tall
+wandlike sprays of the little lilac snapdragon begin to appear along our
+dusty roadsides. A curious feature of this plant is to be found in the long
+threadlike branchlets produced in the axils of the leaves. These are like
+so many little arms, apparently waving about in aimless abandon, but in
+reality vigilant of any opportunity to grasp some convenient object of
+support.
+
+Another species--_A. glandulosum_, Lindl.--is common from Santa Cruz
+southward. This may be known by its pink and yellow flowers, its very
+viscid, leafy stems, three to five feet tall, and its lack of prehensile
+branchlets. This has somewhat more the look of the familiar garden species.
+Its anthers are arranged like teeth in the roof of its mouth, and the
+children, by slightly pinching the sides of its funny little countenance,
+can make it open its mouth in quite a formidable manner.
+
+Sir John Lubbock, writing of the fertilization of flowers, says: "Thus the
+_Antirrhinum_, or snapdragon, is completely closed, and only a somewhat
+powerful insect can force its way in. The flower is in fact a strong-box,
+of which the humble-bee only has the key."
+
+[Illustration VIOLET SNAPDRAGON--_Antirrhinum vagans_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN HAREBELL. BELLFLOWER.
+
+_Campanula prenanthoides_, Durand. Harebell or Campanula Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; ovate-oblong to lanceolate; one inch or
+     less long. _Flowers._--Blue; on recurved pedicels.
+     _Calyx._--Growing to the ovary below; with five awl-shaped
+     teeth. _Corolla._--Five to eight lines long; with short tube
+     and slender, spreading, recurved lobes. _Stamens._--Five.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled. Style club-shaped; much
+     exserted. Stigma becoming three-lobed. _Hab._--Coast woods from
+     Monterey to Mendocino County, and through the northern Sierras.
+
+The fragile blossoms of the harebell lurk in the seclusion of our cool
+cañons or peer down at us from the banks of shaded mountain roads toward
+the end of July. We almost wonder that this ethereal flower dares delay its
+coming so long when outside its cool retreat all is parched and dry. It
+forms a delicate contrast to its more robust English sister, the harebell
+so often celebrated by the poets.
+
+
+SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL.
+
+_Brunella vulgaris_, L. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to fifteen inches high. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     petioled; ovate or oblong. _Flowers._--In a dense, short spike,
+     with broad, leafy bracts; purple, violet, or rarely white.
+     _Calyx._--Bilabiate; upper lip with three short teeth; the
+     lower two-cleft. _Corolla._--Bilabiate; upper lip arched,
+     entire; lower three-lobed; deflexed. _Stamens._--Four; in
+     pairs. Filaments two-forked; one fork naked, the other bearing
+     the two-celled anther. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     Style filiform; two-cleft above. _Hab._--Widely distributed
+     over the Northern Hemisphere.
+
+From April to July the purple blossoms of the self-heal, or heal-all, may
+be found in the borders of woods or in open grounds.
+
+The generic name is thought to come from the old German word, _braune_, a
+disease of the throat, for which this plant was believed to be a cure.
+According to the old doctrine of signatures, plants by their appearance
+were supposed to indicate the diseases for which nature intended them as
+remedies, and in England the _Brunella_ was considered particularly
+efficacious in the disorders of carpenters and common laborers, because
+its corolla resembled a bill-hook. Hence it was commonly called
+"carpenter's herb," "hook-heal," and "sicklewort."
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN HAREBELL--_Campanula prenanthoides_.]
+
+
+PENNYROYAL. POLÉO.
+
+_Monardella villosa_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Woody; branching from below; a foot or two high.
+     _Leaves._--An inch or less long; toothed or entire; veins
+     conspicuous. _Flowers._--White to deep lilac; in a dense head
+     subtended by a number of ovate, green bracts.
+     _Calyx._--Tubular; five-toothed; four lines long.
+     _Corolla._--Nine lines long; with filiform tube and bilabiate
+     border. Upper lip two-cleft; lower cleft into three linear
+     divisions. _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; exserted. Anther cells
+     divergent. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State; common.
+
+Owing to their resemblance to the _Monarda_, or horsemint of the East,
+these Western plants have been given the diminutive of its
+name--_Monardella_.
+
+In early summer the blossoms, which are generally purple, are conspicuous
+in our drying woods. The herbage is pleasantly fragrant. The more hairy
+form, which suggested the specific name, is found in the south.
+
+Another species--_M. lanceolata_, Gray--common in the Sierras and south to
+San Diego, is a very handsome plant with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
+entire leaves, an inch or two long, and having its bright rose-colored or
+purple corollas sometimes dark-spotted. This is known among the
+Spanish-Californians as "poléo" (pennyroyal), and is valued as a remedy for
+various ailments.
+
+_M. odoratissima_, Benth., found abundantly in the Sierras, and known as
+"wild pennyroyal," is a bushy, many-stemmed plant, whose flowers usually
+have a faded lavender hue. But the plant is exceedingly fragrant, perfuming
+the air all about.
+
+[Illustration PENNYROYAL--_Monardella villosa_.]
+
+
+LUCERN. ALFALFA. CHILEAN CLOVER.
+
+_Medicago sativa_, L. Pea Family.
+
+     Perennials, with roots sometimes reaching down eight or ten
+     feet. _Stems._--Two to four feet high. _Leaflets._--Three;
+     toothed above. _Flowers._--Violet. _Calyx._--Five-toothed.
+     _Corolla._--Papilionaceous; six lines long. _Stamens._--Nine
+     united; one free. _Pod._--Spirally coiled; without spines.
+     _Hab._--Usually escaped from cultivation.
+
+The value of this little plant has been known for many centuries. It was
+introduced into Greece from Media, whence it received the name _Medicago_,
+and was cultivated several centuries before Christ. It has reached us
+through Mexico and Chile, where it is called "alfalfa" and "Chilean
+clover."
+
+It is but sparingly naturalized among us, but on account of its very
+nutritious herbage it is largely cultivated for feed. Its very deep root
+enables it to seek moisture from perennial sources, and to thus withstand
+the dryness of our summers. It requires considerable care to start the
+plants; but once established, the roots will continue under favorable
+circumstances to produce crops of herbage almost indefinitely. When grown
+upon good soil and irrigated, it will yield several crops a year. When
+cured for hay, it is cut just before flowering. But it is of greatest value
+for feeding green to dairy cows and other animals. An alfalfa field is a
+beautiful and grateful sight amid the drouth of our late summer. In Chile
+sprays of this plant are laid about in the houses to drive away fleas.
+
+
+SQUAW'S CARPET. MAHALA MATS.
+
+_Ceanothus prostratus_, Benth. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Hardy, evergreen, trailing shrubs, carpeting the ground.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; short-petioled; obovate or spatulate;
+     cuneate; leathery; several-toothed above; three to twelve lines
+     long. _Flowers._--Bright blue; in loose clusters on stout
+     peduncles. _Fruit._--With thick, often red, flesh; with three
+     large wrinkled, somewhat spreading horns from near the apex,
+     and low intermediate crests. (See _Ceanothus_.) _Hab._--The
+     Sierras and northern Coast Ranges.
+
+[Illustration ALFALFA--_Medicago sativa_.]
+
+Upon half-shaded slopes in the Sierras, where great firs rear their
+noble shafts, forming an open forest, this little trailing shrub makes a
+clean, delightfully springy carpet underfoot. Early in the season it is
+an exquisite thing, when covered with its delicate clusters of
+bright-blue flowers, and it is no less attractive in late summer, when
+its odd scarlet fruit studs the rich green foliage.
+
+The children of our mountain districts know it as "squaw's carpet" and
+"mahala mats." Among the Digger Indians the word "Mahala" is applied as a
+title of respect to all the women of the tribe indiscriminately, and they
+always refer to one another as "Mahala Sally," "Mahala Nancy," etc.
+
+
+ACONITE. MONK'S-HOOD. FRIAR'S-CAP. BLUEWEED.
+
+_Aconitum Columbianum_, Nutt. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate; palmately
+     three- to five-cleft, three to five inches across.
+     _Flowers._--From blue to almost white; in a terminal cluster.
+     _Sepals._--Five; petaloid; very irregular; the upper one
+     helmet-shaped. _Petals._--Two to five; the upper two
+     stamen-like, concealed within the helmet; the lower three
+     minute or obsolete. _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments short.
+     _Pistils._--Usually three; becoming divergent follicles.
+     _Syn._--_A. Fischeri_, Reichb. _Hab._--The Sierras and the
+     northern Coast Ranges.
+
+The blossoms of the monk's-hood, or aconite, may be found with those of the
+tall blue larkspur and the little alpine lily along our mountain streams in
+late summer. Owing to the shape of the upper sepal, these flowers have
+received several of their common names, such as "helmet-flower,"
+"friar's-cap," and "monk's-hood."
+
+The genus _Aconitum_ has been known from remote times and noted for the
+poisonous qualities of its species. From the roots and leaves of _A.
+napellus_, the officinal species, supposed to be native of Britain, is made
+the powerful drug, aconite. Our own species is also poisonous, and among
+the mountaineers it is called "blueweed," and remembered only for its
+disastrous effect upon their sheep, who are sometimes driven to eat it when
+other feed is scare. The helmet varies greatly in breadth and length.
+
+[Illustration MONK'S-HOOD--_Aconitum Columbianum_.]
+
+
+BLUE GENTIAN.
+
+_Gentiana calycosa_, Griseb. Gentian Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to twelve inches high. _Leaves._--Eighteen lines
+     to less than an inch long. _Flowers._--Deep, rich blue.
+     _Corolla._--An inch or two long; plaited into folds between the
+     lobes; the sinuses with two long, toothlike appendages; the
+     lobes green-dotted. _Stamens._--Five; alternate with the
+     corolla-lobes. Filaments flattened and adnate to the corolla
+     below. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style awl-shaped. Stigma
+     two-lobed. _Hab._--The Sierras.
+
+This genus was named for Gentius, an ancient king of Illyria, who is said
+to have discovered the medicinal virtues of these plants. The drug called
+"gentian," a bitter tonic, is made from the root of a German species--_G.
+lutea_--with yellow flowers.
+
+All the Gentians are natives of the cooler portions of the world,
+inhabiting northern latitudes and mountain heights. We have several fine
+species, which are found in the Sierras and the northern Coast Ranges.
+
+_G. calycosa_ is a truly beautiful flower, rivaling the sky with its deep
+blue blossoms, which are to be found in the fall in many an alpine meadow,
+called by Mr. Muir "gentian-meadows."
+
+
+TALL MOUNTAIN LARKSPUR.
+
+_Delphinium scopulorum, var. glaucum_, Gray.
+
+Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     Mostly smooth; more or less glaucous. _Stems._--Two to six feet
+     high. _Leaves._--Palmately five- to seven-parted; the divisions
+     slashed into sharp-pointed lobes. _Flowers._--Blue; in narrow,
+     slender racemes; on rather short, slender pedicels.
+     _Sepals._--Rather narrow; six lines long or less; minutely
+     tomentose. Spur crapy; rather slender. _Ovaries._--Smooth.
+     (Flower-structure as in _D. nudicaule_.) _Syn._--_D.
+     scopulorum_, Gray. _Hab._--The Sierras, at about six thousand
+     feet; from the San Bernardino Mountains to the Yukon River.
+
+[Illustration BLUE GENTIAN--_Gentiana calycosa_.]
+
+By July and August the slender spires of the tall mountain larkspur are
+conspicuous along the watercourses of the Sierras, where they are usually
+found in the company of their near relatives, the monk's-hoods and the gay
+scarlet columbines. A ramble down one of these mountain streams affords a
+succession of most delightful surprises. Willow copses, alternating with
+tangles of larkspur, great willow-herb, and monk's-hood, are followed by
+open, velvety meadows, starred by white and blue daisies, or diversified by
+the pure spikes of the milk-white rein-orchis, or the lovely blossoms of
+the pink mimulus; while further down, the stream perchance suddenly narrows
+and deepens, flowing by some jutting rock-wall, resplendent with crimson
+pentstemons or brilliant sulphur-flowers.
+
+
+COMMON ASTER.
+
+_Aster Chamissonis_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+_Stems._--Two to five feet high; loosely branching. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+sessile; lanceolate; three to six inches long; the upper becoming small or
+minute. _Flower-heads._--Five or six lines long; composed of yellow
+disk-flowers and violet or purple rays. _Rays._--Twenty to twenty-five;
+half an inch long. _Involucre._--Campanulate; of many small imbricated
+scales. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+We have not as many species of _Aster_ as are found in the Eastern States,
+but we have some very beautiful ones. _A. Chamissonis_ is one of our
+commonest and most widespread species. Its blossoms begin to appear in late
+summer and linger along through the fall. Many species of _Erigeron_ (very
+closely allied to _Aster_) are called "asters" among us, and comprise some
+of our most charming flowers. These are found chiefly in the mountains,
+though _E. glaucus_ is found upon the sea-beach and ocean cliffs.
+
+
+LAVENDER MOUNTAIN DAISY.
+
+_Erigeron salsuginosus_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high. _Radical and lower
+     leaves._--Spatulate to nearly obovate; tapering into a margined
+     petiole. _Upper leaves._--Ovate-oblong to lanceolate; sessile.
+     _Uppermost leaves._--Small and bract-like.
+     _Flower-heads._--Solitary; large; of yellow disk-flowers and
+     lavender rays. _Disk._--Over half an inch across.
+     _Rays._--Fifty to seventy; six lines or more long; rather wide.
+     _Bracts_ of the involucre numerous; loosely spreading.
+     _Syn._--_Aster salsuginosus_, Richardson. _Hab._--Sierra
+     meadows, at an altitude of from six to ten thousand feet.
+
+[Illustration COMMON ASTER--_Aster Chamissonis_.]
+
+Of all the beautiful flowers of the Sierras, not one lingers so fondly in
+the memory, after our return to the lowlands, as this exquisite lavender
+daisy. Late in the summer it stars the alpine meadows with its charming
+flowers, or stands in sociable companies on those natural velvet lawns of
+the mountains. It resembles the feathery, white mountain daisy, and grows
+in the same region; but its rays are wider and give the blossoms a somewhat
+more substantial look.
+
+
+BLUE FORGET-ME-NOT. STICKSEED.
+
+_Echinospermum floribundum_, Lehm. Borage Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two feet or so high. _Leaves._--Oblong to
+     linear-lanceolate; two to five inches long. _Flowers._--In
+     numerous, slender-panicled racemes; on short, slender pedicels.
+     Racemes often in pairs. _Calyx._--Five-parted; minute.
+     _Corolla._--Sky-blue (rarely white); salver-form, with short
+     tube and spreading, five-lobed border; two to five lines
+     across, with conspicuous arching crests in the throat.
+     _Stamens._--Five; included; on the corolla. _Ovary._--Of four
+     nutlets; each having a deltoid, keeled disk and margined by
+     long, flat prickles. _Hab._--From California to British
+     Columbia and eastward.
+
+The beautiful blossoms of the wild blue forget-me-not will be readily
+recognized by all lovers of flowers. They may be found in the Sierras in
+midsummer. The tall stems rise amid the lush grasses upon the sides of
+steep cañons, where the air is humid and vegetation is rank. The flowers
+are unfortunately followed by very troublesome burs, which are much dreaded
+by sheep-herders.
+
+
+
+
+V. RED
+
+
+[_Red or occasionally or partially red flowers not described in the Red
+Section._
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS--Pimpernel.
+    MECONOPSIS HETEROPHYLLA--Wind-Poppy.
+    MIMULUS GLUTINOSUS--Sticky Monkey-Flower.
+    OPUNTIA ENGELMANNI--Prickly Pear.]
+    COTYLEDON PULVERULENTA.
+
+
+INDIAN WARRIOR.
+
+_Pedicularis densiflora_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Root woody. _Stems._--Six to twenty inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; oblong-lanceolate; pinnate; leaflets
+     lobed and toothed; diminishing into the flower-bracts.
+     _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-toothed. _Corolla._--Club-shaped,
+     bent downward above the calyx and oblique to it; one inch long;
+     the two upper lobes united and containing the stamens; the
+     three lower mere teeth. _Stamens._--Four. Style filiform;
+     exserted. _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Hab._--Throughout Western
+     California.
+
+These blossoms, which come early in the season, seem "warmed with the new
+wine of the year." They often stand in little companies in openings among
+the trees, and the rays of the afternoon sun slanting in upon them brighten
+and vivify them into a rich, warm claret-color. The leaves, finely
+dissected, like certain fern-fronds, are often of a bronze tone, which
+harmonizes finely with the flowers.
+
+To the casual observer, this flower resembles the Indian paint-brush. In
+reality, it belongs to a closely allied genus. But in this blossom the
+bracts do not constitute the brilliant part of the inflorescence, and the
+calyx, instead of being the showy, sheathing envelop it is in the
+paint-brush, is quite small and inconspicuous.
+
+Mrs. Blochman has quaintly and aptly alluded to the corolla of this flower
+as a long and slender mitten, just fit for some high-born fairy's hand.
+
+Among the children of our mountain districts this flower is known as
+"Indian warrior."
+
+[Illustration INDIAN WARRIOR--_Pedicularis densiflora_.]
+
+
+WILD GOOSEBERRY.
+
+_Ribes Menziesii_, Pursh. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high, with naked glandular-bristly or
+     prickly branches and stout triple thorns under the fascicled
+     leaves. _Peduncles._--With one or two drooping, Fuchsia-like
+     flowers. _Calyx._--Half an inch long; garnet; the five oblong
+     lobes somewhat longer than the tube, but hardly longer than the
+     stamens, which surpass the five white petals with inrolled
+     edges. Styles exserted. Anthers sagittate. _Berry._--Four to
+     six lines in diameter; thickly covered with long prickles.
+     (Otherwise as _Ribes glutinosum_.) _Hab._--From San Diego to
+     Humboldt County; also in the Sierras.
+
+The wild gooseberry, considered as a fruit, is very disappointing, as its
+large, prickly berries are composed mostly of skin and seeds. But as an
+ornamental shrub it is very pleasing. In February its long, thorny branches
+are densely clothed with small but rich green leaves, under which hang the
+perfect little miniature red and white Fuchsias.
+
+A closely allied species--_R. subvestitum_, Hook. and Arn.,--has long
+exserted filaments and glandular-prickly berries.
+
+
+FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY.
+
+_Ribes speciosum_, Pursh. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Shrubs six to ten feet high, with spreading branches, armed
+     with large triple thorns. _Leaves._--Evergreen; three- to
+     five-lobed; an inch or so long. _Flowers._--Bright cardinal; an
+     inch long. _Calyx._--Petaloid; its tube adnate to the ovary;
+     the limb is usually five-cleft (sometimes four). _Petals._--On
+     the sinuses of the calyx. _Stamens._--As many as the petals;
+     twice the length of the calyx. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style
+     two-cleft. _Fruit._--A dry, densely glandular berry.
+     _Hab._--From Monterey to San Diego.
+
+One of the most charming shrubs to be found in the southern part of the
+State is the Fuchsia-flowered gooseberry. Early in the season the long
+sprays of its spreading branches are thickly hung with the beautiful
+drooping cardinal flowers, which gleam against the rich green of the glossy
+leaves. The stems often rival the flowers in brilliance of coloring, but
+they harbor a multitude of formidable thorns which serve to cool our
+impetuous desire to possess ourselves of the blossoms. Though far more
+brilliant than the flowers of _R. subvestitum_, these are not so truly
+counterparts in miniature of the garden Fuchsia as they.
+
+[Illustration FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY--_Ribes speciosum_.]
+
+
+WILD PEONY.
+
+_Paeonia Brownii_, Dougl. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     Coarse, leathery herbs, with woody roots. _Stems._--Stout;
+     branched; ten to eighteen inches high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     once- or twice- ternately compound; the leaflets ternately lobed.
+     _Flowers._--Solitary; _Sepals._--Green; often with leaflike
+     appendages. _Petals._--Five to ten; dark red.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. _Pistils._--Two to five; becoming
+     leathery follicles. _Hab._--Almost throughout California.
+
+Our wild peony, which is the only species of North America, grows through a
+wide range of territory, from the hot plains of the south to the region of
+perpetual snow in the mountains of the north. As might be expected, it
+manifests considerable variation in form and character. Indeed, some
+authors have thought these variations sufficiently marked to warrant the
+division of the species into two.
+
+After the first rains in the south, the plant pushes up its broad,
+scarlet-tipped leaves, and by January, or earlier, produces its flowers,
+which are deep red, shading almost into black, an inch or so across, and
+quite fragrant. These blossoms are at first erect; but as the seed-vessels
+mature, the stems begin to droop, till the fruit rests upon the ground.
+
+The Spanish-Californians consider the thick root an excellent remedy for
+dyspepsia, when eaten raw; while the Indians of the south use it, powdered
+or made into a decoction, for colds, sore throat, etc. In the north its
+leaves are reputed to be poisonous to the touch.
+
+In some localities it is known as "Christmas-rose," and in others the
+children call its dark, round flowers "nigger-heads." In the mountains it
+blossoms in June and July near snow-banks.
+
+[Illustration WILD PEONY--_Paeonia Brownii_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN FIGWORT. CALIFORNIAN BEE-PLANT.
+
+_Scrophularia Californica_, Cham. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to five feet high; angled.
+     _Leaves._--Oblong-ovate or oblong-triangular; two or more
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Small; dull red; three to five lines
+     long; in loose terminal panicles. _Calyx._--Five-lobed.
+     _Corolla._--Bilabiate; upper lip four-lobed; lower of one lobe.
+     _Stamens._--Four perfect; in pairs; and a fifth scalelike,
+     rudimentary one. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style exserted.
+     _Hab._--Almost throughout the State.
+
+The tall stems of the Californian figwort are common along roadsides, and
+become especially rank and luxuriant where the soil has been freshly
+stirred. The plants are so plentiful and so plebeian in appearance, that we
+are apt to class them in the category of weeds; but the fact that their
+little corollas are almost always stored abundantly with honey for the
+bees, saves them from this reproachful title.
+
+They are cultivated by the keepers of bees. The odd, little dull-red or
+greenish flowers have a knowing look, which is enhanced by two of the
+stamens, which project just over the lower rim of the corolla, like the
+front teeth of some tiny rodent.
+
+
+FALSE ALUM-ROOT.
+
+_Tellima grandiflora_, R. Br. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Radical-leaves._--Long-petioled. _Stem-leaves._--With shorter
+     petioles, round-cordate; variously lobed and toothed; very
+     hairy, with coarse, bristle-like hairs; two to four inches
+     across. _Stems._--One to three feet high. _Flowers._--In long
+     racemes; on short pedicels; green or rose-color.
+     _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-toothed; ribbed; three to six lines
+     long; adnate to the ovary below. _Petals._--Five; short-clawed;
+     slashed above; two or three lines long; on the calyx.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; very short. _Ovary._--One-celled; with a
+     disklike summit, tapering into two stout styles with large
+     capitate stigmas. _Hab._--From Santa Cruz to Alaska.
+
+This robust plant bears no resemblance to its delicate relative, _T.
+affinis_. It is far more like the alum-root in habit and appearance, and
+its leaves are prettily blotched in the same manner. It grows along rich
+banks by shaded roads, and blooms from early spring onward. Its tall
+racemes of either rose-colored or greenish, obscure flowers look rather
+like the promise of something to come than a present fulfillment. The
+petals are small and inconspicuous at a distance; but when closely
+examined, reveal a delicacy and beauty of form entirely unsuspected.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN BEE PLANT--_ScrophulariaCalifornica_.]
+
+
+INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH. SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH.
+
+_Castilleia parviflora_, Bong. Figwort Family.
+
+     Hairy, at least above; six inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Laciniate-cleft or incised; sometimes entire; two
+     inches or so long; mostly alternate. _Flowers._--With
+     conspicuous colored bracts. _Calyx._--Tubular; about equally
+     cleft before and behind; tinged with scarlet or yellow.
+     _Corolla._--Tubular; six lines to over an inch long; the upper
+     lip equaling the tube; the lower very short; three-toothed; the
+     whole tinged with red or yellow. _Stamens._--Four; inclosed in
+     the upper lip. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long; exserted.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+Scarlet flowers are so rare, and nature is so chary of that beautiful hue,
+that these blossoms are especially welcome. Their dense tufts make
+brilliant dashes of color, which are very noticeable amid the vivid greens
+of springtime. Strange to say, most of their brilliancy is due not to the
+corollas, but to the large petal-like bracts under the flowers and to the
+calyxes. In the vicinity of the seashore these blossoms may be found at
+almost any time of the year, while inland they have their season of bloom
+in the spring, resting for the most part during the summer.
+
+They are known in some localities as "Indian plume." The specific name is a
+very misleading one--for these flowers, far from being small, are in
+reality comparatively large and fine. The species was probably first named
+from poor or depauperate specimens. It is in every way a larger, more showy
+flower than the closely allied species--_C. coccinea_, Spreng.--of the
+East, commonly known as the "painted cup."
+
+We have a number of species closely resembling one another. _C. foliolosa_,
+Hook. and Arn., may be easily recognized by its white-woolly stems and
+foliage.
+
+[Illustration INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH--_Castilleia parviflora_.]
+
+
+NORTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR. CHRISTMAS-HORNS.
+
+_Delphinium nudicaule_, Torr. and Gray. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high; naked or very few-leaved.
+     _Leaves._--One to three inches in diameter; deeply three- to
+     five-cleft, or barely parted into obovate or cuneate divisions.
+     _Flowers._--Scarlet; in loose, open racemes; on pedicels two to
+     four inches long. _Sepals._--Five; petaloid; the upper
+     prolonged upward into a spur containing the smaller spurs of
+     the two upper petals. Spur six to nine lines long.
+     _Petals._--Usually four; the two lateral small, not spurred.
+     _Stamens._--Many. _Pistils._--Mostly three; becoming divergent
+     follicles. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo to
+     Oregon.
+
+Though not so intensely brilliant and striking as the southern scarlet
+larkspur, this is a delightful flower, the sight of which gracing some
+rocky cañon-wall or making flecks of flame amid the grass, gives us a
+thrill of pleasure. It would require no great stretch of the imagination to
+fancy these blossoms a company of pert little red-coated elves clambering
+over the loose, slender stems. In our childhood we used to hear them called
+"Christmas-horns."
+
+
+SCARLET FRITILLARY.
+
+_Fritillaria recurva_, Benth. Lily Family.
+
+     Bulb as in _F. lanceolata_. _Stems._--Eight to eighteen inches
+     high; one- to nine-flowered. _Flowers._--Scarlet outside;
+     yellow, spotted with scarlet, within. _Perianth._--Campanulate;
+     urn-shaped. _Segments._--Twelve to eighteen lines long; with
+     recurved tips. _Stamens_ and style not quite equaling the
+     segments. _Capsule._--Rather obtusely angled. (Otherwise as _F.
+     lanceolata_.) _Hab._--The Sierras, from Placer County northward
+     into Oregon.
+
+The scarlet fritillary is without doubt the most beautiful of all our
+species. It is a wonderful blossom, which seems as much of a marvel to us
+every time we behold it as it did at first. Usually there are from one to
+nine of the brilliant bells; but the effect can be imagined when as many as
+thirty-five have been seen upon a single stem!
+
+_F. coccinea_, Greene, is another beautiful scarlet-and-yellow species,
+found in the mountains of Sonoma and Napa Counties. This has from one to
+four flowers, which are an inch long, with simple campanulate outline,
+without recurving tips.
+
+[Illustration NORTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR--_Delphinium nudicaule_.]
+
+
+COLUMBINE.
+
+     _Aquilegia truncata_, Fisch. and Mey. Buttercup or Crowfoot
+     Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; very slender.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly radical; divided into thin, distant leaflets.
+     _Flowers._--Scarlet; tinged with yellow; eighteen to
+     twenty-four lines across. Parts in fives. _Sepals._--Petaloid;
+     rotately spreading. _Petals._--Tubular; produced into long
+     spurs or horns. _Stamens._--Numerous on the receptacle; much
+     exserted. _Pistils._--Five; simple. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+    Sprung in a cleft of the wayside steep,
+    And saucily nodding, flushing deep,
+      With her airy tropic bells aglow,--
+    Bold and careless, yet wondrous light,
+    And swung into poise on the stony height,
+      Like a challenge flung to the world below!
+    Skirting the rocks at the forest edge
+    With a running flame from ledge to ledge,
+    Or swaying deeper in shadowy glooms,
+    A smoldering fire in her dusky blooms;
+    Bronzed and molded by wind and sun,
+    Maddening, gladdening every one
+    With a gypsy beauty full and fine,--
+    A health to the crimson columbine!
+
+    --ELAINE GOODALE
+
+To enjoy the exquisite airy beauty of this lovely flower, we must seek it
+in its own haunts--for there is a touch of wildness in its nature that will
+not be subdued; nor will it submit to being handled or ruthlessly
+transported from its own sylvan retreat.
+
+Fringing the stream, peering over the bank, as if to see its own loveliness
+reflected there, or hiding in the greenest recesses of the woodland, it is
+always a welcome blossom, and the eye brightens and the pulse quickens upon
+beholding it.
+
+This species is at home throughout our borders; but there is another
+form which is said to be found occasionally in our very high
+mountains--_A. coerulea_, James. This is plentiful in the Rocky
+Mountains, and is the State flower of Colorado. Its blossoms, which are
+blue or white, are large and magnificent, with slender spurs an inch and
+a half or two inches long.
+
+[Illustration COLUMBINE--_Aquilegia truncata_.]
+
+
+CLIMBING PENTSTEMON. SCARLET HONEYSUCKLE.
+
+_Pentstemon cordifolius_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Woody at base, with long, slender branches, which climb over
+     other shrubs. _Leaves._--Cordate or ovate; an inch or less
+     long. _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-parted. _Corolla._--Bright
+     scarlet; eighteen lines long. Sterile stamen bearded down one
+     side. (See _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--From Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+In spring we notice in the borders of southern woodlands and along the
+roadsides certain long, wandlike branches with beautiful heart-shaped
+leaves, which are suggestive of those of the garden Fuchsia. Our curiosity
+is naturally aroused and we wonder what blossom is destined to grace this
+elegant foliage. Early summer solves the mystery by hanging the tips of
+these wands with brilliant scarlet blossoms, in every way satisfying the
+earlier promise.
+
+These flowers often look down at us in a sort of mocking, Mephistophelian
+manner, as they hang amid the rich greens of other shrubs and trees. Seen
+with a glass, they are quite glandular. The fifth stamen looks like a very
+cunning little golden hearth-brush.
+
+
+HUMMING-BIRD'S SAGE.
+
+_Audibertia grandiflora_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Coarse plants, with woolly stems; one to three feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; wrinkly; white-woolly beneath; crenate;
+     the lower three to eight inches long; hastate-lanceolate; on
+     margined petioles; upper sessile; pointed.
+     _Inflorescence._--Over a foot long, with many large, widely
+     separated whorls of crimson flowers. _Corollas._--Eighteen
+     lines long. Stamens and style much exserted.
+     _Flower-bracts._--Ovate; sharp-pointed; often crimson-tinged.
+     (Otherwise as _A. stachyoides._) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from
+     San Mateo southward.
+
+[Illustration CLIMBING PENTSTEMOM--_Pentstemon cordifolius_.]
+
+This, the largest-flowered of all our _Audibertias_, becomes especially
+conspicuous by April and May in southern woodlands, where its large, dark
+flower-clusters may be seen in little companies amid the shadows. The
+leaves and bracts are quite viscid, and have a rather rank, unpleasant
+odor; but the flowers are not without a certain comeliness. The long,
+crimson trumpets are arranged in whorls about the stems, projecting from
+many densely crowded bracts. Tier after tier of these interrupted whorls,
+sometimes as many as nine, mount the stems. The bracts and stems are
+usually of a rich bronze, which harmonizes finely with the color of the
+flowers. The joint in the filament is quite conspicuous in this species.
+
+    "Humming-birds that dart in the sun like green and golden arrows"
+
+seem to be the sole beneficiaries of the abundant nectar in these deep
+tubes.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB.
+
+WESTERN SPICE-BUSH.
+
+     _Calycanthus occidentalis_, Hook. and Arn. Sweet Shrub Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Six to twelve feet high. _Leaves._--Ovate to
+     oblong-lanceolate; three to six inches long; dark green;
+     roughish. _Flowers._--Wine-colored (sometimes white); solitary;
+     two inches or so across. _Sepals_, petals, and stamens
+     indefinite, passing into each other; all coalescent below into
+     the cuplike calyx-tube, on whose inner surface are borne the
+     numerous carpels. _Petals._--Linear-spatulate, usually
+     tawny-tipped. Carpels becoming akenes. _Hab._--From the lower
+     Sacramento River northward.
+
+This is one of our most beautiful shrubs. Upon the banks of streams, or
+often upon a shaded hillside where some little rill trickles out from a
+hidden source, it spreads its branches and lifts its canopy of ample
+leaves. There is a pleasant fragrance about the whole shrub, and the
+leaves, when crushed, are agreeably bitter. From April to November the
+charming flowers, like small wine-colored chrysanthemums, are produced; and
+these are followed by the prettily veined, urn-shaped seed-vessels, which
+remain upon the bushes until after the next season's flowers appear, by
+which time they are almost black. It is from these cuplike seed-vessels
+that the genus takes its name, which is derived from two Greek words,
+meaning _flower_ and _cup._
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB--_Calycanthus
+occidentalis_.]
+
+
+INDIAN PINK.
+
+_Silene Californica_, Durand. Pink Family.
+
+     _Root._--Deep. _Stems._--Several; procumbent or sub-erect;
+     leafy. _Leaves._--Ovate-elliptic or lanceolate; eighteen lines
+     to four inches long. _Flowers._--Brilliant scarlet; over an
+     inch across. _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Petals._--Five;
+     long-clawed; the blades variously cleft, and with two erect
+     toothlike appendages at the throat. _Stamens._--Ten; exserted
+     with the three filiform styles. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+The Indian pink is one of the most beautiful of our flowers, and it appeals
+to the aesthetic sense in a way few flowers do. Its brilliant scarlet
+blossoms brighten the soft browns of our roadsides in early summer, and
+gleam amid the green of thickets like bits of fire. Its corolla is
+elegantly slashed, and it is altogether a much finer flower than the
+southern form, _S. laciniata_. Its rather broad leaves are often quite
+viscid to the touch, in which respect it shares in the character from which
+the genus was named in allusion to Silenus, the companion of Bacchus, who
+is described as covered with foam.
+
+_S. laciniata_, Cav., is a similar species found from Central California
+southward. It is usually a taller plant, with many stems and narrow leaves.
+It is also quite viscid, and many small insects, mostly ants, are almost
+always to be seen ensnared upon its stems. We are at a loss to account for
+this until we remember what Sir John Lubbock says in this connection. He
+suggests that ants are not very desirable visitors for promoting
+cross-fertilization among plants, as their progress is slow, and they
+cannot visit many plants far apart. On the other hand, winged insects, such
+as bees, butterflies, and moths, making long excursions through the air,
+are admirably adapted for bringing pollen from distant plants. Hence plants
+spread their attractions for such insects, while they often contrive all
+sorts of ingenious devices for keeping undesirable ones, like ants, away
+from their flowers.
+
+The Spanish-Californians call this plant "Yerba del Indio," and make it
+into a tea which they esteem as a remedy for all sorts of aches and
+pains, and use as a healing application to ulcers.
+
+[Illustration INDIAN PINK--_Silene Californica_.]
+
+Another species--_S. Hookeri_, Nutt.--is easily known by its large pink
+flowers, often two and a half inches across, and delicately slashed. This
+is found in our western counties, growing upon wooded hillsides, where its
+charming flowers show to excellent advantage.
+
+
+COAST LILY.
+
+_Lilium maritimum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb_.--Conical; twelve to eighteen lines thick, with closely
+     appressed scales. _Stem._--One to three feet high; slender.
+     _Leaves._--Seldom, if at all, whorled; linear or narrowly
+     oblanceolate; obtuse; one to five inches long. _Flowers._--One
+     to five; deep blood-red; spotted with purple; long-pediceled;
+     horizontal. _Perianth-segments._--Six; lanceolate; eighteen
+     lines long; the upper third somewhat recurved. _Hab._--Near the
+     Coast, from San Mateo to Mendocino County.
+
+The little Coast lily is found most abundantly in the black peat bogs of
+Mendocino County, though it ranges southward to San Mateo County and
+northward to Humboldt County.
+
+Mr. Purdy says of it: "It is seldom seen farther than two miles from the
+ocean. On the edges of the bogs the lily is often a dwarf, blossoming at
+three or four inches. In the bogs it roots itself in the tufts, and becomes
+a lovely plant five feet high with ten or fifteen fine blossoms."
+
+The leaves are dark, glossy green and the blossoms are more cylindrical
+than funnel-form, the three inner segments spreading more than the outer,
+which remain almost erect. The little oval anthers, with cinnamon-colored
+pollen, almost fill the narrow tube and conceal the fact that the segments
+are yellow below and more decidedly spotted.
+
+
+CHOLLA-CACTUS.
+
+_Opuntia prolifera_, Engelm. Cactus Family.
+
+     Leafless, spiny, arborescent shrubs, three to ten feet high,
+     with elongated, cylindrical joints, covered with oblong
+     tubercles which bear from three to eight spines. Longest spines
+     twelve to eighteen lines long. _Stems._--Two to seven inches
+     thick. _Flowers._--Purplish-red; densely clustered at the ends
+     of the branches. _Sepals_, petals, and stamens, many.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style one. Stigmas several. _Fruit._--Green;
+     obovate; concave on the top; having no spines, only bristles;
+     usually sterile; often producing other flowers. _Hab._--From
+     Ventura to San Diego and southward.
+
+Upon dry hills, even as far north as Ventura, the cholla cactus is a
+familiar feature of the landscape. In many places it forms extensive and
+impassable thickets, which afford an asylum to many delicate and tender
+plants that retire to it as a last refuge from sheep and cattle.
+
+The young joints, which are clustered at the ends of the branches, are from
+three to nine inches long. By means of their barbed spines, these adhere to
+any passing object, and as they break off very readily, they are thus often
+transported to a distance. As they root easily, this seems to afford a
+means of propagation, in the absence of seed--for the fruit is usually
+seedless.
+
+The spines are quite variable in length, the longest being sometimes an
+inch and a half. Each one is covered by a papery sheath, which slips off
+easily.
+
+Upon the ground about these shrubs may usually be found the skeletons of
+old branches. These are hollow cylinders of woody basket-work, which are
+quite symmetrical and pretty.
+
+_O. serpentina_, Engelm., found at San Diego, and often growing with the
+above, resembles it somewhat, but may be known by its much longer spines,
+which are from three to nine inches long, and by its greenish-yellow
+flowers. The plants are usually found near the seashore and
+scattered--_i.e._ never forming thickets.
+
+Upon the sea-coast at San Diego is found another plant similar to the
+above--_Cereus Emoryi_, Engelm.--the "velvet cactus." Instead of being
+covered with tubercles, these plants have from sixteen to twenty vertical
+ribs, upon which are borne the bunches of slender spines. These spines are
+from a quarter of an inch to one and three quarters inches long, and
+without barbs. The flowers are greenish-yellow, and not particularly pretty
+or attractive.
+
+
+SCARLET BUGLER.
+
+_Pentstemon centranthifolius_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Very glaucous and smooth. _Stem._--One to three feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate-lanceolate; mostly sessile; the upper
+     cordate-clasping; thick. _Panicles._--Narrow; a foot or two
+     long. _Corolla._--Bright scarlet; an inch or more long; hardly
+     bilabiate. (See _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--From Monterey to Los
+     Angeles.
+
+The tall spires of the scarlet bugler are such familiar sights along
+southern roadsides and sandy washes that people almost forget the
+enthusiastic admiration their bright beauty first elicited. It is said that
+acres of mountain lands are sometimes a solid mass of vermilion during the
+blooming season of this lovely plant.
+
+The panicle is often two feet long, with its string of scarlet horns. The
+individual flowers bear quite a likeness to those of the honeysuckle,
+common in Eastern gardens, and by those who encounter the plant for the
+first time, it is usually spoken of as "honeysuckle." The blossoms are
+sometimes yellow near San Bernardino.
+
+_P. Bridgesii_, Gray, met more frequently in the Yosemite than elsewhere,
+though it occurs in the Sierras from the Yosemite southward, is a very
+similar plant to the above. But it differs in having its corolla quite
+distinctly bilabiate, though of the same general tubular, funnel-form
+shape.
+
+
+LARGE VETCH.
+
+_Vicia gigantea_, Hook. Pea Family.
+
+     Climbing. Stems.--Five to fifteen feet long.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; pinnate; terminated by a tendril.
+     _Leaflets._--Ten to thirteen pairs; linear-oblong; obtuse;
+     mucronulate; one or two inches long. _Stipules._--An inch long;
+     semi-sagittate. _Racemes._--Dense; one-sided; five to
+     eighteen-flowered. _Flowers._--Dull red.
+     _Corolla._--Papilionaceous. Petals not spreading.
+     _Stamens._--Nine united; one free. _Style._--Hairy all around
+     under the stigma. _Pod._--An inch or so long. (See
+     _Leguminosae_.) _Hab._--From San Francisco Bay northward to
+     Sitka.
+
+This vine is usually found in moist places. Its blossoms are never
+attractive for they have a faded, worn-out look, even when they are fresh.
+The pods are black when ripe, and the seeds are said to be edible.
+
+[Illustration SCARLET BUGLER--_Pentstemon centranthifolius_.]
+
+
+SCARLET GILIA.
+
+_Gilia aggregata_, Spreng. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high. _Leaves._--Pinnately parted
+     into seven to thirteen linear, pointed divisions. Upper leaves
+     more simple. _Flowers._--In a loose panicle. _Calyx._--Deeply
+     five-cleft; glandular. _Corolla._--Scarlet, pink, or rarely
+     even white; with funnel-form tube, one inch long; and rotately
+     spreading five-lobed border. Lobes three to six lines long.
+     (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Throughout the Sierras.
+
+The scarlet _Gilia_ is a familiar flower in the Sierras in late summer,
+growing everywhere in dry places. It may be easily recognized by its rich,
+glossy, flat, green leaves, pinnately divided into linear divisions, its
+tall, loosely branching habit, and its bright, delicate scarlet flowers,
+standing out horizontally from the stem. The corolla-lobes are often
+flesh-pink or yellowish within, splashed or streaked with scarlet. The
+whole plant is quite viscid.
+
+
+SCARLET MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus cardinalis_, Dougl. Figwort Family.
+
+     Stout; viscid; hairy. _Stems._--One to five feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Sessile; ovate to ovate-lanceolate; ragged-margined;
+     several-nerved; two or three inches long. _Peduncles._--Three
+     inches long. _Corolla._--Scarlet; two inches or more long.
+     Upper lip erect; its two lobes turned back. Lower lip
+     three-lobed; reflexed. _Stamens._--Exserted. (See _Mimulus_.)
+     _Hab._--Throughout Oregon and California along watercourses.
+
+One day in June, when riding upon the shores of Bolinas Bay, I came upon a
+spot where a cañon stream flowed out upon a little flat at tide-level,
+making a small fresh-water marsh, in which mint, bulrushes, and scarlet
+_Mimulus_ were striving for the mastery. But the _Mimulus_ was the most
+wonderful I ever saw. It stood four or five feet high--a patch of
+it--strong and vigorous, and covered with its handsome, large scarlet
+flowers, a sight to be remembered. This species is often cultivated in
+gardens.
+
+[Illustration SCARLET GILIA--_Gilia Aggregata_.]
+
+
+SNOW-PLANT.
+
+_Sarcodes sanguinea_, Torr. Heath Family.
+
+     Fleshy, glandular-pubescent plants; six inches to over a foot
+     high; bright red; without green foliage; having, in place of
+     leaves, fleshy scales, with glandular-ciliate margins.
+     _Flowers._--Short-pediceled. _Sepals._--Five. _Corolla._--Six
+     lines long; campanulate; with five-lobed limb. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     Anthers two-celled; opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled;
+     globose. Style stout. Stigma capitate. _Hab._--Throughout the
+     Sierras, from four to nine thousand feet elevation.
+
+I shall never forget finding my first snow-plant. It was upon a perfect
+August day in the Sierras. Following the course of a little rill which
+wound among mosses and ferns through the open forest where noble fir shafts
+rose on every hand, I came unexpectedly upon this scarlet miracle, standing
+in the rich, black mold in a sheltered nook in the wood. A single ray of
+strong sunlight shone upon it, leaving the wood around it dark, so that it
+stood out like a single figure in a _tableau vivant_. There was something
+so personal, so glowing, and so lifelike about it, that I almost fancied I
+could see the warm life-blood pulsing and quivering through it. I knelt to
+examine it. In lieu of leaves, the plant was supplied with many overlapping
+scalelike bracts of a flesh-tint. These were quite rigid below and closely
+appressed to the stem, but above they became looser and curled gracefully
+about among the vivid red bells.
+
+I had heard that the plant was a root parasite; so it was with much
+interest and great care I dug about it with my trowel. But I failed to find
+its root connected with any other. I have since learned that it is now
+considered one of those plants akin to the fungi, which in some mysterious
+way draw their nourishment from decaying or decomposing matter.
+
+I carried my prize home, where it retained its beauty for a number of days.
+I afterward found many of them. They gradually follow the receding snows up
+the heights; so that late in the season one must climb for them.
+
+[Illustration SNOW-PLANT--_Sarcodes sanguinea_.]
+
+The name "snow-plant" is very misleading, because from it one naturally
+expects to find the plant growing upon the snow. But this is rarely or
+never the case, for it is _after_ the melting of the snow that it pushes
+its way aboveground.
+
+Late in the season the plant usually has one or more well-formed young
+plants underground at its base. These are all ready to come forth the next
+season at the first intimation that the snow has gone, which easily
+accounts for its marvelously rapid growth. By the end of August, the
+seed-vessels are well developed, and as large as a small marble, but
+flattened; and by that time the plants have lost their brilliant coloring,
+and become dull and faded.
+
+It is said that the stems have been boiled and eaten, and found quite
+palatable; but this would seem to the lover of the beautiful like eating
+the showbread from the ark of Nature's tabernacle.
+
+
+SOUTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR.
+
+_Delphinium cardinale_, Hook. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to ten feet tall. Leaves.--Large; five- to
+     seven-lobed nearly to the base, the lobes three- to five-cleft,
+     with long-pointed segments. _Flowers._--Large.
+     _Sepals._--Lanceolate; eight lines or more long; rotately
+     spreading; the spur an inch or more long; pointed. _Upper
+     petals._--Orange, tipped with red; pointed; standing
+     prominently forward. (Otherwise as _D. nudicaule_.) _Hab._--The
+     mountains, from Ventura County to San Diego.
+
+During all the long springtime, Nature has been quietly making her
+preparations for a grand floral _denouement_ to take place about mid-June.
+If we go out into the mountains of the south at that season, we shall be
+confronted with a blaze of glory, the like of which we have probably never
+witnessed before. This is due to the brilliant spires of the scarlet
+larkspur, which sometimes rise to a height of ten feet!
+
+One writer likens the appearance of these blossoms, as they grow in dense
+masses, to a hill on fire; and Mr. Sturtevant writes: "To come upon a large
+group of these plants in full bloom for the first time, is an event never
+to be forgotten. I first saw a mass of them in the distance from the top of
+a hill. Descending, I came upon them in such a position that the rays of
+the setting sun intensified the brilliancy of their fiery orange-scarlet
+color. I gathered a large armful of stalks, from three to seven feet high,
+and placed them in water. They continued to expand for several weeks in
+water."
+
+There is a general resemblance between this and the northern scarlet
+larkspur, but the clusters of this are far larger and denser, and the
+individual flowers are finer. The half-opened buds more resemble the open
+flowers of _D. nudicaule_; but the fully expanded flowers have the form of
+some of the finest of the blue larkspurs.
+
+The plants affect a sandy soil or one of decomposed granite.
+
+
+WESTERN CARDINAL-FLOWER.
+
+_Lobelia splendens_, Willd. Lobelia Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to four feet tall; slender, smooth or nearly so.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; mostly sessile; lanceolate or almost
+     linear; glandular-denticulate. _Flowers._--In an elongated,
+     wandlike raceme; cardinal red. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--With straight tube, over an inch long and split
+     down the upper side; border two-lipped; upper lip with two
+     rather erect lobes; lower spreading and three-cleft, with lobes
+     three to six lines long. _Stamens._--Five; united into a tube
+     above. Anthers somewhat hairy. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style
+     simple. Stigma two-lobed. _Hab._--San Diego, San Bernardino,
+     and Los Angeles Counties, and eastward to Texas.
+
+The Western cardinal-flower quite closely resembles _L. cardinalis_ of the
+East, differing from it in a few minor points only. I have never been
+fortunate enough to see it; but I am told that it is a magnificent plant,
+and that from July to September many a wet spot in our southern mountain
+cañons is made gay with its brilliant blossoms.
+
+Of the Eastern plant Mr. Burroughs writes: "But when vivid color is wanted,
+what can surpass or equal our cardinal-flower? There is a glow about this
+flower, as if color emanated from it as from a live coal. The eye is
+baffled and does not seem to reach the surface of the petal; it does not
+see the texture or material part as it does in other flowers, but rests in
+a steady, still radiance. It is not so much something colored as it is
+color itself. And then the moist, cool, shady places it affects usually,
+where it has no rivals, and where the large, dark shadows need just such a
+dab of fire! Often, too, we see it double, its reflected image in some dark
+pool heightening its effect."
+
+
+HUMMING-BIRD'S TRUMPET. CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA.
+
+_Zauschneria Californica_, Presl. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+Woody plants, more or less villous. _Stems._--Much branched; ascending or
+decumbent; one to three feet long. _Leaves._--Mostly alternate; sessile;
+narrowly lanceolate to ovate; six to eighteen lines long.
+_Flowers._--Bright scarlet; in a loose spike; funnel-form; twenty lines
+long. _Calyx._--Scarlet; four-cleft. _Petals._--Four; obcordate; borne on
+the calyx-tube. _Stamens._--Eight. Filaments and style more or less
+exserted. _Ovary._--Four-celled; inferior. Stigma four-lobed. _Hab._--From
+Plumas County to Mexico; and the Rocky Mountains east of the Great Basin.
+
+In late summer and through the autumn, the brilliant blossoms of the
+California Fuchsia brighten the sombre tones of our dry, open hill-slopes.
+Its aspect is one of gay insouciance, which would drive away melancholy
+despite oneself, and though other plants have been put to rout, one by one,
+by the sun's fierce glare, nothing daunted, it puts on its brightest hues,
+like a true apostle of cheerfulness. It has been cultivated for some time,
+and is highly prized in Eastern gardens, where it has earned for itself the
+pretty title of "humming-bird's trumpet." It is not confined to our limits,
+but extends southward into Mexico, and eastward to Wyoming. We have seen it
+flourishing in the Sierras, where it is particularly beautiful.
+
+It is called "balsamea" by the Spanish-Californians, who use a wash of it
+as a remedy for cuts and bruises.
+
+It varies greatly in the size and hairiness of its leaves, in the form of
+its flowers, which are broadly or narrowly funnel-form, and in the
+exsertion of the stamens and style. The _var. microphylla_ has a woolly
+pubescence, linear leaves often very small, three or four lines long, and
+other small leaves crowded in their axils. This is found in the south.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA--_Zauschneria Californica_.]
+
+
+
+
+    There is no glory in star or blossom
+      Till looked upon by a loving eye;
+    There is no fragrance in April breezes
+      Till breathed with joy as they wander by.
+
+    --WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.
+
+
+
+
+VI. MISCELLANEOUS
+
+
+MUILLA.
+
+_Muilla maritima_, Benth. Lily Family.
+
+     _Root._--A small membranous-coated corm. _Leaves._--Radical;
+     linear; equaling the slender scape. _Scapes._--Three to twelve
+     inches high, bearing an umbel of small greenish-white flowers,
+     subtended by several small lanceolate to linear bracts.
+     _Pedicels._--Five to fifteen; two to twelve lines long.
+     _Perianth._--Almost rotate; of six segments; two or three lines
+     long. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Globose; three-celled.
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from Marin County to Monterey; also inland.
+
+The generic name of this little plant is _Allium_ reversed.
+
+Though it has a coated bulb like the onion, it has none of its garlic
+flavor. It differs from the other umbellate-flowered genera of the Lily
+family in not having its flowers jointed upon their pedicels. It thus seems
+to be a link between the onion, on the one hand, and the beautiful
+_Brodiaeas_ and _Bloomerias_, on the other. It is not at all an attractive
+plant, though its blossoms are pleasantly fragrant.
+
+It is found on the borders of salt marshes and in subsaline soils in the
+interior, as well as upon high hills in stony soils.
+
+Another species--_M. serotina_, Greene--common upon inland hills in the
+south, is quite a delicate, pretty flower. Its greenish-white blossoms,
+with dainty Nile-green anthers, are nearly an inch across, and each segment
+has a pale-green mid-nerve. The plant has a number of very long, slender
+leaves, and its flower-stems are sometimes two feet tall and very slender.
+
+
+SILK-TASSEL TREE. QUININE-BUSH.
+
+_Garrya elliptica_, Dougl. Dogwood Family.
+
+     Shrubs five to eight feet high. _Leaves._--Leathery;
+     white-woolly beneath; wavy-margined. _Flowers._--Of two kinds
+     on separate shrubs; in solitary or clustered catkins; and
+     without petals. _Staminate catkins._--Two to ten inches long,
+     consisting of a flexile chain of funnel-form bracts, depending
+     one from another; each having six flowers like clappers. These
+     flowers with four hairy sepals and four stamens with distinct
+     filaments. _Pistillate catkins._--Of similar structure but
+     stouter, more rigid. Their flowers without floral envelopes;
+     pistils two; fleshy and hairy; stigmas filiform; dark.
+     _Hab._--Near the Coast from Monterey County to Washington.
+
+This shrub might easily be mistaken for one of our young live-oaks, with
+its leathery leaves and gray bark; but the leaves are opposite, and not
+alternate, as with the oaks. The bark and leaves have an intensely bitter
+principle, similar to quinine and equally efficacious.
+
+Early in February, after the first spell of balmy weather, the bushes put
+forth their flowers, and then they are exceedingly beautiful. The long
+pale-green chains at the ends of all the branches hang limp and flexile,
+shaken with every breath of wind, or, falling over other branches, drape
+and festoon the whole shrub exquisitely. The catkins of the female shrub
+are stouter and more rigid than those of the male; but when the fruit is
+mature, they lengthen out into beautifully tinted clusters of little
+papery-coated grapes, which are quite attractive in themselves. This is
+cultivated as an ornamental shrub in England.
+
+_G. Fremonti_, Torr., another species, is distinguished by having its
+leaves pointed at both ends, not wavy-margined, and not permanently woolly;
+and also by its solitary catkins. This is the shrub usually spoken of as
+"quinine-bush," "fever-bush," etc., and whose leaves were used as a
+substitute for quinine in the early days among the miners. It is said that
+its roots, left in the ground after the cutting of the shrub, become
+marbled with green, and are then very beautiful for inlaying in ornamental
+woodwork.
+
+[Illustration SILK-TASSEL TREE--_Garrya elliptica_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIA LAUREL.
+
+_Umbellularia Californica_, Nutt. Laurel Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees, ten to one hundred feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; lanceolate-oblong; two to
+     four inches long; smooth, shining green; very aromatic.
+     _Flowers._--In clusters. _Sepals._--Six; greenish-white; two
+     and a half lines long. _Petals._--None. _Stamens._--Nine; in
+     three rows; the filaments of the inner row having on either
+     side, at base, a stalked orange-colored gland.
+     _Anthers._--Four-celled; the cells opening by uplifting lids.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style stout. Stigma lobed.
+     _Fruit._--Olive-like; an inch long; becoming purple.
+     _Hab._--From Oregon to San Diego.
+
+Early in February we usually have some of our loveliest days. Life is then
+pulsing and throbbing everywhere at full tide. The clear sunshine, the
+murmur of streams, the odor of the freshly turned sod, the caroling of
+larks all are eloquent of the springtime. The whole air is filled with a
+strange, spicy fragrance which makes it a delight to breathe. The
+California laurel is shaking out a delicious, penetrating odor from its
+countless blossoms.
+
+Mr. Sargent refers to this tree as one of the stateliest and most beautiful
+inhabitants of the North American forests, and one of the most striking
+features of the California landscape.
+
+In France it is now much appreciated and cultivated in parks and gardens.
+
+In Southern California it is only a shrub; but in the central and northern
+counties it becomes a magnificent tree, a hundred feet in height and from
+four to six feet in diameter. It thrives best in the rich soil along
+stream-banks, though it grows also upon hillsides. It would be impossible
+to mistake this tree for any other; for its leaves, when crushed, give out
+a peculiar pungent odor which, if inhaled too much, will cause headache.
+The odor is something like that of bay-rum. The Indians, as well as our own
+people, acting upon the homeopathic principle, use them as a remedy for
+headache. The oil is also used effectively in toothache, earache, etc., and
+enters into the composition of certain patent medicines.
+
+The wood of the laurel is one of the most beautiful employed by the
+cabinet-maker, and it is largely used in the manufacture of choice
+furniture. The olive-like fruit is ripe by July, and would remain upon the
+tree until the next year were not the squirrels so fond of it.
+
+This tree is known in different localities by a variety of names, such as
+"spice-bush," "balm of heaven," "sassafras laurel," "cajeput," "California
+bay-tree," "California olive," "mountain laurel," and "California laurel."
+But the last of these is the one prevalent where its finest forms are
+found.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.
+
+_Cercocarpus parvifolius_, Nutt. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to twenty feet high; branching from a thick base.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; cuneate; serrate across
+     the summit; more or less silky above; densely hoary-tomentose
+     beneath; six to eighteen lines long. _Flowers._--Mostly
+     solitary; axillary. _Calyx._--Narrowly tubular, with a
+     deciduous campanulate five-lobed limb. _Petals._--None.
+     _Stamens._--Fifteen to twenty-five; on the calyx.
+     _Ovary._--One-(rarely two-) celled. Style simple. _Fruit._--An
+     akene with a silky tail, at length becoming three or four
+     inches long. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Lake County to
+     Southern California.
+
+The mountain mahogany is a common shrub upon the interior hills of the
+Coast Ranges; and when one has once made its acquaintance, it is always
+easily recognized by its wedge-shaped, dark-green leaves, prominently
+veined and notched at the summit. Its flowers, having no petals, are green
+and inconspicuous; but the long, solitary plumes of its little fruit are
+very noticeable and pretty. Its wood is the heaviest and hardest we have.
+
+Mr. Greene says that its leafy twigs have a sweet, birchy flavor, rendering
+them excellent food for cattle in late summer.
+
+
+DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. PIPE-VINE.
+
+_Aristolochia Californica_, Torr. Birthwort Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Woody; climbing. _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled;
+     large; ovate-cordate, two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Greenish, veined with purple.
+     _Perianth._--Pipe-shaped; the lobes of the lip leather-colored
+     within. _Anthers._--Six; sessile; adnate in pairs to the thick
+     style under the broad lobes of the stigma; vertical.
+     _Stigma._--Three-lobed. _Ovary._--Inferior; six-angled;
+     six-celled. _Fruit._--A large, leathery pod two inches long.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Monterey to Marin County.
+
+This odd flower is found rather sparingly in our middle Coast Ranges from
+February to April, and in some parts of the Sierra foothills, reaching even
+to the Yosemite. As it flowers before the large leaves come out, and the
+blossoms are much like dead leaves in color, it requires keen eyes to find
+it. It usually grows on low ground, in a tangle of shrubs under the trees,
+often festooning gracefully from branch to branch. Before the flowers are
+fully open, the buds resemble ugly little brown ducks hanging from the
+vine.
+
+The common blue-black butterfly is often seen hovering over this vine, and
+it is said that its caterpillar is so fond of the fruit that it rarely
+permits one to ripen.
+
+Later in the season, the large cordate leaves are quite conspicuous, and
+cause people to wonder what may have been the flower of so fine a vine.
+
+
+TURK'S-HEAD CACTUS. TURBAN CACTUS.
+
+_Echinocactus viridescens_, Nutt. Cactus Family.
+
+     Depressed, hemispherical, fleshy, leafless plants, with from
+     thirteen to twenty-one prominent, vertical ribs, bearing groups
+     of rigid spines; usually less than a foot in diameter.
+     _Spines._--Straight or recurved; stout; reddish; transversely
+     ribbed or ringed. _Flowers._--Sessile; borne about the
+     depressed woolly center; yellowish-green; about eighteen lines
+     long. _Sepals._--Many; closely imbricated; merging into the
+     numerous, oblong, scarious petals; sometimes nerved with red.
+     _Stamens._--Very many. _Ovary._--One-celled. Stigmas twelve to
+     fifteen; linear. _Berry._--Pulpy; green; scaly. _Hab._--From
+     San Diego inland.
+
+The Turk's-head cactus looks very much like the end of a watermelon
+protruding from the ground, if one could imagine a watermelon deeply
+furrowed and furnished with very formidable spines.
+
+[Illustration DUTCHMAN'S PIPE--_Aristolochia Californica_.]
+
+This plant is abundant near San Diego, growing all over the mesas; and it
+is marvelous that horses and cattle are not more often injured by stepping
+upon these disagreeable, horrent globes; but long experience has doubtless
+taught them the instinct of caution.
+
+The plant is really beautiful when crowned with its circle of gauzy,
+yellow-green flowers, which are more like some exquisite artificial
+fabrication than real flowers. The fruit of this cactus is slightly acid
+and rather pleasant.
+
+The plant is cultivated in Europe under the name of _Echinocactus
+Californicus_.
+
+
+FAIRY BELLS. DROPS OF GOLD.
+
+_Prosartes Hookeri_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Creeping; spreading. _Stem._--A foot or two high;
+     branching horizontally. _Leaves._--Alternate; ovate; cordate;
+     acute; several-nerved; two or three inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Greenish; one to six; six lines long; pendulous
+     under the ends of the branches.
+     _Perianth._--Spreading-campanulate. _Segments._--Six;
+     lanceolate; arched at the base. _Stamens._--Six; equaling or
+     exceeding the perianth. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style slender;
+     entire. _Fruit._--An obovate, somewhat pubescent berry; golden,
+     ripening to scarlet. _Syn._--_Disporum Hookeri_, Britt.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Marin County to Santa Cruz; in
+     shady woods, but not by the water.
+
+In our walks through the April woods, we often notice a fine plant with
+branching stems, whose handsomely veined leaves are set obliquely to the
+stem and all lie in nearly the same horizontal plane. In our subsequent
+meetings with the plant it seems to change but little, and we begin to grow
+impatient for the coming of the flower, which, however, seems to show no
+disposition to appear. Some day, when bending over a bit of moss or a
+fern-frond, or peering into the silk-lined hole of a ground-spider, we
+suddenly catch a glimmer of something under the broad leaves of our
+hitherto disappointing plant, and hastening to examine it, we find to our
+amazement one or more exquisitely formed little green bells hanging from
+the tip of each branch. Later these are often succeeded by small berries,
+at first golden, and afterward scarlet.
+
+The generic name, _Prosartes_, comes from a Greek word signifying _to hang
+from_, and is in allusion to the pendulous flowers. By some authorities
+this plant is called _Disporum Hookeri_. The common name, "drops of gold,"
+applies to the berry.
+
+Another species _P. Menziesii_, Don.--is found growing along stream-banks
+in the Coast Ranges from Marin County northward. This differs from the
+above in its longer, more cylindrical, _milk-white_ flowers, and its
+salmon-colored berries. It usually blossoms a little later than the other
+species, lasting till June.
+
+
+COMMON MUGWORT.
+
+_Artemisia vulgaris, var. Californica_, Bess. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Rather simple; a foot or two high. _Leaves._--Ample;
+     slashed downward into long acute lobes; green above;
+     cottony-woolly beneath; bitter; strong-scented; the upper often
+     entire, linear or lanceolate. _Flower-heads._--Minute; two
+     lines high, one broad; composed of tubular disk-flowers only;
+     greenish, in long, slender, crowded panicles. _Hab._--Near the
+     Coast, from San Francisco northward.
+
+This is a common weed along our roadsides, and is easily known by its
+slashed leaves with silvery under surfaces. These leaves are very bitter.
+This is closely allied to the wormwood, and by many people is called
+"wormwood."
+
+
+ARTEMISIA. SAGEBRUSH.
+
+_Artemisia Californica_, Less. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Shrubby; four or five feet high; with many slender
+     branches. _Leaves._--Alternate; pinnately parted into three- to
+     seven-filiform divisions; or entire and filiform; an inch or so
+     long; strong-scented. _Flower-heads._--Very small; two lines or
+     less across; numerous, in narrow panicles; greenish; composed
+     of tubular disk-flowers only. _Hab._--Marin County to San
+     Bernardino.
+
+The _Artemisia_, or, as it is more commonly called, "sagebrush," is an old
+friend that we always expect to meet in our walks on rocky hill-slopes. Its
+leaves have a clean, bitter fragrance, similar to that of the mugwort, but
+sweeter, and when crushed in the hand they emit a strong odor of
+turpentine.
+
+Dr. Behr tells me that in the early days the miners laid sprays of it in
+their beds to drive away the fleas.
+
+The Spanish-Californians regard it as a panacea for all ills, and use it in
+the form of a strong wash to bathe wounds and swellings, with excellent
+results.
+
+Another species--_A. tridentata_, Nutt.--is the shrubby form, growing so
+abundantly all over the alkali plains of the Great Basin, where it holds
+undisputed possession with the prairie-dog and the coyote. It has narrow,
+wedge-shaped leaves, which are three-toothed at the apex; and the whole
+plant has a strong odor of turpentine.
+
+This is highly esteemed by the Indians as a medicinal plant.
+
+
+WILD PIE-PLANT. CANAIGRE.
+
+_Rumex hymenosepalus_, Torr. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     _Root._--A cluster of Dahlia-like tubers. _Stems._--About two
+     feet high. _Leaves._--Narrowly oblong or lanceolate; a foot
+     long or less; acute; undulate; narrowed into a short, very
+     thick petiole. _Flowers._--Light raisin-color; in a large
+     panicle a foot or so long. _Perianth._--Of six sepals; the
+     outer minute; the inner about five lines long, appressed to the
+     ovary. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Three-angled; one-celled.
+     Styles three; short. Stigmas tufted. _Hab._--Dry, sandy plains
+     of Southern California.
+
+The wild pie-plant is closely related to the garden rhubarb, and also to
+the dock and the sorrel. In early days in both Utah and Southern California
+housewives used its stems as a substitute for the cultivated pie-plant,
+finding them quite acceptable. The Indians have long used the root in the
+tanning of buckskins, and they have also found in it a bright
+mahogany-brown dye, with which to paint their bodies.
+
+Of late this plant has been attracting much notice under the name
+"canaigre," and it is hoped that it will prove a valuable substitute for
+tanbark. If it does, we shall hail it with delight as the savior of our
+beautiful oak forests. Tannin exists in large quantities in the thick
+roots; but it is yet a question whether it will prove remunerative to the
+farmer as a crop. At Rialto a company has been formed, which employs many
+men to gather and prepare the roots, and there will soon be thousands of
+acres of it under cultivation. The tops of the plants, with the small upper
+portions of the roots, which have all the eyes upon them, are cut off and
+replanted for the next year's crop, while the remainder of the root is
+sliced, dried, pulverized, and leached to extract the tannin, which is then
+ready for use.
+
+[Illustration CANAIGRE--_Rumex hymenosepalus_.]
+
+The plant is a very noticeable one, with its red leaf-stems and veins and
+its large, dense cluster of small raisin-colored flowers, and it is often
+seen upon our southern plains. But I am told that over the border in Lower
+California it grows in great abundance, covering the ground for miles. It
+would seem as though its cultivation might be carried on with best results
+where nature produces it so freely.
+
+
+HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED.
+
+_Gomphocarpus tomentosus_, Gray. Milkweed Family.
+
+     Densely white-woolly plants, with milky juice. _Stems._--One to
+     three feet high. _Leaves._--Two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Several, in a pendulous cluster on yarnlike
+     pedicels; lateral upon the stem between the leaves.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted; inconspicuous. _Corolla._--Deeply
+     five-parted; greenish without, pinkish within.
+     _Stamens._--Five; sunk in the column and alternating with the
+     five hoods. _Hoods._--Two lines across; saccate; open down the
+     outer face. _Ovaries._--Two; pointed; capped by a flat stigma.
+     _Fruit._--A pair of follicles; with many silken-tufted seeds.
+     _Hab._--Dry hills from San Diego to Monte Diablo.
+
+In the south by late spring the very woolly stems and foliage of this
+milkweed become quite noticeable before any hint of blossoms appears. The
+thick, gray leaves look as though they might have been cut out of heavy
+flannel. By May the flower-clusters begin to take definite form, and at
+last the buds open and reveal a most interesting flower, whose structure is
+quite complicated. The center of the blossom is occupied by a fleshy
+column, in which are sunk the anthers, and upon which are borne certain
+round, dark wine-colored bodies called the "hoods," which are in reality
+nectaries, holding honey for insect visitors. All the pollen in each
+anther-cell consists of a waxy mass, and the adjacent masses of different
+anthers are bound together by a gummy, elastic band, suspended upon the rim
+of the stigma. The stigma occupies the top of the fleshy column, and forms
+a cap, hiding from view the two tubes, or styles, leading down into the
+ovaries.
+
+[Illustration HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED--_Gomphocarpus tomentosus_.]
+
+The milkweeds of California are divided between two genera--_Asclepias_ and
+_Gomphocarpus_,--the difference between them lying in the presence of a
+horn or crest rising out of the hoods in _Asclepias_.
+
+Bees visiting the blossoms of the milkweeds are said to be frequently
+disabled by the pollen-masses, which adhere to them in such numbers and
+weigh them down so heavily that they cannot climb upon their combs, but
+fall down and perish.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.
+
+_Cypripedium montanum_, Dougl. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; a foot or two high; leafy. _Leaves._--Four to
+     six inches long; pointed. _Flowers._--One to three; short
+     pediceled. _Sepals and petals._--Brownish; eighteen to thirty
+     lines long; the two lower sepals united nearly to the apex.
+     _Sac._--An inch long; dull white, veined with purple.
+     _Anthers._--Two fertile (one on either side of the column); one
+     sterile, four or five lines long, yellow, with purple spots
+     longer than the stigma. _Hab._--The mountains from Central
+     California to the Columbia River.
+
+The mountain lady's slipper is a rare plant with us, which affects cool,
+secluded spots in our mountain forests. The plants, of which two or three
+usually grow from a creeping rootstock, generally stand where some moisture
+seeps out. The leaves are ample and shapely, and the quaint flowers quiet
+and elegant in coloring.
+
+The long, twisted sepals and petals and the oval sac give these blossoms
+the aspect of some floral daddy-long-legs or some weird brownie of the
+wood. We feel that we have fallen upon a rare day when we are fortunate
+enough to find these flowers, and we are reminded of Mr. Burroughs' lines:
+"How fastidious and exclusive is the _Cypripedium_!... It does not go in
+herds, like the commoner plants, but affects privacy and solitude. When I
+come upon it in my walks, I seem to be intruding upon some very private and
+exclusive company."
+
+[Illustration MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.--_Cypripedium montanum_.]
+
+In our Coast Ranges we may look for these blossoms in May.
+
+We have but two or three species of _Cypripedium_. _C. Californicum_, Gray,
+is similar to _C. montanum_, but its blossoms have comparatively short
+greenish-yellow sepals and petals, and the sac is from white to pale
+rose-color. They have a more compact look, and lack the careless grace of
+those of the mountain lady's slipper. Their haunts are swamps in open
+woodlands in the northern part of the State, where they bloom in August and
+September, and are often found in the company of the California
+pitcher-plant.
+
+
+REIN-ORCHIS.
+
+_Habenaria elegans_, Bolander. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Root._--An oblong tuber. _Stem._--Rather slender; a foot or
+     two high. _Leaves._--Two; radical; oblong; three to six inches
+     long; eighteen lines to two inches wide. _Flowers._--Small;
+     light green; in a dense but slender spike. Sepals and petals
+     about equal; two lines long; obtuse. _Lip._--Similar, with a
+     filiform spur three to five lines long. (Otherwise like _H.
+     leucostachys_.) _Hab._--Near the coast, from Monterey to
+     Vancouver Island.
+
+In early summer the fragrant spikes of the rein-orchis stand half-concealed
+under the trees and along the banks bordering wooded mountain roads. The
+little greenish flowers are inconspicuous, and reveal themselves only to
+those who have the habit of observation. Early in the spring the rather
+large lily-like leaves were far more noticeable and handsome; but they
+seemed to weary of waiting for the tardy arrival of the blossoms, and faded
+away long since. The little flowers are very deliberate about unfolding
+themselves; and I have sometimes watched them when they seemed for weeks at
+a standstill before yielding to the summer's invitation to come forth.
+
+They are arranged in a three-sided spike, on two sides of which the long
+spurs interlace and cross one another in quite a warlike manner.
+
+[Illustration REIN-ORCHIS--_Habenaria elegans_.]
+
+
+TEASEL. FULLER'S THISTLE.
+
+_Dipsacus Fullonum_, L. Teasel Family.
+
+The teasel is not an uncommon sight along our roadsides, having spread
+considerably since its introduction from Europe, some years ago. The strong
+stems are tall and slender, and bear at summit the large bristly cones,
+surrounded by rigid, erect bracts. These cones are the inflorescence of the
+plant, and each downward-pointing little hook is a bract beneath a flower.
+Before the flowers come out, the buds show their round, green heads, packed
+away down among the bristles. Then for a time the cones are ringed or
+covered by the delicate flesh-colored flowers; which stand out from the
+bristles, giving the cone a soft, fluffy look. After these have passed
+away, the cavities in which they were stored give the cone a pitted
+appearance. These burs are exquisitely symmetrical, and have long been in
+use by the fuller to "tease," or raise a nap upon cloth, whence the name,
+"teasel." They are cut in halves or quarters, and these are set in frames
+which are worked by machinery. Many vain attempts have been made to
+manufacture an instrument to take the place of the teasel; but it is
+difficult to find anything that is strong enough to do the work that at the
+same time will not injure the cloth.
+
+This is enumerated among the plants which are supposed to foretell the
+weather. Mr. Dyer quotes the following:--
+
+     ... "tezils, or fuller's thistle, being gathered and hanged up in the
+     house where the air may come freely to it, upon the alteration of cold
+     and windy weather will grow smoother, and against rain will close up
+     its prickles."
+
+SAMPHIRE. GLASSWORT.
+
+_Salicornia ambigua_, Michx. Goosefoot Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from San Francisco to Oregon.
+
+    Ye marshes, how candid and simple, and nothing withholding and free,
+    Ye publish yourselves to the sky, and offer yourselves to the sea;
+    Tolerant plains that suffer the sea and the rains and the sun,
+    Ye spread and span, like the catholic man who hath mightily won
+    God out of knowledge, and good out of infinite pain,
+    And sight out of blindness, and purity out of a stain.
+
+    --SIDNEY LANIER.
+
+Though a humble enough plant in itself, the samphire, or glasswort, is the
+source of a wonderful glory in our marshes in the autumn. Great stretches
+of tide-land not already pre-empted by the tule are covered by it, showing
+the most gorgeous blendings of crimson, purple, olives, and bronzes, which,
+seen with all the added charm of shifting and changing atmospheric effects,
+far outrival any Oriental rug that could be conceived of.
+
+This plant is easily known by its succulent branching, leafless stems and
+from the fact that it does not grow outside of the salt marshes. Its
+flowering is obscure, and all that can be seen is a few small stamens just
+protruding from the surface of the fleshy spike, which appears much like
+any of the other branches, the flowers being sunk in it.
+
+The generic name is derived from two Latin words--_sal_, salt, and _cornu_,
+a horn--and conveys the idea of saline plants with hornlike branches. The
+English name, "samphire," is of French derivation, and comes originally
+from the old "l'herbe de Saint Pierre," formerly having been written
+"sampêtra" and "sampire." In Great Britain this plant is usually designated
+as "_marsh_ samphire," to distinguish it from the ordinary samphire, which
+is a plant of the genus _Crithmum_.
+
+This plant is much relished by cattle, and in England it is made into a
+pickle, while on the continent it is used as a pot-herb. Formerly, in
+Europe, it was burned in large quantities for the soda contained in its
+ashes.
+
+
+MOTTLED SWAMP-ORCHIS. FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER.
+
+_Epipactis gigantea_, Dougl. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Creeping. _Stems._--Leafy; one to four feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; clasping; ovate below;
+     lanceolate above; three to eight inches long. _Flowers._--Three
+     to ten; in terminal racemes; greenish, veined with purple.
+     _Sepals._--Three; petaloid; lanceolate; an inch or less long.
+     _Petals._--The two upper about equaling the sepals. The lip
+     concave; saccate; eared at base; with a jointed, pendulous tip.
+     _Anther._--One; sessile upon the top of the column.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+The casual observer usually alludes to this plant as a "lady's slipper,"
+and he is not so very far wrong, for it is closely related to the
+_Cypripedium_, and resembles it much in habit, in the aspect of its leafy
+stems, and in the general form of its blossom. But instead of having its
+lip in the form of a sac, it is open and curiously jointed, the lower
+portion swinging freely, as upon a hinge. When this lid is raised, one can
+fancy some winged seraph or angel enshrined within, but when lowered the
+semblance is more to a monk bowed in meditation.
+
+These beautiful plants will be found abundantly fringing our streams in
+June and July, and the disciples of dear old Isaac Walton who then pass
+down the stream with rod and line are usually attracted by their quietly
+elegant colors. Dull purples and greens predominate, though the lip is
+tinged with orange or yellow.
+
+In Northern California and Oregon is occasionally found a rare and curious
+plant--the "phantom orchis," _Cephalanthera Oregana_, Richenb.f. This plant
+is white and ghostlike throughout, has stems a foot or two high, but no
+leaves--only three to five scarious sheathing bracts. Its blossoms are very
+similar in size and shape to those of _Epipactis gigantea_.
+
+I have never had the pleasure of finding this floral oddity myself; but one
+season a friend sent me the only plant which was found in a thicket near a
+pretty camp upon the Sacramento River, in the Shasta region.
+
+[Illustration FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER--_Epipactis gigantea_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT. CALF'S-HEAD.
+
+_Darlingtonia Californica_, Torr. Pitcher-plant Family.
+
+     Bog plants, with long horizontal rootstocks.
+     _Leaves._--Tubular; hooded and appendaged above; eighteen to
+     thirty-four inches high. _Scape._--Eighteen inches or more
+     high, with green bracts crowded near the solitary nodding
+     flower. Flower parts in fives. _Sepals._--Green; twenty lines
+     long. _Petals._--Purplish; shorter than the sepals; constricted
+     above into a terminal lobe. _Stamens._--Twelve to fifteen in a
+     circle around the ovary. _Ovary._--Top-shaped; truncate;
+     five-lobed; five-celled. Style five-lobed. Stigmas thickish.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from Truckee Pass into Oregon.
+
+Our pitcher-plant is one of the most wonderful and interesting of all the
+forms that grow, linking, as it were, the vegetable world with the animal,
+by its unnatural carnivorous habits. If you would like to visit it, this
+warm July day, we will take a mountain trail, leading around under lofty
+yellow pines, Douglas spruces, and incense-cedars, making our way through
+the undergrowth until we come to a swamp lying upon a hillside yonder.
+While still some distance away, we can discern the yellowish-green of the
+myriad hoods as they lift themselves in the sunlight like spotted snakes.
+
+If you have never seen the plant before, you will be in a fever of
+excitement till you can reach the spot and actually take one of the strange
+pitchers in your hand to examine it. Nothing could be cleverer than the
+nicely arranged wiles of this uncanny plant for the capturing of the
+innocent--yes, and of the more knowing ones--of the insect world who come
+within its enchantment. No ogre in his castle has ever gone to work more
+deliberately or fiendishly to entrap his victims while offering them
+hospitality, than does this plant-ogre. Attracted by the bizarre yellowish
+hoods or the tall nodding flowers, the foolish insect alights upon the
+former and commences his exploration of the fascinating region. He soon
+comes upon the wing, which often being smeared with a trail of sweets, acts
+as a guide to lure him on to the dangerous entrance to the hoodlike dome.
+Once within this hall of pleasure, he roams about, enjoying the hospitality
+spread for him. But at last, when he has partaken to satiety and would
+fain depart, he turns to retrace his steps. In the dazzlement of the
+translucent windows of the dome above, he loses sight of the darkened door
+in the floor by which he entered and flies forcibly upward, bumping his
+head in his eagerness to escape. He is stunned by the blow and plunged
+downward into the tube below. Here he struggles to rise, but countless
+downward-pointing, bristly hairs urge him to his fate. He sinks lower and
+lower in this "well of death" until he reaches the fatal waters in the
+bottom, where he is at length ingulfed, adding one more to the already
+numerous victims of this diabolical plant.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT--_Darlingtonia Californica_.]
+
+The fluid at the bottom of the well is secreted by the plant, and seems to
+have somewhat the action of a gastric juice in disintegrating the insects
+submerged in it. Many species of ants, flies, bees, hornets, grasshoppers,
+butterflies, moths, dragon-flies, beetles, etc., are to be found in the
+tube, sometimes filling it to a depth of two or three inches.
+
+The disagreeableness of the vicinity of these plants can be imagined upon a
+hot day when the sun is shining "upon this sad abode of death" and all the
+air is tainted with their sickening odor.
+
+The mountaineers call the plant "calf's-head," because of the large
+yellowish domes of the pitchers.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO LATIN NAMES
+
+
+[To assist in the pronunciation of the Latin names, the accented syllable
+in each word is indicated by an accent mark. If this syllable ends in a
+vowel, the vowel has the long sound; but if it ends in a consonant, the
+vowel has a short sound. Either the English or the Continental sounds may
+be given the vowels, though the former are more generally authorized.]
+
+                            PAGE
+
+    Abro´nia latifo´lia, 146
+      marit´ima, 292
+      umbella´ta, 292
+      villo´sa, 292
+
+    Achille´a Millefo´lium, 97
+
+    Aconi´tum Columbia´num, 328
+      Fisch´eri, 328
+
+    Adenos´toma fascicula´tum, 60
+      sparsifo´lium, 60
+
+    AEs´culus Califor´nica, 69
+
+    Amelan´chier alnifo´lia, 88
+
+    Amor´pha Califor´nica, 315
+
+    Amsinck´ia, 128
+
+    Anagal´lis arven´sis, 126
+
+    Anaph´alis Margarita´cea, 102
+
+    Anemo´ne nemoro´sa, 18
+      quinquefo´lia, 18
+
+    Anemop´sis Califor´nica, 76
+
+    Antenna´ria, 102
+
+    Antirrhi´num Coulteria´num, 46
+      glandulo´sum, 320
+      Orcuttia´num, 46
+      va´gans, 320
+
+    Apoc´ynum androsaemifo´lium, 236
+      cannab´inum, 238
+
+    Aquile´gia coeru´lea, 348
+      trunca´ta, 348
+
+    Ar´abis blepharophyl´la, 196
+
+    Ara´lia Califor´nica, 76
+
+    Ar´butus Menzie´sii, 37
+
+    Arctostaph´ylos bi´color, 14
+      glau´ca, 14
+      manzani´ta, 12
+      pun´gens, 12
+
+    Argemo´ne platy´ceras, 74
+
+    Aristolo´chia Califor´nica, 374
+
+    Artemis´ia Califor´nica, 377
+      tridenta´ta, 378
+      vulga´ris, 377
+
+    As´arum cauda´tum, 310
+      Hartwe´gi, 310
+
+    Ascle´pias Mexica´na, 312
+
+    As´ter Chamisso´nis, 332
+      salsugino´sus, 32
+
+    Astragalus, xxxv
+      leucop´sis, 40
+
+    Audiber´tia grandiflo´ra, 350
+      stachyoi´des, 294
+      niv´ea, 296
+
+
+    Bac´charis Douglas´ii, 106
+      pilula´ris, 104
+
+    Bae´ria gra´cilis, 124
+
+    Ber´beris Aquifo´lium, 122
+      nervo´sa, 118
+      re´pens, 118
+
+    Bloome´ria au´rea, 154
+      Clevelan´di, 156
+
+    Boykin´ia occidenta´lis, 81
+
+    Bras´sica ni´gra, 140
+
+    Brevoor´tia coccin´ea, 238
+
+    Brodiae´a capita´ta, 262
+      coccin´ea, 238
+      conges´ta, 264
+      grandiflo´ra, 318
+      ixioi´des, 156
+      lac´tea, 156
+      lax´a, 302
+      multiflo´ra, 262
+      terres´tris, 318
+
+
+    Brodiae´a volu´bilis, 232
+
+    Brunel´la vulga´ris, 322
+
+    Bryan´thus Brew´eri, 246
+
+
+    Calandrin´ia caules´cens, 212
+
+    Calochor´tus, xl
+      al´bus, 54
+      Ben´thami, 130
+      Catali´nae, 306
+      clava´tus, 150
+      lu´teus, 174
+      lu´teus ocula´tus, 81
+      macrocar´pus, 268
+      Mawea´nus, 278
+      pulchel´lus, 144
+      splen´dens, 306
+      umbella´tus, 278
+      uniflo´rus, 278
+      venus´tus, 78
+      Weed´ii, 150
+
+    Calycan´thus occidenta´lis, 352
+
+    Calyp´so boreal´is, 210
+
+    Camas´sia esculen´ta, 292
+
+    Campan´ula prenanthoi´des, 322
+
+    Cardam´ine paucisec´ta, 4
+
+    Castille´ia foliolo´sa, 344
+      parviflo´ra, 344
+
+    Ceano´thus, xxxiv
+      divarica´tus, 258
+      integer´rimus, 84
+      prostra´tus, 326
+      thyrsiflo´rus, 274
+      velu´tinus, 39
+
+    Cephalan´thera Orega´na, 388
+
+    Cephalan´thus occidenta´lis, 98
+
+    Cer´cis occidenta´lis, 198
+
+    Cercocar´pus parvifo´lius, 373
+
+    Chamaeba´tia foliolo´sa, 92
+      (Pronounced _K_ameba´tia.)
+
+    Cheiran´thus as´per, 132
+
+    Chimaph´ila Menzie´sii, 104
+      umbella´ta, 104
+
+    Chlorog´alum pomeridia´num, 82
+
+    Chorizan´the staticoi´des, 218
+
+    Cicho´rium In´tybus, 312
+
+    Clar´kia concin´na, 236
+      el´egans, 228
+
+    Clayto´nia perfolia´ta, 16
+
+    Clem´atis lasian´tha, 91
+      ligusticifo´lia, 91
+
+    Clinto´nia Andrewsia´na, 202
+
+    Collin´sia bi´color, 294
+
+    Collo´mia grandiflo´ra, 178
+
+    Convol´vulus arven´sis, 42
+      lute´olus, 40
+      occidenta´lis, 40
+      Soldanel´la, 210
+      villo´sus, 42
+
+    Corallorhi´za Bigelo´vii, 272
+      multiflo´ra, 272
+
+    Cor´nus Nuttal´lii, 94
+
+    Cot´ula coronopifo´lia, 151
+
+    Cotyle´don Califor´inicum, 142
+      ed´ulis, 142
+      lanceola´ta, 141
+      pulverulen´ta, 142
+
+    Cucur´bita foetidis´sima, 117
+      peren´nis, 117
+
+    Cus´cuta, 160
+      sali´na, 161
+
+    Cynoglos´sum gran´de, 258
+
+    Cypripe´dium Califor´nicum, 384
+      monta´num, 382
+
+
+    Darlingto´nia Califor´nica, 390
+
+    Datu´ra meteloi´des, 54
+      Stramo´nium, 96
+      suaveo´lens, 96
+
+    Delphin´ium, 276
+      cardina´le, 364
+      nudicau´le, 346
+      scopulo´rum, 330
+
+    Dendrome´con rig´idum, 118
+
+    Denta´ria Califor´nica, 4
+
+    Dicen´tra chrysan´tha, 162
+      formo´sa, 242
+
+    Dip´sacus Fullon´um, 386
+
+    Dis´porum Hook´eri, 376
+
+    Dodeca´theon Clevelan´di, 206
+      Henderso´ni, 204
+      Mea´dia, 204
+
+    Downin´gia el´egans, 315
+      pulchel´la, 314
+
+
+    Echinocac´tus virides´cens, 374
+
+    Echinocys´tis faba´cea, 26
+      macrocar´pa, 26
+
+    Echinosperm´um floribun´dum, 334
+
+    Ellis´ia chrysanthemifo´lia, 36
+
+    Emmenan´the penduliflo´ra, 130
+
+    Ence´lia Califor´nica, 128
+
+    Epilo´bium angustifo´lium, 244
+      obcorda´tum, 254
+      panicula´tum, 244
+      spica´tum, 244
+
+    Epipac´tis gigante´a, 388
+
+    Erig´eron Coul´teri, 106
+
+    Erig´eron glau´cus, 304
+      Philadel´phicus, 216
+      salsugino´sus, 332
+
+    Eriodic´tyon glutino´sum, 56
+      tomento´sum, 58
+
+    Eriog´onum fascicula´tum, 34
+      nu´dum, 34
+      umbella´tum, 178
+      ursi´num, 178
+
+    Eriophyl´lum caespito´sum, 182
+      confertiflo´rum, 180
+
+    Eritrich´ium, 30
+
+    Ero´dium Bo´trys, 194
+      cicuta´rium, 194
+      moscha´tum, 194
+
+    Erys´imum as´perum, 132
+      grandiflo´rum, 132
+
+    Erythrae´a venus´ta, 218
+
+    Erythro´nium gigante´um, 136
+      grandiflo´rum, 138
+
+    Eschschol´tzia Califor´nica, 114
+
+    Eucharid´ium concin´num, 236
+
+
+    Floer´kia Douglas´ii, 126
+
+    Fraga´ria Califor´nica, 10
+      Chilen´sis, 10
+
+    Fremon´tia Califor´nica, 158
+
+    Fritilla´ria biflo´ra, 266
+      coccin´ea, 346
+      lanceola´ta, 264
+      lilia´cea, 267
+      pluriflo´ra, 266
+      pu´dica, 267
+      recur´va, 346
+
+
+    Ga´lium Apari´ne, 28
+      angustifo´lium, 29
+
+    Gar´rya ellip´tica, 370
+      Fremon´ti, 370
+
+    Gaulthe´ria Shal´lon, 75
+
+    Gentia´na calyco´sa, 330
+
+    Gil´ia, xxxvii
+      achilleaefo´lia, 296
+      aggrega´ta, 360
+      androsa´cea, 222
+      Califor´nica, 206
+      capita´ta, 296
+      Chamisso´nis, 296
+      dianthoi´des, 216
+      dicho´toma, 50
+      grandiflo´ra, 178
+      tri´color, 288
+
+    Gnapha´lium decur´rens, 68
+      Sprenge´lii, 68
+
+    Gode´tia, xxxvi
+      Bot´tae, 240
+      grandiflo´ra, 240
+      vimine´a, 240
+
+    Gomphocar´pus tomento´sus, 380
+
+    Goodye´ra Menzie´sii, 98
+
+    Grinde´lia cuneifo´lia, 176
+      hirsu´tula, 178
+      robus´ta, 176
+
+
+    Habena´ria el´egans, 384
+      leucosta´chys, 94
+
+    Helian´thus an´nuus, 185
+      Califor´nicus, 186
+
+    Heliotro´pium Curassa´vicum, 47
+
+    Hemizo´nia luzulaefo´lia, 188
+
+    Heterome´les arbutifo´lia, 90
+
+    Heu´chera micran´tha, 58
+
+    Hosack´ia bi´color, 165
+      crassifo´lia, 166
+      gla´bra, 152
+      gra´cilis, 166
+      Purshia´na, 252
+      Tor´reyi, 165
+
+    Hyper´icum anagalloi´des, 172
+      concin´num, 162
+
+
+    I´ris longipet´ala, 280
+      macrosi´phon, 280
+
+    Iso´meris arbo´rea, 144
+
+
+    Krynitz´kia, 30
+
+
+    Lar´rea Mexica´na, 191
+
+    Lath´yrus splen´dens, 212
+      Tor´reyi, 25
+      vesti´tus, 25
+
+    Lava´tera assurgentiflo´ra, 226
+
+    Lay´ia glandulo´sa, 28
+      platyglos´sa, 148
+
+    Le´dum glandulo´sum, 103
+
+    Lepto´syne Douglas´ii, 148
+      marit´ima, 146
+
+    Lessin´gia Germano´rum, 252
+      lepto´clada, 252
+
+    Lewis´ia redivi´va, 224
+
+    Lil´ium Humbold´tii, 185
+      marit´imum, 356
+      pardali´num, 182
+      par´vum, 180
+      rubes´cens, 72
+
+    Limnan´thes Douglas´ii, 126
+
+    Lina´ria Canaden´sis, 304
+
+    Lobe´lia splen´dens, 365
+
+    Lonic´era hispid´ula, 226
+      involucra´ta, 122
+
+    Lupi´nus, xxxiv
+      al´bifrons, 161
+      arbo´reus, 161
+      bi´color, 300
+      densiflo´rus, 85
+      Sti´veri, 161
+
+    Lysichi´ton Camtschatcen´sis, 166
+
+
+    Ma´dia el´egans, 182
+      sati´va, 182
+
+    Maho´nia Aquifo´lium, 122
+
+    Malaco´thrix Califor´nica, 151
+      saxat´ilis, 75
+      tenuifo´lia, 75
+
+    Malvas´trum Thur´beri, 220
+
+    Mamilla´ria Goodridg´ii, 24
+
+    Marru´bium vulga´re, 47
+
+    Meconop´sis heterophyl´la, 129
+
+    Medica´go denticula´ta, 132
+      sati´va, 326
+
+    Megarrhi´za Califor´nica, 26
+
+    Melilo´tus al´ba, 156
+      parviflo´ra, 156
+
+    Mentze´lia laevicau´lis, 168
+      Lind´leyi, 168
+
+    Mesembryan´themum aequilatera´le, 220
+      crystalli´num, 51
+
+    Micram´pelis, 26
+
+    Microme´ria Douglas´ii, 62
+
+    Mim´ulus, xxxviii
+      brev´ipes, 134
+      cardina´lis, 360
+      Douglas´ii, 222
+      glutino´sus, 138
+      Lewis´ii, 248
+      lu´teus, 134
+      moscha´tus, 134
+
+    Mirab´ilis Califor´nica, 208
+
+    Monardel´la lanceola´ta, 324
+      odoratis´sima, 324
+      villo´sa, 324
+
+    Mon´tia perfolia´ta, 16
+
+    Muil´la marit´ima, 369
+      seroti´na, 369
+
+
+    Neil´lia opulifo´lia, 85
+
+    Nemoph´ila atoma´ria, 39
+      auri´ta, 278
+      insig´nis, 290
+      interme´dia, 284
+      macula´ta, 39
+      Menzie´sii, 284
+      parviflo´ra, 39
+
+    Nicotia´na glau´ca, 129
+
+    Nu´phar polysep´alum, 184
+
+    Nuttal´lia cerasifor´mis, 18
+
+
+    OEnothe´ra, xxxv
+      bien´nis, 175
+      bistor´ta, 136
+      Califor´nica, 48
+      cheiranthifo´lia, 136
+      ova´ta, 110
+
+    Opun´tia basila´ris, 225
+      Engelman´ni, 170
+      prolif´era, 356
+      serpenti´na, 357
+
+    Orthocar´pus, xxxviii
+      densiflo´rus, 228
+      erian´thus, 151
+      purpuras´cens, 228
+      versic´olor, 52
+
+    Ox´alis cornicula´ta, 196
+
+    Orega´na, 195
+
+
+    Paeo´nia Brown´ii, 340
+
+    Papa´ver Califor´nicum, 116
+
+    Pedicula´ris attol´lens, 253
+      densiflo´ra, 336
+      Groenlan´dica, 253
+
+    Pentachae´ta au´rea, 126
+
+    Penste´mon, xxxix
+      azu´reus, 308
+      Bridge´sii, 358
+      centranthifo´lius, 358
+      cordifo´lius, 350
+      heterophyl´lus, 308
+      Menzie´sii, 250
+
+    Phace´lia, xxxvii
+      Douglas´ii, 282
+      grandiflo´ra, 267
+      Par´ryi, 288
+      tanacetifo´lia, 282
+      vis´cida, 267
+      Whitla´via, 288
+
+    Phlox Douglas´ii, 248
+
+    Pickerin´gia monta´na, 230
+
+    Pipto´calyx, 30
+
+    Plagioboth´rys, 30
+
+    Platyste´mon Califor´nicus, 112
+
+    Polyg´ala Califor´nica, 286
+
+    Polyg´ala cornu´ta, 286
+      cuculla´ta, 286
+
+    Potentil´la Anseri´na, 175
+      glandulo´sa, 175
+
+    Primu´la suffrutes´cens, 250
+
+    Prosar´tes Hook´eri, 376
+      Menzie´sii, 377
+
+    Pru´nus demis´sa, 36
+      ilicifo´lia, 61
+      subcorda´ta, 34
+
+    Pteros´pora andromede´a, 186
+
+    Pyr´ola aphyl´la, 100
+      denta´ta, 100
+      pic´ta, 100
+      rotundifo´lia, 100
+
+
+    Ranun´culus Califor´nicus, 110
+
+    Rham´nus Califor´nica, 67
+      Purshia´na, 68
+
+    Rhododen´dron Califor´nicum, 234
+      occidenta´le, 86
+
+    Rhus aromat´ica, 154
+      Canaden´sis, 152
+      diversilo´ba, 8
+      integrifo´lia, 203
+      lauri´na, 203
+      ova´ta, 204
+
+    Ri´bes glutino´sum, 214
+      Menzie´sii, 338
+      sanguin´eum, 214
+      specio´sum, 338
+      subves´titum, 338
+
+    Romanzof´fia Sitchen´sis, 22
+
+    Romne´ya Coul´teri, 64
+
+    Ro´sa Califor´nica, 234
+      gymnocar´pa, 236
+
+    Ru´bus Nutka´nus, 24
+      spectab´ilis, 25
+
+    Ru´mex hymenosep´alus, 378
+
+
+    Salicor´nia ambig´ua, 387
+
+    Sal´via cardua´cea, 307
+      Columba´riae, 298
+
+    Sambu´cus glau´ca, 45
+
+    Sarco´des sanguin´ea, 362
+
+    Saxif´raga Califor´nica, 14
+      pelta´ta, 242
+      Virginien´sis, 14
+
+    Scoli´opus Bigelo´vii, 256
+
+    Scrophula´ria Califor´nica, 342
+
+    Scutella´ria angustifo´lia, 270
+      Califor´nica, 270
+      tubero´sa, 270
+
+    Se´dum spathulifo´lium, 170
+
+    Sidal´cea malvaeflo´ra, 198
+
+    Sile´ne Califor´nica, 354
+      Gal´lica, 246
+      lacinia´ta, 354
+
+    Sisyrin´chium bel´lum, 284
+      Califor´nicum, 284
+
+    Smilaci´na amplexicau´lis, 22
+      sessilifo´lia, 22
+
+    Sola´num Douglas´ii, 80
+      ni´grum, 80
+      umbellif´erum, 268
+      Xan´ti, 268
+
+    Solida´go Califor´nica, 190
+      occidenta´lis, 191
+
+    Spha´cele calyci´na, 42
+
+    Spirae´a betulifo´lia, 85
+      dis´color, 85
+      Douglas´ii, 85
+
+    Spiran´thes Romanzoffia´num, 92
+
+    Spra´guea umbella´ta, 70
+
+    Sta´chys bulla´ta, 230
+
+    Stropholi´rion Califor´nicum, 232
+
+    Symphoricar´pos racemo´sus, 225
+
+
+    Telli´ma af´finis, 32
+      grandiflo´ra, 342
+
+    Thermop´sis Califor´nica, 148
+
+    Trichoste´ma lanatum, 316
+      lanceola´tum, 315
+
+    Trienta´lis Europae´a, 202
+
+    Tril´lium ova´tum, 10
+      ses´sile, 260
+
+
+    Umbellula´ria Califor´nica, 372
+
+
+    Vaccin´ium ova´tum, 200
+
+    Vancouve´ria parviflo´ra, 88
+
+    Venegas´ia carpesioi´des, 171
+
+    Vera´trum Califor´nicum, 108
+      fimbria´tum, 108
+
+    Verbas´cum Blatta´ria, 190
+      Thap´sus, 190
+
+    Vic´ia gigante´a, 358
+
+    Vi´ola Beckwith´ii, 29
+      cani´na, 307
+      ocella´ta, 50
+      sarmento´sa, 140
+
+
+    Whip´plea modes´ta, 32
+
+    Whitla´via grandiflo´ra, 288
+
+    Wye´thia angustifo´lia, 157
+      gla´bra, 157
+
+    Wye´thia helenioi´des, 157
+      mol´lis, 157
+
+
+    Xerophyl´lum te´nax, 51
+
+
+    Yuc´ca arbores´cens, 44
+      bacca´ta, 20
+
+    Yuc´ca Mohaven´sis, 20
+      Whip´plei, 70
+
+
+    Zauschne´ria Califor´nica, 366
+
+    Zygade´nus Fremon´ti, 6
+      veneno´sus, 6
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES
+
+
+                            PAGE
+
+    Aconite, 328
+
+    Alfalfa, 326
+
+    Alfilerilla, 194
+
+    Alpine Heather, 246
+
+    Alpine Phlox, 248
+
+    Alpine Willow-Herb, 254
+
+    Alum-Root, 58
+
+    Amapola, 116
+
+    American Barrenwort, 88
+
+    American Velvet-Plant, 191
+
+    Amole, 82
+
+    Angels' Trumpets, 96
+
+    Apple of Peru, 96
+
+    August-Flower, 176
+
+    Azulea, 284
+
+
+    Baby-Blue-Eyes, 290
+
+    Baby-Eyes, 284
+
+    Ball-Sage, 294
+
+    Balm of Heaven, 373
+
+    Balsamea, 366
+
+    Beach-Aster, 304
+
+    Beach Morning-glory, 210
+
+    Beach Primrose, 136
+
+    Beach Strawberry, 10
+
+    Bearberry, 12
+
+    Bear-Clover, 92
+
+    Bearwood, 68
+
+    Beautiful Clarkia, 236
+
+    Bed-Straw, 28
+
+    Bellflower, 322
+
+    Black Lily, 266
+
+    Black Sage, 294, 316
+
+    Bladderpod, 144
+
+    Blazing-Star, 168
+
+    Bleeding-Heart, 242
+
+    Blood-Drop, 129
+
+    Blue-Blossom, 274
+
+    Blue-Curls, 315
+
+    Blue-eyed Grass, 284
+
+    Blue Forget-me-not, 334
+
+    Blue Gentian, 330
+
+    Blue Gilia, 296
+
+    Blue Larkspur, 276
+
+    Blue-and-white Lupine, 300
+
+    Blue Milla, 302
+
+    Blue Myrtle, 274
+
+    Blue-veined Nemophila, 284
+
+    Blueweed, 328
+
+    Big-Root, 26
+
+    Bird's-Eyes, 288
+
+    Bitter-Bark, 68
+
+    Bitter-Root, 224
+
+    Brass Buttons, 151
+
+    Brodiaea, 262
+
+    Bronze-Bells, } 264
+    Brown Lily,   }
+
+    Buck-Brush, 152
+
+    Bur-Clover, 132
+
+    Butter-and-Eggs, 151
+
+    Butterfly Tulip, 81
+
+    Button-Bush,   } 98
+    Button-Willow, }
+
+
+    Cajeput, 373
+
+    Calabazilla, 117
+
+    Calf's-Head, 390
+
+    Californian Azalea, 86
+
+    California Bay-Tree, 373
+
+    Californian Bee-Plant, 342
+
+    Californian Bluebells, 290
+
+    Californian Buckeye, 69
+
+    Californian Centaury, 218
+
+    California Coffee, 67
+
+    Californian Compass-Plant, 157
+
+    Californian Dandelion, 164
+
+    Californian False Hellebore, 108
+
+    Californian Figwort, 342
+
+    Californian Fish-hook Cactus, 24
+
+    Californian Four-o'clock, 208
+
+
+    California Fuchsia, 366
+
+    Californian Goldenrod, 190
+
+    Californian Hardhack, 85
+
+    Californian Harebell, 322
+
+    Californian Holly, 90
+
+    Californian Horse-Chestnut, 69
+
+    California Laurel, 372
+
+    California Lilac, 258, 274
+
+    Californian Lobelia, 314
+
+    Californian Milkwort, 286
+
+    Californian Olive, 373
+
+    Californian Pitcher-Plant, 390
+
+    California Poppy, 114
+
+    Californian Rose-Bay, 234
+
+    Californian Saxifrage, 14
+
+    Californian Slippery-Elm, 158
+
+    Californian Spikenard, 76
+
+    Califor'n Sweet-scented Shrub, 352
+
+    Californian Trillium, 260
+
+    Californian Wild Currant, 214
+
+    Calypso, 210
+
+    Camass, 292
+
+    Canaigre, 378
+
+    Cancer-Root, 172
+
+    Canchalagua, 218
+
+    Canker Lettuce, 100
+
+    Cascara Sagrada, 67
+
+    Catalina Mariposa Tulip, 306
+
+    Cat's-Ears, 278
+
+    Chamisal, 60
+
+    Chamise Lily, 136
+
+    Chamiso, 60
+
+    Chaparral Lily, 72
+
+    Chaparral Pea, 230
+
+    Chia, 298
+
+    Chicalote, 74
+
+    Chickweed-Wintergreen, 202
+
+    Chicory, 312
+
+    Chilean Clover, 326
+
+    Chili-Cojote, 117
+
+    Chilicothe, 26
+
+    Chittemwood, 68
+
+    Chocolate Lily, 266
+
+    Choke-Cherry, 36
+
+    Cholla-Cactus, 356
+
+    Christmas-Berry, 90
+
+    Christmas-Horns, 346
+
+    Christmas-Rose, 340
+
+    Cinquefoil, 175
+
+    Clarkia, 228
+
+    Cleavers, 28
+
+    Clematis, 91
+
+    Climbing Pentstemon, 350
+
+    Clintonia, 202
+
+    Clocks, 194
+
+    Cluster-Lily, 262
+
+    Coast Lily, 356
+
+    Collinsia, 294
+
+    Columbine, 348
+
+    Common Aster, 332
+
+    Common Black Mustard, 140
+
+    Common Buttercup, 110
+
+    Common Elder, 45
+
+    Common Evening Primrose, 175
+
+    Common Fleabane, 216
+
+    Common Milkweed, 312
+
+    Common Monkey-Flower, 134
+
+    Common Mugwort, 377
+
+    Common Nightshade, 80
+
+    Common Stramonium, 96
+
+    Common Sunflower, 185
+
+    Common White Lupine, 85
+
+    Common Wild Pea, 25
+
+    Common Wild Rose, 234
+
+    Copa de Oro, 114
+
+    Coral-Root, 272
+
+    Coulter's Snapdragon, 46
+
+    Cowslips, 110
+
+    Cream-colored Wall-Flower, 132
+
+    Cream-Cups, 112
+
+    Creeping Wood-Violet, 140
+
+    Creosote-Bush, 191
+
+    Cudweed, 68
+
+    Cup of Gold, 116
+
+
+    Death Camass, 6
+
+    Deerweed, 152
+
+    Devil's Apple, 96
+
+    Diogenes' Lantern, 144
+
+    Dodder, 160
+
+    Dog's-tooth Violet, 136
+
+    Dog-Violet, 307
+
+    Dormidera, 116
+
+    Douglas Iris, 300
+
+    Drops of Gold, 376
+
+    Dutchman's Pipe, 374
+
+
+    Echeveria, 141
+
+    Elephants' Heads, 252
+
+    Ellisia, 36
+
+    Escobita, 228
+
+    Espuela del Caballero, 276
+
+    Evening Snow, 50
+
+    Everlasting Flower, 68
+
+
+    Fairy Bells, 376
+
+    False Alum-Root, 342
+
+
+    False Indigo, 315
+
+    False Lupine, 148
+
+    False Lady's Slipper, 388
+
+    False Mallow, 220
+
+    False Pimpernel, 172
+
+    False Solomon's Seal, 22
+
+    False Tidy-Tips, 148
+
+    Farewell to Spring, 240
+
+    Fawn-Lily, 136
+
+    Fetid Adder's-Tongue, 256
+
+    Fever-Bush, 370
+
+    Fig-Marigold, 220
+
+    Filaree, 194
+
+    Finger-Tips, 142
+
+    Firecracker Flower, 238
+
+    Fireweed, 244
+
+    Flaming Poppy, 129
+
+    Floriponda, 96
+
+    Fly-Flower, 124
+
+    Fragrant Sumach, 152
+
+    Friar's-Cap, 328
+
+    Fringed Gilia, 216
+
+    Fuller's Thistle, 386
+
+    Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry, 338
+
+
+    Giant Californian White Poppy, 66
+
+    Glasswort, 387
+
+    Gobernadora, 191
+
+    Godetia, 240
+
+    Golden Brodiaea, 156
+
+    Golden Butterfly-Tulip, 150
+
+    Golden Dicentra, 162
+
+    Golden Lily-Bell, 144
+
+    Golden Stars, 154
+
+    Golden Thread, 160
+
+    Golden Yarrow, 180
+
+    Golden-eyed Grass, 284
+
+    Goose-Grass, 28
+
+    Gourd, 117
+
+    Grass-Nuts, 262
+
+    Greasewood, 60, 66
+
+    Great Willow-Herb, 244
+
+    Green-banded Mariposa, 268
+
+    Green-stemmed Filaree, 194
+
+    Ground-Iris, 280
+
+    Ground-Pink, 216
+
+    Groundsel-Tree, 104
+
+    Gum-Plant, 176
+
+
+    Hag-Taper, 191
+
+    Hairbell, 54
+
+    Harvest Brodiaea, 318
+
+    Heal-All, 322
+
+    Heart's-Ease, 50
+
+    Hedge-Nettle, 230
+
+    Heliotrope, 47
+
+    Helmet-Flower, 328
+
+    Hen-and-Chickens, 142
+
+    Hideondo, 191
+
+    Hog-Onion, 262
+
+    Hog's Potato, 8
+
+    Holly-leaved Barberry, 122
+
+    Holly-leaved Cherry, 61
+
+    Honeysuckle, 86
+
+    Horehound, 47
+
+    Hound's-Tongue, 258
+
+    Huckleberry, 200
+
+    Humboldt's Lily, 185
+
+    Humming-bird's Sage, 350
+
+    Humming-bird's Trumpet, 367
+
+
+    Ice-Plant, 51
+
+    Incense-Shrub, 214
+
+    Indian Lettuce, 16, 100
+
+    Indian Paint-Brush, 344
+
+    Indian Pink, 354
+
+    Indian Plume, 344
+
+    Indian Rhubarb, 242
+
+    Indian Warrior, 336
+
+    Indian Wheat, 157
+
+    Innocence, 294
+
+    Islay, 61
+
+    Ithuriel's Spear, 302
+
+
+    Jamestown-Weed, } 96
+    Jimson-Weed,    }
+
+    Joshua-Tree, 44
+
+    Judas-Tree, 198
+
+    June-Berry, 88
+
+
+    Kamass, 292
+
+
+    Labrador Tea, 103
+
+    Lady's Tobacco, 68
+
+    Ladies' Tresses, 92
+
+    Lantern of the Fairies, 54
+
+    Large-flowered Brodiaea, 318
+
+    Large-flowered Datura, 54
+
+    Large-flowered Dogwood, 94
+
+    Large-flowered Phacelia, 267
+
+    Large Vetch, 358
+
+    Large White Mountain Daisy, 106
+
+    Large Yellow Lupine, 161
+
+    Lavender Mountain Daisy, 332
+
+    Lead-Plant, 315
+
+    Leatherwood, 160
+
+    Lemonade-Berry, 3, 203
+
+    Lemon-Lily, 109
+
+
+    Leopard-Lily, 182
+
+    Lessingia, 252
+
+    Lilac Sand-Verbena, 292
+
+    Little Alpine Lily, 180
+
+    Llavina, 24
+
+    Lobelia, 6
+
+    Loco-Weed, 40
+
+    Love-Vine, 160
+
+    Lucern, 326
+
+
+    Mad-Apple, 96
+
+    Madrone,  } 37
+    Madroño,  }
+
+    Mad Violets, 204
+
+    Mahala Mats, 326
+
+    Mahogany, 203
+
+    Mahonia, 118, 122
+
+    Main-oph-weep, 56
+
+    Man-in-the-Ground, 26
+
+    Manzanita, 12
+
+    Marianas, 290
+
+    Mariposa Tulip, 78, 81
+
+    Matilija Poppy, 64
+
+    Meadow-Foam, 126
+
+    Meadow-Sweet, 85
+
+    Mesembryanthemum, 220
+
+    Milfoil, 97
+
+    Milkweed, Hornless Woolly, 380
+
+    Milk-white Rein-Orchis, 94
+
+    Miner's Lettuce, 16
+
+    Mission-Bells, 264
+
+    Mission Poppy, 66
+
+    Mist-Maidens, 22
+
+    Mock-Orange, 117
+
+    Monk's-Hood, 328
+
+    Mosquito-Bills, 206
+
+    Moth-Mullein, 190
+
+    Mother's Heart, 78
+
+    Mottled Swamp-Orchis, 388
+
+    Mountain Balm, 56
+
+    Mountain Birch, 84
+
+    Mountain Heart's-Ease, 29
+
+    Mountain Lady's Slipper, 382
+
+    Mountain Laurel, 373
+
+    Mountain Mahogany, 373
+
+    Mountain Misery, 92
+
+    Muilla, 369
+
+    Musky Filaree, 194
+
+
+    Naked Broom-Rape, 172
+
+    Nievitas, 30
+
+    Nigger-Babies, 284
+
+    Nigger-Heads, 340
+
+    Nine-Bark, 85
+
+    Noona, 268
+
+    Northern Scarlet Larkspur, 346
+
+
+    Oregon Grape, 118, 122
+
+    Orpine, 170
+
+    Oso-Berry, 18
+
+    Our Lord's Candle, 70
+
+
+    Pearly Everlasting Flower, 102
+
+    Pennyroyal, 324
+
+    Pentachaeta, 126
+
+    Pepper-Root, 4
+
+    Phantom Orchis, 388
+
+    Pigeon-Berry, 67
+
+    Pimpernel, 126
+
+    Pin-Clover, 194
+
+    Pine-Drops, 186
+
+    Pink Monkey-Flower, 248
+
+    Pink Paint-Brush, 228
+
+    Pipe-Vine, 374
+
+    Pipsissiwa, 104
+
+    Pitcher-Sage, 42
+
+    Poison-Oak, 8
+
+    Poison-Weed, 157
+
+    Poléo, 324
+
+    Poor-Man's Weather-Glass, 126
+
+    Pop-corn Flower, 30
+
+    Prairie-Pointers, 206
+
+    Prickly-Pear, 170
+
+    Prickly Phlox, 206
+
+    Pride of California, The, 212
+
+    Pride of the Mountains, 250
+
+    Prince's Pine, 104
+
+    Purple Nemophila, 278
+
+    Pussy's-Ears, 278
+
+    Pussy's-Paws, 70
+
+
+    Quinine-Bush, 370
+
+
+    Racine-Amère, 224
+
+    Rattlesnake Plantain, 98
+
+    Rattle-Weed, 40
+
+    Redbud, 198
+
+    Red-stemmed Filaree, 194
+
+    Redwood Lily, 72
+
+    Redwood Sorrel, 196
+
+    Rein-Orchis, 384
+
+    Resin-Weed, 176
+
+    Rice-Root, 264
+
+    Rock-Cress, 196
+
+    Rock-Fringe, 254
+
+    Rock-Rose, 208
+
+    Romero, 316
+
+    Roosters'-Heads, 206
+
+    Ruby Lily, 72
+
+
+    Sacred Bark, 67
+
+    Sage, 298
+
+    Sagebrush, 377
+
+    Saitas, 262
+
+    Salal, 75
+
+    Samphire, 387
+
+    Sassafras Laurel, 373
+
+    Satin-Bell, 54
+
+    Sauco, 45
+
+    Scarlet Bugler, 358
+
+    Scarlet Fritillary, 346
+
+    Scarlet Gilia, 360
+
+    Scarlet Honeysuckle, 350
+
+    Scarlet Monkey-Flower, 360
+
+    Scarlet Paint-Brush, 344
+
+    Sea-Dahlia, 146
+
+    Self-Heal, 322
+
+    Service-Berry, 88
+
+    Shad-Bush, 90
+
+    Shasta Lily, 102
+
+    Shepherd's Purse, 78
+
+    Shooting-Stars, 204
+
+    Sierra Plum, 34
+
+    Sierra Primrose, 250
+
+    Silk-Tassel Tree, 370
+
+    Silver-weed, 175
+
+    Silkweed, 312
+
+    Si me quieres, no me quieres, 124
+
+    Skullcap, 270
+
+    Skunk-Cabbage, 108, 166
+
+    Snow-Berry, 225
+
+    Snow-Plant, 362
+
+    Snowy Lily-Bell, 54
+
+    Soap-Bush, 84, 258
+
+    Soap-Plant, 6, 82
+
+    Sour-Grass, 51
+
+    Southern Scarlet Larkspur, 364
+
+    Spanish Bayonet, 20, 70
+
+    Spanish Lily, 262
+
+    Spat'lum, 224
+
+    Spice-Bush, 373
+
+    Spineless Tuna, 225
+
+    Spreading Dogbane, 236
+
+    Spring-Blossom, 4
+
+    Squaw-Berry, 152
+
+    Squaw-Grass, 51
+
+    Squaw's Carpet, 326
+
+    Star-Flower, 202
+
+    Stickseed, 334
+
+    Sticky Monkey-Flower, 138
+
+    St. John's-Wort, 162
+
+    Stonecrop, 170
+
+    Strawberry Cactus, 24
+
+    Succory, 312
+
+    Sulphur-Flower, 178
+
+    Sun-Cups, 110
+
+    Sunflower, 157
+
+    Sunshine, 124
+
+
+    Tall Mountain Larkspur, 330
+
+    Tarweed, 92, 182, 188
+
+    Teasel, 386
+
+    Thimble-Berry, 24
+
+    Thistle-Poppy, 74
+
+    Thistle-Sage, 307
+
+    Thorn-Apple, 96
+
+    Tidy-Tips, 148
+
+    Tiger-Lily, 182, 185
+
+    Toad-Flax, 304
+
+    Tobacco-Root, 224
+
+    Tolguacha, 54
+
+    Toothwort, 4
+
+    Torosa, 114
+
+    Toyon, 90
+
+    Tree-Mallow, 226
+
+    Tree-Poppy, 118
+
+    Tree-Tobacco, 129
+
+    Tree-Yucca, 44
+
+    Trefoil Sumach, 152
+
+    Tuna, 170
+
+    Turban Cactus, 374
+
+    Turkey-Beard, 51
+
+    Turkish Rugging, 218
+
+    Turk's-head Cactus, 374
+
+    Twin-Berry, 122
+
+    Twining Hyacinth, 232
+
+
+    Umbrella-Plant, 242
+
+
+    Velvet Cactus, 357
+
+    Venegasia, 171
+
+    Vervenia, 282
+
+    Villela, 284
+
+    Violet Beard-Tongue, 308
+
+    Violet Nightshade, 268
+
+    Violet Snapdragon, 320
+
+    Virgin's Bower, 91
+
+
+    Wahoo, 68
+
+    Wake-Robin, 10
+
+    Washington Lily, 102
+
+    Water-Holly, 118
+
+    Water-Lily, 6
+
+    Western Boykinia, 81
+
+    Western Cardinal-Flower, 365
+
+    Western Goldenrod, 191
+
+    Western Spice-Bush, 352
+
+    Western Wall-Flower, 132
+
+
+    Whipplea, 32
+
+    Whispering Bells, 130
+
+    White Brodiaea, 156
+
+    White Daisy, 28
+
+    White Evening Primrose, 48
+
+    White Forget-me-not, 30
+
+    White Fritillary, 267
+
+    White Globe-Tulip, 54
+
+    White Layia, 28
+
+    White Nemophila, 39
+
+    White Owl's Clover, 52
+
+    White Sage, 66
+
+    White Sweet Clover, 156
+
+    White Tea-Tree, 84
+
+    White-veined Shinleaf, 100
+
+    Wild Bachelor's Button, 312
+
+    Wild Bouvardia, 178
+
+    Wild Bridal-Wreath, 85
+
+    Wild Broom, 152
+
+    Wild Buckwheat, 34
+
+    Wild Canterbury-Bell, 288
+
+    Wild Cherry, 36
+
+    Wild Coreopsis, 182
+
+    Wild Cucumber, 26
+
+    Wild Cyclamen, 204
+
+    Wild Date, 20
+
+    Wild Ginger, 310
+
+    Wild Gooseberry, 338
+
+    Wild Heliotrope, 282
+
+    Wild Hollyhock, 198
+
+    Wild Honeysuckle, 226
+
+    Wild Hyacinth, 262, 292
+
+    Wild Lantana, 292
+
+    Wild Morning-glory, 40
+
+    Wild Peony, 340
+
+    Wild Pie-Plant, 378
+
+    Wild Plum, 34
+
+    Wild Portulaca, 212
+
+    Wild White Lilac, 39
+
+    Wind-Flower, 18
+
+    Wind-Poppy, 129
+
+    Wintergreen, 75
+
+    Wood Anemone, 18
+
+    Wood-Balm, 42
+
+    Woodland Star of Bethlehem, 32
+
+    Wood Strawberry, 10
+
+    Woolly Blue-Curls, 316
+
+    Woolly Breeches, 128
+
+
+    Yarrow, 97
+
+    Yellow-Boy, 67
+
+    Yellow Daisy, 148
+
+    Yellow Forget-me-not, 128
+
+    Yellow Globe-Tulip, 144
+
+    Yellow Mariposa Tulip, 174
+
+    Yellow Pansy, 120
+
+    Yellow Pond-Lily, 184
+
+    Yellow-Root, 67
+
+    Yellow Sand-Verbena, 146
+
+    Yellow Star Tulip, 130
+
+    Yellow Sweet Clover, 156
+
+    Yerba Buena, 62
+
+    Yerba de Chivato, 91
+
+    Yerba del Indio, 354
+
+    Yerba del Pasmo, 61
+
+    Yerba Mansa, 76
+
+    Yerba Santa, 56
+
+    Yucca-Palm, 44
+
+
+    Zygadene, 6
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
+
+
+    PAGE
+
+    Aggregate fruit, xxx
+
+    Akene, xxx
+
+    Ament, xxviii
+
+    Anther, xxix
+
+    Axil, xxii
+
+
+    Berry, xxx
+
+    Blade, xxiii
+
+    Bract, xxvii
+
+    Bulb, xxiii
+
+
+    Calyx, xxviii
+
+    Capsule, xxx
+
+    Catkin, xxviii
+
+    Complete flower, xxviii
+
+    Compound leaf, xxiv
+
+    Corm, xxiii
+
+    Corolla, xxviii
+
+    Corymb, xxvii
+
+    Cyme, xxviii
+
+
+    Drupe, xxx
+
+
+    Essential organs, xxviii
+
+
+    Female flower, xxix
+
+    Filament, xxix
+
+    Flower-cluster, xxvii
+
+    Flower-head, xxviii
+
+    Follicle, xxx
+
+    Foot-stalk, xxiii
+
+    Fruit, xxix
+
+
+    Gourd, xxx
+
+
+    Imperfect flower, xxix
+
+    Inflorescence, xxvii
+
+    Internodes, xxii
+
+    Involucre, xxvii
+
+
+    Leaflet, xxiv
+
+    Leaves, xxiii
+
+    Legume, xxx
+
+
+    Male flower, xxix
+
+
+    Neutral flower, xxix
+
+    Nodes, xxii
+
+
+    Ovary, xxix
+
+
+    Palmate leaf, xxiv
+
+    Panicle, xxviii
+
+    Pedicel, xxvii
+
+    Peduncle, xxvii
+
+    Pepo, xxx
+
+    Perianth, xxviii
+
+    Perfect flower, xxix
+
+    Pericarp, xxix
+
+    Petals, xxviii
+
+    Petiole, xxiii
+
+    Pinnate leaf, xxiv
+
+    Pistil, xxix
+
+    Pistillate flower, xxix
+
+    Pollen, xxix
+
+    Pome, xxx
+
+
+    Raceme, xxvii
+
+    Rhizome, xxiii
+
+    Root, xxii
+
+    Rootstock, xxiii
+
+
+    Samara, xxx
+
+    Scape, xxvii
+
+    Sepals, xxviii
+
+    Simple leaf, xxiv
+
+    Solitary flower, xxvii
+
+    Spadix, xxviii
+
+    Spathe, xxviii
+
+    Spike, xxviii
+
+    Stamen, xxix
+
+    Staminate flower, xxix
+
+    Staminodia, xxix
+
+    Stem, xxii
+
+    Stigma, xxix
+
+    Stipules, xxiii
+
+    Style, xxix
+
+
+    Tuber, xxiii
+
+
+    Umbel, xxvii
+
+
+    Veinlets, xxiv
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+
+     _Abortive_, defective or barren.
+
+     _Acuminate_, ending in a tapering point.
+
+     _Adnate_, growing to; or said of an anther whose cells are
+     borne upon the sides of the apex of the filament.
+
+     _Appendage_, any superadded part.
+
+     _Appressed_, lying flat against or together for the whole
+     length.
+
+     _Arborescent_, treelike; approaching the size of a tree.
+
+     _Attenuate_, slenderly tapering to a point.
+
+     _Auricle_, a small earlike lobe at the base of a leaf.
+
+     _Awn_, a bristle-shaped appendage.
+
+
+     _Barb_, a sharply reflexed point upon an awn, etc., like the
+     barb of a fish-hook.
+
+     _Basifixed_, attached by the base or lower end.
+
+     _Beak_, a narrow or prolonged tip.
+
+     _Bifid_, two-cleft to the middle or thereabouts.
+
+     _Bilabiate_, two-lipped.
+
+     _Blade_, the expanded portion of a leaf, petal, etc.
+
+     _Bract_, one of the leaves of a flower-cluster.
+
+     _Bracteate_, furnished with bracts.
+
+     _Bractlet_, a bract of the ultimate grade; as one inserted _on_
+     a pedicel or ultimate flower-stalk instead of _under_ it.
+
+     _Bracteolate_, having bractlets.
+
+     _Bulbiferous_, bearing bulbs.
+
+
+     _Caducous_, dropping off very early.
+
+     _Campanulate_, bell-shaped.
+
+     _Capitate_, headlike, or collected in a head.
+
+     _Carina_, a salient longitudinal projection on the center of
+     the lower face of an organ.
+
+     _Carinate_, furnished with a carina, or keel.
+
+     _Carpel_, a simple pistil, or one of the several parts of a
+     compound one.
+
+     _Ciliate_, marginally fringed with hairs.
+
+     _Clavate_, club-shaped.
+
+     _Claw_, the narrowed base, or stalk, which some petals, etc.,
+     possess.
+
+     _Coalescing_, cohering; used properly in respect to similar
+     parts.
+
+     _Column_, a body formed by the union of filaments (stamineal);
+     or (in orchids) of the stamens and pistil.
+
+     _Confluent_, blended, or running together.
+
+     _Connate_, growing together; united in one.
+
+     _Connective_, the portion of the filament which connects or
+     separates the cells of an anther.
+
+     _Connivent_, coming into contact or converging.
+
+     _Cordate_, heart-shaped.
+
+     _Coriaceous_, leathery.
+
+     _Corymb_, a flat-topped inflorescence flowering from the margin
+     inward.
+
+     _Corymbose_, in corymbs, or in the form of a corymb.
+
+     _Cruciferous_, of four somewhat similar petals, spreading in
+     the form of a cross.
+
+     _Cymose_, in cymes. (See _cyme_, in Explanation of Terms, p.
+     xxviii.)
+
+
+     _Deciduous_, falling at the end of the season.
+
+     _Declined_, bent or curved downward or forward.
+
+     _Decumbent_, reclining, but with summit ascending.
+
+     _Decurrent_, running down the stem; applied to a leaf with
+     blade prolonged below its insertion.
+
+     _Deflexed_, bent or turned abruptly downward.
+
+     _Dehiscing_, opening by valves, slits, or regular lines; as a
+     capsule or an anther.
+
+     _Deltoid_, having the shape of the Greek letter _delta_;
+     broadly triangular.
+
+     _Denticulate_, minutely toothed.
+
+     _Depauperate_, impoverished in size by unfavorable
+     surroundings.
+
+     _Dichotomous_, forking regularly by pairs.
+
+     _Diaecious_, with stamens and pistils in different flowers on
+     different plants.
+
+     _Dissected_, deeply cut, or divided into numerous segments.
+
+     _Divaricate_, extremely divergent.
+
+     _Divided_, lobed or cut clear to the base.
+
+
+     _Emarginate_, notched at the extremity.
+
+     _Entire_, with the margin uninterrupted; without teeth or
+     divisions of any sort.
+
+     _Equitant_, astride; as of leaves folding over each other in
+     two ranks; as in the iris.
+
+     _Erose_, gnawed.
+
+     _Exserted_, projecting beyond an envelop; as stamens from a
+     corolla.
+
+     _Extrorse_, facing outward; said of the anther.
+
+
+     _Falcate_, scythe-shaped; sickle-shaped.
+
+     _Fascicled_, in a close cluster or bundle; said of flowers,
+     stalks, roots, and leaves.
+
+     _Fertile_, capable of producing fruit; as a pistillate flower;
+     applied also to a pollen-bearing stamen.
+
+     _Fibrous_, composed of or of the nature of fibres.
+
+     _Filiform_, threadlike.
+
+     _Flexuous_, zigzag; bent alternately in opposite directions.
+
+     _Foliaceous_, leaflike in structure or appearance; leafy.
+
+     _Foliolate_, having leaflets; the number indicated by the Latin
+     prefixes, _bi-_, _tri-_, etc.
+
+     _Follicle_, a pod formed from a single pistil, dehiscing along
+     the ventral suture only.
+
+     _Free_, not growing to other organs.
+
+     _Fugacious_, falling very early.
+
+     _Funnel-form_, tubular, but expanding gradually from the narrow
+     base to the spreading border or limb; _e.g._ the Morning-glory
+     flower.
+
+
+     _Galea_, a helmet; applied to the helmet-shaped upper lip of
+     the corolla in _Labiatae_, etc.; also in some _Scrophularineae_,
+     though not so shaped.
+
+     _Glabrous_, without any kind of hairiness.
+
+     _Gland_, any secreting structure, depression or prominence, on
+     any part of a plant, or any structure having such an
+     appearance.
+
+     _Glandular_, bearing glands, or glandlike.
+
+     _Glaucous_, covered or whitened with a bloom like that on a
+     cabbage-leaf.
+
+
+     _Habit_, the general form or mode of growth of a plant.
+
+     _Herbaceous_, having the character of an herb; not woody or
+     shrubby.
+
+     _Hispid_, beset with rigid or bristly hairs, or with bristles.
+
+
+     _Imbricate_, overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
+
+     _Incised_, cut irregularly and sharply.
+
+     _Included_, inclosed by the surrounding organs; not exserted.
+
+     _Indigenous_, native to the country.
+
+     _Inferior_, said of the ovary when the calyx, corolla, or
+     stamens are borne upon its summit or sides.
+
+     _Inflorescence_, the flowering portion of a plant, and
+     especially the mode of its arrangement.
+
+     _Innate_, said of an anther when it is a continuation of the
+     filament.
+
+     _Introrse_, facing inward, or toward the axis, as an anther.
+
+     _Involucrate_, having an involucre.
+
+     _Involucre_, a circle of bracts subtending a flower-cluster.
+
+     _Involute_, rolled inward.
+
+
+     _Keel._ (See _carina_.)
+
+     _Keeled_, furnished with a keel, or carina.
+
+
+     _Lacerate_, torn; irregularly and deeply cleft.
+
+     _Laciniate_, cut into narrow, slender teeth, or lobes.
+
+     _Liliaceous_, lily-like.
+
+     _Limb_, the dilated and usually spreading portion of a perianth
+     or petal as distinct from the tubular part, or claw.
+
+     _Line_, the twelfth part of inch.
+
+     _Linear_, narrow and elongated, with parallel margins.
+
+     _Lip_, either of the two divisions of a bilabiate corolla or
+     calyx; in orchids the upper petal (often, apparently, the
+     lower) usually very different from the others.
+
+     _Lobe_, any division of a leaf, corolla, etc., especially if
+     rounded.
+
+     _Lunate_, crescent-shaped, or half-moon-shaped.
+
+     _Lyrate_, lyre-shaped; pinnatifid with the terminal lobe large
+     and rounded, and one or more of the lower pairs small.
+
+
+     _Membranaceous_, thin; rather soft and translucent, like
+     membrane.
+
+     _Monoecious_, with stamens and pistils in separate blossoms on
+     the same plant.
+
+     _Mucronate_, with a short, abrupt, small tip.
+
+
+     _Nectar_, the sweetish secretion of the blossom from which bees
+     make honey.
+
+     _Nectary_, the place or gland in which nectar is secreted.
+
+     _Nerve_, a simple, unbranched vein or slender rib.
+
+     _Nerved_, furnished with a nerve or nerves.
+
+
+     _Ob-_, used as a prefix meaning inversely.
+
+     _Obtuse_, blunt or rounded at the end.
+
+     _Odd-pinnate_, pinnate, with an odd leaflet at the end.
+
+
+     _Palate_, a protrusion at or near the throat of a two-lipped
+     corolla.
+
+     _Panicle_, a loose, irregularly branching inflorescence.
+
+     _Papilionaceous_, butterfly-like; applied to the peculiar
+     irregular flower common in _Leguminosae_.
+
+     _Papillae_, minute, thick, nipple-shaped, or somewhat elongated
+     projections.
+
+     _Parasitic_, growing upon and deriving nourishment from another
+     plant.
+
+     _Parted_, cleft nearly, but not quite, to the base.
+
+     _Perfoliate_, said of leaves connate about the stem.
+
+     _Persistent_, not falling off; said of leaves continuing
+     through the winter.
+
+     _Petaloid_, petal-like.
+
+     _Petiolate_, having a petiole.
+
+     _Petiole_, the foot-stalk of a leaf.
+
+     _Petiolulate_, having a petiolule.
+
+     _Petiolule_, the foot-stalk of a leaflet.
+
+     _Pinnate_, having its parts arranged in pairs along a common
+     rachis.
+
+     _Pinnatifid_, pinnately cleft.
+
+     _Pistillate_, having a pistil or pistils, and no stamens.
+
+     _Puberulent_, minutely pubescent.
+
+     _Pubescent_, covered with hairs, usually soft and short.
+
+
+     _Rachis_, the axis (backbone) of a spike, or of a compound
+     leaf.
+
+     _Radiate_, diverging from a common center, or bearing
+     ray-flowers; said of flower-heads of composite plants.
+
+     _Radical_, belonging to or proceeding from the root, or from
+     the base of the stem.
+
+     _Ray_, one of the radiating branches of an umbel; the marginal
+     flowers, as distinct from those of the disk, in _Compositae_,
+     etc.
+
+     _Receptacle_, a more or less expanded surface, forming a
+     support for a cluster of organs (in a flower) or a cluster of
+     flowers (in a head), etc.
+
+     _Recurved_, curved backward or downward.
+
+     _Reflexed_, abruptly bent or turned backward or downward.
+
+     _Regular_, symmetrical in form; uniform in shape or structure.
+
+     _Retrorse_, directed backward or downward.
+
+     _Revolute_, rolled backward from the margins or apex.
+
+     _Rhomboidal_, quadrangular, with the lateral angles obtuse.
+
+     _Rudiment_, an imperfectly developed and functionally useless
+     organ.
+
+     _Rugose_, wrinkled; ridged.
+
+
+     _Saccate_, sac-shaped; baggy.
+
+     _Sagittate_, shaped like an arrowhead; triangular, with basal
+     lobes prolonged downward.
+
+     _Salver-form_, narrowly tubular, with limb abruptly or flatly
+     expanded.
+
+     _Scabrous_, rough to the touch.
+
+     _Scape_, a naked peduncle rising from the ground.
+
+     _Scarious_, thin, dry, membranaceous, and not green.
+
+     _Scorpioid_, incurved like the tail of a scorpion; said of an
+     inflorescence.
+
+     _Segment_, one of the parts of a leaf or other organ that is
+     cut or divided.
+
+     _Serrate_, having teeth directed forward, like the teeth of a
+     saw.
+
+     _Serrulate_, minutely serrate.
+
+     _Sessile_, stemless.
+
+     _Sinus_, a recess or re-entering angle.
+
+     _Sheathing_, infolding like a sheath.
+
+     _Spathe_, a large bract or pair of bracts (often colored)
+     inclosing a flower-cluster.
+
+     _Spinescent_, ending in a spine or rigid point.
+
+     _Spinulose_, with diminutive spines.
+
+     _Spur_, a usually slender tubular process, from some part of a
+     flower, often honey-bearing.
+
+     _Staminate_, having stamens, but no pistils.
+
+     _Staminodium_, a sterile stamen, or something taking the place
+     of a stamen.
+
+     _Stellate_, star-shaped.
+
+     _Sterile_, barren; incapable of producing seed; a sterile
+     stamen is one not producing pollen.
+
+     _Striate_, marked with fine longitudinal lines.
+
+     _Subtended_, supported or surrounded; as a pedicel by a bract,
+     or a flower-cluster by an involucre.
+
+     _Subulate_, awl-shaped.
+
+     _Succulent_, fleshy and juicy.
+
+     _Superior_, growing above; a superior ovary is one wholly above
+     and free from the calyx.
+
+
+     _Terete_, cylindrical.
+
+     _Ternate_, in threes.
+
+     _Thyrse_, a contracted or ovate panicle.
+
+     _Thyrsoid_, thyrselike.
+
+     _Tomentum_, dense, matted, woolly pubescence.
+
+     _Trifoliolate_, having three leaflets.
+
+     _Tubular_, tube-shaped.
+
+
+     _Undulate_, wavy.
+
+     _Unisexual_, of one sex; said of flowers having stamens only,
+     or pistils only.
+
+     _Urceolate_, cylindrical or ovoid, but contracted at or below
+     the open orifice, like an urn or a pitcher.
+
+
+     _Valve_, the several parts of a dehiscent pericarp; the
+     doorlike lid by which some anthers open.
+
+     _Ventricose_, swelling unequally, or inflated on one side.
+
+     _Versatile_, swinging; turning freely on its support.
+
+     _Villous_, bearing long and soft, straight or straightish
+     hairs.
+
+     _Virgate_, wandlike.
+
+     _Viscid_, glutinous; sticky.
+
+
+     _Whorl_, an arrangement of leaves, flowers, etc., in a circle
+     about the stem, or axis.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+Obvious punctuation and spelling errors repaired.
+Flowers with no common name have a thought break.
+Inconsistent hyphenation has been repaired.
+
+Page 141 "black-bird" changed to "blackbird".
+Page 192 "arrow-heads" changed to "arrowheads".
+Page 324 "horse-mint" changed to "horsemint".
+Page 164 "over-powering" changed to "overpowering".
+Page 141 "lace-like" changed to "lacelike".
+Page 190 "golden-rod" changed to "goldenrod".
+Page 354 "tooth-like" changed to "toothlike".
+
+The following index entries were repaired:
+
+Large Yellow Lupine, 16[**numbers missing]
+Lavender Mountain Daisy, [**numbers missing]
+Lead-Plant, [**numbers missing]
+Leatherwood, [**numbers missing]
+Lemonade-Berry, [**numbers missing]
+Lemon-Lily, [**numbers missing]
+
+In ambiguous cases, the text has been left as it appears in the
+original book.  In particular, the following errors:
+
+endquote missing punctuation
+paragraph starts with lower-case
+mismatched square backets
+mismatched quotes
+wrong spaced quotes
+missing paragraph breaks
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wild Flowers of California: Their
+Names, Haunts, and Habits, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+***** This file should be named 38886-8.txt or 38886-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/8/8/38886/
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Mark Young and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wild Flowers of California: Their
+Names, Haunts, and Habits, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Wild Flowers of California: Their Names, Haunts, and Habits
+
+Author: Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+Illustrator: Margaret Warriner Buck
+
+Release Date: February 15, 2012 [EBook #38886]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Mark Young and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<h1>THE WILD FLOWERS</h1>
+<h2>OF CALIFORNIA</h2>
+
+<h4><i>THEIR NAMES, HAUNTS, AND HABITS</i></h4>
+
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<h2>MARY ELIZABETH PARSONS</h2>
+
+<h4>ILLUSTRATED BY</h4>
+<h2>MARGARET WARRINER BUCK</h2>
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+<h4><i>THIRD THOUSAND</i></h4>
+<hr style="width: 25%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 45px;">
+<img src="images/tpage.png" width="45" height="50" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h4>WILLIAM DOXEY</h4>
+<h4>AT THE SIGN OF THE LARK</h4>
+<h4>SAN FRANCISCO</h4>
+<h4>1897</h4>
+
+
+<h5><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1897</span></h5>
+<h5><span class="smcap">William Doxey</span></h5>
+<h5><span class="smcap">The Doxey Press</span></h5>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENTS"></a>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a class="ralign">PAGE</a><br /></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Preface</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#PREFACE">vii</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Table of Plates</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#TABLE_OF_PLATES">xiii</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">How to Use the Book</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#HOW_TO_USE_THE_BOOK">xix</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Explanation of Terms</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#EXPLANATION_OF_TERMS">xxii</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Important Plant Families and Genera</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#IMPORTANT_PLANT_FAMILIES_AND_GENERA">xxxi</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Introductory</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#INTRODUCTORY">xlii</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Prelude</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#PRELUDE">xlvii</a></span></li>
+<li><a href="#FLOWER_DESCRIPTIONS"><span class="smcap">Flower Descriptions</span>:--</a></li>
+<li><a class="lindent1">I. <span class="smcap">White</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#White_or_occasionally_or_partially_white_flowers_not_described">3</a></span><br /></li>
+<li><a class="lindent1">II. <span class="smcap">Yellow</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#II_YELLOW">109</a></span><br /></li>
+<li><a class="lindent1">III. <span class="smcap">Pink</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#III_PINK">193</a></span><br /></li>
+<li><a class="lindent1">IV. <span class="smcap">Blue and Purple</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#IV_BLUE_AND_PURPLE">255</a></span><br /></li>
+<li><a class="lindent1">V. <span class="smcap">Red</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#V_RED">335</a></span><br /></li>
+<li><a class="lindent1">VI. <span class="smcap">Miscellaneous</span></a><span class="ralign"><a href="#VI_MISCELLANEOUS">369</a></span><br /></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Index to Latin Names</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#INDEX_TO_LATIN_NAMES">393</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Index to English Names</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#INDEX_TO_ENGLISH_NAMES">399</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Index of Technical Terms</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#INDEX_OF_TECHNICAL_TERMS">405</a></span></li>
+<li><span class="smcap">Glossary</span><span class="ralign"><a href="#GLOSSARY">406</a></span></li></ul>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i1">"Were I, O God, in churchless lands remaining,</span>
+<span class="i0">Far from all voice of teachers or divines,</span>
+<span class="i1">My soul would find in flowers of thy ordaining</span>
+<span class="i2">Priests, sermons, shrines!"</span>
+</div></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2>
+
+
+<p>To the thoughtless a flower is often a trivial thing&mdash;beautiful
+perhaps, and worthy of a passing glance&mdash;but that is all.
+But to the mind open to the great truths of the universe, it
+takes on a deeper significance. Such a mind sees in its often
+humble beginnings the genesis of things far-reaching and
+mighty. Two thousand years ago one grain of the shower
+of pollen wafted upon the wind and falling upon a minute
+undeveloped cone, quickened a seed there into life, and this
+dropping into the soil pushed up a tiny thread of green, which,
+after the quiet process of the ages, you now behold in the
+giant Sequoia which tosses its branches aloft, swept by the
+four winds of heaven.</p>
+
+<p>Whether manifesting itself in the inconspicuous flower upon
+the tree or in the equally unassuming inflorescence of the vegetable,
+or unfurling petals of satin or gauze of brilliant hue and
+marvelous beauty, the blossom is the origin of most that is useful
+or beautiful in the organic world about us. Strip the world
+of its blossoms, and the higher forms of life must come to a
+speedy termination. Thus we see the flower playing a wonderfully
+important part in the cosmos around us. It becomes
+henceforth not only a thing of beauty for the gratification of
+the æsthetic sense, but the instrument by which Nature brings
+about the fullness of her perfection in her own good season.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>There is perhaps no nature-study that can yield the same
+amount of pure and unalloyed pleasure with so little outlay as
+the study of the wild flowers. When one is interested in them,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[ viii]</a></span>
+every walk into the fields is transformed from an aimless ramble
+into a joyous, eager quest, and every journey upon stage
+or railroad becomes a rare opportunity for making new plant-acquaintances&mdash;a
+season of exhilarating excitement.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Burroughs, that devout lover of nature, says: "Most
+young people find botany a dull study. So it is, as taught
+from the text-books in the schools; but study it yourself in the
+fields and woods, and you will find it a source of perennial
+delight. Find your flower, and then name it by the aid of the
+botany. There is so much in a name. To find out what a
+thing is called is a great help. It is the beginning of knowledge;
+it is the first step. When we see a new person who
+interests us, we wish to know his or her name. A bird, a
+flower, a place&mdash;the first thing we wish to know about it is its
+name. Its name helps us to classify it; it gives us a handle to
+grasp it by; it sheds a ray of light where all before was darkness.
+As soon as we know the name of a thing, we seem to
+have established some sort of relation with it."</p>
+
+<p>Having learned the name of a flower or plant, or having
+been formally introduced to it, as it were, our acquaintance has
+but just begun. Instead of being our end and aim, as it was
+with students of botany in the olden times, this is but the beginning.
+If this were our ultimate aim, all our pleasure would
+be at an end as soon as we had learned the names of all the
+plants within our reach. But the point of view has changed
+and broadened. The plant is now recognized as a <i>living
+organism</i>, not a dead, unchanging thing. It is <i>vital</i>; it grows;
+it is amenable to the great laws of the universe; and we see it
+daily complying with those laws, adapting itself to its surroundings&mdash;or
+perishing. It becomes a thing of absorbing
+interest when we trace the steps by which it has come to be
+what it is; when we note its relationship to other closely allied
+forms, and locate its place in the great world of plants.</p>
+
+<p>A thoughtful observation of the structure of plants alone
+will fill the mind with amazement at the beauty of their minutest
+parts, the exquisite perfection of every organ. Then it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ ix]</a></span>
+is most interesting to notice the various kinds of places where
+the same plants grow; how they flourish in different soils and
+climates; how they parry the difficulties of new and unaccustomed
+surroundings, by some change of structure or habit to
+meet the altered conditions&mdash;as clothing themselves with wool,
+to prevent the undue escape of moisture, or twisting their
+leaves to a vertical position for the same purpose, or sending
+their roots deep into the earth to seek perennial sources of
+moisture, which enables them to flourish in our driest times.
+It is wonderful to note, too, the methods employed to secure
+the distribution of the seed&mdash;how it is sometimes imbedded
+in a delicious edible fruit, again furnished with hooks or bristles
+or springs, or provided with silken sails to waft it away
+upon the wings of the wind. Then the insects that visit plants.
+It is marvelous to note how plants spread their attractions in
+bright colors and perfumes and offerings of honey to bees,
+butterflies, and moths that can carry their pollen abroad, and
+how they even place hindrances in the way of such as are undesirable.</p>
+
+<p>Studied in this way, botany is no longer the dry science it
+used to be, but becomes a most fascinating pursuit; and we
+know of no richer field in which to carry on the study of
+flowers than that afforded in California.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>There has been a long-felt need of a popular work upon the
+wild flowers of California. Though celebrated throughout the
+world for their wealth and beauty, and though many of them
+have found their way across the waters and endeared themselves
+to plant lovers in many a foreign garden, the story of
+their home life has never yet been told.</p>
+
+<p>It has been the delightful task of the author and the illustrator
+of the present work to seek them out in their native haunts&mdash;on
+seashore and mesa, in deep, cool cañon, on dry and open
+hill-slope, on mountain-top, in glacier meadow, by stream and
+lake, in marsh and woodland, and to listen to the ofttimes
+marvelous tales they have had to unfold. If they shall have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[ x]</a></span>
+succeeded in making better known these children of Mother
+Nature to her lovers and appreciators, and in arousing an
+interest in them among those who have hitherto found the
+technical difficulties of scientific botany insurmountable, they
+will feel amply rewarded for their labors.</p>
+
+<p>The present work does not claim by any means to be a
+complete flora of the region treated. Our State is so new,
+and many parts of it have as yet been so imperfectly explored,
+that a comprehensive and exhaustive flora of it must be the
+work of a future time, and will doubtless be undertaken by
+some one when all the data have been procured. Such an
+attempt, however, were it possible, is without the scope of the
+present work.</p>
+
+<p>California, with her wonderfully varied climate and topography,
+has a flora correspondingly rich and varied, probably
+not surpassed by any region of like area in the Northern
+Hemisphere. Thus the author finds herself confronted with
+an embarrassment of riches rather than with any lack of material;
+and it has often been exceedingly difficult to exclude
+some beautiful flower that seemed to have strong claims to
+representation. She therefore craves beforehand the indulgence
+of the reader, should he find some favorite missing.</p>
+
+<p>In making a choice, she has been guided by the following
+general principles, and selected, <i>first</i>&mdash;the flowers most general
+in their distribution; <i>second</i>&mdash;those remarkable for their
+beauty of form or color, their interesting structure, history, or
+economic uses; <i>third</i>&mdash;those which are characteristically Californian.
+At the same time, those which are too insignificant
+in appearance to attract attention and those too difficult of
+determination by the non-botanist have been omitted. Flowering
+plants only have been included.</p>
+
+<p>Many of our species extend northward into Oregon and
+Washington. Thus, while this work is called "<span class="smcap">The Wild
+Flowers of California</span>," it will in a certain measure apply
+equally well to Oregon and Washington.</p>
+
+<p>It has been the aim of the author to picture for the most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[ xi]</a></span>
+part the flowers peculiarly Californian, leaving Mrs. Dana's
+charming book, "How to Know the Wild Flowers," to illustrate
+those we possess in common with the Atlantic Slope, thus
+making the works the complements one of the other.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Dana has kindly permitted the author to use her plan
+of arrangement&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> of grouping all the white flowers in one
+section, the yellow in another, the pink in a third, and so on,
+which, in the absence of a key, greatly facilitates the finding of
+any given flower. The flowers of each section have been
+arranged as nearly as possible according to their natural succession
+in the seasons, with one or two exceptions.</p>
+
+<p>Such confusion is rife in the nomenclature of Californian
+plants, and the same plant is so often furnished with several
+names,&mdash;and several plants sometimes with the same name,&mdash;that
+the authority is in every instance quoted, in order to
+make it perfectly clear what plant is meant by the name given.
+Wherever allusion is made to the Spanish-Californians, the
+Spanish-<i>speaking</i> Californians are meant, very few of whom
+are Castilians at the present day, most of whom are of an admixture
+of races.</p>
+
+<p>The flower-cuts are all from pen-and-ink drawings by the
+illustrator; and all but four are from her own original studies
+from nature. These four, which it was impossible for her to
+procure, have been adapted by her from other drawings, by
+the aid of herbarium specimens. They include <i>Aphyllon fasciculatum</i>,
+<i>Fremontia Californica</i>, <i>Hosackia gracilis</i>, and <i>Brodiæa
+volubilis</i>. It has been impossible upon so small a page
+to maintain a uniform relative size in the drawings, for which
+reason the plant-descriptions in fine print should be consulted
+for the size.</p>
+
+<p>The author and the illustrator desire to make grateful acknowledgments
+to many kind friends throughout the State
+who have rendered them assistance in numerous ways. Their
+gratitude is due in particular to Miss Alice Eastwood, of the
+California Academy of Sciences, who, by her unfailing kindness
+and encouragement, as well as by her personal assistance, has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[ xii]</a></span>
+rendered them invaluable aid. Also, to Mr. Carl Purdy, of
+Ukiah, who from his wide experience, as a grower of our
+native liliaceous plants, has a knowledge of them shared by
+few or none, and who has generously placed at their disposal
+the results of his observations. They also tender their thanks
+to the Southern Pacific and the North Pacific Railways, who,
+by their generous granting of reduced rates and passes, have
+made possible a wider personal acquaintance with the flowers
+than could have otherwise been enjoyed.</p>
+
+<p>
+San Rafael, Cal., October 15, 1897.<br />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[ xiii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="TABLE_OF_PLATES" id="TABLE_OF_PLATES"></a>TABLE OF PLATES</h2>
+
+
+<table border="0" width="85%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Aconite</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aconitum Columbianum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Alfalfa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Medicago sativa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Alfilerilla</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erodium cicutarium</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Alpine Heather</span></td><td align="left"><i>Bryanthus Breweri</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Alpine Phlox</span></td><td align="left"><i>Phlox Douglasii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Alum-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Heuchera micrantha</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">American Barrenwort</span></td><td align="left"><i>Vancouveria parviflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Anemone, Wood</span></td><td align="left"><i>Anemone quinquefolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">August-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Grindelia cuneifolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Azulea</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Azure Beard-Tongue</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pentstemon azureus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_309">309</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Baby-Blue-Eyes</span></td><td align="left"><i>Nemophila insignis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Beach-Aster</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erigeron glaucus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_305">305</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Beautiful Clarkia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Clarkia concinna</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bee-Plant, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Scrophularia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bellflower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Campanula prenanthoides</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Big-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Echinocystis fabacea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blazing-Star</span></td><td align="left"><i>Mentzelia Lindleyi</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bleeding-Heart</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dicentra formosa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue-Blossom</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue-eyed Grass</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue Gentian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gentiana calycosa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue Gilia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gilia Chamissonis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue Larkspur</span></td><td align="left"><i>Delphinium</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue-and-white Lupine</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lupinus bicolor</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue Milla</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa laxa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blue Myrtle</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Blueweed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aconitum Columbianum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Brodiæa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa capitata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Bronze-bells}</span></td><td align="left"></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Brown Lily      }</span></td><td align="left"> <i>Fritillaria lanceolata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Calf's-Head</span></td><td align="left"><i>Darlingtonia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">California Fuchsia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Zauschneria Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_367">367</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">California Lilac</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">California Poppy</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eschscholtzia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Californian Azalea</span></td><td align="left"><i>Rhododendron occidentale</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Californian Centaury</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erythræa venusta</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Californian Rose-Bay</span></td><td align="left"><i>Rhododendron Californicum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Californian Slippery-Elm</span></td><td align="left"><i>Fremontia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Calypso</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calypso borealis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Canaigre</span></td><td align="left"><i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_379">379</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cancer-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aphyllon fasciculatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Canchalagua</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erythræa venusta</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cat's-Ears</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus Maweanus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chamise Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erythronium giganteum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chaparral Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lilium rubescens</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chaparral Pea</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pickeringia montana</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Salvia Columbariæ</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Chilicothe</span></td><td align="left"><i>Echinocystis fabacea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Christmas-Horns</span></td><td align="left"><i>Delphinium nudicaule</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_347">347</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Climbing Pentstemon</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pentstemon cordifolius</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Clocks</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erodium cicutarium</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cluster-Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa capitata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Collinsia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Collinsia bicolor</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Columbine</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aquilegia truncata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_349">349</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Common Aster</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aster Chamissonis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Common Monkey-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Mimulus luteus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Coral-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Corallorhiza Bigelovii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cream-colored Wall-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erysimum grandiflorum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Cream-Cups</span></td><td align="left"><i>Platystemon Californicus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Currant, Californian Wild</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ribes glutinosum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Deerweed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Hosackia glabra</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Diogenes' Lantern</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus pulchellus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dog's-tooth Violet</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erythronium giganteum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Dutchman's Pipe</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aristolochia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_375">375</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">False Lady's Slipper</span></td><td align="left"><i>Epipactis gigantea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_389">389</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">False Mallow</span></td><td align="left"><i>Malvastrum Thurberi</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">False Tidy-Tips</span></td><td align="left"><i>Leptosyne Douglasii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Farewell to Spring</span></td><td align="left"><i>Godetia viminea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fawn-Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erythronium giganteum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fetid Adder's-Tongue</span></td><td align="left"><i>Scoliopus Bigelovii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Firecracker Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa coccinea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fireweed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Epilobium spicatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Four-o'clock, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Mirabilis Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Fringed Gilia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gilia dianthoides</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Godetia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Godetia viminea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Golden Lily-Bell</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus pulchellus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Golden Stars</span></td><td align="left"><i>Bloomeria aurea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gooseberry, Fuchsia-flowered</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ribes speciosum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Great Willow-Herb</span></td><td align="left"><i>Epilobium spicatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ground-Iris</span></td><td align="left"><i>Iris macrosiphon</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ground-Pink</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gilia dianthoides</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Gum-Plant</span></td><td align="left"><i>Grindelia cuneifolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hairbell</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus albus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Harebell, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Campanula prenanthoides</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Harvest Brodiæa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa grandiflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hen-and-Chickens</span></td><td align="left"><i>Cotyledon Californicum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Hound's-Tongue</span></td><td align="left"><i>Cynoglossum grande</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Huckleberry</span></td><td align="left"><i>Vaccinium ovatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Humming-bird's Trumpet</span></td><td align="left"><i>Zauschneria Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_367">367</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Indian Lettuce</span></td><td align="left"><i>Montia perfoliata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Indian Paint-Brush</span></td><td align="left"><i>Castilleia parviflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Indian Pink</span></td><td align="left"><i>Silene Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_355">355</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Indian Warrior</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pedicularis densiflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ithuriel's Spear</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa laxa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ladies' Tresses</span></td><td align="left"><i>Spiranthes Romanzoffianum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lantern of the Fairies</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus albus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Large-flowered Brodiæa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa grandiflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lessingia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lessingia leptoclada</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Little Alpine Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lilium parvum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Loco-Weed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Astragalus leucopsis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Lucern</span></td><td align="left"><i>Medicago sativa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Manzanita</span></td><td align="left"><i>Arctostaphylos manzanita</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mariposa Tulip</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus venustus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Matilija Poppy</span></td><td align="left"><i>Romneya Coulteri</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Meadow-Foam</span></td><td align="left"><i>Floerkia Douglasii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Milkweed, Common</span></td><td align="left"><i>Asclepias Mexicana</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Milkweed, Hornless Woolly</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gomphocarpus tomentosus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_381">381</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Milk-white Rein-Orchis</span></td><td align="left"><i>Habenaria leucostachys</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Milkwort, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Polygala Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Miner's Lettuce</span></td><td align="left"><i>Montia perfoliata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mist-Maidens</span></td><td align="left"><i>Romanzoffia Sitchensis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Monk's-Hood</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aconitum Columbianum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mottled Swamp-Orchis</span></td><td align="left"><i>Epipactis gigantea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_389">389</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mountain Balm</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eriodictyon glutinosum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Mountain Lady's Slipper</span></td><td align="left"><i>Cypripedium montanum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_383">383</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pennyroyal</span></td><td align="left"><i>Monardella villosa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pentachæta</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pentachæta aurea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pepper-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dentaria Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pin-Clover</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erodium cicutarium</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pine-Drops</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pterospora andromedea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pink Paint-Brush</span></td><td align="left"><i>Orthocarpus purpurascens</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pipe-Vine</span></td><td align="left"><i>Aristolochia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_375">375</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pipsissiwa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Chimaphila Menziesii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pitcher-Plant, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Darlingtonia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_391">391</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pitcher-Sage</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sphacele calycina</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Poison-Oak</span></td><td align="left"><i>Rhus diversiloba</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Poléo</span></td><td align="left"><i>Monardella villosa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pop-corn Flower</span></td><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Prickly Phlox</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gilia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Prince's Pine</span></td><td align="left"><i>Chimaphila Menziesii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pussy's-Ears</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus Maweanus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Pussy's-Paws</span></td><td align="left"><i>Spraguea umbellata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Quinine-Bush</span></td><td align="left"><i>Garrya elliptica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_371">371</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rattlesnake Plantain</span></td><td align="left"><i>Goodyera Menziesii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rattle-Weed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Astragalus leucopsis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Red-stemmed Filaree</span></td><td align="left"><i>Erodium cicutarium</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Redwood-Sorrel</span></td><td align="left"><i>Oxalis Oregana</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rein-Orchis</span></td><td align="left"><i>Habenaria elegans</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_385">385</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Resin-Weed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Grindelia cuneifolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Rice-Root</span></td><td align="left"><i>Fritillaria lanceolata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Romero</span></td><td align="left"><i>Trichostema lanatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Ruby Lily</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lilium rubescens</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Saxifrage, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Saxifraga Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scarlet Bugler</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pentstemon centranthifolius</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_359">359</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scarlet Gilia</span></td><td align="left"><i>Gilia Aggregata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_361">361</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scarlet Honeysuckle</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pentstemon cordifolius</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scarlet Larkspur, Northern</span></td><td align="left"><i>Delphinium nudicaule</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_347">347</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Scarlet Paint-Brush</span></td><td align="left"><i>Castilleia parviflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Shooting-Stars</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dodecatheon Meadia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sierra Primrose</span></td><td align="left"><i>Primula Suffrutescens</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Silk-tassel Tree</span></td><td align="left"><i>Garrya elliptica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_371">371</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[ xvii]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Skullcap</span></td><td align="left"><i>Scutellaria tuberosa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Snapdragon, Violet</span></td><td align="left"><i>Antirrhinum vagans</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Snow-Plant</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sarcodes sanguinea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_363">363</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Soap-Plant</span></td><td align="left"><i>Chlorogalum pomeridianum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Spring-Blossom</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dentaria Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sticky Monkey-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Mimulus glutinosus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">St. John's-Wort</span></td><td align="left"><i>Hypericum concinnum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sulphur-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sun-Cups</span></td><td align="left"><i>&#338;nothera ovata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sunshine</span></td><td align="left"><i>Bæria gracilis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Sweet-scented Shrub, Calif'n.</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calycanthus occidentalis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_353">353</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tarweed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Hemizonia luzulæfolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tarweed</span></td><td align="left"><i>Madia elegans</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tidy-Tips</span></td><td align="left"><i>Layia platyglossa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Toothwort</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dentaria Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Torosa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eschscholtzia Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tree-Mallow</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lavatera assurgentiflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Tree-Poppy</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dendromecon rigidum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Trillium, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Trillium sessile</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Twin-Berry</span></td><td align="left"><i>Lonicera involucrata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Twining Hyacinth</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa volubilis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Villela</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Violet Nightshade</span></td><td align="left"><i>Solanum Xanti</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wake-Robin</span></td><td align="left"><i>Trillium ovatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Whipplea</span></td><td align="left"><i>Whipplea modesta</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Whispering Bells</span></td><td align="left"><i>Emmenanthe penduliflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White Evening Primrose</span></td><td align="left"><i>&#338;nothera Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White Forget-me-not</span></td><td align="left"></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White Owl's Clover</span></td><td align="left"><i>Orthocarpus versicolor</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">White-veined Shinleaf</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pyrola picta</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Broom</span></td><td align="left"><i>Hosackia glabra</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Buckwheat</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eriogonum fasciculatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Canterbury-Bell</span></td><td align="left"><i>Phacelia Whitlavia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Coreopsis</span></td><td align="left"><i>Madia elegans</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Cucumber</span></td><td align="left"><i>Echinocystis fabacea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Currant, Californian</span></td><td align="left"><i>Ribes glutinosum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Cyclamen</span></td><td align="left"><i>Dodecatheon Meadia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Ginger</span></td><td align="left"><i>Asarum caudatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Heliotrope</span></td><td align="left"><i>Phacelia tanacetifolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Hollyhock</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sidalcea malvæflora</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[ xviii]</a></span></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Hyacinth</span></td><td align="left"><i>Brodiæa capitata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Peony</span></td><td align="left"><i>Pæonia Brownii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Pie-Plant</span></td><td align="left"><i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_379">379</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wild Portulaca</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calandrinia caulescens</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wind-Flower</span></td><td align="left"><i>Anemone quinquefolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Wood-Balm</span></td><td align="left"><i>Sphacele calycina</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Woolly Blue-Curls</span></td><td align="left"><i>Trichostema lanatum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yellow Daisy</span></td><td align="left"><i>Layia platyglossa</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yellow Globe-Tulip</span></td><td align="left"><i>Calochortus pulchellus</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yellow Pansy</span></td><td align="left"><i>Viola pedunculata</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yellow Sand-Verbena</span></td><td align="left"><i>Abronia latifolia</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yerba Buena</span></td><td align="left"><i>micromeria Douglasii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yerba Mansa</span></td><td align="left"><i>anemopsis Californica</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Yerba Santa</span></td><td align="left"><i>Eriodictyon glutinosum</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Zygadene</span></td><td align="left"><i>Zygadenus Fremonti</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"> ---- ----</td><td align="left"><i>Baccharis Douglasii</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"> ---- ----</td><td align="left"><i>Gilia androsacea</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"> ---- ----</td><td align="left"><i>Hosackia gracilis</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="HOW_TO_USE_THE_BOOK" id="HOW_TO_USE_THE_BOOK"></a>HOW TO USE THE BOOK</h2>
+
+
+<p>When gathering flowers with a view to ascertaining their
+names with the help of the botany, the whole plant&mdash;root,
+stem, leaves, flowers, buds, and fruit&mdash;should be secured, if
+possible. This will avoid much uncertainty in the work.</p>
+
+<p>The anthers are best seen in the unopened buds, and the
+ovary in old flowers or those gone to seed. A cross-section of
+the ovary will show the number of its cells.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers should be sorted into colors, and each in turn looked for in
+its own color-section. In arranging the flowers according to color, some
+difficulty has been experienced, because the pink blends so gradually into
+the purple, and the purple into white, etc., that it has been impossible
+sometimes to say accurately to which section a flower rightly belongs. In
+such a case search must be made in the other probable section. Sometimes
+the same flower occurs in several colors, in which case it is usually put
+into the section in whose color it most frequently occurs. In the Red
+Section have been included flowers of a scarlet hue, not those of crimson
+or magenta hues, as these have a tendency to merge into pink or purple.
+Flowers of a greenish-white are usually put into the White Section, those
+of more decided green into the Miscellaneous.</p>
+
+<p>It is an excellent plan for the student to write a careful description
+of his plant before beginning to look for it in the book;
+commencing with the root, passing on to stem, leaves, inflorescence,
+calyx, corolla, etc., taking the order of the technical
+descriptions in the book. This will serve to do away with
+that vacillating condition of mind which is often the result of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[ xx]</a></span>
+reading a number of plant-descriptions before fixing firmly in
+mind the characters of the specimen under consideration.</p>
+
+<p>A magnifying-glass&mdash;or a small dissecting microscope and
+a good Zeiss lens, if more careful work is to be done,&mdash;a
+couple of dissecting needles, a pocket-knife, and a small three
+or four-inch measure, having one of the inches divided into
+lines, will be required for examining specimens.</p>
+
+<p>It is also a good plan to make a note of the date and place
+of collection of all plants, as it is often of great interest to know
+these facts at some future time.</p>
+
+<p>Plants are grouped into great orders, or families, which are
+made up of a number of genera, each genus consisting of a
+number of species. Every plant has two Latin names; the
+first a generic name, answering to the last name of a person;
+the second a specific name, answering to a person's given
+name. The latter is usually descriptive of some quality or
+character of the plant, the name of the place where found, or
+of its discoverer, or of some person in whose honor it is
+named. This dual name serves to clearly distinguish the
+species from all others, especially when the name of the person
+by whom the specific name was bestowed is added.</p>
+
+<p>Each plant-family bears an English title, which is usually
+the name of its best-known genus. Thus the order <i>Leguminosæ</i>
+is known as the "Pea Family" because <i>Lathyrus</i>, or the
+pea, is its best-known genus. In many instances the English
+names borne by orders in the Eastern States have no significance
+with us, as the type genus is not found in our flora. In
+such cases we have given the name of the genus best known
+among us, to which we have added the other; thus, "Baby-eyes
+or Waterleaf Family."</p>
+
+<p>Most of our plants have common English names, and the
+same plant is often known by one name in one locality and by
+another in another. Hence, while these names are often pretty
+and apt, they cannot serve for the accurate identification of the
+plant. For this we must consult its Latin name, by which it is
+known all over the world.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[ xxi]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Wherever the terms used are not understood, reference
+should be made to the "Explanation of Terms" or to the
+Glossary.</p>
+
+<p>For identification of species not found in the present work,
+other books should be consulted. The two large volumes of
+the botany of the Geological Survey of California are the most
+complete of anything thus far published. In addition to these,
+"The Synoptical Flora of North America," as far as published
+(the <i>Gamopetalæ</i>, the <i>Compositæ</i>, and some orders of the <i>Polypetalæ</i>),
+furnishes valuable aid. Professor E.L. Greene's
+works, "The Botany of the Bay Region," "Pittonia," and
+"Flora Franciscana," furnish excellent plant-descriptions for
+the more advanced botanist. The author's technical descriptions
+have in every instance been verified by comparison with
+one or more of the above works.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Eastwood's little volume, recently published as Part
+Second of "Bergen's Elements of Botany," (and also issued
+in separate form), is recommended for use in connection with
+the present work, as it embodies in compact form a general
+view of the method of classification of plants, showing their
+places in the plant-world and their relations to one another. It
+also contains very clear descriptions of plant-families. To the
+student who becomes interested in knowing more about the
+structure of plants, Gray's "Structural Botany" will prove
+useful; and the large work of Oliver and Kerner (translated
+from the German) will prove a fascinating book.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[ xxii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="EXPLANATION_OF_TERMS" id="EXPLANATION_OF_TERMS"></a>EXPLANATION OF TERMS</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[The following simple definitions of the more common terms used have been mostly
+taken or adapted from the works of Asa Gray and others, and will prove useful to those
+unacquainted with botany, or to those whose memories require refreshing.]</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3>ROOTS</h3>
+
+<p>The <b>root</b> is that portion of the plant which grows downward,
+fixing it to the soil, and absorbing nourishment from
+the latter. True roots produce nothing but root-branches or
+rootlets.</p>
+
+<p>Simple or unbranched roots are named according to their
+shapes&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>conical</i>, when like the carrot;</p>
+
+<p><i>napiform</i>, when like the turnip;</p>
+
+<p><i>fusiform</i>, when like the long radish.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Multiple, or branched, roots may be&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>fascicled</i>, or bunched, as in the dahlia;</p>
+
+<p><i>tubercular</i>, when furnished with small tubers;</p>
+
+<p><i>fibrous</i>, when threadlike.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3>STEMS</h3>
+
+<p>The <b>stem</b> is the ascending axis of the plant, which usually
+bears the leaves, flowers, and fruit. The points on the stem to
+which the leaves are fastened are called the <b>nodes</b>; and the
+portions of stem between the nodes are called the <b>internodes</b>.
+The angle formed by the upper side of the leaf and the stem is
+called the <b>axil</b>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[ xxiii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Stems aboveground are classed as&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>erect</i>, when growing upright;</p>
+
+<p><i>procumbent</i>, when lying on the ground without rooting;</p>
+
+<p><i>decumbent</i>, when lying on the ground with the tip
+ascending;</p>
+
+<p><i>diffuse</i>, when loosely spreading;</p>
+
+<p><i>creeping</i>, when growing on the ground and rooting.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Stems underground are classed as <b>rhizomes</b> (or <b>rootstocks</b>)
+<b>tubers</b>, <b>corms</b>, and <b>bulbs</b>, the forms passing into one another
+by gradations.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A <b>rhizome</b>, or <b>rootstock</b>, is a horizontal underground
+stem. It is sometimes thick, fleshy, or woody, as in
+the iris;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>tuber</b> is a short, much thickened rootstock, having
+eyes or buds of which the potato is an example;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>corm</b> is a depressed and rounded, solid rootstock; it
+may be called a solid bulb; the garden cyclamen is an
+example;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>bulb</b> is a leaf-bud, commonly underground, with fleshy
+scales or coats; the lily is an example.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3>LEAVES</h3>
+
+<p><b>Leaves</b> are the green expansions borne by the stem, out-spread
+in the air and light, in which assimilation is carried on.
+They may be said to be the stomachs of the plant. A typical
+leaf consists of three parts&mdash;the <b>blade</b>, the <b>foot-stalk</b> (or <b>petiole</b>),
+and a pair of <b>stipules</b>. Yet any one of these parts may
+be absent.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The <b>blade</b> is the expanded portion of the leaf and the
+part to which the word <i>leaf</i>, in its commonest sense,
+is applied;</p>
+
+<p>the <b>stipules</b> are small, usually leaflike bodies borne at
+the base of the petiole, usually one on either side;</p>
+
+<p>the <b>petiole</b> is the stalk of the leaf.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">[ xxiv]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><b>Leaves</b> are <b>simple</b>, when having but one blade; <b>compound</b>,
+when having more than one, when each blade is called a <b>leaflet</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Compound leaves are said to be&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>pinnate</i>, when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of
+a petiole, or rather of its prolongation, the rachis;</p>
+
+<p><i>abruptly pinnate</i>, with an even number of leaflets;</p>
+
+<p><i>odd-pinnate</i>, with an odd leaflet at the end;</p>
+
+<p><i>palmate</i>, or <i>digitate</i>, when the leaflets all diverge from the
+summit of the petiole, like the fingers of a hand.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3>VENATION</h3>
+
+<p>The venation, or veining, of leaves relates to the mode in
+which the woody tissue, in the form of ribs, veins, etc., is distributed
+in the cellular tissue.</p>
+
+<p>There are two principle modes&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>the <i>parallel-veined</i>, of which the iris is an example;</p>
+
+<p>the <i>reticulated-veined</i>, or <i>netted-veined</i>, of which the Elm
+is an example.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Small veins are called <b>veinlets</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FORM</h3>
+
+<p>As to general form, or outline, leaves are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Those broadest in the middle&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>peltate</i>, or shield-shaped, when rounded, with the stem
+attached to the center, or near it&mdash;as in the garden
+nasturtium;</p>
+
+<p><i>orbicular</i>, when circular in outline, or nearly so;</p>
+
+<p><i>oval</i>, when having a flowing outline, with the breadth
+considerably more than half the length, and both
+ends alike;</p>
+
+<p><i>elliptical</i>, when having a flowing outline, twice or thrice
+as long as broad, and both ends alike;</p>
+
+<p><i>oblong</i>, when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad;</p>
+
+<p><i>linear</i>, when narrow, several times longer than wide,
+and of about the same width throughout;</p>
+
+<p><i>acerose</i>, when needle-shaped&mdash;like the Pine.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">[ xxv]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Those broadest at the base&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>deltoid</i>, when having the triangular shape of the Greek
+letter <i>delta</i>;</p>
+
+<p><i>ovate</i>, when having an outline like the section of a
+hen's-egg, the broader end downward;</p>
+
+<p><i>lanceolate</i>, or lance-shaped, when several times longer
+than broad, and tapering upward, or both upward
+and downward;</p>
+
+<p><i>subulate</i>, when shaped like an awl;</p>
+
+<p><i>cordate</i>, when ovate, with a heart-shaped base;</p>
+
+<p><i>reniform</i>, when like the last, only rounder and broader
+than long;</p>
+
+<p><i>auriculate</i>, when having a pair of small blunt projections,
+or ears, at the base;</p>
+
+<p><i>sagittate</i>, or arrow-shaped, when those ears are acute
+and turned downward, the body of the leaf tapering
+upward;</p>
+
+<p><i>hastate</i>, or halberd-shaped, when the ears or lobes point
+outward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Those broadest at the apex&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>obovate</i>, when inversely ovate;</p>
+
+<p><i>oblanceolate</i>, when inversely lanceolate;</p>
+
+<p><i>spatulate</i>, when rounded above, and long and narrow
+below, like a druggist's spatula;</p>
+
+<p><i>cuneate</i>, or wedge-shaped, when broad above, tapering
+by straight lines to an acute base;</p>
+
+<p><i>obcordate</i>, when inversely cordate.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Sometimes no one of the above terms will describe a leaf,
+and it becomes necessary to combine two of them; as, <i>linear-spatulate</i>,
+<i>ovate-lanceolate</i>, etc.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE APEX</h3>
+
+<p>Leaves are classified according to their apices; as&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>emarginate</i>, when having a decided terminal notch;</p>
+
+<p><i>truncate</i>, when abruptly cut off;</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">[ xxvi]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>obtuse</i>, when ending in a blunt or roundish extremity;</p>
+
+<p><i>acute</i>, when ending in an acute angle, without special
+tapering;</p>
+
+<p><i>acuminate</i>, when tapering into a narrow, more or less
+prolonged end;</p>
+
+<p><i>mucronate</i>, when abruptly tipped with a small, short point.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3>THE MARGIN</h3>
+
+<p>Leaves are classified according to their margins; as&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>entire</i>, when the margin is completely filled out to an
+even line;</p>
+
+<p><i>repand</i>, or <i>undulate</i>, when the margin is a wavy line;</p>
+
+<p><i>dentate</i>, or <i>toothed</i>, when the teeth point outward;</p>
+
+<p><i>crenate</i>, or <i>scalloped</i>, when dentate, with the teeth
+rounded;</p>
+
+<p><i>serrate</i>, when having small sharp teeth directed forward;</p>
+
+<p><i>incised</i>, when cut by sharp and irregular incisions more
+or less deeply;</p>
+
+<p><i>lobed</i>, when cut not more than half-way to the midrib,
+and the divisions or their angles are rounded;</p>
+
+<p><i>cleft</i>, when cut half-way down or more, and the lobes or
+sinuses are narrow or acute;</p>
+
+<p><i>parted</i>, when the cutting reaches almost but not quite to
+the midrib;</p>
+
+<p><i>divided</i>, when the blade is cut into distinct parts, thus
+making the leaf compound.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>All these terms may be modified by the words <i>pinnate</i> or
+<i>palmate</i>; thus&mdash;<i>pinnately parted</i>, <i>pinnately divided</i>, <i>palmately
+parted</i>, <i>palmately divided</i>, etc.; also by the adjectives <i>once</i>,
+<i>twice</i>, <i>thrice</i>, etc.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TEXTURE</h3>
+
+<p>Leaves vary as to texture, and may be&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>coriaceous</i>, or leathery;</p>
+
+<p><i>succulent</i>, or juicy;</p>
+
+<p><i>scarious</i>, or dry and thin;</p>
+
+<p><i>fleshy</i>, or thick;</p>
+
+<p><i>herbaceous</i>, or thin.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">[ xxvii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>ARRANGEMENT</h3>
+
+<p>According to their arrangement on the stem, leaves are&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>alternate</i>, when distributed singly at different heights on
+the stem;</p>
+
+<p><i>opposite</i>, when two stand opposite each other at the
+nodes;</p>
+
+<p><i>whorled</i>, when more than two are borne at a node, equidistant
+in a circle around the stem.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3>INFLORESCENCE</h3>
+
+<p><b>Inflorescence</b> is a term commonly applied to the mode of
+flowering&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> to the arrangement of blossoms on the stem
+and their relative positions to one another.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A <b>peduncle</b> is the stem of a solitary flower, or the main
+stem of a flower-cluster;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>scape</b> is a peduncle growing from the ground;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>pedicel</b> is the stem of each flower in a cluster;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>bract</b> is a small floral leaf;</p>
+
+<p>an <b>involucre</b> is a collection of bracts around a flower-cluster
+or around a single flower.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Flowers may be solitary or clustered.</p>
+
+<p>Solitary flowers or flower-clusters are&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>terminal</i>, when borne at the summit of the stem;</p>
+
+<p><i>axillary</i>, when borne in the axils of the leaves.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A flower-cluster is called&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>a <b>raceme</b>, when the flowers are arranged along the axis
+upon pedicels nearly equal in length;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>corymb</b>, when the flowers are arranged as in the raceme,
+with the lower pedicels elongated, making the cluster
+flat-topped;</p>
+
+<p>an <b>umbel</b>, when the pedicels arise from the same point,
+like the rays of an umbrella, and the cluster is flat-topped;</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">[ xxviii]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>a <b>panicle</b>, when compound, irregularly made up of a
+number of racemes;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>spike</b>, when like a raceme, the flowers being without
+pedicels;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>spadix</b>, when it is a fleshy spike, generally enveloped
+by a large bract, called a <b>spathe</b>, as in the calla-lily;</p>
+
+<p>an <b>ament</b>, or <b>catkin</b>, when it is a pendent spike, with
+scaly bracts, like the Willow;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>head</b>, when it is a shortened spike, with a globular form;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>cyme</b>, when it is branched and flat-topped, usually
+compound, with the older flowers in the center of each
+simple cluster.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3>THE INDIVIDUAL FLOWER</h3>
+
+<p>A <b>complete flower</b> consists of <b>stamens</b> and <b>pistils</b> (the
+organs of reproduction), and <b>calyx</b> and <b>corolla</b> (the floral
+envelops which protect the stamens and pistils). But any
+one of these organs may be absent.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The <b>calyx</b> is the outer floral envelop, which is more
+often green, though it is sometimes colored. It may
+consist of a number of separate parts, called <b>sepals</b>, or
+these may be more or less united.</p>
+
+<p>The <b>corolla</b> is the inner floral envelop. It is usually
+colored, and forms the most beautiful feature of the
+flower, and plays an important part in attracting
+insects to it, which may carry on the work of fertilization.
+It may consist of a number of separate parts,
+called <b>petals</b>, or these may be more or less united,
+in which case the corolla is said to be <i>gamopetalous</i>.
+When the calyx and corolla are much alike, and seem
+like one floral circle, this is referred to as a <b>perianth</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The <b>stamens</b> and <b>pistils</b> are called the <b>essential organs</b>
+of a flower, because they are necessary to the maturing
+of the fruit.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">[ xxix]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><b>Perfect flowers</b> have both sets of essential organs.</p>
+
+<p><b>Imperfect flowers</b> have but one set of essential organs.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Staminate</i> (or male) <i>flowers</i> have only stamens;</p>
+
+<p><i>Pistillate</i> (or female) <i>flowers</i> have only pistils.</p>
+
+<p><i>Neutral flowers</i> have neither.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3>THE STAMEN</h3>
+
+<p>The <b>stamen</b> consists of two parts&mdash;the <b>filament</b> and the
+<b>anther</b>. The filament is the stalk of the stamen. The anther
+is the little case holding the <b>pollen</b>, or powdery substance,
+which, falling upon the stigma, is conducted downward into
+the ovary, where it quickens the ovules into life. The anther
+normally consists of two cells, which more often open lengthwise
+for the discharge of the pollen, though they sometimes
+open by terminal pores or chinks, or by uplifting lids.</p>
+
+<p>Stamens sometimes undergo a morphological change, taking
+the form of scales or other bodies (as is the case in many
+of our <i>Brodiæas</i>), when they are called <b>staminodia</b>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE PISTIL</h3>
+
+<p>The <b>pistil</b> is the organ occupying the center of the flower.
+It consists of three parts&mdash;the <b>ovary</b>, or the enlarged part
+below, consisting of one or more cells or cavities, and containing
+the ovules, or unfertilized seed; the <b>style</b>, or the stem
+which upholds the stigma; the <b>stigma</b>, or the roughened portion
+which receives the pollen.</p>
+
+<p>The pistil is <i>simple</i>, when it has but one ovary, style,
+stigma, etc.; <i>compound</i>, if any one of these is duplicated.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FRUIT</h3>
+
+<p>The <b>fruit</b> is the ripened ovary. After the ovules have been
+fertilized, the ovary is called a <b>pericarp</b>. Fruits may be either
+<i>fleshy</i> or <i>dry</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxx" id="Page_xxx">[ xxx]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following are some of the principal kinds of dry fruits:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A <b>capsule</b> is a dry, dehiscent (splitting) fruit, composed
+of more than one carpel or division;</p>
+
+<p>an <b>akene</b> is a small, dry, hard, one-celled, one-seeded
+indehiscent fruit;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>follicle</b> is a pod formed from a single pistil, dehiscing
+along the ventral suture only;</p>
+
+<p>a <b>legume</b> is a simple pericarp, opening by both seams.</p>
+
+<p>a <b>samara</b> is a dry, indehiscent fruit, having a wing.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The following are some of the principal kinds of fleshy
+fruits:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A <b>pome</b> is a fruit like an apple or pear;</p>
+
+<p>the <b>pepo</b>, or <b>gourd</b>, fruit is like that of the melon, squash,
+etc.;</p>
+
+<p>the <b>drupe</b> is like that of the cherry, plum, and peach;</p>
+
+<p>the <b>berry</b> is like that of the grape, currant, and tomato.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><b>Aggregate fruits</b> are those in which a cluster of carpels,
+all of one flower, are crowded upon the receptacle into one
+mass; as in the raspberry and blackberry.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxi" id="Page_xxxi">[ xxxi]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IMPORTANT_PLANT_FAMILIES_AND_GENERA" id="IMPORTANT_PLANT_FAMILIES_AND_GENERA"></a>IMPORTANT PLANT FAMILIES AND GENERA</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[To avoid too long technical descriptions in the body of the work, a few of the
+more important plant families and genera have been inserted below, to which
+reference has been made in the technical descriptions.]</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<h3>FAMILIES</h3>
+
+<p class="cen"><b>Cruciferæ.</b> Mustard Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs with pungent, watery juice. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; without
+stipules; entire or divided. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Generally in racemes. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Four.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four; usually with narrowed base or claw; the blades
+spreading to form a cross. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six; two of them shorter than
+the other four. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled; rarely one-celled. Style undivided,
+or none. Stigma entire or two-lobed. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A silique&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> a capsule,
+in which the walls separate upward away from a central partition.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Mustard family is a very large one, comprising over a
+hundred and seventy genera, and containing between one and
+two thousand species. It is widely distributed over all parts
+of the world, but is most abundantly represented in the cooler
+or temperate regions. It furnishes us with many useful plants;
+such as the mustard, horseradish, radish, cabbage, turnip, cauliflower,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>The genera of this order are very closely allied, and very
+difficult of discrimination. The fruit, as well as the flower, is
+necessary in the study of any given species.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><b>Leguminosæ.</b> Pea Family.</p>
+
+<p>The order <i>Leguminosæ</i> is divided into three well-marked
+sub-orders&mdash;the Pea family proper, the Brasiletto family, and
+the Mimosa family. But as all our genera, save <i>Cercis</i>, fall
+under the first, we shall describe that only.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxii" id="Page_xxxii">[ xxxii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap"><b>Papilionaceæ</b>.</span> Pea Family proper.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs, shrubs, or trees. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Usually alternate; compound;
+with stipules; the latter sometimes transformed into thorns or tendrils.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Seldom solitary; usually in spikes, racemes or umbels.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed; often bilabiate. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Irregular; of five
+petals; <i>papilionaceous</i>&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> the two lower petals more or less coherent,
+forming the <i>keel</i>; the two lateral ones often adherent to the keel,
+called the <i>wings</i>; the upper petal called the <i>standard</i> or <i>banner</i>. Stamens
+and pistil inclosed in the keel. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten; their filaments
+either coherent into a tube surrounding the pistil; or nine of them
+united into a sheath, open above, the tenth lying in front of the cleft;
+or rarely all distinct. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Superior; one-celled. <i>Style.</i>&mdash;Simple
+and incurved. <i>Stigma.</i>&mdash;Simple. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A two-valved pod, of
+which the garden pea is typical.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Pea family, including its three sub-orders, is one of the
+most important plant-families known. It is distributed over
+almost the entire world, and furnishes some of the most valuable
+products to man. The Judas-tree, the numerous acacias,
+and the sweet pea, are well known in our gardens; while
+among our most valuable vegetables are the bean, the pea, and
+the lentil. The clover and alfalfa are extremely important
+forage plants.</p>
+
+<p>The order furnishes several important timber-trees, in different
+parts of the world, such as the Rosewood, the Laburnum,
+and the Locust; and yields numerous products of economic
+importance, such as licorice, senna, gum Senegal, gum Arabic,
+gum tragacanth, balsam of copaiba, balsam of Tolu, indigo,
+logwood, red sandalwood, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><b>Compositæ.</b> Composite Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs, rarely shrubs. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Usually alternate; without stipules.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In a close head on a common <i>receptacle</i>, surrounded by an
+<i>involucre</i>, whose divisions are called <i>scales</i> or <i>bracts</i>. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Adnate
+to the one-celled ovary; its limb (called a <i>pappus</i>) crowning
+its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc.; or cup-shaped;
+or else entirely absent. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Either strap-shaped or
+tubular; in the latter chiefly five-lobed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five (rarely four);
+on the corolla; their anthers united in a tube. <i>Style.</i>&mdash;Two-cleft at the
+apex. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;An akene. Flowers with strap-shaped corollas are
+called <i>ray flowers</i> or <i>rays</i>. The <i>tubular flowers</i> compose the disk.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Composite family is the largest of all plant-families,
+numbering twelve thousand species and upward, and is widely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxiii" id="Page_xxxiii">[ xxxiii]</a></span>
+distributed over the world. In the cooler parts of the world
+the plants are mostly herbaceous, but toward the tropics they
+gradually become shrubs, and even trees. In North America
+they comprise about one sixth of all the flowering plants.</p>
+
+<p>For so large a family there are comparatively few useful
+plants found in it. Among the products of the order, may be
+mentioned chicory, lettuce, the artichoke, the vegetable oyster,
+arnica, chamomile-flowers, wormwood, absinth, elecampane,
+coltsfoot, taraxacum, oil of tansy, etc. But our gardens owe
+to this family innumerable beautiful and showy plants such
+as the China aster, the chrysanthemum, the cosmos, zinnia,
+dahlia, ageratum, gaillardia, coreopsis, sunflower, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>The plants of this family are quickly recognized by the
+flowers being always borne in a head and surrounded by an
+involucre, and presenting the appearance of a single flower.
+The heads are sometimes made up entirely of one kind of
+flower. The dandelion and the chicory are examples of a head
+made up entirely of ray-flowers, while the thistle consists of tubular
+flowers only. The more common arrangement, however, is
+the mixed one, comprising both tubular disk-flowers and strap-shaped
+rays, as in the daisy. The seeds are usually furnished
+with silken down or a delicate parachute to waft them abroad.</p>
+
+<p>The identification of the flowers of this order is a very difficult
+matter, even for experienced botanists.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><b>Labiatæ.</b> Mint Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs with square stems. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; usually aromatic.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Axillary, or often in whorls or heads. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Bilabiate
+(rarely regular). <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four (or only two). <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Deeply
+four-lobed; becoming four seedlike nutlets. Style single; arising from
+the midst of the lobes.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The plants of this order are easily recognized by the traits in
+the above description. But some of these traits are shared by the
+plants of the Figwort family, which have also the bilabiate corolla.
+The distinguishing character, however, is always to be found in
+the <i>four-lobed ovary</i> for the Figworts have a two-celled ovary.</p>
+
+<p>This order is a large one; and there are no noxious or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxiv" id="Page_xxxiv">[ xxxiv]</a></span>
+poisonous plants to be found in it. On the contrary, it comprises
+many useful plants, too well known almost to need
+enumeration&mdash;such as the lavender, peppermint, sage, horehound,
+thyme, spearmint, <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'horse-mint'">horsemint</ins>, pennyroyal, etc.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GENERA</h3>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Ceanothus</span>, L. Buckthorn Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spinescent. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite
+or alternate; petioled; variously toothed or entire. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Blue or
+white; small, usually not more than two or three lines across; borne in
+showy thyrsoid or cymose clusters. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Petaloid; with short tube
+and five-cleft border, the lobes acute and connivent. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five;
+long-clawed; hooded; inserted on the calyx-tube. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five;
+opposite the petals; long exserted. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-lobed; three-celled.
+Style short; three-cleft. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Dry; consisting of three
+dehiscent nutlets; sometimes crested.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Ceanothus</i> is mainly a Western one. Of its
+thirty or more species, two thirds are found in the region
+between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.</p>
+
+<p>In California we have about twenty species; and these all
+hybridize to such an extent, that often the determination of any
+given species is a very difficult matter. The genus reaches its
+culmination in the mountains of Santa Cruz County, where
+there are many beautiful species. Many of the species are
+commonly known as "California lilac."</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Lupinus</span>, Catullus. Pea Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Palmately divided, with from one to sixteen leaflets; stipules
+adnate; seldom conspicuous. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Entire; sessile. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In
+terminal racemes, whorled or scattered. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Deeply bilabiate;
+upper lip notched; lower usually entire, or occasionally three-toothed
+or cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Papilionaceous. <i>Standard.</i>&mdash;Broad, with
+sides reflexed. <i>Wings.</i>&mdash;Falcate; oblong; commonly slightly united
+at the tip in front of and inclosing the falcate, usually slender, pointed
+keel. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;With their filaments united in a tube; of two forms;
+five with longer and basifixed anthers; the alternate five with shorter
+and versatile ones. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Compressed; straight; two-valved. Style
+slender. Stigma bearded.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Lupines are mostly plants of Western America. In
+fact, they are so abundant between the Rocky Mountains and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxv" id="Page_xxxv">[ xxxv]</a></span>
+the Pacific Ocean that that territory is known among botanists
+as the "Lupine Region."</p>
+
+<p>The species, which are very numerous, are difficult of determination,
+requiring very long technical descriptions, which cannot
+be given in a work like the present. For this reason we
+have been able to give but a few of the more easily recognized.</p>
+
+<p>We have in California upwards of forty species. They are
+of little economic importance, although one or two species
+have been found very useful in the reclaiming of sand-dunes.
+Several species have been cultivated for ornament. The leaves
+are often beautiful and the flower-clusters showy.</p>
+
+<p>The generic name is supposed to come from the Latin
+<i>lupinus</i>, a <i>wolf</i>, and to have been given because of the voracity
+evinced by the species in exhausting the soil.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Astragalus</span>, Tourn. Pea Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs, or sometimes plants woody at base. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+with stipules; unequally pinnate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Rather small; chiefly in
+simple axillary spikes or racemes, upon a commonly elongated peduncle;
+papilionaceous. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed. <i>Corolla</i> and its slender-clawed
+petals usually narrow. Keel not pointed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Nine
+united; one free. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled; sometimes apparently two-celled.
+<i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Very various; commonly inflated. <i>Seeds.</i>&mdash;Few to
+many on slender stalks; generally small for the size of the pod.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Astragalus</i> is a very large one, comprising many
+species in most parts of the world, save Australia and South
+Africa. About two hundred species are native of North
+America, most of which are found in the region west of the
+Mississippi River. Of these several are known as "loco-weed,"
+and are poisonous to sheep and cattle.</p>
+
+<p>Very few species of this genus have any economic value.
+<i>A. gummifer</i> and some other similar species of Western Asia,
+low, spiny shrubs, yield the gum tragacanth of commerce.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">&#338;nothera</span>, L. Evening-Primrose Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs, or plants sometimes woody at the base. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Axillary or in spikes or racemes. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;More
+or less prolonged above the ovary with four reflexed segments.</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxvi" id="Page_xxxvi">[ xxxvi]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four; obcordate to obovate; sessile; yellow to white, often
+tinged with red or turning red in fading. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Eight; equal; or
+those opposite the petals shorter. Anthers perfect; two-celled; versatile.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Four-celled; many ovuled. Style filiform. Stigma
+four-lobed or capitate. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A capsule with the seeds in one or
+two rows in each cell.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The name <i>&#338;nothera</i> is from two Greek words, meaning
+<i>wine</i> and <i>a hunt</i>, or <i>pursuit</i>. Mr. Gray tells us that it was
+given in ancient times to some plant whose roots were eaten
+to provoke a relish for wine.</p>
+
+<p>This is a large genus, containing a hundred or more
+species, which are mostly confined to America, about a quarter
+of them being Californian. Many of them are very beautiful
+and have long been favorites in gardens. The flowers are
+yellow or white, and are commonly designated as "evening
+primroses," as many of them open upon the edge of evening.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Godetia</span>, Spach. Evening-Primrose Family.</p>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Godetia</i> is closely allied to that of <i>&#338;nothera</i>;
+but is distinguished from the latter in several points. Its
+flowers are purple, lilac, or rose-colored&mdash;never yellow; the
+anthers are basifixed&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> fixed by their bases&mdash;not versatile;
+and the stigma, instead of being capitate, has four linear
+lobes.</p>
+
+<p>The plants of this genus were formerly included under
+<i>&#338;nothera</i>; but it has been thought best to put them into a
+separate genus, which has been named for a Dr. Godet.</p>
+
+<p>There are numerous species, many of them very beautiful
+and showy. They vary a great deal under different conditions
+and in different seasons, and are not well understood by botanists
+as yet.</p>
+
+<p>The genus is confined to the western coast of North America,
+and is most largely represented in California.</p>
+
+<p>The species flower mostly in late spring and early summer,
+which has given rise to the pretty name of "farewell to spring"
+for the plants of this genus.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxvii" id="Page_xxxvii">[ xxxvii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Gilia</span>, Renz. and Pav. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs or plants somewhat shrubby at base. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite or
+alternate; simple or compound; without stipules. Many species with
+showy flowers. All the parts of the flower five, except the pistil, which
+has a three-celled ovary and a three-lobed style. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Imbricated
+in the bud. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Regular; funnel-form, salver-form, or sometimes
+short campanulate or rotate; convolute in the bud. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five;
+on the corolla alternate with its lobes; distinct. Filaments mostly
+slender; sometimes unequal in length; not bearded at base.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This genus was named in honor of Philip Gil, a Spanish
+botanist. In America the name is pronounced <i>jil'i-a</i>, though
+according to the rules of the Spanish language <i>he'li-a</i> would
+be the correct pronunciation.</p>
+
+<p>This is a comparatively large genus, comprising about a
+hundred species, most of which are native to the western parts
+of the United States. The flowers are often showy and beautiful,
+and some of them closely resemble the phloxes. A number
+are cultivated under the botanical name of <i>Ipomopsis</i> or
+<i>Leptosiphon</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Phacelia</span>, Juss. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs, mostly branched from the base and hairy. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+the lower sometimes opposite; simple or compound. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Usually
+in one-sided scorpioid racemes. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Deeply five-parted;
+without appendages. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;From almost rotate to narrowly
+funnel-form; five-lobed; with ten vertical plates or scales at the
+base within. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; equally inserted low or at the base of
+the corolla. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Styles two; or one which is two-cleft.
+<i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A capsule.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The name <i>Phacelia</i> is from a Greek word signifying a <i>fascicle</i>,
+or <i>bunch</i>, and refers to the fascicled or clustered flower-racemes.</p>
+
+<p>This genus is closely allied to <i>Nemophila</i>, but differs from
+it in several points. The calyx is not furnished with appendages
+at the sinuses; the corolla is imbricated in the bud&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>
+the lobes overlap one another in the manner of bricks in
+a wall,&mdash;and is not convolute, or rolled up, as in <i>Nemophila</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This is mainly a North American genus, having about fifty
+species, about thirty of which are Californian. Many of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxviii" id="Page_xxxviii">[ xxxviii]</a></span>
+species have beautiful and showy flowers, and are cultivated in
+gardens. The blossoms are blue, violet, purple, or white, but
+never yellow (save sometimes in the tube or throat).</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Mimulus</span>, L. Figwort Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; simple. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Axillary on solitary peduncles;
+sometimes becoming racemose by the diminution of the upper
+leaves to bracts. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Tubular or campanulate; mostly five-angled
+and five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Funnel-form; bilabiate; the upper lip erect,
+two-lobed; the lower three-lobed; a pair of ridges, either bearded or
+naked, running down the lower side of the throat. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four.
+Anthers often near together in pairs, with divergent cells. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Superior;
+two-celled. Style filiform. Stigma two-lipped, with the lips
+commonly dilated and petaloid.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Mimulus</i> is so named from the shape of the
+corolla, which is supposed to resemble the gaping countenance
+of an ape. It comprises forty or fifty species, and affords us
+some of our most beautiful flowers. The greater number of
+species and the handsomest are Pacific, and several of our
+Californian species are especially prized in cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>The plants of the genus are all known as "monkey-flowers."
+They exhibit an interesting character in the structure
+and movements of the stigma. It is usually composed of
+two somewhat expanded lips. These are extremely sensitive,
+and when touched, or when pollen has been received by them,
+they close quite rapidly.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Orthocarpus</span>, Nutt. Figwort Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Low herbs; almost all annuals. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mainly alternate; sessile;
+often cut into from three to five filiform divisions; the upper passing
+into the bracts of the dense spike and usually colored, as are the calyx-lobes.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Short-tubular or oblong-campanulate; evenly four-cleft,
+or sometimes cleft before and behind and the divisions again cleft.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Tubular; the upper lip, or galea, little or not at all longer
+than the lower; small in comparison with the large, inflated, one- to
+three-saccate lower one, which usually bears more or less conspicuous
+teeth. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; inclosed in the upper lip. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled.
+Style long. Stigma capitate. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A capsule.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Orthocarpus</i> is mainly Californian, comprising
+within our borders something less than twenty species. Most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxix" id="Page_xxxix">[ xxxix]</a></span>
+of them are to be found from San Francisco northward and
+in the mountains.</p>
+
+<p>They are closely related to the <i>Castilleias</i>, and resemble
+them closely in habit. The difference between the two genera
+lies in the relative sizes of the upper and lower lips of the
+corolla. In <i>Castilleia</i> the upper lip is the larger and more
+prominent; while in <i>Orthocarpus</i> the lower is much more conspicuous,
+often consisting of three inflated sacs.</p>
+
+<p>The species are quite difficult of determination.</p>
+
+<p>"Owl's clover" is a common English name for the plants
+of this genus.</p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Pentstemon</span>, Mitchell. Figwort Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Perennial herbs, or rarely shrubby. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite, rarely
+whorled; the upper sessile or clasping; the floral gradually or abruptly
+reduced to bracts. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Usually red, blue, purple, or white,
+rarely yellow; in raceme-like panicles. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;With
+a conspicuous and mostly elongated or ventricose tube; the
+throat swelling out on the lower if on either side; the limb more or less
+bilabiate, with the upper lip two-lobed and the lower three-cleft, recurved,
+or spreading. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four perfect; a fifth with a bearded
+filament only. Anther cells mostly united or running together at the
+summit. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Style long. Stigma entire.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The name <i>Pentstemon</i> is from two Greek words, signifying
+<i>five</i> and <i>stamen</i>. It was bestowed upon this genus because the
+fifth stamen is present, though sterile.</p>
+
+<p>The genus is a large one, comprising seventy species, most
+of which are North American, though a few are Mexican. It
+is most abundantly represented in the Pacific States and the
+States west of the Mississippi. California has over twenty
+species, many of them very beautiful, a number of them being
+in cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>"Beard-tongue" is the common English name for the plants
+of this genus.</p>
+
+<p>From so many charming species it has been very difficult to
+select; and if the reader finds some beautiful flower of this
+genus which is unnamed in these pages, he is advised to consult
+the technical botanies.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xl" id="Page_xl">[ xl]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="cen"><span class="smcap">Calochortus</span>, Pursh. Lily Family.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Branching; from a membranous-coated, sometimes fibrous-coated
+corm. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Few; linear-lanceolate; the radical one or two
+much larger than those of the flexuous or erect stem. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Few
+to many; showy; terminal or axillary, or umbellately fascicled. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Deciduous;
+of six more or less concave segments; the three
+outer lanceolate, greenish, more or less sepal-like; the inner (petals)
+mostly broadly cuneate-obovate, usually with a conspicuous glandular
+pit toward the base, which is apt to be hidden by long hairs. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six.
+Anthers erect; basifixed. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled; three-angled.
+Stigmas three; sessile; recurved. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Three-angled or winged.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The <i>Calochorti</i> are the most widely diffused of all the liliaceous
+plants of the Pacific Coast, and comprise some of the
+most beautiful flowers in the world. "On the north they
+reach British America; one species is to be found as far east as
+Nebraska; and several are natives of Northern Mexico; and
+within these limits no considerable section of country is destitute
+of some species."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> They are so closely allied to the true
+tulips that the common designation of them as "tulips" is not
+at all amiss.</p>
+
+<p>The name <i>Calochortus</i> signifies <i>beautiful grass</i>. The members
+of the genus fall naturally into three general groups:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>First</i>&mdash;The <span class="smcap">Globe Tulips</span>, which have flexile stems, sub-globose,
+nodding flowers, and nodding capsules. Of these
+there are three&mdash;<i>C. albus</i>, <i>C. pulchellus</i>, and <i>C. am&#339;nus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second</i>&mdash;The <span class="smcap">Star Tulips</span>, having low, flexile stems, erect,
+starlike flowers, with spreading petals, and nodding capsules.
+They comprise <i>C. Benthami</i>, <i>C. Maweanus</i>, <i>C. c&#339;ruleus</i>,
+<i>C. apiculatus</i>, <i>C. elegans</i>, <i>C. Tolmei</i>, <i>C. umbellatus</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><i>Third</i>&mdash;The <span class="smcap">Mariposa Tulips</span>, which are usually tall, fine
+plants, with stiff, erect stems, having erect, cup-shaped or open-campanulate
+flowers, usually large and handsome, followed by
+erect capsules.</p>
+
+<p>They have a few narrow, grasslike, radical leaves, which
+have usually dried away by the time of flowering, which is in
+early summer, after the ground has become dry and hard.
+These inhabit our dry, open hillsides and grassy slopes, loving
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xli" id="Page_xli">[ xli]</a></span>a stony, clayey, sandy, or volcanic soil. They comprise over
+thirty different known forms, and others are constantly being
+discovered.</p>
+
+<p>They have a tendency to hybridize, and the various forms
+sport and vary, and run into one another in such a wonderful
+manner that the exact determination of all the species is an
+impossible task to all but a few experts&mdash;and even they are not
+certain about them all yet. We have given only a few of the
+commonest or best-characterized species.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mariposa</i> is the Spanish word meaning <i>butterfly</i>, and was
+applied on account of the marvelous resemblance of the markings
+of the petals of some of the forms to the wings of that
+insect.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlii" id="Page_xlii">[ xlii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h3>FOOTNOTE</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Mr. Carl Purdy.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INTRODUCTORY" id="INTRODUCTORY"></a>INTRODUCTORY</h2>
+
+
+<p>Situated on the western verge of the continent, so far
+removed from the other parts of our country, not only by great
+distance, but by those mighty natural barriers that traverse the
+continent from north to south, California is eminently individual
+in her natural features. Stretching through nine and one half
+degrees of latitude, with a sea-coast of seven hundred miles,
+and several ranges of fine and lofty mountains, there is probably
+not another State in the Union that has so wonderful a
+diversity of climate and vegetation. Her shores, bathed by
+the warm Japan Current, or Ku-ro Si-wa, which is deflected
+southward from Alaska, are many degrees warmer than their
+latitude alone would warrant.</p>
+
+<p>Her general topography is simple and readily understood.
+The Sierra Nevada, or "snowy range," upon the eastern boundary,
+with its granite summits and its shoulders clothed with
+successive belts of majestic coniferous forests, with an occasional
+snow-peak towering above the range, forms the eastern wall of
+the great Central Valley, which is inclosed upon the west by
+the Coast Range, less in height than the Sierra, but equally
+beautiful, less forbidding, more companionable. The great
+Central Valley, four hundred and fifty miles long, is drained
+by two rivers, which meet in its center and break through the
+Coast Range, delivering their waters to the ocean through the
+Golden Gate. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers receive
+many important tributaries from the east, fed by the melting
+snows of the Sierras, and flow through one of the most fertile
+regions of the world.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xliii" id="Page_xliii">[ xliii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Sierras may be divided into five different belts, of varying
+altitudes along the length of the range, beginning with the
+foothill region, which may be termed the chaparral region.
+This is succeeded by the yellow-pine belt, above which is the
+sugar-pine, or upper forest, belt, which is in turn succeeded by
+the sub-alpine, while the alpine dominates all.</p>
+
+<p>The Coast Range is channeled on both sides by many beautiful
+wooded cañons, affording homes for some of our loveliest
+flowers. Mr. Purdy writes of it: This "is not a continuous
+range, but a broken mass of parallel ridges from forty to seventy
+miles wide, with many other chains transverse to the general
+trend of the range, and inclosing numerous valleys, large
+and small, of widely different altitudes. In the Coast Range
+there is no warm belt, but isolated warm spots. Climate here
+can only be ascertained by experience. The geological formation
+of the ranges and the character of soils constantly vary,
+and often widely at short intervals. Hence the flora of this
+region is particularly interesting. It is hardly probable there
+is a more captivating field for the botanist in the world."</p>
+
+<p>In the north and the south the two great ranges meet in
+some of the noblest snow-peaks on the continent. Below their
+southern junction, to the eastward, lies an arid desert region,
+and above their northern junction extends a dry and elevated
+plateau to the northeast. Thus there arises a great diversity
+of natural condition. As all living organisms are greatly
+influenced by their environment, the flora naturally distributes
+itself along the lines of climatic variation. Thus we have
+alpine species on the snowy heights of the Sierras, and sub-alpine
+forms luxuriating in the meadows fed from their snows;
+inland species in the Central Valley, and following some distance
+up its eastern and western walls; the leathery and hardy
+forms of the wind-swept coast; the curious prickly races of
+arid regions; delicate lovers of the cool and shaded brook;
+dwellers in marshes and on lake borders; denizens of dry, rocky
+hill-slopes, exposed to the glare of the sun; and inhabiters of
+shaded woods. It may be said that the most characteristically<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xliv" id="Page_xliv">[ xliv]</a></span>
+Western plants of our flora are to be found in the Central Valley,
+in the lower belts of the Sierras, and in the valleys of the
+Coast Range, many of which extend beyond our borders, both
+northward and southward. Many of our alpine species are
+common to the East, and our maritime flora is of necessity
+somewhat cosmopolitan, containing many introduced species
+from various parts of the world.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The climate of California is divided into two seasons&mdash;the
+wet and the dry,&mdash;the former extending from October to May,
+the latter occupying the remaining months of the year. And
+this climatic division coincides almost exactly with the area of
+the State. Of course, these dates are not absolute, as showers
+may occur beyond their limits.</p>
+
+<p>It will be readily seen that the rainy season, or the winter,
+so-called, is the growing time of our year&mdash;the time when the
+earth brings forth every plant in his kind. On the other hand,
+the summer is the time of rest. Most of the plant-life having
+germinated after the first moisture of the fall, grows luxuriantly
+during the showery months of winter, blossoms lavishly in the
+balmy sunshine of early springtime, produces seed in abundance
+by early summer, and is then ready for its annual rest.
+Instead of shrouding the earth in snow during our period of
+plant-rest, as she does in more rigorous climes, Nature gently
+spreads over hill and valley a soft mantle of brown.</p>
+
+<p>When the first shrill notes of the cicada are heard in late
+spring, we awake to a sudden realization that summer is at
+hand, and, looking about us, we see that the flowers have
+nearly all vanished; hill and valley no longer glow with great
+masses of color; only a few straggling species of the early summer
+remain; but they too are soon gone, and soft browns and
+straw-colors prevail everywhere. It is then that the deep, rich
+greens of our symmetrically rounded Live-Oaks, so characteristic
+of this region, show in fine contrast against this delicate
+background, forming a picture that every Californian dearly
+loves; the Madroño and the Laurel spread their canopies of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlv" id="Page_xlv">[ xlv]</a></span>
+grateful shade; while the Redwood affords cool retreats from
+the summer sun. Then our salt marshes, as though realizing
+the need of refreshing verdure, put on their most vivid greens;
+and our chaparral-covered hill-slopes make walls of bronze
+and olive.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>Perhaps no coniferous forests in the world are so beautiful or
+so attractive as the Redwood forests of our Coast Ranges; and
+they play so important a part in the distribution of our plants,
+it will not be out of place to devote a little space to them here.</p>
+
+<p>The main Redwood belt is of limited range, extending along
+the Coast from Monterey County to Humboldt County, and
+nowhere exceeding twenty miles in breadth. Straggling trees
+may be found beyond these limits, but nowhere a forest growth
+or trees of great size. In its densest portion, the stately and
+colossal trees are too close together to permit of a wagon passing
+between them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Purdy writes: "The Redwood is not only a lover of
+moisture, but to an extent hardly to be believed, unless seen,
+a condenser and conserver of moisture. Their tops reach high
+into the sea of vapor, and a constant precipitation from them,
+like rain, takes place. The water stands in puddles in the roads
+under them. This causes the densest of undergrowth; hazels,
+huckleberries, various Ceanothi, ferns of large size and in
+greatest profusion, large bushes of rhododendron, and numerous
+other plants make the forest floor a perfect tangle in moister
+portions."</p>
+
+<p>Many charming plants find their homes amid the cool shade
+of these noble trees. Trillium, and scoliopus, and dog's-tooth
+violets vie with clintonias and vancouverias in elegance and
+grace, while little creeping violets, and the lovely redwood-sorrel,
+and the salal make charming tapestries over the forest
+floor about these dim cathedral columns.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the open forest belts of the Sierras,
+which are of far greater extent, present another and quite
+different flora from that of the Coast Range and the Redwood<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlvi" id="Page_xlvi">[ xlvi]</a></span>
+belt. There may be found many interesting plants of the
+Heath family&mdash;cassiope, bryanthus, chimaphila, ledum, various
+pyrolas, and the snow-plant; there the aconite, false hellebore,
+eriogonums and gentians, and new and beautiful pentstemons
+and Mimuli and lilies deck the meadows and stream-banks.</p>
+
+<p>After the season of blossoming is over in the lowlands, we
+may pass on up into the mountains and live again through a
+vernal springtime of flowers.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps in no country in the world does the arrival of the
+spring flowers "so transform the face of Nature as in California."
+The march of civilization has brought changes in its
+wake; the virgin soil has been broken and subdued into grainfields
+and vineyards; still enough of the lavish blossoming is
+left us to appreciate Mr. Muir's description of the face of the
+country as it appeared years ago. He says: "When California
+was wild, it was one sweet bee-garden throughout its entire
+length, north and south, and all the way across from the snowy
+Sierra to the ocean.... The Great Central Plain ...
+during the months of March, April, and May was one smooth,
+continuous bed of honey-bloom, so marvelously rich that in
+walking from one end of it to the other, a distance of four hundred
+miles, your foot would press about a hundred flowers at
+every step. Mints, gilias, nemophilas, castilleias, and innumerable
+Compositæ were so crowded together, that had ninety-nine
+per cent of them been taken away, the plain would still have
+seemed to any but Californians extravagantly flowery. The
+radiant, honeyful corollas, touching and overlapping and rising
+above one another, glowed in the living light like a sunset sky&mdash;one
+sheet of purple and gold.... Sauntering in any
+direction, hundreds of these happy sun-plants brushed against
+my feet at every step and closed over them as if I were wading
+in liquid gold. The air was sweet with fragrance, the larks sang
+their blessed songs, rising on the wing as I advanced, then
+sinking out of sight in the polleny sod; while myriads of wild
+bees stirred the lower air with their monotonous hum&mdash;monotonous,
+yet forever fresh and sweet as everyday sunshine." <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlvii" id="Page_xlvii">[ xlvii]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="PRELUDE" id="PRELUDE"></a>PRELUDE</h2>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2"><a class="smcap">O Land of the West</a>!  I know</span>
+<span class="i2">How the field-flowers bud and blow,</span>
+<span class="i2">And the grass springs and the grain</span>
+<span class="i2">To the first soft touch and summons of the rain!</span>
+<span class="i2">O, the music of the rain!</span>
+<span class="i2">O, the music of the streams!</span>
+<p class="quotsig">Ina D. Coolbrith</p>.
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>Toward the end of our long cloudless summer, after most
+other flowers have stolen away, Mother Nature marshals her
+great order of Compositæ for a last rally; and they come as
+welcome visitants to fill the places of our vanished summer
+friends.</p>
+
+<p>Asters and <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'golden-rod'">goldenrods</ins>, grindelias, lessingias, and the numerous
+tarweeds, with their cheerful blossoms, relieve the sober
+browns of sun-dried hill-slopes and meadows, or fringe with
+color our roadsides and salt marshes.</p>
+
+<p>But even these late-comers weary after a time, and one by
+one disappear, till there comes a season when, without flowers,
+Nature seems to be humbled in sackcloth and ashes. The
+dust lies thick upon roadside trees, a haze hangs like a veil in
+the air, and the sun beats down with fierce, continued glare.</p>
+
+<p>As this wears on day after day, a certain vague expectancy
+creeps gradually over the face of things&mdash;a rapt, mysterious
+aspect, foreboding change. One day there is a telltale clarity
+in the atmosphere. Later, the sky darkens by degrees, and a
+dull, leaden hue spreads over the vault of heaven. Nature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xlviii" id="Page_xlviii">[ xlviii]</a></span>
+mourns, and would weep. Her heart is full to bursting; still
+the tears come not. The winds spring up and blow freshly
+over the parched land. A few hard-wrung drops begin to fall,
+and at length there closes down a thoroughgoing shower.
+The flood-gates are opened at last; the long tension is over,
+and we breathe freely once more.</p>
+
+<p>During this first autumn rain, those of us who are so fortunate
+as to live in the country are conscious of a strange odor
+pervading all the air. It is as though Dame Nature were brewing
+a vast cup of herb tea, mixing in the fragrant infusion all
+the plants dried and stored so carefully during the summer.</p>
+
+<p>When the clouds vanish after this baptismal shower, everything
+is charmingly fresh and pure, and we have some of the
+rarest of days. Then the little seeds, harbored through the
+long summer in Earth's bosom, burst their coats and push
+up their tender leaves, till on hillside and valley-floor appears a
+delicate mist of green, which gradually confirms itself into a
+soft, rich carpet&mdash;and all the world is in verdure clad. Then
+we begin to look eagerly for our first flowers.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="FLOWER_DESCRIPTIONS" id="FLOWER_DESCRIPTIONS"></a>FLOWER DESCRIPTIONS</h2>
+
+<h3>A FANCY</h3>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">I think I would not be</span>
+<span class="i16">A stately tree,</span>
+<span class="i1">Broad-boughed, with haughty crest that seeks the sky.</span>
+<span class="i8">Too many sorrows lie</span>
+<span class="i1">In years, too much of bitter for the sweet:</span>
+<span class="i1">Frost-bite, and blast, and heat,</span>
+<span class="i1">Blind drought, cold rains, must all grow wearisome,</span>
+<span class="i8">Ere one could put away</span>
+<span class="i8">Their leafy garb for aye,</span>
+<span class="i8">And let death come.</span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">Rather this wayside flower!</span>
+<span class="i8">To live its happy hour</span>
+<span class="i1">Of balmy air, of sunshine, and of dew.</span>
+<span class="i1">A sinless face held upward to the blue;</span>
+<span class="i8">A bird-song sung to it,</span>
+<span class="i8">A butterfly to flit</span>
+<span class="i1">On dazzling wings above it, hither, thither,--</span>
+<span class="i1">A sweet surprise of life,--and then exhale</span>
+<span class="i1">A little fragrant soul on the soft gale,</span>
+<span class="i8">To float--ah! whither?</span>
+<p class="quotsig">--INA D. COOLBRITH.</p>
+</div></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[ 3]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="White_or_occasionally_or_partially_white_flowers_not_described" id="White_or_occasionally_or_partially_white_flowers_not_described"></a><i>White or occasionally or partially white flowers not described</i></h2>
+<h2><i>in the White Section.</i></h2>
+
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Described in the Yellow Section</i>:&mdash;</p>
+<table border="0"  width="95%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Anagallis arvensis</span>&mdash;Pimpernel.</td><td><span class="smcap">Fl&oelig;rkia Douglasii</span>&mdash;Meadow-Foam.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Brodiæa lactea</span>&mdash;White Brodiæa.</td><td><span class="smcap">Hemizonia luzulæfolia</span>&mdash;Tarweed.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Calochortus Weedii</span>&mdash;Mariposa Tulip.</td><td><span class="smcap">Hosackia bicolor.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cuscuta</span>&mdash;Dodder.</td><td><span class="smcap">Melilotus alba</span>&mdash;White Sweet Clover.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Eriogonum ursinum.</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Pterospora andromedea</span>&mdash;Pine-Drops.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Erysimum grandiflorum</span>&mdash;Cream-colored Wallflower.</td><td><span class="smcap">Verbascum Blattaria</span>&mdash;Moth-Mullein.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Eschscholtzia Californica</span>&mdash;California Poppy.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Described in the Pink Section</i>:&mdash;</p>
+<table border="0" width="95%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Apocynum cannabinum</span>&mdash;American-Indian Hemp.</td><td><span class="smcap">Phlox Douglasii</span>&mdash;Alpine Phlox.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Dodecatheon Clevelandi</span>&mdash;Shooting-Stars.</td><td><span class="smcap">Rhus integrifolia</span>&mdash;Lemonade-Berry.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gilia androsacea.</span></td><td><span class="smcap">Rhus laurina</span>&mdash;Sumach.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Lewisia rediviva</span>&mdash;Bitter-Root.</td><td><span class="smcap">Silene Gallica.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Oxalis Oregana</span>&mdash;Redw'd-Sorrel.</td><td><span class="smcap">Trientalis Europæa</span>&mdash;Star-Flower.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Described in the Blue and Purple Section</i>:&mdash;</p>
+<table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Brodiæa laxa</span>&mdash;Ithuriel's Spear.</td><td><span class="smcap">Collinsia bicolor</span>&mdash;Collinsia.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Calochortus Catalinæ</span>&mdash;Catalina Mariposa Tulip.</td><td><span class="smcap">Delphinium.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Calochortus Maweanus</span>&mdash;Cat's-Ears.</td><td><span class="smcap">Fritillaria liliacea</span>&mdash;White Fritillary.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Calochortus umbellatus</span>&mdash;White Star-Tulip.</td><td><span class="smcap">Iris Douglasiana</span>&mdash;Douglas Iris.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ceanothus divaricatus</span>&mdash;Wild Lilac.</td><td><span class="smcap">Iris macrosiphon</span>-Ground Iris.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</span>&mdash;California Lilac.</td><td><span class="smcap">Polygala cornuta.</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Scutellaria Californica</span>&mdash;White Skullcap</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td><span class="smcap">Trillium sessile</span>&mdash;Calif. Trillium.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Described in the Red Section</i>:&mdash;</p>
+<table border="0" width="91%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Gilia aggregata</span>&mdash;Scarlet Gilia.</td><td><span class="smcap">Aquilegia c&oelig;rulea.</span></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="cen"><i>Described in the Miscellaneous Section</i>:&mdash;</p>
+<table border="0" width="105%" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cephalanthera Oregana</span>&mdash;Phantom Orchis.</td><td><span class="smcap">Cypripedium montanum</span>&mdash;Mountain Lady's Slipper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cypripedium Californicum</span>&mdash;California Lady's Slipper.</td><td><span class="smcap">Prosartes Menziesii</span>&mdash;Drops of Gold.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. SPRING-BLOSSOM.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Dentaria Californica</i>, Nutt. Mustard Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[ 4]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Roots.</i>&mdash;Bearing small tubers. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six inches to two feet
+high. <i>Root-leaves.</i>&mdash;Simple and roundish or with three leaflets. <i>Stem-leaves.</i>&mdash;Usually
+with three to five pinnate leaflets, one to three inches
+long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White to pale rose-color. <i>Sepals and Petals.</i>&mdash;Four.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four long and two short. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Style
+simple. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Slender; twelve to eighteen lines long. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Cardamine
+paucisecta</i>, Benth. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the Coast Ranges.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>What a rapture we always feel over this first blossom of the
+year! not only for its own dear sake, but for the hopes and
+promises it holds out, the visions it raises of spring, with
+flower-covered meadows, running brooks, buds swelling everywhere,
+bird-songs, and the air rife with perfumes.</p>
+
+<p>It is like the dove sent forth from the ark, this first tentative
+blossom, this <i>avant courier</i> of the great army of Crucifers,
+or cross-bearers, so called because their four petals are stretched
+out like the four arms of a cross.</p>
+
+<p>It is usually in some sheltered wood that we look for this
+first shy blossom; but once it has proved the trustworthiness
+of the skies, it is followed by thousands of its companions, who
+then come out boldly and star the meadows with their pure
+white constellations.</p>
+
+<p>The Latin name of this genus (from the word <i>dens</i>, a
+tooth), translated into the vernacular, becomes toothwort, the
+termination <i>wort</i> signifying merely plant or herb.</p>
+
+<p>It was so named because of the toothed rootstocks of many
+species.</p>
+
+<p>The little tubers upon the root often have a pungent taste,
+from which comes one of the other common names&mdash;"pepper-root."
+Various other names have been applied to these flowers,
+such as "lady's smocks" and "milkmaids."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f001">
+<p class="center"><a href="images/f001.png"><i>TOOTHWORT&mdash;Dentaria Californica.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>ZYGADENE.</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[ 6]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4><i>Zygadenus Fremonti</i>, Michx. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Bulb.</i>&mdash;Dark-coated. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Linear; a foot or two long; deeply
+channeled. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Three inches to even four feet high. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White.
+<i>Perianth Segments.</i>&mdash;Six; strongly nerved; bearing at base
+yellow glands; inner segments clawed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six; shorter than
+the perianth. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. Styles three; short. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Three-beaked.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges, San Diego to Humboldt County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The generic name, <i>Zygadenus</i>, is from the Greek, and signifies
+yoked glands, referring to the glands upon the base of
+the perianth segments.</p>
+
+<p>We have several species, the most beautiful and showy of
+which is <i>Z. Fremonti</i>. This is widely distributed, and grows
+in very different situations. In our central Coast Range its
+tall stems, with their lovely clusters of white stars, make their
+appearance upon rocky hill-slopes with warm exposure, in the
+shelter of the trees, soon after the toothwort has sprinkled
+the fields with its white bloom. In the south it rears its tall
+stems upon open mesas, unprotected by the shelter of friendly
+tree or shrub, and in some localities it makes itself at home in
+bogs. It is possible that the future may reveal the presence of
+more than one species.</p>
+
+<p>It has sometimes been called "soap-plant"; but this name
+more appropriately belongs to <i>Chlorogalum</i>. It somewhat
+resembles the Star of Bethlehem of Eastern gardens. The fact
+that it grows in boggy places has given rise to the name of
+"water-lily" in certain localities; but this ought to be discountenanced,
+as it bears not the slightest resemblance to the magnificent
+water-lily of Eastern ponds.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>Z. venenosus</i>, Wats.&mdash;is found from Monterey
+and Mariposa Counties to British Columbia. This may be
+distinguished from the above by its narrow leaves&mdash;only two
+or three lines wide,&mdash;usually folded together, and by its smaller
+flowers, with perianth segments only two or three lines long; and
+also by the fact that the stamens equal the segments in length.
+The bulb is poisonous, and our Northern Indians call it "death
+camass," while the farmers in the Sierras call it "Lobelia," not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[ 8]</a></span>
+because of any resemblance to that plant, but because its poisonous
+effects are similar to those of the latter. It is fatal to
+horses, but hogs eat it with impunity, from which it is also
+known as "hogs' potato." It is found in moist meadows or
+along stream-banks, in June and July.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f002"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a></span>
+<p class="center"><a href="images/f002.png"><i>ZYGADENE&mdash;Zygadenus Fremonti.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>POISON-OAK.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Rhus diversiloba</i>, Torr. and Gray. Poison-Oak or Cashew Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Shrubs.</i>&mdash;Three to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;One to four inches
+long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Greenish white; small. <i>Sepals and Petals.</i>&mdash;Usually
+five. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;As many or twice as many as the petals. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled.
+Styles three: distinct or united. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A small, dry,
+striate, whitish drupe. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The presence of the poison-oak in our woods and fields
+makes these outdoor haunts forbidden pleasures to persons
+who are susceptible to it. It is closely allied to the poison-ivy
+of the Eastern States, and very similar in its effects. It is a
+charming shrub in appearance, with beautiful glossy, shapely
+leaves; and in early summer, when it turns to many shades of
+scarlet and purple-bronze, it is especially alluring to the unsuspecting.
+It is quite diverse in its habit, sometimes appearing
+as an erect shrub, and again climbing trees or rock surfaces, by
+means of small aerial rootlets, to a considerable height. Horses
+eat the leaves without injury; and the honey which the bees distill
+from its small greenish-white flowers is said to be excellent.</p>
+
+<p>Many low plants seek the shelter of these shrubs, and some
+of our loveliest flowers, such as Clarkias, Godetias, Collinsias,
+Brodiæas, and larkspurs, seem to realize that immunity from
+human marauders is to be had within its safe retreat.</p>
+
+<p>The remedies for oak-poisoning are numerous; and it may
+not be out of place to mention a few of them here. Different
+remedies are required by different individuals. Any of the
+following plants may be made into a tea and used as a wash:
+Grindelia, manzanita, wild peony, California holly, and <i>Rhamnus
+Purshiania</i>, or <i>Californica</i>. Hot solutions of soda, Epsom
+salts, or saltpeter are helpful to many, and the bulb of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[ 10]</a></span>
+soap-root,&mdash;<i>Chlorogalum pomeridianum</i>&mdash;pounded to a paste
+and used as a salve, allowing it to dry upon the surface and
+remain for some hours at least, is considered excellent. In fact,
+any pure toilet soap may be used in the same manner.</p>
+<div class="image" id="f003">
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f003.png">POISON OAK&mdash;<i>Rhus diversiloba</i>.</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a></span></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>WAKE-ROBIN.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Trillium ovatum</i>, Pursh. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>&mdash;Thickened. <i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Erect; stout; a foot or more
+high; bearing at summit a whorl of three sessile leaves. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Rhomboidal;
+acuminate; netted-veined; five-nerved; two to six inches
+long. <i>Flower.</i>&mdash;Solitary; pure white, turning to deep rose; peduncle
+one to three inches long. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Three; herbaceous. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;One
+or two inches long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. Stigmas
+three; sessile. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Broadly ovate: six-winged. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz to British Columbia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wake-robin is in the vanguard of our spring flowers,
+and a walk into some high, cold cañon while the days are still
+dark and short will be amply rewarded by the finding of its
+white and peculiarly pure-looking blossoms standing upon
+the bank overlooking the streamlet. The blossoms remain
+unchanged for a time, and then, as they fade, turn to a deep
+purplish rose-color.</p>
+
+<p>Our wake-robin so closely resembles <i>T. grandiflorum</i>,
+Salisb., of the Eastern States, that it seems a pity it should
+have been made into a different species.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BEACH-STRAWBERRY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Fragaria Chilensis</i>, Ehrhart. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The coast, from Alaska to San Francisco and southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This beautiful strawberry is found growing near the seashore,
+where its large, delicious berries are often buried
+beneath the shifting sand, becoming bleached in color. It
+sometimes covers acres with its thick, shining, dark-green
+leaves, among which are sprinkled its large pure-white flowers,
+an inch or more across.</p>
+
+<p>The wood-strawberry&mdash;<i>F. Californica</i>&mdash;is very common in
+the Coast Ranges; but for the most part it is dry and flavorless.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f004"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f004.png">WAKE-ROBIN--<i>Trillium ovatum</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>MANZANITA. BEARBERRY.</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[ 12]</a></span></p>
+<h4><i>Arctostaphylos manzanita</i>, Parry. Heath Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs three to twenty-five feet high, with purple-brown bark.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Pale. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White or pinkish; in crowded clusters.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Four or five lines long; campanulate. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten;
+filaments dilated and bearded at base; anthers two-celled, opening terminally,
+each cell furnished with a long downward-pointing horn.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Globose; five to ten-celled. Style simple. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Six lines
+in diameter, containing several bony nutlets. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Arctostaphylos
+pungens</i>, HBK. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of all our shrubs, the manzanita is the most beautiful and
+the best known. Sometimes as early as Christmas it may be
+found in full bloom, when its dense crown of pale foliage, surmounting
+the rich purple-brown stems, is thickly sown with
+the little clusters of fragrant waxen bells. After the blossoms
+have passed away, the shrubs put forth numerous brilliant
+scarlet or crimson shoots, which at a little distance look like a
+strange and entirely new kind of blossoming. The manzanita
+is closely allied to the madroño, and resembles it in many
+ways, particularly in the annual peeling of its rich red bark
+and in the form of its flowers.</p>
+
+<p>The Greek generic name, translated into English, becomes
+"bearberry." The pretty Spanish name&mdash;from <i>manzana</i>,
+apple, and the diminutive, <i>ita</i>,&mdash;was bestowed by the early
+Spanish-Californians, who recognized the resemblance of the
+fruit to tiny apples.</p>
+
+<p>We have a dozen or more species of <i>Arctostaphylos</i>, but <i>A.
+manzanita</i> is the commonest of them all. It varies greatly in
+size and habit. In localities most favorable it becomes a large,
+erect shrub, with many clustered trunks, while in the Sierras
+it finds but a precarious footing among the granite rocks, often
+covering their surfaces with its small tortuous, stiff branches.
+The leaves, by a twisting of their stalks, assume a vertical position
+on the branches, a habit which enables many plants of dry
+regions to avoid unnecessary evaporation.</p>
+<div class="image" id="f005"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f005.png">MANZANITA&mdash;<i>Arctostaphylos manzanita</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The largest manzanita known is upon the estate of Mr.
+Tiburcio Parrott, in St. Helena, Napa County, California. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[ 14]</a></span>
+is thirty-five feet high, with a spread of branches equal to its
+height, while its trunk measures eleven and a half feet in circumference
+at the ground, soon dividing into large branches.
+It is a veritable patriarch, and has doubtless seen many centuries.
+According to an interesting account in "Garden and
+Forest," it once had a narrow escape from the ax of a woodman.
+A gentleman who was a lover of trees, happening to
+pass, paid the woodman two dollars to spare its life.</p>
+
+<p>Years ago no traveler from the East felt that he could return
+home without a manzanita cane, made from as straight a
+branch as could be secured.</p>
+
+<p>The berries of this shrub are dry and bony and quite unsatisfactory.
+They are, however, pleasantly acid, and have been
+put to several uses. It is said that both brandy and vinegar
+are made from them, and housewives make quite a good jelly
+from some species. Bears are fond of the berries, and the
+Indians eat them, both raw and pounded into a flour, from which
+mush is made. The leaves made into a tincture or infusion are
+now an officinal drug, valued in catarrh of the throat or stomach.</p>
+
+<p>From Monterey to San Diego is found <i>A. glauca</i>, Lindl.,
+the great-berried manzanita. It closely resembles the above,
+but its berries are three fourths of an inch in diameter.</p>
+
+<p>Of the same range as the last is <i>A. bicolor</i>, Gray, whose
+leaves are of a rich, shining green above and white and woolly
+beneath. Its berries are the size of a pea, yellowish at first,
+and turning red later.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN SAXIFRAGE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Saxifraga Californica</i>, Greene. Saxifrage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Few; all radical; oval; one to two inches long, on broad
+petioles six to twelve lines long. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Six to eighteen inches high.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White or rose; four or five lines across. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Deeply
+five-cleft, with reflexed lobes. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Borne on the calyx. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten.
+<i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Two; partly united. Styles short. Stigmas capitate.
+<i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>S. Virginiensis</i>, Michx. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f006"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f006.png">CALIFORNIAN SAXIFRAGE&mdash;<i>Saxifraga Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the rich soil of cool northward slopes, or on many a
+mossy bank amid the tender young fronds of the maidenhair,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[ 16]</a></span>
+may be found the delicate clusters of our little Californian saxifrage.
+The plants are small, with but a few, perhaps only one
+or two, oval, rather hairy leaves, lying upon the ground, and a
+slender red scape upholding the dainty cluster of small white
+flowers. The tips of the calyx-lobes are usually red, and the
+wee stamens are pink.</p>
+
+<p>We have several species of saxifrage, most of which are
+plants of exceeding delicacy and grace, and with small flowers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MINER'S LETTUCE. INDIAN LETTUCE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Montia perfoliata</i>, Howell. Purslane Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Smooth, succulent herbs. <i>Radical Leaves.</i>&mdash;Long-petioled; broadly
+rhomboidal. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Simple; six to twelve inches high, having, near
+the summit, a pair of leaves united around the stem. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White.
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Two. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five, minute. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled
+Style slender. Stigma three-cleft. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Claytonia perfoliata</i>,
+Don. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Though our Indian lettuce is closely allied to the Eastern
+"Spring Beauty," one would never suspect it from its outward
+appearance and habit. The little flower-racemes look as
+though they might have pushed their way right through the
+rather large saucer-like leaf just below them. The succulent
+leaves and stems are greedily eaten by the Indians, from which
+it is called "Indian lettuce."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Powers, of Sheridan, writes that the Placer County Indians
+have a novel way of preparing their salad. Gathering
+the stems and leaves, they lay them about the entrances of the
+nests of certain large red ants. These, swarming out, run all
+over it. After a time the Indians shake them off, satisfied that
+the lettuce has a pleasant sour taste equaling that imparted
+by vinegar. These little plants are said to be excellent when
+boiled and well seasoned, and they have long been grown in
+England, where they are highly esteemed for salads.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a></span></p>
+<div class="image" id="f007">
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f007.png">MINER'S LETTUCE&mdash;<i>Montia Perfoliata</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[ 18]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>WOOD ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Anemone quinquefolia</i>, L. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>&mdash;Horizontal. <i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Six to fourteen inches high.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Radical leaf remote from the stem; trifid; the segments serrate.
+Involucral leaf not far below the flower; three foliolate. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Petaloid;
+five or six; usually bluish outside. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Wanting. <i>Stamens
+and Pistils.</i>&mdash;Numerous. <i>Akenes.</i>&mdash;Two lines long; twelve to
+twenty. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Anemone nemorosa</i>, L. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, in
+moist shade.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The delicate blossoms of the wood anemone might at first
+be confounded with those of the toothwort by the careless
+observer, but a moment's reflection will quickly distinguish
+them. The anemone is always a solitary flower with many
+stamens, and its petals are of a more delicate texture. It
+grows upon wooded banks or cool, shaded flats among the
+redwoods.</p>
+
+<p>There are many quaint traditions as to the origin of its
+name, and poets have from early times found something ideal
+of which to sing in these simple spring flowers.</p>
+
+<p>The generic name has the accent upon the third syllable,
+but, when Anglicized into the common name, the accent falls
+back upon the second.</p>
+
+
+<h3>OSO-BERRY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Nuttallia cerasiformis</i>, Torr. and Gray. Rose Family</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Deciduous shrubs; two to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Broadly oblanceolate;
+two to four inches long; narrowed into a short petiole.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; in short terminal racemes; di&#339;cious; three to eleven
+lines across. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Top-shaped, with five-lobed border. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five;
+inserted with ten of the stamens on the calyx; broadly spatulate.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Fifteen. <i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Five. Styles short. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Blue-black,
+oblong drupes; six to eight lines long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Chiefly the Coast
+Ranges from San Luis Obispo to Fraser River.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>About the same time that the beautiful leaves of the buckeye
+are emerging from their wrappings, we notice in the woods
+a shrub which has just put forth its clusters of bright-green
+leaves from buds all along its slender twigs. Amid their
+delicate green hang short clusters of greenish-white flowers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[ 20]</a></span>
+These blossoms have a delicious bitter fragrance, redolent of
+all the tender memories of the springtime.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f008"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f008.png">WOOD ANEMONE&mdash;<i>Anemone quinquefolia.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This shrub is usually mistaken for a wild plum; and the
+illusion is still further assisted when the little drupes, like miniature
+plums, begin to ripen and hang in yellow and purple
+clusters amid the matured leaves.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WILD DATE. SPANISH BAYONET.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Yucca Mohavensis</i>, Sargent. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Trunk.</i>&mdash;Usually simple; rarely exceeding fifteen feet high; six or
+eight inches in diameter; naked, or covered with refracted dead leaves,
+or clothed to the ground with the living leaves. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Linear-lanceolate;
+one to three feet long; one or two inches wide; rigid; margins
+at length bearing coarse recurved threads. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In short-stemmed
+or sessile, distaff-shaped panicles, a foot or two long; pedicels
+eventually drooping, twelve to eighteen lines long. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Broadly
+campanulate. <i>Segments.</i>&mdash;Six; thirty lines long; six to twelve wide.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six; six to nine lines long; filaments white, club-shaped.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Oblong; white; an inch or two long, including the slender
+style. Stigmas three. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Cylindrical; three or four inches long;
+pendulous, pulpy. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Yucca baccata</i>, Torr. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Southern
+California, from Monterey to San Diego; coast and inland.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Yucca</i> comprises sixteen or eighteen species, and
+reaches its greatest development in Northern Mexico. Three
+species are to be found within our borders, two of which are
+arborescent, <i>Y. arborescens</i>, and <i>Y. Mohavensis</i>. Considerable
+confusion has hitherto reigned among the species, but
+they are now better understood.</p>
+
+<p>They are all valuable to our Indians as basket and textile
+plants, and are useful to them in many other ways.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the structure of the flowers, self-fertilization seems
+impossible, and scientists who have made a study of the subject
+say that these plants are dependent upon a little white,
+night-flying moth to perform this office for them. This little
+creature goes from plant to plant, gathering the pollen, which
+she rolls up into a ball with her feet. When sufficient has
+been gathered, she goes to another plant, lays her egg in its
+ovary, and before leaving ascends to the stigma and actually
+pushes the pollen into it, seeming to realize that unless she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[ 21]</a></span>
+performs this last act, there will be nothing for her progeny to
+eat. This seems an almost incredible instance of insect intelligence;
+but it is a well-authenticated fact.</p>
+
+<p><i>Yucca Mohavensis</i>, commonly called "wild date," or
+"Spanish bayonet," is more widely distributed within our
+borders than either of our other species. Its large panicle of
+overpoweringly fragrant white waxen bells is a striking object
+wherever seen. On the coast this yucca is often stemless,
+but in the interior, where it is more abundant, it rises to a
+considerable height, and culminates upon the Mojave Desert,
+where the finest specimens are found.</p>
+
+<p>The fruit, which ripens in August and September, turns
+from green to a tawny yellow, afterward becoming brownish
+purple, and eventually almost black. This has a sweet, succulent
+flesh, and, either fresh or dried, is a favorite fruit among
+the Indians. Dr. Palmer writes that this is one of the most
+useful plants to the Indians of New Mexico, Arizona, and
+Southern California. They cut the stems into slices, beat
+them into a pulp, and mix them with the water in washing, as
+a substitute for soap.</p>
+
+<p>The leaves are parched in ashes, to make them pliable, and
+are afterward soaked in water and pounded with a wooden
+mallet. The fibers thus liberated are long, strong, and durable,
+and lend themselves admirably to the weaving of the
+gayly decorated horse-blankets made by the tribes of Southern
+California. They also make from it ropes, twine, nets, hats,
+hair-brushes, shoes, mattresses, baskets, etc.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[ 22]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Smilacina sessilifolia</i>, Nutt. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>&mdash;Slender; branching; creeping; scars not conspicuous.
+<i>Stem.</i>&mdash;About a foot long (sometimes two); usually zigzag above;
+leafy. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; sessile; lanceolate; two to six inches long;
+shining above; spreading in a horizontal plane. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; few;
+in a simple terminal raceme, on pedicels two to seven lines long.
+<i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Of six, distinct, spreading segments. <i>Segments.</i>&mdash;One
+and one half to four lines long; lanceolate. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six; half the
+length of the segments. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. Style short. <i>Berry.</i>&mdash;Nearly
+black; three to five lines through. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Monterey to British
+Columbia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The False Solomon's Seal is one of the prettiest plants in
+our woods in March, and in many places it almost hides the
+ground from view. It has a graceful, drooping habit that
+shows its handsome, spreading leaves to full advantage, and
+its few delicate little white blossoms are a fitting termination
+to the pretty sprays.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. amplexicaulis</i>, Nutt., is a very handsome, decorative
+plant, with fine, tall, leafy stem, and large, feathery panicle of
+tiny white flowers. The broadened white filaments are the
+most conspicuous part of these blossoms, which are less than a
+line long. The berries are light-colored, dotted with red or
+purple.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MIST-MAIDENS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Romanzoffia Sitchensis</i>, Bongard. Baby-eyes or Water leaf Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Six to eighteen lines across; smooth. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White,
+pink, or purple. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Deeply five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Funnel-form;
+five-lobed; four lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz northward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In appearance these delicate herbs resemble the saxifrages,
+and they affect much the same sort of places, decking mossy
+banks and stream borders with their beautiful scalloped leaves
+and small white flowers.</p>
+
+<p>The genus was named in honor of Nicholas Romanzoff, a
+Russian nobleman, who, by his munificence, enabled some
+noted botanists to visit this coast early in the century.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a></span></p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f009">
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f009.png"> MIST-MAIDENS&mdash;<i>Romanzoffia Sitchensis.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>STRAWBERRY CACTUS.</h3>
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN FISH-HOOK CACTUS. LLAVINA.</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[ 24]</a></span></p>
+
+<h4><i>Mamillaria Goodridgii</i>, Scheer. Cactus Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Oval, fleshy, leafless plants; mostly single, though sometimes
+clustered; three to five inches long; covered with prominences or
+tubercles. <i>Tubercles.</i>&mdash;Each bearing a flat rosette of short, whitish
+spines, with an erect, dark, fish-hook-like central one. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Small;
+greenish-white. <i>Outer Sepals.</i>&mdash;Fringed. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;About eight;
+awned. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Stigmas five or
+six. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Scarlet; an inch long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;San Diego and neighboring
+islands, and southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The dry hill-slopes about San Diego afford the most interesting
+field accessible to civilization, <i>i.e.</i> within our boundaries,
+for the gathering and study of the cacti.</p>
+
+<p>Nestling close to the ground, usually under some shrub or
+vine, you will find the little fish-hook cactus, one of the prettiest
+and most interesting of them all. Its oval form bristles
+with the little dark hooks, each of which emanates from a flat
+star of whitish spines.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers may be found in April or May, but it is more
+noticeable when in fruit. The handsome scarlet berries, like
+old-fashioned coral eardrops, protruding from among the
+thorns, are easily picked out, and they very naturally find their
+way to one's mouth. Nor is one disappointed in the expectation
+raised by their brilliant exterior&mdash;for the flavor is delicious,
+though I cannot say it resembles that of the strawberry,
+as some aver. To me it is more like a fine tart apple.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THIMBLE-BERRY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Rubus Nutkanus</i>, Mocino. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Three to eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Palmately and nearly
+equally five-lobed; cordate at base; four to twelve inches broad; the
+lobes acute; densely tomentose beneath. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Few; clustered;
+white, sometimes pale rose; an inch or two across, with rounded petals.
+<i>Stamens and Pistils.</i>&mdash;Numerous. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Large; red; "like an
+inverted saucer;" sweet and rather dry. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Monterey to Alaska.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The thimble-berry is unequaled for the canopy of pure
+light-green foliage which it spreads in our woods. It would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[ 25]</a></span>
+take the clearest of water-colors to portray its color and texture.
+The large white flowers, with their crumpled petals, are
+deliciously fragrant, but with us are never followed by an
+edible fruit, probably owing to the dryness of our summer
+climate. In Oregon and northward the berries are said to be
+luscious. There the bushes grow in the fir forests, where they
+seem most at home.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rubus spectabilis</i>, Pursh., the salmon-berry, has leaves with
+three leaflets, and large solitary, rose-colored flowers, which
+are followed by a salmon-colored berry. These shrubs are
+exceedingly beautiful when in full bloom.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON WILD PEA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lathyrus vestitus</i>, Nutt. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to ten feet high; slender; not winged. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;
+Alternate; with small semi-sagittate stipules; pinnate, with four to six
+pairs of leaflets; tendril-bearing at the summit. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Ovate-oblong
+to linear; six to twelve lines long; acute. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White,
+pale rose or violet; seven to ten lines long. <i>Lower Calyx-teeth.</i>&mdash;About
+equaling the tube. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Papilionaceous; the standard veined
+with purple in the center. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Nine united; one free. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Flattened;
+pubescent. Style hairy down the inner side. (See <i>Leguminosæ</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Sonoma County to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Lathyrus</i>, which contains the beautiful sweet pea
+of the garden, affords us several handsome wild species, but
+most of them are difficult of determination, and many of them
+are as yet much confused. This genus is quite closely related
+to <i>Vicia</i>, but, in general, the leaflets are broader, the flowers
+are larger, and the style is hairy down the inner side as well as
+at the tip.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lathyrus vestitus</i> is the common wild pea of the south. It
+is quite plentiful, and clambers over and under shrubs, hanging
+out its occasional clusters of rather large pale flowers.</p>
+
+<p><i>L. Torreyi</i>, Gray, found from Santa Clara County to Napa
+in dry woods, is a slender plant, having from one to three
+small white or pinkish flowers. It is remarkable for and easily
+distinguished by its very fragrant foliage.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[ 26]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>WILD CUCUMBER. BIG-ROOT. CHILICOTHE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Echinocystis fabacea</i>, Naudin. Gourd Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Tendril-bearing vines, ten to thirty feet long. <i>Root.</i>&mdash;Enormous;
+woody. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Palmately five- to seven-lobed; three to six inches
+broad. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellowish white; mon&#339;cious. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Campanulate;
+teeth small or none. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Five- to seven-lobed; three
+to six lines across. <i>Staminate Flowers.</i>&mdash;Five to twenty in racemes;
+their stamens two and a half, with short connate filaments and somewhat
+horizontal anthers. <i>Pistillate Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary; from the same
+axils as the racemes. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two- to four-celled. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Two
+inches long; prickly. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Megarrhiza Californica</i>, Torr. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Near
+the coast, from San Diego to Point Reyes.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wild cucumber is one of our most graceful native vines.
+It drapes many an unsightly stump, or clambers up into
+shrubs, embowering them with its pretty foliage. Seeing its
+rather delicate ivy-like habit above ground, one would never
+dream that it came from a root as large as a man's body,
+buried deep in the earth. From this root, it has received two
+of its common names, "big-root" and "man-in-the-ground."
+Sometimes this may be seen upon the ocean beach or rolling
+about in the breakers, where it has been liberated by the wearing
+away of the cliffs. It is intensely bitter.</p>
+
+<p>The seeds have a very interesting method of germinating.
+The two large radical leaves remain underground, sending up
+the terminal shoot only. They are so tender and succulent
+that they would be eaten forthwith, if they showed themselves
+above the ground. An oil expressed from the roasted
+seeds has been used by the Indians to promote the growth of
+the hair.</p>
+
+<p>Authorities have differed about the classification of these
+plants, and they have been variously called <i>Megarrhiza,
+Micrampelis</i>, and <i>Echinocystis</i>, the latter being latest approved.
+We have several species. One common in the South is <i>E.
+macrocarpa</i>, Greene. This has a large oval, prickly ball, four
+inches or so long. When mature, this opens at the top, splitting
+into several segments, which gradually roll downward,
+like the petals of a beautiful white lily, showing their pure-white
+inner surfaces and leaving exposed the four cells in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[ 28]</a></span>
+center, with <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'lace-like'">lacelike</ins> walls, in which nestle the large, handsome
+dark seeds. These seeds are often beautifully mottled and
+colored, and in the early days served the Spanish-Californian
+children for marbles.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f010"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f010.png"><i>WILD CUCUMBER&mdash;Echinocystis fabacea.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>WHITE LAYIA. WHITE DAISY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Layia glandulosa</i>, Hook. and Arn. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six to twelve inches high; loosely branching; hairy; often
+reddish. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Sessile; linear; the upper all small and entire; the
+lower often lanceolate and incised pinnatifid. <i>Heads.</i>&mdash;Usually large
+and showy. <i>Ray-flowers.</i>&mdash;Bright, pure white, sometimes rose-color;
+eight to thirteen; three-lobed; an inch or less long; six lines wide.
+<i>Disk-flowers.</i>&mdash;Golden yellow; five-toothed. Each scale of the involucre
+clasping a ray-flower. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Columbia River to Los Angeles.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These white daisies, as they are commonly called in the
+south, cover the fields and plains in early spring, jostling one
+another in friendly proximity and stretching away in an endless
+perspective. They are of a charming purity, and to me
+are more attractive than their sisters, the tidy-tips.</p>
+
+<p>They love a sandy soil, and I have seen them flourishing in
+the disintegrated granite of old river-beds, where the dazzling
+whiteness of the stones was hardly distinguishable from the
+blossoms. The involucre is thickly studded with curious little
+glands, resembling small glass-headed pins.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BED-STRAW. GOOSE-GRASS. CLEAVERS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Galium Aparine</i>, L. Madder Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Climbing by the prickly stem-angles and leaf-margins. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Weak;
+one to four feet long. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;In whorls of six to eight;
+linear oblanceolate; one inch long. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;Elongated; one- to
+two-flowered. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Minute; one line across; greenish-white.
+<i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Adnate to the ovary; limb obsolete. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Mostly
+four-cleft. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-lobed, two-celled. Styles
+two, short. Stigmas, capitate. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Two or three lines across,
+covered with hooked bristles. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>All through our moist woodlands, in early spring, the long
+stems of the bed-straw may be found, running about upon the
+ground or entangled amid the stems of other plants. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[ 29]</a></span>
+angles of these weak stems and the leaf-margins and midribs
+are all clothed with small backward-pointing bristles, which
+make the plants cling to surrounding objects. The flowers are
+greenish and minute, and are followed by tiny prickly balls.</p>
+
+<p>A cold infusion of this little plant is used as a domestic
+remedy in cases of fever, where a cooling drink is desired.</p>
+
+<p>The genus has received the common name of "bed-straw,"
+because it was supposed that one of the species, <i>G. verum</i>,
+filled the manger in which was laid the Infant Jesus. There
+are a dozen or so species in California.</p>
+
+<p>Very conspicuous all through the south is <i>G. angustifolium</i>,
+Nutt., often three feet high, sending up very numerous slender,
+feathery stems from a woody base. This has its small leaves
+in whorls of four.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MOUNTAIN HEART'S-EASE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Viola Beckwithii</i>, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Broadly cordate in outline; three-parted; the divisions
+cleft into linear or oblong segments. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;About equaling the
+leaves. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four to seven lines long; very broad; the upper
+deep purple, the others lilac, bluish, or white, veined with purple, with
+a yellowish base; the lateral bearded; the lowest emarginate. <i>Stigma.</i>&mdash;Bearded
+at the sides. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Obtuse. (Otherwise as <i>V. pedunculata</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Central Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"By scattered rocks and turbid waters shifting,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">By furrowed glade and dell,<br /></span>
+<span class="ni">To feverish men thy calm, sweet face uplifting,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thou stayest them to tell<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"The delicate thought that cannot find expression&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For ruder speech too fair,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="ni">That, like thy petals, trembles in possession,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And scatters on the air."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>The poet, with a delicate insight, has made this mountain
+flower the reminder to the rugged miner of home and scenes
+far away. But the vision lasts but for a moment only; then, as
+he brushes away a tear, his uplifted pick&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[ 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"Through root and fiber cleaves&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="ni">And on the muddy current slowly drifting<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Are swept thy bruised leaves.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"And yet, O poet! in thy homely fashion,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thy work thou dost fulfill;<br /></span>
+<span class="ni">For on the turbid current of his passion<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thy face is shining still."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3>POP-CORN FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h3>WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT. NIEVITAS.</h3>
+
+<h4>Borage Family.</h4>
+
+<p>The wild white forget-me-nots are among our most welcome
+flowers. Though not showy, taken singly, they often
+cover the fields, presenting the appearance of a light snowfall,
+from which fact the Spanish-Californians have bestowed the
+pretty name "nievitas," the diminutive of <i>nieve</i>, snow.</p>
+
+<p>Their chief charm often lies in their pure, delightful fragrance,
+which recalls the days of our careless, happy childhood.
+Children are keen observers of flowers, and are among their
+most appreciative lovers, and with them these modest, chaste
+little blossoms are special favorites.</p>
+
+<p>There are many species, and even genera, and their determination
+is beset with serious difficulties. It requires endless
+study and patience to disentangle the facts about any one of
+them. They are comprised under several genera, <i>Krynitzkia</i>,
+<i>Plagiobothrys</i>, <i>Eritrichium</i>, <i>Piptocalyx</i>, etc. Some have fragrant
+flowers and some have not. Children of the south call
+them "pop-corn flowers."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a></span></p>
+<div class="image" id="f011">
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f011.png">WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT.</a></p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[ 32]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>WHIPPLEA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Whipplea modesta</i>, Torr. Saxifrage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Slender, diffuse, hairy undershrubs. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; short-petioled;
+ovate; toothed or entire; an inch or less long; three-nerved.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; barely three lines across; in small terminal clusters.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;White; five-cleft. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Usually ten.
+Filaments awl-shaped. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three- to five-celled, globose. Styles
+of the same number. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges from Monterey to Mendocino
+County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Under the redwoods, or in moist cañons in their vicinity,
+may be found this pretty undershrub trailing over banks or
+brushwood. In April its exquisite little clusters of pure white
+flowers, with a pleasant fragrance, make their appearance, and
+the plants have then been sometimes mistaken for a species of
+<i>Ceanothus</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WOODLAND STAR OF BETHLEHEM.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Tellima affinis</i>, Bolander. Saxifrage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Slender; six to twenty inches high. <i>Root-leaves.</i>&mdash;Round-reniform;
+scalloped; rarely an inch across. <i>Stem-leaves.</i>&mdash;Three to
+five; ternately cleft; variously toothed. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; in a loose
+raceme; nine lines across. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Small; campanulate; five-toothed.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; wedge-shaped, with three acute lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten.
+Filaments very short. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Styles, three, short,
+stout. Stigmas, capitate. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Shady places almost throughout the
+State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>"Star of Bethlehem" is the common name by which many
+of our children know this fragile flower. Its slender stems rise
+from many a mossy bank, upbearing their few delicately
+slashed, pure-white stars, which seem to shed a gentle radiance
+about them upon the woodland scene.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a></span></p>
+<div class="image" id="f012">
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f012.png">WHIPPLEA&mdash;<i>Whipplea modesta.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[ 34]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>WILD BUCKWHEAT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Eriogonum fasciculatum</i>, Bentham. Buckwheat Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubby; very leafy. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; nearly sessile; narrowly
+oblanceolate; acute; tomentose beneath; glabrous above; three to nine
+lines long; much fascicled. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White or pinkish; in densely
+crowded compound clusters; several perianths contained in the involucres.
+<i>Involucres.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; five- or six- nerved and toothed;
+two lines high. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Minute; of six nearly equal segments.
+(See <i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Santa Barbara and southward;
+east to Arizona.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wild buckwheat is a characteristic feature of the southern
+landscape. It is a charming plant when in full bloom, and
+its feathery clusters of pinkish-white flowers show finely against
+the warm olive tones of its foliage. It is a very important
+honey plant, as it yields an exceptionally pure nectar and
+remains in bloom a long time. Growing near the sea, it is
+often close-cropped and shorn by the wind, and then it quite
+closely resembles the <i>Adenostoma</i>, or chamisal.</p>
+
+<p>Another very widely distributed and common species is <i>E.
+nudum</i>, Dougl. Every one is familiar with its tall, green,
+naked, rushlike stems, bearing on the ends of the branchlets
+the small balls of white or pinkish flowers. Its leaves are
+all radical, smooth green above and densely white-woolly
+beneath.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SIERRA PLUM. WILD PLUM.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Prunus subcordata</i>, Benth. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Trees or shrubs three to ten feet high, with ash-gray bark and branchlets
+occasionally spinescent. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Short-petioled; ovate; sharply
+and finely serrate; an inch or two long. <i>Umbels.</i>&mdash;Two- to four-flowered.
+Pedicels three to six lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; six lines
+across. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Red or purple; six to fifteen lines long; fleshy;
+smooth. (Otherwise as <i>P. ilicifolia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Mostly eastward of the
+Central Valley, from San Felipe into Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wild plum reaches its greatest perfection in the north,
+where the shrubs are found in extensive groves covering whole
+mountain slopes.</p>
+<div class="image" id="f013"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f013.png">WILD BUCKWHEAT&mdash;<i>Eriogonum fasciculatum.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The flowers, which are produced before the leaves, from
+March to May, are white, fading to rose-color. By August<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[ 36]</a></span>
+and September, the bushes are loaded with the handsome
+fruit, richly mottled with red, yellow, and purple; and these
+colors are duplicated in the autumn foliage, which in the North
+becomes very brilliant.</p>
+
+<p>This fruit is excellent for canning, preserving, and making
+into jelly. Many families make annual pilgrimages to these
+wild-plum orchards of the mountains and carry away bushels
+of the fruit; but even then countless tons of it go to waste.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. demissa</i>, Walpers,&mdash;the wild cherry or choke-cherry,&mdash;is
+found upon mountains throughout the State, but less abundantly
+near the coast. Its small white flowers grow in racemes
+three or four inches long, and these ripen into the pretty
+shining black cherries, half an inch in diameter. It often
+covers acres upon acres of rough land, and commences to bear
+when but two feet high.</p>
+
+<p>Housewives of our mountain districts make a marmalade
+of the fruit, which has a peculiarly delicious, tart flavor.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ELLISIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ellisia chrysanthemifolia</i>, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>More or less hairy. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Loosely branching; a foot or so high.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly opposite; auricled at base; twice- or thrice-parted
+into many short, small lobes. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In loose racemes; white;
+three lines or so across. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft; without appendages at
+the sinuses; almost equaling the corolla. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Open-campanulate;
+having ten minute scales at base within. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled; globose. Style slender; two-cleft. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;San
+Francisco to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These little plants, with delicately dissected leaves, are
+common in moist, shaded localities; but, unfortunately, their
+foliage has a very strong odor, which just escapes being agreeable.
+Their general aspect is somewhat similar to that of some
+of the small species of <i>Nemophila</i>; but the lack of appendages
+upon the calyx reveals their separate identity. It blooms
+freely from March to June, and is especially abundant southward.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[ 37]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>MADROÑO. MADRONE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Arbutus Menziesii</i>, Pursh. Heath Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs or trees. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; petioled; oblong; entire or
+serrulate; four inches or so long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; waxen; in large
+clusters. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft; minute; white. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Broadly urn-shaped;
+three lines long; with five minute, recurved teeth. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten;
+on the corolla. Filaments dilated; bearded. Anthers two-celled;
+saccate; opening terminally; furnished with a pair of reflexed horns
+near the summit. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled. Style rather long. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A
+cluster of scarlet-orange berries, with rough granular coats. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Puget
+Sound to Mexico and Texas; specially in the Coast Ranges.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">Captain of the Western wood,</span>
+<span class="ni">Thou that apest Robin Hood!</span>
+<span class="ni">Green above thy scarlet hose,</span>
+<span class="ni">How thy velvet mantle shows;</span>
+<span class="ni">Never tree like thee arrayed,</span>
+<span class="ni">O thou gallant of the glade!</span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">When the fervid August sun</span>
+<span class="ni">Scorches all it looks upon,</span>
+<span class="ni">And the balsam of the pine</span>
+<span class="ni">Drips from stem to needle fine,</span>
+<span class="ni">Round thy compact shade arranged,</span>
+<span class="ni">Not a leaf of thee is changed!</span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">When the yellow autumn sun</span>
+<span class="ni">Saddens all it looks upon,</span>
+<span class="ni">Spreads its sackcloth on the hills,</span>
+<span class="ni">Strews its ashes in the rills,</span>
+<span class="ni">Thou thy scarlet hose dost doff,</span>
+<span class="ni">And in limbs of purest buff</span>
+<span class="ni">Challengest the somber glade</span>
+<span class="ni">For a sylvan masquerade.</span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">Where, oh where shall he begin</span>
+<span class="ni">Who would paint thee, Harlequin?</span>
+<span class="ni">With thy waxen, burnished leaf,</span>
+<span class="ni">With thy branches' red relief,</span>
+<span class="ni">With thy poly-tinted fruit,</span>
+<span class="ni">In thy spring or autumn suit,&mdash;</span>
+<span class="ni">Where begin, and oh, where end,&mdash;</span>
+<span class="ni">Thou whose charms all art transcend?</span>
+<p class="quotsig">&mdash;Bret Harte.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[ 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The name "madroño" was applied by the early Spanish-Californians
+to this tree because of its strong resemblance and
+close relationship to the <i>Arbutus unido</i>, or strawberry-tree of
+the Mediterranean countries, which was called madroño in
+Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Our madroño, though but a large shrub in the south, increases
+in size northward, and reaches its maximum development
+in Marin County, where there are some superb specimens
+of it. One tree upon the shores of Lake Lagunitas measures
+more than twenty-three feet in circumference and a hundred
+feet in height, and sends out many large branches, each two or
+three feet in diameter.</p>
+
+<p>A large part of the forest growth on the northern slopes of
+Mt. Tamalpais is composed of it; and as it is an evergreen, it
+forms a mountain wall of delightful and refreshing green the
+year around. The bark on the younger limbs, which is of a
+rich Indian red, begins to peel off in thin layers about midsummer,
+leaving a clear, smooth, greenish-buff surface, and
+strewing the forest floor with its warm shreds, which mingling
+with the exquisite tones of its ripened leaves, which have fallen
+at about the same time, make a carpet equal in beauty of coloring
+to that under the English beeches. It is thoroughly patrician
+in all its parts. The leaves which are clustered at the
+ends of the slender twigs are rich, polished green above, and
+somewhat paler beneath.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring it puts forth great panicles of small, white,
+waxen bells, which call the bees to a sybaritic feast, and in the
+autumn it spreads a no less inviting repast in its great clusters
+of fine scarlet berries for the blue pigeons who visit it in large
+flocks.</p>
+
+<p>The wood of the madrone is hard and close-grained, of a
+light brown, shaded with red, with lighter-colored sap-wood.
+It is used in the manufacture of furniture, but is particularly
+valuable for the making of charcoal to be used in the composition
+of gunpowder. The bark is sometimes used in tanning
+leather.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[ 39]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>WILD WHITE LILAC.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ceanothus velutinus</i>, Dougl. Buckthorn Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Widely branching shrubs, two to six feet or more high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+petioled; roundish, or broadly ovate; eighteen lines to
+three inches long; polished, resinous above; somewhat pubescent beneath;
+strongly three-nerved. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; three lines across;
+in large, dense, compound clusters four or five inches long and wide.
+(See <i>Ceanothus</i> for flower structure.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges; Columbia
+River, southward to San Francisco Bay; also eastward to Colorado.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Its ample bright-green, highly varnished leaves and large
+white flower-clusters make this a very beautiful species of
+<i>Ceanothus</i>. The foliage is glutinous with a gummy exudation,
+which has a rather disagreeable odor. Yet the shrub would
+be very handsome in cultivation.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHITE NEMOPHILA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Nemophila atomaria</i>, Fisch. and Mey. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Pure white, closely dark-dotted nearly to the edge; an
+inch or less across; densely hairy within the tube. Scales of the corolla
+narrow, with long hairs. (Otherwise as <i>N. insignis</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Central
+California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This delicate <i>Nemophila</i> haunts wet, springy places among
+the hills, and is at its best in early spring. There are a number
+of small-flowered forms of <i>Nemophila</i> which have been
+hitherto referred to <i>N. parviflora</i>, but which the future will
+probably prove to constitute a number of species.</p>
+
+<p><i>N. maculata</i>, Benth., found in Middle California and the
+High Sierras, is a charming form, with large flowers, whose
+petals bear strong violet blotches at the top.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[ 40]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>RATTLE-WEED. LOCO-WEED.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Astragalus leucopsis</i>, Torr. and Gray. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or so high. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;In many pairs; six lines or
+more long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Greenish-white; six lines long; in spikelike
+racemes an inch or two long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;With teeth more than half the
+length of the campanulate-tube. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Thin; bladdery-inflated; an
+inch or more long, on a smooth stalk twice or thrice the length of the
+calyx-tube. (See Astragalus.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These plants are very noticeable and quite pretty, with their
+pale foliage, symmetrical leaves, and white flowers; but they
+are dreaded by the farmers of the region of their growth, who
+aver that they are deadly loco-weeds. It is said that native
+stock will not touch them; but animals brought from a distance
+and unacquainted with them, eat them, with dreadful
+results of loco.</p>
+
+<p>We have numerous species, all rather difficult of determination.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WILD MORNING-GLORY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Convolvulus luteolus</i>, Gray. Morning-Glory Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Twining and climbing twenty feet or more. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+sagittate; two inches or so long; smooth. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;Several-flowered;
+axillary, with two small linear-lanceolate bracts a
+little below the flower. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Cream-color or pinkish, sometimes
+deep rose. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Five; without bracts immediately below them.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Open funnel-form; eighteen lines long; not lobed or angled.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Globose; two-celled or imperfectly four-celled.
+Style filiform. Stigmas two. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I remember long stretches of mountain road where the wild
+morning-glory has completely covered the unsightly shrubs
+charred by a previous year's fire, flinging out its slender
+stems, lacing and interlacing them in airy festoons, which are
+covered with the fragile flowers in greatest profusion. In these
+tangles, the industrious spiders have hung their exquisite
+geometrical webs, which catch the glittering water-drops in
+their meshes. When the sun comes out after a dense, cool
+fog-bath on a summer morning, nothing more charmingly
+fresh could be imagined than such a scene.</p>
+<div class="image" id="f014"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f014.png">RATTLE-WEED&mdash;<i>Astragalus leucopsis.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The common morning-glory of the south&mdash;<i>C. occidentalis</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[ 42]</a></span>
+Gray&mdash;is very similar to the above, but may be distinguished
+from it by the pair of large, thin bracts immediately below the
+calyx and enveloping it.</p>
+
+<p>Another very pretty species is <i>C. villosus</i>, Gray. This is
+widely distributed, but not very common. Its trailing stems
+and foliage are of a velvety sage-gray throughout, and its
+small flowers of a yellowish cream-color. The hastate leaves
+are shapely, and the whole plant is charming when grown
+away from dust.</p>
+
+<p>The common European bindweed&mdash;<i>C. arvensis</i>, L.&mdash;is to
+the farmer a very unwelcome little immigrant. In fields it
+becomes a serious pest; for the more its roots are disturbed
+and broken up the better it thrives. But despite its bad character,
+we cannot help admiring its pretty little white funnels,
+which lift themselves so debonairly among the prostrate stems
+and leaves.</p>
+
+<p>In medicine a tincture of the whole plant is valued for several
+uses.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WOOD-BALM. PITCHER-SAGE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Sphacele calycina</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Woody at the base; two to five feet high; hairy or woolly. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Two
+to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Dull white or purplish; an inch
+or more long; mostly solitary in the upper axils. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Having a hairy ring at base within. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four, in two
+pairs. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma two-lobed.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Dry hills. San Francisco Bay, southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wood-balm is closely allied to the sages, which fact is
+betrayed by its opposite, wrinkly, sage-scented leaves; but its
+flowers have quite a different aspect. These are ample and
+cylindrical, with a five-lobed border, one of the lobes being
+prolonged into somewhat of a lip.</p>
+
+<p>The generic name is from the Greek word meaning <i>sage</i>;
+and the specific name, signifying <i>cuplike</i>, refers to the shape
+of the blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>The dwellers among our southern mountains, with that
+happy instinct possessed by those who live close to the heart
+of nature, have aptly named this "pitcher-sage."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f015"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f015.png">PITCHER-SAGE&mdash;<i>Sphacele calycina.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the flowers have passed away, the large inflated, light-green<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[ 44]</a></span>
+calyxes, densely crowded upon the stems, become quite
+conspicuous.</p>
+
+<h3>YUCCA-PALM. TREE-YUCCA. JOSHUA-TREE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Yucca arborescens</i>, Trelease. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Scraggly trees; thirty, or forty feet high; with trunks one or two feet in
+diameter. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Eight inches long; crowded; rigid; spine-tipped;
+serrulate; the older ones reflexed and sun-bleached, the younger ashy-green.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In sessile, ovate panicles, terminating the branches.
+Panicles several inches long. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Narrowly campanulate;
+eighteen to thirty lines long. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Two or three inches long. (Otherwise
+as <i>Y. Mohavensis</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Southwestern Utah to the Mojave
+Desert.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The traveler crossing the Mojave Desert upon the railroad
+has his curiosity violently aroused by certain fantastic tree
+forms that whirl by the car windows. These are the curious
+Joshua-trees of the Mormons, which are called in California
+tree-yucca or yucca-palm. A writer in "The Land of Sunshine"
+thus aptly characterizes them: "Weird, twisted, demoniacal,
+the yuccas remind me of those enchanted forests
+described by Dante, whose trees were human creatures in torment.
+In twisted groups or standing isolated, they may
+readily be imagined specters of the plains."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sargent tells us that, though found much to the eastward
+of our borders, it abounds in the Mojave Desert, where
+it attains its largest size and forms a belt of gaunt, straggling
+forest several miles in width along the desert's western rim.</p>
+
+<p>Its flowers appear from March to May, but are not at all
+attractive, on account of their soiled white color and disagreeable,
+fetid odor. "The unopened panicles form conspicuous
+cones eight to ten inches long, covered with closely overlapping
+white scales, often flushed with purple at the apex."</p>
+
+<p>The seeds are gathered and used by the omnivorous Indians,
+who grind them into meal, which they eat either raw or cooked
+as a mush. The wood furnishes an excellent material for paper
+pulp, and some years ago an English company established a
+mill at Ravenna, in Soledad Pass, for its manufacture. It is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[ 45]</a></span>
+said that several editions of a London journal were printed
+upon it, but owing to the great cost of its manufacture, the
+enterprise had to be abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>The light wood is put to many uses now, and in the curio
+bazaars of the south it plays a conspicuous part, made into
+many small articles. By sawing round and round the trunk of
+the tree, thin sheets of considerable size are procured. A
+sepia reproduction of one of the old missions upon the ivory-tinted
+ground of one of these combines sentiment and novelty
+in a very pretty souvenir. Surgeons find these same sheets
+excellent for splints, as they are unyielding in one direction and
+pliable in the other; and orchardists wrap them around the
+bases of their trees to protect them from the gnawing of rabbits.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON ELDER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Sambucus glauca</i>, Nutt. Honeysuckle Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubby or arborescent; often thirty feet high; with finely fissured
+bark. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; petioled; pinnate. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Three to
+nine; lanceolate; acuminate; serrate; two inches or so long; smooth.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Minute; two or three lines across; in large, flat, five-branched
+cymes; white. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Rotate;
+five-lobed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; alternate with the corolla lobes. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three- to
+five-celled. Stigmas of same number. <i>Berries.</i>&mdash;Small;
+dark blue, with a dense white bloom. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State;
+common.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The elder is one of our most widely distributed shrubs, and
+is a familiar sight upon almost every open glade or plain. It
+is especially abundant in the south. Its flower-clusters, made
+up of myriads of tiny cream-white blossoms, make a showy
+but delicate and lacelike mat, while its berries are beautiful
+and inviting. The bears are especially appreciative of these,
+and we have sometimes seen their footprints leading along a
+lonely mountain road to the elder-berry bushes. The fruit is
+prized by our housewives for pies and preserves, and it would
+doubtless make as good wine as that of the Eastern species.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Spanish-Californians the blossoms are known
+as "sauco" and are regarded as an indispensable household
+remedy for colds. They are administered in the form of a tea,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[ 46]</a></span>
+which induces a profuse perspiration. It is said that Dr.
+Boerhaave held the elder in such reverence for the multitude
+of its virtues, that he always removed his hat when he passed it.</p>
+
+<p>In ancient times the elder was the subject of many strange
+superstitions. In his interesting book, "The Folk-Lore of
+Plants," Mr. Thistleton Dyer says that it was reputed to be
+possessed of magic power, and that any baptized person whose
+eyes had been anointed with the green juice of its inner bark
+could recognize witches anywhere. Owing to these magic
+properties, it was often planted near dwellings to keep away
+evil spirits. By making a magic circle and standing within it
+with elder-berries gathered on St. John's Night, the mystic
+fern-seed could be secured which possessed the strength of
+forty men and enabled one to walk invisible. This was one
+of the trees suspected as having furnished wood for the Cross;
+and to this day the English country people believe themselves
+safe from lightning when standing under an elder, because
+lightning never strikes the tree of which the Cross was made.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COULTER'S SNAPDRAGON.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Antirrhinum Coulterianum</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to four feet high; smooth below. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Linear to
+oval; distant. Tendril-shoots long and slender, produced mostly
+below the flowers. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White or violet; in densely crowded
+villous-pubescent spikes, two to ten inches long. (Otherwise as <i>A.
+vagans</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The flowers of this pretty snapdragon are usually white,
+and the lower lip, with its great palate often dotted with dark
+color, takes up the major part of the blossom. They are
+sometimes violet, however, when they much resemble the
+flowers of the toad-flax, but are without their long spur.</p>
+
+<p><i>A. Orcuttianum</i>, Gray, is a similar species, but more slender,
+with fewer and smaller flowers, whose lower lip is not
+much larger than the upper, and whose flower-spikes are disposed
+to have the tortile branchlets in their midst. This is
+found near San Diego and southward.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[ 47]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>HELIOTROPE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Heliotropium Curassavicum</i>, L. Borage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Diffusely spreading; six to twelve inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+sessile; obovate to linear; an inch or two long; succulent; glaucous.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Usually white, sometimes lavender; in dense, usually two-forked
+spikes. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Salver-form; border
+five-lobed, with plaited sinuses; three lines across. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five.
+Anthers sessile. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four seedlike nutlets. Stigma umbrella-like.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely distributed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This, the only species of true heliotrope common within our
+borders, is widely distributed over the world. It affects the
+sand of the seashore or saline soils of the interior. It is
+in no way an attractive plant, as compared with our garden
+heliotrope, as its flowers have a washed-out look and are not
+at all fragrant, while its pale stems and foliage lack color and
+character.</p>
+
+<p>Its leaves, which contain a mucilaginous juice, are dried and
+reduced to powder by the Spanish-Californians, who esteem
+them very highly as a cure for the wounds of men and animals.
+They blow the dry powder into the wound.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HOREHOUND.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Marrubium vulgare</i>, Linn. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<p>The horehound has been introduced from Europe at various
+points along our Coast, but it is now so abundant as to seem
+like an indigenous plant. It has many white-woolly, square
+stems, and roundish, wrinkly opposite leaves, covered beneath
+with matted, white-woolly hairs. Its small, white, bilabiate
+flowers are crowded in the axils of the upper leaves so densely
+as to appear like whorls. It may be known from the other
+members of the Mint family by its campanulate calyx with ten
+strong, recurved teeth.</p>
+
+<p>This has long been used in medicine as a tonic, and is especially
+esteemed by our Spanish-Californians as a remedy for
+colds and lung troubles.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[ 48]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>&#338;nothera Californica</i>, Watson. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Hoary pubescent, and more or less villous. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or so
+high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Oblanceolate or lanceolate; sinuately toothed or irregularly
+pinnatifid; two to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; turning
+to rose-color; two inches across. <i>Ovary and Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Over three
+inches long. <i>Calyx-lobes.</i>&mdash;One inch long; separate at the tips. (See
+<i>&#338;nothera</i> for flower-structure.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Central and Southern California;
+especially about the San Bernardino region; not plentiful.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most beautiful of all our evening primroses is
+this charming white species. Late in the afternoon the handsome
+silvery foliage begins to show the great white, opening
+moons of the fragile blossoms. Their silken texture, delicate
+fragrance, and chaste look make them paramount among blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>It is a most interesting sight to watch the opening of one
+of the nodding silvery buds. I sat down by one which had
+already uplifted its head. The calyx-lobes had just commenced
+to part in the center, showing the white, silken corolla tightly
+rolled within. It grew larger from moment to moment, when
+suddenly the calyx-lobes parted with a jerk, and the petals,
+freed from their bondage, quickly spread wider and wider, as
+though some spirit within were forcing its way out, while one
+after another the calyx-lobes were turned downward with a
+quick, decisive movement. It was a wonderful exhibition of
+the power of motion in plants. I could now look within and
+see a magical tangle of yellow anthers delicately draped with
+cobwebby ropes of pollen.</p>
+
+<p>The stamens take a downward curve toward the lower
+petal. The anthers have already opened their stores of golden
+pollen before the unfurling of the buds, so that the somewhat
+sticky ropes are all ready to adhere to the first moth who visits
+the flower in search of the delicious and abundant nectar stored
+in the depths of the long calyx-tube. The day following their
+opening the blossoms begin to turn to a delicate pink, and the
+calyx-lobes have a fleshlike look.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f016"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f016.png">WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE&mdash;<i>&#338;nothera Californica.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>EVENING SNOW.</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[ 50]</a></span></p>
+<h4><i>Gilia dichotoma</i>, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Six inches to a foot high; erect; sparsely leaved. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite;
+mostly entire; filiform. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Nearly sessile in the forks, or
+terminal. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;With cylindric tube five lines long; wholly white,
+scarious, except the five filiform green ribs, continued into needle-like
+lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;White; an inch or two across. Anthers linear.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the western part of the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is one of the most showy of our gilias. Miss Eastwood
+writes of it: "At about four o'clock in the afternoon
+<i>Gilia dichotoma</i> begins to whiten the hillside. Before expansion
+the flowers are hardly noticeable; the dull pink of the
+edges, which are not covered in the convolute corolla, hides
+their identity and makes the change which takes place when
+they unveil their radiant faces to the setting sun the more
+startling. They intend to watch all night and by sunset all are
+awake. In the morning they roll up their petals again when
+daylight comes on, and when the sun is well up all are asleep,
+tired out with the vigil of the night. The odor is most sickening....
+The same flower opens several times, and grows
+larger as it grows older."</p>
+
+
+<h3>HEART'S-EASE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Viola ocellata</i>, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Nearly erect; six to twelve inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Cordate;
+acutish; conspicuously crenate. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five to seven lines
+long; the upper white within, deep brown-purple without; the others
+white or yellowish, veined with purple; the lateral with a purple spot
+near the base and slightly bearded on the claw. (Flower structure as
+in <i>V. pedunculata</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Wooded districts from Monterey to Mendocino
+County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This dainty little heart's-ease has nothing of the gay, joyous,
+self-assertive look of our yellow pansy, but rather the shy,
+timid mien belonging to all the creatures of the woodland. It
+ventures its pretty blossoms in late spring and early summer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[ 51]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>ICE-PLANT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</i>, L. Fig-Marigold Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Procumbent, succulent plants, covered with minute, elongated, glistening
+papillæ. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Flat; ovate or spatulate; undulate-margined;
+clasping. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White or rose-colored; axillary; nearly sessile;
+rather small. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;With campanulate tube and usually five unequal
+lobes. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Linear; numerous. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two- to
+many-celled. Stigmas five. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast and adjacent
+islands from Santa Barbara southward; also in the Mojave Desert.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The ice-plant spreads its broad, green leaves over the
+ground, often making large rugs, which, when reddened by
+the approach of drouth and glistening with small crystals, produce
+a charming effect. The flat leaves of this plant are quite
+unexpectedly different from those of our other species of <i>Mesembryanthemum</i>,
+which are usually cylindrical or triangular.
+The leaf-stems and the calyx-tube, in particular, are beautifully
+jeweled with the clear, glasslike incrustation. The flesh-pink
+or almost white flowers resemble small sea-anemones, with their
+single row of tentacle-like petals and hollow tube powdered
+with the little white anthers.</p>
+
+<p>The plant grows so abundantly in the fields of the southern
+seasides as to be a dreadful pest to the farmer, and it is very
+disagreeable to walk through, as it yields up the water of its
+crystals very readily, and this is said to be of an alkaline
+quality, which is ruinous to shoe-leather.</p>
+
+<p>This ice-plant grows plentifully in the chalky regions of
+France, and has there been recommended for use as a food, to
+be prepared like spinach. It also grows in the Canary Islands.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SQUAW-GRASS. SOUR-GRASS. TURKEY-BEARD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Xerophyllum tenax</i>, Nutt. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Radical leaves.</i>&mdash;Very numerous; two or three feet long; about two
+lines broad; gracefully flexile; serrulate. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Two to five feet
+high; with scattered leaves; bearing at top a dense raceme a foot or
+two long. <i>Perianth segments.</i>&mdash;Six; spreading rotately; four or five
+lines long; white. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. Styles
+three; filiform. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges to British Columbia; also in the
+Northern Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Often upon high ridges we notice the large clumps of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[ 52]</a></span>
+certain plants with long, slender, grasslike leaves, which ray out
+in every direction like a fountain, and resemble a small pampas-grass
+before it flowers. We naturally wonder what the plants
+are, but it may be many years before our curiosity is satisfied.
+Suddenly some spring we find them sending up tall blossom-shafts,
+crowned with great airy plumes of pure-white flowers,
+fully worthy of our long and patient waiting. After putting
+forth this supreme effort of a lifetime, and maturing its seed,
+the plant dies.</p>
+
+<p>In the north, where it is sometimes very abundant, and
+occupies extensive meadows, it is known as "sour-grass." The
+name "squaw-grass" is also applied there, because the leaves,
+which are long, wiry, and tough, are used by the Indians in the
+weaving of some of their finest baskets. Baskets made from
+them are particularly pliable and durable.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHITE OWL'S CLOVER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Orthocarpus versicolor</i>, Greene. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Slender; seldom branching or more than six inches high. Herbage
+slightly reddish. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Cleft into filiform divisions at the apex.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Pure white, fading pinkish; very fragrant. Lower lip of the
+corolla with three very large sacs. Folds of the throat densely bearded.
+(See <i>Orthocarpus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;San Francisco and Marin County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>During the spring the meadows about San Francisco are
+luxuriantly covered with the pretty blossoms of the owl's
+clover, which make snowy patches in some places. Unlike the
+other species of <i>Orthocarpus</i>, this has delightfully fragrant blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>I do not know why this plant should be accredited to the
+owl and called clover, unless the quizzical-looking little blossoms
+are suggestive of the wise bird. But with all his wisdom,
+I doubt if he would recognize his clover.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f017"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f017.png">WHITE OWL'S CLOVER&mdash;<i>Orthocarpus versicolor.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>HAIRBELL. LANTERN OF THE FAIRIES.</h3>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[ 54]</a></span></p>
+<h3>WHITE GLOBE-TULIP.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calochortus albus</i>, Dougl. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>&mdash;One or two feet high; branching. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White.
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Lanceolate. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Twelve to fifteen lines long; pearly
+white, sometimes lavender-tinged outside; covered within with long,
+silky white hairs. <i>Gland.</i>&mdash;Shallow crescent-shaped, with four transverse
+scales fringed with short glandular hairs. (See <i>Calochortus</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges and Sierras, San Diego to Tehama County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Just before the oncoming of summer, our wooded hill-slopes
+and cañon-sides entertain one of the most charming of flowers;
+for the graceful stalks of the hairbell begin to hang out their
+delicate, white satin globes. Never was flower more exquisite
+in texture and fringing&mdash;never one more graceful in habit. If
+fairies have need of lanterns at all, these blossoms would certainly
+make very dainty globes to hold their miniature lights.</p>
+
+<p>Wherever they grow, these flowers win instant and enthusiastic
+admiration; and they have received a variety of common
+names in different localities, being known as "snowy lily-bell,"
+"satin-bell," "hairbell," "lantern of the fairies," and "white
+globe-tulip."</p>
+
+
+<h3>TOLGUACHA. LARGE-FLOWERED DATURA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Datura meteloides</i>, DC. Nightshade Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Southern California, and northward&mdash;at least to Stockton.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The large-flowered Datura is a common plant along southern
+roadsides, producing in early May its enormous white or violet-tinged
+funnels, which are sometimes ten inches long. It
+resembles the common Jamestown-weed, of which it is a near
+relative, but may be distinguished by its large flower and its
+cylindrical calyx, which is not angled. It shares with the
+Jamestown-weed its narcotic poisonous qualities, and is a
+famous plant among our Indians. Dr. Palmer writes that they
+bruise and boil the root in water, and when the infusion thus
+made is cold, they drink it to produce a stupefying effect. In
+a different degree they administer it to their young dancing women<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[ 56]</a></span>
+as a powerful stimulant, and before going into battle the
+warriors take it to produce a martial frenzy in themselves.</p>
+<div class="image" id="f018"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f018.png">HAIRBELL&mdash;<i>Calochortus albus.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>By the Piutes it is called "main-oph-weep." The specific
+name, <i>meteloides</i>, indicates the resemblance of this plant to
+<i>Datura Metel</i>, of India.</p>
+
+
+<h3>YERBA SANTA. MOUNTAIN BALM.</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Eriodictyon glutinosum</i>, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</p>
+
+<p>Shrubby; three to five feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Thick; glutinous;
+smooth above; light beneath, with prominent net-veining; three to six
+inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Purple, violet, or white. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Six lines long; four lines across. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five;
+alternate with the corolla-lobes. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Styles two.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Western California; common on dry hills.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The bitter, aromatic leaves of the yerba santa are a highly
+valued, domestic remedy for colds, and many old-fashioned
+people would not be without it.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bard, one of our most eminent physicians, writes of
+this interesting little shrub: "It has been reserved for the
+Californian Indian to furnish three of the most valuable vegetable
+additions which have been made to the pharmacop&#339;ia
+during the last twenty years. One, the <i>Eriodictyon glutinosum</i>,
+growing profusely in our foothills, was used by them in
+affections of the respiratory tract, and its worth was so appreciated
+by the missionaries that they named it yerba santa, or
+holy plant."</p>
+
+<p>The other plants referred to by Dr. Bard are the <i>Rhamnus</i>,
+or <i>Cascara sagrada</i>, and the <i>Grindelia</i>. In the mountains of
+Mariposa County, it is known as "wild peach," probably because
+the leaf somewhat resembles the peach-leaf.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Behr writes that considerable quantities of it are exported,
+partly for medicinal purposes, and partly as a harmless
+and agreeable substitute for hops in the brewing of certain
+varieties of beer, especially porter.</p>
+
+<p>In Ventura County this passes by insensible gradations into
+<i>E. tomentosum</i>, Benth., and there it is difficult to distinguish
+clearly between the two species.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f019"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f019.png">YERBA SANTA&mdash;<i>Eriodictyon glutinosum.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>E. tomentosum</i>, Benth., is found from San Diego probably<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[ 58]</a></span>
+to Santa Barbara. This comely shrub is so disguised in its
+woolly coat that one does not at first detect its close relationship
+to the more common yerba santa. Its broad, oval leaves,
+ribbed like the chestnut and closely notched, and its generous
+clusters of unusually large violet flowers, serve to bewilder us
+for the moment. The wool upon the foliage gives it a gray-green
+tone, harmonizing perfectly with the violet flowers. It
+is specially abundant all over the mesas by the seashore, near
+San Diego.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ALUM-ROOT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Heuchera micrantha</i>, Dougl. Saxifrage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>&mdash;Stout. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical; two to four inches long.
+Scapes.&mdash;Often two feet high. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; minute; in loose
+panicles. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed; one or two lines long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five;
+one line long; on the sinuses of the calyx. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Styles two. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges and Sierras
+from Monterey to British Columbia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Upon almost any drive or walk along a shaded road, we
+may find the alum-root hanging over a mossy bank. Its large,
+airy panicle is composed of minute flowers, and appears in
+early summer. But it is more conspicuous for its exquisite
+foliage than for its flowers. The leaves are usually mottled in
+light green and richly veined in dark brown or red, and they
+often turn to a rich red later in the season.</p>
+
+<p>The root is woody and astringent, to which latter fact the
+plant owes its English name, which it shares with the other
+members of the genus. These are very satisfactory plants to
+bring in from the woods, because they remain beautiful in
+water for many weeks.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f020"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f020.png">ALUM-ROOT&mdash;<i>Heuchera micrantha.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CHAMISAL. CHAMISO. GREASEWOOD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Adenostoma fasciculatum</i>, Hook. and Arn. Rose Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[ 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to twenty feet high, with gray, shreddy bark and reddish,
+slender branches. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Two to four lines long; linear to
+awl-shaped; smooth; clustered. Stipules small; acute. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White;
+two lines across; in terminal racemose panicles. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed;
+with bracts below resembling another calyx; tube ten-ribbed.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten to fifteen; in clusters between
+the petals. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A dry akene. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely
+distributed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The chamisal forms a large part of the chaparral of our
+mountain slopes, and when not in bloom gives to them much
+the aspect imparted to the Scotch Highlands by the heather.
+It is an evergreen shrub, with small clustered, needle-like
+leaves. In late spring it is covered with large, feathery
+panicles of tiny white blossoms, which show with particular
+effectiveness against the rich olive of its foliage, and furnish
+the bees with valuable honey material for a considerable season.
+When interspersed with shrubs of livelier greens, it
+gives to our hill-slopes and mountain-sides a wonderfully rich
+and varied character. In the summer of a season when it has
+flowered freely, the cinnamon-colored seed-vessels blending
+with the olives of the foliage lend a rich, warm bronze to whole
+hillsides, forming a charming contrast to the straw tints and
+russets of grassy slopes, and adding another to the many soft
+harmonies of our summer landscape. It is most abundant in
+the Coast Ranges, where, in some localities, it covers mile after
+mile of hill-slopes, with its close-cropped, uniform growth.</p>
+
+<p>When the chaparral, or dense shrubby growth of our
+mountain-sides, is composed entirely of <i>Adenostoma</i>, it is
+called chamisal.</p>
+
+<p>Another species, <i>A. sparsifolium</i>, Torr., found in the
+south, and somewhat resembling the above, may be known
+from it by its lack of stipules, its scattered, not clustered
+leaves, which are obtuse and not pointed, and its somewhat
+larger flowers, each one pediceled.</p>
+
+<p>This is commonly known among the Spanish-Californians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[ 61]</a></span>
+as "Yerba del Pasmo," literally the "herb of the convulsion,"
+and among them and the Indians it is a sovereign remedy for
+many ailments, being considered excellent for colds, cramps,
+and snakebites, and an infallible cure for tetanus, or lockjaw.
+The foliage fried in grease becomes a healing ointment.</p>
+
+<p>The bark of this species is reddish and hangs in shreds.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HOLLY-LEAVED CHERRY. ISLAY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Prunus ilicifolia</i>, Walp. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Evergreen shrubs or small trees; eight to thirty feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+holly-like; an inch or two long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; three
+lines across; in racemes eighteen lines to three inches long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; spreading. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Twelve to twenty-five.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Solitary; one-celled. Style terminal. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A dark
+red cherry, becoming black; six lines in diameter. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast
+Ranges, San Francisco into Lower California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The holly-leaved cherry is a very ornamental shrub, with
+its shining, prickly evergreen leaves, and it is coming more and
+more into favor for cultivation, especially as a hedge-shrub.
+In its natural state it attains its greatest perfection in the mountains
+near Santa Barbara and southward. On dry hills it is
+only a shrub, but in the rich soil of cañon bottoms it becomes
+a tree. Some of the finest specimens are to be found in the
+gardens of the old missions, where they have been growing
+probably a century.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Behr tells us that the foliage, in withering, develops
+hydrocyanic acid, the odor of which is quite perceptible. The
+leaves are then poisonous to sheep and cattle.</p>
+
+<p>The shrubs are especially beautiful in spring, after they have
+made their new growth of bright green at the ends of the
+branches, and put forth a profusion of feathery bloom. The
+blossoms have the pleasant, bitter fragrance of the cultivated
+cherry, and attract myriads of bees, who make the region
+vocal with their busy hum. The fruit, which ripens from September
+to December, is disappointing, owing to its very thin
+pulp, though its astringent and acid flavor is not unpleasant.</p>
+
+<p>It was used by the aborigines as food, however, and made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[ 62]</a></span>
+into an intoxicating drink by fermentation. The meat of the
+stones ground and made into balls constituted a delicate morsel
+with them.</p>
+
+
+<h3>YERBA BUENA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Micromeria Douglasii</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Aromatic trailing vines. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Slender; one to four feet long.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;One inch long; round-ovate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary; axillary;
+white or purplish. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed; two lines long. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Five
+lines long; bilabiate. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; in pairs on the corolla.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma unevenly
+two-lipped. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Vancouver Island to Los Angeles County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The yerba buena is as dear to the Californian as the Mayflower
+to the New Englander, and is as intimately associated
+with the early traditions of this Western land as is that delicate
+blossom with the stormy past of the Pilgrim Fathers. Its
+delicious, aromatic perfume seems in some subtle way to link
+those early days of the Padres with our own, and to call up
+visions of the long, low, rambling mission buildings of adobe,
+with their picturesque red-tiled roofs; the flocks and herds
+tended by gentle shepherds in cowls; and the angelus sounding
+from those quaint belfries, and vibrating in ever-widening
+circles over hill and vale.</p>
+
+<p>Before the coming of the Mission Fathers, the Indians used
+this little herb, placing great faith in its medicinal virtues,
+so that the Padres afterward bestowed upon it the name of
+"yerba buena"&mdash;"the good herb." It is still used among our
+Spanish-Californians in the form of a tea, both as a pleasant
+beverage and as a febrifuge, and also as a remedy for indigestion
+and other disorders.</p>
+
+<p>They designate this as "Yerba Buena del Campo"&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>
+the wild or field yerba buena,&mdash;to distinguish it from the
+"Yerba Buena del Poso"&mdash;"the herb of the well,"&mdash;which is
+the common garden-mint growing in damp places.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from its associations and medicinal virtues, this is a
+charming little plant. In half-shaded woods its long, graceful
+stems make a trailing interlacement upon the ground and yield
+up their minty fragrance as we pass.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f021"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f021.png">YERBA BUENA&mdash;<i>Micromeria Douglasii</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>MATILIJA POPPY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Romneya Coulteri</i>, Harv. Poppy Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[ 64]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Numerous; two to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+petioled; the lower pinnatifid; the upper pinnately cut into long narrow
+segments; glaucous; three to five inches long; smooth. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary;
+six to nine inches across. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Three; strongly arched,
+covered with bristly appressed hairs; caducous. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Six; white.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Very numerous. Filaments filiform; yellow, purple below.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Seven- to eleven-celled. Stigmas several. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Santa
+Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Matilija poppy (pronounced ma-til'li-ha) must be conceded
+the queen of all our flowers. It is not a plant for small
+gardens, but the fitting adornment of a large park, where it
+can have space and light and air to rear its imperial stems
+and shake out its great diaphanous flowers. It is one of the
+most wonderful of wild flowers, and it is difficult to believe that
+nature, without the aid of a careful gardener, should have produced
+such a miracle of loveliness. It is justly far-famed, and
+by English gardeners, who now grow it successfully, it is regarded
+as a priceless treasure, and people go from many miles
+around to see it when it blooms. It is to be regretted that
+our flowers must go abroad to find their warmest admirers.</p>
+
+<p>This plant was named in honor of Dr. Romney Robinson,
+a famous astronomer. Its common name was given it because
+it grows in particular abundance in the Matilija Cañon, some
+miles above Ventura in the mountains. Many people have the
+mistaken idea that it grows only in that region. It is not
+common, by any means; but it is found in scattered localities
+from Santa Barbara southward into Mexico. It is very abundant
+near Riverside, and also upon the southern boundary
+and below in Lower California, where the plants cover large
+areas. It not only grows in fertile valleys, but seeks the seclusion
+of remote cañons, and nothing more magnificent could be
+imagined than a steep cañon-side covered with the great
+bushy plants, thickly sown with the enormous white flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f022"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f022.png">MATILIJA POPPY&mdash;<i>Romneya Coulteri</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The round buds (which, however, are sometimes pointed)
+are closely wrapped in three overlapping hairy sepals. These<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[ 66]</a></span>
+gradually open, and at dawn the buds unfurl their crumpled
+petals to the day, exhaling a pleasant fragrance. The blossoms
+remain open for many days.</p>
+
+<p>These plants have long been in use among the Indians of
+Lower California, who esteem them highly for their medicinal
+qualities. The seeds require a long period for germination,
+and they have been known to come at the end of two years.
+The better method of propagation is from root-cuttings.</p>
+
+<p>The plant has been called "Mission poppy" and "Giant
+Californian white poppy," but the pretty Indian name cannot
+be improved upon.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHITE SAGE. GREASEWOOD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Audibertia polystachya</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubby, three to ten feet high; many-stemmed. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite;
+lanceolate; narrowing into a petiole; several inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White
+or pale lavender, in loose panicles a foot or two long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Tubular;
+bilabiate. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;About six lines long, with short tube
+and bilabiate border. Upper lip small; erect. Lower lip three-lobed;
+the middle lobe large. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Two; jointed. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four
+seedlike nutlets. Style slender. Stigma two-cleft. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Santa Barbara
+to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The classic honey of Hymettus could not have been clearer
+or more wholesome than that distilled by the bees from the
+white sage of Southern California, which has become justly
+world-renowned. The plants cover extensive reaches of valley
+and hill-slopes, and are often called "greasewood."</p>
+
+<p>Certain it is that the white stems have a very greasy, gummy
+feel and a rank, aggressive odor. In spring the long, coarse,
+sparsely leafy branches begin to rise from the woody base,
+often making the slopes silvery; and by May these have fully
+developed their loose, narrow panicles of pale flowers and
+yellowish buds.</p>
+
+<p>The structure of these blossoms is very interesting. The
+long, prominent lower lip curves downward and upward and
+backward upon itself, like a swan's neck, while the two stamens
+rising from its surface lift themselves like two long horns, and
+the style curves downward.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[ 67]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A bee arriving at this flower naturally brushes against the
+stigma, leaving upon it some of the pollen gained from another
+flower. Then alighting upon the lower lip, his weight bends it
+downward, and he grasps the stamens as convenient handles,
+thus drawing the anthers toward his body, where the pollen is
+dusted upon his coat as he probes beneath the closed upper lip
+for the honey in the depths of the tube. The various sages of
+the south have a very interesting way of hybridizing.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CASCARA SAGRADA. CALIFORNIA COFFEE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Rhamnus Californica</i>, Esch. Buckthorn Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Shrubs.</i>&mdash;Four to eighteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; elliptic
+to oblong; denticulate or entire; leathery; one to four inches long; six
+to eighteen lines wide. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Clustered; greenish white; small.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; minute; on the sinuses of the
+calyx; each clasping a stamen. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two- to four-celled. Style
+short. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Berry-like; black; four to six lines long; containing
+two or three nutlets, like coffee-beans. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Long before the advent of the Spanish, the medicinal virtues
+of this shrub were known to the Indians, who used it as
+a remedy for rheumatism and, according to Dr. Bard, to correct
+the effects of an acorn diet. The Mission Fathers afterward
+came to appreciate its worth so highly that they bestowed
+upon it the name <i>Cascara sagrada</i>, or the "sacred bark."
+Since those early days the fame of it has spread the world
+around. No more valuable laxative is known to the medical
+world to-day, and every year great quantities of it are exported
+from our shores. Though the shrub is found as far south as
+San Diego, the bark is not gathered in any quantity south of
+Monterey, as it becomes too thin southward. The shrub goes
+under a variety of names, according to the locality in which it
+is found.</p>
+
+<p>In Monterey County it is known as "yellow-boy" or "yellow-root,"
+and in Sonoma County it becomes "pigeon-berry,"
+because the berry is a favorite food of the wild pigeons, and
+lends to their flesh a bitter taste.</p>
+
+<p>Some years ago quite an excitement prevailed in the State<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[ 68]</a></span>
+when some visionary persons believed they had found a perfect
+substitute for coffee in the seeds of this shrub. To be sure,
+they do somewhat resemble the coffee-bean in form, but the
+resemblance goes no further; for upon a careful analysis they
+revealed none of the qualities of coffee, nor upon roasting did
+they exhale its aroma. After much discussion of the matter
+and the laying out in imagination of extensive, natural coffee-plantations
+upon our wild hill-slopes, these hopeful people were
+destined to see their project fall in ruins.</p>
+
+<p>This shrub is very variable, according to the locality where
+it grows. Under shade, the leaves become herbaceous and
+ample, and as we go northward that becomes the prevailing
+type, and is then called <i>R. Purshiana</i>, DC. It is then often
+very large, having a trunk the size of a man's body. In Oregon
+it is known as "chittemwood" and "bitter bark," and
+also as "wahoo" and "bear-wood." The <i>var. tomentella</i>,
+Brew. and Wats., is densely white-tomentose, especially on the
+under surfaces of the leaves.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EVERLASTING FLOWER. CUDWEED.</h3>
+<h3>LADY'S TOBACCO.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Gnaphalium decurrens</i>, Ives. Composite Family</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Viscid-glandular under the loose hairs. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;In densely
+crowded, flattish clusters. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; of very numerous,
+scarious, yellowish-white, oval scales. (Otherwise similar to
+<i>Anaphalis Margaritacea</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From San Diego through Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The common everlasting flower, or cudweed, is plentiful
+upon our dry hills, blooming in early summer, where its white
+clusters are conspicuous objects amid the drying vegetation.
+In our rural districts it is believed that sleeping upon a pillow
+made of these flowers will cure catarrhal affections.</p>
+
+<p><i>G. Sprengelii</i>, Hook. and Arn., may be known from the
+above by its densely gray, woolly herbage, which is not glandular-viscid.
+It is also common throughout the State.</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful edelweiss of the Alps is a species of <i>Gnaphalium</i>,
+<i>G. leontopodium</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[ 69]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN BUCKEYE.</h3>
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN HORSE-CHESTNUT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Æsculus Californica</i>, Nutt. Maple or Soapberry Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs or trees ten to forty feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; petioled;
+with five palmate, stalked leaflets. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Oblong; acute; three to
+five inches long; serrulate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; in a thyrse a foot long;
+many of them imperfect. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Tubular; two-lobed. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four
+or five; six lines or more long; unequal. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five to
+seven; exserted. Anthers buff. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. <i>Nuts.</i>&mdash;One
+to three inches in diameter; usually one in the pod. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast
+Ranges of Middle California; also the Sierra foothills.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Our Californian buckeye is closely allied to the horse-chestnuts
+and buckeyes of the eastern half of the continent.
+It is usually found upon stream-banks or the side-walls of
+cañons, and reaches its greatest perfection in the valleys of our
+central Coast Ranges. It usually branches low into a number
+of clean, round, light-gray limbs, which widen out into a
+broad, dense, rounded head. Its leaves are fully developed
+before the flowers appear. When in full bloom, in May, it is
+considered one of the most beautiful of all our American
+species. Its long, white flower-spikes, sprinkled rather regularly
+over the green mound of foliage, are very suggestive of a
+neat calico print. Early to come, the leaves are as early to
+depart, and by midsummer the beautiful skeleton is often bare,
+its interlacing twigs making a delicate network against the deep
+azure of the sky.</p>
+
+<p>Though lavish in its production of flowers, usually but one
+or two of the large cluster succeed in maturing fruit. By October
+and November the leathery pods begin to yield up their
+big golden-brown nuts, which are great favorites among the
+squirrels. The Indians are said to resort to these nuts in times
+of famine. Before using them, they roast them a day or two
+in the ground, to extract the poison.</p>
+
+<p>The inner wood of the root, after being kiln-cured for several
+weeks, becomes very valuable to the cabinet-maker. It is
+then of an exquisite mottled green, and when highly polished
+can hardly be distinguished from a fine piece of onyx.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[ 70]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>PUSSY'S-PAWS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Spraguea umbellata</i>, Torr. Purslane Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Radical-leaves.</i>&mdash;Spatulate or oblanceolate; six lines to four inches
+long. <i>Stem-leaves.</i>&mdash;Similar, but smaller, often reduced to a few
+bracts. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;Several; two to twelve inches high. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In
+dense spikes. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Two; orbicular; thin; papery; two to four
+lines across; whitish; equaling the petals. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four; rose-color.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Three. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style bifid. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+Sierras, from the Yosemite to British Columbia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Pussy's-paws is a very plentiful plant in the Sierras, usually
+growing upon dry, rocky soil. It varies much in aspect,
+sometimes sending up a stout, erect flower-scape, and again
+growing low and matlike with its prostrate flower-stems radiating
+from the center. It blooms from early summer onward,
+often almost covering the ground with its blossoms. The
+flower-clusters grow in a bunch, much like the pink cushions
+on pussy's feet, whence the pretty common name.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SPANISH BAYONET. OUR LORD'S CANDLE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Yucca Whipplei</i>, Torr. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Without a trunk. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical in a bristling hemisphere;
+sword-like. <i>Flower-panicles.</i>&mdash;Distaff-shaped; three or more feet
+long; at the summit of a leafless bracteate scape, ten or fifteen feet
+high. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Rotately spreading; waxen-white (sometimes rich
+purple), often green- or purple-nerved. <i>Filaments.</i>&mdash;Clavate; pure
+white. Anthers transverse; yellow. Style very thick; three-angled.
+Stigma stalked; green; covered with tiny prominences. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A
+dry capsule. (Structure otherwise as in <i>Y. Mohavensis</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Monterey
+to San Diego and eastward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In spring and early summer the chaparral-covered hillsides
+of Southern California present a wonderful appearance when
+hundreds of these Spanish bayonets are in bloom. From day to
+day the waxen tapers on the distant slopes increase in height as
+the white bells climb the slender shafts. At length each cluster
+reaches its perfection, and becomes a solid distaff of sometimes
+two&mdash;yes, even six&mdash;thousand of the waxen blossoms!</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f023"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f023.png">PUSSY'S-PAWS&mdash;<i>Spraguea umbellata</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A friend writing of them, once said: "Nearly every poetaster
+in the country has sung the praises of the yellow poppies
+and the sweet little <i>Nemophilas</i>, but not one, so far as I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[ 72]</a></span>
+know, has ever written a stanza to these grand white soldiers
+and their hundred swords." There is, indeed, something
+glorious and warlike about them, as they marshal themselves
+to the defense of our hillsides.</p>
+
+<p>This surpasses all known species in the height and beauty
+of its flower-panicles; but, once the season of flowering and
+fruiting has been consummated, its life mission is fulfilled, and
+the plant dies. The dead stalks remain standing sometimes
+for years upon the mountain-sides.</p>
+
+<p>The seeds of this species, as well as those of the tree-yucca,
+are made into flour by the Indians; and from the leaves they
+obtain a soft, white fiber, which they use in making the linings
+of the coarse saddle-blankets they weave from <i>Yucca Mohavensis</i>.
+The undeveloped flowering shoots they consider a great
+delicacy, either raw or prepared as mescal. They gather
+great numbers of the plants when just at the right stage,
+and strip off the leaves, leaving round masses. These they
+prepare after the manner of a clam-bake, and when the
+pile is pulled to pieces and the mescal is taken out, it has a
+faint resemblance to a baked sweet apple, and is of about the
+same consistency. The whole mass is a mixture of sweet, soft
+pulp and coarse white fibers much like manilla rope-yarn.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUBY LILY. CHAPARRAL LILY. REDWOOD LILY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lilium rubescens</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<h4><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, from Marin County to Humboldt County.</h4>
+
+<p>This is the most charming of all our Californian lilies, even
+surpassing in loveliness the beautiful Washington lily; and it
+is said to be the most fragrant of any in the world. It resembles
+the Washington lily; but its flowers are fuller in form,
+with wider petals and shorter tube, and it has a smaller bulb.
+It sends up a noble shaft, sometimes seven feet high, with
+many scattered whorls of undulate leaves, and often bears at
+the summit as many as twenty-five of the beautiful flowers.
+These are at first pure white, dotted with purple, but they soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[ 74]</a></span>
+take on a metallic luster and begin to turn to a delicate pink,
+which gradually deepens into a ruby purple. Mr. Purdy mentions
+having seen a plant with a stalk nine feet high, bearing
+thirty-six flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f024"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f024.png">RUBY LILY&mdash;<i>Lilium rubescens</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The favorite haunts of this lily are high and inaccessible
+ridges, among the chaparral, or under the live-oak or redwood.
+Comparatively few people know of its existence, though living
+within a few miles of it, because they rarely ever visit these
+out-of-the-way fastnesses of nature.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Burroughs has somewhere said: "Genius is a specialty;
+it does not grow in every soil, it skips the many and
+touches the few; and the gift of perfume to a flower is a special
+grace, like genius or like beauty, and never becomes common
+or cheap." Certainly these blossoms have been richly endowed
+with this charming gift, and their delicious fragrance
+wafted by the wind often betrays their presence upon a hillside
+when unsuspected before, so that one skilled in woodcraft can
+often trace them by it.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THISTLE-POPPY. CHICALOTE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Argemone platyceras</i>, Link and Otto. Poppy Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to two and one half feet high; hispid throughout, or
+armed with rigid bristles or prickles. Sap yellow. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Thistle-like;
+three to six inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; two to four inches in
+diameter. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Three; spinosely beaked. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four to six.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous. Filaments slender. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Oblong; one-celled.
+Stigma three- or four-lobed. Capsule very prickly. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Dry
+hillsides from Central California southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The thistle-poppy would be considered in any other country
+a surpassingly beautiful flower, with its large diaphanous white
+petals and its thistly gray-green foliage, but in California it
+must yield precedence to the Matilija poppy. It resembles the
+latter very closely in its flower, and is often mistaken for it. It
+may be known by its yellow juice, its prickly foliage, and its
+very prickly capsules. I believe the flowers are somewhat
+more cup-shaped than those of <i>Romneya</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It affects dry hill-slopes and valleys, often otherwise barren,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[ 75]</a></span>
+where it grows luxuriantly, and sometimes attains a height of
+six feet, being in full bloom in May. There, where one is
+unprepared for such a sight, it becomes an object of startling
+beauty.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h3><i>Malacothrix saxatilis</i>, Torr. and Gray. Composite Family.</h3>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stout; a foot or two high; woody. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Lanceolate
+to spatulate; one or two inches long; entire or pinnatifid; somewhat
+succulent. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Terminating the paniculate branches; large;
+two inches or so across; white, changing to rose or lilac; of ray-flowers
+only. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Campanulate or hemispherical; six lines high, with
+many imbricated scales passing downward into loose, awl-shaped
+bracts. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast, from Santa Barbara southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This beautiful plant is a dweller upon the ocean cliffs, and
+may be seen in abundance from the car-windows just before
+the train reaches Santa Barbara going north. The stems are
+woody and very leafy, and the plants are usually covered all
+over the top with the showy flower-heads.</p>
+
+<p><i>M. tenuifolia</i>, Torr. and Gray, is a very tall, slender,
+sparsely leafy plant with fragile, airy white flowers. This is
+common along the dusty roadsides of the south in early
+summer.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SALAL. WINTERGREEN.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Gaultheria Shallon</i>, Pursh. Heath Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubby, and one to three or more feet high or prostrate. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+short-petioled; ovate to elliptical; pointed; two to four
+inches long; leathery; bristle-toothed when young; evergreen. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Manzanita-like;
+slenderer; glandular-viscid; white or pinkish. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled.
+Style single. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Black; berry-like; aromatic;
+edible. (Otherwise like <i>Arctostaphylos Manzanita</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast
+woods, from Santa Barbara County to British Columbia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The floor of the redwood forest in our northern coast
+counties is often carpeted with this little undershrub, while in
+other places one can wade waist-deep in it. It grows much
+larger north of us, and upon Vancouver Island it forms dense,
+impenetrable thickets. Its dark-purple berries have a very
+agreeable flavor, and form an important article of diet among
+the Oregon Indians, who call them "salal." <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[ 76]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN SPIKENARD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Aralia Californica</i>, Wats. Ginseng Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>&mdash;Thick; aromatic. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Eight to ten feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Bipinnate;
+or the upper pinnate, with one or two pairs of leaflets.
+<i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Cordate-ovate; four to eight inches long; serrate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White;
+two lines long; in globular umbels, arranged in loose panicles
+a foot or two long. Pedicels four to six lines long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed
+or entire. <i>Petals and Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two- to
+five-celled. Styles united to the middle. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A purple berry.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely distributed; on stream-banks.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In moist, cool ravines, where the sun only slants athwart
+the branches and a certain dankness always lingers, the Californian
+spikenard scents the air with its peculiar odor. It
+closely resembles <i>A. racemosa</i> of the Eastern States, but it is
+a larger, coarser plant in every way. It throws up its tall
+stems with a fine confidence that there will be ample space for
+its large leaves to spread themselves uncrowded. Its feathery
+panicles of white flowers are followed by clusters of small purple
+berries, and are rather more delicate than we should expect
+from so large a plant.</p>
+
+
+<h3>YERBA MANSA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Anemopsis Californica</i>, Hook. Yerba Mansa Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Rootstock creeping. <i>Radical-leaves.</i>&mdash;Long-petioled; elliptic oblong;
+two to ten inches long. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six inches to two feet high.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Without sepals and petals, sunk in a conical spike; six to
+eighteen lines long; a small white bract under each flower. <i>Spikes.</i>&mdash;Subtended
+by from five to eight white petal-like bracts, six to fifteen
+lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Three to eight. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Apparently one-celled.
+Stigmas one to five. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Southern to Central California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Just as the fervid glow of the sun is beginning to transform
+the green of our southern hill-slopes to soft browns, the still
+vividly green lowland meadows suddenly bring forth myriads
+of white stars, which in their green setting become grateful
+resting-points for the eye. These are the blossoms of the
+famous <i>Yerba Mansa</i> of the Spanish-Californians. Among
+these people the plant is an infallible remedy for many disorders,
+and so highly do they prize it, that they often travel or
+send long distances for it.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f025"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f025.png">YERBA MANSA&mdash;<i>Anemopsis Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The aromatic root, which has a strong, peppery taste, is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[ 78]</a></span>
+very astringent, and when made into a tea or a powder, is
+applied with excellent results to cuts and sores. The tea
+is also taken as a blood-purifier; and the plant, in the form of
+a wash or poultice, is used for rheumatism, while the wilted
+leaves are said to reduce swellings. In the medical world it is
+beginning to be used in diseases of the mucous membrane.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHEPHERD'S PURSE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Capsella Bursa-pastoris</i>, Medic. Mustard Family.</h4>
+
+<p>Among our commonest and most harmless weeds is the
+shepherd's purse, which has been introduced from Europe in
+the past. It may be easily recognized by its tiny white cruciferous
+flowers and its shapely little triangular, flat pods, which
+have a peppery taste. It is used medicinally, and valued as a
+remedy for many different maladies. In Europe, a common
+name for the plant is "mother's heart," and Mr. Johnston says
+that children play a sort of game with the seed-pouch. "They
+hold it out to their companions, inviting them to 'take a haud
+o' that.' It immediately cracks, and then follows a triumphant
+shout, 'You've broken your mother's heart!'"</p>
+
+<p>Equally common is the <i>Lepidium</i>, or pepper-grass, the
+small round, flat pods of which also have a peppery taste.
+Both of these belong to the great Mustard family.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MARIPOSA TULIP.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calochortus venustus</i>, Benth. (and varieties). Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or two high; branching. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Narrow; grasslike;
+channeled; glaucous; decumbent. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Erect; cup-shaped;
+white, lilac, pink, claret, magenta, purple, or rarely light yellow; of uniform
+color or shaded; plain or variously oculated, stained, or blotched.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;One or two inches long; slightly hairy below. <i>Gland.</i>&mdash;Large;
+roundish; densely hairy. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Lanceolate; four or five lines
+broad. (See <i>Calochortus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Dry sandy soil, in the Coast Ranges
+and Sierra foothills, from Mendocino County to Los Angeles.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I once emerged from the dense chaparral of a steep hillside
+upon a grassy slope, where myriads of these lovely flowers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[ 80]</a></span>
+tossed their delicate cups upon the breeze. As I passed from
+flower to flower, I noticed many insect guests regaling themselves
+upon the nectar. Bees and flies jostled one another
+and crawled amid the hairs below, and beautifully mottled
+butterflies hovered over them.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f026"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f026.png">MARIPOSA TULIP&mdash;<i>Calochortus venustus</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As originally described, this flower was white or pale lilac,
+with a more or less conspicuous, usually reddish, stain, or
+blotch, near the top, a brownish spot bordered with yellow in
+the center, and a brownish striate base. But it varies so widely
+from this type, in both color and spots, that neither is a reliable
+character from which to determine the species. Some of the
+oculated forms of <i>C. luteus</i> are so similar that they are readily
+confused with this, but a careful examination of the gland and
+the form of the capsule, together with the character of the soil
+in which the plants grow, will identify the species.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON NIGHTSHADE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Solanum nigrum</i>, L. Nightshade Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Along streams near the coast.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This may be easily distinguished from <i>S. Xanti</i> by its very
+small white flowers, whose corollas are but three or four lines
+across, and much more deeply and pointedly lobed, the lobes
+having a tendency to turn backward as the flowers grow older;
+also by its thinner, duller leaves, and much smaller, black berries,
+the size of peas.</p>
+
+<p>It is considered a violent narcotic poison, both berries and
+leaves having caused death when eaten. It is used in the medical
+world, in the form of a tincture for various maladies, and
+it is said that in Bohemia the blossoming plant is hung over the
+cradles of infants to induce sweet slumber; while in Dalmatia
+the root is fried in butter and eaten to produce sleep, and is
+also used as remedy for hydrophobia.</p>
+
+<p><i>Solanum Douglasii</i>, Dunal, is a similar species, with larger
+flowers, which are usually white, though sometimes light blue.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[ 81]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>BUTTERFLY TULIP.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calochortus luteus, var. oculatus</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Sierras and Coast Ranges, from Fresno County to Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of all our lovely Mariposa tulips, this charming form is
+perhaps the most like the insect for which it is named. Its
+creamy or purplish flowers have an exquisitely tinted dark-maroon
+eye, surrounded by yellow, and it is often streaked in
+marvelous imitation of the insect's wing. It was doubtless
+this form Miss Coolbrith had in mind when she wrote the beautiful
+lines below:</p>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"Insect or blossom? Fragile, fairy thing,</span>
+<span class="ni">Poised upon slender tip and quivering</span>
+<span class="ni">To flight! a flower of the fields of air;</span>
+<span class="ni">A jeweled moth, a butterfly with rare</span>
+<span class="ni">And tender tints upon his downy wing</span>
+<span class="ni">A moment resting in our happy sight;</span>
+<span class="ni">A flower held captive by a thread so slight</span>
+<span class="ni">Its petal-wings of broidered gossamer</span>
+<span class="ni">Are, light as the wind, with every wind astir,</span>
+<span class="ni">Wafting sweet odor, faint and exquisite.</span>
+<span class="ni">O dainty nursling of the field and sky!</span>
+<span class="ni">What fairer thing looks up to heaven's blue,</span>
+<span class="ni">And drinks the noontide sun, the dawning's dew?</span>
+<span class="ni">Thou winged bloom! thou blossom butterfly!"</span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3>WESTERN BOYKINIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Boykinia occidentalis</i>, Torr. and Gray. Saxifrage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Slender; a foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Round-reniform;
+palmately three- to seven-lobed; one to three inches broad; the lobes
+coarsely toothed. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In long-peduncled, loose panicles; white;
+four lines across; parts in fives. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;With acute teeth. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;On
+the sinuses of the calyx. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;On the calyx, opposite its
+teeth. Filaments short. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;With its two cells attenuate into the
+slender styles. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges, from Santa Barbara to Washington.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The tufted leaves, and exquisitely delicate saxifrage-like
+clusters of the <i>Boykinia</i>, fringe our streams in early summer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[ 82]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>SOAP-PLANT. AMOLE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Chlorogalum pomeridianum</i>, Kunth. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Bulb.</i>&mdash;One to four inches in diameter; densely brown-fibrous.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Six to eighteen inches long. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;One to five feet high;
+bearing a loosely spreading panicle. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;White; of six spreading,
+recurved segments nine lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six; shorter than
+the segments. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. Style filiform. Stigma three-lobed.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely distributed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The leaves of the soap-plant have been with us all the
+spring, increasing in length as the season has advanced. You
+can easily recognize them, as they resemble a broad, wavy-margined
+grass, usually lying flat upon the ground, with some
+of the ragged brown fibres of the bulb showing aboveground,
+like the fragment of an old manilla mat.</p>
+
+<p>In early summer, from their midst begins to shoot a slender
+stalk. When the process of its growth is complete, it stands
+from two to five feet high, with slender, widespreading
+branches and rather sparsely scattered flowers.</p>
+
+<p>If you would find its flowers open, you must seek it in the
+afternoon. At a little distance, it appears as though the truant
+summer wind had lodged a delicate white feather here and
+there upon the branches. In themselves, these blossoms are
+not ill-favored, with their slender, recurved petals; but to us
+the root is the most interesting part of the plant. This the
+early Spanish-Californians used extensively in lieu of soap, and
+esteemed greatly as a hair tonic, and it was known by them
+as "amole." Even now it is much used among their descendants,
+and we know of one aged señora over ninety who refuses
+to use anything else for washing. Her grandsons keep her
+supplied with the bulbs, which they dig by the sackful from
+the neighboring hill-slopes and mesas. She takes her linen
+down to the brookside, and there, in primitive fashion, upon
+her knees she scours and rinses it till it is as white as the driven
+snow.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f027"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f027.png">SOAP-PLANT&mdash;<i>Chlorogalum pomeridianum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Indians of the Sierra foothills have a curious use for
+the bulb. After the June freshets have subsided, many fish
+are usually left in small pools in the streams. The squaws go<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[ 84]</a></span>
+to these pools with an abundance of soap-root, and kneeling
+upon the banks, rub up a great suds with it. The fish soon
+rise to the surface stupefied, and are easily taken.</p>
+
+<p>We are told that in the early days of the gold excitement,
+when commodities were scarce and brought fabulous prices,
+the fibrous outer coats of the bulb were used for stuffing
+mattresses.</p>
+
+<p>The inner portion of the bulb, when reduced to a paste, is
+said to be an excellent remedy for oak-poisoning, applied as a
+salve.</p>
+
+<p>This is not the only plant popularly known as soap-plant
+among us. Several others share the title, among them the
+goose-foot, the yucca, and the California lilac. There are
+several other species of <i>Chlorogalum</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MOUNTAIN BIRCH. WHITE TEA-TREE. SOAP-BUSH.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ceanothus integerrimus</i>, Hook. and Arn. Buckthorn Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs or small trees; five to twelve feet high; with cylindrical,
+usually warty, branches. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; on slender petioles two
+to six lines long; ovate to ovate-oblong; one to three inches long;
+entire or rarely slightly glandular-serrulate; thin. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White;
+sometimes blue; in a thyrse three to seven inches long, one to four
+thick. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Not crested. (See <i>Ceanothus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Mountains
+from Los Angeles to the Columbia River.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When in flower, this is one of the most attractive of all our
+<i>Ceanothi</i>. It often covers great mountain-sides with its white
+bloom as with drifted snow. The trip to the Yosemite is
+often diversified by this beautiful spectacle, which comes as an
+exhilarating surprise.</p>
+
+<p>Among the mountaineers this shrub is highly valued as
+forage for their cattle, which they turn upon it after the lowland
+pastures have dried up.</p>
+
+<p>The young twigs and leaves have the spicy fragrance of the
+black birch of the Eastern States. The foliage is deciduous,
+and of rather a pale though bright green. The bark of the
+root of this shrub is becoming celebrated as a remedy for various
+disorders, such as malaria, catarrh, and liver trouble.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[ 85]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON WHITE LUPINE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lupinus densiflorus</i>, Benth. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stout; simple below; parted in the middle into numerous
+widespreading branches; two feet high; succulent; sparsely villous.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In long-peduncled racemes; six to ten inches long; with
+usually five or six dense whorls. Bracts bristle-like, from a broad base.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Upper lip scarious; deeply cleft; lower long, toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;White
+or rose-color; seven lines or so long; the standard dark
+dotted. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Two-seeded. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widespread; Sacramento Valley
+southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the days when we went fishing in the brook with a pin
+for minnows, a company of these pretty white lupines in a
+field represented to our childish fancy so many graceful dames
+in flounced skirts dancing in a sylvan ballroom.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MEADOW-SWEET.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Spiræa discolor</i>, Pursh. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; short-petioled;
+an inch or two long; oval or ovate; crenately lobed above; the lobes
+often toothed; silky pubescent beneath. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; two lines
+across; in feathery panicles several inches long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted;
+petaloid. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; equaling the sepals. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;About
+twenty. <i>Pistils.</i>&mdash;Five; distinct; one-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges,
+mostly from Monterey County northward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Not until midsummer is upon us does the common meadow-sweet
+make itself noticeable by its large feathery clusters of
+minute white flowers, which have a pleasant odor, reminiscent
+of slippery-elm.</p>
+
+<p>We have two species of <i>Spiræa</i> with pink flowers&mdash;<i>S.
+Douglasii</i>, Hook., the Californian hardhack, having its blossoms
+in long clusters, (found in Northern California,) and <i>S.
+betulifolia</i>, Pall., having flat-topped flower-clusters, (found in
+the Sierras).</p>
+
+<p>Another shrub closely resembling the <i>Spiræas</i> is <i>Neillia
+opulifolia</i>, Benth. and Hook., the wild bridal-wreath, or ninebark.
+Indeed, this has been classed by some authorities
+among the <i>Spiræas</i>. It may be easily recognized by its
+hemispherical clusters of white flowers. These clusters are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[ 86]</a></span>
+an inch or two across. Though the shrub is quite showy
+when in bloom, it is almost equally attractive when its carpels
+are beginning to redden.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN AZALEA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Rhododendron occidentale</i>, Gray. Heath Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to twelve feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Clustered at the ends of
+the branches; obovate to lanceolate; two to four inches long; herbaceous.
+<i>Flower-clusters.</i>&mdash;Large, from a special terminal bud. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Deeply
+five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;With funnel-form tube, and five-cleft
+border; white; the upper lobe blotched with corn-color; sometimes
+tinged with pink; glandular-viscid without. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. Anthers
+two-celled, opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Very
+woody. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Stream-banks throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>One of the most deservedly admired of all our shrubs is the
+lovely Californian azalea. In June and July, the borders of
+our mountain streams are covered for miles with the bushes,
+whose rich green foliage is often almost obscured from view by
+the magnificent clusters of white and yellow, or sometimes
+pinkish, flowers. Its delicious, spicy perfume is always subtly
+suggestive of charming days spent with rod and line along
+cool streams, or of those all too brief outings spent far from
+the haunts of men, in some sequestered mountain-cabin among
+redwood groves or by rushing waters.</p>
+
+<p>In Oregon it is commonly known as "honeysuckle," and
+there in the autumn its life ebbs away in a flood of glory,
+showering the forest floor with flecks of scarlet and crimson.
+Its root is said to contain a strong narcotic poison, and the
+leaves are also reputed to be poisonous if eaten, but they are
+not at all harmful to the touch.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f028"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f028.png">CALIFORNIAN AZALEA&mdash;<i>Rhododendron occidentale</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>AMERICAN BARRENWORT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Vancouveria parviflora</i>, Greene. Barberry Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[ 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One or two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical; twice to
+thrice ternately compound. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;One to two inches broad; rich
+shining green; persisting; undulate and membrane-margined. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Twenty-five
+to fifty, in loose panicles; small; with six to nine sepal-like
+bracts. Parts in sixes all in front of one another. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Petaloid;
+two lines long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;White to lavender. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Erect;
+closely appressed to the pistil. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style stoutish.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges of Central California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>There is no more exquisite plant in our coast woods than
+the American barrenwort. Its delicate threadlike stems, which
+are yet strong and wiry, hold up its spreading evergreen
+leaves, every leaflet in its own place. There is a likeness in
+these leaves to the fronds of our Californian maidenhair, and
+one could easily imagine the maidenhair amplified, strengthened,
+and polished into this form. The leaflets are also somewhat
+ivy-like in form.</p>
+
+<p>In June its delicate, airy panicles of small white blossoms
+appear. These are especially interesting as belonging to the
+Barberry family, where all the floral organs stand in front of
+one another, and the anthers open by cunningly contrived
+little uplifting valves. These plants are said to grow upon
+bushy hillsides, in masses sometimes several feet across. But
+I have never seen it with other than an exclusive and rather
+solitary habit, growing in shaded forests. We have one or
+two other species.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SERVICE-BERRY. JUNE-BERRY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Amelanchier alnifolia</i>, Nutt. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Deciduous shrubs, three to eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+petioled; from rounded to oblong-ovate; serrate usually only toward
+the apex; six to eighteen lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White, in short
+racemes. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; limb five-parted. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five;
+oblong; six lines or so long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Twenty; short. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three- to
+five-celled. Styles three to five. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Small; berry-like;
+dark purple. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State and northward; also
+eastward to the Western States.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f029"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f029.png">AMERICAN BARRENWORT&mdash;<i>Vancouveria parviflora</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The service-berry seems to be at home throughout our
+borders, but it reaches its greatest perfection north of us, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[ 90]</a></span>
+the rich bottom-lands of the Columbia River. In spring the
+bushes are beautiful, when snowily laden with masses of ragged
+white flowers; and from June to September they are no less
+welcome, when abundantly hung with the black berries, which
+usually have a bloom upon them. These berries are an important
+article of food among our Western Indians, who make
+annual pilgrimages to the regions of their growth, gathering
+and drying large quantities for winter use. The drying they
+effect by crushing them to a paste, which they spread upon
+bark or stones in the sun. It is said that many a party of
+explorers, lost in the woods, has been kept alive by this little
+fruit.</p>
+
+<p>Almost the same shrub in the Atlantic States is called
+"shad-bush," because it blooms at about the season when the
+shad are running up the streams.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHRISTMAS-BERRY. CALIFORNIAN HOLLY. TOYON.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Heteromeles arbutifolia</i>, R&#339;mer. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs four to twenty-five feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; short-petioled;
+oblong; serrate; leathery; two to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Small;
+white; four lines across; in dense terminal panicles. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; roundish; spreading. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten;
+on the calyx. Filaments awl-shaped; flat. <i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Two; one-celled.
+Styles slender. <i>Berries.</i>&mdash;Red; four lines in diameter; in
+large clusters. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges, from San Diego to Mendocino
+County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Christmas could hardly be celebrated among us without our
+beautiful Californian holly. Florists' windows and the baskets
+of street-venders at that season are gay with the magnificent
+clusters of rich cardinal berries, which are really ripe by
+Thanksgiving. The common name, "Californian holly,"
+refers more to the berries than to the leaves, as the latter have
+not the form of holly-leaves. We have often seen the venders
+mix the berries with the prickly foliage of the live-oak, to make
+them seem more like holly.</p>
+
+<p>The large clusters of spicy white flowers appear in July and
+August. Nothing in all our flora yields a finer contrast of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[ 91]</a></span>
+lavish scarlet against rich green. The berries have a rather
+pleasant taste, somewhat acid and astringent, and are eaten by
+the Indians with great relish. The Spanish-Californians used
+them in the preparation of an agreeable drink.</p>
+
+<p>This is a very handsome shrub in cultivation.</p>
+
+
+<h3>VIRGIN'S BOWER. CLEMATIS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Clematis ligusticifolia</i>, Nutt. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Nearly smooth. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Woody; sometimes climbing thirty feet.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; long-petioled; five-foliolate. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Ovate to
+lanceolate; eighteen lines to three inches long; three-lobed and
+coarsely toothed; rarely entire or three-parted. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Di&#339;cious;
+in axillary panicles. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Four; petaloid; four to six lines long;
+thin. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Wanting. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous. <i>Pistils.</i>&mdash;Many; becoming
+long-tailed, silky akenes. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely distributed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The virgin's bower usually looks down upon us from among
+the branches of some tree, where it entwines itself indistinguishably
+with the foliage of its host. It climbs by means of
+the stalks of its leaflets, which wrap themselves about small
+twigs. This species is not so noticeable during the season of
+its blossoming as it is later, when the long plumes of its seed
+have twisted themselves into silvery balls, making feathery
+masses. Mrs. Blochman writes that among the Spanish-Californians,
+it is called "yerba de chivato," and valued as a
+remedy for barbed-wire cuts in animals. It is used in the
+form of a wash, and remarkable cures are effected.</p>
+
+<p>Another widespread species&mdash;<i>C. lasiantha</i>, Nutt.&mdash;is far
+more showy than the above. It is found in the Coast Ranges,
+from Los Angeles to Napa County at least, and in the Sierras
+to Plumas County. Its long-peduncled flowers are solitary;
+but they are so numerous and grow so closely together, that
+they make dense masses of white, conspicuous at a long distance.
+The flowers are larger, the sepals being an inch long,
+and covered with a silky pubescence, which makes them like
+soft cream-colored velvet. The three ovate leaflets are also
+silky.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[ 92]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>LADIES' TRESSES.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Spiranthes Romanzoffianum</i>, Cham. Orchis Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Roots.</i>&mdash;Fascicled tubers. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stout; four to eighteen inches
+high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Oblong-lanceolate to linear. <i>Spikes.</i>&mdash;One to even
+ten inches long. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Yellowish white; four lines long. Upper
+sepal and two petals coherent. Lip recurved, bearing a small protuberance
+on each side at base. <i>Anther.</i>&mdash;On the face of the short
+column. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Through the mountains from
+Los Angeles northward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The twisted spikes of these little orchids are interesting,
+because their ranks remain so clearly defined as they wind
+about the stem. The plants vary greatly in different seasons
+as to size, and are usually found in moist places.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TARWEED. MOUNTAIN MISERY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Chamæbatia foliolosa</i>, Benth. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubby; a foot or two high; branching freely; glandular pubescent
+throughout; fragrant. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; finely dissected; ovate or
+oblong in outline; two or three inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; few in
+terminal cymes. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-lobed. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; spreading;
+three or four lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Very numerous; short. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Solitary.
+Style terminal. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A leathery akene. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+Sierras, from Mariposa County to Nevada County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>One of the most conspicuous plants to be met on the way
+to the Yosemite is the <i>Chamæbatia</i>. It is exceedingly abundant,
+covering considerable areas and filling the air with its
+balsamic fragrance, strongly suggestive of tansy, though to
+many not so agreeable as the latter. It is a beautiful plant,
+with its feathery leaves and strawberry-like flowers; but by
+the roadside, where its viscid leaves and stems have caught the
+dust, it is often but a travesty of itself.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Brandegee writes of it: "Along the line of the railroad
+in Placer County it is often called 'bear-clover,' perhaps in
+accordance with our felicitous custom of giving names, because
+it bears not the least resemblance to clover, and the bear will
+have nothing to do with it."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f030"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f030.png">LADIES' TRESSES&mdash;<i>Spiranthes Romanzoffianum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cornus Nuttallii</i>, Audubon. Dogwood Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[ 94]</a></span></p>
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs or trees, fifteen to seventy feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite;
+obovate; acute at each end; three to five inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Numerous;
+small; greenish; in a head surrounded by an involucre of
+four to six large, yellowish or white bracts, often tinged with red, and
+eighteen lines to three inches long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Four-toothed. <i>Petals
+and Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Scarlet; five or
+six lines long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Monterey
+and Plumas Counties to British Columbia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Our large-flowered dogwood more nearly resembles the
+Eastern <i>C. florida</i> than any other species, but it is a much
+handsomer shrub than the latter. It reaches its maximum
+size in Northern Oregon and Washington, where, in the season
+of its blossoming, it is a sight never to be forgotten. Its
+masses of large white flowers, like single Cherokee roses, contrast
+finely with the deep, rich greens of the fir forests, in
+which it often grows. In its northern range, its leaves turn
+beautifully, and it becomes one of the most brilliant masqueraders
+in the autumn pageant.</p>
+
+<p>The wood is very hard, close-grained, and tough, and is
+used as a substitute for boxwood in the making of bobbins
+and shuttles for weaving, and also in cabinet-work.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Habenaria leucostachys</i>, Wats. Orchis Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>&mdash;A fusiform tuber. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to four feet high; leafy
+throughout. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Lanceolate; diminishing upward. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Bright
+white, in a spike. <i>Perianth segments.</i>&mdash;Two or three lines
+long. <i>Lip.</i>&mdash;Four lines long, with a slender spur four to six lines long.
+<i>Anther.</i>&mdash;On the column just above the stigma. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Mountains throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>From July to September we may look for the milk-white
+rein-orchis in moist meadows. It is especially abundant in
+the Sierras, where its charmingly fragrant, pure-white spikes
+are particularly effective against the lush green of the alpine
+meadows.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f031"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f031.png">MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS&mdash;<i>Habenaria leucostachys</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<h3>JAMESTOWN-WEED. JIMSON-WEED. THORN-APPLE.
+COMMON STRAMONIUM.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Datura Stramonium</i>, L. Nightshade Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[ 96]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two or three feet high; stout. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; ovate;
+coarsely angled; long-petioled. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In the forks of the stem;
+short-pediceled; white. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Tubular; angled; five-toothed; over
+an inch long. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Funnel-form; three inches long; with an expanded
+five-angled border. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; included. Filaments
+long and slender; adnate to the corolla below. Style long. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled;
+each cell nearly divided again. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Larger than a
+walnut; prickly. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Waste grounds near habitations; introduced.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The jimson-weed, which is a native of Asia, has become
+quite common in waste places. It is a rank, ill-smelling, nauseating
+weed, possessing narcotic, poisonous qualities, but its
+flowers are rather large and showy. The leaves and seeds
+are made into the drug called "stramonium," which is used
+as a remedy in neuralgia, spasmodic cough, and other disorders.</p>
+
+<p>As the plant usually grows by roadsides or in the vicinity
+of dwellings, children are not infrequently poisoned by its fruit
+and leaves. The poison manifests itself in dryness of the
+throat, rapid pulse, and delirium; and even death may ensue,
+preceded by convulsions and coma.</p>
+
+<p>This plant is also called "mad-apple," "apple of Peru,"
+and "Devil's apple."</p>
+
+<p>It has a near relative&mdash;<i>D. suaveolens</i>, HBK.,&mdash;a large
+shrub with dark-green leaves and very large, pendulous white
+flowers. This is common in Californian gardens, and is known
+popularly as "floriponda," or "angels' trumpets." It sheds a
+powerful fragrance upon the air at night, which is not noticeable
+by day.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[ 97]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>YARROW. MILFOIL.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Achillea Millefolium</i>, L. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; sessile; twice-pinnately
+parted into fine linear, acute, three- to five-cleft lobes;
+lanceolate in outline; two to four inches long; strong-scented. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Crowded
+in a flat cluster; white, sometimes pink; four lines
+across, including the rays; made up of white disk-flowers and obovate
+white rays. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;All around the Northern Hemisphere.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The yarrow, which is a common weed in most countries
+of the Northern Hemisphere, has long been known to botanists
+and herbalists, and was formerly in high repute for its many
+virtues. The leaves steeped in hot water are still considered
+very healing applications to cuts or bruises; and among the
+Spanish-Californians the fresh plants are used for stanching the
+blood in recent wounds.</p>
+
+<p>This plant received the name <i>Achillea</i>, because the great
+hero of the Trojan war was supposed to have been the first to
+discover its virtues.</p>
+
+<p>In Sweden it is used as a substitute for hops in the brewing
+of beer. Among the superstitious, even of the present day,
+it is regarded as a most potent love-charm, when plucked
+by a love-lorn maiden from the grave of a young man, while
+repeating the proper formula.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring, the plants first develop a rosette of finely
+dissected, feathery leaves, which lie flat upon the ground.
+Later, when these are well grown, it sends up its tall flower-stalks,
+crowned with close, flat clusters of small white blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>M. Naudin, who has an intimate knowledge of the plants
+of dry countries, recommends the yarrow for lawn-making
+where irrigation is impossible. "It grows freely in the driest
+of weather, and makes a handsome turf. It must be frequently
+cut, however, to prevent it from throwing up flower-stems. It
+will not succeed on a lime-impregnated soil."</p>
+
+<p>Among children the yarrow is commonly known as "old
+man." <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[ 98]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Goodyera Menziesii</i>, Lindl. Orchis Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Two or three inches long; leathery; dark green, veined
+with white. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Six to fifteen inches high, with scattered lanceolate
+bracts. <i>Spike.</i>&mdash;Many-flowered. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;White; two to four
+lines long; downy. Lateral sepals deflexed; upper and two petals
+coherent. Lip erect, saccate below, concave above, and narrowing
+into the recurved summit. <i>Anther.</i>&mdash;On the base of the column
+behind. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Mountains, from Mendocino
+and Mariposa Counties to British Columbia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The rattlesnake plantain is frequently met under the coniferous
+trees of our northern woods. Its common name comes
+from the mottling of its leaves, which is similar to that of the
+rattlesnake's skin. In midsummer, or later, the plant sends
+up a stalk of small but shapely little blossoms. These are so
+modest, one would hardly suspect they belonged to the showy
+orchis family.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BUTTON-BUSH. BUTTON-WILLOW.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>, L. Madder Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs eight to ten feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite, or in whorls of
+three or four; petioled; ovate to lanceolate; three to five inches long.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Small; white; in spherical heads an inch in diameter.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Four-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Long funnel-form with four-cleft
+limb. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; short; borne on the throat of the corolla.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two- to four-celled. Style long-exserted. Stigma capitate.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The button-bush is a handsome shrub, found upon stream
+borders, often standing where its roots are constantly under
+water. Its leaves are willow-like, and its spherical flower-heads,
+poised gracefully at the ends of the branches, resemble
+small cushions filled with pins. The blossoms often have a
+jessamine-like fragrance.</p>
+
+<p>A tincture made of the bark is used by physicians as a tonic
+and laxative and as a remedy for fevers and coughs.</p>
+
+<p>This shrub is especially abundant in the interior, on the
+lower reaches of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers,
+where it is in bloom from June to August.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f032"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f032.png">RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN&mdash;<i>Goodyera Menziesii</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Pyrola picta</i>, Smith. Heath Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[ 100]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Leathery; dark green, veined with white; one or two
+inches long. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Four to nine inches high. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Six lines or so long; white. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten. Anthers opening
+terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled. Style long; curved. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+Middle Sierras and Mendocino County, and northward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The great coniferous forests of our higher mountains afford
+homes for many interesting members of the Heath family. A
+trip to the Sierras in August will yield many a prize to the
+flower-lover. <i>Pyrolas</i>, with waxen clusters, vie with <i>Pipsissiwas</i>;
+the weird looking <i>Pterospora</i> rears its uncanny, gummy
+stems, clothed with small, yellowish bells, while an occasional
+glimpse of a blood-red spike betrays the most wonderful of
+them all&mdash;the snow-plant.</p>
+
+<p>Of the <i>Pyrolas</i> we made the acquaintance of three in this
+region. These pretty plants are called "shinleaf," because
+the leaves of some of the species were used by the English
+peasantry as plasters which they applied to bruises or sores.
+<i>Pyrola picta</i>, with its rich leathery, white-veined leaves and
+clusters of whitish, waxen flowers, was quite plentiful and
+always a delight to meet. <i>Pyrola dentata</i>, Smith, we often
+found growing with it. This has spatulate, wavy-margined
+leaves; which are pale and not veined with white, and its scapes
+are more slender. It never was so attractive or vigorous a
+plant as the other.</p>
+
+<p>A ramble in the woods one day brought us to the brink of
+a charming stream, whose pure, ice-cold waters babbled along
+most invitingly. Following its course, we found ourselves in
+a delightfully cool, moist thicket, where, nestling in the deep
+shade, we found the beautiful, rich, glossy leaves of <i>Pyrola
+rotundifolia, var. bracteata</i>, Gray. The leaves are roundish,
+of a beautiful, bright chrome green, highly polished, and the
+delicate flowers are rose-pink. This is called "Indian lettuce"
+and "canker lettuce," and a tincture of the fresh plant is used
+in medicine for the same purposes as chimaphila. <i>P. aphylla</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[ 102]</a></span>
+Smith, is easily distinguished by the absence of leaves. It has
+flesh-colored stems, and its flowers are sometimes of the same
+color, and sometimes white. This is found in the Coast Ranges.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f033"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f033.png">WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF&mdash;<i>Pyrola picta</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>PEARLY EVERLASTING FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Anaphalis Margaritacea</i>, Benth. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to three feet high; leafy up to the flowers. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+sessile; lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; two to four inches
+long; white-woolly, at length becoming green above. <i>Heads.</i>&mdash;Of filiform
+disk-flowers only. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Of many rows of pearly white,
+pointed scales, not longer than the flowers, resembling ray-flowers.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely distributed over the northern parts of America and Asia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Our wild everlasting flowers are very difficult of determination,
+and are comprised under at least three genera, <i>Gnaphalium</i>,
+<i>Anaphalis</i>, and <i>Antennaria</i>. The word <i>Anaphalis</i> is
+from the same root as the word <i>Gnaphalium</i>, and the species
+have quite the aspect of <i>Gnaphalium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers of the pearly everlasting have a peculiarly pure
+pearly look before they are entirely open, and their sharp-pointed
+little scales give them a prim, set look, like very regular,
+tiny white roses. There is a hint of green in them, but
+they are never of the dirty yellowish-white of the cudweed, nor
+have they the slippery-elm-like fragrance of the latter. When
+fully expanded, the centers are brown. The leaves, which at
+length become a dark, shining green, make a fine contrast with
+the permanently white-woolly stems. The flower-clusters are
+loosely compound.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WASHINGTON LILY. SHASTA LILY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lilium Washingtonianum</i>, Kell. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the Sierras from three to six thousand feet
+elevation.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I shall never forget the thrill of delight I felt on first beholding
+this noble white lily, some years ago, in an open fir forest
+near Mt. Shasta. I had often heard of it, but never dared
+hope it would be my privilege to gather it for myself in its own
+native haunts.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[ 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The blossoms somewhat resemble those of the ruby lily, but
+the petals have longer claws and are more loosely put together.
+They are fragrant, but their perfume is not to be compared with
+that of the ruby lily.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Purdy once saw, upon a single great mountain-side,
+ten thousand of these wonderful plants, upbearing their beautiful,
+pure lilies&mdash;a sight outrivaling the poet's vision of the
+golden daffodils.</p>
+
+<p>The Shasta lily is never found in the Coast Ranges. Another
+species, <i>L. Parryi</i>, Wats., resembling this in the form
+of its flowers, is found in the San Bernardino Mountains. This
+is known as the "lemon lily," and has clear yellow flowers,
+dotted sparingly with deeper yellow. It is a charming flower,
+and is always found in shaded, springy places in cool cañons.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LABRADOR TEA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ledum glandulosum</i>, Nutt. Heath Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; short-petioled;
+oblong or oval; an inch or two long; coriaceous; sprinkled beneath
+with resin-dots. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White; in terminal and axillary clusters.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; three lines long; rotately spreading.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four to ten. Anthers opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled.
+Style filiform, persistent. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, from
+Mendocino County northward, and through the Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Our Labrador tea is a comely shrub, found in the mountains
+at an elevation of four thousand feet and upward. Its
+small, leathery leaves are miniature copies of those of the Californian
+rhododendron, differing from them, however, in the
+sprinkling of resin-dots upon the under surface.</p>
+
+<p>Upon seeing the flowers of this shrub for the first time, one
+is apt to imagine it a member of the Rose family, something
+akin to the cherry, with its clusters of small white flowers of a
+bitter fragrance; but a glance at the anthers, with their terminal
+pores, tells the story quickly.</p>
+
+<p>A tea made from the leaves is, with many people, a valued
+remedy for rheumatism.</p>
+
+<p>This little shrub is much dreaded by sheepmen, who claim
+that it poisons their flocks. It has been suggested that it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[ 104]</a></span>
+would be an excellent thing to have it widely planted as a
+means of reducing these bands of "hoofed locusts," as Mr.
+Muir terms them&mdash;these marauders who trample down so
+much beauty, and leave desolation everywhere in their wake.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PIPSISSIWA. PRINCE'S PINE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Chimaphila Menziesii</i>, Spreng. Heath Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Six to eighteen lines long;
+dark green, sometimes variegated with white; leathery. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;One
+to three. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted; white. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; waxen-white
+or pinkish. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten. Filaments enlarged and hairy in
+the middle. Anthers two-celled; opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled.
+Style short. Stigma button-like. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Middle Sierras
+and Mendocino County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The prince's pine is a charming little plant, and may be
+found beneath the undergrowth in the great coniferous woods
+of the Sierras, where it sits demurely with bowed head, like
+some cloistered nun engaged with her own meditations. It
+has an exquisite perfume, like that of the lily of the valley.</p>
+
+<p>The common prince's pine of the Eastern States&mdash;<i>C. umbellata</i>&mdash;is
+more rare with us, though it is found through
+somewhat the same range as the above. It is a more vigorous
+plant than the other, has from four to seven purplish flowers
+in the cluster, while its leaves are never spotted.</p>
+
+<p>In the East, from the leaves of this species is manufactured
+the drug "chimaphila," which is valued as a tonic and astringent,
+also as a remedy for cataract.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GROUNDSEL-TREE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Baccharis pilularis</i>, DC. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Evergreen di&#339;cious shrubs, one to twelve feet high, with angled or
+striate branches. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; sessile; obovate; cuneate; obtuse;
+coarsely toothed; leathery; one inch or less long. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Crowded
+at the ends of the branchlets; four lines long; one or two
+across; without ray-flowers. <i>Involucres.</i>&mdash;Oblong; of many imbricated
+scales. <i>Sterile heads.</i>&mdash;With funnel-form, five-lobed corollas.
+<i>Fertile heads.</i>&mdash;With filiform corollas, mixed with a dense white silky
+pappus, which soon elongates. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;All along the Coast.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f034"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f034.png">PRINCE'S PINE&mdash;<i>Chimaphila Menziesii</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the fall, the dark-green foliage of the groundsel-tree is
+relieved by its abundant small white flower-clusters. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[ 106]</a></span>
+flowers of the male shrub are never very beautiful, being usually
+of a yellowish or dirty white; indeed, so little resembling
+the other, as to appear like a separate species. But when the
+white silk down of the female shrub is fully expanded, its
+boughs are laden as with drifted snow. This lavish provision
+of silk is designed by nature for the wafting abroad of the
+seed.</p>
+
+<p>It varies greatly in size and habit. Upon exposed, wind-swept
+sandhills it is low and close-cropped, but in more favorable
+localities, where the soil is rich and the climate more
+genial, it responds graciously to the changed conditions, becoming
+one of our most picturesque shrubs.</p>
+
+<p>Growing and blooming at the same time with the above,
+may be found its near relative&mdash;<i>B. Douglasii</i>, DC. This does
+not aspire to shrubhood, but its tall stems, with their lanceolate,
+somewhat glutinous leaves, sometimes reach four feet in
+height, bearing at summit their pretty Ageratum-like, white
+flower-clusters. It loves the sandy soil of creek-banks and
+low fields, and is abundant from San Francisco to Los Angeles.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LARGE WHITE MOUNTAIN DAISY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Erigeron Coulteri</i>, T.C. Porter. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Six to twenty inches high; leafy; bearing solitary or rarely
+two or three large, slender-peduncled heads. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Obovate to
+oblong; entire or with several sharp teeth; thin. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Of
+yellow disk-flowers, and usually pure white ray-flowers. <i>Disk.</i>&mdash;Half
+an inch wide. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Fifty to seventy; narrowly linear; six lines or
+more long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras; also the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"High on the crest of the blossoming grasses,</span>
+<span class="i0">Bending and swaying, with face toward the sky,</span>
+<span class="ni">Stirred by the lightest west wind as it passes,</span>
+<span class="i0">Hosts of the silver-white daisy-stars lie."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>No fairer sight could be imagined than a mountain meadow
+filled with these large, pure-white, feathery daisies.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f035"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f035.png">BACCHARIS&mdash;<i>Baccharis Douglasii</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN FALSE HELLEBORE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Veratrum Californicum</i>, Durand. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stout; three to seven feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Oval; narrowing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[ 108]</a></span>
+to lanceolate; sessile; sheathing; four to twelve inches long.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Greenish-white in a large panicle, with usually ascending
+branches. <i>Stamens and pistils</i> in the same flowers, or in separate
+ones. <i>Pedicels.</i>&mdash;About two lines long. <i>Perianth segments.</i>&mdash;Six;
+spreading; oblanceolate; their bases thickened and green or brownish;
+upper margins sometimes minutely toothed; three to eight lines long.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. Anthers confluently one-celled. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled.
+Styles three, divergent. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Middle Sierras and Mendocino
+County northward to the Columbia; also eastward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The false hellebore may be found in midsummer in the
+mountains. It grows along watercourses, and often covers
+rich, moist meadows, where its stems rise from three to seven
+feet, with their coarsely ribbed, boat-shaped leaves and large
+panicles of greenish-white flowers. When at its best it is a
+rather fine, showy thing, but its leaves are often perforated by
+some insect, and present a ragged, untidy appearance.</p>
+
+<p>The mountaineers commonly call this plant "skunk cabbage,"
+a deplorable misnomer, because it is in no sense
+merited; and, moreover, we have a plant to which the title
+more rightfully belongs. The root and young shoots are a
+violent poison, and are fatal to animals which are unfortunate
+enough to crop them.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>V. fimbriatum</i>, Gray&mdash;a smaller plant, is
+found upon the plains in Mendocino County. It may be distinguished
+from the above by its more slender leaves, its woolly
+flower-panicle, and its decidedly fringed flower-petals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[ 109]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="II_YELLOW" id="II_YELLOW"></a>II. YELLOW</h2>
+
+
+<p class="cen">[<i>Yellow or occasionally or partially yellow flowers not described</i></p>
+<p class="cen"><i>in the Yellow Section.</i></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><i>Described in the White Section:&mdash;</i></li>
+
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus venustus</span>&mdash;Mariposa Lily, or Tulip.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lilium Parryi</span>&mdash;Lemon-Lily.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Viola ocellata</span>&mdash;Heart's-ease.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Pink Section:&mdash;</i></li>
+
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lessingia Germanorum</span>&mdash;Yellow Lessingia.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Blue and Purple Section:&mdash;</i></li>
+
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Fritillaria pudica</span>&mdash;Yellow Fritillary.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Iris macrosiphon</span>&mdash;Ground-Iris.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Sisyrinchium Californicum</span>&mdash;Golden-eyed Grass.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Trillium sessile</span>&mdash;Californian Trillium.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Red Section:&mdash;</i></li>
+
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Castilleia parviflora</span>&mdash;Indian Paint-Brush.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Cereus Emoryi</span>&mdash;Velvet Cactus.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Pentstemon centranthifolius</span>&mdash;Scarlet Bugler.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Miscellaneous Section:&mdash;</i></li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Cypripedium Californicum</span>&mdash;Californian Lady's Slipper.]</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>SUN-CUPS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>&#338;nothera ovata</i>, Nutt. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>&mdash;A thick tap-root. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical; oblong-lanceolate;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[ 110]</a></span>
+smooth; ciliate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary in the axils; bright golden yellow.
+<i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Filiform; one to five inches long; limb of four lanceolate,
+reflexed divisions. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four; three to ten lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Eight.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Four-celled; underground. Style filiform. Stigma
+capitate. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A ribbed capsule. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Near the coast from San
+Francisco to Monterey.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This little evening primrose is an exceedingly interesting
+plant, although it is not of very wide distribution. The flat
+rosettes of leaves sometimes measure over a foot across, and
+are thickly sown with the bright golden flowers, large in proportion
+to the size of the plants. A flower or bud is found in
+the axil of every leaf, diminishing in size toward the center,
+one plant sometimes having a hundred blossoms and buds.
+These flowers are peculiarly fresh and winsome, and were they
+not so abundant where they grow they would doubtless be
+considered very beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>A strange feature of the plant is its flower-stem, which is
+not a flower-stem at all, but a very much prolonged calyx-tube,
+the seed-vessel being just within the surface of the ground.</p>
+
+<p>We wonder how these imprisoned seeds are going to
+escape and find lodgment to start new colonies elsewhere.
+Perhaps the moles and gophers could tell something about it
+if they would.</p>
+
+<p>The leaves of these little plants are sometimes used for
+salads.</p>
+
+<p>These blossoms are often erroneously called "cow-slips."</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON BUTTERCUP.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ranunculus Californicus</i>, Benth. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Slender; branching; six to eighteen inches high. <i>Radical-leaves.</i>&mdash;Commonly
+pinnately ternate; the leaflets cut into three to
+seven usually linear lobes. Divisions of the stem-leaves usually narrower.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Five to ten lines in diameter; shining golden yellow.
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Green; strongly reflexed. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Ten to fourteen; obovate;
+each with a small scale at the base. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous. <i>Pistils.</i></p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f036"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f036.png">SUN-CUPS&mdash;<i>&#338;nothera ovata</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote><p>Numerous; on a receptacle. Ovaries flattened. Stigmas recurved.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[ 112]</a></span>
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout Western California into Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"The buttercup catches the sun in its chalice;</span>
+<span class="ni">And there's never a leaf nor a blade too mean</span>
+<span class="ni">To be some happy creature's palace."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>The first clear, beautiful note of a lark has been heard;
+skies are blue and fields are green; little frogs are filling the air
+with their music;&mdash;and the buttercups are here. The fields
+are full of them, and their bright golden eyes starring the
+meadows, bring a gladness to the face of nature. The children
+wade knee-deep in their gold, filling their hands with treasure;
+and yonder, where their golden masses cover the slopes, King
+Midas may have passed, transforming the earth with his magical
+touch.</p>
+
+<p>Because some of the buttercups grow where frogs abound,
+Pliny bestowed the Latin name <i>Ranunculus</i>, meaning "little
+frog."</p>
+
+<p>The Indians, who seem to have a use for everything, parch
+the seeds of our common buttercup and beat them to a flour,
+which they eat without the further formality of cooking. This
+flour is said to have the peculiar rich flavor of parched corn.</p>
+
+<p>We have a number of other species of buttercup&mdash;some of
+them denizens of marshy spots; but the common field buttercup
+is widest-spread and best known.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CREAM-CUPS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Platystemon Californicus</i>, Benth. Poppy Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Delicate hairy herbs. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A span or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly
+opposite; sessile; two to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Axillary;
+long-peduncled; an inch or so across. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Three; falling early.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Six, in two rows; cream-color, often with a yellow spot at
+base. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous. Filaments broad; petaloid. <i>Pistils.</i>&mdash;Six
+to twenty-five; united in a ring at first; afterward separating. Stigmas
+terminal. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f037"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f037.png">CREAM-CUPS&mdash;<i>Platystemon Californicus</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The cream-cups are delicate, hairy plants of the early
+springtime, which often grow in masses and take possession
+of whole fields. They seem to be more vigorous in the south,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[ 114]</a></span>
+and produce larger flowers there than in the north, often having
+as many as nine petals. The delicate, nodding green buds
+(like miniature poppy-buds) soon throw off their outer wrappings,
+and, emerging from captivity, gradually assume an erect
+position and unfurl their lovely, pure, straw-colored petals to
+their widest extent. These blossoms open for several successive
+days.</p>
+
+<p>The genus takes its name from the flat filaments. The numerous
+slender pistils are so cleverly joined together into a
+cylinder, that they appear like a hollow, one-celled ovary. But
+a cross-section will show the separate ovaries under a glass.</p>
+
+<p>Some people like the odor of these flowers; but I must confess
+to a lack of appreciation of it. I suspect its charm must
+exist in some pleasant association.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COPA DE ORO. CALIFORNIA POPPY. TOROSA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Eschscholtzia Californica</i>, Cham. Poppy Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Twelve to eighteen inches high; branching. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+finely dissected; glaucous. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Two or three inches
+across; usually orange; but ranging from that to white. Summit of
+the peduncle enlarging into a cup-shaped torus or disk, upon the upper
+inner surface of which are borne the calyx, corolla, and stamens.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;A pointed green cap, falling early. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous,
+in four groups, in front of the petals. Anthers linear.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style short. Stigmas four to six; unequal.
+<i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Cylindrical; ten-nerved; two or three inches long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+California.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">Thy satin vesture richer is than looms</span>
+<span class="i1">Of Orient weave for raiment of her kings!</span>
+<span class="i1">Not dyes of olden Tyre, not precious things</span>
+<span class="ni">Regathered from the long-forgotten tombs</span>
+<span class="ni">Of buried empires, not the iris plumes</span>
+<span class="i1">That wave upon the tropics' myriad wings,</span>
+<span class="i1">Not all proud Sheba's queenly offerings</span>
+<span class="ni">Could match the golden marvel of thy blooms.</span>
+<span class="ni">For thou art nurtured from the treasure-veins</span>
+<span class="i1">Of this fair land; thy golden rootlets sup</span>
+<span class="i0">Her sands of gold&mdash;of gold thy petals spun.</span>
+<span class="ni">Her golden glory, thou! On hills and plains,</span>
+<span class="i1">Lifting, exultant, every kingly cup</span>
+<span class="i0">Brimmed with the golden vintage of the sun.</span>
+<p class="quotsig">&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ina D. Coolbrith</span></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="image" id="f038"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f038.png">CALIFORNIA POPPY&mdash;<i>Eschscholtzia Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is difficult to exaggerate the charms of this wonderful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[ 116]</a></span>
+flower. When reproduced in countless millions, its brilliant
+blossoms fairly cover the earth; and far away upon distant
+mountain-slopes, bright patches of red gold denote that league
+after league of it lies open to the sun. It revels in the sunshine,
+and not until the morning is well advanced does it begin
+to unfurl its tightly rolled petals.</p>
+
+<p>In the early days, when Spanish vessels sailed up and down
+the newly-discovered coast, the mariners, looking inland, saw
+the flame of the poppies upon the hills and called this "the land
+of fire." They said that the altar-cloth of San Pascual was
+spread upon the hills, and, filled with a devotional spirit, they
+disembarked to worship upon the shore.</p>
+
+<p>This flower is now cultivated in many parts of the world.
+But one can form no conception of it, pale and languishing in
+a foreign garden. One must go to its native hillsides to get
+any idea of its prodigal beauty.</p>
+
+<p>The common title, "California poppy," though it has been
+widely used, is open to the objection that it belongs more
+properly to another flower, <i>Papaver Californicum</i>. The generic
+name is dissonant and harsh. Why not replace it by one
+of the more euphonious Spanish titles&mdash;"amapola," "dormidera,"
+"torosa," or, most charmingly appropriate of all,
+"copa de oro,"&mdash;"cup of gold"?</p>
+
+<p>There are many forms of <i>Eschscholtzia</i>, and of late the original
+species, <i>E. Californica</i>, has been divided into a number of
+new species, which are, however, difficult of determination.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians of Placer County, it is said, boil the herbage,
+or roast it by means of hot stones, lay it in water afterward,
+and then eat it as a green. A drug made from this plant is
+used in medicine as a harmless substitute for morphine and as
+a remedy for headache and insomnia, and it has an especially
+excellent effect with children. The Spanish-Californians make
+a hair-oil, which they prize highly, by frying the whole plant
+in olive oil and adding some choice perfume. This is said to
+promote the growth of the hair and to make it glossy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[ 117]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>MOCK-ORANGE. GOURD. CHILI-COJOTE.
+CALABAZILLA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cucurbita f&#339;tidissima</i>, HBK. Gourd Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Long; coarse; trailing. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; petioled;
+triangular-cordate; six to twelve inches long; acute; rough. <i>Tendrils.</i>&mdash;Three- to
+five-cleft. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary; yellow; three or four
+inches long; mon&#339;cious. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Six lines long, equaling the
+five linear lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; five-cleft to the middle or
+lower; with recurved lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;In the male flowers two with
+two-celled anthers, and one with one; in the female all three rudimentary.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. Style short. Stigmas three; two-lobed.
+<i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Orange-like, but with a hard rind. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>C. perennis</i>, Gray.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;San Diego to San Joaquin County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The rough, ill-smelling foliage of the Chili-cojote is a common
+sight in Southern California, where it may be seen trailing
+over many a field; but woe to the negligent farmer who allows
+this pest to get a foothold&mdash;for it will cost him a small fortune
+to eradicate it. It sends down into the earth an enormous
+root, six feet or so long, and often as broad. When the
+gourds are ripe, these vines look like the dumping-ground for
+numerous poor, discarded oranges.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding its unsavory character, the various parts
+of this vine are put to use&mdash;specially among the Spanish-Californians
+and the Indians. The root is a purgative more
+powerful than croton-oil. When pounded to a pulp, it is used
+as soap by the Spanish-Californians, who aver that it cleanses
+as nothing else can; but rinsing must be very thorough&mdash;for
+any particles remaining in the garments prove very irritating
+to the skin. The leaves are highly valued for medicinal purposes,
+and the pulp of the green fruit, mixed with soap, is said
+to remove stains from clothing. The Indians eat the seed,
+when ground and made into a mush. The early Californian
+women used the gourds as darning-balls.</p>
+
+<p>This vine is a near relative of the pumpkins and squashes
+of our gardens.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are said to be violet-scented.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[ 118]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>WATER-HOLLY. MAHONIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Berberis nervosa</i>, Pursh. Barberry Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Simple; a foot or so high; bearing at summit a crown of
+large leaves, mixed with many dry, chaffy, persistent bracts. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;One
+or two feet long, with from eleven to seventeen ovate, acuminate,
+prickly, somewhat palmately nerved leaflets. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellow,
+in elongated, clustered racemes. Bractlets, sepals, petals, and
+stamens six, standing in front of one another. Anthers two-celled;
+opening by uplifting valves. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style short or
+none. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Dark-blue, glaucous berries; four lines in diameter.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Deep coast woods, from Monterey to Vancouver Island.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The water-holly is one of the beautiful plants to be found
+in our deep coast woods within the cool influence of the sea-fogs.
+The plants are very symmetrical, with their crown of
+dark, shining leaves, with numerous prickly leaflets, and in
+spring, when the long graceful racemes of yellow flowers are
+produced in abundance, and hang amid and below the leaves,
+they are very ornamental. The stems are densely clothed
+with numerous dry, awl-shaped scales, an inch or more long.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>B. repens</i>&mdash;the creeping barberry, or
+Oregon grape, is a low, prostrate shrub, less than a foot high,
+with from three to seven leaflets. These leaflets are pinnately
+veined, and have not the beautiful, shining upper surface of
+those of the water-holly, and the few racemes of yellow flowers
+which terminate the branches are quite short&mdash;only an inch or
+two long. This is found throughout the State and northward
+upon rocky hills.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TREE-POPPY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Dendromecon rigidum</i>, Benth. Poppy Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;One to three inches long;
+leathery. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary; yellow; one to three inches across.
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Two; falling early. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Many. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Linear;
+one-celled. Stigma two-lobed. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Eighteen to thirty
+lines long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Dry hills from San Diego to Butte County.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>The tree-poppy is the only truly woody plant in the poppy
+family. Its pale leaves are quite rigid, and resemble those of
+the willow in form. The bright golden flowers are sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[ 120]</a></span>
+three inches across, and one can readily imagine the fine effect
+produced when many of them are open at once upon a hillside.
+Though found through quite a range, this shrub attains its
+most perfect development in Santa Barbara County.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f039"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f039.png">TREE-POPPY&mdash;<i>Dendromecon rigidum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>YELLOW PANSY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Viola pedunculata</i>, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Leafy; two to six inches or more high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+long-petioled; ovate; cuneate; crenate; with lanceolate stipules.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Large; long-peduncled; deep golden yellow. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;The two upper tinged with brown outside; the
+three lower veined with purple; the two lateral bearded; the lower one
+with a short spur at base. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. Anthers nearly sessile;
+erect around the club-shaped style. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Southern
+to Middle California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">Pansies! Pansies! How I love you, pansies!</span>
+<span class="ni">Jaunty-faced, laughing-lipped, and dewy-eyed with glee;</span>
+<span class="ni">Would my song might blossom out in little five-leaved stanzas</span>
+<span class="i8">As delicate in fancies</span>
+<span class="i8">As your beauty is to me!</span>
+</div>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">But, my eyes shall smile on you and my hands infold you,</span>
+<span class="ni">Pet, caress, and lift you to the lips that love you, so</span>
+<span class="ni">That, shut ever in the years that may mildew or mold you,</span>
+<span class="i8">My fancy shall behold you</span>
+<span class="i8">Fair as in the long ago.</span>
+<p class="quotsig">&mdash;<span class="smcap">Jas. Whitcomb Riley.</span></p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p>On wind-swept downs near the ocean, on the low hills of the
+Coast Ranges, or upon the plains of the interior, this charming
+golden pansy spreads itself in profusion in early spring. It
+is the darling of the children, who on their way to school
+gather great handfuls of its brown-eyed blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>You may often see myriads of them dancing on their long
+stems in the breeze, and showing glimpses of red-brown where
+their purplish outer petals are turned toward you for the moment.
+In the shelter of quiet woodlands, its stems are longer
+and more fragile.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f040"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f040.png">YELLOW PANSY&mdash;<i>Viola pedunculata</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>TWIN-BERRY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lonicera involucrata</i>, Banks. Honeysuckle Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs eight to ten feet high. <i>Leaves.-</i>-Three inches long or so.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[ 122]</a></span>
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;A pair; at the summit of an axillary peduncle; with a conspicuous
+involucre of four bracts, tinged with red or yellow. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Adherent
+to the ovary; the limb minute or obsolete. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Tubular;
+irregular; half an inch or more long; viscid-pubescent; yellowish.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two- or three-celled. Style filiform. Stigma
+capitate. <i>Berries.</i>&mdash;Black-purple. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State; eastward
+to Lake Superior.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A walk through some moist thicket, or along a stream-bank
+in March, will reveal the yellow flowers of the twin-berry amid
+its ample, thin green leaves. These blossoms are always borne
+in pairs at the summit of the stem, and are surrounded by a
+leafy involucre, consisting of two pairs of round, fluted bracts.
+As the berries ripen and become black, these bracts deepen to
+a brilliant red and make the shrubs much more conspicuous
+and ornamental than at blossoming-time.</p>
+
+
+<h3>OREGON GRAPE. HOLLY-LEAVED BARBERRY.
+MAHONIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Berberis Aquifolium</i>, Pursh. Barberry Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to six feet high; branching. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; pinnate.
+<i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Seven to nine; glossy; ovate to oblong-lanceolate;
+one and one half to four inches long; acuminate; sinuately dentate,
+with numerous spinose teeth; the lowest pair distant from the stem.
+<i>Racemes.</i>&mdash;Eighteen lines to two inches long; clustered near the ends
+of the branches. (Otherwise as <i>B. nervosa</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges
+and Sierras from Monterey and Kern County northward into Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The holly-leaved barberry, or Oregon grape, is a very ornamental
+shrub and one much prized in our gardens, where it is
+known as <i>Mahonia Aquifolium</i>. In the spring, when yellow
+with its masses of flowers; or in its summer dress of rich, shining
+green; or in the autumn, when its foliage is richly touched
+with bronze or scarlet or yellow, amid which are the beautiful
+blue berries, it is always a fine shrub. In its native haunts it
+affects greater altitudes than our other species.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f041"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f041.png">TWIN-BERRY&mdash;<i>Lonicera involucrata</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among our Californian Indians, a decoction made from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[ 124]</a></span>
+root is a favorite tonic remedy, and it has become a recognized
+drug in the pharmacop&#339;ia of our Coast, being used as an
+alterative and tonic. The root is tough and hard, of a bright
+golden yellow, and intensely bitter. The bark of the root is
+the part that is used medicinally.</p>
+
+<p>The shrub is very plentiful in the woods of Mendocino
+County, where it covers considerable areas.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SUNSHINE. FLY-FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Bæria gracilis</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Six inches or so high; branching freely. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly opposite;
+linear; entire; an inch or so long. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Yellow; of disk
+and ray-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Ten to fourteen; three or four lines long.
+<i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; of a single series of small lanceolate, herbaceous
+scales. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From San Francisco southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Considered singly, the blossom of this plant is a simple,
+unassuming little flower; but when countless millions of its
+golden stars stud the nether firmament, it becomes one of the
+most conspicuous of all our <i>Compositæ</i>. It literally covers the
+earth with a close carpet of rich golden bloom, and other
+plants, such as scarlet paint-brushes, blue Phacelias, and yellow
+and white tidy-tips, rise out of its golden tapestry. Mile after
+mile of it whirls by the car-window as we journey along, or
+long stretches of it gild the gently rounded hill-slopes of the
+distant landscape.</p>
+
+<p>There are several other species of <i>Bæria</i>, but this is the
+most abundant and widespread. In some localities this little
+plant is so much frequented by a small fly, which feeds upon
+its pollen, that it is called "fly-flower." It then becomes a
+serious nuisance to horses and cattle, which grow wild and
+restive under the persecution of this insect.</p>
+
+<p>In the Spanish deck of playing-cards in the early days, the
+"Jack of Spades" always held one of these flowers in his
+hand. By the Spanish-Californians it was called "Si me
+quieres, no me quieres"&mdash;"Love me, love me not,"&mdash;because
+their dark-eyed maidens tried their fortunes upon it in the
+same manner that our own maidens consult the marguerite.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f042"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f042.png">PENTACHÆTA&mdash;<i>Pentachæta aurea</i>. SUNSHINE&mdash;<i>Bæria gracilis</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Growing in brilliant beds by themselves, or intermingling<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[ 126]</a></span>
+their gold with that of the <i>Bæria</i>, the charming feathery blossoms
+of <i>Pentachæta aurea</i>, Nutt., are found in midspring.
+They have from fifty to seventy rays and their involucres consist
+of several rows of scarious-margined bracts.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MEADOW-FOAM.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Fl&#339;rkia Douglasii</i>, Baillon. Geranium Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Smooth, succulent herbs. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or so long. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Much
+dissected. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Axillary; solitary. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Narrow;
+acute. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Nine lines long or so; yellow, sometimes tipped with
+white, white, or rose-tinged. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten, in two sets; a gland at
+the base of those opposite the sepals. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of five carpels, becoming
+distinct. Style five-cleft at the apex. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Limnanthes Douglasii</i>,
+R. Br. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Oregon to Southern California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When the spring is well advanced, our wet meadows are all
+a-cream with the meadow-foam, whose dense masses blend
+exquisitely with the rich red of the common sorrel, which is
+in blossom at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>This plant is a near relative of the redwood-sorrel, and its
+flowers are similar in size and veining, and also in their habit
+of closing at night. It is much admired and has long been in
+cultivation.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PIMPERNEL. POOR-MAN'S WEATHER-GLASS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Anagallis arvensis</i>, L. Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Prostrate; spreading. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Usually opposite; sessile;
+ovate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary on axillary peduncles; orange-vermilion
+(rarely blue or white); six lines or so across. <i>Calyx</i> and rotate corolla
+five-parted. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Rounded; purple at base. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five;
+opposite the petals. Filaments purple, bearded. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Globose;
+the top falling off as a lid. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Common everywhere. Introduced
+from Europe.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The little orange-vermilion flower of the pimpernel is a
+plain little blossom to the unassisted eye, but it becomes truly
+regal when seen under a glass, where its rich purple center displays
+itself in glistening splendor. It is a forcible example of
+the infinite care bestowed upon all of Nature's children, even
+to the humblest weeds.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f043"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f043.png">MEADOW-FOAM&mdash;<i>Fl&#339;rkia Douglasii</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This little plant has come to us from Europe, and it makes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[ 128]</a></span>
+itself perfectly at home among us in many widely-differing
+situations. From the fact that it furls its petals upon cloudy
+days, or at the approach of rain, it is called in England "poor-man's
+weather-glass."</p>
+
+<p>The plant is an acrid poison and was extensively used in
+medicine by the ancients. It seems to act particularly upon
+the nervous system, and was used as a remedy for convulsions,
+the plague, gout, and hydrophobia.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4><i>Encelia Californica</i>, Nutt. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Bushy; two to four feet high; strong-scented. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly
+alternate; short-petioled; ovate-lanceolate; an inch or two long.
+<i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Solitary; long-peduncled; large. <i>Disk.</i>&mdash;Eight lines
+across; of black-purple, tubular flowers, with deep-yellow styles.
+<i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Sterile; over an inch long; five lines wide; four-toothed. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Open-campanulate
+of several series of coriaceous, imbricated
+scales. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This shrubby <i>Composita</i> is quite abundant in the south, and
+when covered with its large yellow flowers with purple-brown
+centers is very showy. We have seen mesas covered with the
+bushes, which have much the same spreading habit as the
+white marguerite of the garden. It thrives particularly well
+near the coast, but is also at home upon some of the hills of
+interior valleys as well. It is quite strong-scented, but the
+flowers are very handsome, rivaling in decorativeness many of
+the cherished plants of our gardens.</p>
+
+
+<h3>YELLOW FORGET-ME-NOT. WOOLLY-BREECHES.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Amsinckia</i>, Lehm. Borage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Hispid annuals. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; oblong-ovate to linear.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Small; yellow or orange, in coiled spikes or racemes.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted; persistent. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Salver-shaped, or somewhat
+funnel-form; with five-lobed border; the throat naked or with
+minute hairy tufts opposite the lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of
+four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We have several species of <i>Amsinckia</i>, all of which have
+small yellow flowers, resembling in form our little white forget-me-nots.
+The genus is a Western American one, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[ 129]</a></span>
+species are very difficult of determination. They are all hispid
+plants, very disagreeable to handle, and are generally of rank
+growth. They often occur in great masses, when they become
+rather showy.</p>
+
+<p>The largest-flowered species, which is also the most common
+one in the south, is <i>A. spectabilis</i>, Fisch. and Mey. The
+corolla of this is often half an inch long and half an inch across,
+of an orange-yellow, with deeper orange spots in the throat.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TREE-TOBACCO.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Nicotiana glauca</i>, Graham. Nightshade Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Loosely branching shrubs, fifteen feet or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+petioled; ovate; smooth. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Clustered at the ends of
+the branches. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Tubular;
+eighteen lines long; with constricted throat; and border shortly
+five-toothed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five, on the base of the corolla, adnate to
+the tube below. Anthers with two diverging cells. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled.
+Style slender. Stigma capitate; two-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+Southern California; introduced.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The tall, loosely branching, spreading form of the tree-tobacco
+is a familiar sight in the south about vacant lots and
+waste places. Its clusters of long, greenish-yellow flowers
+hang gracefully from the ends of the slender branches, and the
+ovate leaves are rather long-stalked. It is supposed to have
+been introduced from Buenos Ayres, and old inhabitants remember
+the time when but one or two plants were known.
+In thirty years it has spread rapidly, and is now exceedingly
+common.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WIND-POPPY. BLOOD-DROP. FLAMING POPPY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Meconopsis heterophylla</i>, Benth. Poppy Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Smooth herbs. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Slender; a foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly
+petioled; pinnately divided into variously toothed, oval to linear
+segments. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary; on long peduncles; orange-vermilion
+to scarlet. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Two; falling early. Petals.&mdash;Four; two to twelve
+lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous. Filaments filiform; purple. Anthers
+yellow. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Top-shaped; ribbed; one-celled. Style short. Stigma
+large; capitate; four- to eight-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout Western
+California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wind-poppy is an exceedingly variable flower. In the
+central part of the State it is large and showy, its beautiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[ 130]</a></span>
+flame-colored blossoms being two inches across; while in the
+south it is usually very small, making tiny flecks of red in the
+grass, for which reason it is there called "blood-drop." It is
+an exquisite thing. Its petals have the delicate satin texture
+of the poppy; and their showy orange or scarlet blends suddenly
+at the center into a deep maroon. The bright-green,
+top-shaped ovary stands up in the midst of the slender stamens,
+whose yellow anthers show brilliantly against the dark
+maroon of the petals.</p>
+
+<p>It blossoms in spring upon open hillsides, seeming to prefer
+those which are shaded for at least part of the day. It is very
+fragile, and falls to pieces at a touch, which makes it an unsatisfactory
+flower to gather.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHISPERING BELLS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Emmenanthe penduliflora</i>, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Six inches to a foot high; branched above; hairy; somewhat viscid.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;An inch or more long; pinnatifid. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Straw-colored;
+at length pendulous. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; about six lines long.
+(Flower structure as in <i>Phacelia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Lake County to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In midspring, when passing among the plants upon our
+dry, open hillsides, our attention is often attracted by a certain
+delicate, rustling sound, which we find emanates from the little
+papery bells of the dried blossoms of the <i>Emmenanthe</i>, which
+retain the semblance of their first freshness for many weeks.</p>
+
+<p>Though not at first apparent, a little examination will reveal
+the fact that these plants are very closely related to the <i>Phacelias</i>,
+the chief difference being in the yellow corollas.</p>
+
+
+<h3>YELLOW STAR TULIP.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calochortus Benthami</i>, Baker. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Much elongated; two to five lines broad. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Slender;
+three to six inches high. <i>Buds.</i>&mdash;Nodding. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Erect;
+yellow. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Six or seven lines long; spreading; mostly obtuse;
+rather densely covered with yellow hairs. <i>Gland.</i>&mdash;Shallow; lunate.
+<i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Nodding; six to nine lines long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Sierra Nevada
+foothills, throughout their length.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f044"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f044.png">WHISPERING BELLS&mdash;<i>Emmenanthe penduliflora</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is a very pretty little star tulip, with graceful, flexuous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[ 132]</a></span>
+stems and erect flowers, whose spreading petals are covered
+with hairs. Sometimes there is a dark-brown, almost black,
+spot upon the petals, and when such is the case the plant is
+called <i>C. Benthami, var. Wallacei</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Erysimum grandiflorum</i>, Nutt. Mustard Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six to eighteen inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Spatulate or oblanceolate;
+entire, toothed or lobed; lower long-petioled. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Four;
+one pair strongly gibbous at base. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;An inch long; long-clawed;
+cream-color or yellowish. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six; two shorter.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled; linear. Style stout; short. Stigma capitate.
+<i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Nearly flat; thirty lines or less long. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Cheiranthus asper</i>,
+Cham. and Schlecht. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The seaboard from Los Angeles to
+Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Growing along sandy stretches, or upon open mesas by the
+seashore, we may find the showy blossoms of the cream-colored
+wall-flower from February to May. These flowers
+are less stocky and much more delicate than the garden
+species; and when seen numerously dotting a field carpeted
+with other flowers, they stand out conspicuously, claiming the
+attention peculiarly to themselves. They have not the delicious
+fragrance of the Western wall-flower. At first yellowish,
+they become pale cream-color after fertilization has taken place.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. asperum</i>, DC., the Western wall-flower, is widely distributed,
+and may be known from the above by its four-sided
+pods, and by its flowers, which are usually orange-color&mdash;though
+they occasionally vary to yellow or purple. These
+blossoms are especially abundant in the mountains and valleys
+of the south, where their brilliant orange is conspicuous amid
+the lush greens of springtime. They are very fragrant, and
+are favorites among our wild flowers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BUR-CLOVER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Medicago denticulata</i>, Willd. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Prostrate or ascending. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Trifoliolate. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Cuneate-obovate
+or obcordate; toothed above. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Papilionaceous;
+small; yellow; two or three in a cluster. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Nine</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f045"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f045.png">CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER&mdash;<i>Erysimum grandiflorum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote><p>united, one free. <i>Pods.</i>&mdash;Coiled into two circles; armed with hooked
+prickles. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Common everywhere; introduced.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The bur-clover is a little European weed which has become<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[ 134]</a></span>
+very widespread and very much at home among us. It is
+an excellent forage-plant, and in late summer, when our cattle
+have eaten everything else, they feed upon the little burs,
+which are very nutritious in themselves. But these same little
+coiled burs, with their numerous firm hooks, work great
+damage to wool, imbedding themselves in it so firmly as to
+make it very difficult to remove them without seriously injuring
+its quality. These plants invade our lawns, where they
+become very troublesome.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Mimulus luteus</i>, L. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Varying greatly in size. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to four feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly
+smooth; ovate-oval or cordate; coarsely notched. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellow.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Sharply five-angled; unevenly five-lobed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;One
+or two inches long; lower lip usually spotted with brown purple.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; in pairs. Anthers with two divergent cells.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Style long and slender. Stigma with two
+rounded lips. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Common throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The bright canary-colored blossoms of the common monkey-flower
+are a familiar sight upon almost every stream-bank.
+The plant varies greatly in size, according to the locality of
+its growth. I once saw it flourishing in the rich soil of a lake-shore,
+where its hollow stems were as large as an ordinary
+cane, and its blossoms grotesquely large.</p>
+
+<p><i>M. moschatus</i>, Dougl., the common musk-plant of cultivation,
+is usually found along mountain-streams. It may be
+known by its clammy, musk-scented, light-green herbage.
+Its flowers are larger than in cultivation.</p>
+
+<p><i>M. brevipes</i>, Benth., is common from Santa Barbara to San
+Diego, upon hillsides in spring. It has stems a foot or two
+high, lanceolate leaves one to four inches long, and large,
+handsome yellow flowers, having a pair of ridges running down
+their open throats.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f046"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f046.png">COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER&mdash;<i>Mimulus luteus</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4><i>&#338;nothera bistorta</i>, Nutt. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>From several inches to a foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Three or four
+inches long; denticulate; the upper mostly rounded at base. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Yellow;
+four to seven lines long; with usually a brown spot at the
+base. <i>Stigma.</i>&mdash;Large and spherical. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Four to nine lines
+long; a line or so wide; attenuate upward; contorted. (See <i>&#338;nothera</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Ventura to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is a very common species of evening primrose in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[ 136]</a></span>
+south, and may be found blooming until June. It is very
+variable in its manner of growth. In moist, shaded localities
+it becomes an erect plant a foot or two high; while upon open,
+exposed plains it is often only two or three inches high, but
+seems almost to emulate the "sunshine" in its attempt to gild
+the plain with its bright blossoms. It frequently grows in
+gravelly washes. Its flowers have a peculiarly clean, brilliant,
+alert look, and may usually be known by the brown spot at
+the base of the petals. The specific name is in reference to
+its twice-twisted capsule.</p>
+
+<p>The "beach primrose," <i>&#338;. cheiranthifolia, var. suffruticosa</i>,
+Wats., often grows in great beds upon the dry sands of
+the seashore, from Monterey to San Diego. Its decumbent
+stems are thickly clothed with small, ovate, stemless leaves,
+and its silvery foliage makes a beautiful setting for its large
+golden flowers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FAWN-LILY. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. CHAMISE-LILY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Erythronium giganteum</i>, Lindl. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Corm.</i>&mdash;Usually elongated. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Oblong; six to ten inches
+long; dark green, usually mottled in mahogany and dark brown.
+<i>Scape.</i>&mdash;One- to many-flowered. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Broadly funnel-form,
+with six deciduous segments; at length revolute to the stem. <i>Segments.</i>&mdash;Straw-color,
+with orange base, with often a transverse, brownish
+band across the base; broadly lanceolate; eighteen lines or so long.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. Filaments filiform. Anthers basifixed. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled.
+Style slender. Stigma three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The interior
+of the Coast Ranges, from Sonoma County to the Willamette Valley.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f047"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f047.png">FAWN-LILY&mdash;<i>Erythronium giganteum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dog's-tooth violets expand into larger, finer creations
+upon our shores than were ever dreamed of elsewhere. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[ 138]</a></span>
+seem to imbibe new vigor in the sweet life-giving air of our
+Coast Range forests. In Southern Oregon, they reach their
+maximum development, manifesting themselves in numerous
+beautiful species. With us the common title becomes still more
+inappropriate than for the Atlantic species&mdash;for nothing could
+be farther from a violet than these large pale flowers, which
+in reality look far more like lilies. Indeed, in Mendocino
+County they are commonly known as "chamise-lilies." Another
+name is "Adam and Eve," bestowed because the plant
+often bears a large and a small flower at the same time.</p>
+
+<p>Personally, I am inclined to favor Mr. Burroughs' suggestion
+of "fawn-lily." It is both appropriate and pretty. The
+two erect leaves are like the ears of a fawn; their beautiful
+mottling is not without a hint of the fawn's spots; and the
+blossom is lily-like. The plant is shy, too, keeping to the
+seclusion of our deep cañons. In such situations we may find
+them in groups of a few, or occasionally in beds of hundreds.
+No more delightful surprise could be imagined than to come
+suddenly upon such a garden far from the habitations of man.
+The pale flowers, with orange centers, when fully open, roll
+their petals back to the stem, like those of the leopard-lily;
+but in cloudy weather they often maintain a campanulate outline.
+Plants have frequently been seen with from eight to sixteen
+flowers upon a stem, the flowers three or four inches across!</p>
+
+<p>These are great favorites in gardens, and in cultivation are
+known as <i>E. grandiflorum</i>. We have several species of <i>Erythronium</i>,
+all of them beautiful.</p>
+
+
+<h3>STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Mimulus glutinosus</i>, Wend. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Glutinous shrubs two to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Narrowly oblong
+to linear; one to four inches long; with margins at length rolled backward.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Corn-color to red; eighteen lines to three inches
+long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Irregularly five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Funnel-form; five-lobed;
+the lobes gnawed. <i>Stigma.</i>&mdash;White. (See <i>Mimulus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;San Francisco
+to San Diego, and southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f048"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f048.png">STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER&mdash;<i>Mimulus glutinosus</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During a walk upon the hills, at almost any time of year,
+we may find the corn-colored blossoms of the sticky monkey-flower,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[ 140]</a></span>
+but they are most abundant in spring and summer.
+When in full flower the small bushes are very ornamental, as
+they are a perfect mass of bloom. They are said to be especially
+handsome as greenhouse plants.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers vary through a wide range of color, from
+almost white to a rich scarlet, but the commoner hue is the
+corn-color. The scarlet-flowered form, found at San Diego,
+constitutes the <i>var. puniceus</i>, Gray. Another form, with red-brown
+to salmon-colored flowers on very short pedicels, is the
+<i>var. linearis</i>, Gray. The very long-flowered form is the <i>var.
+brachypus</i>, Gray. The sensitive lips of the stigma close upon
+being touched or after receiving pollen.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CREEPING WOOD-VIOLET.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Viola sarmentosa</i>, Dougl. Violet Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Creeping. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Round-cordate; six to eighteen lines
+broad; finely crenate; often rusty beneath; usually punctate with dark
+dots. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;Slender. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Small; light yellow without
+and within. (Flower structure as in <i>V. pedunculata</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast
+Ranges, from Monterey to British Columbia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This modest little violet is found commonly in woods,&mdash;often
+in redwood forests,&mdash;where it carpets the ground with its
+shapely little round leaves.</p>
+
+<p>Its specific name refers to its running habit.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON BLACK MUSTARD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Brassica nigra</i>, Koch. Mustard Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six inches to twelve feet high. <i>Lower leaves.</i>&mdash;Lyrate;
+with large terminal lobes. <i>Upper leaves.</i>&mdash;Lobed or entire. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellow.
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Four. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four; three to four lines long.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Style long. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Six to nine
+lines long, with seeds in one row. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Common everywhere; introduced.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I can give no truer idea of the manner of growth of this
+common plant in California than by quoting Mrs. Jackson's
+charming description of it from "Ramona":&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The wild mustard in Southern California is like that
+spoken of in the New Testament, in the branches of which the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[ 141]</a></span>
+birds of the air may rest. Coming up out of the earth, so
+slender a stem that dozens can find starting-point in an inch, it
+darts up a slender, straight shoot, five, ten, twenty feet, with
+hundreds of fine, feathery branches locking and interlocking
+with all the other hundreds around it, till it is an inextricable
+network, like lace. Then it bursts into yellow bloom, still
+finer, more feathery and lacelike. The stems are so infinitesimally
+small and of so dark a green, that at a short distance
+they do not show, and the cloud of blossoms seems floating in
+the air; at times it looks like a golden dust. With a clear,
+blue sky behind it, as it is often seen, it looks like a golden
+snowstorm."</p>
+
+<p>The tall stems are favorite haunts of the red-winged <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'black-bird'">blackbird</ins>,
+who tilts about among them, showing his scarlet wings
+and occasionally plunging into the depths below, as though he
+found a spot there much to his mind.</p>
+
+<p>A very superior oil is made from the seed of the mustard,
+which is one of the strongest antiseptics known. It is especially
+adapted to the needs of the druggist, because it does not
+become rancid. The flour of mustard is now much used by
+surgeons to render their hands aseptic. Tons of the seed are
+exported from California every year.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ECHEVERIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cotyledon lanceolata</i>, Benth. and Hook. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Fleshy plants, with tufted radical leaves. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Narrowly lanceolate;
+the outer ones two to four inches long; acuminate. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;Fifteen
+inches high; their lower leaves lanceolate; becoming above
+broadly triangular-ovate, clasping, acute; bearing on their summit a
+branching flower-cluster. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Cylindrical;
+of five almost distinct, oblong, acute petals, four to six lines long,
+reddish-yellow. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten. <i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Five; distinct; one-celled.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Los Angeles to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These plants, which are of frequent occurrence in the south,
+usually affect dry, sandy soils. The fleshy foliage is of a warm
+tone, owing to a suffusion of pink in the leaves. These have
+a loose, erect habit, and are not crowded in dense rosettes, as
+are those of some species, and they are so weak that they pull<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[ 142]</a></span>
+apart easily. The tall flowering stems have but few leaves,
+and are sometimes nearly naked.</p>
+
+<p>In early summer these plants put forth a strong effort,
+quickly sending up several tall, vigorous flower-shoots, drawing
+upon the nourishment stored in the fleshy leaves, which then
+become limp and shriveled.</p>
+
+<p>Growing upon the coast at San Diego is a very curious and
+interesting species&mdash;<i>C. edulis</i>, Brew. This has cylindrical
+leaves, about the size of a lead-pencil, which grow in tufts,
+often a foot or two across. Its flowers are greenish-yellow. It
+is commonly known as "finger-tips." Its young leaves are
+considered very palatable by the Indians, who use them as a
+salad.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HEN-AND-CHICKENS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cotyledon Californicum</i>, Trelease. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>(For flower structure, see <i>Cotyledon lanceolata</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Central
+California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The word "cotyledon" signifies any cup-shaped hollow or
+cavity, and has been applied to the plants of this genus on
+account of the manner of growth of the leaves, which is usually
+in a hollow rosette. The fleshy leaves are often covered with a
+bloom or a floury powder. These plants are familiar to most
+of us, as some of the species are extensively cultivated in our
+gardens as border-plants. Owing to their habit of producing
+a circle of young plants around the parent, they are commonly
+called "hen-and-chickens." We have several native
+species, which are usually found upon warm, rocky hill-slopes,
+or upon rocks near the sea.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. Californicum</i> is a beautiful form, with pointed, ovate
+leaves, of a light glaucous green, often tinged with pink. Its
+flowers are yellow, and have their petals distinct almost to the
+base, and its carpels are distinct. We are told that the Indians
+make soothing poultices of these leaves.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f049"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f049.png">HEN-AND-CHICKENS&mdash;<i>Cotyledon Californicum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>C. pulverulenta</i>, Benth. and Hook.,&mdash;found
+from Santa Barbara to San Diego, is a very beautiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[ 144]</a></span>
+plant. It bears its leaves in a symmetrical rosette, like a
+diminutive century-plant. These leaves are usually covered with
+a dense white bloom, and the outer ones are spatulate, abruptly
+pointed, and two to four inches broad at the tip, while the
+inner are pointed. The plants are sometimes a foot and a half
+across, and send up as many as eight of the leafy flowering
+stems, which look like many-storied, slender Chinese pagodas.
+The blossoms are pale-red.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BLADDERPOD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Isomeris arborea</i>, Nutt. Caper Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubby; evil-scented. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; compound, with three
+leaflets. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;With their parts in fours. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Yellow; five
+to eight lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Eight; of equal length. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled.
+Style short. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Pendulous; inflated; pear-shaped; on a
+long stalk. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This low shrub is somewhat plentiful upon the mesas of the
+south. Its yellow flowers attract one to it, only to be repulsed
+by the dreadful odor of its foliage. It certainly ought to have
+some compensating utility for so repellent a characteristic.
+The ovary is so long-stalked, even in the flower, that it looks
+like an abnormal, inflated stigma.</p>
+
+<p>This is the only species of the genus.</p>
+
+
+<h3>YELLOW GLOBE-TULIP. DIOGENES' LANTERN.
+GOLDEN LILY-BELL.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calochortus pulchellus</i>, Dougl. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Somewhat flexuous, with spreading branches; two inches
+to a foot or more high. <i>Radical leaf.</i>&mdash;Equaling or exceeding the
+stem; four to twelve lines broad. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Greenish or yellow; eight
+to twelve lines long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Yellow; strongly arched; glandular ciliate.
+<i>Gland.</i>&mdash;A deep pit, conspicuously prominent on the outside
+of the petals, covered within by appressed hairs. (See <i>Calochortus</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast Ranges, from Monterey to Mendocino County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f050"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f050.png">DIOGENES' LANTERN&mdash;<i>Calochortus pulchellus</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We have no more charmingly graceful flower than the yellow
+globe-tulip. A single, long, grasslike leaf precedes the
+flexuous stem, with its quaintly arched and delicately fringed
+blossoms. There is a certain quizzical look about these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[ 146]</a></span>
+flowers&mdash;something akin to the inquiring look of Diogenes, as
+he thrust his lantern into all sorts of out-of-the-way places in
+broad daylight. The margins of the petals look as though
+they had been snipped into a very fine, delicate fringe, unlike
+the slender, tapering hairs of <i>C. alba</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians are fond of the bulbs, which they eat with great
+relish, calling them "Bo."</p>
+
+
+<h3>YELLOW SAND-VERBENA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Abronia latifolia</i>, Esch. Four-o'clock Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Prostrate; rubbery. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; unequal; roundish;
+an inch or so across; petioled; leathery; gummy. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellow;
+five or six lines long; in dense clusters, subtended by an involucre
+of five distinct bracts. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Salver-shaped. Tube green;
+its base strongly angled or winged. Limb yellow; four or five-lobed.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Mostly five, within the perianth. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style
+filiform. Stigma club-shaped. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The seashore from Vancouver
+Island to Monterey.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The fragrant blossoms of the yellow sand-verbena may be
+found upon the beach at almost any time of year. The stout
+root, which often becomes several feet long, is sometimes eaten
+by the Indians.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SEA-DAHLIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Leptosyne maritima</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; sometimes six inches long; two or three times
+divided into rather sparse, linear divisions; quite succulent. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Solitary;
+on naked peduncles from six inches to two feet long;
+large; three or four inches across; yellow; of disk- and ray-flowers.
+<i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Narrowly oblong; ten-nerved; three-toothed. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Double;
+the outer part of several loose, leafy scales; the inner of eight
+to twelve, erect, more chaffy ones. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The seashore of San Diego
+and the islands.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On the cliffs overlooking the sea, where its merry yellow
+faces can watch the white-crested breakers as they chase one
+another ashore in never-ending succession, and where the pelicans
+sail lazily over in lines, and gulls circle and scream, the
+sea-dahlia flaunts its large yellow flowers. They closely resemble
+the yellow single dahlias of our gardens; but the foliage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[ 148]</a></span>
+is cut into long lobes, and has the appearance of a coarse, very
+open lace. The odor of the flowers is not especially agreeable,
+but the plant merits a place in the garden for its beauty.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f051"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f051.png">YELLOW SAND-VERBENA&mdash;<i>Abronia latifolia</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>FALSE LUPINE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Thermopsis Californica</i>, Wats. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two feet tall. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;With leafy stipules an inch long.
+<i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Three; obovate to oblanceolate; an inch or two long;
+somewhat woolly. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellow; in long-peduncled recemes.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Deeply five-cleft; the two upper teeth often united. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Papilionaceous;
+eight lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten; all distinct.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Silky; six- to eight-seeded. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Marin
+County and southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The false lupine very closely resembles the true lupines, but
+may be distinguished from them by the stamens, which are all
+distinct, instead of being united into a sheath. Its silvery
+foliage and racemes of rather large canary-colored flowers are
+common upon open hill-slopes by April.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TIDY-TIPS. YELLOW DAISY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Layia platyglossa</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or so high; loosely branching. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+sessile; the lower linear and pinnatifid, the upper entire. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Solitary;
+terminal; of disk- and ray-flowers. <i>Disk-flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellow,
+with black stamens. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Bright yellow, tipped with white;
+six lines long; four lines wide; three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+Western California; in low ground.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Among the most charming of our flowers are the beautiful
+tidy-tips. In midspring, countless millions of them lift themselves
+above the sheets of golden <i>Bæria</i> on our flower-tapestried
+plains. The fresh winds come sweetly laden with
+their delicate fragrance. Were they not scattered everywhere
+in such lavish profusion, we would doubtless cherish them in
+our gardens.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f052"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[ 149]</a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f052.png">FALSE TIDY-TIPS&mdash;<i>Leptosyne Douglasii</i>.</a></p>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f052.png">TIDY-TIPS&mdash;<i>Layia Platyglossa</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Growing among these blossoms is often found another
+flower, somewhat similar to them. This is <i>Leptosyne Douglasii</i>,
+DC., the false tidy-tip. It has not the clean, natty
+appearance of <i>Layia platyglossa</i>; for the gradual blending of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[ 150]</a></span>
+the light tips into the darker yellow below gives it an indefinite,
+unattractive look. There is a difference in the involucre,
+which has two series of bracts, and there are no touches of
+black among the disk-flowers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GOLDEN BUTTERFLY-TULIP.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calochortus clavatus</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Los Angeles County to San Luis Obispo and El Dorado County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of all our Mariposa tulips, this is the largest-flowered and
+stoutest-stemmed, and once seen is not readily forgotten. Its
+magnificent flowers are sometimes six inches across, though
+not usually so large, and have the form of a broad-based cup.
+The sturdy, zigzagging stems and glaucous leaves and bracts,
+combined with the large rich, canary-colored or golden flowers,
+make a striking plant. The first glance within the cup shows
+the ring of club-shaped hairs, characteristic of this species, and
+the anthers radiating starlike in the center; and as the latter
+are often a dark, rich prune-purple, the effect can readily be
+imagined.</p>
+
+<p>I saw this charming Mariposa blooming in abundance in
+May near Newhall, where its golden cups were conspicuously
+beautiful against the soft browns of the drying fields and hill-slopes.
+It is usually found growing upon lava soil.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. Weedii</i>, Wood., found from San Diego to San Luis
+Obispo, is a charming species, somewhat similar to the above.
+Its flowers are yellow, purple, or pure white, and it may be
+known by several characteristics. Its bulb is heavily coated
+with coarse fibers; it has a single, long radical leaf, like <i>C.
+albus</i>, but unusual among the Mariposas; and its cups are
+covered all over within with silky hairs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[ 151]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4><i>Malacothrix Californica</i>, DC. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical; pinnately parted into very narrow linear divisions.
+<i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Six inches to a foot high; bearing a solitary, large,
+light-yellow head. <i>Flower-head.</i>&mdash;Composed of strap-shaped ray-flowers
+only; five-toothed at the apex. <i>Involucres.</i>&mdash;Of narrow acute
+scales in two or three series. <i>Receptacle.</i>&mdash;Nearly naked. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;San
+Francisco to San Diego, and eastward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These beautiful <i>Compositæ</i> are conspicuous upon our open
+plains in late spring, and are among the handsomest plants of
+the family. The fine flowers seem to be sown like disks of
+light over the flower-carpet of the plain.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BUTTER-AND-EGGS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Orthocarpus erianthus</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Slender, with many erect branches; stems and bracts usually dark-reddish;
+soft pubescent. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Deep sulphur-yellow; the slender
+falcate upper lip dark purple; the tube very slender, but the sacs of
+the lower lip large and deep, their folds hairy within. (See <i>Orthocarpus</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Monterey County and northward; very common.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>There are many species of <i>Orthocarpus</i>, and they are more
+numerous in Middle and Northern California and in the Sierras,
+few of them reaching the south. They are very difficult of
+determination, and are not well understood by botanists yet.
+A common name for the plants of this genus is "owl's clover."</p>
+
+
+<h3>BRASS BUTTONS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cotula coronopifolia</i>, L. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six inches to a foot long. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; lanceolate
+or oblong-linear; pinnatifid or entire. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Solitary; yellow;
+three to six lines across; without rays. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Of two ranks of
+nearly equal, scarious-margined scales. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Common everywhere.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These little weeds are natives of the Southern Hemisphere,
+but are now common everywhere. They affect wet places,
+and their little flowers, like brass buttons, are very familiar
+objects along our roadsides. The foliage when crushed gives
+out a curious odor, between lemon-verbena and camphor.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[ 152]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>DEER-WEED. WILD BROOM.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Hosackia glabra</i>, Torr. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Woody at base; two to eight feet high; erect or decumbent. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Many;
+slender; branching; reed-like. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Sparse; short-petioled;
+mostly trifoliolate. Leaflets three to six lines long; oblong to
+linear-oblong; nearly glabrous. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In numerous small axillary
+umbels; yellow; four lines long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Less than three lines long;
+five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Papilionaceous. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Nine united and
+one free. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Elongated; exserted. Seeds two. (See <i>Leguminosæ</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Common throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This graceful, willowy plant, whose slender branches are
+closely set with small golden-yellow flowers, in which there is
+often a hint of red, is as ornamental as any of the small-flowered
+foreign <i>Genestas</i>, or brooms, we grow in our gardens; but because
+it is so very abundant throughout our borders, we have
+become blind to its merits. It is especially beautiful and symmetrical
+in the south, where the low, bushy plants often spread
+over several feet of ground; and on the mesas of Coronado,
+the plants growing not far removed from one another, lend to
+the natural scene the aspect of a garden. There it is in full
+flower in April; but in the north the blossoms are usually later
+in arriving, and it is often June before they show themselves;
+then making whole hill-slopes dull-yellow among the chaparral.</p>
+
+<p>It is a great favorite with the bees, and for them holds untold
+treasure in honey-making sweets. Among the mountaineers
+it is known as "deer-weed" and "buck-brush," as
+both deer and stock are said to feed upon it and flourish, when
+pasturage is scarce, though they rarely touch it when other
+food is plenty.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TREFOIL SUMACH. FRAGRANT SUMACH.
+SQUAW-BERRY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Rhus Canadensis, var. trilobata</i>, Gray. Poison-Oak or Cashew Family.</h4>
+
+<div class="image" id="f053"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f053.png">DEER-WEED.&mdash;<i>Hosackia glabra</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[ 154]</a></span></p>
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to five feet high; spreading. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Three-foliolate.
+<i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Sessile; wedge-shaped; six lines to an inch long; pubescent,
+becoming smooth. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellowish; minute; borne in short, scaly-bracted
+spikes preceding the leaves. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Viscid; reddish; two or
+three lines in diameter; pleasantly acid. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>R. aromatica, var. trilobata</i>,
+Gray. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Dakota to Texas, and west to California and
+Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The dense foliage of these little bushes has a strong odor,
+which is not altogether agreeable, while their small fruit has a
+pleasant acid taste, and is much relished by the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Edward Palmer writes that this shrub furnishes the Indians
+of Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern California
+with one of the most valuable of basket materials. The young
+twigs, which are much tougher than those of the willow, are
+soaked, scraped, and split. The baskets are then built up
+of a succession of small rolls of grass, over which the split
+twigs are closely and firmly bound. The baskets thus made
+are very durable, will hold water, and are often used to cook
+in, by dropping hot stones into them till the food is done. The
+wood exhales a peculiar odor, which is always recognizable
+about the camps of these Indians, and never leaves articles
+made from it.</p>
+
+<p>This is grown in England as an ornamental shrub.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GOLDEN STARS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Bloomeria aurea</i>, Kell. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Bulb.</i>&mdash;Six lines in diameter. <i>Leaf.</i>&mdash;Solitary; about equaling the
+scape; three to six lines broad. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Six to eighteen inches high.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellow; fifteen to sixty in an umbel. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;About an
+inch across. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six; with cup-shaped appendages. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled.
+Style club-shaped. Stigma three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+Coast Ranges, from Monterey to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Just as the floral procession begins to slacken a little before
+the oncoming of summer, the fields suddenly blossom out anew
+and twinkle with millions of the golden stars of the <i>Bloomeria</i>.
+These plants are closely allied to the <i>Brodiæas</i>, and by some
+authorities are classed as such. They are especially characterized
+by the structure of the stamens, which rise out of a
+tiny cup. Under a glass this cup is seen to be granular,
+somewhat flattened, and furnished with two cusps, or points.
+The anthers are a very pretty Nile or peacock green.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f054"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f054.png">GOLDEN STARS&mdash;<i>Bloomeria aurea</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>B. Clevelandi</i>, Wats.&mdash;is easily distinguished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[ 156]</a></span>
+from the above by its numerous narrow leaves and
+its green-nerved perianth. This is found at San Diego, upon
+the mesas in midspring, growing abundantly in spots which,
+earlier in the season, have been mud-holes. Its open flowers
+are so outnumbered by the numerous undeveloped green buds,
+that, even though it grows in masses, it is not very showy, but
+makes the ground a dull yellow. But its flower-clusters are
+feathery and delicate.</p>
+
+<p>There is another plant which closely resembles the <i>Bloomerias</i>.
+This is the "golden Brodiæa"&mdash;<i>Brodiæa ixioides</i>,
+Wats. But the filaments, instead of having a cuplike appendage,
+are winged, with the little anthers swinging prettily upon
+their summits. This is found in the Coast Ranges, from Santa
+Barbara northward, also in the Sierras. It is a beautiful flower;
+especially when seen starring the velvet alpine meadows in
+August.</p>
+
+<p>Another plant&mdash;<i>Brodiæa lactea</i>, Wats.&mdash;the "white Brodiæa"
+has flowers similar to the above, but pure white (sometimes
+lilac), with a green mid-vein. This is common in late
+spring from Monterey to British Columbia.</p>
+
+
+<h3>YELLOW SWEET CLOVER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Melilotus parviflora</i>, Desf. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely naturalized from Europe.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In early summer the breezes come laden with fragrance
+from the sweet clover. This is easily recognized by its tall
+stems, its fragrant leaves, with three small, toothed leaflets,
+and its small crowded racemes of minute yellow flowers a line
+long.</p>
+
+<p>A white form&mdash;<i>Melilotus alba</i>, Lam.&mdash;is found in the
+north. Its flowers are vanilla-scented.</p>
+
+<p>This plant is a highly valued remedy in the pharmacop&#339;ia
+for various ailments, and its sweet-scented flowers have been
+used for flavoring many products, such as Gruyère cheese,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[ 157]</a></span>
+snuff, and tobacco. In Europe the blossoms are packed
+among furs to give them a pleasant odor and keep away
+moths.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN COMPASS-PLANT. SUNFLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Wyethia angustifolia</i>, Nutt. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Long-lanceolate;
+pointed at both ends; the radical and lower ones six to twelve inches
+long; the upper sessile, shorter, and often broader. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Yellow;
+composed of ray- and disk-flowers. Plume-like styles of the
+latter conspicuous. <i>Ray flowers.</i>&mdash;Numerous; one inch long; six lines
+wide; early deciduous. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Broadly campanulate, of numerous
+erect, loose, foliaceous, ciliate scales, in several rows. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Monterey,
+east to the Sierra foothills and north to Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In late spring our open plains and hillsides are often plentifully
+sown with the large golden flowers of these Californian
+compass-plants, called "sunflowers" by many people. There
+is a belief prevalent that their erect leaves always stand with
+their edges pointing north and south, whence the common
+name. This trait is said to be true of all the species.</p>
+
+<p><i>W. helenioides</i>, Nutt., has large, broad leaves, which are
+white-woolly when young. Its flower-heads are often four
+inches or more across.</p>
+
+<p>This plant is used as a common domestic remedy for coughs
+and colds by Californian housewives, and goes under the unmerited
+name of "poison-weed." It has also been adopted
+among physicians as an officinal drug. The root, which is
+slightly bitter and aromatic, is made into a tincture and administered
+for asthma, throat disorders, and epidemic influenza,
+with excellent results. It blooms in early spring, and is common
+upon hillsides.</p>
+
+<p>Another species, very similar to the above, is <i>W. glabra</i>,
+Gray. This may be known by its smooth green leaves, which
+are often very viscid. It is found from Marin County southward,
+in the Coast Ranges, and probably northward.</p>
+
+<p><i>W. mollis</i>, Gray, or "Indian wheat," is very abundant in
+the Sierras, growing all through the open woods, and covering
+great tracts of dry gravelly soil. Its large, coarse, somewhat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[ 158]</a></span>
+woolly radical leaves stand erect and clustered, usually having
+a flower-stalk or two in their midst, bearing some smaller
+leaves, and several yellow flower-heads, which resemble small
+sunflowers with yellow centers. It has a strong odor, and
+gives a characteristic smell to the region where it grows. The
+common name, "Indian wheat," has been bestowed upon it
+not because it in the least resembles wheat, but because the
+Indians gather the seed in great quantities and grind it into a
+flour.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Fremontia Californica</i>, Torr. Hand-tree Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs or trees from two to twenty feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+petioled; round-cordate to round-ovate; moderately three- to five-lobed
+or cleft; woolly or whitish beneath; the larger two inches wide. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Short-peduncled
+on very short lateral branches; numerous; one to
+three inches across; having three to five small bractlets. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Corolla-like;
+brilliant gold, five-cleft nearly to the base; the lobes having
+a rounded, hairy pit at base. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Wanting. <i>Filaments.</i>&mdash;United
+to their middle; each bearing a linear, adnate, curved, two-celled
+anther. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled. Style filiform. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Dry Sierra
+foothills, from Lake County southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>No more beautiful sight is often seen than a slope covered
+with the wild slippery-elm in blossom. The bushes are almost
+obscured from view by the masses of large golden flowers.
+This shrub takes on various forms; sometimes sending out in
+every direction long slender branches, which are solid wreaths
+of the magnificent blooms; and again assuming a more erect,
+treelike habit. It has been hailed with delight in the gardens
+of our Southern States, and heartily welcomed in France and
+England. Why do not <i>we</i> honor it with a place in our own
+gardens, instead of giving room to so many far less beautiful
+exotics?</p>
+
+<p>It flowers in early summer, and its season of bloom is said
+to last only about two weeks, but the brilliant hibiscus-like
+blossoms, drying upon their stems, maintain for a long time a
+semblance of their first beauty. The branches are tough and
+flexible, and are often cut for whips by teamsters. Among the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[ 160]</a></span>
+mountaineers it is generally known as "leatherwood." But
+this name properly belongs to another entirely different plant,
+<i>Dirca palustris</i>.</p>
+<div class="image" id="f055"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f055.png">CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM&mdash;<i>Fremontia Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The bark of the <i>Fremontia</i> so closely resembles that of the
+slippery-elm in taste and other qualities, that it is difficult to
+distinguish between them; and it is used in the same manner
+for making poultices.</p>
+
+<p>We are told that this shrub thrives best upon a disintegrated
+granite soil, and reaches its finest development upon the arid
+slopes bordering such rainless regions as the Mojave Desert.
+It was first discovered by General Fremont when crossing the
+Sierras, about half a century ago, and was named in his honor.
+It is closely related to the mallows.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DODDER. LOVE-VINE. GOLDEN-THREAD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cuscuta</i>, Tourn. Morning-Glory Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Leafless plants with filiform, yellow or orange-colored stems; germinating
+in the soil; soon breaking off and becoming parasitic upon
+other plants. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Small; white; densely clustered. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Usually
+five-cleft or parted. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Tubular or campanulate; four- or
+five-toothed or lobed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;On the corolla, alternate with its
+lobes. Filaments with fringed scales below. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Globose; two-celled.
+Styles two.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">.&nbsp;  .&nbsp;  .&nbsp;  "while everywhere</span>
+<span class="ni">The love-vine spreads a silken snare,</span>
+<span class="ni">The tangles of her yellow hair."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Though popularly known as the love-vine, because of its
+clinging habit, it must be confessed that this pernicious plant
+in no respect merits the title. On the other hand, it might
+with propriety be called the octopus of the plant world. If
+you break a branch from a plant which has become its victim,
+you can see how it has twined itself about it, drawing its very
+life-blood from it at every turn, by means of ugly, wartlike
+suckers.</p>
+
+<p>It is no wonder, however, that people are generally deceived
+as to the moral character of this plant&mdash;for it is indeed a beautiful
+sight, when it spreads its golden tangle over the chamisal,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[ 161]</a></span>
+wild buckwheat, and other plants, often completely hiding them
+from view.</p>
+
+<p>We have a number of species. <i>C. salina</i> often covers our
+salt marshes with brilliant patches of orange.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LARGE YELLOW LUPINE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lupinus arboreus</i>, Sims. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubby; four to ten feet high. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Large; in a loose,
+whorled raceme; sulphur-yellow; very fragrant. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Four to
+eleven; generally about nine; narrowly lanceolate; nine to twenty lines
+long. <i>Pods.</i>&mdash;Two to three inches long; ten- to twelve-seeded; silky
+pubescent. (See <i>Lupinus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Common from the Sacramento to
+San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The large yellow lupine is a common plant upon our wind-swept
+mesas, growing in sandy soil. Its shrubby form, somewhat
+silvery foliage, and large canary-colored, very fragrant
+flowers make it always a conspicuous and beautiful plant.</p>
+
+<p>This species, together with <i>L. albifrons</i>, have been found
+most useful in anchoring the shifting sands of the dunes near
+San Francisco. It was accidentally discovered in a deep cutting
+that these lupines sent their roots down sometimes twenty
+feet, and the idea was conceived of making use of them in the
+above manner. Barley, which grows more rapidly than the
+lupine, was sown to protect the plants while very young. In a
+single year the lupines covered the sands with a dense growth,
+two or three feet high, sufficient to prevent them from shifting
+during the severest storms, and to allow of the subsequent
+planting of various pines, willows, and other trees. Thus the
+way was prepared for one of the most beautiful of pleasure-grounds&mdash;the
+Golden Gate Park of San Francisco which
+can hardly be rivaled anywhere for natural situation and diversity
+of scene.</p>
+
+<p>One of our handsomest species is <i>L. Stiveri</i>, Kell., found
+in the Yosemite. Its blossoms have yellow standards and
+rose-colored wings.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[ 162]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>ST. JOHN'S-WORT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Hypericum concinnum</i>, Benth. St. John's-wort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Three to eighteen inches high; branching from a woody
+base. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; often in four ranks; linear to oblong; six
+lines to an inch or more long; usually folded; translucently dotted.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Golden yellow; over an inch across. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five;
+margins black-dotted. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous; in three bunches.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Usually three-celled. Styles three. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Central California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Just as spring is merging into summer, we may look for
+the bright golden flowers of our common St. John's-wort.
+The numerous stamens give these blossoms a feathery appearance,
+and the leaves often group themselves characteristically
+in four ranks upon the stems.</p>
+
+<p>All the plants of the genus are known as St. John's-wort,
+because certain of the species were supposed to flower upon
+the anniversary of this saint. Perhaps there are no other
+plants around which tradition has thrown such a glamour.
+Mr. Dyer says, in his interesting book, "The Folk-Lore of
+Plants," that the St. John's-wort was supposed to be an excellent
+amulet against lightning, and that it had the magic property
+of revealing the presence of witches; whence in Germany
+it was extensively worn on St. John's Eve, when the air was
+supposed to be peopled with witches and evil spirits, who
+wandered abroad upon no friendly errands. In Denmark it
+is resorted to by anxious lovers who wish to divine their future.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GOLDEN DICENTRA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Dicentra chrysantha</i>, Hook. and Arn. Bleeding-heart Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Glaucous and smooth; two to five feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;The
+larger ones a foot long or more; finely dissected into small linear
+lobes. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Erect; yellow; six to nine lines long; in a loose terminal
+panicle a foot or two long. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Two; small; caducous.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Flattened and cordate; of two pairs of petals; the outer
+larger, saccate at base, and with spreading tips; the inner much narrower,
+spoon-shaped, their tips cohering and inclosing the anthers and
+stigma. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style slender. Stigma
+two-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Dry hills, Lake County to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f056"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[ 163]</a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f056.png">ST. JOHN'S-WORT&mdash;<i>Hypericum concinnum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The arrangement of the essential organs in the genus <i>Dicentra</i>
+is very curious and interesting. The six stamens are borne<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[ 164]</a></span>
+in two companies of three each, which stand in front of the
+outer petals, and have their filaments more or less united at
+the base. The central stamen in each group has a two-celled
+anther, while its neighbor on either hand has but a one-celled
+anther. The stigma-lobes often bend downward prettily, like
+the flukes of a little anchor.</p>
+
+<p>To this genus belongs the beautiful Oriental bleeding-heart
+of the garden; and we have two or three interesting native
+species.</p>
+
+<p><i>D. chrysantha</i> is usually a somewhat coarse plant, lacking
+the grace of <i>D. formosa</i>, the Californian bleeding-heart. The
+pale leaves, which are minutely and delicately dissected, are
+suggestive of the fronds of certain Japanese ferns. But the
+flower-stalks are often stiff and sparsely flowered, and the blossoms,
+which are erect, not pendulous, have an <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'over-powering'">overpowering</ins>
+narcotic odor, much like that of the poppy. These plants may
+be found upon dry hillsides or in sandy washes in early summer,
+where the brilliant yellow blossoms are quite conspicuous.
+One view of these flowers is not unlike the conventionalized
+tulip.</p>
+
+<p>This species is said to thrive well in cultivation and make a
+very effective plant when grown in rich garden soil.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN DANDELION.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Troximon grandiflorum</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs with woody tap-root and milky juice. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical;
+lanceolate or oblanceolate; mostly laciniately pinnatifid. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;One
+to two and one half feet high. <i>Heads.</i>&mdash;Solitary; two inches or so
+across; of strap-shaped yellow rays only. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Of several
+series of imbricated scales, the outer foliaceous and loose. <i>Receptacle.</i>&mdash;Mostly
+naked; pitted. <i>Akenes.</i>&mdash;Two lines long; tapering into a
+filiform beak six or eight lines long, surmounted by a tuft of silk. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Washington
+to Southern California near the Coast.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The common dandelion of the East has found its way into
+our lawns, but it never adapts itself as a wild plant to the vicissitudes
+of our dry summer climate. Nature has given us a
+dandelion of our own, of a different genus, which is quite as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[ 165]</a></span>
+beautiful, though its flowers are not so vivid a gold. They are
+larger than those of the Eastern plant, and are borne upon
+taller stems. In early summer the large, ethereal globes of the
+ripened seed are conspicuous objects, hovering over our straw-tinted
+fields.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Burroughs writes of the dandelion:&mdash;"After its first
+blooming, comes its second and finer and more spiritual inflorescence,
+when its stalk, dropping its more earthly and carnal
+flower, shoots upward and is presently crowned by a globe of
+the most delicate and aerial texture. It is like the poet's
+dream, which succeeds his rank and golden youth. This
+globe is a fleet of a hundred fairy balloons, each one of which
+bears a seed which it is destined to drop far from the parent
+source."</p>
+
+<p>If gathered just before they open and allowed to expand in
+the house, these down-globes will remain perfect for a long
+time and make an exquisite adornment for some delicate vase.</p>
+
+<p>We have several other species of <i>Troximon</i>, but this is our
+finest.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4><i>Hosackia bicolor</i>, Dougl. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Smooth throughout; erect; two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;With rather
+large, scarious, triangular stipules; pinnate. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Five to nine;
+obovate or oblong; six to twelve lines long. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;Three- to
+seven-flowered; naked or with a small scarious, one- to three-leaved
+bract. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Seven lines long. <i>Calyx-teeth.</i>&mdash;Triangular; half
+as long as the tube. <i>Standard.</i>&mdash;Yellow; wings and keel white.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Nine united; one free. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Linear; nearly two inches
+long; acute. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Middle California to the State of Washington.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The yellow and white blossoms of this pretty <i>Hosackia</i> are
+quite showy, and are usually found upon low ground near the
+seaboard.</p>
+
+<p>Another similar species, also having a yellow standard and
+white wings and keel, is <i>H. Torreyi</i>, Gray. This is more or
+less silky pubescent; its wings are not spreading, its leaflets are
+narrower, and the bract of the umbel is sessile. This is found
+along shaded stream-banks both in the higher Coast Ranges
+and in the Sierras, and blooms in summer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[ 166]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>H. gracilis</i>, Benth., with the standard yellow and the widespreading
+wings and shorter keel of rose-color, occurs in moist
+meadows along the coast from Monterey to the Columbia. It
+blooms by the middle of April.</p>
+
+<p><i>H. crassifolia</i>, Benth., a very large species, two or three feet
+high, with greenish-yellow or purplish flowers, is abundant in
+the Yosemite Valley about the borders of meadows. It is also
+common in the foothill region.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SKUNK-CABBAGE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lysichiton Camtschatcensis</i>, Schott. Arum Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>&mdash;Thick; horizontal. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical; oblong-lanceolate;
+acute; one to three feet or more long; three to ten inches broad;
+narrowed to a short petiole or sessile. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Small, crowded
+on a spadix, at the summit of a stout peduncle becoming six to twelve
+inches long. <i>Spadix.</i>&mdash;With an erect, spoon-shaped spathe, one and
+one-half to two feet long; bright yellow. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Four-lobed.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four. Filaments short, flat. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Conical; two-celled.
+Stigma depressed. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Fleshy, coalescent and sunk in the rachis.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Peat bogs; from Mendocino County northward to Alaska; also,
+perhaps, in the Rocky Mountains.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In our northwestern counties, before the frost is entirely
+out of the ground, the leaves of the skunk-cabbage may be
+seen pushing their way up through the standing water of
+marshy localities. They soon attain a great size, and resemble
+the leaves of the banana-tree. They are of a rich velvet-green,
+slightly mottled, and are said to rival some of the tropical productions
+of our greenhouses.</p>
+
+<p>There seems to be a difference of opinion as to the disagreeableness
+of these leaves. I suspect the odor lies mostly
+in the slimy, soapy sap, and is not very noticeable if they are
+not bruised or cut.</p>
+
+<p>When the plants are in bloom, in May and June, they are
+very handsome, the large spoon-shaped, golden spathes being
+conspicuous at some distance. As this spathe withers away,
+the flower-stalk continues to grow, and its little greenish-yellow
+blossoms become brown.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f057"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f057.png"><i>Hosackia gracilis.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The peppery root is highly esteemed for medicinal purposes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[ 168]</a></span>
+and is gathered and made into a salve, which is considered
+a specific for ringworm, white swelling, inflammatory
+rheumatism, etc. The root is said to enter largely into the
+composition of a patent medicine called "Skookum."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Johnson, of the U.S. Forestry Department in Oregon,
+tells me that the bears are very fond of this root, and dig
+industriously for it, often making a hole large enough to bury
+themselves, and he mentions having seen whole fields plowed
+up by them in their search for it.</p>
+
+<p>This plant belongs to the same family as the skunk-cabbage
+of the East and the calla-lily. It has been found in the Santa
+Cruz Mountains.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BLAZING-STAR.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Mentzelia lævicaulis</i>, Torr. and Gray. Loasa or Blazing-star Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stout; two or three feet high; white. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+sessile; lanceolate; sinuate-toothed; two to eight inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Sessile,
+on short branches; light yellow or cream-color; three or
+four inches across. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Cylindrical; naked; limb five-cleft
+nearly to the base. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;About ten; oblanceolate; acute. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous
+on the calyx; almost equaling the petals. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled;
+truncate at summit. Style three-cleft. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Fifteen
+lines long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;San Diego to the Columbia River, and eastward to
+Wyoming.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>After most other flowers have departed, the magnificent
+blossoms of the <i>Mentzelia</i> come forth. It seems as though
+they had waited for the firmament to be clear of other stars
+before bursting upon the sight. Their enormous blossoms are
+crowned by the soft radiance of the long stamens, "like the
+lashes of light that trim the stars."</p>
+
+<p>These plants are furnished with barbed hairs, which cause
+them to cling to whatever they come in contact with. They
+are of tall and spreading habit, and are often found in the dry
+beds of streams, where their flowers open in the daytime&mdash;unlike
+those of <i>M. Lindleyi</i>, which open at night.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f058"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f058.png">BLAZING-STAR&mdash;<i>Mentzelia Lindleyi</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>M. Lindleyi</i>, Torr. and Gray, is one of the most brilliantly
+radiant of all our flowers. Its charming blossoms, which open
+on the edge of evening, are of a delicate silken texture, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[ 170]</a></span>
+of the richest gold. When the flowers first open, the stamens
+lie flat upon the petals; but they gradually rise up, forming a
+large tuft in the center of the flower. The faded sepals crown
+the long seed-vessel, like the flame of the conventional torch
+seen in old pictures. This grows in the Monte Diablo Range;
+and Niles and Alum Rock are convenient places to find it. It
+is cultivated in Eastern gardens under the name of <i>Bartonia
+aurea</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>STONECROP.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Sedum spathulifolium</i>, Hook. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; fleshy; spatulate; six to ten lines long; sessile;
+crowded in rosettes at the ends of the decumbent branches. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;Four
+to six inches high. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In compound, one-sided, loose
+cymes; their parts four or five; pale-yellow. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;United at base.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Lanceolate; three lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Twice the number
+of the petals. <i>Pistils.</i>&mdash;Equaling the number of the petals; attenuate
+into the short styles. <i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Middle California
+to Vancouver Island.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Blooming somewhat earlier than the "hen-and-chickens,"
+but in similar situations, the stonecrop often clothes rock-masses
+with beautiful color. The common name, "orpine,"
+was given on account of the yellow, or orpine, flowers; and
+the name "stonecrop," from its always growing in stony
+places.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PRICKLY-PEAR. TUNA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Opuntia Engelmanni</i>, Salm. Cactus Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Erect, bushy, spreading shrubs without leaves, with flattened stems
+produced in successive, compressed oval Joints. <i>Joints.</i>&mdash;Six to twelve
+inches long; studded sparsely with bundles of stout spines. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary;
+sessile; yellow or red; about three inches across. <i>Sepals</i>, petals,
+and stamens numerous in many series, their cohering bases coating
+the one-celled ovary and forming a cup above it. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Spreading.
+Style one, with several stigmas. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Purple; oval; pulpy; juicy;
+two inches long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Southern California, Los Angeles, San
+Diego, etc.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Opuntia</i> is divided into two sections, consisting
+respectively of flat-stemmed and cylindrical-stemmed plants,
+the former commonly known as "prickly-pear," or "tuna,"
+the latter as <i>Cholla cactus</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[ 171]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Of the former, <i>O. Engelmanni</i> is our commonest wild
+species. It is the one seen from the car-windows growing in
+great patches upon the Mojave Desert, and it is abundant
+upon dry hills all through the south. There are two varieties
+of it&mdash;<i>var. occidentalis</i>, Engelm., the form prevalent in the
+interior, and <i>var. littoralis</i>, Engelm., found upon the sea-coast
+from Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p>
+
+<p>These plants have a very leathery, impermeable skin, from
+which evaporation takes place but slowly, which enables them
+to inhabit arid regions. The fruit is sweet and edible, and
+the Indians, who are especially fond of it, dry large quantities
+for winter use. They make of the fresh fruit a sauce, by long-continued
+boiling, which they regard as especially nutritious
+and stimulating after it is slightly fermented. They also roast
+the leaves in hot ashes and eat the slimy, sweet substance
+which is left after the outer skin and thorns have been removed.</p>
+
+<p>Cattle-men of the southern plains plant the different species
+as hedges about their corrals, and feed the succulent joints to
+their stock after burning off the spines.</p>
+
+<p>Several Mexican species were planted in the early days
+about the Missions by the Padres, as defensive hedges, and
+remnants of these redoubtable fortifications, ten to fifteen feet
+high, are still to be seen stretching for miles through our
+southern fields.</p>
+
+<p>In Mexico the <i>Opuntia tuna</i> is largely cultivated for the
+rearing of cochineal insects.</p>
+
+
+<h3>VENEGASIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Venegasia carpesioides</i>, DC. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Several feet high; leafy to the top. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; slenderly
+petioled; cordate or ovate-deltoid; crenate; two to four inches long;
+thin. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Large; two-inches across, including the rays;
+yellow; slender-peduncled; composed of ray- and disk-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Over
+an inch long; six lines wide; two- or three-toothed; fertile;
+about fifteen. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Broad; of many roundish-green scales; becoming
+scarious inward. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Santa Barbara and southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This plant, with its ample thin leaves and large yellow
+flowers, would arrest the attention anywhere. It often grows<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[ 172]</a></span>
+under the shade of trees in cool cañons, where its blossoms
+brighten the twilight gloom. It is an admirable plant, and has
+but one drawback&mdash;its rather unpleasant odor. It is the only
+species of the genus which was named in honor of an early
+Jesuit missionary, Michael Venegas. It is especially abundant
+and beautiful about Santa Barbara.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FALSE PIMPERNEL.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Hypericum anagalloides</i>, Cham. and Schlecht. St. John's-wort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Numerous; weak; low; spreading; rooting at the joints.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Two to six lines long; oblong to round; clasping. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Three
+or four lines across; salmon-colored. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Fifteen to
+twenty. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Lower California to British
+Columbia, eastward into Montana.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In moist places the prostrate stems of this little plant often
+make dense mats.</p>
+
+<p>Its specific name indicates its resemblance to the Anagallis,
+or pimpernel. In fact, one might easily imagine it a pimpernel
+with salmon-colored flowers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CANCER-ROOT. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Aphyllon fasciculatum</i>, Gray. Broom-rape Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Leafless parasitic plants. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Scaly; thickened and knotty
+below, and bearing on their summits few or many clustered, one-flowered
+peduncles of about the same length. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellowish;
+sometimes purplish or reddish outside. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Slenderly five-toothed.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Tubular; over an inch long, with five spreading
+lobes; somewhat bilabiate. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; in pairs; included.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style slender. Stigma two-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+California, eastward to Lake Superior.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>There are about half a dozen species of cancer-root known
+upon our Coast, all strange-looking, leafless plants, of very
+doubtful moral character&mdash;for I fear it must be confessed
+they are thieves. Stealthily sending their roots down and
+imbedding them in the roots of their victims, they draw from
+them the nourishment needed for their sustenance. But they
+have been overtaken by the proper retributive punishment&mdash;for
+having no longer any need of organs for the elaboration of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[ 174]</a></span>
+nourishment, they are denied green leaves, the most beautiful
+adornment of many plants; and even the flowers of some of
+them seem to us to have a sickly, unwholesome hue. However,
+it must be acknowledged that these plants are quite
+interesting, despite their evil ways.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f059"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f059.png">CANCER-ROOT&mdash;<i>Aphyllon fasciculatum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>A. fasciculatum</i> usually blooms in early summer, on dry,
+rocky hills, and is parasitic upon the roots of sagebrush, wild
+buckwheat, etc.</p>
+
+
+<h3>YELLOW MARIPOSA TULIP.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calochortus luteus</i>, Dougl. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Four to twelve inches high; bearing a single bulblet inclosed
+in the stem-sheath. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Very narrow; one to three lines
+wide. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Erect; cup-shaped; yellow; small; not oculated, but
+the petals striated with brown lines, especially on the middle third.
+<i>Gland.</i>&mdash;Transversely oblong to lunate; densely hairy with orange-colored
+ascending hairs, with scattered spreading hairs about it. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Broad
+at the base; tapering upward. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Clay soil; Coast
+Ranges from Mendocino County to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The typical <i>C. luteus</i>, as described above, is the least beautiful
+of all the Mariposa tulips, being lower of stature and
+smaller of flower than most of the others; but among its varieties
+may be found some of the most charming flowers of the
+genus, the true butterfly-tulips of the early Spanish, often oculated
+and marked in a wonderful manner. In color and marking
+they often run closely into forms of <i>C. venustus</i>, the only
+constant characters by which to distinguish them being found
+in the shape of the gland and the capsule and the character of
+the soil in which they grow.</p>
+
+<p>There are two well-marked varieties&mdash;<i>citrinus</i> and <i>oculatus</i>&mdash;besides
+numerous other forms, where the species seems to
+have run riot in color and marking. The <i>var. citrinus</i> is a
+strong, vigorous-growing plant, with flowers of a deep lemon-yellow,
+with a large, distinct, very dark maroon eye on each
+petal. It is exceedingly beautiful.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[ 175]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>SILVER-WEED. CINQUEFOIL.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Potentilla Anserina</i>, L. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Prostrate. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical; a foot or so long; pinnate,
+with seven to twenty-one leaflets with smaller ones interposed.
+<i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Sessile; oblong; toothed; shining green; silvery beneath.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Bright yellow; long-peduncled; solitary; an inch across.
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Five; with five bractlets between. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Twenty
+to twenty-five. <i>Pistils.</i>&mdash;Numerous; on a hairy receptacle.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout North America.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The bright golden blossoms of the silver-weed are common
+in moist places, haunting stream-banks, lingering about stagnant
+ponds, or even pushing their way up amid the grasses of
+our salt marshes. The white under-surfaces of the leaves are
+responsible for one of the common names of this plant.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. glandulosa</i>, Lindl., is found upon dry hillsides. It is
+one or two feet high, and is an ill-smelling, somewhat sticky
+plant, with glandular hairs. The stems are leafy, and the small
+flowers, like pale-yellow strawberry-blossoms, are produced in
+loose clusters. The corolla scarcely exceeds the calyx. The
+leaves, which have from five to nine leaflets, have not the silvery
+under-surface of those of <i>P. Anserina</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>&#338;nothera biennis</i>, L. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stout; usually simple; one to five feet high; more or less
+hairy. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly sessile; lanceolate to oblong; two to six inches
+long; denticulate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Golden yellow; in a leafy spike; erect in
+the bud. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Twelve to thirty lines long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Six to
+nine lines long. <i>Stigma-lobes.</i>&mdash;Linear. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;An inch or less
+long. (See <i>&#338;nothera</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the United States.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The common evening primrose is a very widespread plant
+in the United States, and it has long been in cultivation in Europe.
+Its flowers open suddenly at night, and, according to
+tradition, with a popping noise. Referring to this, the poet
+Keats speaks of&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"A turf of evening primroses,</span>
+<span class="ni">O'er which the mind may hover till it dozes;</span>
+<span class="ni">O'er which it well might take a pleasant sleep,</span>
+<span class="ni">But that 'tis ever startled by the leap</span>
+<span class="i0">Of buds into ripe flowers."</span>
+</div></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[ 176]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These blossoms are said to be luminous at night, shining by
+the sunlight they have stored during the daytime.</p>
+
+<p>The young roots, which are edible, are excellent, either
+pickled or boiled, having a nutty flavor. In Germany and
+France these are used, either stewed or raw, in salads, like
+celery; and the young mucilaginous twigs are also used in the
+same way. A tincture of the whole plant is a valued remedy
+in medicine for many disorders. Our Californian plants are
+mostly of the <i>var. hirsutissima</i>, Gray, having very large flowers
+and a hairy capsule.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GUM-PLANT. RESIN-WEED. AUGUST-FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Grindelia cuneifolia</i>, Nutt. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Bushy; two to four feet high; smooth. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Cuneate-spatulate
+to linear-oblong; leathery; three or four inches long. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Solitary;
+terminating the branches; yellow; composed of disk- and
+ray-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;One inch long. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Hemispherical; of
+numerous scales, with spreading tips. <i>Buds</i>.&mdash;Covered with a milky
+gum. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Grindelia robusta, var. angustifolia</i>, Gray. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+Santa Barbara northward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The <i>Grindelias</i> are especially characteristic of the region
+west of the Mississippi River, and are all known as "gum-plant,"
+or "resin-weed," owing to the balsamic exudation
+which is found mostly upon the flower-heads. We have several
+species, all of which are rather difficult of determination.</p>
+
+<p>Before the occupation of California by the whites, the value
+of these plants was known to the Indians, who used them in
+pulmonary troubles, and as a wash in cases of oak-poisoning
+or other skin-diseases. They are now made into a drug by
+our own people, who use them in the same manner as the
+aborigines.</p>
+
+<p>By the middle of August our salt marshes are gay with the
+bright yellow flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f060"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f060.png">GUM-PLANT&mdash;<i>Grindelia cuneifolia</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Every year men are sent out to gather the plant. Only
+about five or six inches of the tops of the branches are cut, as
+the resin is found mostly there in the form of a white gum.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[ 178]</a></span>
+Tons of these shoots are shipped East annually, to be returned
+to us later in the form of the medicine called "grindelia."</p>
+
+<p><i>Grindelia hirsutula</i>, Hook. and Arn., is a pretty species,
+flowering in early summer upon hill-slopes. This may be
+known by its reddish stems and more slender and fewer ray-flowers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SULPHUR-FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i>, Torr. Buckwheat Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical; obovate to oblong-spatulate; two inches or
+less long; mostly smooth above; sometimes woolly below. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;Three
+to twelve inches high. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Sulphur-yellow; two or three
+lines long; many contained in each little top-shaped involucre, on
+threadlike stems. <i>Involucres.</i>&mdash;Two lines or so long; deeply cleft, the
+lobes becoming reflexed. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Six-parted. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Nine.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Triangular; one-celled. <i>Styles.</i>&mdash;Three. Stigmas capitate.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Mountains of Middle and Northern California, and eastward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Large companies of the sulphur-flower may be seen in the
+Sierras in July and August, where it covers open, dry, rocky
+slopes, making brilliant masses of color.</p>
+
+<p>Growing with this is often found another species&mdash;<i>E. ursinum</i>,
+Wats.&mdash;with flowers of a beautiful translucent cream-color,
+often tinged with pink.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WILD BOUVARDIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Gilia grandiflora</i>, Gray. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Erect; a foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Two or three inches
+long; linear or oblong-lanceolate; sessile. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Salmon-color;
+crowded at the summit of the stem. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;With obconic tube and
+broad, obtuse lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Narrowly funnel-form, with tube an inch
+long, and five-lobed border almost as broad. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely
+distributed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This plant was formerly placed in the genus <i>Collomia</i>; but
+that genus was not well founded, and all its species have now
+been transferred to <i>Gilia</i>. From the resemblance of its showy
+buff or salmon-colored flowers to the <i>Bouvardias</i> of our gardens,
+these plants are popularly known as "wild Bouvardia."
+The blossoms are found in early summer, and grow usually in
+dry places, exposed to the sun.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f061"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f061.png">SULPHUR-FLOWER&mdash;<i>Eriogonum umbellatum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>LITTLE ALPINE LILY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lilium parvum</i>, Kell. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Bulbs.</i>&mdash;Small; of short, thick, jointed scales. <i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Slender;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[ 180]</a></span>
+eighteen inches to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Scattered, or in whorls;
+two to five inches long; an inch or less broad; rich green. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Orange-vermilion,
+dotted with purple; two to fifty; scattered or somewhat
+whorled. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Sub-spherical; six to nine lines long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+High Sierras, from Yosemite Valley to Lake Tahoe.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Passing from the parched and dusty plains of our central
+valleys in July and August, we are transported as though upon
+the magic tapestry of Prince Houssain into a heavenly region
+of springtime, where the streams, fed by the snow lying in
+shadowy mountain fastnesses, gush through plushy emerald
+meadows, starred with millions of daisies and bordered by luxuriant
+tangles of larkspurs, columbines, monk's-hoods, lupines,
+and a thousand other charming plants&mdash;a veritable flower-lover's
+paradise.</p>
+
+<p>Here from the thickets, standing with their roots in the
+rich, loamy soil of the brookside, gleam the small orange blossoms
+of the little alpine lily&mdash;little only in flower, for the
+slender stems often rise to a height of six feet, producing several
+whorls of rich green leaves. These lilies are but an inch
+or an inch a half long, with their perianth-segments yellow or
+orange below and deeper orange-vermilion above, their tips
+only being rolled backward.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GOLDEN YARROW.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Eriophyllum confertiflorum</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>White-woolly plants, at length smooth. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or two
+high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Cuneate in outline; divided into three to seven narrow
+linear divisions. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Golden yellow; in densely crowded
+flat-topped clusters. <i>Heads.</i>&mdash;Small; of disk- and ray-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Four
+or five; broadly oval or roundish. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Oval; of
+about five thin bracts; two lines long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From San Francisco to
+the Sierras, and southward to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f062"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f062.png">LITTLE ALPINE LILY&mdash;<i>Lilium parvum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In early summer many a dry, rocky hill-slope is ablaze with
+the brilliant flowers of the golden yarrow. The brown-mottled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[ 182]</a></span>
+butterfly may often be seen hovering over it, or delicately
+poising upon its golden table, fanning his wings.</p>
+
+<p><i>E. cæspitosum</i>, Dougl., is a very handsome species with
+solitary golden flower-heads an inch or so across. Its leaves
+are broader and not so finely divided, and some of the upper
+ones are linear and entire. This is found throughout California.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TARWEED. WILD COREOPSIS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Madia elegans</i>, Don. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Usually viscid throughout. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Three to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Crowded
+at the base of the stem; six to ten inches long; small
+above. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Of both ray- and disk-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Twelve
+to fifteen; one inch long; three-lobed at the apex; yellow,
+sometimes with a dark-red base. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;With one series of
+scales, each clasping a ray. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California, and in
+Oregon and Nevada.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is one of the most beautiful of all our tarweeds. Its
+golden, Coreopsis-like flowers open after sunset, and close at
+the first warmth of the morning rays.</p>
+
+<p>All the <i>Madias</i> are used medicinally by old Spanish settlers.</p>
+
+<p><i>Madia sativa</i>, Molina, is one of our most troublesome
+species, because its viscid secretion is so very abundant. The
+plants are tall, but the flowers are inconspicuous, owing to the
+smallness or absence of the rays. It is native of Chile as well
+as of California.</p>
+
+<p>An oil of excellent quality was made from its seeds in that
+country before the olive was so abundant.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LEOPARD-LILY. TIGER-LILY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lilium pardalinum</i>, Kell. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Bulbs consisting of forking rhizomes, covered with small, erect imbricated
+scales; often forming matted masses. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Three to ten
+feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Usually whorled, with some scattered above and
+below; lanceolate; three to seven inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Few to
+many; long-pediceled. <i>Perianth segments.</i>&mdash;Six; two or three inches
+long; six to nine lines wide; strongly revolute; with orange base and
+reddish or scarlet tips; spotted or dotted with purple on the lower half.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. Anthers versatile. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. Style club-shaped.
+Stigma capitate. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Eighteen lines or more long.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f063"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f063.png"> TARWEED&mdash;<i>Madia elegans</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Santa Barbara County to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[ 184]</a></span>
+British Columbia, and eastward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>No more magnificent sight could be imagined than a cañon-side
+covered with a mass of these red and gold blossoms nodding
+on their tall stems. The plants often grow in clumps and
+colonies of several hundred, and are always found in the rich
+soil of stream-banks or of wet, springy places. Most of us
+have been familiar with these spotted beauties from our childhood,
+with their delicately swinging anthers full of cinnamon-colored
+pollen.</p>
+
+<p>A friend writing us from near Mt. Shasta, one July, said:
+"I wish you could have seen the <i>grove</i> of tiger-lilies we saw
+near the place where we rested and lunched. They sprang
+from a velvet bed of mosses and ferns, under the shadow of a
+great rock, that towered at least a hundred feet above them.
+Out of the rock sprang two streams of living water, ice-cold,
+which crossed the trail and dashed over a rock below. Upon
+one plant we counted twenty-five buds and blossoms, while a
+friend counted thirty-two upon another."</p>
+
+<p>Under extraordinarily favorable conditions, this lily has been
+known to reach a height of ten feet.</p>
+
+
+<h3>YELLOW POND-LILY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Nuphar polysepalum</i>, Engelm. Water-Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Six to twelve inches long; three fourths as wide; obtuse;
+deeply cleft at base; floating or erect. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Floating; three to
+five inches across. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Eight to twelve; petaloid; bright yellow,
+sometimes greenish without. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Twelve to eighteen; small;
+about equaling the stamens, and resembling them. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous;
+red; recurved in age; pollen yellow. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Large; eight- to
+twenty-celled. Stigma button-shaped; many-rayed; four lines to an
+inch across. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Colorado to Central California, and northward
+to Alaska.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Most of us are familiar with the yellow water-lily, and have
+seen its pretty shield-shaped leaves floating upon the surface
+of some glassy pond, starred with its large, golden flowers.
+The latter are sometimes five inches across and quite showy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[ 185]</a></span>
+Sometimes entire marshes are covered with the plants. The
+large seeds are very nutritious, and form an important article
+of diet among the northern Indians.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HUMBOLDT'S LILY. TIGER-LILY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lilium Humboldtii</i>, Roezl and Leichtlin. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Bulbs.</i>&mdash;Large; often weighing over a pound; with scales two or
+three inches long. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stout; purplish; three or four feet high;
+eight- or ten-flowered, or more. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Wavy-margined; roughish;
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Large; six to eight inches in diameter; golden yellow;
+spotted with pale purple, turning to red or brown. <i>Segments.</i>&mdash;Having
+papillose prominences near the base. (Otherwise like <i>L. pardalinum</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The foothills of the Sierras; southward to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This wonderful lily, at first glance, resembles the common
+leopard- or tiger-lily&mdash;<i>L. pardalinum</i>&mdash;and it is found sometimes
+in the same regions as the latter, but never in the same
+kind of localities. It affects the loose soil of dry, upland
+woods, but never grows in wet or boggy places. Its flowers
+are larger than those of <i>L. pardalinum</i>, and have more of a
+golden hue and less of red in them.</p>
+
+<p>By July this lily is in full bloom and a magnificent sight.
+A plant was once known which had fifty buds and blossoms,
+thirty of which were open at once!</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON SUNFLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Helianthus annuus</i>, L. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Hispid, coarse plants. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Several feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly
+alternate; petioled; deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate; acuminate; three
+to seven inches long; three-ribbed at base. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Large;
+three or four inches across, including the rays; solitary; composed of
+yellow ray-flowers and purple-brown, tubular disk-flowers. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Of
+several series of imbricated, ovate, acuminate scales. <i>Disk.</i>&mdash;An
+inch or so across. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The stately form of the sunflower is a common sight in the
+south, where whole fields are often covered with the plants.
+Their season of blossoming is supposed to be in the autumn,
+but we have seen them blooming just as gayly in March. This
+wild sunflower of the plains is believed to be the original parent
+of the large sunflower of our gardens.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[ 186]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Its seeds are used by the Indians as food and in the preparation
+of hair-oil.</p>
+
+<p>Popular tradition makes this blossom a worshiper of the
+sun, and it is believed to follow him with admiring glances.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"The lofty follower of the sun,</span>
+<span class="ni">Sad when he sets, shuts up her hollow leaves,</span>
+<span class="ni">Drooping all night, and when he warm returns,</span>
+<span class="ni">Points her enamored bosom to his ray."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>H. Californicus</i>, DC.&mdash;found from San
+Francisco Bay southward, along streams, has something the
+same habit as the above, but may be known from it by its
+slender, smooth stems, leafy to the top, the long, sprawling, awl-shaped
+bracts of its involucre, and its more delicate flowers,
+about two and a half inches across. The disk-corollas are
+slightly pubescent below. This species has a rather strong
+balsamic odor.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PINE-DROPS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Pterospora andromedea</i>, Nutt. Heath Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to three feet high. <i>Bracts.</i>&mdash;Crowded at base; scattered
+above. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Three lines long; yellowish.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten. Anthers tailed; opening lengthwise. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled.
+Style short. Stigma five-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+California, and across the continent.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In our walks in the mountains, we occasionally encounter
+the flesh-colored wands of this curious plant. The colorless
+leaves are reduced to mere bracts, and the stems are densely
+clothed above with the little yellowish waxen bells. The
+whole plant is very viscid and disagreeable to handle.</p>
+
+<p>Though rare, it is found all across the continent. In the
+East it grows only under pine-trees, upon whose roots it is
+supposed to be parasitic, while in California it is said to be
+found under both oaks and pines.</p>
+
+<p>There is but a single species in this genus. The seed is
+furnished with a broad membranous wing, which has given
+rise to the name <i>Pterospora</i>, derived from two Greek words,
+meaning <i>wing</i> and <i>seed</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f064"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></a>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f064.png"> PINE-DROPS&mdash;<i>Pterospora andromedea</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>TARWEED.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Hemizonia luzulæfolia</i>, DC. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Glandular, strong-scented plants. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Loosely branching;]<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[ 188]</a></span>
+slender; six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Linear; very small
+above; elongated and withering early below. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;White
+or light yellow; composed of ray- and disk-flowers. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Six to
+ten; two to five lines long; three-lobed. <i>Scales.</i>&mdash;of the involucre each
+clasping a ray. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Common throughout the western part of the
+State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Under the common designation of "tarweed," plants belonging
+to two different genera&mdash;<i>Madia</i> and <i>Hemizonia</i>&mdash;and
+comprising thirty or forty species, may be found. They are
+mostly annuals or biennials, with viscid, heavily scented foliage,
+which make themselves conspicuous in late summer and
+through the autumn. The <i>Hemizonias</i> are distinctively Californian;
+while the <i>Madias</i> we have in common with Chile.
+Their viscid exudation is particularly ruinous to wool and
+clothing, but alcohol is a solvent for it, and will generally
+remove it.</p>
+
+<p>We wonder how these plants, which flourish in our driest
+seasons, can extract so much moisture from the parched earth,
+and of what practical use this resinous secretion can be in their
+economy. Though some of them are described as having a
+disagreeable odor, many of them have a very pleasant balsamic
+fragrance, which gives our summer and autumn atmosphere a
+peculiar character of its own. Whole fields and hillsides are
+tinged with their warm olive foliage, or are yellow with their
+golden flowers, which appear like a fall revival of the buttercups.
+The flowers open mostly at night or in early morning,
+closing in bright sunshine.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hemizonia luzulæfolia</i> is a common species, whose flowers are
+redolent of the odor of myrrh.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f065"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[ 189]</a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f065.png">TARWEED&mdash;<i>Hemizonia luzulæfolia</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN GOLDENROD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Solidago Californica</i>, Nutt. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Rather stout; low or tall. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Oblong, or the upper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[ 190]</a></span>
+oblong-lanceolate, and the lower obovate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In a dense, pyramidal
+panicle, four to twelve inches long, with mostly erect racemose
+branches. <i>Heads.</i>&mdash;Three or four lines long; yellow. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Small;
+seven to twelve; about as many as the disk-flowers. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+California, to Nevada and Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Our State is not so rich in <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'golden-rod'">goldenrods</ins> as New England,
+yet we have several rather pretty species. <i>Solidago Californica</i>
+is found upon dry hills, and blooms from July to October.
+It is said to thrive well under cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>It differs from the "Western <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'golden-rod'">goldenrod</ins>" in having its
+flowers in a pyramidal cluster.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MOTH-MULLEIN.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Verbascum Blattaria</i>, L. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Tall and slender. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; oblong; crenate-toothed;
+nearly smooth; the upper ovate, acute, clasping. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellow
+or white; purple-tinged; an inch or so across; in a terminal
+raceme; the pedicels much exceeding the calyx-lobes. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Wheel-shaped, with five rounded, somewhat unequal
+lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. Filaments violet-bearded. Anthers
+confluently one-celled. Pollen orange-colored, copious. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled.
+Style slender. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Upper Sacramento Valley,
+etc.; naturalized from Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The mulleins are natives of Europe, which have found their
+way across the water to us. Two or three species are now
+common in some localities. The moth-mullein is so called because
+its blossoms have the appearance of a number of delicate
+moths resting upon the stem. This is a tall, green plant.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>V. Thapsus</i>, L.&mdash;is also quite common.
+In the Sacramento Valley its tall, woolly tapers may be seen leaning
+in every direction, giving the fields a disorderly appearance.
+This plant abounds throughout Europe and Asia, and
+was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who made
+lampwicks of its dried leaves and utilized its stalks, dipped in
+tallow, for funeral torches. In medieval Europe it was called<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[ 191]</a></span>
+"hag-taper," because it was employed by witches in their incantations.
+In Europe at the present time it is known as the
+"American velvet-plant," because of a mistaken idea that it is
+a native of this country.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WESTERN GOLDENROD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Solidago occidentalis</i>, Nutt. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Smooth throughout. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Paniculately branched; two to six
+feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Linear; entire; obscurely three-nerved; two to
+four inches long; one to three lines wide. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;In numerous
+small, flat clusters, terminating the slender branchlets; three lines
+long; yellow. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Sixteen to twenty not surpassing the eight to
+fourteen disk-flowers. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Of imbricated scales; the outer
+successively shorter. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Near the Coast, from Southern California
+to British America.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Western <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'golden-rod'">goldenrod</ins>, with its slender, willowy stems
+and small flower-clusters, may be found in wet places in late
+summer and early autumn. Its blossoms are acacia-scented.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CREOSOTE-BUSH. GOBERNADORA. HIDEONDO.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Larrea Mexicana</i>, Moricand. Creosote-Bush Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Ill-smelling, resinous shrubs, four to ten feet high; diffusely branched.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; with two unequal leaflets. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Three to six
+lines long; pointed; sessile. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary; yellow. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Five;
+silky; deciduous. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; three or four lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten;
+on a small ten-lobed disk. Filaments winged below.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled; Style slender. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Inland deserts of the
+southern part of the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The most plentiful shrub growing in our southern desert
+regions is the creosote-bush, so called because its sticky leaves
+burn with a black smoke and a rank odor, between creosote
+and carbolic acid.</p>
+
+<p>These shrubs often cover vast tracts of arid soil, and in
+places are the only growth to be seen. The evergreen foliage
+is of a warm olive tone, and is borne at the ends of many slender,
+grayish branches. The small, stemless, opposite leaves,
+each divided almost to its base into two leaflets, spread butterfly-like
+upon the slender branchlets. The leaf-nodes are swollen
+into small, warty prominences, which are especially resinous.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[ 192]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In many localities, especially in Arizona, the branches of
+this shrub are thickly incrusted with a certain gummy substance,
+which careful examination has proved to be almost identical
+with the East Indian shellac of commerce. This is caused by
+an insect of the genus <i>Coccus</i>, who stings the young twigs, at
+the same time laying its eggs in them, causing them to exude
+the gum. Could this gum be collected in sufficient quantities,
+it would doubtless prove a valuable article of commerce, probably
+not inferior to the East Indian lac. Dr. Edwd. Palmer
+writes that it is extensively used by our Indians as a cement
+with which to fasten their flint <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'arrow-heads'">arrowheads</ins> to the shafts, to
+mend broken pottery, and to make water-tight their baskets,
+woven of grass and roots. The plant yields a greenish-yellow
+dye, with which they paint their persons and color their fabrics;
+but garments so dyed are said to emit a disagreeable odor
+always upon being heated.</p>
+
+<p>A lotion made by steeping the branches in water is said to
+be an excellent remedy for sores; while the leaves dried and
+reduced to powder are effectively used for the same purpose.
+Some of our pharmacists say that the plant is a valuable remedy
+for rheumatism.</p>
+
+<p>By the Spanish-Californians this shrub is known as "gobernadora"
+and "hideondo"; and by the American settlers of the
+desert it is known by several uncomplimentary names, among
+them the meaningless one of "greasewood."</p>
+
+<p>It blossoms in early summer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[ 193]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="III_PINK" id="III_PINK"></a>III. PINK</h2>
+
+
+<h3>[<i>Pink or occasionally or partially pink flowers not described in</i></h3>
+<h3><i>the Pink Section.</i></h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li><i>Described in the White Section</i>:--</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Achillea Millefolium</span>--Yarrow.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus venustus</span>--Mariposa Tulip.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Chimaphila Menziesii</span>--Prince's Pine.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Convolvulus luteolus</span>--Wild Morning-glory.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gaultheria Shallon</span>--Salal.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lathyrus Torreyi</span>.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lathyrus vestitus</span>--Common Wild Pea.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Layia glandulosum</span>--White Daisy.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lilium rubescens</span>--Ruby Lily.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Malacothrix saxatilis</span>.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Mesembryanthemum crystallinum</span>--Ice-Plant.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">&OElig;nothera Californica</span>--White Evening Primrose.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Orthocarpus versicolor</span>--White Owl's Clover.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Pyrola aphylla</span>.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Rhododendron occidentale</span>--Californian Azalea.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Rubus spectabilis</span>--Salmon-Berry.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Spiræa betulifolia</span>--Pink Spiræa.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Spiræa Douglasii</span>--Californian Hardhack.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Spraguea umbellata</span>--Pussy's-Paws.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Yellow Section</i>:--</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Hosackia gracilis</span>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Blue and Purple Section</i>:--</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus splendens</span>--Mariposa Tulip.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus uniflorus</span>.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Trillium sessile</span>--Californian Trillium.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Red Section</i>:--</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gilia aggregata</span>--Scarlet Gilia.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Miscellaneous Section</i>:--</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Cypripedium Californicum</span>--Californian Lady's Slipper.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gomphocarpus tomentosus</span>--Hornless Woolly Milkweed.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Rumex hymenosepalus</span>--Wild Pie-Plant; Canaigre.]</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>RED-STEMMED FILAREE. ALFILERILLA. CLOCKS.
+PIN-CLOVER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Erodium cicutarium</i>, L'Her. Geranium Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Chiefly radical in a depressed rosette; six to ten inches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[ 194]</a></span>
+long; dissected into narrow toothed lobes. Stem-leaves smaller.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Pink; four to eight in an umbel; parts in fives. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four
+lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five perfect, with flattened filaments;
+five reduced to mere scales. <i>Carpels</i> and styles one or two inches
+long; separating upward from a central axis into twisted, bearded
+tails. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The name "alfilerilla" is Spanish, coming from <i>alfiler</i>, a
+needle, and refers to the long, slender beak of the carpels. By
+corruption it has become "filaree."</p>
+
+<p>This plant is found in abundance everywhere, and is one
+of our most valuable forage-plants. It varies greatly in size,
+and becomes very rank in growth where the soil is rich.
+Ordinarily, it makes its appearance soon after the beginning
+of the rainy season, as a rosette of leaves lying upon the
+ground, and later it sends up its reddish stems. Its seed-vessels
+look like a group of fantastic, long-billed storks, and
+the long beaks of the carpels, as they separate from the central
+axis, begin to curl about any convenient object. They are
+thus widely disseminated in the hair of animals and the clothing
+of people. Children call them "clocks," and love to stand
+the seed up in their clothing and watch the beaks wind slowly
+about, like the hands of a timepiece.</p>
+
+<p>We have several other species of <i>Erodium</i>. <i>E. moschatum</i>,
+L' Her., is a coarser plant whose foliage has a musky fragrance,
+especially when wilted. It is also a valuable forage-plant and
+is commonly known as "musky filaree" or "green-stemmed
+filaree."</p>
+
+<p><i>E. Botrys</i>, Bertoloni, is a very abundant plant. Its flowers
+are larger, six lines across, and are pink, strongly veined with
+wine-color. The beaks of its carpels are sometimes four inches
+long.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f066"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[ 195]</a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f066.png">RED-STEMMED FILAREE&mdash;<i>Erodium cicutarium</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>REDWOOD-SORREL.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Oxalis Oregana</i>, Nutt. Geranium Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs with sour juice. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;With three leaflets; petioles two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[ 196]</a></span>
+to even twelve inches long. Leaflets one or two inches broad; usually
+light-blotched. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;One to six inches long; one-flowered.
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; nine to twelve lines long; white or rose-colored,
+often veined with darker color; usually having an orange
+spot at base. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled. Styles five.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast woods, from Santa Cruz to Washington.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In deep woods, "where no stir nor call the sacred hush profanes,"
+the beautiful leaves and delicate flowers of the redwood-sorrel
+cover the ground with an exquisite tapestry, which
+catches the shimmer of the sunlight as it sifts down through
+the tall trees. If the goddess Nanna in passing left the print
+of her pretty fingers upon the clover, perhaps some wood-nymph
+may have touched the leaves of this charming plant.
+Each day as twilight deepens, the leaflets fold gently together
+and prepare to sleep.</p>
+
+<p>The small yellow oxalis&mdash;<i>O. corniculata</i>, L.&mdash;becomes a
+troublesome weed in our lawns.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ROCK-CRESS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Arabis blepharophylla</i>, Hook. and Arn. Mustard Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Four to twelve inches high. <i>Radical-leaves.</i>&mdash;Broadly
+spatulate; one or two inches long. <i>Cauline-leaves.</i>&mdash;Oblong; sessile.
+<i>All.</i>&mdash;Ciliate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Purplish-pink. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Four; generally colored.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four; six to nine lines long; clawed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six;
+two shorter. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Stigma button-shaped. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Linear;
+an inch or more long; flattened. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast, from San
+Francisco to Monterey.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The bright magenta-colored blossoms of the rock-cress may
+be looked for in early spring along the hills of the Coast
+Ranges. This plant is said to be very beautiful in cultivation.
+The generic name was bestowed because many of the well-known
+species are natives of Arabia, while the formidable
+specific name means "eyelash-leaved," referring to the ciliate
+leaves.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f067"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[ 197]</a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f067.png">REDWOOD-SORREL&mdash;<i>Oxalis Oregana</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>WILD HOLLYHOCK.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Sidalcea malvæflora</i>, Gray. Mallow Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Several; eight inches to two feet long. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Round<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[ 198]</a></span>
+in outline; variously lobed and cut. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Pink; in terminal racemes.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft; without bractlets. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; united at
+base; one inch long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;United in a column; in two series.
+Anthers one-celled. <i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Three to ten in a ring; separating at
+maturity. Styles as many; filiform. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast from San Diego
+to Mendocino County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In early spring the graceful sprays of the <i>Sidalcea</i> bend over
+our meadows everywhere, making them bright with their pink
+blossoms, which the children call "wild hollyhocks." The
+stamens of these flowers are especially pretty and interesting if
+examined with a glass. By a careful dissection, the stamen-column
+is found to be double, its outer part bearing five bunches
+of stamens. The anthers are one-celled and of a beautiful rose-pink.
+They may be seen best by pulling apart one of the unopened
+buds.</p>
+
+<p>There are two kinds of these plants, one having large pale-pink
+flowers, which are perfect; the other bearing smaller deep
+rose-pink blossoms, in which the anthers are only rudimentary.</p>
+
+<p>There are quite a number of species of <i>Sidalcea</i> in California,
+but they are very difficult of determination for the non-botanist.</p>
+
+
+<h3>REDBUD. JUDAS-TREE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cercis occidentalis</i>, Torr. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Small trees or shrubs. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; slender-petioled; round-cordate;
+palmately veined; smooth; about two inches in diameter.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Rose-color; papilionaceous; clustered in the axils. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four
+lines long; the standard smaller and inclosed by the wings.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten; all distinct. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Pods.</i>&mdash;Two or
+three inches long; thin. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Mt. Shasta to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>By April, or earlier, our interior hills and valleys begin to
+show the rosy blossoms of the Judas-tree. The leafless branches
+are wreathed with the abundant flowers, which gives the shrub
+the appearance of a garden fruit-tree. When seen later, in its
+full summer foliage, it is almost equally attractive. Its shapely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[ 200]</a></span>
+leaves are then diversified by the clusters of long purple pods,
+which hang gracefully among them.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f068"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f068.png">WILD HOLLYHOCK&mdash;<i>Sidalcea malvæflora</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Indians find the slender twigs of this shrub very useful
+in their basket-making. By means of the thumb-nail or flints,
+they split them into threads, which they use as woof.</p>
+
+<p>A closely allied species of <i>Cercis</i>, growing in Palestine, had,
+according to tradition, white flowers, until the arch-traitor
+Judas hanged himself from its limbs, when it blushed pink for
+very shame.</p>
+
+<p>In medieval Europe the Judas-tree was believed to be a
+favorite rendezvous for witches, and it was considered dangerous
+to approach one at nightfall.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HUCKLEBERRY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Vaccinium ovatum</i>, Pursh. Heath Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Evergreen shrubs, three to eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Ovate to
+oblong-lanceolate; leathery; smooth and shining. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In axillary
+clusters: small; pinkish. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Minutely fine-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Campanulate;
+two or three lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten; anthers
+opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Globose; five-celled. Style filiform.
+<i>Berries.</i>&mdash;Small; reddish, turning black. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges
+from Monterey to Vancouver Island.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When in bloom our Californian huckleberry is a delightful
+shrub. Its leaves, which are of a particularly rich, shining
+green, are set at a characteristic angle to the red stems, contrasting
+finely with their warm tones; and the effect is heightened
+by the clusters of small pink and white waxen bells
+scattered here and there amid the foliage.</p>
+
+<p>The huckleberry is at its best upon the high ridges of the
+Coast Ranges, where it becomes especially luxuriant in the fog-nurtured
+region of the northern portion of the redwood belt.
+There its abundant berries become juicy and delicious, and are
+much sought for preserving and pie-making. Its branches,
+when cut, keep admirably in water and are favorite greens for
+household decoration.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f069"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f069.png">HUCKLEBERRY&mdash;<i>Vaccinium ovatum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>STAR-FLOWER. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Trientalis Europæa, var. latifolia</i>, Torr. Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>&mdash;Tuberous. <i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Four to eight inches high; with a whorl<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[ 202]</a></span>
+of oval-pointed leaves one to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White or
+pink; eight lines across. <i>Calyx</i> and rotate corolla seven-parted, sometimes
+six- to nine-parted; divisions pointed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;As many as
+the corolla-lobes, and opposite them. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style filiform.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, from Monterey northward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In April and May, as we walk through shaded woods, we
+begin to notice a trim little plant three or four inches high, with
+very slender stem, bearing at its summit a number of pretty
+leaves of varying size. A little later, we find among them one
+or two delicate pink, starry flowers on very slender, threadlike
+stems.</p>
+
+<p>The generic name is from the Latin <i>triens</i>, and is in allusion
+to the height of the plant, which is the third part of a foot.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CLINTONIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Clintonia Andrewsiana</i>, Torr. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Radical; oblong; six inches to one foot long; two to four
+wide. <i>Flower-stem.</i>&mdash;One or two feet high; with one leafy bract.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Pink; many; in a terminal compound cluster on pedicels an
+inch or less long. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; four to seven lines long.
+<i>Segments.</i>&mdash;Six; gibbous at the base. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-
+ or three-celled. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Beautiful, large, dark-blue berries. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz to Humboldt County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is one of the most distinguished-looking plants of our
+deep coast woods. Its large leaves, of a rich polished green,
+arrange themselves symmetrically around the short stem, seeming
+to come from the ground&mdash;and so fine are they, that if no
+blossom appeared, we should feel the plant had fulfilled its
+mission of beauty. But in April a blossom-stalk shoots up
+from their midst, bearing upon its summit a cluster of deep
+rose-colored, nodding bells. These are succeeded later by a
+bunch of superb dark-blue berries, which might be made of
+lapis lazuli or the rarest old delft china. I remember a beautiful
+spot upon the Lagunitas Creek, where the stream, flowing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[ 203]</a></span>
+over a brown, pebbly bottom, passes among the redwoods
+where their tall shafts make dim cathedral aisles,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">.&nbsp;  .&nbsp;  .&nbsp;  "forest-corridors that lie</span>
+<span class="ni">In a mysterious world unpeopled yet."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Here little yellow violets and the charming wood-sorrel carpet
+the ground, the fetid adder's-tongue spreads its mottled leaves,
+while groups of the lovely <i>Clintonia</i> put the finishing touches
+to an already beautiful scene.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LEMONADE-BERRY. MAHOGANY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Rhus integrifolia</i>, Benth. and Hook. Poison-oak or Cashew Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Evergreen shrubs two to six feet high, becoming small trees southward.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; short-petioled; one to three inches long;
+rigid; leathery. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Of two sexes, also some perfect; in short,
+dense terminal clusters one to three inches long; rose-colored or white.
+<i>Sepals</i>, petals, and stamens four to nine; usually five. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Rounded;
+ciliate; one or two lines across. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Stigmas
+three. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Flat; one-seeded; six lines across; red; viscid and
+acid. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast from Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Growing everywhere upon the southern coast in great
+abundance, this shrub forms low, dense, wind-shorn thickets.
+Farther inland it rises to a height of several feet, with tough,
+India-rubber-like branches, and in Lower California it becomes
+a small tree. In its better estate it is very ornamental, especially
+in spring, when sprinkled with its clusters of small pink
+flowers. The little drupes are covered with an acid, oily substance,
+and have long been used by the Indians and Mexicans
+in the preparation of a lemonade-like drink. These people are
+so fond of this fruit that they dry it for winter use, grinding and
+roasting it as we do coffee. The wood of these shrubs is of a
+dark-red color, which is responsible for the common name,
+"mahogany."</p>
+
+<p>Another <i>Rhus</i> very common in the valleys of Southern
+California is <i>R. laurina</i>, Nutt., usually called "sumach." It
+is an evergreen shrub, with smooth, lanceolate leaves, two or
+three inches long, exhaling a rather strong odor, considered by
+some like bitter almonds, and bearing dense clusters of small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[ 204]</a></span>
+white flowers in midsummer. Its small drupes are only a line
+or two across. They are also coated with a waxen substance,
+and yield a pungent oil.</p>
+
+<p>In the mountains from Santa Barbara to San Diego is found
+another species&mdash;<i>R. ovata</i>, Wats. This has large leathery,
+pointed leaves, and is known as "lemonade-and-sugar-tree,"
+as the acid berries are coated with a sweet, waxen substance,
+which the Indians value as sugar. Its leaves resemble in form
+those of the lilacs of our gardens.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHOOTING-STARS. WILD CYCLAMEN. MAD VIOLETS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Dodecatheon Meadia</i>, L. Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical; tufted; from obovate to lanceolate. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Three
+to fifteen inches high; umbel two- to twenty-flowered. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Deeply
+five-cleft, the divisions reflexed in flower, erect in fruit. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;With
+extremely short tube, and an abruptly reflexed five-parted
+limb; white, rose-color, or purple. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; opposite the
+corolla-lobes. Filaments short; united. Anthers standing erect around
+the long style, forming a beak; violet. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+the continent; exceedingly variable.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The shooting-star is one of our prettiest spring flowers,
+which arrives a little before the baby-eyes and just as the brakes
+are unrolling their green crosiers. There is something particularly
+pleasing in these blossoms. It seems as though Nature
+had taxed her ingenuity to produce something original when
+she fashioned them. The name <i>Dodecatheon</i>, from the Greek,
+is entirely a fanciful one, and means "the twelve gods."</p>
+
+<p>Formerly <i>D. Meadia</i>, L., was considered the only species,
+embracing many widely varying forms; but of late botanists
+have made several of the forms into separate species.</p>
+
+<p><i>D. Hendersoni</i> (Gray), Ktz., is the species prevalent in our
+central and northern Coast Ranges. This has ovoid or obovoid,
+very obtuse, entire leaves, with broad petiole, equaling
+the blade, two inches long. Its flower-stem is from eight to
+twelve inches high, bearing a cluster of bright rose-purple
+flowers. The corolla has a short, dark-maroon tube, encircled
+by a band of yellow, sometimes merging into white. A variety<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[ 206]</a></span>
+of this with very slender stems and the flower parts in fours is
+common in the Bay region, and southward possibly to Santa
+Barbara. This is called <i>var. cruciata</i>. Its blossoms have a
+strong odor, suggestive of a tannery. In this species the capsule
+opens at the top, splitting into a number of little teeth,
+which soon turn downward.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f070"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f070.png">SHOOTING-STARS&mdash;<i>Dodecatheon Hendersoni var. cruciata</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>D. Clevelandi</i>, Greene, is a beautiful species found in the
+south. It sends up a tall shaft, crowned with a large cluster
+of beautiful blossoms, varying from a delicate lilac to pure
+white. The petals are ringed below with pale yellow, and the
+beak of the flower is a rich prune-purple. There is a certain
+generous, fine look about these flowers, although they are
+exquisitely delicate. Their charm is completed by a delicious
+perfume, like that of the cultivated cyclamen.</p>
+
+<p>Among the children the various forms are known by a number
+of names, such as "mad violets," "prairie-pointers,"
+"mosquito-bills," and "roosters'-heads." The latter is said to
+be the designation of prosaic little boys who see in these blossoms
+gaming possibilities, and who love to hook them together
+and pull to see which head will come off first.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PRICKLY PHLOX.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Gilia Californica</i>, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Woody; two or three feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Palmately
+three- to seven-parted, with spreading, needle-like divisions, two to four
+lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary, at the ends of the branchlets; rose-pink
+or lilac, with a white eye. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed. <i>Corolla-limb.</i>&mdash;An
+inch and a half across. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Dry hills from Monterey
+to San Bernardino.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I hardly know how to describe these delightful flowers. At
+a little distance the plant-stems have almost the look of a cactus,
+so densely are they clothed with the small, rigid leaves.
+Nor does a closer acquaintance serve to lessen the likeness&mdash;for
+in our breathless haste to take possession of the beautiful
+blossoms we are quite certain to have their prickly character
+impressed upon the hands as well as upon the sight. The texture
+of the flowers is of the finest silk, with an exquisite sheen;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[ 208]</a></span>
+and they have a delicate fragrance. Growing at the tips of the
+numerous branchlets, they often form large masses of rich rose-colored
+bloom, which are especially brilliant and showy against
+the warm foliage.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f071"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f071.png">PRICKLY PHLOX&mdash;<i>Gilia Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In some localities they are called "rock-rose," an unfortunate
+name in two respects: it has long belonged to a yellow
+flower of an entirely different family&mdash;<i>Helianthemum</i>; and
+these blossoms do not in the least resemble a rose.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN FOUR-O'CLOCK.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Mirabilis Californica</i>, Gray. Four-o'clock Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;From a woody base; a foot or two long. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Ovate;
+six to fifteen lines long; rather thick. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Magenta-colored;
+one to three in a campanulate, calyx-like, five-toothed involucre. Involucres
+nearly sessile. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Six lines long; open funnel-form;
+five-lobed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. Anthers yellow. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Globose;
+one-celled. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Southern California
+and eastward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When the heat of the day is over and the morning-glories
+are folding together their faded chalices, the bright little four-o'clocks
+begin to open their myriad magenta-colored eyes upon
+the closing day, and they, together with the evening primroses,
+will keep the vigils of the night. These diaphanous little
+flowers, with their long stamens resting on the lower side of
+the perianth, are like diminutive azaleas.</p>
+
+<p>They are very puzzling, and the part that baffles the young
+botanist is the calyx, which, as it sometimes has two or three
+corollas within it, cannot be considered a calyx at all, but must
+be called an involucre. In reality the corolla is absent, and the
+calyx, which is colored like a corolla, is called a perianth. This
+appears to sit upon the top of the round ovary, but in reality a
+green continuation of it is drawn down tightly over the ovary.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f072"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f072.png">CALIFORNIAN FOUR-O'CLOCK&mdash;<i>Mirabilis Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>BEACH MORNING-GLORY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Convolvulus Soldanella</i>, L. Morning-glory Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or less long; trailing. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Kidney-shaped;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[ 210]</a></span>
+long-petioled; leathery; an inch or two broad. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Pink to
+lavender; one to nearly three inches across, with a pair of thin bracts
+just below the calyx, partly enveloping it. (Otherwise as <i>C. luteolus</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The seashore from Puget Sound to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The beach morning-glory trails its stems over the shifting
+sands of the seashore, making clusters of beautiful foliage, over
+which the large, delicate flowers raise their exquisite satin
+funnels.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALYPSO.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calypso borealis</i>, Salisb. Orchis Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Bulb.</i>&mdash;Small; solid. <i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Three to six inches high. <i>Leaf.</i>&mdash;An
+inch or two long. <i>Sepals</i> and petals light to deep rose-color; six to
+nine lines long. <i>Lip.</i>&mdash;Brownish pink, mottled with purple. <i>Style.</i>&mdash;Petaloid,
+oval, and concave, bearing the hemispherical anther on its
+summit underneath. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The northern Coast Ranges; also across
+the continent.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It has never been my good fortune to find this rare and exquisite
+little orchid, but beautiful specimens have been sent
+from the redwoods of Sonoma County and from Oregon. The
+books speak of it as growing in bogs; but I am told by those
+who gathered them that the little plants sit lightly upon the
+layer of needles that carpet the forest-floor. The roots scarcely
+penetrate the soil, so that the plants are easily disengaged without
+digging.</p>
+
+<p>Nature produced a perfect work when she fashioned this
+little plant, so simple, so charming in every way, with its one
+dainty leaf and one unique blossom. The form of the column
+is peculiarly interesting, being that of a curving concave petal,
+bearing the anther, in the shape of a hollow hemisphere, on
+its upper edge.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f073"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f073.png">CALYPSO&mdash;<i>Calypso borealis</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>WILD PORTULACA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calandrinia caulescens</i>, HBK.; <i>var. Menziesii</i>, Gray. Purslane Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Decumbent, branching herbs, mostly smooth. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[ 212]</a></span>
+linear to oblanceolate; one to three inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In loose
+racemes; rose-color or magenta; about an inch across. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Two;
+keeled. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Mostly five. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four to eleven. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled.
+Style slender. Stigma three-cleft. Seeds black, shining,
+lens-shaped. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Lower California to Vancouver Island.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wild portulaca is very abundant, and in seasons favorable
+to its development is a very noticeable little plant. Its
+succulent stems have a spreading habit and bear many satiny
+flowers of a deep purplish-pink, which open in the bright sunshine.
+The petals, which are veined with a slightly darker
+color, become white toward the center, and the little anthers
+are full of orange-colored pollen. These blossoms have a delicate,
+somewhat musky perfume.</p>
+
+<p>Cattle are fond of the herbage, and the plants are considered
+excellent as potherbs and for salads. The seeds, which are a
+favorite food of the wild dove are very pretty, being lens-shaped,
+black and shining, with a granular surface.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE PRIDE OF CALIFORNIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lathyrus splendens</i>, Kell. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Climbing; six to ten feet. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;About eight; scattered;
+very variable; linear to lanceolate or oblong; acute; mucronate; strongly
+three- to five-nerved. <i>Tendrils.</i>&mdash;Two- to five-parted. <i>Stipules.</i>&mdash;Small;
+semi-sagittate. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;Stout; usually seven- to ten-flowered.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Very large; brilliant crimson. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed;
+eighteen-nerved. <i>Standard</i> and keel an inch or more long. <i>Pods.</i>&mdash;Three
+inches long; smooth; compressed; ten- to twenty-seeded. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Parts
+of San Diego County, and southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Clambering over our wild shrubs, this wonderful pea gives
+them the appearance of being loaded with a magnificence
+of bloom quite unwonted. The blossoms are the richest and
+most gorgeous of crimsons throughout, and have such a
+superb air that it is difficult to believe they are not the product
+of centuries of careful selection by the gardener. The long
+standard turns back over the stem, continuing the gracefully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[ 214]</a></span>
+outlined keel in a long compound curve. The blossoms hang
+from the stem in charming abandon, like a flock of graceful
+tropic-birds poising upon the wing before taking flight, or like
+a fleet of gayly decked pleasure-barges, with canopies thrown
+back, fit for the conveyance of a Cleopatra.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f074"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[ 213]</a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f074.png">WILD PORTULACA&mdash;<i>Calandrinia caulescens</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN WILD CURRANT. INCENSE-SHRUB.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ribes glutinosum</i>, Benth. Saxifrage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs six to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Three- to five-lobed; glutinous
+when young; three to five inches broad. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Rose-pink
+to pale pink; in long drooping racemes. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Petaloid; five-lobed.
+<i>Petals</i> and stamens five on the calyx. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Styles
+two; more or less united. <i>Berries.</i>&mdash;Blue, with a dense bloom; glandular-hispid.
+<i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Ribes sanguineum</i>, Pursh. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast
+Ranges; more common southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In early winter in the south, and somewhat later northward,
+the wild currant becomes a thing of beauty hardly to have
+been expected. The young foliage, of a clear brilliant green,
+is gayly decked with the long clusters of peculiarly fresh pink
+blossoms, which seem like the very incarnation of the spirit of
+Spring, producing a certain <i>eblouissement</i>, which quickens our
+sense into an anticipation of beauty on every side.</p>
+
+<p>We are made aware of a strong, heavy fragrance emanating
+from this shrub, for which its numerous glands are
+responsible, and which has gained for it the popular name of
+"incense-shrub" in some localities.</p>
+
+<p>The fruit, which ripens toward fall, is dry and bitter, or
+insipid.</p>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Ribes</i> includes the currant and the gooseberry,
+and furnishes us with several charming shrubs in California.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f075"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f075.png">CALIFORNIAN WILD CURRANT&mdash;<i>Ribes glutinosum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>GROUND-PINK. FRINGED GILIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Gilia dianthoides</i>, Endl. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>One to six inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Six lines or so long; linear to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[ 216]</a></span>
+filiform. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Rose or lilac, blending inward to white, with
+darker color or yellow in the throat. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Nine
+to twelve lines across; fringed. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Santa
+Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In March our southern meadows and hill-slopes are all
+aglow with the lovely flowers of this charming little <i>Gilia</i>.
+The plants are tiny, often no more than an inch high, but are
+ambitious out of all proportion to their size, covering themselves
+with blossoms exquisitely delicate in texture, form, and
+coloring, which literally carpet the earth with an overlapping
+mosaic.</p>
+
+<p>It is a wonderful thought that upon every one of these
+countless millions of little flowers that clothe the fields Nature
+has bestowed such care that each is a masterpiece in itself.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON FLEABANE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Erigeron Philadelphicus</i>, L. Sunflower Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Hairy, perennial herbs. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to three feet high; leafy to
+the top. <i>Root-leaves.</i>&mdash;Spatulate or obovate. <i>Stem-leaves.</i>&mdash;Oblong;
+sessile, with broad clasping base; irregularly toothed. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;In
+a loose corymb. <i>Disks.</i>&mdash;Yellow; three or four lines across.
+<i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Innumerable; very narrow; flesh-color to rose-purple; about
+three lines long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely distributed on the Pacific and Atlantic
+Coasts.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The feathery, daisy-like flowers of the common fleabane
+are of frequent occurrence in moist meadows or along the roadsides
+in spring. The ray-flowers are so narrow as to form a
+delicate fringe around the disk.</p>
+
+<p>The common name arose from the belief that these plants
+were harmful to fleas.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f076"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f076.png">GROUND-PINK&mdash;<i>Gilia dianthoides</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>TURKISH RUGGING.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Chorizanthe staticoides</i>, Benth. Buckwheat Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>A foot high or more, with widely spreading branches. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[ 218]</a></span>
+radical; oblong; obtuse; twelve to thirty lines long, including
+petioles. <i>Involucres.</i>&mdash;Loosely clustered; sessile; one-flowered; campanulate;
+with six bristle-like teeth. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Pink; two lines long;
+six-lobed; not fringed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Mostly nine; on the perianth.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Styles three. Stigmas capitate. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+Monterey to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In late spring the dry, open hills of the south are overrun
+with the soft lavender of the <i>Chorizanthe</i>. The flowers are
+small, but the whole plant is purplish, and the stems are quite
+as productive of color as the blossoms. In fact, the whole
+plant seems to consist of a scraggly interlacement of slender
+branches and small flowers, as the leaves, which nestle close to
+the ground, are not very noticeable.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CANCHALAGUA. CALIFORNIAN CENTAURY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Erythræa venusta</i>, Gray. Gentian Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Six to twelve lines long; pale
+apple-green. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Usually five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Bright pink,
+with yellow or white center; an inch or so across. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five;
+anthers spirally twisted after shedding the pollen. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled.
+Style slender. Stigmas two. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Plumas County
+southward; more abundant southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Just as our attention has been called afresh to the fields by
+the sudden appearance of the "golden stars," or <i>Bloomeria</i>,
+in late spring, we find, as we stoop to gather them, a charming
+pink flower nestling close to the earth amid the grasses.
+Though low of stature, these firstlings of the season atone for
+it by brilliancy of color, and their pink blossoms have a peculiarly
+clean, fresh, wide-awake appearance, reminding one of a
+rosy-faced country wench.</p>
+
+<p>While enjoying their bright beauty, we do not for a moment
+suspect that we are paying homage to the famous "canchalagua"
+of the Spanish-Californians. No well-regulated
+household among these people is without bundles of these
+herbs strung upon the rafters&mdash;for they are considered by them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[ 220]</a></span>
+an indispensable remedy for fevers; also, an excellent bitter
+tonic, and are said to possess rare antiseptic properties.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f077"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f077.png">CANCHALAGUA&mdash;<i>Erythræa venusta</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>FALSE MALLOW.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Malvastrum Thurberi</i>, Gray. Mallow Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubby at base; three to fifteen feet high; densely tomentose.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;An inch or two across; thick. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Clustered in the
+axils of the leaves; or in an interrupted naked spike. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-lobed;
+with one to three bractlets. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five, about six lines long;
+rose-purple. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;United in a column. <i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Numerous;
+united in a ring. Styles united at base. Stigmas capitate. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+southern Coast Ranges and islands of the Coast.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Upon the mesas of the south we often see a shrubby member
+of the mallow family, with long, wandlike branches ornamented
+with closely set, pink flowers, of delicate texture and
+pleasant perfume. This is the false mallow. It is a very handsome
+and noticeable shrub when in full bloom. The anthers
+are golden brown, and the stigmas are spherical instead of filiform.
+Upon the seashore it blooms much earlier than in the
+valleys inland.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. FIG-MARIGOLD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Mesembryanthemum æquilaterale</i>, Haworth. Fig-marigold Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Succulent plants. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Elongating; forming large mats. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite;
+sessile; fleshy; three-angled; two inches or more long;
+oblong. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Terminal; solitary; fifteen lines to two inches
+across; pink. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;With top-shaped tube and five-lobed border.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Very numerous; linear. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Innumerable. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Four-
+to twenty-celled. Stigmas six to ten. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast, from
+Point Reyes southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The fig-marigold is a very common plant upon our seashore.
+It seems to flourish best toward the south, where it
+covers large tracts of sand with its succulent foliage, making
+mats of pleasant verdure in otherwise sandy wastes. Its stems
+often trail many yards down the cliffs, making beautiful natural
+draperies, decked with myriads of the pink blossoms.
+Because it is capable of withstanding the drouth in the most
+remarkable manner, it has been planted to produce verdure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[ 222]</a></span>
+where irrigation is impossible. The very numerous slender
+petals give the flower the appearance at first sight of a <i>Composita</i>.
+The fruit is pulpy and full of very small seeds, like
+the fig, and has a suggestion of the flavor of the Isabella grape.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f078"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f078.png">FALSE MALLOW&mdash;<i>Malvastrum Thurberi</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many species of <i>Mesembryanthemum</i> are cultivated in our
+gardens, mostly as border-plants. The genus is a large one,
+most of the species being native of Southern Africa, and it is
+supposed that the three species now common upon our Coast
+were introduced in the remote past without the agency of man.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4><i>Gilia androsacea</i>, Steud. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Three to twelve inches high; erect; spreading. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite;
+sessile; palmately five- to seven-parted; seemingly whorled.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In terminal clusters. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Salver-shaped; rose-pink,
+lilac, or white, with a yellow or dark throat; its tube filiform, about an
+inch long; limb eight to ten lines across. Filaments and style slender;
+exserted. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the western part of the
+State; into the Sierra foothills.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The delicate flowers of this little plant may be found nestling
+amid the grasses of dry hill-slopes in late spring, often
+making charming bits of color. It is usually rather a low
+plant, but in specially favorable situations it rises to a foot in
+height. Its fragile flowers vary from pure white to lilac and a
+lovely rose-pink, and look like small phloxes.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4><i>Mimulus Douglasii</i>, Gray. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Flowering at half an inch high; later becoming a span high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Ovate
+or oblong; three- to five-nerved at base; narrowed into a
+short petiole. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Rich maroon, with deeper color in the throat
+and some yellow below. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;An inch
+to eighteen lines long; with dilated throat. Lower lip much shorter
+than the ample, erect, upper one; sometimes almost wanting. (See
+<i>Mimulus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This little <i>Mimulus</i> is quite common upon gravelly or
+stony hills. Its pert little maroon flowers, with their very
+long tubes and erect lobes, so ridiculously out of proportion
+to the size of the tiny plant, give it the look of some very
+important small personage.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f079"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f079.png"><i>Gilia Androsacea.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>BITTER-ROOT. SPAT'LUM. TOBACCO-ROOT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lewisia rediviva</i>, Pursh. Purslane Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>&mdash;Very thick. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Clustered; linear-oblong; one or two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[ 224]</a></span>
+inches long. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;One-flowered; one or two inches long; jointed
+in the middle, with a whorl of five to seven scarious bracts at the joint.
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Six to eight; six to nine lines long; scarious-margined. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Twelve
+to fifteen; rose-color, sometimes white; oblong; eight to sixteen
+lines long; rotately spreading in sunshine. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Forty or
+more. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style three- to eight-parted nearly to the
+base. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The mountains of California, northward and eastward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Within our borders this little plant is not abundant, but
+must be sought upon mountain heights. Formerly it was supposed
+not to occur south of Mt. Diablo, but it has since been
+found in the mountains of the southern part of the State and
+at intermediate points. It is very abundant in Montana, where
+it has been adopted as the State flower.</p>
+
+<p>The plants are very small, being but an inch or two high,
+but the flowers are handsome and showy, and the delicate,
+rose-colored corollas, which are often two inches across, are of
+an exquisite silken texture. The root is remarkably large and
+thick for so small a plant, and it contains a nutritious, farinaceous
+matter, much esteemed by the Indians for food. Among
+them it is known as "spat'lum," and they gather large quantities
+of it, which they store in bags for future use.</p>
+
+<p>This was the "racine-amère," or "bitter-root," of the
+early French settlers. It is also known as "tobacco-root,"
+because when boiled it has a tobacco-like odor.</p>
+
+<p>The specific name, <i>rediviva</i>, was bestowed because of the
+wonderful vitality of these plants. It is known upon good
+authority that specimens which had been drying for two years
+in an herbarium continued to produce leaves, and at last, when
+taken out and planted, went on growing and blossomed!</p>
+
+<p>This genus is an exception to the other members of the
+Purslane family, in having more than two sepals.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[ 225]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>SPINELESS TUNA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Opuntia basilaris, var. ramosa</i>, Parish. Cactus Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Low; spreading; branching freely above. <i>Joints.</i>&mdash;Flat; smooth;
+without large spines, but with close tufts of minute bristles; obovate or
+fan-shaped; five to eight inches long; nearly as wide at the top. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Large;
+brilliant rose-magenta; two or three inches long. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Dry;
+sub-globose. (Flower-structure as in <i>O. Engelmanni</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+southern deserts and San Bernardino Mountains.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the arid regions of the southern interior, this <i>Opuntia</i> is
+a very common one, and its large, brilliant rose-magenta
+flowers attract the attention wherever seen. They are very
+tempting blossoms, and it is hard to resist them, even though
+we know the penalty will be the conversion of thumbs and
+fingers into pin-cushions for innumerable, minute, tormenting
+thorns.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SNOW-BERRY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Symphoricarpos racemosus</i>, Michx. Honeysuckle Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to four feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; short-petioled;
+cuneate to oblong; entire or lobed; nine to eighteen lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Small;
+mostly in terminal clusters. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Adnate to the ovary;
+with five-toothed border. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; five-lobed; three
+lines long; waxen; pinkish; very hairy within. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; on
+the corolla. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Four-celled. <i>Berries.</i>&mdash;Waxen-white; six lines
+in diameter. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely distributed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In early winter the pure-white clusters of the snow-berry,
+on their almost leafless stems, make flecks of light through
+the dun woods. At this season of few woodland attractions,
+these berries, together with the trailing sprays of the fragrant
+yerba buena and the long graceful leaves of the iris, are about
+the only trophies to be obtained upon a walk. In early spring,
+when their slender twigs first begin to leaf out, these little
+shrubs are among the most delicate and airy of growing things,
+and make a tender veil of green through the shadowy woodland.
+The blossoms, which arrive rather late, are inconspicuous.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[ 226]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>TREE-MALLOW.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lavatera assurgentiflora</i>, Kell. Mallow Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Shrubs.</i>&mdash;Six to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Three to nine inches
+across. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Pink, veined with maroon. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft,
+with an involucel below, like a second calyx. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Twelve to
+eighteen lines long. <i>Filaments.</i>&mdash;Numerous; united in a column.
+<i>Styles.</i>&mdash;Numerous; filiform. <i>Carpels.</i>&mdash;One-seeded, in a ring around
+an axis; separating at maturity. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The islands off the Coast;
+cultivated on the mainland north to Mendocino County.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>The <i>Lavateras</i> are Old-World plants, with the exception
+of a few species which are natives of the islands of our southern
+coast. In the early days the Padres planted the above species
+(<i>L. assurgentiflora</i>) plentifully around the old Missions, and
+thence it has spread and become spontaneous in many localities.
+It can be seen in San Francisco, planted as wind-break
+hedges about the market-gardens, where it thrives luxuriantly
+as long as it is protected from cattle.</p>
+
+<p>The leaves and twigs abound in mucilage, and are very
+fattening and nutritious food for sheep and cattle, who are very
+fond of it.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WILD HONEYSUCKLE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lonicera hispidula</i>, Dougl. Honeysuckle Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Woody; climbing and twining. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; short-petioled;
+oval; pale; one to three inches long; the upper pairs uniting around
+the stem. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Pink; in spikes of several whorls. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Minute;
+growing to the ovary; border five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Tubular;
+six lines to an inch long; bilabiate; the lips strongly revolute; the
+upper four-lobed, the lower entire. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; much exserted.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two- or three-celled. Style slender. Stigma capitate. <i>Berries.</i>&mdash;Scarlet;
+translucent. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In early summer the climbing honeysuckle with its pale
+foliage flings its long arms over neighboring trees and shrubs,
+showing glimpses here and there of small pinkish flowers. But
+it is far more noticeable in the fall, when its long pendulous
+branches are laden with the fine clusters of translucent, orange-red
+berries. It is quite variable and has many forms, which
+are all considered varieties of the one species.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f080"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f080.png">TREE-MALLOW&mdash;<i>Lavatera assurgentiflora</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>PINK PAINT-BRUSH. ESCOBITA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Orthocarpus purpurascens</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six to twelve inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Variously parted into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[ 228]</a></span>
+filiform divisions. <i>Bracts.</i>&mdash;About equaling the flowers; tipped with
+crimson or pale pink. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;About an inch long; the lower lip
+only moderately inflated and three-saccate; the upper long, hooked,
+bearded, crimson. <i>Stigma.</i>&mdash;Large. (See <i>Orthocarpus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely
+distributed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The bright-magenta tufts of the pink paint-brush are often
+so abundant that they give the country a purplish hue for miles
+at a stretch. The Spanish-Californians have a pretty name for
+these blossoms, calling them "escobitas," meaning "little
+whisk-brooms."</p>
+
+<p><i>O. densiflorus</i>, Benth., is a very similar species; but its
+corolla has a straight upper lip, without hairs.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CLARKIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Clarkia elegans</i>, Dougl. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to six feet high; simple or branching. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+broadly ovate to linear; dentate; an inch or more long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;About
+nine lines long; with long, slender claws and rhomboidal
+blades; pink. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Eight; all perfect. Filaments with a hairy
+scale at base. <i>Stigma.</i>&mdash;Four-lobed. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Six to nine lines long;
+sessile. (Otherwise as <i>C. concinna</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely distributed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This plant is a very common one along our dusty roadsides
+in early summer, and it shows a facility in adapting itself to
+quite a range of climate and condition. It grows from six
+inches to six feet high, is nearly smooth or quite hairy, and
+has rather large flowers or quite small ones. Its scarlet stamens,
+purple-pink petals, and often deeper purple sepals make an odd
+combination of color. It often grows in showy masses, making
+patches of glowing color under the shade of trees.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f081"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f081.png">PINK PAINT-BRUSH&mdash;<i>Orthocarpus purpurascens</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPARRAL PEA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Pickeringia montana</i>, Nutt. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Evergreen, much branched, spiny shrubs, four to seven feet high.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[ 230]</a></span>
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;With from one to three leaflets. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Three to nine
+lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Magenta-colored; solitary; sessile; seven to
+nine lines long; papilionaceous. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;All ten distinct. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;One-celled;
+two inches long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, from Lake
+County to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Upon wild mountain-slopes where are heard the fluting
+notes of a certain shy bird that rarely comes near habitations,
+the chaparral pea often makes dense, impenetrable thickets.
+It would be impossible to mistake it for any other shrub, with
+its solitary magenta-colored pea-blossoms, which often cover
+the bushes with a mass of color. Its green branchlets terminate
+in long, rigid spines, which are often clothed with small leaves
+nearly to the end.</p>
+
+<p>Woe to him who tries to penetrate the chaparral when it is
+composed of this formidable and uncompromising shrub! The
+result is quite likely to be a humiliating progress upon hands
+and knees before he can extricate himself, probably with torn
+garments and scratched visage.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HEDGE-NETTLE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Stachys bullata</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Rough, pubescent herbs. <i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Ten to eighteen inches high;
+four- angled. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; ovate or ovate-oblong; cordate;
+coarsely crenate; wrinkly veined; petioled; an inch or two long.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Pinkish; in a narrow, interrupted spike. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Eight lines long; bilabiate. Upper lip erect; lower
+deflexed, of three unequal lobes, spotted with purple. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four.
+Filaments hairy. Anthers divergently two-celled. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four
+seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma two-cleft. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The hedge-nettles are common weeds, of which we have
+several species. <i>S. bullata</i>, so called on account of its leaves,
+which look as though blistered, is the most widespread. It is
+quite variable in aspect, and we are constantly meeting it in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[ 232]</a></span>
+new guises and being deceived into believing it something finer
+than it really is, through some subtle change in its usually
+homely little pink flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f082"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f082.png">CHAPARRAL PEA&mdash;<i>Pickeringia montana</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>TWINING HYACINTH.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Brodiæa volubilis</i>, Baker. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Coated corm about one inch in diameter. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical;
+broadly linear; a foot or more long. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Twining; two to even
+twelve feet long; naked. <i>Umbel.</i>&mdash;Many-flowered. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Five
+to eight lines long; rose-color without, whitish within. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Three;
+alternating with three notched staminodia. Filaments winged;
+very short. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. Style short. Stigma capitate.
+<i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Stropholirion Californicum</i>, Torr. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Sierra foothills, from
+Mariposa County northward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In this plant we see the <i>Brodiæa</i> disporting itself in a very
+odd manner, having vinelike aspirations. It produces several
+long leaves, which lie prostrate upon the ground, and then the
+stem puts in its appearance and commences a wonderful series
+of evolutions not to be outdone by any contortionist. It twists
+and clambers and climbs, reaching a height of five or six feet,
+often having expended twice that amount of stem in its convolutions.</p>
+
+<p>During this remarkable process, which consumes from two
+to four weeks, the terminal bud has remained dormant. But
+it now commences to grow, and in a couple of weeks the
+flower-cluster is complete in all its beauty. It is sometimes six
+inches across.</p>
+
+<p>It often happens that before the flower has blossomed, the
+stem is broken off at the ground. Strangely enough, this
+seems not to matter at all, for it grows on and perfects its
+flowers just as though nothing had occurred. People often
+bring the stem indoors and allow it to climb up over the curtains,
+where they can watch the interesting process of its
+growth.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f083"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f083.png">TWINING HYACINTH&mdash;<i>Brodiæa volubilis</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Rhododendron Californicum</i>, Hook. Heath Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Evergreen shrubs three to fifteen feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Four to six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[ 234]</a></span>
+inches long; leathery. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Rose-pink; in large clusters. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Small;
+with rounded lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Broadly campanulate; two
+inches or so across; slightly irregular; with wavy, margined lobes; the
+upper spotted within. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;About equaling the corolla. Style
+crimson. Stigma funnel-form. (Otherwise as <i>R. occidentale</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+British Columbia to Marin County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In our northern counties the rugged mountain-sides are
+often densely covered with the lovely rose-bay, which in early
+summer presents an appearance it would be impossible to rival.
+When the foliage, which is very rich in both quality and hue,
+is thickly massed with the great glowing flower-clusters, the
+sight is worth a pilgrimage to see. It is a shrub so beautiful,
+we marvel it is not generally cultivated in gardens.</p>
+
+<p>The bees are very fond of the blossoms, but popular tradition
+ascribes a poisonous quality to the honey made from them.</p>
+
+<p>We have noticed no perfume in these flowers, but the
+leaves are often quite pleasantly fragrant.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON WILD ROSE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Rosa Californica</i>, Cham. and Schlecht. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Erect shrubs three to eight feet high. Prickles few; stout; recurved;
+mostly in pairs beneath the entire stipules. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; pinnate;
+with five to seven leaflets. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Ovate or oblong; serrate.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Few to many in clusters; pale-pink. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;With urn-shaped
+tube and five-cleft border, whose lobes are foliaceously tipped.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; six to nine lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Very numerous.
+<i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Several; bony; in, but free from, the calyx-tube. <i>Hips.</i>&mdash;Many;
+four or five lines through. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From San Diego to Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wild rose is one of the few flowers that blooms cheerfully
+through the long summer days, lavishing its beautiful
+clusters of deliciously fragrant flowers as freely along the dusty
+roadside as in the more secluded thicket. In autumn it often
+seems inspired to a special luxuriance of blossoming, and it
+lingers to greet the asters and mingle its pink flowers and
+brilliant scarlet hips with their delicate lilacs.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f084"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f084.png">CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY&mdash;<i>Rhododendron Californicum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>R. gymnocarpa</i>, Nutt., "the redwood-rose," is exquisitely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[ 236]</a></span>
+dainty. This is found in shady places under the trees. It
+blooms earlier than the common species, and is neither so
+abundant nor so fragrant. Its flowers are barely an inch
+across and of a bright pink. The prickles are straight, and
+the calyx-lobes are without leafy tips, while the leaflets are
+small and shapely.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Clarkia concinna</i> (F. and M.), Greene. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Several inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;One or two
+inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Axillary; sessile; parts in fours. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Red-pink;
+tube an inch or more long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Rose-pink; six lines
+to over an inch long. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Four-celled. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Eucharidium
+concinnum</i>, Fisch. and Mey. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, from Santa
+Barbara to Mendocino County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In June these charming blossoms may be found in the company
+of the maidenhair fern fringing the banks of shady roads,
+or standing in glowing masses under the buckeye-trees. In
+them nature has ventured upon one of those rather daring
+color combinations of which we would have hardly dreamed,
+and the result is delightful. The petals are bright rose-pink,
+while the sepals are of a red pink.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SPREADING DOGBANE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Apocynum androsæmifolium</i>, L. Dogbane Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Erect; one to three feet high; spreading. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite;
+short-petioled; ovate or roundish; an inch or two long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Clustered;
+pink. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; three
+or four lines long; with five revolute lobes; having a small scale at base,
+opposite each lobe. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; on the corolla. Filaments short.
+Anthers erect around the stigma. Style none. <i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Two;
+becoming a pair of long pods. Seeds silky-tufted. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely
+distributed in the United States.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f086"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f086.png">BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA&mdash;<i>Clarkia concinna</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The small pink flowers of the spreading dogbane may be
+found all through the summer, often upon our driest hillsides.
+The shapely little blossoms are of a flesh-tint without, richly
+veined with deeper pink within, and quite fragrant. The plants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[ 238]</a></span>
+have a milky juice and a tough fiber in the stem, similar to
+that in the American-Indian hemp. The plant was formerly
+supposed to be poisonous to dogs, from which fact it received
+its generic name, which translated gives the common English
+name, "dogbane." It is used in medicine as a remedy for
+rheumatic gout. The very long pods seem absurdly out of
+proportion to the small flowers.</p>
+
+<p><i>A. cannabinum</i>, L., the American-Indian hemp, is also found
+within our borders, but it grows along stream-banks and in
+marshy places. It has oblong, pointed leaves, and small
+greenish-white flowers, only two lines long, whose close cylindrical
+corollas hardly surpass the calyx. The yellowish-brown
+bark of this plant is very tough and fibrous, and at the same
+time soft and silky. Our Indians have always found it of the
+utmost value in the making of ropes, lariats, nets, mats, baskets,
+etc., and before the coming of the white man they even made
+certain articles of clothing of it. A tincture made from the
+root is a recognized drug in the pharmacop&#339;ia. Professor
+Thouin, of Paris, says that a permanent dye may be obtained
+from a decoction of it, which is brown or black, according to
+the mordant used.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FIRECRACKER FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Brodiæa coccinea</i>, Gray. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Grasslike, a foot or two long. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;One to three feet
+high; six- to fifteen-flowered. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;An inch or two long; rich
+crimson; the limb of six green or yellowish oblong lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Three;
+on the perianth. Filaments adnate to its tube. Anther tips
+exserted. <i>Staminodia.</i>&mdash;Three; broad; short; white; on the throat of
+the perianth, alternating with the stamens. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled.
+Style exserted. Stigma three-lobed. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Brevoortia coccinea</i>, Wats.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The mountains from Mendocino County to Shasta County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When our northern valleys have become parched by the
+first heat of summer, many beautiful flowers are still to be
+found in deep cañon retreats, where the streams, overarched
+by great shadowing oaks, gush downward through leafy copses
+of hazelwood and thimble-berry by beds of moss and fern.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[ 240]</a></span>
+Upon the walls of such charming gorges the firecracker flower
+rears its slender stem and shakes out its bunch of brilliant crimson
+blossoms. These are a prophetic symbol of our national
+holiday rather than an aid to its celebration&mdash;for they have
+often passed away before the Fourth of July.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f087"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f087.png">FIRECRACKER FLOWER&mdash;<i>Brodiæa coccinea</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>GODETIA. FAREWELL TO SPRING.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Godetia viminea</i>, Spach. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to three feet high; sometimes stout. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Linear
+to linear-lanceolate; entire; an inch or two long; distant. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Nodding
+in the bud. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Two to four lines long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Deep
+rose-color, sometimes yellowish at base with a dark spot; nine
+to fifteen lines long. <i>Capsules.</i>&mdash;Smoothish; eight to eighteen lines
+long; its sides two-ribbed; sessile or short-pediceled. (See <i>Godetia</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From the Columbia River southward to Ventura.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In early summer the rosy flowers of this <i>Godetia</i> make
+bright masses of color along dry banks and hill-slopes. Its
+blossoms are very variable as to marking. Sometimes the
+petals have a bright crimson blotch at the base and sometimes
+they are without it, both forms often occurring upon the same
+plant. In some seasons all the flowers are without the blotch.</p>
+
+<p><i>G. grandiflora</i>, Lindl., found in Humboldt and Mendocino
+Counties, is probably the most showy species we have. The
+plants are a foot or two high and covered all over with the
+wonderful flowers, which are often four inches across. These
+are delicate pink, blotched with rich crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>G. Bottæ</i>, Spach., is an exquisite species found in the Coast
+Ranges, from Monterey to San Diego. Its very slender stems
+lift the fragile, satiny cups above the dried grasses in charming
+companies. These blossoms also vary much. Among the
+prettiest forms is one which is pale rose or lilac, blending to
+white at the center, delicately striate with purple-dotted lines,
+and having a rich purple spot in the center. This often grows
+with the lilac butterfly-tulip, <i>Calochortus splendens</i>, and at a
+little distance is so similar, it is difficult to distinguish it from the
+lily. But the lily rarely or never grows in throngs. The capsules
+of this species have pedicels from three to nine lines long.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f088"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f088.png">FAREWELL TO SPRING&mdash;<i>Godetia viminea</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>BLEEDING-HEART.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Dicentra formosa</i>, DC. Bleeding-heart Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Ternately dissected, with toothed leaflets. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;Six<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[ 242]</a></span>
+inches to two feet high. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Rose-colored to pale pink, sometimes
+almost white or yellowish; nodding. (Floral structure as in <i>D.
+chrysantha</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Middle
+California to British Columbia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The bleeding-heart is a rather shy flower, and never makes
+itself common enough to dull our enthusiasm for it. It fully
+merits its specific name, for it is a plant of elegant form
+throughout, from its shapely divided leaves to its graceful clusters
+of pendent hearts. It is found in the woods of our Coast
+Ranges, but may be seen to best advantage when nestling amid
+the lush grasses of Sierra meadows.</p>
+
+
+<h3>INDIAN RHUBARB. UMBRELLA-PLANT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Saxifraga peltata</i>, Torr. Saxifrage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>&mdash;Thick; creeping. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Radical; long-petioled; a
+foot or more across when mature; nine- to fourteen-lobed; centrally
+depressed. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;One to three feet high. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-lobed.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; roundish; three lines or more long; purplish-pink. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten.
+<i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Two; distinct. Stigmas capitate or reniform.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras, from Mariposa County to Mt. Shasta; also Mendocino
+County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Upon the borders of our swift-flowing mountain streams,
+where the water-ouzel flies up and down all day, sometimes
+filling the air with melody as he passes, may be seen the large
+lotus-like leaves of this great Saxifrage. They stand with their
+dark, warm stems in the water; or, poising upon the brink,
+they lean gracefully over it, making myriad reflections in the
+brown depths below, while every passing breeze awakens a
+quick response among them.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the season, before the coming of the leaves, these
+plants send up tall stems with dense, branching clusters of
+handsome purplish-pink flowers. The leaves, small at first,
+continue to grow until late summer, when they have reached<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[ 244]</a></span>
+their perfection; after which they begin to deepen into the
+richest of autumn hues.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f089"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f089.png">BLEEDING-HEART&mdash;<i>Dicentra formosa</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plant is commonly called "Indian rhubarb," because
+the Indians are extravagantly fond of the stalks of the leaves
+and flowers. It is now cultivated in Eastern gardens.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GREAT WILLOW-HERB. FIREWEED.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Epilobium spicatum</i>, Lam. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Often four to seven feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Scattered; willow-like.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Purplish-pink; an inch or more across. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Linear;
+limb four-parted; often colored. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Eight. Anthers
+purplish. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Four-celled. Seeds silky-tufted. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>E. angustifolium</i>,
+L. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras; eastward to the Atlantic; also in
+the North Coast mountains. Found also in Europe and Asia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This plant has received one of its English names, because
+its leaves are like those of the willow and its seeds are furnished
+with silken down, like the fluff on the willow.</p>
+
+<p>It is our finest and most showy species of <i>Epilobium</i>, and is
+also found in the Eastern States, where it is still known by a
+former name&mdash;<i>E. angustifolium</i>, L. Owing to the fact that
+it grows with special luxuriance in spots which have been
+recently burned over, it is commonly known as "fireweed."
+It may be found in perfection in the Sierras in August, where
+its great spikes of large pink flowers make showy masses of
+color along the streams and through the meadows, commanding
+our warmest admiration.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall the tall, pliant, widely branching stems of the
+"autumn willow-herb"&mdash;<i>E. paniculatum</i>, Nutt.&mdash;stand everywhere
+by the roadside. The small pink flowers, half an inch
+across, terminate the almost leafless stems, and later are replaced
+by the dry, curled remains of the opened capsules and
+the feathery down of the escaping seeds.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f090"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[ 245]</a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f090.png">GREAT WILLOW-HERB&mdash;<i>Epilobium spicatum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>ALPINE HEATHER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Bryanthus Breweri</i>, Gray. Heath Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Dwarf evergreens; six inches to a foot high; woody. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[ 246]</a></span>
+linear; three to seven lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Purplish-rose;
+on glandular pedicels. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed; small. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Saucer-shaped;
+six lines or so across. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Seven to ten.
+Anthers two-celled; opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled. Style
+slender. Stigma capitate. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The High Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This little plant, to which Mr. Muir fondly alludes in his
+charming book, "The Mountains of California," may be found
+blooming in July and August in the Sierras. Sometimes it
+nestles in rocky crevices in the cool drip of the snow-banks,
+and again it ventures boldly out into the openings, where it
+spreads its rich carpet, covered with a wealth of rosy bloom.
+From the abundance of this little heathling about its shores,
+one of our mountain lakes has received the name of "Heather
+Lake."</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4><i>Silene Gallica</i>, L. Pink Family.</h4>
+
+<p>Hairy. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Generally several. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Spatulate; six to
+eighteen lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In terminal, one-sided racemes;
+four or five lines long; short-pediceled. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Pale rose-color or
+almost white; barely exceeding the calyx. (Flower-structure as in <i>S.
+Californica</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>This little weed has come to us from Europe, and it is now
+so widely distributed, both near the sea and inland, that it is
+hard to believe it is not native. The slender racemes are from
+two to four inches long, and the little flowers vary from white
+to pale pink. They can boast none of the showy beauty of
+their relatives, the Indian pink and the Yerba del Indio.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f091"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f091.png">ALPINE HEATHER&mdash;<i>Bryanthus Breweri</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>ALPINE PHLOX.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Phlox Douglasii</i>, Hook. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Plants forming cushion-like tufts; three or four inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Needle-like;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[ 248]</a></span>
+six lines or less long; with shorter ones crowded in the
+axils. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Pink, lilac, or white; sessile; terminating the branchlets.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Salver-form; with five-lobed border.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; on the tube of the corolla. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled.
+Style three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras, from Mariposa County
+northward and eastward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This delightful little flower may be found in the Sierras at
+an altitude of from five to ten thousand feet. It loves the open
+sunshine of the cool mountain heights, and with its cushiony
+tufts clothes many a bit of granite soil with beauty. It seems
+undaunted by its stern surroundings, and lifts its innocent eyes
+confidingly to the skies which bend gently over it&mdash;those skies</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"So fathomless and pure, as if</span>
+<span class="ni">All loveliest azure things have gone</span>
+<span class="ni">To heaven that way&mdash;the flowers, the sea,&mdash;</span>
+<span class="ni">And left their color there alone."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<h3>PINK MONKEY-FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Mimulus Lewisii</i>, Pursh. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Slender; eighteen inches or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Sessile;
+oblong-ovate to lanceolate; denticulate; somewhat viscid. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;Elongated.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Eighteen lines to two inches long; with tube
+exceeding the calyx and five ample spreading ciliate lobes; rose-color
+or paler, with usually a darker stripe down the center of each lobe.
+Ridges of lower lobe yellow and spotted; bearded. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Included.
+(See <i>Mimulus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras, from Central California
+northward and eastward to Montana.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>One of the most beautiful of all our monkey-flowers is this
+charming species, which is found along the cold streams of the
+Sierras. Its large flowers have a fragile, delicate look, and the
+light stems and leaves are of an exquisite green.</p>
+
+<p>I remember coming upon a delightful company of these
+blossoms, in a little emerald meadow upon the margin of one
+of those alpine lakelets which nestle among the granite crags.
+They seemed the most fitting flowers for just such a high, pure
+atmosphere.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f092"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f092.png">ALPINE PHLOX&mdash;<i>Phlox Douglasii</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>SIERRA PRIMROSE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Primula suffrutescens</i>, Gray. Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Wedge-shaped, an inch or so long; clustered at the ends<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[ 250]</a></span>
+of the branches. <i>Flower-stems.</i>&mdash;Several inches high. Umbel several-flowered.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Salver-shaped; an inch or
+less across; deep rose-color, with a yellow eye. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;High on
+the corolla-throat opposite its lobes. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style slender.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>If one takes his alpenstock in hand and climbs to the snow line
+in late summer, he is apt to be rewarded by the charming
+flowers of the Sierra primrose. The little plants grow in the
+drip of the snow-banks, where the melting ice gradually liberates
+the tufts of evergreen leaves. The glowing flowers look
+as though they might have caught and held the last rosy reflection
+of the sunset upon the snow above them.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PRIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Pentstemon Menziesii, var. Newberryi</i>, Gray. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six inches to a foot high; woody at base. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Ovate,
+obovate, or oblong; an inch or less long; leathery. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;Usually
+one-flowered, forming a short, glandular-pubescent raceme.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Bright rose-pink; an inch long. <i>Anthers.</i>&mdash;White-woolly;
+with divergent cells. (See <i>Pentstemon</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The High Sierras of
+Central California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This charming <i>Pentstemon</i> is one of the most gracious
+flowers to be found in the Sierras in late summer. Upon
+banks overhanging the streams, or growing at great heights
+under the open sky, it makes many a rock-shelf gay with its
+brilliant pink blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>We wonder how it can possibly subsist upon the hard, glittering
+granite; but there the mystery of its life continues from
+day to day, and there it cheerfully produces its masses of
+bright flowers, which gladden the weary climber to these
+snowy heights.</p>
+
+<p>This species of <i>Pentstemon</i> is well marked by its white-woolly
+anthers, which almost fill the throat. Northward it
+passes into the typical <i>P. Menziesii</i>, which has flowers from
+violet-blue to pink-purple.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f093"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f093.png">SIERRA PRIMROSE&mdash;<i>Primula suffrutescens</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>LESSINGIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lessingia leptoclada</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Finely white-woolly. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;From a few inches to two feet high,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[ 252]</a></span>
+with numerous, almost filiform branchlets, bearing few or solitary heads
+of pink or white flowers. <i>Lower leaves.</i>&mdash;Spatulate; sparingly toothed;
+withering early. <i>Upper leaves.</i>&mdash;Lanceolate, or linear and entire; sessile;
+uppermost diminished into remote, subulate bracts. <i>Heads.</i>&mdash;Five- to
+twenty-flowered. Of tubular disk-flowers only. Outer flowers
+much larger. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Silky hairy; broadly campanulate; with
+imbricated, appressed bracts. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widespread.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In late summer the pink <i>Lessingia</i> is apparent along dry
+roadsides or embankments, where its blossoms make charming
+masses of soft color. It is quite abundant in the Yosemite,
+especially in the lower end of the valley.</p>
+
+<p><i>L. Germanorum</i>, Cham., found plentifully from San Diego
+to San Francisco, has yellow flowers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ELEPHANTS' HEADS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Pedicularis Gr&#339;nlandica</i>, Retz. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Tall and slender; smooth. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; lanceolate
+in outline; pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate, serrate divisions;
+diminishing upward into the flower-bracts. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Pink; in a dense
+spike several inches long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;With
+short tube and bilabiate limb. Upper lip with a long beak, like an elephant's
+trunk; lower three-lobed, deflexed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four. Filaments
+and style filiform; sheathed in the beak. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras from King's River northward; and eastward to
+Hudson's Bay.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>No more curious flower could be found than this little denizen
+of our alpine meadows. Its tall pink spikes attract one
+from a distance, and astonish one upon nearer acquaintance by
+the wonderful resemblance of their blossoms to many small
+elephants' heads. The forehead, the long ears hanging at the
+sides of the head, and the long, slender, curving trunk are all
+perfectly simulated.</p>
+
+<p>These flowers have a pleasant perfume.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>P. attollens</i>, Gray&mdash;often found growing
+with the above, is similar to it in general structure, but its
+leaves are more dissected, its flower-spike is rather woolly, and
+its beak is only two or three lines long. These blossoms bear
+no resemblance to the elephant.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f094"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f094.png">LESSINGIA&mdash;<i>Lessingia leptoclada</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>ALPINE WILLOW-HERB. ROCK-FRINGE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Epilobium obcordatum</i>, Gray. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Decumbent; three to five inches long. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[ 254]</a></span>
+ovate; sessile; four to ten lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;One to five;
+bright rose-pink; over an inch across. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;With linear tube and
+four-cleft limb. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four; erect and spreading; obcordate. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Eight;
+four shorter. Filaments slender; exserted. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Linear,
+four-celled. Style filiform; much exserted. Stigma four-lobed.
+Seeds silky-tufted. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras from Tulare County northward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Though low of stature, this little willow-herb is a charming
+plant, with large rosy flowers. At an elevation of eight thousand
+feet or more in the mountains, it nestles amid the rocks,
+fringing their crevices with a profusion of brilliant bloom.
+Though it often costs a hard climb up rocky crags to secure it,
+we feel well repaid by its bright beauty.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<h4><i>Hosackia Purshiana</i>, Benth. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Soft-woolly throughout. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Erect or loosely spreading over
+the ground. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Sessile. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;One to three; ovate to lanceolate;
+three to nine lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Yellowish-pink; solitary;
+two or three lines long. Peduncles usually exceeding the leaves; with
+a single leaflet below the flower. <i>Calyx-teeth.</i>&mdash;Linear; much exceeding
+the tube, about equaling the corolla. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Narrow; twelve to
+eighteen lines long; five- to seven-seeded. (See <i>Hosackia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This little plant is very abundant and widespread. It
+makes its appearance after the drouth sets in, and often spreads
+over the ground in considerable patches. Its woolly or silky
+foliage has a pale cast, and its small, solitary, pinkish flowers,
+which are quite numerous, are not unattractive.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[ 255]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="IV_BLUE_AND_PURPLE" id="IV_BLUE_AND_PURPLE"></a>IV. BLUE AND PURPLE</h2>
+
+
+<h3>[<i>Blue or purple or occasionally or partially blue or purple
+flowers not described in the Blue and Purple Section.</i></h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li><i>Described in the White Section</i>:--</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Antirrhinum Coulterianum</span>--Coulter's Snapdragon.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Audibertia polystachya</span>--White Sage.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus luteus oculatus</span>--Butterfly Tulip.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus venustus</span>--Mariposa Tulip.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Ceanothus integerrimus</span>--Mountain Birch; Tea-Tree; Soap-Bush.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Eriodictyon glutinosum</span>--Yerba Santa.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Eriodictyon tomentosum</span>--Yerba Santa.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Lathyrus vestitus</span>--Common Wild Pea.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Malacothrix saxatilis</span>.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Micromeria Douglasii</span>--Yerba Buena.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Solanum Douglasii</span>--Nightshade.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Sphacele calycina</span>--Pitcher-Sage.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Viola Beckwithii</span>--Mountain Heart's-ease.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Yellow Section</i>:--</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Anagallis arvensis</span>--Pimpernel.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Calochortus Weedii</span>--Mariposa Lily, or Tulip.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Hosackia crassifolia</span>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Pink Section</i>:--</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Convolvulus soldanella</span>--Beach Morning-glory.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Dodecatheon Meadia</span>--Shooting-Stars.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Erigeron Philadelphicus</span>--Common Fleabane.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gilia Androsacea</span>.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gilia Californica</span>--Prickly Phlox.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Gilia Dianthoides</span>--Ground Pink.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Pentstemon Menziesii</span>--Pride of the Mountains.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Phlox Douglasii</span>--Alpine Phlox.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Red Section</i>:--</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Aquilegia coerulea</span>.</li>
+
+<li><i>Described in the Miscellaneous Section</i>:--</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Darlingtonia Californica</span>--Californian Pitcher-Plant.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Dipsacus Fullonum</span>--Teasel.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[ 256]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Scoliopus Bigelovii</i>, Torr. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Two; oval-elliptical to narrowly oblanceolate; four to fifteen
+inches long; blotched with brown. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Three to twelve;
+on lax pedicels three to nine inches long. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Whitish, veined
+with purple; spreading. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Erect; narrowly linear; wine-color
+without. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Three. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled; three-angled. Stigma
+three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges from Marin to Humboldt
+County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When the first white blossoms of the toothwort are making
+their appearance in moist woodlands, we may be sure that the
+fetid adder's-tongue is already pushing its shining green leaves
+aboveground away up in the cold cañons of north hill-slopes;
+and unless we hasten, we shall be too late to see its curious
+flowers. I have often arrived only in time to find its fruit,
+which resembles a beechnut in shape. When the flowers first
+open they stand erect, held in the shining chalice formed by
+the two sheathing green leaves. Later the leaves open out,
+showing their beautiful blotched surfaces, and the three-angled
+flower-stems become limp and twisted. The petals stand erect,
+and are so slender as to resemble three linear stigmas. The
+little oval anthers are green before opening, but soon become
+golden with the discharging pollen.</p>
+
+<p>These flowers are elegant in appearance, and suggestive
+of orchids; but unfortunately they have a very offensive odor,
+like that of the star-fishes found upon our beaches, which
+makes us quite content to leave them ungathered. But the
+large yellow slug has no such aversion to them, and we have
+often seen him banqueting upon them. Indeed, he is so fond
+of them that the flowers are often entirely gone from the stems.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f095"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f095.png">FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE&mdash;<i>Scoliopus Bigelovii</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>HOUND'S-TONGUE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cynoglossum grande</i>, Dougl. Borage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Two feet or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; long-petioled;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[ 258]</a></span>
+ovate-oblong; pointed; usually rounded at base; often a foot long.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Bright blue; in a terminal panicle. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Deeply five-cleft.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Rotate; with short tube and five-lobed border; having
+five beadlike crests in the throat. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; on the corolla,
+alternate with its lobes. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Four-lobed. Style undivided. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Four
+prickly nutlets. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Marin County to Washington.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Among the first plants to respond to the quickening influence
+of the early winter rains, is the hound's-tongue, whose
+large, pointed leaves begin to push their way aboveground
+usually in January. At first these are often quite velvety beneath
+and of a pinkish hue, and hold hidden within their midst
+the well-formed buds which a few warm, sunny days will call
+forth. The flowers, at first pink, become bright blue after fertilization
+has taken place.</p>
+
+<p>The favorite haunts of this welcome blossom are half-shaded
+woods, where it rears its tall stalk in almost sole possession at
+this early season.</p>
+
+<p>The common name is a translation of the generic name,
+which is derived from two Greek words, signifying <i>dog</i> and
+<i>tongue</i>, bestowed because of the shape of the leaves. In the
+olden times a superstition was rife that if a person laid the
+hound's-tongue beneath his feet it would prevent dogs from
+barking at him.</p>
+
+<p>The distribution of the seed is most cunningly provided for,
+as the upper surfaces of the nutlets are covered with tiny
+barbs, which a magnifying-glass reveals to be quite perfect
+little anchors, admirably adapted for catching in the hair
+of animals.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIA LILAC. SOAP-BUSH.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ceanothus divaricatus</i>, Nutt. Buckthorn Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Tall, almost arborescent shrubs; with very divergent and rigid
+branches. Twigs cylindrical; smooth; mostly very pale. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+short-petioled; ovate; four to ten lines long; three-nerved;
+somewhat leathery. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In a narrowly oblong, dense cluster
+two or three inches long; pale blue to white. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Two or three</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f096"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f096.png">HOUND'S-TONGUE&mdash;<i>Cynoglossum grande</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote><p>lines in diameter; not lobed; scarcely crested. (See <i>Ceanothus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Chiefly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[ 260]</a></span>
+the southern Coast Range.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This species of California lilac is very abundant in the south,
+and is specially characterized by its widely branching habit
+and its round, pale-green twigs. The flowers are usually light
+blue; but in some localities they are pure white. Near Santa
+Barbara, in January, the mountain-slopes are often snowy with
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Gregg, of San Diego, while hunting one day in Lower
+California, just over the border, had his attention called to the
+wild lilac by his old Mexican guide, who assured him that the
+blossoms in themselves were excellent soap. Taking a handful
+of them down to the stream, he rubbed them vigorously
+between his wet hands, and found to his astonishment that they
+made an excellent lather, with a pleasant fragrance of wintergreen.
+I have since proved the fact for myself. A more
+delightful way of performing one's ablutions can hardly be
+imagined than at the brookside with so charming a soap. It
+is very cleansing and leaves the skin pleasantly soft.</p>
+
+<p>It was probably the blossoms of <i>C. integerrimus</i> he used, as
+that shrub is called "soap-bush" in that region; but I have
+since tried the experiment upon <i>C. divaricatus</i> and some other
+species with perfect success, from which I suspect this may be
+a generic characteristic.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN TRILLIUM.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Trillium sessile, var. Californicum</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>&mdash;Like a small turnip. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Usually several from the
+same root; a foot or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Three at the top of the stem;
+three to eight inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White to deep wine-color.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;One to four inches long. (Otherwise as <i>T. ovatum</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+San Luis Obispo to Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f097"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f097.png">CALIFORNIAN TRILLIUM&mdash;<i>Trillium sessile, var. Californicum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We begin to look for the Californian <i>Trillium</i> early in the
+spring. Little companies of the plants may be seen upon low
+flats under the trees, where the soil is rich. The small, turnip-like
+tubers usually send up several stems, which lean gracefully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[ 262]</a></span>
+away from one another. The large leaves are often like pieces
+of decorated china that have been several times through the
+kiln. They have various superimposed blotchings, the latest
+of which are dark, sharp, cuneiform characters, mysterious
+hieroglyphs of Nature, which might reveal wondrous secrets,
+could we but decipher them. The blossoms have a strong,
+heavy fragrance, and are exceedingly variable in color, ranging
+from pure white to lilac, deep wine, and even black-purple.
+These plants are much admired in the East and in Europe,
+where they are cultivated in the garden.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BRODIÆA. CLUSTER-LILY. WILD HYACINTH.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Brodiæa capitata</i>, Benth. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Corm.</i>&mdash;Small; scaly-coated. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Linear; a foot or more
+long; passing away early. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;Four inches to over two feet high.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Deep violet to white; six to ten lines long. <i>Bracts.</i>&mdash;Sometimes
+deep, rich purple. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;With oblong tube and campanulate,
+six-parted limb. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six; on the corolla; the inner with
+an appendage on each side; the outer naked. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled.
+Style stout. Stigma three-lobed. <i>Hab</i>.&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This beautiful <i>Brodiæa</i> grows all over the hills in early
+spring, and steals into cultivated fields, where it luxuriates in
+the freshly stirred soil and lifts its fine violet-colored clusters
+above the waving grain. It holds quite as warm a place in
+our affections as the more gorgeous poppy. These blossoms
+will keep a long time after being gathered, and are used every
+year in lavish profusion in the decorations of the flower carnivals.</p>
+
+<p>The little bulbs, eaten raw, are quite palatable, and are
+eagerly sought by the children, who call them "grass-nuts."
+The early Spanish-Californians also appreciated them, and
+knew them as "saitas." They have a number of other common
+names, such as "Spanish-lily," "cluster-lily," "wild hyacinth,"
+and "hog-onion"; but I must protest against the
+injustice of this latter, and beg all flower-lovers to discountenance
+it.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f098"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[ 263]</a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f098.png">BRODIÆA&mdash;<i>Brodiæa capitata</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Closely resembling the above, is <i>B. multiflora</i>, Benth. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[ 264]</a></span>
+has, however, but three stamens, the other three being represented
+by staminodia, which are entire and of the same length
+as the stamens.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. congesta</i>, Smith, another similar species, is often four
+feet tall. It also has three stamens and three staminodia; but
+the latter are deeply cleft and exceed the anthers. This is
+called "ookow" by the Indians.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BROWN LILY. MISSION-BELLS. BRONZE-BELLS.
+RICE-ROOT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Fritillaria lanceolata</i>, Pursh. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>&mdash;A foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;In scattered whorls; lanceolate;
+two to five inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;One to several; open campanulate;
+greenish or black-purple; variously checkered or mottled.
+<i>Perianth-segments.</i>&mdash;Strongly arched, with a large oblong nectary.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. <i>Hab</i>.&mdash;The Coast Ranges,
+from British Columbia to Santa Cruz.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"'Neath cloistered boughs each floral bell that swingeth</span>
+</div></div>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">Makes Sabbath in the fields, and ever ringeth</span>
+<span  class="i8">A call to prayer."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>One of the oddest and most beautiful flowers of our rich
+woodlands is the brown lily, or <i>Fritillaria</i>. It is unrivaled in
+elegance, for every line of its contour is a study in grace. Nor
+do its charms cease with stem and leaf and flower; for, hidden
+away in the rich leaf-mold, is one of its most beautiful features,
+its bulb. This is pure, shining white, conical in form, and surrounded
+by many tiny bulblets, like grains of rice, which crumble
+away from it at a touch. If you go into the woods in early
+spring, you will often see certain handsome, broad, shining,
+solitary leaves, close to the ground, and you will wonder what
+they are. Often near them there are many tiny leaves of the
+same sort pushing their way aboveground; and sometimes
+among them all there is a solitary strong scape, with unfolding
+leaves and a promise of flowers. This is a colony of the beautiful
+brown lilies. The tiny leaves are the product of the little
+rice-grains, and are probably now seeing the light for the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[ 266]</a></span>
+time. Between these and the large leaves the breadth of the
+hand, are many sizes, in all stages. The broad leaves may be
+from bulbs four or five years old, but they will send up no
+blossom-stalk this year; for there is rarely or never a radical-leaf
+and a blossom-stalk from the same bulb at once.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f099"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f099.png">BROWN LILY&mdash;<i>Fritillaria lanceolata</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the plant is about to flower, the bulb sends up a tall
+stalk, with here and there a whorl of shining leaves, hanging at
+the summit its string of pendent bronze-bells. These are mottled
+and checkered, and are of varying shades, from dull green
+to black-purple, and often have a beautiful bloom upon them.
+Their modest colors blend so nicely into the shadowy scene
+about, that it is difficult to see them unless the eye is somewhat
+practiced.</p>
+
+<p>Following the inflorescence comes a beautiful and unique
+seed-vessel, curiously winged and angled, and of a delicate,
+papery texture when mature. It contains the thin, flat seeds,
+neatly packed in six ranks.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers are usually an inch long, though they are sometimes
+two inches long. A plant was once found three and a
+half feet high, with a chime of nineteen bells.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BLACK LILY. CHOCOLATE-LILY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Fritillaria biflora</i>, Lindl. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, from San Diego to Mendocino County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We have a number of species of <i>Fritillaria</i>, most of them
+with beautiful flowers. They fall naturally into two groups,
+according to the character of the bulb; <i>F. lanceolata</i> and <i>F.
+biflora</i> being types of the two groups.</p>
+
+<p><i>F. biflora</i>, the black, or chocolate, lily, is the species common
+in the south, and blooms early. It closely resembles <i>F.
+lanceolata</i>, but can always be distinguished by its bulb, which is
+composed of several erect, short, easily separable scales. Its
+specific name is an unfortunate one; for, far from being confined
+to two flowers, it often has as many as ten.</p>
+
+<p><i>F. pluriflora</i>, Torr., found upon the upper Sacramento, has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[ 267]</a></span>
+flowers of a uniform reddish-purple, without mottling or spots.
+It has a comparatively large bulb, an inch or so long, formed
+of separate scales.</p>
+
+<p><i>F. pudica</i>, Spreng., found on the eastern slopes of the
+Sierras, has solitary yellow flowers.</p>
+
+<p><i>F. liliacea</i>, Lindl., is our only white species. This is found
+upon the hills of San Francisco and in the Sacramento Valley.
+It has a whorl of leaves near the ground and two or three
+greenish-white, nodding flowers. It is exceedingly local.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LARGE-FLOWERED PHACELIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Phacelia grandiflora</i>, Gray. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Coarse, glandular-viscid plants; one to three feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Round-ovate;
+irregularly toothed; sometimes three or four inches long.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Lavender to white; variously streaked and veined with
+purple. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Rotate; two inches across; without scalelike appendages
+in the throat. <i>Filaments.</i>&mdash;Long; purple. Anthers large;
+versatile. Style two-cleft. (See <i>Phacelia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Santa Barbara
+to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is the largest-flowered of all our <i>Phacelias</i>. Its tall
+stems are abundantly covered above with the fine-looking
+blossoms. These are very attractive to the uninitiated, who
+usually rushes forward in breathless haste to possess himself of
+these new-found treasures and is rarely satisfied with less than
+a large bunch of them. But woe lies in wait for him. The
+innumerable glands, covering the whole plant, readily yield up
+their viscid fluid, which in a few moments turns everything
+with which it comes in contact to a deep red-brown, like iron-rust.
+If he escape with ruined clothing, and hands the color
+of a red Indian, he will have come off well&mdash;for the plant
+poisons some people.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>P. viscida</i>, Torr.&mdash;found in about the
+same range as the above, resembles it closely. It is a foot or
+so high, branching from the base, and has blue flowers, with
+purple or white centers, and only half the size of the above.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[ 268]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>VIOLET NIGHTSHADE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Solanum Xanti</i>, Gray. Nightshade Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbaceous nearly to the base; viscid-pubescent, with jointed hairs.
+<i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Several feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Two inches or less long; sometimes
+with lobes at the base; thin. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;An inch or so across.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Violet, with green spots ringed with
+white at the base. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. Filaments short. Anthers erect;
+opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Style filiform; exserted.
+<i>Berries.</i>&mdash;Purple; six lines in diameter. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These plants are especially abundant in the south, where
+one encounters them upon every roadside. The clusters of
+violet flowers are very handsome, and often have the perfume
+of the wild rose.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>S. umbelliferum</i>, Esch.&mdash;is so nearly
+like the above as to be often confounded with it. But it has
+smaller, thicker leaves, the hairs are branched, and it is more
+woody below, with shorter flowering branches.</p>
+
+<p>We once saw, in an ideal Japanese villa among the redwoods,
+a rustic arbor over which had been trained the rough,
+woody stems of one of these nightshades. The genius of these
+wise little people, who had adapted this pretty woodland
+climber to sylvan cultivation, seemed to us worthy of emulation.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GREEN-BANDED MARIPOSA. NOONA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calochortus macrocarpus</i>, Dougl. Lily Family</h4>
+
+<p>Nature has sent this, one of the finest and most elegant of
+all our <i>Mariposas</i>, to beautify the arid sagebrush deserts of our
+northeastern boundary. In Europe it is admired beyond all
+our other species, and there is a great demand for the bulbs.
+Its large flowers are of a beautiful lilac, similar in tone to the
+Marie Louise violet, and each pointed petal has a green band
+running down its center.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f100"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f100.png">VIOLET NIGHTSHADE&mdash;<i>Solanum Xanti</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the Indians of their native region the rather large
+bulbs of these plants are known as "noonas," and regarded as
+a priceless delicacy. Even those who have never experienced
+the bliss of tasting them know them by reputation as the acme<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[ 270]</a></span>
+of all that is delicious. When Mr. Johnson, of Astoria, wished
+to secure a number of the bulbs for the European market, he
+hired the squaws to dig them, but found that they ate them as
+fast as they dug them; and it was only by offering them most
+liberal stores of bacon and flour he could induce them to
+restrain their appetites and part with the treasure.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SKULLCAP.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Scutellaria tuberosa</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Several inches high, or at length trailing, and a foot long;
+from small tubers. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;One inch long and less; not aromatic.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Axillary; blue-purple. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Bilabiate. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Six
+lines or more long; tubular; bilabiate. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; in pairs; ascending;
+contained in the helmet. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four seedlike nutlets.
+Style filiform. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Hillsides, from San Diego northward; probably
+throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The bright-green herbage and the rich purple-blue flowers
+of the little skullcap may be looked for early in February. In
+the north they grow upon dry, stony hill-slopes under the
+chaparral, while southward they often affect the walls of cañons,
+among moist, luxuriant vegetation.</p>
+
+<p>Though borne in the axils of the opposite leaves, the pretty
+blossoms, by a twist of their pedicels, stand side by side in
+pairs, in a very sociable way. The curious little two-lipped
+calyx resembles an old-fashioned Quaker bonnet.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>S. angustifolia</i>, Pursh.&mdash;has linear to
+oblong leaves, an inch long; flowers an inch or more long, the
+lower lobe of whose corolla is hairy within, and the root is not
+tuberous. It is otherwise like the above.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. Californica</i>, Gray, is very similar to the last species, but
+has cream-white flowers. This is found in early summer upon
+dry banks.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f101"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f101.png">SKULLCAP&mdash;<i>Scutellaria tuberosa</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CORAL-ROOT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Corallorhiza Bigelovii</i>, Wats. Orchis Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[ 272]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Leafless plants, with coral-like roots. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;Flesh-colored; six
+to twenty-four inches high, with two to four scarious, sheathing bracts.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Few to many; sessile. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Of six segments. The
+five upper yellowish, striped with purple. The lip yellowish, tipped
+with deep red-purple. <i>Anther.</i>&mdash;One; resting upon the column like a
+lid; falling early. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Central and northern
+Coast Ranges and Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The coral-root is very rare in some localities, and one may
+not meet it more than a few times. But there are favored
+spots where its flesh-colored stems rear themselves luxuriantly.
+One year I saw a magnificent bunch of them in the hands of
+some friends who were taking them to San Francisco to furnish
+a rare and costly decoration for some festive occasion. Some
+of the stems were two feet tall and thickly covered above with
+the odd flowers, making a cluster which it would be difficult to
+equal for quiet elegance of coloring.</p>
+
+<p>The plants are often found in redwood groves or upon
+wooded hill-slopes of north exposure, where the dull stems
+and flowers blend so nicely into the dead needles and leaves
+upon the ground that it is difficult to detect their presence.</p>
+
+<p>As its name indicates, the root is the counterpart of a spray
+of branching coral.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>C. multiflora</i>, Nutt.&mdash;has stems of a
+colder purple; and the lip of the flower is white, spotted with
+purple, somewhat fan-shaped and three-lobed.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f102"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f102.png">CORAL-ROOT&mdash;<i>Corallorhiza Bigelovii</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIA LILAC. BLUE MYRTLE.
+BLUE-BLOSSOM.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i>, Esch. Buckthorn Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[ 274]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Varying from small, prostrate shrubs in exposed places, to erect
+shrubs or small trees. <i>Branches.</i>&mdash;Strongly angled; not spiny. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Elliptical;
+twelve to eighteen lines long; three-nerved; smooth and
+shining above. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Bright to pale blue, rarely white; in dense
+clusters about three inches long, terminating the usually elongated,
+somewhat leafy peduncles. <i>Capsules.</i>&mdash;Globose; two lines in diameter;
+smooth, not crested; slightly lobed. (See <i>Ceanothus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Near
+the coast, from Monterey northward into Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the spring our chaparral-covered slopes begin to take on
+a bluish tinge, like the misty smoke of distant camp-fires, for
+which the blossoms of the California lilac are responsible. This
+is a graceful evergreen shrub, with rich, shining leaves, among
+which the abundant feathery clusters of tiny blue flowers find a
+charming setting. The blossoms are deliciously fragrant, filling
+the cool air with perfume.</p>
+
+<p>This shrub is never found far away from the coast, and it
+reaches its greatest beauty in Mendocino County, where it
+becomes a tree, sometimes thirty-five feet high. Its wood is
+exceedingly brittle. In early days it used to be cultivated in
+San Francisco gardens before it was crowded out by foreign
+shrubs, often far less worthy.</p>
+
+<p>It is known in some localities as "blue myrtle," and in
+others as "blue-blossom." The name "California lilac," by
+which it is most often known, is more generally and more
+appropriately applied to this species of <i>Ceanothus</i> than to any
+of the others.</p>
+
+<p>The dark seeds are a favorite food of the quail.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f103"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f103.png">CALIFORNIA LILAC&mdash;<i>Ceanothus thyrsiflorus</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>BLUE LARKSPUR. ESPUELA DEL CABALLERO.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Delphinium</i>, Tourn. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[ 276]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>California is rich in beautiful larkspurs, but the species are
+very difficult of determination and not well defined as yet.
+We have two well-marked scarlet species; but confusion still
+reigns among the blue and the white. Some of the latter are
+poisonous to sheep and cattle, causing great losses to the herds
+every year in some localities.</p>
+
+<p>Among the blue larkspurs are some of our handsomest
+spring flowers. Their slender wands, covered with magnificent
+large blossoms, rise abundantly on every side upon some
+of the mesas of our seashore, making charming flower-gardens
+upon the plains. They are so lavishly bestowed that every comer
+may gather his fill and still none be missed. In color they
+are matchless&mdash;of the richest of Mazarin blue and purple-blue.</p>
+
+<p>Other species are to be found upon the slopes of interior
+valleys and scattered all through the Coast Ranges and the
+Sierra foothills. In midsummer, which is the vernal springtime
+of the mountains, many lovely species deck the alpine meadows
+and brooksides.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish-Californians have a pretty title for these blossoms&mdash;"espuela
+del caballero"&mdash;"the cavalier's spur."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f104"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f104.png">BLUE LARKSPUR.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CAT'S-EARS. PUSSY'S-EARS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calochortus Maweanus</i>, Leichtlein. Lily Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[ 278]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from San Francisco and
+Butte County to the Willamette Valley.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is an exceedingly pretty little <i>Calochortus</i>, much resembling
+<i>C. Benthami</i> in form, but having pure-white or
+purplish-blue flowers, which are also covered with hairs and
+delicately fringed with hairs on the margin. Its stems are
+low, slender, and graceful, without bulblets at the base; and
+the gland upon the petals has a transverse scale covering its
+upper portion.</p>
+
+<p>This plant belongs to the section of <i>Calochortus</i> whose
+species are known as "star-tulips." In the Coast Ranges, in
+early spring, the blossoms are found in moist meadows near
+the sea, where they nestle amid the grasses.</p>
+
+<p>The children are specially fond of them, and know them as
+"cat's-ears" and "pussy's-ears."</p>
+
+<p><i>C. uniflorus</i>, Hook. and Arn., found in wet meadows from
+San Francisco northward, has lilac to rose-purple flowers.
+Its petals are hairy on the lower third, and its stems bear small
+bulblets at the base underground.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. umbellatus</i>, Wood., is very similar to <i>C. Maweanus</i>;
+but its pure-white petals are almost without hairs, and its stem
+is without bulblets. This is found blooming in March and
+April on the low mountains of Contra Costa and Marin
+Counties.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PURPLE NEMOPHILA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Nemophila aurita</i>, Lindl. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to three feet long; square; angled; weak; very brittle;
+with backward-pointing, hooked bristles. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All with a dilated,
+clasping, eared base or winged petiole; above deeply pinnatifid into
+five to nine oblong or lanceolate, downward-pointing lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Violet;
+an inch or so across. (Otherwise as <i>Nemophila insignis</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From San Francisco to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f105"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f105.png"><i>CAT'S-EARS&mdash;Calochortus Maweanus.</i></a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The purple <i>Nemophila</i> is most abundant in the south,
+growing everywhere in early springtime upon hillsides partially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[ 280]</a></span>
+shaded. Its long, coarse, hispid stems run riot over
+small undershrubs or dead or unsightly brushwood, often completely
+covering them with a mound of foliage thickly sown
+with the dull-purple flowers.</p>
+
+<p>At first it is difficult to realize that this plant of coarse habit
+belongs to the sisterhood of baby-eyes, those delicate, ethereal
+favorites of the springtime. In fact, one's first impression of
+it is that it is some new species of nightshade. One learns,
+however, to have a fondness for these blossoms and a growing
+desire to gather them; but their tangling, quarrelsome habit
+forbids one, if any other flowers are in question.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the dark-eyed señoritas of early days decked
+their ball-dresses with sprays of this flower, which clung gracefully
+to the thin fabrics.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GROUND-IRIS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Iris macrosiphon</i>, Torr. Iris Family.</h4>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>Almost stemless plants, often forming mats. <i>Rhizome.</i>&mdash;Slender.
+<i>Radical-leaves.</i>&mdash;Grasslike; six to fifteen inches long. <i>Buds.</i>&mdash;One or
+two; borne in sheathing bracts. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;On short pedicels; deep
+purple-blue, marked with white. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;With slender tube one
+to three inches long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Three; borne under the petaloid
+divisions of the style. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Oblong-ovoid;
+shortly acute at each end; one inch long. Seeds in two rows
+in each cell; compressed and angled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, from
+San Mateo to Trinity County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When spring is at its height, this charming little <i>Iris</i> may
+be found upon sunny, open hillsides among the unrolling crosiers
+of the common brake. There is something peculiarly
+captivating about these blossoms, with their satisfying richness
+of hue and perfect symmetry of form, added to which is a
+sweet, delicate perfume, an ideal exhalation of the springtime.</p>
+
+<p>As the buds unfold beautifully in water, it is better to
+gather buds than flowers, as the latter are too fragile to carry
+without breaking.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f106"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f106.png">GROUND-IRIS&mdash;<i>Iris macrosiphon</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>I. longipetala</i>, Herb., is the common bog-iris of our central
+coast. It grows in large clumps in wet places, and while
+not a delicate flower, it has a certain brave, hardy look as it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[ 282]</a></span>
+stands out upon the wind-swept downs of the Coast. Its
+stems are rather stout, a foot or two high, and have from three
+to five large lilac flowers. The sepals are veined with deeper
+lilac and blotched with orange.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WILD HELIOTROPE. VERVENIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Phacelia tanacetifolia</i>, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to three feet high; rough and hairy. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Much
+divided. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Bright violet to blue; in clustered, scorpioid
+racemes. <i>Calyx-lobes.</i>&mdash;Linear or linear-spatulate. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Six
+lines long. Style two-cleft. (See <i>Phacelia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the
+western part of the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wild heliotrope is one of the most abundant flowers of
+midspring, especially in the south. It affects the gravelly
+banks of streams or the sandy soil of mesas; or grows all
+along the railroad embankments, making great mounds of
+foliage, thickly sown with the bright violet-blue blossoms; or
+it may often be seen clambering up through small shrubs,
+seeming to seek the support of their stiff branches. It is needless
+to say that this is not a true heliotrope, but belongs to the
+closely allied genus, <i>Phacelia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The specific name, <i>tanacetifolia</i>, meaning with tansy-like
+leaves, is more applicable to the <i>var. tenuifolia</i>, Thurber.
+Among the Spanish-Californians it is known as "vervenía."</p>
+
+<p>It is a very important honey-plant.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. Douglasii</i>, Torr., is a species with lavender corolla with
+much the aspect of the baby-blue-eyes. This is common in
+the western part of the State, south of Monterey, and is found
+sparingly north of that point.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f107"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f107.png">WILD HELIOTROPE&mdash;<i>Phacelia tanacetifolia</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>BLUE-EYED GRASS. AZULEA. VILLELA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i>, Wats. Iris Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[ 284]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Radical; grasslike; shorter than the stems. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Flat;
+clustered; six to eighteen inches high. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Four to seven; contained
+in two nearly equal sheathing bracts. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Six-parted;
+purplish-blue, with yellow center; six lines to an inch across. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Three.
+Filaments united. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. Style filiform.
+Stigma spindle-shaped; three-cleft after fertilization. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+California.</p>
+
+<p>The blue-eyed grass is such a modest flower, one would
+never suspect it to be closely allied to the regal <i>Iris</i>. In late
+spring its quiet stars are found in our meadows everywhere.
+In the south it grows so luxuriantly and so determinedly that
+it has become a serious pest to the farmer, crowding more
+useful plants from the pasture.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the quaint manner in which its petals kink up
+when they fade, these blossoms are called "nigger-babies" by
+the children. Among the Spanish-Californians the plant is
+known as "azulea" and "villela," and is made into a tea,
+which is considered a valuable remedy in fevers. It is thought
+that a patient can subsist for many days upon it alone.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. Californicum</i>, Ait., the "golden-eyed grass," with bright
+yellow flowers, is found in wet places all up and down the
+Coast.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BABY-EYES. BLUE-VEINED NEMOPHILA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Nemophila intermedia</i>, Bioletti. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;With petioles somewhat widened at base and ciliate; the
+upper all opposite. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Nine to twelve lines wide; light blue to
+white; distinctly blue-veined or more or less sown with purple dots.
+Scales of the corolla long, narrow, hairy, with expanded tips extending
+nearly to the sinuses. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Rounded; with twelve to twenty-four
+ovules. (Otherwise as <i>N. insignis</i>.) <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Nemophila Menziesii</i>,
+Hook. and Arn. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Rather widespread.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f108"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f108.png">BLUE-EYED GRASS&mdash;<i>Sisyrinchium bellum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This beautiful <i>Nemophila</i> is a more fragile flower than its
+sister, the baby-blue-eyes. Its delicate corolla is usually white
+in the center, blending to azure-blue upon the rim, and dotted
+and veined with the same. At its best, it is an inch across. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[ 286]</a></span>
+affects the borders of moist woodlands, rarely venturing far out
+into the openings. There it nestles amid the tender herbage,
+often producing its ethereal flowers in such profusion that it
+seems as though bits of the sky had fallen to earth. In the
+south these blossoms do not seem so truly at home&mdash;for they
+are never so large nor so fine.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN MILKWORT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Polygala Californica</i>, Nutt. Milkwort Family.</h4>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to eight inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Six to twelve lines
+long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Rose-purple. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Five; two of them large and
+spreading like wings; six lines or less long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Three; united to
+each other and to the stamen-tube; the middle one hooded above and
+beaked. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Eight. Filaments united into a sheath, which is
+open above. Anthers one-celled; opening terminally. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled.
+Style enlarging upward; curved like a button-hook. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Rounded;
+flat; three or four lines across. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>P. cucullata</i>, Benth.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges southward to Santa Barbara and beyond.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In late spring the little flowers of the milkwort are common
+upon dry hill-slopes in the shade of the trees. The small plants
+have a very grown-up look, as though their age might be
+greater than indicated by their stature. At first glance, one is
+quite certain to mistake these plants for members of the pea
+family, as the blossoms have wings and a keel like the papilionaceous
+flower. But a careful counting of sepals, petals, and
+stamens will reveal their separate identity.</p>
+
+<p>A curious feature of this plant is the fact that it bears
+another kind of flower near the root. This is without petals,
+and is destined, for some strange reason, to bear the seed.
+The upper flowers seem mostly for show, though one does
+occasionally mature fruit.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. cornuta</i>, Kell., found in the Sierras, is a larger plant,
+with greenish-white flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f109"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f109.png">CALIFORNIAN MILKWORT&mdash;<i>Polygala Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>WILD CANTERBURY-BELL.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Phacelia Whitlavia</i>, Gray. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[ 288]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A foot or so high; very hairy and glandular. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+petioled; ovate or deltoid; toothed; twelve to eighteen lines long.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Purple. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;An inch or more
+long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; on the base of the corolla; appendaged at
+base; long-exserted, with the two-cleft style. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled.
+<i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Whitlavia grandiflora</i>, Harv. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Los Angeles to
+San Bernardino.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wild Canterbury-bell is one of the most charming
+flowers to be found anywhere. It affects the rich soil of half-shaded
+hill-slopes in the vicinity of streams, where it opens its
+beautiful fragile bells. Its stems are very brittle, and the blossoms
+fall early, the lower ones usually having passed away
+before the upper buds have emerged from the coil. The
+exceedingly long stamens and style give these blossoms an elegant,
+airy look.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. Parryi</i>, Torr., is another beautiful species, found from
+Los Angeles to San Diego. It resembles the above in foliage,
+color of blossoms, and the long stamens; but the form of the
+flowers is that of the <i>Nemophila</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BIRD'S-EYES.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Gilia tricolor</i>, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Slender; branching; six inches to a foot or more high.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Twice pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Six
+lines long; with yellow tube; funnel-form throat, marked with deep
+violet-purple; and lilac or white limb. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+Western California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Whole slopes are often carpeted with this dainty <i>Gilia</i>, producing
+an effect which has been described as like light chinchilla.
+The little blossoms have a peculiarly fresh and winsome
+look, and are called "bird's-eyes" by the children. The
+corollas are delicate lilac, blending into white toward the center,
+while the throat has five purple spots within, which give way
+to bright gold below.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f110"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f110.png">WILD CANTERBURY-BELL&mdash;<i>Phacelia Whitlavia</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>BABY-BLUE-EYES. CALIFORNIAN BLUEBELLS.
+MARIANAS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Nemophila insignis</i>, Dougl. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[ 290]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Tender, more or less hairy herbs. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Branching; six to twelve
+inches long. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Pinnately parted into five to nine small, oblong,
+entire or two- to five-lobed divisions. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted, with five
+extra, alternating, reflexed lobes. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;An inch or more across;
+from azure-blue, with a large, well-defined white center, more or less
+dotted, to deep blue. The throat furnished with ten short, wide, hairy
+scales, or plates. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; on the corolla. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled.
+Style two-cleft. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When skies are smiling and the earth is already clothed with
+a luxuriant and tender herbage, we find upon some balmy
+morning that the baby-eyes have opened in gentle surprise
+upon the lovely world. The spring breezes blow over no
+more beautiful and ethereal flowers than these. Companies of
+them open together, dotting the sward and luring us on from
+one to another, the one just beyond always seeming a little
+brighter blue or a little more captivating than those near at
+hand, till we are beguiled into filling our hands with them.</p>
+
+<p>These delicate blossoms vary greatly in size and color. The
+largest and finest I ever saw grew upon the flower-sprinkled
+slopes of Lake Merced, near San Francisco. There the perfect
+azure corollas were an inch and a half across, with the large
+white circle in the center well defined.</p>
+
+<p>Under southern skies it becomes a deep Yale blue, with the
+texture of tissue-paper, and with dark red-brown anthers.</p>
+
+<p>From the campanulate, half-opened buds, it has been called
+"Californian bluebell," and among the Spanish-Californians it
+is known as "Mariana."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f111"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f111.png">BABY-BLUE-EYES&mdash;<i>Nemophila insignis</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>LILAC SAND-VERBENA. WILD LANTANA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Abronia villosa</i>, Wats. Four-o'clock Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[ 292]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Plants with more or less glandular-villous pubescence. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Prostrate.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Rarely an inch long. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;One to three
+inches long; five- to fifteen-flowered. <i>Involucral bracts.</i>&mdash;Lanceolate;
+three or four lines long. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Lilac; four or five lines across;
+with obcordate lobes. (Otherwise as <i>A. latifotia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;San Diego
+and eastward; also in southern deserts.</p>
+
+<p>The charming flowers of the lilac sand-verbena are not found
+upon the immediate sea-beach, but always a little withdrawn
+from it, where the soil is more firmly established, yet within
+sight and sound of the waves. The blossoms have a delicate
+beauty, not shared by our other species of <i>Abronia</i>, and somewhat
+resemble our garden verbenas. They are sometimes
+called "wild lantana."</p>
+
+<p><i>A. umbellata</i>, Lam., is common all up and down our coast,
+often making masses of deep pink on the beach; while <i>A. maritima</i>,
+Nutt., is found from Santa Barbara to San Diego. The
+latter is a very stout, coarse, viscid plant, with small, very deep
+magenta flowers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAMASS. KAMASS. WILD HYACINTH.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Camassia esculenta</i>, Lindl. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>Bulbs coated. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Radical; six or eight; grasslike; three to
+eight lines broad; usually shorter than the scape. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Twelve to
+twenty-four inches high; loosely ten- to twenty-flowered. Pedicels
+three to twelve lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;From dark blue to nearly white;
+seven to fifteen lines long or more; an inch or so across. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Of
+six distinct, oblanceolate, three- to seven-nerved segments. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six;
+shorter than the segments. Anthers yellow. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled.
+Style filiform; about equaling the perianth; slightly three-cleft
+at the summit. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Central California to Washington.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In some localities these plants are found covering meadows
+and marshy tracts in great profusion. They bear beautiful
+clusters of showy blue flowers, somewhat like the hyacinth in
+habit, and have long been favorites in European gardens. We
+are especially interested in them, however, on account of the
+bulbs, which are about an inch in diameter and very nutritious.</p>
+
+<p>Grizzly bears, when more plentiful in the early days, were
+particularly fond of them; and the northern Indians to-day<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[ 293]</a></span>
+value them very highly as an article of diet, calling them
+"kamáss." Indeed, the Nez Percé Indian war in Idaho was
+caused by encroachments upon the territory which was especially
+rich in these bulbs. The plants are more abundant
+north of us than with us.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Macoun gives a most interesting account in "Garden
+and Forest" of the preparation of kamáss among the Indians,
+which is a very important and elaborate performance. He
+says, in substance: For some days beforehand the squaws
+were busily engaged in carrying into camp branches of alder
+and maple, bundles of skunk-cabbage (<i>Lysichiton</i>), and a quantity
+of a black, hairlike lichen, which grows in profusion upon
+the western larch. A hole ten feet square and two feet deep
+was then dug, and a large fire was made in this, in which they
+heated a great many small boulders to the glowing point.
+They then piled maple and alder boughs over these to the
+depth of a foot or more, tramped them down, and laid over
+them the leaves of the skunk-cabbage. Thin sheets of tamarack
+bark were spread over the steaming green mass, and
+upon these were placed the bulbs in large baskets. The black
+lichen was laid over the uncovered bark, and the remaining
+bulbs were spread on this. The whole was then covered with
+boughs and leaves as before, and sand was sprinkled on to
+the depth of four or five inches, and on the top of the whole a
+larger fire than before was built. The sun was just setting
+when this was lighted, and it burned all night. The oven was
+left for a day to cool. When opened, the bulbs in the baskets
+were dissolved to a flour, from which bread could be made;
+while those on the lichen had become amalgamated with it,
+forming a substance resembling plug-tobacco, which could be
+broken up and kept sweet a long time.</p>
+
+<p>When boiled in water, the bulbs yield a very good molasses,
+much prized by the Indians, and used by them upon important
+festival occasions.</p>
+
+<p>There is a white-flowered form of this same species, whose
+bulb is said to be poisonous.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[ 294]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>INNOCENCE. COLLINSIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Collinsia bicolor</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;The lower oblong; the upper
+ovate-lanceolate. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Unequally five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Nine lines
+long. Upper lip lilac or white; lower of three lobes; the middle folded
+into a keeled sac containing the stamens and style; the two lateral
+rose-purple. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; in two pairs on the corolla. Upper
+filaments bearded. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Style filiform. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+Western California.</p>
+
+<p>Where spreading trees cast a dense shade and the moisture
+still lingers, companies of lovely <i>Collinsias</i> stand amid the fresh
+green grasses, their delicate, many-storied blossoms swaying
+upon the idle breezes. In the north these are in the rear guard
+of spring flowers, and make their appearance just before the
+<i>Godetias</i> bid farewell to spring; but in the south they come
+earlier. They vary much in color, from the typical rose-purple
+and white or lilac to all white.</p>
+
+<p>We have a number of species; but <i>C. bicolor</i> is the most
+showy and widespread.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BLACK SAGE. BALL-SAGE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Audibertia stachyoides</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubby; three to eight feet high; with herbaceous flowering
+branches. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; oblong-lanceolate; tapering into a
+petiole; crenate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In interrupted spikes, having from three
+to nine dense, rather remote, headlike, bracteate whorls. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Bilabiate;
+each lip with two or three awned teeth. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Lavender;
+six lines long; bilabiate. Upper lip erect; emarginate; lower
+deflexed; three-lobed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Two sterile; two perfect on jointed
+filaments. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four seedlike nutlets. Style slender. Stigma
+two-cleft. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From San Francisco Bay to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We have but two or three true sages, or <i>Salvias</i>, in California;
+but the plants of the closely allied genus <i>Audibertia</i>
+are with perfect propriety called sages, as they manifest all the
+characteristics of that genus, differing only in the structure of
+the stamens. There are a number of species of <i>Audibertia</i>,
+all of them important honey-plants. They are particularly
+abundant in the south, where they form a characteristic feature
+in the landscape, often covering whole hill-slopes.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f112"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f112.png">COLLINSIA&mdash;<i>Collinsia bicolor</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>A. stachyoides</i> frequently forms dense thickets over vast<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[ 296]</a></span>
+reaches of mountain-side, and when in full bloom is very noticeable.
+Its specific name is a happy one, denoting its resemblance
+to the <i>Stachys</i>, or hedge-nettle. But its pointed leaves,
+shrubby habit, and rank odor, together with its more numerous
+flower-whorls, proclaim its separate identity.</p>
+
+<p><i>A. nivea</i>, Benth., found from Santa Barbara to San Diego,
+has larger spikes of rich, warm lilac flowers. Nothing could
+be more charming than the soft lavender billows of it undulating
+over slope after slope of wild mountain-side.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BLUE GILIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cilia Chamissonis</i>, Greene. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;About a foot high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; dissected into
+linear segments. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In capitate clusters an inch and a half
+across; deep blue. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Four lines long;
+with five obtuse lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Exserted. Anthers nearly white.
+(See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast of Central California.</p>
+
+<p>This pretty <i>Gilia</i> is quite common about San Francisco in
+springtime, and often makes masses of bright deep blue over
+the fields.</p>
+
+<p><i>G. capitata</i>, Dougl., is a closely allied species, found in the
+Coast Ranges from Central California northward. This is in
+every way a more delicate plant. Its stems are taller and
+more slender; its flower-heads are less than an inch across,
+and composed of very small light-blue flowers, with feathery,
+exserted stamens.</p>
+
+<p><i>G. achilleæfolia</i>, Benth., is a beautiful form, closely related
+to both the above, but quite variable in habit. Its flowers are
+light lavender-blue, six lines or so long, and are borne in larger
+clusters, often two inches across, on long, naked peduncles.
+At a little distance these blossoms somewhat resemble the
+clusters of <i>Brodiæa capitata</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f113"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f113.png">BLUE GILIA&mdash;<i>Gilia Chamissonis</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CHIA. SAGE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Salvia Columbariæ</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[ 298]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Wrinkly; one to
+several inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Blue; in interrupted whorls. <i>Whorls.</i>&mdash;Twelve
+to eighteen lines in diameter; subtended by numerous,
+ovate-acuminate bracts. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Bilabiate; upper lip arching, and
+tipped with two short bristles; lower, of two awn-like teeth. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Three
+or four lines long; bilabiate. Upper lip erect; notched or
+two-lobed. Lower deflexed; with three lobes, the central much larger.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Two. Filaments two; short; apparently forked&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> bearing
+on their summit a cross-bar having on one end a perfect anther-cell
+and on the other a dwarfed or rudimentary one. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four
+seedlike nutlets. Style slender. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State, specially
+southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This rough-leaved sage is quite common, especially southward,
+and grows upon dry hillsides or in sandy washes, where
+it blossoms in early spring. Its small bright-blue flowers are
+borne in an interrupted spike, consisting of from one to four
+button-like heads. Each of these heads has below it a number
+of leafy bracts, which are often of a bright wine-color, and form
+a rather striking combination with the blue flowers.</p>
+
+<p>After the blossoms have passed away, the dried stems and
+heads remain standing all over the hills, shaking out the little
+gray seed in abundance. These seeds have been for centuries
+an article of economic importance to the aborigines and their
+descendants. Dr. Rothrock writes that among the Nahua
+races of ancient Mexico the plant was cultivated as regularly as
+corn, and was one of their most important cereals. Quantities
+of the seed have been found buried beneath groves which must
+be at least several hundred years old. It was in use among
+the Indians of California before the occupation of the country
+by the whites, being known among them as "chia."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Bard writes of these seeds: "They were roasted,
+ground, and used as food by being mixed with water. Thus
+prepared, it soon develops into a mucilaginous mass, larger
+than its original bulk. Its taste is somewhat like that of linseed
+meal. It is exceedingly nutritious, and was readily borne
+by the stomach when that organ refused to tolerate other
+aliment. An atole, or gruel, of this was one of the peace offerings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[ 300]</a></span>
+to the first visiting sailors. One tablespoonful of
+these seeds was sufficient to sustain for twenty-four hours an
+Indian on a forced march. Chia was no less prized by the
+native Californian, and at this late date it frequently commands
+six or eight dollars a pound."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f114"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f114.png">CHIA&mdash;<i>Salvia Columbariæ</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When added to water, the seeds make a cooling drink,
+which has the effect of assuaging burning thirst&mdash;a very valuable
+quality on the desert.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lupinus bicolor</i>, Lindl. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stoutish; six to ten inches high; silky. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+with small stipules. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Five to seven; linear-spatulate;
+one inch long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Four or five lines long; blue and white; the
+white changing to red-purple after fertilization. Upper calyx-lip bifid;
+lower twice as long; entire. <i>Keel.</i>&mdash;Falcate; acute; ciliate toward the
+apex. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Small; about five-seeded. (See <i>Lupinus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Western
+Central California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In late spring the open fields about San Francisco take on
+a delicate, amethystine tinge, due to the blossoms of the blue-and-white
+lupine. After fertilization has taken place, the white
+in these blossoms turns to deep red, and this admixture gives
+the general lilac tone to the mass.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DOUGLAS IRIS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Iris Douglasiana</i>, Herb. Iris Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rhizomes.</i>&mdash;Stoutish; clumps not dense. <i>Radical-leaves.</i>&mdash;Strongly
+ribbed underneath; dark, shining green above; one to three feet long;
+three to eight lines broad; flexile; rosy pink at base. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Simple;
+two- or three-flowered. Flowers.&mdash;On pedicels six to eighteen lines
+long; deep reddish-purple, lilac, or cream. <i>Perianth-tube.</i>&mdash;Six to
+twelve lines long. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Narrowly oblong; acutely triangular;
+twenty lines long. Seeds nearly globular. (Otherwise as <i>I. macrosiphon</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast, from Santa Cruz to Marin County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On account of the bright and varied hues of its flowers, the
+genus <i>Iris</i> was named for the rainbow-winged messenger of
+the gods. In France it is known as "fleur-de-lis," a name
+whose origin has caused endless discussion and has been accounted
+for in many ways. There are many species, all of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[ 302]</a></span>
+them beautiful. Orris-root is the product of the lovely white
+Florentine <i>Iris</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f115"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f115.png">BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE&mdash;<i>Lupinus bicolor</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In California we have several comparatively well-known
+species, and a number of others which are without names as
+yet; but the Douglas <i>Iris</i> is probably our most beautiful. It
+thrives well upon open mesas or upon well-drained hill-slope
+in the shelter of the chaparral. But it is found at its best in
+the rich soil of moist woodlands, whose seclusion seems the
+most fitting abode for so aristocratic a flower. There, surrounded
+by the delicate greenery of fern-fronds and a hundred
+other tender, springing things, it seems to hold a sylvan court,
+receiving homage from all the other denizens of the wood.
+There is a certain marked and personal individuality about
+these flowers which makes encountering them seem like meeting
+certain distinguished personages.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ITHURIEL'S SPEAR. BLUE MILLA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Brodiæa laxa</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Corm.</i>&mdash;Small; fiber-coated. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Usually two; radical; linear
+channeled. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;Six inches to two feet high. <i>Umbels.</i>&mdash;Of ten
+to thirty or more purple or violet, or even white, flowers. <i>Pedicels.</i>&mdash;One
+to three inches long. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Twelve to twenty lines long.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six; in two rows; the upper opposite the inner lobes of the
+perianth. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled; on a stalk six lines long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+Kern County to Northern Oregon</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>After the delicate <i>Collinsias</i> have stolen away, the beautiful
+flowers of Ithuriel's spear begin to claim our attention in
+open grassy spots on the borders of rich woodlands. The
+common name is a happy one; for there is something commanding
+about this tall blossom-crowned shaft. It will perhaps
+be remembered that the angel Ithuriel possessed a truth
+compelling spear. When Satan, disguised, went to the Garden of
+Eden to tempt Eve, Ithuriel and Zephon were sent to expel
+him.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">... "him there they found,</span>
+<span class="ni">Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve,</span>
+<span class="ni">Assaying by his devilish art to reach</span>
+<span class="ni">The organs of her fancy, and with them forge</span>
+<span class="ni">Illusions as he list, phantasms, and dreams;</span>
+</div></div>
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear</span>
+<span class="ni">Touched lightly; for no falsehood can endure</span>
+<span class="ni">Touch of celestial temper, but returns</span>
+<span class="ni">Of force to its own likeness: up he starts</span>
+<span class="ni">Discovered and surprised."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[ 304]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f116"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f116.png">ITHURIEL'S SPEAR&mdash;<i>Brodiæa laxa</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>BEACH-ASTER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Erigeron glaucus</i>, Ker. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Six to twelve inches high, having a tuft of radical leaves and some
+ascending stems. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Obovate or spatulate-oblong; one to four
+inches long; pale; somewhat succulent; slightly viscid. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Composed
+of dull-yellow disk-flowers and bright-violet ray-flowers.
+<i>Disk.</i>&mdash;Eight lines or so across. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Six or eight lines long; narrow;
+numerous; in several rows. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast, from Oregon to
+Southern California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Almost anywhere upon our Coast, "within the roar of a
+surf-tormented shore," we can find the beautiful blossoms of
+the beach-aster. We may know them by their resemblance to
+the China asters of our gardens, though they are not so large.
+They present a most delightful combination of color in their
+old-gold centers, violet rays, and rather pale foliage.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TOAD-FLAX.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Linaria Canadensis</i>, Dumont. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Slender; six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly
+alternate on the flowering stems, but smaller and broader ones often
+opposite or whorled on the procumbent shoots; linear; smooth. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Blue;
+in terminal racemes; like those of <i>Antirrhinum</i>, but the
+tube furnished with a long, downward-pointing spur at base. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The delicate blue flowers of the toad-flax are not uncommon
+in spring, and the plants are usually found in sandy soil.
+The little blossoms are very ethereal and have a sweet perfume.
+I once saw a deep blue band upon a mesa near San Diego,
+which vied in richness with the ultramarine of the sea just beyond.
+It stretched for some distance, and at last curved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[ 306]</a></span>
+around and crossed the road over which I was passing, when
+it proved to be made up of millions of these delicate flowers.
+The color effect seemed cumulative, for the mass was so much
+richer and deeper than the individual flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f117"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f117.png">BEACH-ASTER&mdash;<i>Erigeron glaucus</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CATALINA MARIPOSA TULIP.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calochortus Catalinæ</i>, Wats. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two feet high; loosely branching; bulbiferous. Leaves
+and bracts linear-lanceolate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Erect; eighteen lines or so
+long. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Green without; scarious-margined; whitish within;
+with purple spot at base; one inch long; acute. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;White; with
+garnet base; bearing a round gland covered with hairs. Filaments
+garnet. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Narrowly oblong; three-sided; obtuse; an inch or
+two long. Seeds flat; horizontal. (See <i>Calochortus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+San Luis Obispo County to San Bernardino; and the islands off the
+Coast.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is one of the earliest <i>Mariposas</i> to bloom in the south.
+Its beautiful, stately white cups have a garnet base within, and
+this, with its oblong, obtuse capsule and horizontal seeds,
+clearly identifies it. These blossoms are favorite resting-places
+for the bees, who are often beguiled in them from their labors
+and lulled to a gentle slumber. We have frequently startled
+the little truants from these siestas, and with amusement
+watched them struggling for a moment before regaining consciousness
+and whizzing away once more upon their round of
+duties.</p>
+
+<p>This may be designated our maritime <i>Calochortus</i>, as it is
+found mostly near the Coast or upon its islands.</p>
+
+<p><i>C. splendens</i>, Dougl., found in the Coast Ranges from Lake
+County to San Diego, is sometimes confused with the above.
+It is a beautiful flower, whose petals are a clear rose-lilac without
+spots or marks, with long, whitish, cobwebby hairs on their
+middle third. Its anthers are purple or lilac, three to six lines
+long.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[ 307]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>DOG-VIOLET.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Viola canina, var. adunca</i>, Gray. Violet Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Leafy; several from the rootstocks. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Ovate; often
+somewhat cordate at base; acute or obtuse; six to eighteen lines long;
+obscurely crenate. Stipules foliaceous; narrowly lanceolate; lacerately
+toothed. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Violet or purple; rather large. Lateral petals
+bearded. Spur as long as the sepals; rather slender; obtuse; hooked
+or curved. (Otherwise as <i>V. pedunculata</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges,
+from San Francisco to Washington.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i16">... "violets</span>
+<span class="ni">Which yet join not scent to hue</span>
+<span class="ni">Crown the pale year weak and new."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Nestling amid the grasses on many a moist mesa by the
+sea, the modest flowers of the dog-violet may be found at
+almost any time of year. They vary greatly in the length of
+their stems, according to the season and the locality of growth.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THISTLE-SAGE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Salvia carduacea</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;All radical; thistle-like; with cobwebby wool. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stout;
+a foot or two high. <i>Flower-whorls.</i>&mdash;An inch or two through.
+<i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Bilabiate; with five spiny teeth. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Lavender; an
+inch long. Upper lip erect; two-cleft. Lower fan-shaped; white-fringed.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;On the lower lip. Proper filaments very short,
+with one short and one long fork, each bearing an anther-cell. (Otherwise
+like <i>S. Columbariæ</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Western and Southern California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Upon the dry, open plains of the south, the charming
+flowers of the thistle-sage make their appearance by May.
+Upon the train we pass myriads of them standing along the
+embankments, and seeming to beckon mockingly at us, well
+knowing the train almost never stops where we can get them.</p>
+
+<p>These plants present the most remarkable blending of the
+rigid, uncompromising, touch-me-not aspect and the ethereal
+and fragile. In each of the several stories of the flower-cluster
+there are usually a number of the exquisitely delicate
+flowers in bloom at once, standing above the hemisphere of
+densely crowded, spiny calyx-tips. Nothing more airy or fantastic
+could well be imagined than these diaphanous blossoms.
+The upper lip of the corolla stands erect, its two lobes side by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[ 308]</a></span>
+side, or crossed like two delicate little hands. The lower lip
+has two small and inconspicuous lateral lobes and one large
+central one, which is like the ruff of a fantail pigeon and
+daintily fringed with white. The color combination in these
+blossoms is charming. To the sage green of the foliage and the
+lilac of the blossoms is added the dash of orange in the
+anthers that puts the finishing touch. The whole plant has a
+heavy, dull odor of sage.</p>
+
+<p>This species is also sometimes called "chia," and its seeds
+are used in the same manner as those of our other <i>Salvia</i>, but
+to no such extent.</p>
+
+
+<h3>VIOLET BEARD-TONGUE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Pentstemon heterophyllus</i>, Lindl. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Woody at base; many-stemmed. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to five feet tall.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Lanceolate or linear; or the lowest oblong-lanceolate; diminishing
+into narrow floral bracts. <i>Panicle.</i>&mdash;Narrow. Pedicels one- to
+three-flowered; short and erect. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Rose-purple, or violet suffused
+with pink; an inch or more long; ventricose-funnel-form above
+the narrow, slender tube. (See <i>Pentstemon</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Western California,
+specially southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The beautiful flowers of the violet beard-tongue are often
+seen among the soft browns of our dusty roadsides in early
+summer. They are truly charming flowers, and we marvel
+how any one can pass them by unnoticed. I have seen them
+especially showy in the southern part of the State, in Santa
+Barbara and Ventura Counties, where the plants often spread
+over two or three feet, sending up innumerable slender flower-covered
+wands. The undeveloped buds are of a characteristic
+greenish-yellow tone, making an unusual contrast to the expanded
+flowers and the rather pale foliage. The structure of
+the anthers is quite interesting, each cell consisting of a little
+bag with bristly margins, the two together being heart-shaped
+in outline.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. azureus</i>, Benth., or the "azure beard-tongue," is very
+similar to the above, growing from one to three feet high; but
+it is smooth and glaucous; its leaves are inclined to have a
+broader base, and its flowers are usually larger, azure blue,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[ 310]</a></span>
+approaching violet, sometimes having a red-purple tube, while
+its border is often an inch across. This is found throughout
+the State, but is more common in the interior and in the
+Sierras. Its buds are not yellow.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f118"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f118.png">AZURE BEARD-TONGUE&mdash;<i>Pentstemon heterophyllus</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>WILD GINGER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Asarum caudatum</i>, Lindl. Birthwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rootstocks.</i>&mdash;Creeping; aboveground. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; two to
+four inches long; heart-shaped; not mottled; shining green. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Raisin-colored.
+<i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;With spherical tube and three long-pointed
+lobes, thirty lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Twelve. Filaments more or less
+coherent in groups, adherent to the styles, and produced beaklike beyond
+the anthers. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Six-celled. Styles united; equaling the stamens.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz to British Columbia.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The beautiful long-stemmed leaves of the wild ginger stand
+upon the borders of many a shaded cañon stream, seeming to
+enjoy the gossiping of the brook as it gurgles by. The leaves
+and roots of these plants are aromatic, and the former when
+crushed emit a pleasant fragrance, similar to that of the camphor-laurel.
+The branching rootstocks, creeping along the
+surface of the ground, grow from their tips; which are swathed
+in the undeveloped silky leaves.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring a warm hue comes among these closely-folded
+leaves, and presently a curious dull-colored bud begins to protrude
+its long tip from their midst. This bud looks as though
+some worm had eaten off its end; but we soon see that its
+blunt appearance is due to the fact that the long prongs of the
+sepals are neatly folded in upon themselves, like the jointed
+leg of an insect. It must require considerable force in the
+flower to unfurl them. When at length expanded, these blossoms
+have the look of some rapacious, hobgoblin spider, lurking
+for its prey.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>A. Hartwegi</i>, Wats.&mdash;the "Sierra wild
+ginger," is easily distinguished from the above by its white-mottled
+leaves, which grow in clusters, and by its smaller flowers.
+It blooms later than the other, its flowers lasting into July.
+These plants are closely related to the "Dutchman's pipe."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f119"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f119.png">WILD GINGER&mdash;<i>Asarum caudatum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON MILKWEED. SILKWEED.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Asclepias Mexicana</i>, Cav. Milkweed Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[ 312]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Three to five feet high; slender. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly whorled
+and fascicled; linear-lanceolate; short-petioled; two to six inches long.
+<i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;Erect; slender; often in whorls. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Very small
+and numerous; in umbels; white and lavender. <i>Corolla-lobes.</i>&mdash;Two
+lines long. <i>Anthers.</i>&mdash;Twice the filament column. <i>Horns.</i>&mdash;Awl-shaped;
+arising from below the middle of the ovate hoods, and conspicuously
+curved over the stigma. <i>Pods.</i>&mdash;Slender; spindle-shaped.
+(Structure otherwise as in <i>Gomphocarpus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the
+State, and beyond its borders.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is one of our most widely distributed milkweeds, and
+may be found blossoming along our dusty roadsides and
+through the fields in early summer. Its stems are tall and
+wandlike with long, narrow leaves, and its little blossoms are
+very trim. Its distaff-shaped pods, with their beautiful silken
+down, are familiar objects, much beloved by the children, and
+are sought by older people who utilize them in many dainty
+ways.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHICORY. SUCCORY. WILD BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cichorium Intybus</i>, L. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to five feet high; much branched. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+the lower oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, sometimes
+sharply incised; the upper reduced to bracts. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Bright
+blue; sessile; two or three together in the axils of the leaves or terminal;
+of ray-flowers only. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Ten lines long; about two wide;
+notched at the tip. Bracts of the involucre in two series; green. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Escaped
+from cultivation in many places.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The most careless observer will some day have his attention
+startled into activity by a certain tall, fine plant growing
+along the roadside, bearing beautiful, ragged blue flowers
+closely set to its stem. This is a stranger from over the seas,
+whose native home is England; and, like all English, it is an
+excellent colonist, having pushed its way into most parts of the
+civilized world. It has become quite plentiful among us in the
+last few years, and whole fields may often be seen covered with
+its lovely bright-blue blossoms, which are known as "ragged
+sailors," and "wild bachelor's-buttons." They open in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[ 314]</a></span>
+early morning, closing by midday. In Europe a popular belief
+is rife that they open at eight o'clock in the morning and
+close at four in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f120"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f120.png">COMMON MILKWEED&mdash;<i>Asclepias Mexicana</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"On upland slopes the shepherds mark</span>
+<span class="i1">The hour when, to the dial true,</span>
+<span class="ni">Cichorium to the towering lark</span>
+<span class="i1">Lifts her soft eye, serenely blue."</span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The plant is useful in several ways. Its root is boiled and
+eaten as a vegetable; the leaves, when blanched, make an excellent
+salad; and the whole plant was formerly employed in
+medicine, and is still considered a valuable remedy for jaundice.
+But the most common use of it is as a substitute for
+coffee, or as an adulterant of it. The fleshy, milky root is
+dried, ground, and roasted, and though it has neither the
+essential oil nor the delicious aroma of coffee, it is not an
+unpleasant beverage, and its cheapness brings it within the
+reach of the very poor.</p>
+
+<p>The chicory industry has grown to be of considerable
+importance in California of late. The plants are grown in
+reclaimed tule land near Stockton, where there is a factory for
+the conversion of the root into the commercial article.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN LOBELIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Downingia pulchella</i>, Torr. Lobelia Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Three to six inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; sessile;
+linear; obtuse; passing into flower-bracts above. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Racemose;
+blue. <i>Calyx-tube.</i>&mdash;Very long and slender; adnate to the
+ovary; its limb of five slender divisions. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;With short tube
+and bilabiate border. The smaller lip of two narrow spreading or
+recurved divisions; the larger three-lobed; broader than long; nine
+or ten lines by five or six lines. All the lobes intense blue; the large
+centers mostly white. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; united into a curved tube.
+<i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Splitting at the sides. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Nearly throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These little lobeliaceous plants are very common, especially
+upon the plains of the interior, and may be found growing in
+wet places, where they often make the ground blue. The
+showy, white-centered flowers are familiar along the roadsides<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[ 315]</a></span>
+upon the borders of puddles. The blossoms, which are really
+stemless, appear to have stems of considerable length, owing
+to the very long, slender ovary and calyx-tube. They are
+cultivated for ornament under the name of <i>Clintonia pulchella</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We have one other species in the northern part of the
+State. It is a larger plant, sometimes a foot tall, with ovate to
+lanceolate leaves. This is <i>D. elegans</i>, Torr.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FALSE INDIGO. LEAD-PLANT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Amorpha Californica</i>, Nutt. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs three to over eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly alternate;
+with stipules; pinnate. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;One inch long; five to nine or more
+pairs. <i>Flower-spikes.</i>&mdash;Two to six inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Black-purple;
+two and a half lines long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Half as long. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;With
+only one petal! (the standard); this erect and folded. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Slightly
+united at base; exserted. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Three
+lines long. (See <i>Leguminosæ</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, from
+Marin County to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This shrub or small tree is remarkable for its sickeningly
+fragrant foliage. The small blossoms, taken individually, are
+inconspicuous, but when seen in masses, sprinkling the foliage
+with black and gold, they are quite effective.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BLUE-CURLS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Trichostema lanceolatum</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>One or two feet high; branching from the base. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite;
+sessile; crowded; lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; gradually acuminate;
+densely pubescent; several-nerved; an inch or more long.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Blue; in axillary, short-peduncled, dense clusters. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Six lines long; with filiform tube; and border
+with five almost similar lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; of two lengths.
+Filaments filiform; long-exserted and curled. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four seed like
+nutlets. Style long; filiform; two-cleft at the tip. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+Western California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of all the plants of our acquaintance, the common blue-curls
+is the most aggressive and ill-smelling. Its odor is positively
+sickening. Some years ago, when it was first new to
+me, I brought some of it down from Sonoma County upon the
+train, and, even though it had been carefully wrapped, I was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[ 316]</a></span>
+obliged to deposit it in the wood-box, as far as possible from
+the passengers.</p>
+
+<p>The generic name comes from two Greek words, signifying
+<i>hair</i> and <i>stamen</i>, and was bestowed on account of the capillary
+filaments. The common name also refers to the long,
+curling blue stamens.</p>
+
+<p>This species blossoms late in summer, and grows upon very
+dry ground, where it seems almost a miracle for any plant to
+thrive.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ROMERO. WOOLLY BLUE-CURLS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Trichostema lanatum</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubby; two to five feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite and fascicled
+in the axils; an inch or so long; green above; white-woolly beneath.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Blue; in terminal clusters sometimes a foot long; covered
+with dense violet wool. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Nearly an
+inch long; with tube half its length and border violet-shaped. <i>Stamens
+and Style.</i>&mdash;Two inches long. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four seedlike nutlets. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+San Diego to Santa Barbara.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When the first scorching winds of the desert have withered
+and laid low the lovely flowers of the southern plains, the
+Romero is just coming into bloom upon dry hillsides. Its
+shrubby form, with densely crowded leaves, becomes conspicuous
+by reason of its long spikes of purple-woolly buds and
+blossoms. This inflorescence is an exquisite thing, more like
+the production of a Paris milliner than a guileless creation of
+nature. The individual blossoms have much the look of alert
+little blue violets wearing long, elegant lilac aigrets. Both leaf
+and flower have a pleasant aromatic fragrance, entirely unlike
+the dreadful odor of the common blue-curls.</p>
+
+<p>Among the Spanish-Californians it is known altogether by
+the musical name of "Romero," and is one of their most
+highly valued medicinal herbs, being considered a panacea for
+many troubles. Fried in olive oil, it becomes an ointment
+which alleviates pain and cures ulcers; dried and reduced to
+powder, it is a snuff very efficacious for catarrh; and made
+into a tincture, it is used as a liniment. This plant is also
+sometimes called "black sage."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f121"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f121.png">ROMERO&mdash;<i>Trichostema lanatum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>HARVEST BRODIÆA. LARGE-FLOWERED BRODIÆA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Brodiæa grandiflora</i>, Smith. Lily Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[ 318]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Corm.</i>&mdash;Fibrous-coated. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Narrowly linear; somewhat
+cylindrical. <i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Four to twelve inches high. <i>Pedicels.</i>&mdash;Three to
+ten, rarely one; unequal. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Violet; waxen; ten to twenty
+lines long; broadly funnel-form; six-cleft; lobes recurving. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Three;
+opposite the inner segments. <i>Staminodia.</i>&mdash;Three; strap-shaped;
+entire; white; erect; about equaling the stamens. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Sessile;
+three-celled. Style stout. Stigma three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+Ventura to the British boundary in the Coast Ranges and Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the latter part of May and early in June, just as the grain
+is mellowing in the fields, the dry grasses of our hill-slopes and
+roadsides begin to reveal the beautiful blossoms of the "harvest
+Brodiæa." Seen at its best, this is one of our finest species.
+It sends up a scape a foot high, bearing from five to ten of the
+large, lily-like, violet flowers. They are somewhere described
+as varying to rose. I have never seen them of this color,
+though a flash of them caught when riding by a field is often
+suggestive of a pink flower.</p>
+
+<p>These plants vary considerably in size, in some localities
+blooming when but an inch or two high, and in others having
+their tall scape crowned with as many as ten of the fine blossoms.
+These have their segments nerved with brown upon the
+outside. The clear-white stamens stand opposite the outer segments,
+alternating with the white staminodia. The leaves have
+dried away before the coming of the blossoms.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. terrestris</i>, Kell., common throughout Central California,
+is always found in sandy soil. Its perianth is less than an inch
+long, and its staminodia are yellow, with inrolled edges. This
+is clearly distinguished by these characteristics, added to the
+fact that its flower-cluster has no common stalk or scape, but
+seems to sit upon the ground, giving the separate flowers the
+appearance of coming from the ground.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f122"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f122.png">HARVEST BRODIÆA&mdash;<i>Brodiæa grandiflora</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>VIOLET SNAPDRAGON.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Antirrhinum vagans</i>, Gray. Figwort Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[ 320]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Herbs with prehensile branchlets. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; short-petioled;
+lanceolate to oblong-ovate; entire; an inch long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Six
+lines long; lavender. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Five; upper one large; oblong; the
+others small, linear. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; in pairs; on the corolla. Filaments
+slender. Anthers with two diverging cells. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled.
+Style awl-shaped. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the western part of the
+State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When the first dryness of summer is beginning to make
+itself felt, the tall wandlike sprays of the little lilac snapdragon
+begin to appear along our dusty roadsides. A curious feature
+of this plant is to be found in the long threadlike branchlets
+produced in the axils of the leaves. These are like so many
+little arms, apparently waving about in aimless abandon, but in
+reality vigilant of any opportunity to grasp some convenient
+object of support.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>A. glandulosum</i>, Lindl.&mdash;is common
+from Santa Cruz southward. This may be known by its pink
+and yellow flowers, its very viscid, leafy stems, three to five
+feet tall, and its lack of prehensile branchlets. This has somewhat
+more the look of the familiar garden species. Its anthers
+are arranged like teeth in the roof of its mouth, and the children,
+by slightly pinching the sides of its funny little countenance,
+can make it open its mouth in quite a formidable
+manner.</p>
+
+<p>Sir John Lubbock, writing of the fertilization of flowers,
+says: "Thus the <i>Antirrhinum</i>, or snapdragon, is completely
+closed, and only a somewhat powerful insect can force its way
+in. The flower is in fact a strong-box, of which the humble-bee
+only has the key."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f123"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f123.png">VIOLET SNAPDRAGON&mdash;<i>Antirrhinum vagans</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN HAREBELL. BELLFLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Campanula prenanthoides</i>, Durand. Harebell or Campanula Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[ 322]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Several inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; ovate-oblong
+to lanceolate; one inch or less long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Blue; on
+recurved pedicels. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Growing to the ovary below; with five awl-shaped
+teeth. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Five to eight lines long; with short tube and
+slender, spreading, recurved lobes. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-
+to five-celled. Style club-shaped; much exserted. Stigma becoming
+three-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Coast woods from Monterey to Mendocino County,
+and through the northern Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The fragile blossoms of the harebell lurk in the seclusion of
+our cool cañons or peer down at us from the banks of shaded
+mountain roads toward the end of July. We almost wonder
+that this ethereal flower dares delay its coming so long when
+outside its cool retreat all is parched and dry. It forms a delicate
+contrast to its more robust English sister, the harebell so
+often celebrated by the poets.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Brunella vulgaris</i>, L. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six to fifteen inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite; petioled;
+ovate or oblong. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In a dense, short spike, with broad, leafy
+bracts; purple, violet, or rarely white. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Bilabiate; upper lip
+with three short teeth; the lower two-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Bilabiate; upper
+lip arched, entire; lower three-lobed; deflexed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; in
+pairs. Filaments two-forked; one fork naked, the other bearing the
+two-celled anther. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform;
+two-cleft above. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely distributed over the Northern Hemisphere.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>From April to July the purple blossoms of the self-heal, or
+heal-all, may be found in the borders of woods or in open
+grounds.</p>
+
+<p>The generic name is thought to come from the old German
+word, <i>braune</i>, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was
+believed to be a cure. According to the old doctrine of signatures,
+plants by their appearance were supposed to indicate
+the diseases for which nature intended them as remedies, and
+in England the <i>Brunella</i> was considered particularly efficacious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[ 324]</a></span>
+in the disorders of carpenters and common laborers, because
+its corolla resembled a bill-hook. Hence it was commonly
+called "carpenter's herb," "hook-heal," and "sicklewort."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f124"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f124.png">CALIFORNIAN HAREBELL&mdash;<i>Campanula prenanthoides</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>PENNYROYAL. POLÉO.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Monardella villosa</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Woody; branching from below; a foot or two high.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;An inch or less long; toothed or entire; veins conspicuous.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;White to deep lilac; in a dense head subtended by a number
+of ovate, green bracts. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Tubular; five-toothed; four lines
+long. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Nine lines long; with filiform tube and bilabiate border.
+Upper lip two-cleft; lower cleft into three linear divisions. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four;
+in pairs; exserted. Anther cells divergent. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of
+four seedlike nutlets. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the State; common.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Owing to their resemblance to the <i>Monarda</i>, or horsemint
+of the East, these Western plants have been given the diminutive
+of its name&mdash;<i>Monardella</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In early summer the blossoms, which are generally purple,
+are conspicuous in our drying woods. The herbage is pleasantly
+fragrant. The more hairy form, which suggested the
+specific name, is found in the south.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>M. lanceolata</i>, Gray&mdash;common in the
+Sierras and south to San Diego, is a very handsome plant with
+lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire leaves, an inch or two
+long, and having its bright rose-colored or purple corollas
+sometimes dark-spotted. This is known among the Spanish-Californians
+as "poléo" (pennyroyal), and is valued as a remedy
+for various ailments.</p>
+
+<p><i>M. odoratissima</i>, Benth., found abundantly in the Sierras,
+and known as "wild pennyroyal," is a bushy, many-stemmed
+plant, whose flowers usually have a faded lavender hue. But
+the plant is exceedingly fragrant, perfuming the air all about.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f125"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f125.png">PENNYROYAL&mdash;<i>Monardella villosa</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>LUCERN. ALFALFA. CHILEAN CLOVER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Medicago sativa</i>, L. Pea Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[ 326]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Perennials, with roots sometimes reaching down eight or ten feet.
+<i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to four feet high. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Three; toothed above.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Violet. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Papilionaceous;
+six lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Nine united; one free. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;Spirally
+coiled; without spines. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Usually escaped from cultivation.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The value of this little plant has been known for many centuries.
+It was introduced into Greece from Media, whence it
+received the name <i>Medicago</i>, and was cultivated several centuries
+before Christ. It has reached us through Mexico and
+Chile, where it is called "alfalfa" and "Chilean clover."</p>
+
+<p>It is but sparingly naturalized among us, but on account of
+its very nutritious herbage it is largely cultivated for feed. Its
+very deep root enables it to seek moisture from perennial
+sources, and to thus withstand the dryness of our summers.
+It requires considerable care to start the plants; but once
+established, the roots will continue under favorable circumstances
+to produce crops of herbage almost indefinitely. When
+grown upon good soil and irrigated, it will yield several crops
+a year. When cured for hay, it is cut just before flowering.
+But it is of greatest value for feeding green to dairy cows and
+other animals. An alfalfa field is a beautiful and grateful sight
+amid the drouth of our late summer. In Chile sprays of this
+plant are laid about in the houses to drive away fleas.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SQUAW'S CARPET. MAHALA MATS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ceanothus prostratus</i>, Benth. Buckthorn Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Hardy, evergreen, trailing shrubs, carpeting the ground. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite;
+short-petioled; obovate or spatulate; cuneate; leathery; several-toothed
+above; three to twelve lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Bright blue;
+in loose clusters on stout peduncles. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;With thick, often red,
+flesh; with three large wrinkled, somewhat spreading horns from near
+the apex, and low intermediate crests. (See <i>Ceanothus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+Sierras and northern Coast Ranges.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f126"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f126.png">ALFALFA&mdash;<i>Medicago sativa</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Upon half-shaded slopes in the Sierras, where great firs rear
+their noble shafts, forming an open forest, this little trailing
+shrub makes a clean, delightfully springy carpet underfoot.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[ 328]</a></span>
+Early in the season it is an exquisite thing, when covered with
+its delicate clusters of bright-blue flowers, and it is no less
+attractive in late summer, when its odd scarlet fruit studs the
+rich green foliage.</p>
+
+<p>The children of our mountain districts know it as "squaw's
+carpet" and "mahala mats." Among the Digger Indians the
+word "Mahala" is applied as a title of respect to all the women
+of the tribe indiscriminately, and they always refer to one
+another as "Mahala Sally," "Mahala Nancy," etc.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ACONITE. MONK'S-HOOD. FRIAR'S-CAP. BLUEWEED.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Aconitum Columbianum</i>, Nutt. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to six feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; palmately three-
+to five-cleft, three to five inches across. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;From blue to almost
+white; in a terminal cluster. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Five; petaloid; very irregular;
+the upper one helmet-shaped. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Two to five; the upper two
+stamen-like, concealed within the helmet; the lower three minute or
+obsolete. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous. Filaments short. <i>Pistils.</i>&mdash;Usually
+three; becoming divergent follicles. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>A. Fischeri</i>, Reichb.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras and the northern Coast Ranges.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The blossoms of the monk's-hood, or aconite, may be found
+with those of the tall blue larkspur and the little alpine lily
+along our mountain streams in late summer. Owing to the
+shape of the upper sepal, these flowers have received several
+of their common names, such as "helmet-flower," "friar's-cap,"
+and "monk's-hood."</p>
+
+<p>The genus <i>Aconitum</i> has been known from remote times
+and noted for the poisonous qualities of its species. From the
+roots and leaves of <i>A. napellus</i>, the officinal species, supposed
+to be native of Britain, is made the powerful drug, aconite.
+Our own species is also poisonous, and among the mountaineers
+it is called "blueweed," and remembered only for its disastrous
+effect upon their sheep, who are sometimes driven to eat it
+when other feed is scare. The helmet varies greatly in breadth
+and length.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f127"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f127.png">MONK'S-HOOD&mdash;<i>Aconitum Columbianum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>BLUE GENTIAN.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Gentiana calycosa</i>, Griseb. Gentian Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[ 330]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six to twelve inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Eighteen lines to less
+than an inch long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Deep, rich blue. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;An inch or
+two long; plaited into folds between the lobes; the sinuses with two
+long, <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'tooth-like'">toothlike</ins> appendages; the lobes green-dotted. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five;
+alternate with the corolla-lobes. Filaments flattened and adnate to the
+corolla below. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style awl-shaped. Stigma two-lobed.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This genus was named for Gentius, an ancient king of Illyria,
+who is said to have discovered the medicinal virtues of
+these plants. The drug called "gentian," a bitter tonic, is
+made from the root of a German species&mdash;<i>G. lutea</i>&mdash;with yellow
+flowers.</p>
+
+<p>All the Gentians are natives of the cooler portions of the
+world, inhabiting northern latitudes and mountain heights.
+We have several fine species, which are found in the Sierras
+and the northern Coast Ranges.</p>
+
+<p><i>G. calycosa</i> is a truly beautiful flower, rivaling the sky with
+its deep blue blossoms, which are to be found in the fall in
+many an alpine meadow, called by Mr. Muir "gentian-meadows."</p>
+
+
+<h3>TALL MOUNTAIN LARKSPUR.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Delphinium scopulorum, var. glaucum</i>, Gray.</h4>
+
+<h4>Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Mostly smooth; more or less glaucous. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to six feet
+high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Palmately five- to seven-parted; the divisions slashed
+into sharp-pointed lobes. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Blue; in narrow, slender racemes;
+on rather short, slender pedicels. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Rather narrow; six lines
+long or less; minutely tomentose. Spur crapy; rather slender. <i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Smooth.
+(Flower-structure as in <i>D. nudicaule</i>.) <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>D. scopulorum</i>,
+Gray. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras, at about six thousand feet;
+from the San Bernardino Mountains to the Yukon River.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f128"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f128.png">BLUE GENTIAN&mdash;<i>Gentiana calycosa</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>By July and August the slender spires of the tall mountain
+larkspur are conspicuous along the watercourses of the Sierras,
+where they are usually found in the company of their near
+relatives, the monk's-hoods and the gay scarlet columbines.
+A ramble down one of these mountain streams affords a succession
+of most delightful surprises. Willow copses, alternating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[ 332]</a></span>
+with tangles of larkspur, great willow-herb, and monk's-hood,
+are followed by open, velvety meadows, starred by white and
+blue daisies, or diversified by the pure spikes of the milk-white
+rein-orchis, or the lovely blossoms of the pink mimulus; while
+further down, the stream perchance suddenly narrows and
+deepens, flowing by some jutting rock-wall, resplendent with
+crimson pentstemons or brilliant sulphur-flowers.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON ASTER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Aster Chamissonis</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to five feet high; loosely branching. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+sessile; lanceolate; three to six inches long; the upper becoming
+small or minute. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Five or six lines long; composed of
+yellow disk-flowers and violet or purple rays. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Twenty to
+twenty-five; half an inch long. <i>Involucre.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; of many
+small imbricated scales. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p>
+
+<p>We have not as many species of <i>Aster</i> as are found in the
+Eastern States, but we have some very beautiful ones. <i>A.
+Chamissonis</i> is one of our commonest and most widespread
+species. Its blossoms begin to appear in late summer and linger
+along through the fall. Many species of <i>Erigeron</i> (very
+closely allied to <i>Aster</i>) are called "asters" among us, and
+comprise some of our most charming flowers. These are
+found chiefly in the mountains, though <i>E. glaucus</i> is found
+upon the sea-beach and ocean cliffs.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LAVENDER MOUNTAIN DAISY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Erigeron salsuginosus</i>, Gray. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or two high. <i>Radical and lower leaves.</i>&mdash;Spatulate
+to nearly obovate; tapering into a margined petiole. <i>Upper leaves.</i>&mdash;Ovate-oblong
+to lanceolate; sessile. <i>Uppermost leaves.</i>&mdash;Small and
+bract-like. <i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Solitary; large; of yellow disk-flowers and
+lavender rays. <i>Disk.</i>&mdash;Over half an inch across. <i>Rays.</i>&mdash;Fifty to
+seventy; six lines or more long; rather wide. <i>Bracts</i> of the involucre
+numerous; loosely spreading. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Aster salsuginosus</i>, Richardson.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Sierra meadows, at an altitude of from six to ten thousand feet.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f129"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f129.png">COMMON ASTER&mdash;<i>Aster Chamissonis</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of all the beautiful flowers of the Sierras, not one lingers so
+fondly in the memory, after our return to the lowlands, as this
+exquisite lavender daisy. Late in the summer it stars the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[ 334]</a></span>
+alpine meadows with its charming flowers, or stands in sociable
+companies on those natural velvet lawns of the mountains. It
+resembles the feathery, white mountain daisy, and grows in the
+same region; but its rays are wider and give the blossoms a
+somewhat more substantial look.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BLUE FORGET-ME-NOT. STICKSEED.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Echinospermum floribundum</i>, Lehm. Borage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two feet or so high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Oblong to linear-lanceolate;
+two to five inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In numerous, slender-panicled
+racemes; on short, slender pedicels. Racemes often in pairs. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted;
+minute. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Sky-blue (rarely white); salver-form,
+with short tube and spreading, five-lobed border; two to five lines
+across, with conspicuous arching crests in the throat. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five;
+included; on the corolla. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Of four nutlets; each having
+a deltoid, keeled disk and margined by long, flat prickles. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+California to British Columbia and eastward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The beautiful blossoms of the wild blue forget-me-not will
+be readily recognized by all lovers of flowers. They may be
+found in the Sierras in midsummer. The tall stems rise amid
+the lush grasses upon the sides of steep cañons, where the air is
+humid and vegetation is rank. The flowers are unfortunately
+followed by very troublesome burs, which are much dreaded
+by sheep-herders.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[ 335]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="V_RED" id="V_RED"></a>V. RED</h2>
+
+
+<h3>[<i>Red or occasionally or partially red flowers not described in
+the Red Section.</i></h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li><i>Described in the Yellow Section</i>:&mdash;</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Anagallis arvensis</span>&mdash;Pimpernel.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Meconopsis heterophylla</span>&mdash;Wind-Poppy.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Mimulus glutinosus</span>&mdash;Sticky Monkey-Flower.</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Opuntia Engelmanni</span>&mdash;Prickly Pear.]</li>
+<li class="lindent"><span class="smcap">Cotyledon pulverulenta</span>.</li>
+</ul>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[ 336]</a></span></p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<h3>INDIAN WARRIOR.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Pedicularis densiflora</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Root woody. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Six to twenty inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+oblong-lanceolate; pinnate; leaflets lobed and toothed; diminishing
+into the flower-bracts. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; five-toothed.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Club-shaped, bent downward above the calyx and oblique
+to it; one inch long; the two upper lobes united and containing the
+stamens; the three lower mere teeth. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four. Style filiform;
+exserted. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout Western California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>These blossoms, which come early in the season, seem
+"warmed with the new wine of the year." They often stand
+in little companies in openings among the trees, and the rays
+of the afternoon sun slanting in upon them brighten and vivify
+them into a rich, warm claret-color. The leaves, finely dissected,
+like certain fern-fronds, are often of a bronze tone,
+which harmonizes finely with the flowers.</p>
+
+<p>To the casual observer, this flower resembles the Indian
+paint-brush. In reality, it belongs to a closely allied genus.
+But in this blossom the bracts do not constitute the brilliant
+part of the inflorescence, and the calyx, instead of being the
+showy, sheathing envelop it is in the paint-brush, is quite small
+and inconspicuous.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Blochman has quaintly and aptly alluded to the corolla
+of this flower as a long and slender mitten, just fit for some
+high-born fairy's hand.</p>
+
+<p>Among the children of our mountain districts this flower is
+known as "Indian warrior."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f130"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f130.png">INDIAN WARRIOR&mdash;<i>Pedicularis densiflora</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>WILD GOOSEBERRY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ribes Menziesii</i>, Pursh. Saxifrage Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[ 338]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to six feet high, with naked glandular-bristly or prickly
+branches and stout triple thorns under the fascicled leaves. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;With
+one or two drooping, Fuchsia-like flowers. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Half an
+inch long; garnet; the five oblong lobes somewhat longer than the
+tube, but hardly longer than the stamens, which surpass the five white
+petals with inrolled edges. Styles exserted. Anthers sagittate. <i>Berry.</i>&mdash;Four
+to six lines in diameter; thickly covered with long prickles.
+(Otherwise as <i>Ribes glutinosum</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From San Diego to Humboldt
+County; also in the Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wild gooseberry, considered as a fruit, is very disappointing,
+as its large, prickly berries are composed mostly of
+skin and seeds. But as an ornamental shrub it is very pleasing.
+In February its long, thorny branches are densely clothed
+with small but rich green leaves, under which hang the perfect
+little miniature red and white Fuchsias.</p>
+
+<p>A closely allied species&mdash;<i>R. subvestitum</i>, Hook. and Arn.,&mdash;has
+long exserted filaments and glandular-prickly berries.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Ribes speciosum</i>, Pursh. Saxifrage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs six to ten feet high, with spreading branches, armed with
+large triple thorns. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Evergreen; three- to five-lobed; an inch
+or so long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Bright cardinal; an inch long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Petaloid;
+its tube adnate to the ovary; the limb is usually five-cleft (sometimes
+four). <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;On the sinuses of the calyx. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;As
+many as the petals; twice the length of the calyx. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled.
+Style two-cleft. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A dry, densely glandular berry. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+Monterey to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>One of the most charming shrubs to be found in the southern
+part of the State is the Fuchsia-flowered gooseberry. Early
+in the season the long sprays of its spreading branches are
+thickly hung with the beautiful drooping cardinal flowers, which
+gleam against the rich green of the glossy leaves. The stems
+often rival the flowers in brilliance of coloring, but they harbor
+a multitude of formidable thorns which serve to cool our impetuous
+desire to possess ourselves of the blossoms. Though far
+more brilliant than the flowers of <i>R. subvestitum</i>, these are not
+so truly counterparts in miniature of the garden Fuchsia as they.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f131"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f131.png">FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY&mdash;<i>Ribes speciosum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>WILD PEONY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Pæonia Brownii</i>, Dougl. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[ 340]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Coarse, leathery herbs, with woody roots. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stout; branched;
+ten to eighteen inches high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; once- or twice- ternately
+compound; the leaflets ternately lobed. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Solitary;
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Green; often with leaflike appendages. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five to ten;
+dark red. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous. <i>Pistils.</i>&mdash;Two to five; becoming
+leathery follicles. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Almost throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Our wild peony, which is the only species of North America,
+grows through a wide range of territory, from the hot
+plains of the south to the region of perpetual snow in the
+mountains of the north. As might be expected, it manifests
+considerable variation in form and character. Indeed, some
+authors have thought these variations sufficiently marked to
+warrant the division of the species into two.</p>
+
+<p>After the first rains in the south, the plant pushes up its
+broad, scarlet-tipped leaves, and by January, or earlier, produces
+its flowers, which are deep red, shading almost into
+black, an inch or so across, and quite fragrant. These blossoms
+are at first erect; but as the seed-vessels mature, the
+stems begin to droop, till the fruit rests upon the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish-Californians consider the thick root an excellent
+remedy for dyspepsia, when eaten raw; while the Indians
+of the south use it, powdered or made into a decoction, for
+colds, sore throat, etc. In the north its leaves are reputed to
+be poisonous to the touch.</p>
+
+<p>In some localities it is known as "Christmas-rose," and in
+others the children call its dark, round flowers "nigger-heads."
+In the mountains it blossoms in June and July near snow-banks.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f132"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f132.png">WILD PEONY&mdash;<i>Pæonia Brownii</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN FIGWORT. CALIFORNIAN BEE-PLANT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Scrophularia Californica</i>, Cham. Figwort Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[ 342]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to five feet high; angled. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Oblong-ovate or
+oblong-triangular; two or more inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Small; dull
+red; three to five lines long; in loose terminal panicles. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-lobed.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Bilabiate; upper lip four-lobed; lower of one
+lobe. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four perfect; in pairs; and a fifth scalelike, rudimentary
+one. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Style exserted. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Almost
+throughout the State.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The tall stems of the Californian figwort are common along
+roadsides, and become especially rank and luxuriant where the
+soil has been freshly stirred. The plants are so plentiful and
+so plebeian in appearance, that we are apt to class them in the
+category of weeds; but the fact that their little corollas are
+almost always stored abundantly with honey for the bees, saves
+them from this reproachful title.</p>
+
+<p>They are cultivated by the keepers of bees. The odd,
+little dull-red or greenish flowers have a knowing look, which
+is enhanced by two of the stamens, which project just over the
+lower rim of the corolla, like the front teeth of some tiny
+rodent.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FALSE ALUM-ROOT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Tellima grandiflora</i>, R. Br. Saxifrage Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Radical-leaves.</i>&mdash;Long-petioled. <i>Stem-leaves.</i>&mdash;With shorter petioles,
+round-cordate; variously lobed and toothed; very hairy, with
+coarse, bristle-like hairs; two to four inches across. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to
+three feet high. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In long racemes; on short pedicels; green
+or rose-color. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; five-toothed; ribbed; three to
+six lines long; adnate to the ovary below. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; short-clawed;
+slashed above; two or three lines long; on the calyx. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten;
+very short. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled; with a disklike summit, tapering into
+two stout styles with large capitate stigmas. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Santa Cruz
+to Alaska.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This robust plant bears no resemblance to its delicate relative,
+<i>T. affinis</i>. It is far more like the alum-root in habit and
+appearance, and its leaves are prettily blotched in the same
+manner. It grows along rich banks by shaded roads, and
+blooms from early spring onward. Its tall racemes of either
+rose-colored or greenish, obscure flowers look rather like the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[ 344]</a></span>
+promise of something to come than a present fulfillment. The
+petals are small and inconspicuous at a distance; but when
+closely examined, reveal a delicacy and beauty of form entirely
+unsuspected.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f133"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f133.png">CALIFORNIAN BEE PLANT&mdash;<i>Scrophularia Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH. SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Castilleia parviflora</i>, Bong. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Hairy, at least above; six inches to two feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Laciniate-cleft
+or incised; sometimes entire; two inches or so long; mostly
+alternate. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;With conspicuous colored bracts. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Tubular;
+about equally cleft before and behind; tinged with scarlet or
+yellow. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Tubular; six lines to over an inch long; the upper
+lip equaling the tube; the lower very short; three-toothed; the whole
+tinged with red or yellow. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Four; inclosed in the upper lip.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Style long; exserted. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Scarlet flowers are so rare, and nature is so chary of that
+beautiful hue, that these blossoms are especially welcome.
+Their dense tufts make brilliant dashes of color, which are very
+noticeable amid the vivid greens of springtime. Strange to
+say, most of their brilliancy is due not to the corollas, but to
+the large petal-like bracts under the flowers and to the calyxes.
+In the vicinity of the seashore these blossoms may be found at
+almost any time of the year, while inland they have their season
+of bloom in the spring, resting for the most part during
+the summer.</p>
+
+<p>They are known in some localities as "Indian plume."
+The specific name is a very misleading one&mdash;for these flowers,
+far from being small, are in reality comparatively large and
+fine. The species was probably first named from poor or
+depauperate specimens. It is in every way a larger, more
+showy flower than the closely allied species&mdash;<i>C. coccinea</i>,
+Spreng.&mdash;of the East, commonly known as the "painted
+cup."</p>
+
+<p>We have a number of species closely resembling one
+another. <i>C. foliolosa</i>, Hook. and Arn., may be easily recognized
+by its white-woolly stems and foliage.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f134"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f134.png">INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH&mdash;<i>Castilleia parviflora</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>NORTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR.
+CHRISTMAS-HORNS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Delphinium nudicaule</i>, Torr. and Gray. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[ 346]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;A foot or two high; naked or very few-leaved. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;One
+to three inches in diameter; deeply three- to five-cleft, or barely
+parted into obovate or cuneate divisions. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Scarlet; in loose,
+open racemes; on pedicels two to four inches long. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Five;
+petaloid; the upper prolonged upward into a spur containing the
+smaller spurs of the two upper petals. Spur six to nine lines long.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Usually four; the two lateral small, not spurred. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Many.
+<i>Pistils.</i>&mdash;Mostly three; becoming divergent follicles. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo to Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Though not so intensely brilliant and striking as the southern
+scarlet larkspur, this is a delightful flower, the sight of
+which gracing some rocky cañon-wall or making flecks of flame
+amid the grass, gives us a thrill of pleasure. It would require
+no great stretch of the imagination to fancy these blossoms a
+company of pert little red-coated elves clambering over the
+loose, slender stems. In our childhood we used to hear them
+called "Christmas-horns."</p>
+
+
+<h3>SCARLET FRITILLARY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Fritillaria recurva</i>, Benth. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Bulb as in <i>F. lanceolata</i>. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Eight to eighteen inches high;
+one- to nine-flowered. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Scarlet outside; yellow, spotted
+with scarlet, within. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Campanulate; urn-shaped. <i>Segments.</i>&mdash;Twelve
+to eighteen lines long; with recurved tips. <i>Stamens</i>
+and style not quite equaling the segments. <i>Capsule.</i>&mdash;Rather obtusely
+angled. (Otherwise as <i>F. lanceolata</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras, from Placer
+County northward into Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The scarlet fritillary is without doubt the most beautiful of
+all our species. It is a wonderful blossom, which seems as
+much of a marvel to us every time we behold it as it did at first.
+Usually there are from one to nine of the brilliant bells; but the
+effect can be imagined when as many as thirty-five have been
+seen upon a single stem!</p>
+
+<p><i>F. coccinea</i>, Greene, is another beautiful scarlet-and-yellow
+species, found in the mountains of Sonoma and Napa Counties.
+This has from one to four flowers, which are an inch long, with
+simple campanulate outline, without recurving tips.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f135"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f135.png">NORTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR&mdash;<i>Delphinium nudicaule</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>COLUMBINE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Aquilegia truncata</i>, Fisch. and Mey. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[ 348]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to three feet high; very slender. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly
+radical; divided into thin, distant leaflets. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Scarlet; tinged
+with yellow; eighteen to twenty-four lines across. Parts in fives.
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Petaloid; rotately spreading. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Tubular; produced
+into long spurs or horns. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Numerous on the receptacle;
+much exserted. <i>Pistils.</i>&mdash;Five; simple. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">Sprung in a cleft of the wayside steep,</span>
+<span class="ni">And saucily nodding, flushing deep,</span>
+<span class="i1">With her airy tropic bells aglow,&mdash;</span>
+<span class="ni">Bold and careless, yet wondrous light,</span>
+<span class="ni">And swung into poise on the stony height,</span>
+<span class="i1">Like a challenge flung to the world below!</span>
+<span class="ni">Skirting the rocks at the forest edge</span>
+<span class="ni">With a running flame from ledge to ledge,</span>
+<span class="ni">Or swaying deeper in shadowy glooms,</span>
+<span class="ni">A smoldering fire in her dusky blooms;</span>
+<span class="ni">Bronzed and molded by wind and sun,</span>
+<span class="ni">Maddening, gladdening every one</span>
+<span class="ni">With a gypsy beauty full and fine,&mdash;</span>
+<span class="ni">A health to the crimson columbine!</span>
+<p class="quotsig">&mdash;Elaine Goodale</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>To enjoy the exquisite airy beauty of this lovely flower,
+we must seek it in its own haunts&mdash;for there is a touch of
+wildness in its nature that will not be subdued; nor will it submit
+to being handled or ruthlessly transported from its own
+sylvan retreat.</p>
+
+<p>Fringing the stream, peering over the bank, as if to see its
+own loveliness reflected there, or hiding in the greenest recesses
+of the woodland, it is always a welcome blossom, and
+the eye brightens and the pulse quickens upon beholding it.</p>
+
+<p>This species is at home throughout our borders; but there
+is another form which is said to be found occasionally in our
+very high mountains&mdash;<i>A. c&#339;rulea</i>, James. This is plentiful in
+the Rocky Mountains, and is the State flower of Colorado. Its
+blossoms, which are blue or white, are large and magnificent,
+with slender spurs an inch and a half or two inches long.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f136"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f136.png">COLUMBINE&mdash;<i>Aquilegia truncata</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CLIMBING PENTSTEMON. SCARLET HONEYSUCKLE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Pentstemon cordifolius</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[ 350]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Woody at base, with long, slender branches, which climb over other
+shrubs. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Cordate or ovate; an inch or less long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Campanulate;
+five-parted. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Bright scarlet; eighteen lines
+long. Sterile stamen bearded down one side. (See <i>Pentstemon</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Santa Barbara to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In spring we notice in the borders of southern woodlands
+and along the roadsides certain long, wandlike branches with
+beautiful heart-shaped leaves, which are suggestive of those of
+the garden Fuchsia. Our curiosity is naturally aroused and
+we wonder what blossom is destined to grace this elegant foliage.
+Early summer solves the mystery by hanging the tips
+of these wands with brilliant scarlet blossoms, in every way
+satisfying the earlier promise.</p>
+
+<p>These flowers often look down at us in a sort of mocking,
+Mephistophelian manner, as they hang amid the rich greens of
+other shrubs and trees. Seen with a glass, they are quite
+glandular. The fifth stamen looks like a very cunning little
+golden hearth-brush.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HUMMING-BIRD'S SAGE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Audibertia grandiflora</i>, Benth. Mint Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Coarse plants, with woolly stems; one to three feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Opposite;
+wrinkly; white-woolly beneath; crenate; the lower three
+to eight inches long; hastate-lanceolate; on margined petioles; upper
+sessile; pointed. <i>Inflorescence.</i>&mdash;Over a foot long, with many large,
+widely separated whorls of crimson flowers. <i>Corollas.</i>&mdash;Eighteen
+lines long. Stamens and style much exserted. <i>Flower-bracts.</i>&mdash;Ovate;
+sharp-pointed; often crimson-tinged. (Otherwise as <i>A. stachyoides.</i>)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, from San Mateo southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This, the largest-flowered of all our <i>Audibertias</i>, becomes
+especially conspicuous by April and May in southern woodlands,
+where its large, dark flower-clusters may be seen in
+little companies amid the shadows. The leaves and bracts are
+quite viscid, and have a rather rank, unpleasant odor; but the
+flowers are not without a certain comeliness. The long, crimson
+trumpets are arranged in whorls about the stems, projecting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[ 352]</a></span>
+from many densely crowded bracts. Tier after tier of these
+interrupted whorls, sometimes as many as nine, mount the
+stems. The bracts and stems are usually of a rich bronze,
+which harmonizes finely with the color of the flowers. The
+joint in the filament is quite conspicuous in this species.</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">"Humming-birds that dart in the sun like green and golden arrows"</span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="ni">seem to be the sole beneficiaries of the abundant nectar in these
+deep tubes.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f137"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f137.png">CLIMBING PENTSTEMOM&mdash;<i>Pentstemon cordifolius</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB.</h3>
+<h3>WESTERN SPICE-BUSH.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Calycanthus occidentalis</i>, Hook. and Arn. Sweet Shrub Family.</h4>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Shrubs.</i>&mdash;Six to twelve feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Ovate to oblong-lanceolate;
+three to six inches long; dark green; roughish. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Wine-colored
+(sometimes white); solitary; two inches or so across.
+<i>Sepals</i>, petals, and stamens indefinite, passing into each other; all
+coalescent below into the cuplike calyx-tube, on whose inner surface
+are borne the numerous carpels. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Linear-spatulate, usually
+tawny-tipped. Carpels becoming akenes. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From the lower
+Sacramento River northward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is one of our most beautiful shrubs. Upon the banks
+of streams, or often upon a shaded hillside where some little
+rill trickles out from a hidden source, it spreads its branches
+and lifts its canopy of ample leaves. There is a pleasant
+fragrance about the whole shrub, and the leaves, when crushed,
+are agreeably bitter. From April to November the charming
+flowers, like small wine-colored chrysanthemums, are produced;
+and these are followed by the prettily veined, urn-shaped seed-vessels,
+which remain upon the bushes until after the next season's
+flowers appear, by which time they are almost black. It
+is from these cuplike seed-vessels that the genus takes its
+name, which is derived from two Greek words, meaning <i>flower</i>
+and <i>cup.</i></p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f138"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f138.png">CALIFORNIAN SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB&mdash;<i>Calycanthus occidentalis</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>INDIAN PINK.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Silene Californica</i>, Durand. Pink Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[ 354]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>&mdash;Deep. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Several; procumbent or sub-erect; leafy.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Ovate-elliptic or lanceolate; eighteen lines to four inches
+long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Brilliant scarlet; over an inch across. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-toothed.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Five; long-clawed; the blades variously cleft, and
+with two erect <ins class ="mycorr" title = "Originally 'tooth-like'">toothlike</ins> appendages at the throat. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten;
+exserted with the three filiform styles. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Widely
+distributed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Indian pink is one of the most beautiful of our flowers,
+and it appeals to the æsthetic sense in a way few flowers do.
+Its brilliant scarlet blossoms brighten the soft browns of our
+roadsides in early summer, and gleam amid the green of
+thickets like bits of fire. Its corolla is elegantly slashed, and
+it is altogether a much finer flower than the southern form,
+<i>S. laciniata</i>. Its rather broad leaves are often quite viscid to
+the touch, in which respect it shares in the character from
+which the genus was named in allusion to Silenus, the companion
+of Bacchus, who is described as covered with foam.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. laciniata</i>, Cav., is a similar species found from Central
+California southward. It is usually a taller plant, with many
+stems and narrow leaves. It is also quite viscid, and many
+small insects, mostly ants, are almost always to be seen ensnared
+upon its stems. We are at a loss to account for this
+until we remember what Sir John Lubbock says in this connection.
+He suggests that ants are not very desirable visitors for
+promoting cross-fertilization among plants, as their progress is
+slow, and they cannot visit many plants far apart. On the
+other hand, winged insects, such as bees, butterflies, and moths,
+making long excursions through the air, are admirably adapted
+for bringing pollen from distant plants. Hence plants spread
+their attractions for such insects, while they often contrive all
+sorts of ingenious devices for keeping undesirable ones, like
+ants, away from their flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f139"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f139.png">INDIAN PINK&mdash;<i>Silene Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Spanish-Californians call this plant "Yerba del Indio,"
+and make it into a tea which they esteem as a remedy for all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[ 356]</a></span>
+sorts of aches and pains, and use as a healing application to
+ulcers.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>S. Hookeri</i>, Nutt.&mdash;is easily known by
+its large pink flowers, often two and a half inches across, and
+delicately slashed. This is found in our western counties, growing
+upon wooded hillsides, where its charming flowers show to
+excellent advantage.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COAST LILY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lilium maritimum</i>, Kell. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Bulb</i>.&mdash;Conical; twelve to eighteen lines thick, with closely appressed
+scales. <i>Stem.</i>&mdash;One to three feet high; slender. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Seldom,
+if at all, whorled; linear or narrowly oblanceolate; obtuse;
+one to five inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;One to five; deep blood-red;
+spotted with purple; long-pediceled; horizontal. <i>Perianth-segments.</i>&mdash;Six;
+lanceolate; eighteen lines long; the upper third somewhat
+recurved. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Near the Coast, from San Mateo to Mendocino
+County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The little Coast lily is found most abundantly in the black
+peat bogs of Mendocino County, though it ranges southward
+to San Mateo County and northward to Humboldt County.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Purdy says of it: "It is seldom seen farther than two
+miles from the ocean. On the edges of the bogs the lily is
+often a dwarf, blossoming at three or four inches. In the bogs
+it roots itself in the tufts, and becomes a lovely plant five feet
+high with ten or fifteen fine blossoms."</p>
+
+<p>The leaves are dark, glossy green and the blossoms are
+more cylindrical than funnel-form, the three inner segments
+spreading more than the outer, which remain almost erect.
+The little oval anthers, with cinnamon-colored pollen, almost
+fill the narrow tube and conceal the fact that the segments are
+yellow below and more decidedly spotted.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHOLLA-CACTUS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Opuntia prolifera</i>, Engelm. Cactus Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Leafless, spiny, arborescent shrubs, three to ten feet high, with
+elongated, cylindrical joints, covered with oblong tubercles which bear
+from three to eight spines. Longest spines twelve to eighteen lines
+long. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to seven inches thick. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Purplish-red;</p></blockquote><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[ 357]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>densely clustered at the ends of the branches. <i>Sepals</i>, petals, and
+stamens, many. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style one. Stigmas several.
+<i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Green; obovate; concave on the top; having no spines, only
+bristles; usually sterile; often producing other flowers. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From
+Ventura to San Diego and southward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Upon dry hills, even as far north as Ventura, the cholla cactus
+is a familiar feature of the landscape. In many places
+it forms extensive and impassable thickets, which afford an
+asylum to many delicate and tender plants that retire to it as a
+last refuge from sheep and cattle.</p>
+
+<p>The young joints, which are clustered at the ends of the
+branches, are from three to nine inches long. By means of
+their barbed spines, these adhere to any passing object, and as
+they break off very readily, they are thus often transported to
+a distance. As they root easily, this seems to afford a means
+of propagation, in the absence of seed&mdash;for the fruit is usually
+seedless.</p>
+
+<p>The spines are quite variable in length, the longest being
+sometimes an inch and a half. Each one is covered by a
+papery sheath, which slips off easily.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the ground about these shrubs may usually be found
+the skeletons of old branches. These are hollow cylinders of
+woody basket-work, which are quite symmetrical and pretty.</p>
+
+<p><i>O. serpentina</i>, Engelm., found at San Diego, and often
+growing with the above, resembles it somewhat, but may be
+known by its much longer spines, which are from three to nine
+inches long, and by its greenish-yellow flowers. The plants
+are usually found near the seashore and scattered&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> never
+forming thickets.</p>
+
+<p>Upon the sea-coast at San Diego is found another plant
+similar to the above&mdash;<i>Cereus Emoryi</i>, Engelm.&mdash;the "velvet
+cactus." Instead of being covered with tubercles, these plants
+have from sixteen to twenty vertical ribs, upon which are borne
+the bunches of slender spines. These spines are from a quarter
+of an inch to one and three quarters inches long, and
+without barbs. The flowers are greenish-yellow, and not particularly
+pretty or attractive.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[ 358]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>SCARLET BUGLER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Pentstemon centranthifolius</i>, Benth. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Very glaucous and smooth. <i>Stem.</i>&mdash;One to three feet high.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Ovate-lanceolate; mostly sessile; the upper cordate-clasping;
+thick. <i>Panicles.</i>&mdash;Narrow; a foot or two long. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Bright
+scarlet; an inch or more long; hardly bilabiate. (See <i>Pentstemon</i>.)
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Monterey to Los Angeles.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The tall spires of the scarlet bugler are such familiar sights
+along southern roadsides and sandy washes that people almost
+forget the enthusiastic admiration their bright beauty first
+elicited. It is said that acres of mountain lands are sometimes
+a solid mass of vermilion during the blooming season of this
+lovely plant.</p>
+
+<p>The panicle is often two feet long, with its string of scarlet
+horns. The individual flowers bear quite a likeness to those
+of the honeysuckle, common in Eastern gardens, and by those
+who encounter the plant for the first time, it is usually spoken
+of as "honeysuckle." The blossoms are sometimes yellow
+near San Bernardino.</p>
+
+<p><i>P. Bridgesii</i>, Gray, met more frequently in the Yosemite
+than elsewhere, though it occurs in the Sierras from the Yosemite
+southward, is a very similar plant to the above. But it
+differs in having its corolla quite distinctly bilabiate, though of
+the same general tubular, funnel-form shape.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LARGE VETCH.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Vicia gigantea</i>, Hook. Pea Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Climbing. Stems.&mdash;Five to fifteen feet long. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+pinnate; terminated by a tendril. <i>Leaflets.</i>&mdash;Ten to thirteen pairs;
+linear-oblong; obtuse; mucronulate; one or two inches long. <i>Stipules.</i>&mdash;An
+inch long; semi-sagittate. <i>Racemes.</i>&mdash;Dense; one-sided; five to
+eighteen-flowered. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Dull red. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Papilionaceous.
+Petals not spreading. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Nine united; one free. <i>Style.</i>&mdash;Hairy
+all around under the stigma. <i>Pod.</i>&mdash;An inch or so long. (See
+<i>Leguminosæ</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From San Francisco Bay northward to Sitka.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This vine is usually found in moist places. Its blossoms are
+never attractive for they have a faded, worn-out look, even
+when they are fresh. The pods are black when ripe, and the
+seeds are said to be edible.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f140"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f140.png">SCARLET BUGLER&mdash;<i>Pentstemon centranthifolius</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>SCARLET GILIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Gilia aggregata</i>, Spreng. Phlox or Polemonium Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[ 360]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to three feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Pinnately parted into
+seven to thirteen linear, pointed divisions. Upper leaves more simple.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In a loose panicle. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Deeply five-cleft; glandular.
+<i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Scarlet, pink, or rarely even white; with funnel-form tube,
+one inch long; and rotately spreading five-lobed border. Lobes three
+to six lines long. (See <i>Gilia</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout the Sierras.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The scarlet <i>Gilia</i> is a familiar flower in the Sierras in late
+summer, growing everywhere in dry places. It may be easily
+recognized by its rich, glossy, flat, green leaves, pinnately
+divided into linear divisions, its tall, loosely branching habit,
+and its bright, delicate scarlet flowers, standing out horizontally
+from the stem. The corolla-lobes are often flesh-pink or yellowish
+within, splashed or streaked with scarlet. The whole
+plant is quite viscid.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SCARLET MONKEY-FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Mimulus cardinalis</i>, Dougl. Figwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Stout; viscid; hairy. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to five feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Sessile;
+ovate to ovate-lanceolate; ragged-margined; several-nerved;
+two or three inches long. <i>Peduncles.</i>&mdash;Three inches long. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Scarlet;
+two inches or more long. Upper lip erect; its two lobes
+turned back. Lower lip three-lobed; reflexed. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Exserted.
+(See <i>Mimulus</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout Oregon and California along
+watercourses.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>One day in June, when riding upon the shores of Bolinas
+Bay, I came upon a spot where a cañon stream flowed out upon
+a little flat at tide-level, making a small fresh-water marsh, in
+which mint, bulrushes, and scarlet <i>Mimulus</i> were striving for
+the mastery. But the <i>Mimulus</i> was the most wonderful I ever
+saw. It stood four or five feet high&mdash;a patch of it&mdash;strong
+and vigorous, and covered with its handsome, large scarlet
+flowers, a sight to be remembered. This species is often cultivated
+in gardens.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f141"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f141.png">SCARLET GILIA&mdash;<i>Gilia Aggregata</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>SNOW-PLANT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Sarcodes sanguinea</i>, Torr. Heath Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[ 362]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Fleshy, glandular-pubescent plants; six inches to over a foot high;
+bright red; without green foliage; having, in place of leaves, fleshy
+scales, with glandular-ciliate margins. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Short-pediceled.
+<i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Five. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Six lines long; campanulate; with five-lobed
+limb. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Ten. Anthers two-celled; opening terminally.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Five-celled; globose. Style stout. Stigma capitate. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout
+the Sierras, from four to nine thousand feet elevation.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I shall never forget finding my first snow-plant. It was
+upon a perfect August day in the Sierras. Following the
+course of a little rill which wound among mosses and ferns
+through the open forest where noble fir shafts rose on every
+hand, I came unexpectedly upon this scarlet miracle, standing
+in the rich, black mold in a sheltered nook in the wood. A
+single ray of strong sunlight shone upon it, leaving the wood
+around it dark, so that it stood out like a single figure in a
+<i>tableau vivant</i>. There was something so personal, so glowing,
+and so lifelike about it, that I almost fancied I could see the
+warm life-blood pulsing and quivering through it. I knelt to
+examine it. In lieu of leaves, the plant was supplied with
+many overlapping scalelike bracts of a flesh-tint. These were
+quite rigid below and closely appressed to the stem, but above
+they became looser and curled gracefully about among the
+vivid red bells.</p>
+
+<p>I had heard that the plant was a root parasite; so it was
+with much interest and great care I dug about it with my
+trowel. But I failed to find its root connected with any other.
+I have since learned that it is now considered one of those
+plants akin to the fungi, which in some mysterious way draw
+their nourishment from decaying or decomposing matter.</p>
+
+<p>I carried my prize home, where it retained its beauty for a
+number of days. I afterward found many of them. They
+gradually follow the receding snows up the heights; so that late
+in the season one must climb for them.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f142"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f142.png">SNOW-PLANT&mdash;<i>Sarcodes sanguinea</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The name "snow-plant" is very misleading, because from
+it one naturally expects to find the plant growing upon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[ 364]</a></span>
+snow. But this is rarely or never the case, for it is <i>after</i> the
+melting of the snow that it pushes its way aboveground.</p>
+
+<p>Late in the season the plant usually has one or more well-formed
+young plants underground at its base. These are all
+ready to come forth the next season at the first intimation that
+the snow has gone, which easily accounts for its marvelously
+rapid growth. By the end of August, the seed-vessels are
+well developed, and as large as a small marble, but flattened;
+and by that time the plants have lost their brilliant coloring,
+and become dull and faded.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the stems have been boiled and eaten, and
+found quite palatable; but this would seem to the lover of the
+beautiful like eating the showbread from the ark of Nature's
+tabernacle.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SOUTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Delphinium cardinale</i>, Hook. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Three to ten feet tall. Leaves.&mdash;Large; five- to seven-lobed
+nearly to the base, the lobes three- to five-cleft, with long-pointed
+segments. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Large. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Lanceolate; eight lines or
+more long; rotately spreading; the spur an inch or more long; pointed.
+<i>Upper petals.</i>&mdash;Orange, tipped with red; pointed; standing prominently
+forward. (Otherwise as <i>D. nudicaule</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The mountains,
+from Ventura County to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>During all the long springtime, Nature has been quietly
+making her preparations for a grand floral <i>denouement</i> to take
+place about mid-June. If we go out into the mountains of the
+south at that season, we shall be confronted with a blaze of
+glory, the like of which we have probably never witnessed
+before. This is due to the brilliant spires of the scarlet larkspur,
+which sometimes rise to a height of ten feet!</p>
+
+<p>One writer likens the appearance of these blossoms, as they
+grow in dense masses, to a hill on fire; and Mr. Sturtevant
+writes: "To come upon a large group of these plants in full
+bloom for the first time, is an event never to be forgotten. I
+first saw a mass of them in the distance from the top of a hill.
+Descending, I came upon them in such a position that the rays<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[ 365]</a></span>
+of the setting sun intensified the brilliancy of their fiery orange-scarlet
+color. I gathered a large armful of stalks, from three
+to seven feet high, and placed them in water. They continued
+to expand for several weeks in water."</p>
+
+<p>There is a general resemblance between this and the northern
+scarlet larkspur, but the clusters of this are far larger and
+denser, and the individual flowers are finer. The half-opened
+buds more resemble the open flowers of <i>D. nudicaule</i>; but the
+fully expanded flowers have the form of some of the finest of
+the blue larkspurs.</p>
+
+<p>The plants affect a sandy soil or one of decomposed granite.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WESTERN CARDINAL-FLOWER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Lobelia splendens</i>, Willd. Lobelia Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Two to four feet tall; slender, smooth or nearly so.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; mostly sessile; lanceolate or almost linear; glandular-denticulate.
+<i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In an elongated, wandlike raceme; cardinal
+red. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-cleft. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;With straight tube, over an
+inch long and split down the upper side; border two-lipped; upper lip
+with two rather erect lobes; lower spreading and three-cleft, with lobes
+three to six lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five; united into a tube above.
+Anthers somewhat hairy. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Two-celled. Style simple. Stigma
+two-lobed. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles
+Counties, and eastward to Texas.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Western cardinal-flower quite closely resembles <i>L. cardinalis</i>
+of the East, differing from it in a few minor points only.
+I have never been fortunate enough to see it; but I am told that
+it is a magnificent plant, and that from July to September many
+a wet spot in our southern mountain cañons is made gay with
+its brilliant blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Eastern plant Mr. Burroughs writes: "But when
+vivid color is wanted, what can surpass or equal our cardinal-flower?
+There is a glow about this flower, as if color emanated
+from it as from a live coal. The eye is baffled and does not
+seem to reach the surface of the petal; it does not see the texture
+or material part as it does in other flowers, but rests in a
+steady, still radiance. It is not so much something colored as
+it is color itself. And then the moist, cool, shady places it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[ 366]</a></span>
+affects usually, where it has no rivals, and where the large,
+dark shadows need just such a dab of fire! Often, too, we see
+it double, its reflected image in some dark pool heightening its
+effect."</p>
+
+
+<h3>HUMMING-BIRD'S TRUMPET. CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Zauschneria Californica</i>, Presl. Evening-Primrose Family.</h4>
+
+<p>Woody plants, more or less villous. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Much branched;
+ascending or decumbent; one to three feet long. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Mostly
+alternate; sessile; narrowly lanceolate to ovate; six to eighteen lines
+long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Bright scarlet; in a loose spike; funnel-form; twenty
+lines long. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Scarlet; four-cleft. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Four; obcordate;
+borne on the calyx-tube. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Eight. Filaments and style
+more or less exserted. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Four-celled; inferior. Stigma four-lobed.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Plumas County to Mexico; and the Rocky Mountains
+east of the Great Basin.</p>
+
+<p>In late summer and through the autumn, the brilliant blossoms
+of the California Fuchsia brighten the sombre tones of our
+dry, open hill-slopes. Its aspect is one of gay insouciance,
+which would drive away melancholy despite oneself, and
+though other plants have been put to rout, one by one, by
+the sun's fierce glare, nothing daunted, it puts on its brightest
+hues, like a true apostle of cheerfulness. It has been cultivated
+for some time, and is highly prized in Eastern gardens,
+where it has earned for itself the pretty title of "humming-bird's
+trumpet." It is not confined to our limits, but extends
+southward into Mexico, and eastward to Wyoming. We have
+seen it flourishing in the Sierras, where it is particularly beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>It is called "balsamea" by the Spanish-Californians, who
+use a wash of it as a remedy for cuts and bruises.</p>
+
+<p>It varies greatly in the size and hairiness of its leaves, in
+the form of its flowers, which are broadly or narrowly funnel-form,
+and in the exsertion of the stamens and style. The <i>var. microphylla</i>
+has a woolly pubescence, linear leaves often very
+small, three or four lines long, and other small leaves crowded
+in their axils. This is found in the south.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f143"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f143.png">CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA&mdash;<i>Zauschneria Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">There is no glory in star or blossom</span>
+<span class="i1">Till looked upon by a loving eye;</span>
+<span class="ni">There is no fragrance in April breezes</span>
+<span class="i1">Till breathed with joy as they wander by.</span>
+<p class="quotsig">&mdash;William Cullen Bryant.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="VI_MISCELLANEOUS" id="VI_MISCELLANEOUS"></a>VI. MISCELLANEOUS</h2>
+
+
+<h3>MUILLA.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Muilla maritima</i>, Benth. Lily Family.</h4>
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">369</a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>&mdash;A small membranous-coated corm. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Radical;
+linear; equaling the slender scape. <i>Scapes.</i>&mdash;Three to twelve inches
+high, bearing an umbel of small greenish-white flowers, subtended by
+several small lanceolate to linear bracts. <i>Pedicels.</i>&mdash;Five to fifteen;
+two to twelve lines long. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Almost rotate; of six segments;
+two or three lines long. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Globose; three-celled.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast, from Marin County to Monterey; also
+inland.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The generic name of this little plant is <i>Allium</i> reversed.</p>
+
+<p>Though it has a coated bulb like the onion, it has none of
+its garlic flavor. It differs from the other umbellate-flowered
+genera of the Lily family in not having its flowers jointed upon
+their pedicels. It thus seems to be a link between the onion,
+on the one hand, and the beautiful <i>Brodiæas</i> and <i>Bloomerias</i>,
+on the other. It is not at all an attractive plant, though its
+blossoms are pleasantly fragrant.</p>
+
+<p>It is found on the borders of salt marshes and in subsaline
+soils in the interior, as well as upon high hills in stony soils.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>M. serotina</i>, Greene&mdash;common upon
+inland hills in the south, is quite a delicate, pretty flower. Its
+greenish-white blossoms, with dainty Nile-green anthers, are
+nearly an inch across, and each segment has a pale-green mid-nerve.
+The plant has a number of very long, slender leaves,
+and its flower-stems are sometimes two feet tall and very
+slender.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[ 370]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>SILK-TASSEL TREE. QUININE-BUSH.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Garrya elliptica</i>, Dougl. Dogwood Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs five to eight feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Leathery; white-woolly
+beneath; wavy-margined. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Of two kinds on separate shrubs;
+in solitary or clustered catkins; and without petals. <i>Staminate catkins.</i>&mdash;Two
+to ten inches long, consisting of a flexile chain of funnel-form
+bracts, depending one from another; each having six flowers like clappers.
+These flowers with four hairy sepals and four stamens with distinct
+filaments. <i>Pistillate catkins.</i>&mdash;Of similar structure but stouter,
+more rigid. Their flowers without floral envelopes; pistils two; fleshy
+and hairy; stigmas filiform; dark. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Near the Coast from Monterey
+County to Washington.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This shrub might easily be mistaken for one of our young
+live-oaks, with its leathery leaves and gray bark; but the leaves
+are opposite, and not alternate, as with the oaks. The bark
+and leaves have an intensely bitter principle, similar to quinine
+and equally efficacious.</p>
+
+<p>Early in February, after the first spell of balmy weather,
+the bushes put forth their flowers, and then they are exceedingly
+beautiful. The long pale-green chains at the ends of all
+the branches hang limp and flexile, shaken with every breath
+of wind, or, falling over other branches, drape and festoon the
+whole shrub exquisitely. The catkins of the female shrub are
+stouter and more rigid than those of the male; but when the
+fruit is mature, they lengthen out into beautifully tinted clusters
+of little papery-coated grapes, which are quite attractive in
+themselves. This is cultivated as an ornamental shrub in
+England.</p>
+
+<p><i>G. Fremonti</i>, Torr., another species, is distinguished by
+having its leaves pointed at both ends, not wavy-margined, and
+not permanently woolly; and also by its solitary catkins. This
+is the shrub usually spoken of as "quinine-bush," "fever-bush,"
+etc., and whose leaves were used as a substitute for quinine in
+the early days among the miners. It is said that its roots, left
+in the ground after the cutting of the shrub, become marbled
+with green, and are then very beautiful for inlaying in ornamental
+woodwork.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f144"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f144.png">SILK-TASSEL TREE&mdash;<i>Garrya elliptica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIA LAUREL.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Umbellularia Californica</i>, Nutt. Laurel Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[ 372]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs or trees, ten to one hundred feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate;
+short-petioled; lanceolate-oblong; two to four inches long; smooth,
+shining green; very aromatic. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;In clusters. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Six;
+greenish-white; two and a half lines long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;None. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Nine;
+in three rows; the filaments of the inner row having on either
+side, at base, a stalked orange-colored gland. <i>Anthers.</i>&mdash;Four-celled;
+the cells opening by uplifting lids. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Style stout.
+Stigma lobed. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;Olive-like; an inch long; becoming purple.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From Oregon to San Diego.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Early in February we usually have some of our loveliest
+days. Life is then pulsing and throbbing everywhere at full tide.
+The clear sunshine, the murmur of streams, the odor of the
+freshly turned sod, the caroling of larks all are eloquent of
+the springtime. The whole air is filled with a strange, spicy
+fragrance which makes it a delight to breathe. The California
+laurel is shaking out a delicious, penetrating odor from its
+countless blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Sargent refers to this tree as one of the stateliest and
+most beautiful inhabitants of the North American forests, and
+one of the most striking features of the California landscape.</p>
+
+<p>In France it is now much appreciated and cultivated in
+parks and gardens.</p>
+
+<p>In Southern California it is only a shrub; but in the central
+and northern counties it becomes a magnificent tree, a hundred
+feet in height and from four to six feet in diameter. It thrives
+best in the rich soil along stream-banks, though it grows also
+upon hillsides. It would be impossible to mistake this tree for
+any other; for its leaves, when crushed, give out a peculiar pungent
+odor which, if inhaled too much, will cause headache.
+The odor is something like that of bay-rum. The Indians, as
+well as our own people, acting upon the homeopathic principle,
+use them as a remedy for headache. The oil is also used
+effectively in toothache, earache, etc., and enters into the composition
+of certain patent medicines.</p>
+
+<p>The wood of the laurel is one of the most beautiful employed
+by the cabinet-maker, and it is largely used in the manufacture<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[ 373]</a></span>
+of choice furniture. The olive-like fruit is ripe by July, and
+would remain upon the tree until the next year were not the
+squirrels so fond of it.</p>
+
+<p>This tree is known in different localities by a variety of
+names, such as "spice-bush," "balm of heaven," "sassafras
+laurel," "cajeput," "California bay-tree," "California olive,"
+"mountain laurel," and "California laurel." But the last of
+these is the one prevalent where its finest forms are found.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cercocarpus parvifolius</i>, Nutt. Rose Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Shrubs two to twenty feet high; branching from a thick base.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; short-petioled; cuneate; serrate across the summit;
+more or less silky above; densely hoary-tomentose beneath; six
+to eighteen lines long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Mostly solitary; axillary. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Narrowly
+tubular, with a deciduous campanulate five-lobed limb.
+<i>Petals.</i>&mdash;None. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Fifteen to twenty-five; on the calyx.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-(rarely two-) celled. Style simple. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;An akene
+with a silky tail, at length becoming three or four inches long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The
+Coast Ranges from Lake County to Southern California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The mountain mahogany is a common shrub upon the
+interior hills of the Coast Ranges; and when one has once
+made its acquaintance, it is always easily recognized by its
+wedge-shaped, dark-green leaves, prominently veined and
+notched at the summit. Its flowers, having no petals, are
+green and inconspicuous; but the long, solitary plumes of its
+little fruit are very noticeable and pretty. Its wood is the
+heaviest and hardest we have.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Greene says that its leafy twigs have a sweet, birchy
+flavor, rendering them excellent food for cattle in late summer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[ 374]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. PIPE-VINE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Aristolochia Californica</i>, Torr. Birthwort Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Woody; climbing. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; short-petioled;
+large; ovate-cordate, two to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Greenish,
+veined with purple. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Pipe-shaped; the lobes of the lip
+leather-colored within. <i>Anthers.</i>&mdash;Six; sessile; adnate in pairs to the
+thick style under the broad lobes of the stigma; vertical. <i>Stigma.</i>&mdash;Three-lobed.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Inferior; six-angled; six-celled. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A
+large, leathery pod two inches long. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges, from
+Monterey to Marin County.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This odd flower is found rather sparingly in our middle
+Coast Ranges from February to April, and in some parts of
+the Sierra foothills, reaching even to the Yosemite. As it
+flowers before the large leaves come out, and the blossoms are
+much like dead leaves in color, it requires keen eyes to find it.
+It usually grows on low ground, in a tangle of shrubs under
+the trees, often festooning gracefully from branch to branch.
+Before the flowers are fully open, the buds resemble ugly little
+brown ducks hanging from the vine.</p>
+
+<p>The common blue-black butterfly is often seen hovering
+over this vine, and it is said that its caterpillar is so fond of the
+fruit that it rarely permits one to ripen.</p>
+
+<p>Later in the season, the large cordate leaves are quite conspicuous,
+and cause people to wonder what may have been the
+flower of so fine a vine.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TURK'S-HEAD CACTUS. TURBAN CACTUS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Echinocactus viridescens</i>, Nutt. Cactus Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Depressed, hemispherical, fleshy, leafless plants, with from thirteen
+to twenty-one prominent, vertical ribs, bearing groups of rigid spines;
+usually less than a foot in diameter. <i>Spines.</i>&mdash;Straight or recurved;
+stout; reddish; transversely ribbed or ringed. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Sessile;
+borne about the depressed woolly center; yellowish-green; about
+eighteen lines long. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Many; closely imbricated; merging into
+the numerous, oblong, scarious petals; sometimes nerved with red.
+<i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Very many. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. Stigmas twelve to fifteen;
+linear. <i>Berry.</i>&mdash;Pulpy; green; scaly. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;From San Diego
+inland.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="image" id="f145"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f145.png">DUTCHMAN'S PIPE&mdash;<i>Aristolochia Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Turk's-head cactus looks very much like the end of a
+watermelon protruding from the ground, if one could imagine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[ 376]</a></span>
+a watermelon deeply furrowed and furnished with very formidable
+spines.</p>
+
+<p>This plant is abundant near San Diego, growing all over the
+mesas; and it is marvelous that horses and cattle are not more
+often injured by stepping upon these disagreeable, horrent
+globes; but long experience has doubtless taught them the
+instinct of caution.</p>
+
+<p>The plant is really beautiful when crowned with its circle of
+gauzy, yellow-green flowers, which are more like some exquisite
+artificial fabrication than real flowers. The fruit of this cactus
+is slightly acid and rather pleasant.</p>
+
+<p>The plant is cultivated in Europe under the name of <i>Echinocactus
+Californicus</i>.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FAIRY BELLS. DROPS OF GOLD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Prosartes Hookeri</i>, Torr. Lily Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>&mdash;Creeping; spreading. <i>Stem.</i>&mdash;A foot or two high;
+branching horizontally. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; ovate; cordate; acute;
+several-nerved; two or three inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Greenish; one
+to six; six lines long; pendulous under the ends of the branches. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Spreading-campanulate.
+<i>Segments.</i>&mdash;Six; lanceolate; arched
+at the base. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six; equaling or exceeding the perianth.
+<i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-celled. Style slender; entire. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;An obovate,
+somewhat pubescent berry; golden, ripening to scarlet. <i>Syn.</i>&mdash;<i>Disporum
+Hookeri</i>, Britt. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast Ranges from Marin County to
+Santa Cruz; in shady woods, but not by the water.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In our walks through the April woods, we often notice a
+fine plant with branching stems, whose handsomely veined
+leaves are set obliquely to the stem and all lie in nearly the
+same horizontal plane. In our subsequent meetings with the
+plant it seems to change but little, and we begin to grow impatient
+for the coming of the flower, which, however, seems to
+show no disposition to appear. Some day, when bending over
+a bit of moss or a fern-frond, or peering into the silk-lined hole
+of a ground-spider, we suddenly catch a glimmer of something
+under the broad leaves of our hitherto disappointing plant, and
+hastening to examine it, we find to our amazement one or
+more exquisitely formed little green bells hanging from the tip<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[ 377]</a></span>
+of each branch. Later these are often succeeded by small berries,
+at first golden, and afterward scarlet.</p>
+
+<p>The generic name, <i>Prosartes</i>, comes from a Greek word
+signifying <i>to hang from</i>, and is in allusion to the pendulous
+flowers. By some authorities this plant is called <i>Disporum
+Hookeri</i>. The common name, "drops of gold," applies to the
+berry.</p>
+
+<p>Another species <i>P. Menziesii</i>, Don.&mdash;is found growing
+along stream-banks in the Coast Ranges from Marin County
+northward. This differs from the above in its longer, more
+cylindrical, <i>milk-white</i> flowers, and its salmon-colored berries.
+It usually blossoms a little later than the other species, lasting
+till June.</p>
+
+
+<h3>COMMON MUGWORT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Artemisia vulgaris, var. Californica</i>, Bess. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Rather simple; a foot or two high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Ample;
+slashed downward into long acute lobes; green above; cottony-woolly
+beneath; bitter; strong-scented; the upper often entire, linear or lanceolate.
+<i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Minute; two lines high, one broad; composed
+of tubular disk-flowers only; greenish, in long, slender, crowded panicles.
+<i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Near the Coast, from San Francisco northward.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is a common weed along our roadsides, and is easily
+known by its slashed leaves with silvery under surfaces. These
+leaves are very bitter. This is closely allied to the wormwood,
+and by many people is called "wormwood."</p>
+
+
+<h3>ARTEMISIA. SAGEBRUSH.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Artemisia Californica</i>, Less. Composite Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Shrubby; four or five feet high; with many slender
+branches. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; pinnately parted into three- to seven-filiform
+divisions; or entire and filiform; an inch or so long; strong-scented.
+<i>Flower-heads.</i>&mdash;Very small; two lines or less across; numerous,
+in narrow panicles; greenish; composed of tubular disk-flowers
+only. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Marin County to San Bernardino.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The <i>Artemisia</i>, or, as it is more commonly called, "sagebrush,"
+is an old friend that we always expect to meet in our
+walks on rocky hill-slopes. Its leaves have a clean, bitter
+fragrance, similar to that of the mugwort, but sweeter, and when
+crushed in the hand they emit a strong odor of turpentine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[ 378]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Behr tells me that in the early days the miners laid
+sprays of it in their beds to drive away the fleas.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish-Californians regard it as a panacea for all ills,
+and use it in the form of a strong wash to bathe wounds and
+swellings, with excellent results.</p>
+
+<p>Another species&mdash;<i>A. tridentata</i>, Nutt.&mdash;is the shrubby
+form, growing so abundantly all over the alkali plains of the
+Great Basin, where it holds undisputed possession with the
+prairie-dog and the coyote. It has narrow, wedge-shaped
+leaves, which are three-toothed at the apex; and the whole
+plant has a strong odor of turpentine.</p>
+
+<p>This is highly esteemed by the Indians as a medicinal plant.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WILD PIE-PLANT. CANAIGRE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i>, Torr. Buckwheat Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>&mdash;A cluster of Dahlia-like tubers. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;About two feet
+high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Narrowly oblong or lanceolate; a foot long or less;
+acute; undulate; narrowed into a short, very thick petiole. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Light
+raisin-color; in a large panicle a foot or so long. <i>Perianth.</i>&mdash;Of
+six sepals; the outer minute; the inner about five lines long, appressed
+to the ovary. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Six. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Three-angled; one-celled.
+Styles three; short. Stigmas tufted. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Dry, sandy plains of
+Southern California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The wild pie-plant is closely related to the garden rhubarb,
+and also to the dock and the sorrel. In early days in both
+Utah and Southern California housewives used its stems as a
+substitute for the cultivated pie-plant, finding them quite acceptable.
+The Indians have long used the root in the tanning of
+buckskins, and they have also found in it a bright mahogany-brown
+dye, with which to paint their bodies.</p>
+
+<p>Of late this plant has been attracting much notice under the
+name "canaigre," and it is hoped that it will prove a valuable
+substitute for tanbark. If it does, we shall hail it with delight
+as the savior of our beautiful oak forests. Tannin exists in
+large quantities in the thick roots; but it is yet a question
+whether it will prove remunerative to the farmer as a crop. At
+Rialto a company has been formed, which employs many men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[ 380]</a></span>
+to gather and prepare the roots, and there will soon be thousands
+of acres of it under cultivation. The tops of the plants,
+with the small upper portions of the roots, which have all the
+eyes upon them, are cut off and replanted for the next year's
+crop, while the remainder of the root is sliced, dried, pulverized,
+and leached to extract the tannin, which is then ready
+for use.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f146"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f146.png">CANAIGRE&mdash;<i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The plant is a very noticeable one, with its red leaf-stems
+and veins and its large, dense cluster of small raisin-colored
+flowers, and it is often seen upon our southern plains. But I
+am told that over the border in Lower California it grows in
+great abundance, covering the ground for miles. It would
+seem as though its cultivation might be carried on with best
+results where nature produces it so freely.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Gomphocarpus tomentosus</i>, Gray. Milkweed Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p>Densely white-woolly plants, with milky juice. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;One to
+three feet high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Two to four inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Several,
+in a pendulous cluster on yarnlike pedicels; lateral upon the stem
+between the leaves. <i>Calyx.</i>&mdash;Five-parted; inconspicuous. <i>Corolla.</i>&mdash;Deeply
+five-parted; greenish without, pinkish within. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Five;
+sunk in the column and alternating with the five hoods. <i>Hoods.</i>&mdash;Two
+lines across; saccate; open down the outer face. <i>Ovaries.</i>&mdash;Two;
+pointed; capped by a flat stigma. <i>Fruit.</i>&mdash;A pair of follicles; with
+many silken-tufted seeds. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Dry hills from San Diego to Monte
+Diablo.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the south by late spring the very woolly stems and foliage
+of this milkweed become quite noticeable before any hint of
+blossoms appears. The thick, gray leaves look as though they
+might have been cut out of heavy flannel. By May the flower-clusters
+begin to take definite form, and at last the buds open
+and reveal a most interesting flower, whose structure is quite
+complicated. The center of the blossom is occupied by a
+fleshy column, in which are sunk the anthers, and upon which
+are borne certain round, dark wine-colored bodies called the
+"hoods," which are in reality nectaries, holding honey for
+insect visitors. All the pollen in each anther-cell consists of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[ 382]</a></span>
+waxy mass, and the adjacent masses of different anthers are
+bound together by a gummy, elastic band, suspended upon
+the rim of the stigma. The stigma occupies the top of the
+fleshy column, and forms a cap, hiding from view the two tubes,
+or styles, leading down into the ovaries.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f147"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f147.png">HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED&mdash;<i>Gomphocarpus tomentosus</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The milkweeds of California are divided between two genera&mdash;<i>Asclepias</i>
+and <i>Gomphocarpus</i>,&mdash;the difference between them
+lying in the presence of a horn or crest rising out of the hoods
+in <i>Asclepias</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Bees visiting the, blossoms of the milkweeds are said to be
+frequently disabled by the pollen-masses, which adhere to
+them in such numbers and weigh them down so heavily that
+they cannot climb upon their combs, but fall down and perish.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Cypripedium montanum</i>, Dougl. Orchis Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Stout; a foot or two high; leafy. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Four to six
+inches long; pointed. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;One to three; short pediceled. <i>Sepals
+and petals.</i>&mdash;Brownish; eighteen to thirty lines long; the two lower
+sepals united nearly to the apex. <i>Sac.</i>&mdash;An inch long; dull white,
+veined with purple. <i>Anthers.</i>&mdash;Two fertile (one on either side of the
+column); one sterile, four or five lines long, yellow, with purple spots
+longer than the stigma. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The mountains from Central California
+to the Columbia River.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The mountain lady's slipper is a rare plant with us, which
+affects cool, secluded spots in our mountain forests. The
+plants, of which two or three usually grow from a creeping
+rootstock, generally stand where some moisture seeps out.
+The leaves are ample and shapely, and the quaint flowers quiet
+and elegant in coloring.</p>
+
+<p>The long, twisted sepals and petals and the oval sac give
+these blossoms the aspect of some floral daddy-long-legs or
+some weird brownie of the wood. We feel that we have fallen
+upon a rare day when we are fortunate enough to find these
+flowers, and we are reminded of Mr. Burroughs' lines: "How
+fastidious and exclusive is the <i>Cypripedium</i>!... It does
+not go in herds, like the commoner plants, but affects privacy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[ 384]</a></span>
+and solitude. When I come upon it in my walks, I seem to
+be intruding upon some very private and exclusive company."</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f148"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f148.png">MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.&mdash;<i>Cypripedium montanum</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In our Coast Ranges we may look for these blossoms in
+May.</p>
+
+<p>We have but two or three species of <i>Cypripedium</i>. <i>C. Californicum</i>,
+Gray, is similar to <i>C. montanum</i>, but its blossoms
+have comparatively short greenish-yellow sepals and petals, and
+the sac is from white to pale rose-color. They have a more
+compact look, and lack the careless grace of those of the
+mountain lady's slipper. Their haunts are swamps in open
+woodlands in the northern part of the State, where they bloom
+in August and September, and are often found in the company
+of the California pitcher-plant.</p>
+
+
+<h3>REIN-ORCHIS.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Habenaria elegans</i>, Bolander. Orchis Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Root.</i>&mdash;An oblong tuber. <i>Stem.</i>&mdash;Rather slender; a foot or two
+high. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Two; radical; oblong; three to six inches long; eighteen
+lines to two inches wide. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Small; light green; in a
+dense but slender spike. Sepals and petals about equal; two lines
+long; obtuse. <i>Lip.</i>&mdash;Similar, with a filiform spur three to five lines
+long. (Otherwise like <i>H. leucostachys</i>.) <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Near the coast, from
+Monterey to Vancouver Island.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In early summer the fragrant spikes of the rein-orchis stand
+half-concealed under the trees and along the banks bordering
+wooded mountain roads. The little greenish flowers are inconspicuous,
+and reveal themselves only to those who have the
+habit of observation. Early in the spring the rather large
+lily-like leaves were far more noticeable and handsome; but
+they seemed to weary of waiting for the tardy arrival of the
+blossoms, and faded away long since. The little flowers are
+very deliberate about unfolding themselves; and I have sometimes
+watched them when they seemed for weeks at a standstill
+before yielding to the summer's invitation to come forth.</p>
+
+<p>They are arranged in a three-sided spike, on two sides of
+which the long spurs interlace and cross one another in quite a
+warlike manner.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f149"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f149.png">REIN-ORCHIS&mdash;<i>Habenaria elegans</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>TEASEL. FULLER'S THISTLE.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Dipsacus Fullonum</i>, L. Teasel Family.</h4>
+
+<p>The teasel is not an uncommon sight along our roadsides,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[ 386]</a></span>
+having spread considerably since its introduction from Europe,
+some years ago. The strong stems are tall and slender, and
+bear at summit the large bristly cones, surrounded by rigid,
+erect bracts. These cones are the inflorescence of the plant,
+and each downward-pointing little hook is a bract beneath a
+flower. Before the flowers come out, the buds show their
+round, green heads, packed away down among the bristles.
+Then for a time the cones are ringed or covered by the delicate
+flesh-colored flowers; which stand out from the bristles,
+giving the cone a soft, fluffy look. After these have passed
+away, the cavities in which they were stored give the cone a
+pitted appearance. These burs are exquisitely symmetrical,
+and have long been in use by the fuller to "tease," or raise a
+nap upon cloth, whence the name, "teasel." They are cut in
+halves or quarters, and these are set in frames which are
+worked by machinery. Many vain attempts have been made
+to manufacture an instrument to take the place of the teasel;
+but it is difficult to find anything that is strong enough to do
+the work that at the same time will not injure the cloth.</p>
+
+<p>This is enumerated among the plants which are supposed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[ 387]</a></span>
+to foretell the weather. Mr. Dyer quotes the following:&mdash;</p>
+<p class="noin">.&nbsp;  .&nbsp;  .&nbsp;  "tezils, or fuller's thistle, being gathered and hanged
+up in the house where the air may come freely to it, upon the
+alteration of cold and windy weather will grow smoother, and
+against rain will close up its prickles."</p>
+
+<h3>SAMPHIRE. GLASSWORT.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Salicornia ambigua</i>, Michx. Goosefoot Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Coast, from San Francisco to Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="ni">Ye marshes, how candid and simple, and nothing withholding and free,</span>
+<span class="ni">Ye publish yourselves to the sky, and offer yourselves to the sea;</span>
+<span class="ni">Tolerant plains that suffer the sea and the rains and the sun,</span>
+<span class="ni">Ye spread and span, like the catholic man who hath mightily won</span>
+<span class="ni">God out of knowledge, and good out of infinite pain,</span>
+<span class="ni">And sight out of blindness, and purity out of a stain.</span>
+<p class="quotsig">&mdash;<span class="smcap">Sidney Lanier.</span></p>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Though a humble enough plant in itself, the samphire, or
+glasswort, is the source of a wonderful glory in our marshes in
+the autumn. Great stretches of tide-land not already pre-empted
+by the tule are covered by it, showing the most gorgeous
+blendings of crimson, purple, olives, and bronzes, which, seen
+with all the added charm of shifting and changing atmospheric
+effects, far outrival any Oriental rug that could be conceived of.</p>
+
+<p>This plant is easily known by its succulent branching, leafless
+stems and from the fact that it does not grow outside of
+the salt marshes. Its flowering is obscure, and all that can be
+seen is a few small stamens just protruding from the surface of
+the fleshy spike, which appears much like any of the other
+branches, the flowers being sunk in it.</p>
+
+<p>The generic name is derived from two Latin words&mdash;<i>sal</i>,
+salt, and <i>cornu</i>, a horn&mdash;and conveys the idea of saline plants
+with hornlike branches. The English name, "samphire," is of
+French derivation, and comes originally from the old "l'herbe
+de Saint Pierre," formerly having been written "sampêtra"
+and "sampire." In Great Britain this plant is usually designated
+as "<i>marsh</i> samphire," to distinguish it from the ordinary
+samphire, which is a plant of the genus <i>Crithmum</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This plant is much relished by cattle, and in England it is
+made into a pickle, while on the continent it is used as a pot-herb.
+Formerly, in Europe, it was burned in large quantities
+for the soda contained in its ashes.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[ 388]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>MOTTLED SWAMP-ORCHIS. FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Epipactis gigantea</i>, Dougl. Orchis Family.</h4>
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Rootstock.</i>&mdash;Creeping. <i>Stems.</i>&mdash;Leafy; one to four feet high.
+<i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Alternate; sessile; clasping; ovate below; lanceolate above;
+three to eight inches long. <i>Flowers.</i>&mdash;Three to ten; in terminal
+racemes; greenish, veined with purple. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Three; petaloid;
+lanceolate; an inch or less long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;The two upper about equaling
+the sepals. The lip concave; saccate; eared at base; with a
+jointed, pendulous tip. <i>Anther.</i>&mdash;One; sessile upon the top of the
+column. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;One-celled. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;Throughout California.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The casual observer usually alludes to this plant as a
+"lady's slipper," and he is not so very far wrong, for it is
+closely related to the <i>Cypripedium</i>, and resembles it much in
+habit, in the aspect of its leafy stems, and in the general form
+of its blossom. But instead of having its lip in the form of
+a sac, it is open and curiously jointed, the lower portion swinging
+freely, as upon a hinge. When this lid is raised, one can
+fancy some winged seraph or angel enshrined within, but when
+lowered the semblance is more to a monk bowed in meditation.</p>
+
+<p>These beautiful plants will be found abundantly fringing our
+streams in June and July, and the disciples of dear old Isaac
+Walton who then pass down the stream with rod and line are
+usually attracted by their quietly elegant colors. Dull purples
+and greens predominate, though the lip is tinged with orange
+or yellow.</p>
+
+<p>In Northern California and Oregon is occasionally found a
+rare and curious plant&mdash;the "phantom orchis," <i>Cephalanthera
+Oregana</i>, Richenb.f. This plant is white and ghostlike
+throughout, has stems a foot or two high, but no leaves&mdash;only
+three to five scarious sheathing bracts. Its blossoms are
+very similar in size and shape to those of <i>Epipactis gigantea</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I have never had the pleasure of finding this floral oddity
+myself; but one season a friend sent me the only plant which
+was found in a thicket near a pretty camp upon the Sacramento
+River, in the Shasta region.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f150"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f150.png">FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER&mdash;<i>Epipactis gigantea</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT. CALF'S-HEAD.</h3>
+
+<h4><i>Darlingtonia Californica</i>, Torr. Pitcher-plant Family.</h4>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[ 390]</a></span></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Bog plants, with long horizontal rootstocks. <i>Leaves.</i>&mdash;Tubular;
+hooded and appendaged above; eighteen to thirty-four inches high.
+<i>Scape.</i>&mdash;Eighteen inches or more high, with green bracts crowded near
+the solitary nodding flower. Flower parts in fives. <i>Sepals.</i>&mdash;Green;
+twenty lines long. <i>Petals.</i>&mdash;Purplish; shorter than the sepals; constricted
+above into a terminal lobe. <i>Stamens.</i>&mdash;Twelve to fifteen in
+a circle around the ovary. <i>Ovary.</i>&mdash;Top-shaped; truncate; five-lobed;
+five-celled. Style five-lobed. Stigmas thickish. <i>Hab.</i>&mdash;The Sierras,
+from Truckee Pass into Oregon.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Our pitcher-plant is one of the most wonderful and interesting
+of all the forms that grow, linking, as it were, the vegetable
+world with the animal, by its unnatural carnivorous
+habits. If you would like to visit it, this warm July day, we
+will take a mountain trail, leading around under lofty yellow
+pines, Douglas spruces, and incense-cedars, making our way
+through the undergrowth until we come to a swamp lying
+upon a hillside yonder. While still some distance away, we
+can discern the yellowish-green of the myriad hoods as they
+lift themselves in the sunlight like spotted snakes.</p>
+
+<p>If you have never seen the plant before, you will be in a
+fever of excitement till you can reach the spot and actually
+take one of the strange pitchers in your hand to examine it.
+Nothing could be cleverer than the nicely arranged wiles of
+this uncanny plant for the capturing of the innocent&mdash;yes, and
+of the more knowing ones&mdash;of the insect world who come
+within its enchantment. No ogre in his castle has ever gone
+to work more deliberately or fiendishly to entrap his victims
+while offering them hospitality, than does this plant-ogre.
+Attracted by the bizarre yellowish hoods or the tall nodding
+flowers, the foolish insect alights upon the former and commences
+his exploration of the fascinating region. He soon
+comes upon the wing, which often being smeared with a trail
+of sweets, acts as a guide to lure him on to the dangerous
+entrance to the hoodlike dome. Once within this hall of
+pleasure, he roams about, enjoying the hospitality spread for
+him. But at last, when he has partaken to satiety and would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[ 392]</a></span>
+fain depart, he turns to retrace his steps. In the dazzlement
+of the translucent windows of the dome above, he loses sight
+of the darkened door in the floor by which he entered and flies
+forcibly upward, bumping his head in his eagerness to escape.
+He is stunned by the blow and plunged downward into the
+tube below. Here he struggles to rise, but countless downward-pointing,
+bristly hairs urge him to his fate. He sinks
+lower and lower in this "well of death" until he reaches the
+fatal waters in the bottom, where he is at length ingulfed, adding
+one more to the already numerous victims of this diabolical
+plant.</p>
+
+<div class="image" id="f151"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391"></a></span>
+<p class="cen"><a href="images/f151.png">CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT&mdash;<i>Darlingtonia Californica</i>.</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The fluid at the bottom of the well is secreted by the plant,
+and seems to have somewhat the action of a gastric juice in
+disintegrating the insects submerged in it. Many species of
+ants, flies, bees, hornets, grasshoppers, butterflies, moths,
+dragon-flies, beetles, etc., are to be found in the tube, sometimes
+filling it to a depth of two or three inches.</p>
+
+<p>The disagreeableness of the vicinity of these plants can be
+imagined upon a hot day when the sun is shining "upon this
+sad abode of death" and all the air is tainted with their sickening
+odor.</p>
+
+<p>The mountaineers call the plant "calf's-head," because of
+the large yellowish domes of the pitchers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[ 393]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX_TO_LATIN_NAMES" id="INDEX_TO_LATIN_NAMES"></a>INDEX TO LATIN NAMES</h2>
+
+
+<p>[To assist in the pronunciation of the Latin names, the accented syllable in each
+word is indicated by an accent mark. If this syllable ends in a vowel, the vowel has the
+long sound; but if it ends in a consonant, the vowel has a short sound. Either the
+English or the Continental sounds may be given the vowels, though the former are
+more generally authorized.]</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li>Abro´nia latifo´lia, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">marit´ima,<a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">umbella´ta,<a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">villo´sa,<a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>    Achille´a Millefo´lium, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>    Aconi´tum Columbia´num, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Fisch´eri, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>    Adenos´toma fascicula´tum, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      sparsifo´lium, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>    Æs´culus Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>    Amelan´chier alnifo´lia, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>    Amor´pha Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li>    Amsinck´ia, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>    Anagal´lis arven´sis, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>    Anaph´alis Margarita´cea, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>    Anemo´ne nemoro´sa, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      quinquefo´lia, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li>    Anemop´sis Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li>    Antenna´ria, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>    Antirrhi´num Coulteria´num, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      glandulo´sum, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Orcuttia´num, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      va´gans, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+<li>    Apoc´ynum androsæmifo´lium, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      cannab´inum, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li>    Aquile´gia c&oelig;ru´lea, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      trunca´ta, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ar´abis blepharophyl´la, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ara´lia Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ar´butus Menzie´sii, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+<li>    Arctostaph´ylos bi´color, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      glau´ca, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      manzani´ta, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      pun´gens, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li>    Argemo´ne platy´ceras, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li>    Aristolo´chia Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li>    Artemis´ia Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      tridenta´ta, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      vulga´ris, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li>
+
+<li>    As´arum cauda´tum, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Hartwe´gi, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ascle´pias Mexica´na, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>    As´ter Chamisso´nis, <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      salsugino´sus, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li>    Astragalus, <a href="#Page_xxxv">xxxv</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      leucop´sis, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li>    Audiber´tia grandiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      stachyoi´des, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      niv´ea, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Bac´charis Douglas´ii, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      pilula´ris, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>    Bae´ria gra´cilis, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ber´beris Aquifo´lium, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      nervo´sa, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      re´pens, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li>    Bloome´ria au´rea, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Clevelan´di, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>    Boykin´ia occidenta´lis, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li>    Bras´sica ni´gra, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>    Brevoor´tia coccin´ea, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li>    Brodiæ´a capita´ta, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      coccin´ea, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      conges´ta, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      grandiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      ixioi´des, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      lac´tea, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      lax´a, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      multiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      terres´tris, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Brodiæ´a volu´bilis, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[ 394]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>    Brunel´la vulga´ris, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>    Bryan´thus Brew´eri, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>    Calandrin´ia caules´cens, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li>    Calochor´tus, <a href="#Page_xl">xl</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      al´bus, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Ben´thami, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Catali´næ, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      clava´tus, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      lu´teus, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      lu´teus ocula´tus, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      macrocar´pus, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Mawea´nus, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      pulchel´lus, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      splen´dens, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      umbella´tus, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      uniflo´rus, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      venus´tus, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Weed´ii, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>    Calycan´thus occidenta´lis, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+<li>    Calyp´so boreal´is, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>    Camas´sia esculen´ta, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>    Campan´ula prenanthoi´des, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cardam´ine paucisec´ta, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li>    Castille´ia foliolo´sa, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      parviflo´ra, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ceano´thus, <a href="#Page_xxxiv">xxxiv</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      divarica´tus, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      integer´rimus, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      prostra´tus, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      thyrsiflo´rus, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      velu´tinus, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cephalan´thera Orega´na, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cephalan´thus occidenta´lis, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cer´cis occidenta´lis, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cercocar´pus parvifo´lius, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li>    Chamæba´tia foliolo´sa, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      (Pronounced <i>K</i>ameba´tia.)</li>
+
+<li>    Cheiran´thus as´per, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>    Chimaph´ila Menzie´sii, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      umbella´ta, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>    Chlorog´alum pomeridia´num, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>    Chorizan´the staticoi´des, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cicho´rium In´tybus, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>    Clar´kia concin´na, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      el´egans, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>    Clayto´nia perfolia´ta, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li>    Clem´atis lasian´tha, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      ligusticifo´lia, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li>    Clinto´nia Andrewsia´na, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>    Collin´sia bi´color, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>    Collo´mia grandiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>    Convol´vulus arven´sis, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      lute´olus, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      occidenta´lis, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Soldanel´la, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      villo´sus, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>    Corallorhi´za Bigelo´vii, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      multiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cor´nus Nuttal´lii, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cot´ula coronopifo´lia, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cotyle´don Califor´inicum, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      ed´ulis, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      lanceola´ta, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      pulverulen´ta, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cucur´bita f&oelig;tidis´sima, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      peren´nis, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cus´cuta, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      sali´na, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cynoglos´sum gran´de, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>    Cypripe´dium Califor´nicum, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      monta´num, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Darlingto´nia Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>    Datu´ra meteloi´des, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Stramo´nium, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      suaveo´lens, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>    Delphin´ium, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      cardina´le, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      nudicau´le, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      scopulo´rum, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>    Dendrome´con rig´idum, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li>    Denta´ria Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li>    Dicen´tra chrysan´tha, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      formo´sa, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+<li>    Dip´sacus Fullon´um, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>    Dis´porum Hook´eri, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li>    Dodeca´theon Clevelan´di, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Henderso´ni, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Mea´dia, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>    Downin´gia el´egans, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      pulchel´la, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Echinocac´tus virides´cens, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li>    Echinocys´tis faba´cea, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      macrocar´pa, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>    Echinosperm´um floribun´dum, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ellis´ia chrysanthemifo´lia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>    Emmenan´the penduliflo´ra, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ence´lia Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>    Epilo´bium angustifo´lium, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      obcorda´tum, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      panicula´tum, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      spica´tum, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>    Epipac´tis gigante´a, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>    Erig´eron Coul´teri, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>    Erig´eron glau´cus, <a href="#Page_304">304</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[ 395]</a></span></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Philadel´phicus, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      salsugino´sus, <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li>    Eriodic´tyon glutino´sum, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      tomento´sum, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>    Eriog´onum fascicula´tum, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      nu´dum, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      umbella´tum, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      ursi´num, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>    Eriophyl´lum cæspito´sum, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      confertiflo´rum, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li>    Eritrich´ium, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ero´dium Bo´trys, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      cicuta´rium, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      moscha´tum, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>    Erys´imum as´perum, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      grandiflo´rum, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>    Erythræ´a venus´ta, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>    Erythro´nium gigante´um, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      grandiflo´rum, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>    Eschschol´tzia Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li>    Eucharid´ium concin´num, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Fl&oelig;r´kia Douglas´ii, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>    Fraga´ria Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Chilen´sis, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li>    Fremon´tia Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li>    Fritilla´ria biflo´ra, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      coccin´ea, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      lanceola´ta, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      lilia´cea, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      pluriflo´ra, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      pu´dica, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      recur´va, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Ga´lium Apari´ne, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      angustifo´lium, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+<li>    Gar´rya ellip´tica, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Fremon´ti, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li>
+
+<li>    Gaulthe´ria Shal´lon, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>    Gentia´na calyco´sa, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>    Gil´ia, <a href="#Page_xxxvii">xxxvii</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      achilleæfo´lia, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      aggrega´ta, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      androsa´cea, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      capita´ta, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Chamisso´nis, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      dianthoi´des, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      dicho´toma, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      grandiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      tri´color, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>    Gnapha´lium decur´rens, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Sprenge´lii, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>    Gode´tia, <a href="#Page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Bot´tæ, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      grandiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      vimine´a, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>    Gomphocar´pus tomento´sus, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li>
+
+<li>    Goodye´ra Menzie´sii, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>    Grinde´lia cuneifo´lia, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      hirsu´tula, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      robus´ta, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Habena´ria el´egans, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      leucosta´chys, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>    Helian´thus an´nuus, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Califor´nicus, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li>    Heliotro´pium Curassa´vicum, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>    Hemizo´nia luzulæfo´lia, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li>
+
+<li>    Heterome´les arbutifo´lia, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>    Heu´chera micran´tha, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>    Hosack´ia bi´color, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      crassifo´lia, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      gla´bra, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      gra´cilis, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Purshia´na, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Tor´reyi, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li>    Hyper´icum anagalloi´des, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      concin´num, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    I´ris longipet´ala, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      macrosi´phon, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+
+<li>    Iso´meris arbo´rea, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Krynitz´kia, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Lar´rea Mexica´na, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lath´yrus splen´dens, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Tor´reyi, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      vesti´tus, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lava´tera assurgentiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lay´ia glandulo´sa, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      platyglos´sa, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>    Le´dum glandulo´sum, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lepto´syne Douglas´ii, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      marit´ima, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lessin´gia Germano´rum, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      lepto´clada, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lewis´ia redivi´va, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lil´ium Humbold´tii, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      marit´imum, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      pardali´num, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      par´vum, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      rubes´cens, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>    Limnan´thes Douglas´ii, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lina´ria Canaden´sis, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lobe´lia splen´dens, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lonic´era hispid´ula, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[ 396]</a></span></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      involucra´ta, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lupi´nus, xxxiv</li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      al´bifrons, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      arbo´reus, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      bi´color, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      densiflo´rus, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Sti´veri, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li>    Lysichi´ton Camtschatcen´sis, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Ma´dia el´egans, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      sati´va, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li>    Maho´nia Aquifo´lium, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li>    Malaco´thrix Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      saxat´ilis, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      tenuifo´lia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>    Malvas´trum Thur´beri, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>    Mamilla´ria Goodridg´ii, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li>    Marru´bium vulga´re, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>    Meconop´sis heterophyl´la, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>    Medica´go denticula´ta, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      sati´va, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>    Megarrhi´za Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>    Melilo´tus al´ba, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      parviflo´ra, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>    Mentze´lia lævicau´lis, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Lind´leyi, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li>    Mesembryan´themum æquilatera´le, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      crystalli´num, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>    Micram´pelis, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>    Microme´ria Douglas´ii, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>    Mim´ulus, xxxviii</li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      brev´ipes, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      cardina´lis, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Douglas´ii, <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      glutino´sus, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Lewis´ii, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      lu´teus, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      moscha´tus, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>    Mirab´ilis Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>    Monardel´la lanceola´ta, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      odoratis´sima, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      villo´sa, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li>    Mon´tia perfolia´ta, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li>    Muil´la marit´ima, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      seroti´na, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Neil´lia opulifo´lia, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>    Nemoph´ila atoma´ria, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      auri´ta, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      insig´nis, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      interme´dia, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      macula´ta, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Menzie´sii, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      parviflo´ra, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>    Nicotia´na glau´ca, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>    Nu´phar polysep´alum, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li>    Nuttal´lia cerasifor´mis, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    &oelig;nothe´ra, <a href="#Page_xxxv">xxxv</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      bien´nis, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      bistor´ta, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      cheiranthifo´lia, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      ova´ta, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>    Opun´tia basila´ris, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Engelman´ni, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      prolif´era, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      serpenti´na, <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li>
+
+<li>    Orthocar´pus, xxxviii</li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      densiflo´rus, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      erian´thus, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      purpuras´cens, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      versic´olor, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ox´alis cornicula´ta, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>    Orega´na, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Pæo´nia Brown´ii, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>    Papa´ver Califor´nicum, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li>    Pedicula´ris attol´lens, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      densiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Gr&oelig;nlan´dica, <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li>
+
+<li>    Pentachæ´ta au´rea, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>    Penste´mon, xxxix</li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      azu´reus, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Bridge´sii, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      centranthifo´lius, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      cordifo´lius, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      heterophyl´lus, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Menzie´sii, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>    Phace´lia, xxxvii</li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Douglas´ii, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      grandiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Par´ryi, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      tanacetifo´lia, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      vis´cida, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Whitla´via, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>    Phlox Douglas´ii, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li>    Pickerin´gia monta´na, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>    Pipto´calyx, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li>    Plagioboth´rys, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li>    Platyste´mon Califor´nicus, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li>    Polyg´ala Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li>    Polyg´ala cornu´ta, <a href="#Page_286">286</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[ 397]</a></span></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      cuculla´ta, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li>    Potentil´la Anseri´na, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      glandulo´sa, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>    Primu´la suffrutes´cens, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>    Prosar´tes Hook´eri, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Menzie´sii, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li>
+
+<li>    Pru´nus demis´sa, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      ilicifo´lia, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      subcorda´ta, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li>    Pteros´pora andromede´a, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li>    Pyr´ola aphyl´la, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      denta´ta, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      pic´ta, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      rotundifo´lia, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Ranun´culus Califor´nicus, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>    Rham´nus Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Purshia´na, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>    Rhododen´dron Califor´nicum, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      occidenta´le, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>    Rhus aromat´ica, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Canaden´sis, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      diversilo´ba, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      integrifo´lia, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      lauri´na, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      ova´ta, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ri´bes glutino´sum, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Menzie´sii, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      sanguin´eum, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      specio´sum, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      subves´titum, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+
+<li>    Romanzof´fia Sitchen´sis, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li>    Romne´ya Coul´teri, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ro´sa Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      gymnocar´pa, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ru´bus Nutka´nus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      spectab´ilis, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>    Ru´mex hymenosep´alus, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Salicor´nia ambig´ua, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li>
+
+<li>    Sal´via cardua´cea, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Columba´riæ, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>    Sambu´cus glau´ca, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>    Sarco´des sanguin´ea, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+<li>    Saxif´raga Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      pelta´ta, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Virginien´sis, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li>    Scoli´opus Bigelo´vii, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li>    Scrophula´ria Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>    Scutella´ria angustifo´lia, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      tubero´sa, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li>    Se´dum spathulifo´lium, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>    Sidal´cea malvæflo´ra, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>    Sile´ne Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Gal´lica, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      lacinia´ta, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li>    Sisyrin´chium bel´lum, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Califor´nicum, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>    Smilaci´na amplexicau´lis, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      sessilifo´lia, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li>    Sola´num Douglas´ii, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      ni´grum, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      umbellif´erum, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Xan´ti, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+
+<li>    Solida´go Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      occidenta´lis, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>    Spha´cele calyci´na, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>    Spiræ´a betulifo´lia, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      dis´color, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      Douglas´ii, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>    Spiran´thes Romanzoffia´num, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li>    Spra´guea umbella´ta, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>    Sta´chys bulla´ta, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>    Stropholi´rion Califor´nicum, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>    Symphoricar´pos racemo´sus, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Telli´ma af´finis, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      grandiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>    Thermop´sis Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>    Trichoste´ma lanatum, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      lanceola´tum, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li>    Trienta´lis Europæ´a, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>    Tril´lium ova´tum, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      ses´sile, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Umbellula´ria Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Vaccin´ium ova´tum, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li>    Vancouve´ria parviflo´ra, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>    Venegas´ia carpesioi´des, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>    Vera´trum Califor´nicum, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      fimbria´tum, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>    Verbas´cum Blatta´ria, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Thap´sus, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>    Vic´ia gigante´a, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>    Vi´ola Beckwith´ii, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      cani´na, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      ocella´ta, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li class="subitem">      sarmento´sa, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Whip´plea modes´ta, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li>    Whitla´via grandiflo´ra, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>    Wye´thia angustifo´lia, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      gla´bra, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li>    Wye´thia helenioi´des, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[ 398]</a></span></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      mol´lis, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+
+<li>    Xerophyl´lum te´nax, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>    Yuc´ca arbores´cens, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      bacca´ta, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+
+<li>    Yuc´ca Mohaven´sis, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      Whip´plei, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>    Zauschne´ria Califor´nica, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+<li>    Zygade´nus Fremon´ti, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li class="subitem">      veneno´sus, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX_TO_ENGLISH_NAMES" id="INDEX_TO_ENGLISH_NAMES"></a>INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES</h2>
+
+
+<ul><li>Aconite, <a href="#Page_328">328</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[ 399]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Alfalfa, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>Alfilerilla, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Alpine Heather, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+<li>Alpine Phlox, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li>Alpine Willow-Herb, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li>
+
+<li>Alum-Root, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li>Amapola, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li>American Barrenwort, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>American Velvet-Plant, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Amole, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Angels' Trumpets, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Apple of Peru, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>August-Flower, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Azulea, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Baby-Blue-Eyes, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Baby-Eyes, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Ball-Sage, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Balm of Heaven, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li>Balsamea, <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+<li>Beach-Aster, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+<li>Beach Morning-glory, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>Beach Primrose, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Beach Strawberry, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li>Bearberry, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li>Bear-Clover, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li>Bearwood, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Beautiful Clarkia, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li>Bed-Straw, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li>Bellflower, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>Black Lily, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Black Sage, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li>Bladderpod, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Blazing-Star, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+<li>Bleeding-Heart, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+<li>Blood-Drop, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue-Blossom, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue-Curls, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue-eyed Grass, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue Gentian, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue Gilia, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue Larkspur, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue-and-white Lupine, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue Milla, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue Myrtle, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li>Blue-veined Nemophila, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Blueweed, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>Big-Root, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Bird's-Eyes, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Bitter-Bark, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Bitter-Root, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Brass Buttons, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Brodiæa, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Bronze-Bells, }</li>
+<li>Brown Lily, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;}<a href="#Page_264">&nbsp;264</a></li>
+
+<li>Buck-Brush, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Bur-Clover, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Butter-and-Eggs, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+
+<li>Butterfly Tulip, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li>Button-Bush,&nbsp;&nbsp; }</li>
+<li>Button-Willow,}<a href="#Page_98">&nbsp;98</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Cajeput, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li>Calabazilla, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Calf's-Head, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Azalea, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>California Bay-Tree, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Bee-Plant, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Bluebells, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Buckeye, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Centaury, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>California Coffee, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Compass-Plant, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Dandelion, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian False Hellebore, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Figwort, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Fish-hook Cactus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Four-o'clock, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>California Fuchsia, <a href="#Page_366">366</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[ 400]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Californian Goldenrod, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Hardhack, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Harebell, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Holly, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Horse-Chestnut, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li>California Laurel, <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li>
+
+<li>California Lilac, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Lobelia, <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Milkwort, <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Olive, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Pitcher-Plant, <a href="#Page_390">390</a></li>
+
+<li>California Poppy, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Rose-Bay, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Saxifrage, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Slippery-Elm, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Spikenard, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li>Califor'n Sweet-scented Shrub, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Trillium, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+<li>Californian Wild Currant, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li>Calypso, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li>
+
+<li>Camass, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>Canaigre, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+
+<li>Cancer-Root, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li>Canchalagua, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Canker Lettuce, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Cascara Sagrada, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Catalina Mariposa Tulip, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+<li>Cat's-Ears, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Chamisal, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Chamise Lily, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Chamiso, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li>Chaparral Lily, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>Chaparral Pea, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Chia, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Chicalote, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li>Chickweed-Wintergreen, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Chicory, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Chilean Clover, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>Chili-Cojote, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Chilicothe, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Chittemwood, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Chocolate Lily, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+<li>Choke-Cherry, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Cholla-Cactus, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Christmas-Berry, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Christmas-Horns, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Christmas-Rose, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Cinquefoil, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Clarkia, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Cleavers, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li>Clematis, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li>Climbing Pentstemon, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li>Clintonia, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Clocks, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Cluster-Lily, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Coast Lily, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+<li>Collinsia, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Columbine, <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Aster, <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Black Mustard, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Buttercup, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Elder, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Evening Primrose, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Fleabane, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Milkweed, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Monkey-Flower, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Mugwort, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Nightshade, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Stramonium, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Sunflower, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li>Common White Lupine, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Wild Pea, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li>Common Wild Rose, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+<li>Copa de Oro, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li>Coral-Root, <a href="#Page_272">272</a></li>
+
+<li>Coulter's Snapdragon, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+
+<li>Cowslips, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Cream-colored Wall-Flower, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Cream-Cups, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li>Creeping Wood-Violet, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li>Creosote-Bush, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Cudweed, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Cup of Gold, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li>Death Camass, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li>Deerweed, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Devil's Apple, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Diogenes' Lantern, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Dodder, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Dog's-tooth Violet, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Dog-Violet, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li>Dormidera, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li>Douglas Iris, <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+<li>Drops of Gold, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li>Dutchman's Pipe, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li>Echeveria, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li>Elephants' Heads, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Ellisia, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Escobita, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Espuela del Caballero, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+<li>Evening Snow, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Everlasting Flower, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Fairy Bells, <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li>
+
+<li>False Alum-Root, <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+<li>False Indigo, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[ 401]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>False Lupine, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>False Lady's Slipper, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>False Mallow, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>False Pimpernel, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li>False Solomon's Seal, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li>False Tidy-Tips, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>Farewell to Spring, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Fawn-Lily, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+
+<li>Fetid Adder's-Tongue, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li>
+
+<li>Fever-Bush, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li>
+
+<li>Fig-Marigold, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Filaree, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Finger-Tips, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Firecracker Flower, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
+
+<li>Fireweed, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Flaming Poppy, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Floriponda, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Fly-Flower, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Fragrant Sumach, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Friar's-Cap, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>Fringed Gilia, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Fuller's Thistle, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Giant Californian White Poppy, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Glasswort, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li>
+
+<li>Gobernadora, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Godetia, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
+
+<li>Golden Brodiæa, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>Golden Butterfly-Tulip, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li>Golden Dicentra, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li>Golden Lily-Bell, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Golden Stars, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+
+<li>Golden Thread, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Golden Yarrow, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li>Golden-eyed Grass, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Goose-Grass, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li>Gourd, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Grass-Nuts, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Greasewood, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Great Willow-Herb, <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+<li>Green-banded Mariposa, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+
+<li>Green-stemmed Filaree, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Ground-Iris, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+
+<li>Ground-Pink, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li>
+
+<li>Groundsel-Tree, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>Gum-Plant, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Hag-Taper, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Hairbell, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Harvest Brodiæa, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+<li>Heal-All, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>Heart's-Ease, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li>Hedge-Nettle, <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+<li>Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Helmet-Flower, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>Hen-and-Chickens, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li>Hideondo, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Hog-Onion, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Hog's Potato, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Holly-leaved Barberry, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li>Holly-leaved Cherry, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li>Horehound, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li>Hound's-Tongue, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>Huckleberry, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+<li>Humboldt's Lily, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li>Humming-bird's Sage, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li>Humming-bird's Trumpet, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+<li>Ice-Plant, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Incense-Shrub, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+<li>Indian Lettuce, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Indian Paint-Brush, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Indian Pink, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li>Indian Plume, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Indian Rhubarb, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+<li>Indian Warrior, <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+<li>Indian Wheat, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li>Innocence, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+<li>Islay, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Ithuriel's Spear, <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+<li>Jamestown-Weed, }</li>
+
+<li>Jimson-Weed,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; }<a href="#Page_96">&nbsp;96</a></li>
+
+<li>Joshua-Tree, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Judas-Tree, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>June-Berry, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Kamass, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>Labrador Tea, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+
+<li>Lady's Tobacco, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Ladies' Tresses, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li>Lantern of the Fairies, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Large-flowered Brodiæa, <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+<li>Large-flowered Datura, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Large-flowered Dogwood, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Large-flowered Phacelia, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li>Large Vetch, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>Large White Mountain Daisy, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+
+<li>Large Yellow Lupine, <a href="#Page_161"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">161</ins></a></li>
+
+<li>Lavender Mountain Daisy, <a href="#Page_332"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">332</ins></a></li>
+
+<li>Lead-Plant, <a href="#Page_315"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">315</ins></a></li>
+
+<li>Leatherwood, <a href="#Page_160"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">160</ins></a></li>
+
+<li>Lemonade-Berry, <a href="#Page_3"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">3</ins></a></li>
+
+<li>Lemon-Lily, <a href="#Page_109"><ins class ="mycorr" title = "missing from text">109</ins></a></li>
+
+<li>Leopard-Lily, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[ 402]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Lessingia, <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+
+<li>Lilac Sand-Verbena, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>Little Alpine Lily, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li>Llavina, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li>Lobelia, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li>Loco-Weed, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li>Love-Vine, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li>Lucern, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Mad-Apple, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Madrone, }</li>
+<li>Madroño, }<a href="#Page_37">&nbsp;37</a></li>
+
+<li>Mad Violets, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Mahala Mats, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>Mahogany, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+<li>Mahonia, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li>Main-oph-weep, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Man-in-the-Ground, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Manzanita, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li>Marianas, <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+<li>Mariposa Tulip, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li>Matilija Poppy, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li>Meadow-Foam, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Meadow-Sweet, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Mesembryanthemum, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+
+<li>Milfoil, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Milkweed, Hornless Woolly, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li>
+
+<li>Milk-white Rein-Orchis, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li>Miner's Lettuce, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li>Mission-Bells, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li>Mission Poppy, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>Mist-Maidens, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li>Mock-Orange, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li>Monk's-Hood, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+<li>Mosquito-Bills, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li>Moth-Mullein, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li>
+
+<li>Mother's Heart, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li>Mottled Swamp-Orchis, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>Mountain Balm, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Mountain Birch, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>Mountain Heart's-Ease, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+<li>Mountain Lady's Slipper, <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li>
+
+<li>Mountain Laurel, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li>Mountain Mahogany, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li>Mountain Misery, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li>Muilla, <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+<li>Musky Filaree, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Naked Broom-Rape, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li>Nievitas, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li>Nigger-Babies, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Nigger-Heads, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Nine-Bark, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Noona, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+
+<li>Northern Scarlet Larkspur, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Oregon Grape, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li>Orpine, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Oso-Berry, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li>Our Lord's Candle, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>Pearly Everlasting Flower, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Pennyroyal, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li>Pentachæta, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Pepper-Root, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li>Phantom Orchis, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li>
+
+<li>Pigeon-Berry, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Pimpernel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Pin-Clover, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Pine-Drops, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+
+<li>Pink Monkey-Flower, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li>
+
+<li>Pink Paint-Brush, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li>
+
+<li>Pipe-Vine, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li>Pipsissiwa, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>Pitcher-Sage, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Poison-Oak, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li>Poison-Weed, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li>Poléo, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+<li>Poor-Man's Weather-Glass, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li>Pop-corn Flower, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li>Prairie-Pointers, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li>Prickly-Pear, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Prickly Phlox, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li>Pride of California, The, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li>Pride of the Mountains, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>Prince's Pine, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li>Purple Nemophila, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Pussy's-Ears, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+<li>Pussy's-Paws, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>Quinine-Bush, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li>
+
+<li>Racine-Amère, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Rattlesnake Plantain, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li>Rattle-Weed, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li>Redbud, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Red-stemmed Filaree, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+<li>Redwood Lily, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>Redwood Sorrel, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Rein-Orchis, <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li>
+
+<li>Resin-Weed, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li>Rice-Root, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+
+<li>Rock-Cress, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
+
+<li>Rock-Fringe, <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li>
+
+<li>Rock-Rose, <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+<li>Romero, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li>Roosters'-Heads, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li>
+
+<li>Ruby Lily, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li>Sacred Bark, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[ 403]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Sage, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+<li>Sagebrush, <a href="#Page_377">377</a></li>
+
+<li>Saitas, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Salal, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>Samphire, <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li>
+
+<li>Sassafras Laurel, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li>Satin-Bell, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Sauco, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li>Scarlet Bugler, <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+<li>Scarlet Fritillary, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+
+<li>Scarlet Gilia, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Scarlet Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+<li>Scarlet Monkey-Flower, <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+<li>Scarlet Paint-Brush, <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+
+<li>Sea-Dahlia, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Self-Heal, <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+<li>Service-Berry, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li>Shad-Bush, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Shasta Lily, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Shepherd's Purse, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+<li>Shooting-Stars, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Sierra Plum, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li>Sierra Primrose, <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+<li>Silk-Tassel Tree, <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li>
+
+<li>Silver-weed, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li>Silkweed, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Si me quieres, no me quieres, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Skullcap, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+<li>Skunk-Cabbage, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li>Snow-Berry, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Snow-Plant, <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+<li>Snowy Lily-Bell, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Soap-Bush, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li>
+
+<li>Soap-Plant, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+
+<li>Sour-Grass, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Southern Scarlet Larkspur, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+
+<li>Spanish Bayonet, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li>Spanish Lily, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li>
+
+<li>Spat'lum, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Spice-Bush, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li>
+
+<li>Spineless Tuna, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+
+<li>Spreading Dogbane, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
+
+<li>Spring-Blossom, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li>Squaw-Berry, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Squaw-Grass, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Squaw's Carpet, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+<li>Star-Flower, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
+
+<li>Stickseed, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></li>
+
+<li>Sticky Monkey-Flower, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+
+<li>St. John's-Wort, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li>Stonecrop, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Strawberry Cactus, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li>Succory, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Sulphur-Flower, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Sun-Cups, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li>Sunflower, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+<li>Sunshine, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li>Tall Mountain Larkspur, <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+<li>Tarweed, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li>
+
+<li>Teasel, <a href="#Page_386">386</a></li>
+
+<li>Thimble-Berry, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li>Thistle-Poppy, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+
+<li>Thistle-Sage, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+<li>Thorn-Apple, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li>Tidy-Tips, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>Tiger-Lily, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li>Toad-Flax, <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+<li>Tobacco-Root, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
+
+<li>Tolguacha, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>Toothwort, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li>Torosa, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li>Toyon, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+<li>Tree-Mallow, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Tree-Poppy, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li>Tree-Tobacco, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Tree-Yucca, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+<li>Trefoil Sumach, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Tuna, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li>Turban Cactus, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li>Turkey-Beard, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li>Turkish Rugging, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+<li>Turk's-head Cactus, <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li>
+
+<li>Twin-Berry, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+
+<li>Twining Hyacinth, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+<li>Umbrella-Plant, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+<li>Velvet Cactus, <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li>
+
+<li>Venegasia, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li>Vervenia, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li>Villela, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li>
+
+<li>Violet Beard-Tongue, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+<li>Violet Nightshade, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li>
+
+<li>Violet Snapdragon, <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+<li>Virgin's Bower, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Wahoo, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li>Wake-Robin, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li>Washington Lily, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
+
+<li>Water-Holly, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li>Water-Lily, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+<li>Western Boykinia, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+<li>Western Cardinal-Flower, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li>
+
+<li>Western Goldenrod, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+<li>Western Spice-Bush, <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+<li>Western Wall-Flower, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li>Whipplea, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[ 404]</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Whispering Bells, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>White Brodiæa, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>White Daisy, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li>White Evening Primrose, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li>White Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li>White Fritillary, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+<li>White Globe-Tulip, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li>White Layia, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li>White Nemophila, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>White Owl's Clover, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li>White Sage, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li>White Sweet Clover, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>White Tea-Tree, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li>White-veined Shinleaf, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Bachelor's Button, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Bouvardia, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Bridal-Wreath, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Broom, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Buckwheat, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Canterbury-Bell, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Cherry, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Coreopsis, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Cucumber, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Cyclamen, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Date, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Ginger, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Gooseberry, <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_282">282</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Hollyhock, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Hyacinth, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Lantana, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Morning-glory, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Peony, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Pie-Plant, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Plum, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild Portulaca, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+<li>Wild White Lilac, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+<li>Wind-Flower, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li>Wind-Poppy, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li>Wintergreen, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+<li>Wood Anemone, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li>Wood-Balm, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li>Woodland Star of Bethlehem, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li>Wood Strawberry, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+<li>Woolly Blue-Curls, <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+<li>Woolly Breeches, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Yarrow, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow-Boy, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow Daisy, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow Globe-Tulip, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow Mariposa Tulip, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow Pansy, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow Pond-Lily, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow-Root, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow Sand-Verbena, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow Star Tulip, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+<li>Yellow Sweet Clover, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+
+<li>Yerba Buena, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+
+<li>Yerba de Chivato, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li>Yerba del Indio, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+<li>Yerba del Pasmo, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li>Yerba Mansa, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li>Yerba Santa, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li>Yucca-Palm, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Zygadene, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li></ul>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[ 405]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX_OF_TECHNICAL_TERMS" id="INDEX_OF_TECHNICAL_TERMS"></a>INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS</h2>
+
+
+<ul><li>Aggregate fruit, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+<li>Akene, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+<li>Ament, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Anther, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Axil, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Berry, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+<li>Blade, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li>
+
+<li>Bract, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+<li>Bulb, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Calyx, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Capsule, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+<li>Catkin, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Complete flower, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Compound leaf, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li>
+
+<li>Corm, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li>
+
+<li>Corolla, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Corymb, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+<li>Cyme, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Drupe, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Essential organs, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Female flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Filament, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Flower-cluster, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+<li>Flower-head, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Follicle, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+<li>Foot-stalk, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li>
+
+<li>Fruit, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Gourd, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Imperfect flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Inflorescence, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+<li>Internodes, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li>
+
+<li>Involucre, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Leaflet, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li>
+
+<li>Leaves, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li>
+
+<li>Legume, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Male flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Neutral flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Nodes, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Ovary, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Palmate leaf, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li>
+
+<li>Panicle, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Pedicel, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+<li>Peduncle, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+<li>Pepo, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+<li>Perianth, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Perfect flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Pericarp, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Petals, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Petiole, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li>
+
+<li>Pinnate leaf, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li>
+
+<li>Pistil, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Pistillate flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Pollen, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Pome, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Raceme, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+<li>Rhizome, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li>
+
+<li>Root, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li>
+
+<li>Rootstock, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Samara, <a href="#Page_xxx">xxx</a></li>
+
+<li>Scape, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+<li>Sepals, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Simple leaf, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li>
+
+<li>Solitary flower, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+<li>Spadix, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Spathe, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Spike, <a href="#Page_xxviii">xxviii</a></li>
+
+<li>Stamen, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Staminate flower, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Staminodia, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Stem, <a href="#Page_xxii">xxii</a></li>
+
+<li>Stigma, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+<li>Stipules, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li>
+
+<li>Style, <a href="#Page_xxix">xxix</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Tuber, <a href="#Page_xxiii">xxiii</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Umbel, <a href="#Page_xxvii">xxvii</a></li>
+
+
+<li>Veinlets, <a href="#Page_xxiv">xxiv</a></li></ul>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[ 406]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="GLOSSARY" id="GLOSSARY"></a>GLOSSARY</h2>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Abortive</i>, defective or barren.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Acuminate</i>, ending in a tapering
+point.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Adnate</i>, growing to; or said of an
+anther whose cells are borne
+upon the sides of the apex of
+the filament.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Appendage</i>, any superadded part.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Appressed</i>, lying flat against or together
+for the whole length.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Arborescent</i>, treelike; approaching
+the size of a tree.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Attenuate</i>, slenderly tapering to a
+point.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Auricle</i>, a small earlike lobe at the
+base of a leaf.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Awn</i>, a bristle-shaped appendage.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Barb</i>, a sharply reflexed point upon
+an awn, etc., like the barb of a
+fish-hook.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Basifixed</i>, attached by the base or
+lower end.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Beak</i>, a narrow or prolonged tip.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Bifid</i>, two-cleft to the middle or
+thereabouts.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Bilabiate</i>, two-lipped.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Blade</i>, the expanded portion of a
+leaf, petal, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Bract</i>, one of the leaves of a flower-cluster.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Bracteate</i>, furnished with bracts.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Bractlet</i>, a bract of the ultimate
+grade; as one inserted <i>on</i> a pedicel
+or ultimate flower-stalk instead
+of <i>under</i> it.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Bracteolate</i>, having bractlets.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Bulbiferous</i>, bearing bulbs.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Caducous</i>, dropping off very early.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Campanulate</i>, bell-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Capitate</i>, headlike, or collected in
+a head.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Carina</i>, a salient longitudinal projection
+on the center of the lower
+face of an organ.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Carinate</i>, furnished with a carina,
+or keel.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Carpel</i>, a simple pistil, or one of the
+several parts of a compound one.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Ciliate</i>, marginally fringed with
+hairs.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Clavate</i>, club-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Claw</i>, the narrowed base, or stalk,
+which some petals, etc., possess.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Coalescing</i>, cohering; used properly
+in respect to similar parts.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Column</i>, a body formed by the
+union of filaments (stamineal);
+or (in orchids) of the stamens and
+pistil.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Confluent</i>, blended, or running together.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Connate</i>, growing together; united
+in one.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Connective</i>, the portion of the filament
+which connects or separates
+the cells of an anther.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Connivent</i>, coming into contact or
+converging.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Cordate</i>, heart-shaped.</p><p class="noin"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[ 407]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Coriaceous</i>, leathery.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Corymb</i>, a flat-topped inflorescence
+flowering from the margin inward.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Corymbose</i>, in corymbs, or in the
+form of a corymb.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Cruciferous</i>, of four somewhat
+similar petals, spreading in the
+form of a cross.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Cymose</i>, in cymes. (See <i>cyme</i>, in
+Explanation of Terms, p. xxviii.)</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Deciduous</i>, falling at the end of the
+season.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Declined</i>, bent or curved downward
+or forward.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Decumbent</i>, reclining, but with
+summit ascending.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Decurrent</i>, running down the
+stem; applied to a leaf with
+blade prolonged below its insertion.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Deflexed</i>, bent or turned abruptly
+downward.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Dehiscing</i>, opening by valves, slits,
+or regular lines; as a capsule or
+an anther.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Deltoid</i>, having the shape of the
+Greek letter <i>delta</i>; broadly triangular.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Denticulate</i>, minutely toothed.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Depauperate</i>, impoverished in size
+by unfavorable surroundings.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Dichotomous</i>, forking regularly by
+pairs.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Diæcious</i>, with stamens and pistils
+in different flowers on different
+plants.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Dissected</i>, deeply cut, or divided
+into numerous segments.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Divaricate</i>, extremely divergent.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Divided</i>, lobed or cut clear to the
+base.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Emarginate</i>, notched at the extremity.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Entire</i>, with the margin uninterrupted;
+without teeth or divisions
+of any sort.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Equitant</i>, astride; as of leaves
+folding over each other in two
+ranks; as in the iris.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Erose</i>, gnawed.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Exserted</i>, projecting beyond an envelop;
+as stamens from a corolla.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Extrorse</i>, facing outward; said of
+the anther.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Falcate</i>, scythe-shaped; sickle-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Fascicled</i>, in a close cluster or bundle;
+said of flowers, stalks, roots,
+and leaves.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Fertile</i>, capable of producing fruit;
+as a pistillate flower; applied
+also to a pollen-bearing stamen.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Fibrous</i>, composed of or of the
+nature of fibres.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Filiform</i>, threadlike.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Flexuous</i>, zigzag; bent alternately
+in opposite directions.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Foliaceous</i>, leaflike in structure or
+appearance; leafy.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Foliolate</i>, having leaflets; the number
+indicated by the Latin prefixes,
+<i>bi-</i>, <i>tri-</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Follicle</i>, a pod formed from a
+single pistil, dehiscing along the
+ventral suture only.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Free</i>, not growing to other organs.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Fugacious</i>, falling very early.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Funnel-form</i>, tubular, but expanding
+gradually from the narrow
+base to the spreading border or
+limb; <i>e. g.</i> the Morning-glory
+flower.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Galea</i>, a helmet; applied to the
+helmet-shaped upper lip of the
+corolla in <i>Labiatæ</i>, etc.; also in
+some <i>Scrophularineæ</i>, though
+not so shaped.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Glabrous</i>, without any kind of
+hairiness.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Gland</i>, any secreting structure, depression
+or prominence, on any
+part of a plant, or any structure
+having such an appearance.</p><p class="noin"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[ 408]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Glandular</i>, bearing glands, or
+glandlike.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Glaucous</i>, covered or whitened with
+a bloom like that on a cabbage-leaf.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Habit</i>, the general form or mode
+of growth of a plant.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Herbaceous</i>, having the character
+of an herb; not woody or
+shrubby.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Hispid</i>, beset with rigid or bristly
+hairs, or with bristles.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Imbricate</i>, overlapping, like shingles
+on a roof.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Incised</i>, cut irregularly and sharply.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Included</i>, inclosed by the surrounding
+organs; not exserted.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Indigenous</i>, native to the country.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Inferior</i>, said of the ovary when
+the calyx, corolla, or stamens are
+borne upon its summit or sides.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Inflorescence</i>, the flowering portion
+of a plant, and especially the
+mode of its arrangement.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Innate</i>, said of an anther when it
+is a continuation of the filament.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Introrse</i>, facing inward, or toward
+the axis, as an anther.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Involucrate</i>, having an involucre.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Involucre</i>, a circle of bracts subtending
+a flower-cluster.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Involute</i>, rolled inward.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Keel.</i> (See <i>carina</i>.)</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Keeled</i>, furnished with a keel, or
+carina.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Lacerate</i>, torn; irregularly and
+deeply cleft.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Laciniate</i>, cut into narrow, slender
+teeth, or lobes.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Liliaceous</i>, lily-like.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Limb</i>, the dilated and usually
+spreading portion of a perianth
+or petal as distinct from the tubular
+part, or claw.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Line</i>, the twelfth part of inch.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Linear</i>, narrow and elongated,
+with parallel margins.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Lip</i>, either of the two divisions of
+a bilabiate corolla or calyx; in
+orchids the upper petal (often,
+apparently, the lower) usually
+very different from the others.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Lobe</i>, any division of a leaf, corolla,
+etc., especially if rounded.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Lunate</i>, crescent-shaped, or half-moon-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Lyrate</i>, lyre-shaped; pinnatifid
+with the terminal lobe large and
+rounded, and one or more of the
+lower pairs small.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Membranaceous</i>, thin; rather soft
+and translucent, like membrane.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Mon&oelig;cious</i>, with stamens and pistils
+in separate blossoms on the
+same plant.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Mucronate</i>, with a short, abrupt,
+small tip.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Nectar</i>, the sweetish secretion of
+the blossom from which bees
+make honey.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Nectary</i>, the place or gland in
+which nectar is secreted.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Nerve</i>, a simple, unbranched vein
+or slender rib.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Nerved</i>, furnished with a nerve or
+nerves.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Ob-</i>, used as a prefix meaning inversely.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Obtuse</i>, blunt or rounded at the end.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Odd-pinnate</i>, pinnate, with an odd
+leaflet at the end.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Palate</i>, a protrusion at or near the
+throat of a two-lipped corolla.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Panicle</i>, a loose, irregularly branching
+inflorescence.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Papilionaceous</i>, butterfly-like; applied
+to the peculiar irregular
+flower common in <i>Leguminosæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Papillæ</i>, minute, thick, nipple-shaped,
+or somewhat elongated
+projections.</p><p class="noin"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[ 409]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Parasitic</i>, growing upon and deriving
+nourishment from another
+plant.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Parted</i>, cleft nearly, but not quite,
+to the base.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Perfoliate</i>, said of leaves connate
+about the stem.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Persistent</i>, not falling off; said of
+leaves continuing through the
+winter.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Petaloid</i>, petal-like.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Petiolate</i>, having a petiole.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Petiole</i>, the foot-stalk of a leaf.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Petiolulate</i>, having a petiolule.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Petiolule</i>, the foot-stalk of a leaflet.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Pinnate</i>, having its parts arranged
+in pairs along a common rachis.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Pinnatifid</i>, pinnately cleft.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Pistillate</i>, having a pistil or pistils,
+and no stamens.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Puberulent</i>, minutely pubescent.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Pubescent</i>, covered with hairs, usually
+soft and short.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Rachis</i>, the axis (backbone) of a
+spike, or of a compound leaf.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Radiate</i>, diverging from a common
+center, or bearing ray-flowers;
+said of flower-heads of composite
+plants.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Radical</i>, belonging to or proceeding
+from the root, or from the
+base of the stem.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Ray</i>, one of the radiating branches
+of an umbel; the marginal flowers,
+as distinct from those of the
+disk, in <i>Compositæ</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Receptacle</i>, a more or less expanded
+surface, forming a support for
+a cluster of organs (in a flower)
+or a cluster of flowers (in a head),
+etc.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Recurved</i>, curved backward or
+downward.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Reflexed</i>, abruptly bent or turned
+backward or downward.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Regular</i>, symmetrical in form; uniform
+in shape or structure.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Retrorse</i>, directed backward or
+downward.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Revolute</i>, rolled backward from
+the margins or apex.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Rhomboidal</i>, quadrangular, with
+the lateral angles obtuse.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Rudiment</i>, an imperfectly developed
+and functionally useless
+organ.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Rugose</i>, wrinkled; ridged.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Saccate</i>, sac-shaped; baggy.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Sagittate</i>, shaped like an arrowhead;
+triangular, with basal lobes
+prolonged downward.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Salver-form</i>, narrowly tubular, with
+limb abruptly or flatly expanded.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Scabrous</i>, rough to the touch.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Scape</i>, a naked peduncle rising
+from the ground.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Scarious</i>, thin, dry, membranaceous,
+and not green.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Scorpioid</i>, incurved like the tail of
+a scorpion; said of an inflorescence.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Segment</i>, one of the parts of a leaf
+or other organ that is cut or
+divided.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Serrate</i>, having teeth directed forward,
+like the teeth of a saw.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Serrulate</i>, minutely serrate.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Sessile</i>, stemless.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Sinus</i>, a recess or re-entering angle.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Sheathing</i>, infolding like a sheath.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Spathe</i>, a large bract or pair of
+bracts (often colored) inclosing
+a flower-cluster.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Spinescent</i>, ending in a spine or
+rigid point.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Spinulose</i>, with diminutive spines.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Spur</i>, a usually slender tubular
+process, from some part of a
+flower, often honey-bearing.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Staminate</i>, having stamens, but
+no pistils.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Staminodium</i>, a sterile stamen, or
+something taking the place of a
+stamen.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[ 410]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Stellate</i>, star-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Sterile</i>, barren; incapable of producing
+seed; a sterile stamen is
+one not producing pollen.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Striate</i>, marked with fine longitudinal
+lines.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Subtended</i>, supported or surrounded;
+as a pedicel by a bract, or a
+flower-cluster by an involucre.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Subulate</i>, awl-shaped.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Succulent</i>, fleshy and juicy.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Superior</i>, growing above; a superior
+ovary is one wholly above
+and free from the calyx.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Terete</i>, cylindrical.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Ternate</i>, in threes.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Thyrse</i>, a contracted or ovate panicle.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Thyrsoid</i>, thyrselike.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Tomentum</i>, dense, matted, woolly
+pubescence.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Trifoliolate</i>, having three leaflets.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Tubular</i>, tube-shaped.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Undulate</i>, wavy.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Unisexual</i>, of one sex; said of
+flowers having stamens only, or
+pistils only.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Urceolate</i>, cylindrical or ovoid, but
+contracted at or below the open
+orifice, like an urn or a pitcher.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Valve</i>, the several parts of a dehiscent
+pericarp; the doorlike
+lid by which some anthers open.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Ventricose</i>, swelling unequally, or
+inflated on one side.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Versatile</i>, swinging; turning freely
+on its support.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Villous</i>, bearing long and soft,
+straight or straightish hairs.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Virgate</i>, wandlike.</p>
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Viscid</i>, glutinous; sticky.</p>
+
+
+<p class="noin"><i>Whorl</i>, an arrangement of leaves,
+flowers, etc., in a circle about the
+stem, or axis.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 95%;" />
+
+<div class="tr">
+<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3>
+
+<p>Obvious punctuation and spelling errors repaired.</p>
+
+<p>Page numbers for blank pages, pages consisting entirely of
+illustration, are not visible. </p>
+<p>Flowers with no common name known have a thought break.</p>
+<p>Images aren't shown, just the captions with links to the images.</p>
+<p>Inconsistent hyphenation has been repaired.</p>
+
+<p>The oe and ae ligatures in the text have been left as they appear in the
+original book.  If they do not display properly, you may have an
+incompatible browser or unavailable fonts.  Make sure that the browser's
+"character set" or "file encoding" is set to Unicode (UTF-8).
+You may also need to change your browser's default font.</p>
+
+<p>The remaining corrections made are indicated by lines under the
+corrections.  Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text
+will be displayed.</p>
+
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wild Flowers of California: Their
+Names, Haunts, and Habits, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wild Flowers of California: Their
+Names, Haunts, and Habits, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Wild Flowers of California: Their Names, Haunts, and Habits
+
+Author: Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+Illustrator: Margaret Warriner Buck
+
+Release Date: February 15, 2012 [EBook #38886]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Mark Young and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+book was produced from scanned images of public domain
+material from the Google Print project.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    THE WILD FLOWERS
+    OF CALIFORNIA
+
+
+
+
+    THE WILD FLOWERS
+    OF CALIFORNIA
+
+    _THEIR NAMES, HAUNTS, AND HABITS_
+
+    BY
+    MARY ELIZABETH PARSONS
+
+    ILLUSTRATED BY
+    MARGARET WARRINER BUCK
+
+    _THIRD THOUSAND_
+
+    [Illustration]
+
+    WILLIAM DOXEY
+    AT THE SIGN OF THE LARK
+    SAN FRANCISCO
+    1897
+
+
+
+
+    COPYRIGHT, 1897
+    WILLIAM DOXEY
+
+    THE DOXEY PRESS
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                     PAGE
+
+  PREFACE                                    vii
+
+  TABLE OF PLATES                           xiii
+
+  HOW TO USE THE BOOK                        xix
+
+  EXPLANATION OF TERMS                      xxii
+
+  IMPORTANT PLANT FAMILIES AND GENERA       xxxi
+
+  INTRODUCTORY                              xlii
+
+  PRELUDE                                  xlvii
+
+  FLOWER DESCRIPTIONS:--
+
+          I. WHITE                             3
+
+         II. YELLOW                          109
+
+        III. PINK                            193
+
+         IV. BLUE AND PURPLE                 255
+
+          V. RED                             335
+
+         VI. MISCELLANEOUS                   369
+
+  INDEX TO LATIN NAMES                       393
+
+  INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES                     399
+
+  INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS                   405
+
+  GLOSSARY                                   406
+
+
+
+
+    "Were I, O God, in churchless lands remaining,
+      Far from all voice of teachers or divines,
+    My soul would find in flowers of thy ordaining
+            Priests, sermons, shrines!"
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+To the thoughtless a flower is often a trivial thing--beautiful perhaps,
+and worthy of a passing glance--but that is all. But to the mind open to
+the great truths of the universe, it takes on a deeper significance. Such a
+mind sees in its often humble beginnings the genesis of things far-reaching
+and mighty. Two thousand years ago one grain of the shower of pollen wafted
+upon the wind and falling upon a minute undeveloped cone, quickened a seed
+there into life, and this dropping into the soil pushed up a tiny thread of
+green, which, after the quiet process of the ages, you now behold in the
+giant Sequoia which tosses its branches aloft, swept by the four winds of
+heaven.
+
+Whether manifesting itself in the inconspicuous flower upon the tree or in
+the equally unassuming inflorescence of the vegetable, or unfurling petals
+of satin or gauze of brilliant hue and marvelous beauty, the blossom is the
+origin of most that is useful or beautiful in the organic world about us.
+Strip the world of its blossoms, and the higher forms of life must come to
+a speedy termination. Thus we see the flower playing a wonderfully
+important part in the cosmos around us. It becomes henceforth not only a
+thing of beauty for the gratification of the aesthetic sense, but the
+instrument by which Nature brings about the fullness of her perfection in
+her own good season.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is perhaps no nature-study that can yield the same amount of pure and
+unalloyed pleasure with so little outlay as the study of the wild flowers.
+When one is interested in them, every walk into the fields is transformed
+from an aimless ramble into a joyous, eager quest, and every journey upon
+stage or railroad becomes a rare opportunity for making new
+plant-acquaintances--a season of exhilarating excitement.
+
+Mr. Burroughs, that devout lover of nature, says: "Most young people find
+botany a dull study. So it is, as taught from the text-books in the
+schools; but study it yourself in the fields and woods, and you will find
+it a source of perennial delight. Find your flower, and then name it by the
+aid of the botany. There is so much in a name. To find out what a thing is
+called is a great help. It is the beginning of knowledge; it is the first
+step. When we see a new person who interests us, we wish to know his or her
+name. A bird, a flower, a place--the first thing we wish to know about it
+is its name. Its name helps us to classify it; it gives us a handle to
+grasp it by; it sheds a ray of light where all before was darkness. As soon
+as we know the name of a thing, we seem to have established some sort of
+relation with it."
+
+Having learned the name of a flower or plant, or having been formally
+introduced to it, as it were, our acquaintance has but just begun. Instead
+of being our end and aim, as it was with students of botany in the olden
+times, this is but the beginning. If this were our ultimate aim, all our
+pleasure would be at an end as soon as we had learned the names of all the
+plants within our reach. But the point of view has changed and broadened.
+The plant is now recognized as a _living organism_, not a dead, unchanging
+thing. It is _vital_; it grows; it is amenable to the great laws of the
+universe; and we see it daily complying with those laws, adapting itself to
+its surroundings--or perishing. It becomes a thing of absorbing interest
+when we trace the steps by which it has come to be what it is; when we note
+its relationship to other closely allied forms, and locate its place in the
+great world of plants.
+
+A thoughtful observation of the structure of plants alone will fill the
+mind with amazement at the beauty of their minutest parts, the exquisite
+perfection of every organ. Then it is most interesting to notice the
+various kinds of places where the same plants grow; how they flourish in
+different soils and climates; how they parry the difficulties of new and
+unaccustomed surroundings, by some change of structure or habit to meet the
+altered conditions--as clothing themselves with wool, to prevent the undue
+escape of moisture, or twisting their leaves to a vertical position for the
+same purpose, or sending their roots deep into the earth to seek perennial
+sources of moisture, which enables them to flourish in our driest times. It
+is wonderful to note, too, the methods employed to secure the distribution
+of the seed--how it is sometimes imbedded in a delicious edible fruit,
+again furnished with hooks or bristles or springs, or provided with silken
+sails to waft it away upon the wings of the wind. Then the insects that
+visit plants. It is marvelous to note how plants spread their attractions
+in bright colors and perfumes and offerings of honey to bees, butterflies,
+and moths that can carry their pollen abroad, and how they even place
+hindrances in the way of such as are undesirable.
+
+Studied in this way, botany is no longer the dry science it used to be, but
+becomes a most fascinating pursuit; and we know of no richer field in which
+to carry on the study of flowers than that afforded in California.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There has been a long-felt need of a popular work upon the wild flowers of
+California. Though celebrated throughout the world for their wealth and
+beauty, and though many of them have found their way across the waters and
+endeared themselves to plant lovers in many a foreign garden, the story of
+their home life has never yet been told.
+
+It has been the delightful task of the author and the illustrator of the
+present work to seek them out in their native haunts--on seashore and mesa,
+in deep, cool canyon, on dry and open hill-slope, on mountain-top, in
+glacier meadow, by stream and lake, in marsh and woodland, and to listen to
+the ofttimes marvelous tales they have had to unfold. If they shall have
+succeeded in making better known these children of Mother Nature to her
+lovers and appreciators, and in arousing an interest in them among those
+who have hitherto found the technical difficulties of scientific botany
+insurmountable, they will feel amply rewarded for their labors.
+
+The present work does not claim by any means to be a complete flora of the
+region treated. Our State is so new, and many parts of it have as yet been
+so imperfectly explored, that a comprehensive and exhaustive flora of it
+must be the work of a future time, and will doubtless be undertaken by some
+one when all the data have been procured. Such an attempt, however, were it
+possible, is without the scope of the present work.
+
+California, with her wonderfully varied climate and topography, has a flora
+correspondingly rich and varied, probably not surpassed by any region of
+like area in the Northern Hemisphere. Thus the author finds herself
+confronted with an embarrassment of riches rather than with any lack of
+material; and it has often been exceedingly difficult to exclude some
+beautiful flower that seemed to have strong claims to representation. She
+therefore craves beforehand the indulgence of the reader, should he find
+some favorite missing.
+
+In making a choice, she has been guided by the following general
+principles, and selected, _first_--the flowers most general in their
+distribution; _second_--those remarkable for their beauty of form or color,
+their interesting structure, history, or economic uses; _third_--those
+which are characteristically Californian. At the same time, those which are
+too insignificant in appearance to attract attention and those too
+difficult of determination by the non-botanist have been omitted. Flowering
+plants only have been included.
+
+Many of our species extend northward into Oregon and Washington. Thus,
+while this work is called "THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA," it will in a
+certain measure apply equally well to Oregon and Washington.
+
+It has been the aim of the author to picture for the most part the flowers
+peculiarly Californian, leaving Mrs. Dana's charming book, "How to Know the
+Wild Flowers," to illustrate those we possess in common with the Atlantic
+Slope, thus making the works the complements one of the other.
+
+Mrs. Dana has kindly permitted the author to use her plan of
+arrangement--_i.e._ of grouping all the white flowers in one section, the
+yellow in another, the pink in a third, and so on, which, in the absence of
+a key, greatly facilitates the finding of any given flower. The flowers of
+each section have been arranged as nearly as possible according to their
+natural succession in the seasons, with one or two exceptions.
+
+Such confusion is rife in the nomenclature of Californian plants, and the
+same plant is so often furnished with several names,--and several plants
+sometimes with the same name,--that the authority is in every instance
+quoted, in order to make it perfectly clear what plant is meant by the name
+given. Wherever allusion is made to the Spanish-Californians, the
+Spanish-_speaking_ Californians are meant, very few of whom are Castilians
+at the present day, most of whom are of an admixture of races.
+
+The flower-cuts are all from pen-and-ink drawings by the illustrator; and
+all but four are from her own original studies from nature. These four,
+which it was impossible for her to procure, have been adapted by her from
+other drawings, by the aid of herbarium specimens. They include _Aphyllon
+fasciculatum_, _Fremontia Californica_, _Hosackia gracilis_, and _Brodiaea
+volubilis_. It has been impossible upon so small a page to maintain a
+uniform relative size in the drawings, for which reason the
+plant-descriptions in fine print should be consulted for the size.
+
+The author and the illustrator desire to make grateful acknowledgments to
+many kind friends throughout the State who have rendered them assistance in
+numerous ways. Their gratitude is due in particular to Miss Alice Eastwood,
+of the California Academy of Sciences, who, by her unfailing kindness and
+encouragement, as well as by her personal assistance, has rendered them
+invaluable aid. Also, to Mr. Carl Purdy, of Ukiah, who from his wide
+experience, as a grower of our native liliaceous plants, has a knowledge of
+them shared by few or none, and who has generously placed at their disposal
+the results of his observations. They also tender their thanks to the
+Southern Pacific and the North Pacific Railways, who, by their generous
+granting of reduced rates and passes, have made possible a wider personal
+acquaintance with the flowers than could have otherwise been enjoyed.
+
+    San Rafael, Cal., October 15, 1897.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF PLATES
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+  ACONITE                       _Aconitum Columbianum_         329
+  ALFALFA                       _Medicago sativa_              327
+  ALFILERILLA                   _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  ALPINE HEATHER                _Bryanthus Breweri_            247
+  ALPINE PHLOX                  _Phlox Douglasii_              249
+  ALUM-ROOT                     _Heuchera micrantha_            59
+  AMERICAN BARRENWORT           _Vancouveria parviflora_        89
+  ANEMONE, WOOD                 _Anemone quinquefolia_          19
+  AUGUST-FLOWER                 _Grindelia cuneifolia_         177
+  AZULEA                        _Sisyrinchium bellum_          285
+  AZURE BEARD-TONGUE            _Pentstemon azureus_           309
+
+  BABY-BLUE-EYES                _Nemophila insignis_           291
+  BEACH-ASTER                   _Erigeron glaucus_             305
+  BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA             _Clarkia concinna_             237
+  BEE-PLANT, CALIFORNIAN        _Scrophularia Californica_     343
+  BELLFLOWER                    _Campanula prenanthoides_      323
+  BIG-ROOT                      _Echinocystis fabacea_          27
+  BLAZING-STAR                  _Mentzelia Lindleyi_           169
+  BLEEDING-HEART                _Dicentra formosa_             243
+  BLUE-BLOSSOM                  _Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_       275
+  BLUE-EYED GRASS               _Sisyrinchium bellum_          285
+  BLUE GENTIAN                  _Gentiana calycosa_            331
+  BLUE GILIA                    _Gilia Chamissonis_            297
+  BLUE LARKSPUR                 _Delphinium_                   277
+  BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE         _Lupinus bicolor_              301
+  BLUE MILLA                    _Brodiaea laxa_                303
+  BLUE MYRTLE                   _Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_       275
+  BLUEWEED                      _Aconitum Columbianum_         329
+  BRODIAEA                      _Brodiaea capitata_            263
+  BRONZE-BELLS                }
+  BROWN LILY                  } _Fritillaria lanceolata_       265
+
+  CALF'S-HEAD                   _Darlingtonia Californica_     391
+  CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA            _Zauschneria Californica_      367
+  CALIFORNIA LILAC              _Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_       275
+  CALIFORNIA POPPY              _Eschscholtzia Californica_    115
+  CALIFORNIAN AZALEA            _Rhododendron occidentale_      87
+  CALIFORNIAN CENTAURY          _Erythraea venusta_            219
+  CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY          _Rhododendron Californicum_    235
+  CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM      _Fremontia Californica_        159
+  CALYPSO                       _Calypso borealis_             211
+  CANAIGRE                      _Rumex hymenosepalus_          379
+  CANCER-ROOT                   _Aphyllon fasciculatum_        173
+  CANCHALAGUA                   _Erythraea venusta_            219
+  CAT'S-EARS                    _Calochortus Maweanus_         279
+  CHAMISE LILY                  _Erythronium giganteum_        137
+  CHAPARRAL LILY                _Lilium rubescens_              73
+  CHAPARRAL PEA                 _Pickeringia montana_          231
+  CHIA                          _Salvia Columbariae_           299
+  CHILICOTHE                    _Echinocystis fabacea_          27
+  CHRISTMAS-HORNS               _Delphinium nudicaule_         347
+  CLIMBING PENTSTEMON           _Pentstemon cordifolius_       351
+  CLOCKS                        _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  CLUSTER-LILY                  _Brodiaea capitata_            263
+  COLLINSIA                     _Collinsia bicolor_            295
+  COLUMBINE                     _Aquilegia truncata_           349
+  COMMON ASTER                  _Aster Chamissonis_            333
+  COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER          _Mimulus luteus_               135
+  CORAL-ROOT                    _Corallorhiza Bigelovii_       273
+  CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER     _Erysimum grandiflorum_        133
+  CREAM-CUPS                    _Platystemon Californicus_     113
+  CURRANT, CALIFORNIAN WILD     _Ribes glutinosum_             215
+
+  DEERWEED                      _Hosackia glabra_              153
+  DIOGENES' LANTERN             _Calochortus pulchellus_       145
+  DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET            _Erythronium giganteum_        137
+  DUTCHMAN'S PIPE               _Aristolochia Californica_     375
+
+  FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER          _Epipactis gigantea_           389
+  FALSE MALLOW                  _Malvastrum Thurberi_          221
+  FALSE TIDY-TIPS               _Leptosyne Douglasii_          149
+  FAREWELL TO SPRING            _Godetia viminea_              241
+  FAWN-LILY                     _Erythronium giganteum_        137
+  FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE          _Scoliopus Bigelovii_          257
+  FIRECRACKER FLOWER            _Brodiaea coccinea_            239
+
+  FIREWEED                      _Epilobium spicatum_           245
+  FOUR-O'CLOCK, CALIFORNIAN     _Mirabilis Californica_        209
+  FRINGED GILIA                 _Gilia dianthoides_            217
+
+  GODETIA                       _Godetia viminea_              241
+  GOLDEN LILY-BELL              _Calochortus pulchellus_       145
+  GOLDEN STARS                  _Bloomeria aurea_              155
+  GOOSEBERRY, FUCHSIA-FLOWERED  _Ribes speciosum_              339
+  GREAT WILLOW-HERB             _Epilobium spicatum_           245
+  GROUND-IRIS                   _Iris macrosiphon_             281
+  GROUND-PINK                   _Gilia dianthoides_            217
+  GUM-PLANT                     _Grindelia cuneifolia_         177
+
+  HAIRBELL                      _Calochortus albus_             55
+  HAREBELL, CALIFORNIAN         _Campanula prenanthoides_      323
+  HARVEST BRODIAEA              _Brodiaea grandiflora_         319
+  HEN-AND-CHICKENS              _Cotyledon Californicum_       143
+  HOUND'S-TONGUE                _Cynoglossum grande_           259
+  HUCKLEBERRY                   _Vaccinium ovatum_             201
+  HUMMING-BIRD'S TRUMPET        _Zauschneria Californica_      367
+
+  INDIAN LETTUCE                _Montia perfoliata_             17
+  INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH            _Castilleia parviflora_        345
+  INDIAN PINK                   _Silene Californica_           355
+  INDIAN WARRIOR                _Pedicularis densiflora_       337
+  ITHURIEL'S SPEAR              _Brodiaea laxa_                303
+
+  LADIES' TRESSES               _Spiranthes Romanzoffianum_     93
+  LANTERN OF THE FAIRIES        _Calochortus albus_             55
+  LARGE-FLOWERED BRODIAEA       _Brodiaea grandiflora_         319
+  LESSINGIA                     _Lessingia leptoclada_         253
+  LITTLE ALPINE LILY            _Lilium parvum_                181
+  LOCO-WEED                     _Astragalus leucopsis_          41
+  LUCERN                        _Medicago sativa_              327
+
+  MANZANITA                     _Arctostaphylos manzanita_      13
+  MARIPOSA TULIP                _Calochortus venustus_          79
+  MATILIJA POPPY                _Romneya Coulteri_              65
+  MEADOW-FOAM                   _Floerkia Douglasii_            127
+  MILKWEED, COMMON              _Asclepias Mexicana_           313
+  MILKWEED, HORNLESS WOOLLY     _Gomphocarpus tomentosus_      381
+  MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS        _Habenaria leucostachys_        95
+  MILKWORT, CALIFORNIAN         _Polygala Californica_         287
+  MINER'S LETTUCE               _Montia perfoliata_             17
+
+  MIST-MAIDENS                  _Romanzoffia Sitchensis_        23
+  MONK'S-HOOD                   _Aconitum Columbianum_         329
+  MOTTLED SWAMP-ORCHIS          _Epipactis gigantea_           389
+  MOUNTAIN BALM                 _Eriodictyon glutinosum_        57
+  MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER       _Cypripedium montanum_         383
+
+  PENNYROYAL                    _Monardella villosa_           325
+  PENTACHAETA                   _PentachAEta aurea_            125
+  PEPPER-ROOT                   _Dentaria Californica_           5
+  PIN-CLOVER                    _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  PINE-DROPS                    _Pterospora andromedea_        187
+  PINK PAINT-BRUSH              _Orthocarpus purpurascens_     229
+  PIPE-VINE                     _Aristolochia Californica_     375
+  PIPSISSIWA                    _Chimaphila Menziesii_         105
+  PITCHER-PLANT, CALIFORNIAN    _Darlingtonia Californica_     391
+  PITCHER-SAGE                  _Sphacele calycina_             43
+  POISON-OAK                    _Rhus diversiloba_               9
+  POLEO                         _Monardella villosa_           325
+  POP-CORN FLOWER                                               31
+  PRICKLY PHLOX                 _Gilia Californica_            207
+  PRINCE'S PINE                 _Chimaphila Menziesii_         105
+  PUSSY'S-EARS                  _Calochortus Maweanus_         279
+  PUSSY'S-PAWS                  _Spraguea umbellata_            71
+
+  QUININE-BUSH                  _Garrya elliptica_             371
+
+  RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN          _Goodyera Menziesii_            99
+  RATTLE-WEED                   _Astragalus leucopsis_          41
+  RED-STEMMED FILAREE           _Erodium cicutarium_           195
+  REDWOOD-SORREL                _Oxalis Oregana_               197
+  REIN-ORCHIS                   _Habenaria elegans_            385
+  RESIN-WEED                    _Grindelia cuneifolia_         177
+  RICE-ROOT                     _Fritillaria lanceolata_       265
+  ROMERO                        _Trichostema lanatum_          317
+  RUBY LILY                     _Lilium rubescens_              73
+
+  SAXIFRAGE, CALIFORNIAN        _Saxifraga Californica_         15
+  SCARLET BUGLER                _Pentstemon centranthifolius_  359
+  SCARLET GILIA                 _gilia Aggregata_              361
+  SCARLET HONEYSUCKLE           _Pentstemon cordifolius_       351
+  SCARLET LARKSPUR, NORTHERN    _Delphinium nudicaule_         347
+  SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH           _Castilleia parviflora_        345
+  SHOOTING-STARS                _Dodecatheon Meadia_           205
+  SIERRA PRIMROSE               _Primula Suffrutescens_        251
+
+  SILK-TASSEL TREE              _Garrya elliptica_             371
+  SKULLCAP                      _Scutellaria tuberosa_         271
+  SNAPDRAGON, VIOLET            _Antirrhinum vagans_           321
+  SNOW-PLANT                    _Sarcodes sanguinea_           363
+  SOAP-PLANT                    _Chlorogalum pomeridianum_      83
+  SPRING-BLOSSOM                _Dentaria Californica_           5
+  STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER          _Mimulus glutinosus_           139
+  ST. JOHN'S-WORT               _Hypericum concinnum_          163
+  SULPHUR-FLOWER                _Eriogonum umbellatum_         179
+  SUN-CUPS                      _OEnothera ovata_              111
+  SUNSHINE                      _Baeria gracilis_              125
+  SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB, CALIF'N. _Calycanthus occidentalis_     353
+
+  TARWEED                       _Hemizonia luzulaefolia_       189
+  TARWEED                       _Madia elegans_                183
+  TIDY-TIPS                     _Layia platyglossa_            149
+  TOOTHWORT                     _Dentaria Californica_           5
+  TOROSA                        _Eschscholtzia Californica_    115
+  TREE-MALLOW                   _Lavatera assurgentiflora_     227
+  TREE-POPPY                    _Dendromecon rigidum_          119
+  TRILLIUM, CALIFORNIAN         _Trillium sessile_             261
+  TWIN-BERRY                    _Lonicera involucrata_         123
+  TWINING HYACINTH              _Brodiaea volubilis_           233
+
+  VILLELA                       _Sisyrinchium bellum_          285
+  VIOLET NIGHTSHADE             _Solanum Xanti_                269
+
+  WAKE-ROBIN                    _Trillium ovatum_               11
+  WHIPPLEA                      _Whipplea modesta_              33
+  WHISPERING BELLS              _Emmenanthe penduliflora_      131
+  WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE        _OEnothera Californica_         49
+  WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT                                           31
+  WHITE OWL'S CLOVER            _Orthocarpus versicolor_        53
+  WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF         _Pyrola picta_                 101
+  WILD BROOM                    _Hosackia glabra_              153
+  WILD BUCKWHEAT                _Eriogonum fasciculatum_        35
+  WILD CANTERBURY-BELL          _Phacelia Whitlavia_           289
+  WILD COREOPSIS                _Madia elegans_                183
+  WILD CUCUMBER                 _Echinocystis fabacea_          27
+  WILD CURRANT, CALIFORNIAN     _Ribes glutinosum_             215
+  WILD CYCLAMEN                 _Dodecatheon Meadia_           205
+  WILD GINGER                   _Asarum caudatum_              311
+  WILD HELIOTROPE               _Phacelia tanacetifolia_       283
+
+  WILD HOLLYHOCK                _Sidalcea malvaeflora_         199
+  WILD HYACINTH                 _Brodiaea capitata_            263
+  WILD PEONY                    _Paeonia Brownii_              341
+  WILD PIE-PLANT                _Rumex hymenosepalus_          379
+  WILD PORTULACA                _Calandrinia caulescens_       213
+  WIND-FLOWER                   _Anemone quinquefolia_          19
+  WOOD-BALM                     _Sphacele calycina_             43
+  WOOLLY BLUE-CURLS             _Trichostema lanatum_          317
+
+  YELLOW DAISY                  _Layia platyglossa_            149
+  YELLOW GLOBE-TULIP            _Calochortus pulchellus_       145
+  YELLOW PANSY                  _Viola pedunculata_            121
+  YELLOW SAND-VERBENA           _Abronia latifolia_            147
+  YERBA BUENA                   _Micromeria Douglasii_          63
+  YERBA MANSA                   _Anemopsis Californica_         77
+  YERBA SANTA                   _Eriodictyon glutinosum_        57
+
+  ZYGADENE                      _Zygadenus Fremonti_             7
+
+   ----                         _Baccharis Douglasii_          107
+   ----                         _Gilia androsacea_             223
+   ----                         _Hosackia gracilis_            167
+
+
+
+
+HOW TO USE THE BOOK
+
+
+When gathering flowers with a view to ascertaining their names with the
+help of the botany, the whole plant--root, stem, leaves, flowers, buds, and
+fruit--should be secured, if possible. This will avoid much uncertainty in
+the work.
+
+The anthers are best seen in the unopened buds, and the ovary in old
+flowers or those gone to seed. A cross-section of the ovary will show the
+number of its cells.
+
+The flowers should be sorted into colors, and each in turn looked for in
+its own color-section. In arranging the flowers according to color, some
+difficulty has been experienced, because the pink blends so gradually into
+the purple, and the purple into white, etc., that it has been impossible
+sometimes to say accurately to which section a flower rightly belongs. In
+such a case search must be made in the other probable section. Sometimes
+the same flower occurs in several colors, in which case it is usually put
+into the section in whose color it most frequently occurs. In the Red
+Section have been included flowers of a scarlet hue, not those of crimson
+or magenta hues, as these have a tendency to merge into pink or purple.
+Flowers of a greenish-white are usually put into the White Section, those
+of more decided green into the Miscellaneous.
+
+It is an excellent plan for the student to write a careful description of
+his plant before beginning to look for it in the book; commencing with the
+root, passing on to stem, leaves, inflorescence, calyx, corolla, etc.,
+taking the order of the technical descriptions in the book. This will serve
+to do away with that vacillating condition of mind which is often the
+result of reading a number of plant-descriptions before fixing firmly in
+mind the characters of the specimen under consideration.
+
+A magnifying-glass--or a small dissecting microscope and a good Zeiss lens,
+if more careful work is to be done,--a couple of dissecting needles, a
+pocket-knife, and a small three or four-inch measure, having one of the
+inches divided into lines, will be required for examining specimens.
+
+It is also a good plan to make a note of the date and place of collection
+of all plants, as it is often of great interest to know these facts at some
+future time.
+
+Plants are grouped into great orders, or families, which are made up of a
+number of genera, each genus consisting of a number of species. Every plant
+has two Latin names; the first a generic name, answering to the last name
+of a person; the second a specific name, answering to a person's given
+name. The latter is usually descriptive of some quality or character of the
+plant, the name of the place where found, or of its discoverer, or of some
+person in whose honor it is named. This dual name serves to clearly
+distinguish the species from all others, especially when the name of the
+person by whom the specific name was bestowed is added.
+
+Each plant-family bears an English title, which is usually the name of its
+best-known genus. Thus the order _Leguminosae_ is known as the "Pea Family"
+because _Lathyrus_, or the pea, is its best-known genus. In many instances
+the English names borne by orders in the Eastern States have no
+significance with us, as the type genus is not found in our flora. In such
+cases we have given the name of the genus best known among us, to which we
+have added the other; thus, "Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family."
+
+Most of our plants have common English names, and the same plant is often
+known by one name in one locality and by another in another. Hence, while
+these names are often pretty and apt, they cannot serve for the accurate
+identification of the plant. For this we must consult its Latin name, by
+which it is known all over the world.
+
+Wherever the terms used are not understood, reference should be made to the
+"Explanation of Terms" or to the Glossary.
+
+For identification of species not found in the present work, other books
+should be consulted. The two large volumes of the botany of the Geological
+Survey of California are the most complete of anything thus far published.
+In addition to these, "The Synoptical Flora of North America," as far as
+published (the _Gamopetalae_, the _Compositae_, and some orders of the
+_Polypetalae_), furnishes valuable aid. Professor E.L. Greene's works, "The
+Botany of the Bay Region," "Pittonia," and "Flora Franciscana," furnish
+excellent plant-descriptions for the more advanced botanist. The author's
+technical descriptions have in every instance been verified by comparison
+with one or more of the above works.
+
+Miss Eastwood's little volume, recently published as Part Second of
+"Bergen's Elements of Botany," (and also issued in separate form), is
+recommended for use in connection with the present work, as it embodies in
+compact form a general view of the method of classification of plants,
+showing their places in the plant-world and their relations to one another.
+It also contains very clear descriptions of plant-families. To the student
+who becomes interested in knowing more about the structure of plants,
+Gray's "Structural Botany" will prove useful; and the large work of Oliver
+and Kerner (translated from the German) will prove a fascinating book.
+
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF TERMS
+
+     [The following simple definitions of the more common terms used
+     have been mostly taken or adapted from the works of Asa Gray
+     and others, and will prove useful to those unacquainted with
+     botany, or to those whose memories require refreshing.]
+
+
+ROOTS
+
+The =root= is that portion of the plant which grows downward, fixing it to
+the soil, and absorbing nourishment from the latter. True roots produce
+nothing but root-branches or rootlets.
+
+Simple or unbranched roots are named according to their shapes--
+
+     _conical_, when like the carrot;
+
+     _napiform_, when like the turnip;
+
+     _fusiform_, when like the long radish.
+
+Multiple, or branched, roots may be--
+
+     _fascicled_, or bunched, as in the dahlia;
+
+     _tubercular_, when furnished with small tubers;
+
+     _fibrous_, when threadlike.
+
+
+STEMS
+
+The =stem= is the ascending axis of the plant, which usually bears the
+leaves, flowers, and fruit. The points on the stem to which the leaves are
+fastened are called the =nodes=; and the portions of stem between the nodes
+are called the =internodes=. The angle formed by the upper side of the leaf
+and the stem is called the =axil=.
+
+Stems aboveground are classed as--
+
+     _erect_, when growing upright;
+
+     _procumbent_, when lying on the ground without rooting;
+
+     _decumbent_, when lying on the ground with the tip ascending;
+
+     _diffuse_, when loosely spreading;
+
+     _creeping_, when growing on the ground and rooting.
+
+Stems underground are classed as =rhizomes= (or =rootstocks=) =tubers=,
+=corms=, and =bulbs=, the forms passing into one another by gradations.
+
+     A =rhizome=, or =rootstock=, is a horizontal underground stem. It
+     is sometimes thick, fleshy, or woody, as in the iris;
+
+     a =tuber= is a short, much thickened rootstock, having eyes or
+     buds of which the potato is an example;
+
+     a =corm= is a depressed and rounded, solid rootstock; it may be
+     called a solid bulb; the garden cyclamen is an example;
+
+     a =bulb= is a leaf-bud, commonly underground, with fleshy scales
+     or coats; the lily is an example.
+
+LEAVES
+
+=Leaves= are the green expansions borne by the stem, out-spread in the
+air and light, in which assimilation is carried on. They may be said to
+be the stomachs of the plant. A typical leaf consists of three
+parts--the =blade=, the =foot-stalk= (or =petiole=), and a pair of
+=stipules=. Yet any one of these parts may be absent.
+
+     The =blade= is the expanded portion of the leaf and the part to
+     which the word _leaf_, in its commonest sense, is applied;
+
+     the =stipules= are small, usually leaflike bodies borne at the
+     base of the petiole, usually one on either side;
+
+     the =petiole= is the stalk of the leaf.
+
+=Leaves= are =simple=, when having but one blade; =compound=, when
+having more than one, when each blade is called a =leaflet=.
+
+Compound leaves are said to be--
+
+     _pinnate_, when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of a
+     petiole, or rather of its prolongation, the rachis;
+
+     _abruptly pinnate_, with an even number of leaflets;
+
+     _odd-pinnate_, with an odd leaflet at the end;
+
+     _palmate_, or _digitate_, when the leaflets all diverge from
+     the summit of the petiole, like the fingers of a hand.
+
+VENATION
+
+The venation, or veining, of leaves relates to the mode in which the woody
+tissue, in the form of ribs, veins, etc., is distributed in the cellular
+tissue.
+
+There are two principle modes--
+
+     the _parallel-veined_, of which the iris is an example;
+
+     the _reticulated-veined_, or _netted-veined_, of which the Elm
+     is an example.
+
+Small veins are called =veinlets=.
+
+
+FORM
+
+As to general form, or outline, leaves are:--
+
+Those broadest in the middle--
+
+     _peltate_, or shield-shaped, when rounded, with the stem
+     attached to the center, or near it--as in the garden
+     nasturtium;
+
+     _orbicular_, when circular in outline, or nearly so;
+
+     _oval_, when having a flowing outline, with the breadth
+     considerably more than half the length, and both ends alike;
+
+     _elliptical_, when having a flowing outline, twice or thrice as
+     long as broad, and both ends alike;
+
+     _oblong_, when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad;
+
+     _linear_, when narrow, several times longer than wide, and of
+     about the same width throughout;
+
+     _acerose_, when needle-shaped--like the Pine.
+
+Those broadest at the base--
+
+     _deltoid_, when having the triangular shape of the Greek letter
+     _delta_;
+
+     _ovate_, when having an outline like the section of a
+     hen's-egg, the broader end downward;
+
+     _lanceolate_, or lance-shaped, when several times longer than
+     broad, and tapering upward, or both upward and downward;
+
+     _subulate_, when shaped like an awl;
+
+     _cordate_, when ovate, with a heart-shaped base;
+
+     _reniform_, when like the last, only rounder and broader than
+     long;
+
+     _auriculate_, when having a pair of small blunt projections, or
+     ears, at the base;
+
+     _sagittate_, or arrow-shaped, when those ears are acute and
+     turned downward, the body of the leaf tapering upward;
+
+     _hastate_, or halberd-shaped, when the ears or lobes point
+     outward.
+
+Those broadest at the apex--
+
+     _obovate_, when inversely ovate;
+
+     _oblanceolate_, when inversely lanceolate;
+
+     _spatulate_, when rounded above, and long and narrow below,
+     like a druggist's spatula;
+
+     _cuneate_, or wedge-shaped, when broad above, tapering by
+     straight lines to an acute base;
+
+     _obcordate_, when inversely cordate.
+
+Sometimes no one of the above terms will describe a leaf, and it becomes
+necessary to combine two of them; as, _linear-spatulate_,
+_ovate-lanceolate_, etc.
+
+
+THE APEX
+
+Leaves are classified according to their apices; as--
+
+     _emarginate_, when having a decided terminal notch;
+
+     _truncate_, when abruptly cut off;
+
+     _obtuse_, when ending in a blunt or roundish extremity;
+
+     _acute_, when ending in an acute angle, without special
+     tapering;
+
+     _acuminate_, when tapering into a narrow, more or less
+     prolonged end;
+
+     _mucronate_, when abruptly tipped with a small, short point.
+
+
+THE MARGIN
+
+Leaves are classified according to their margins; as--
+
+     _entire_, when the margin is completely filled out to an even
+     line;
+
+     _repand_, or _undulate_, when the margin is a wavy line;
+
+     _dentate_, or _toothed_, when the teeth point outward;
+
+     _crenate_, or _scalloped_, when dentate, with the teeth
+     rounded;
+
+     _serrate_, when having small sharp teeth directed forward;
+
+     _incised_, when cut by sharp and irregular incisions more or
+     less deeply;
+
+     _lobed_, when cut not more than half-way to the midrib, and the
+     divisions or their angles are rounded;
+
+     _cleft_, when cut half-way down or more, and the lobes or
+     sinuses are narrow or acute;
+
+     _parted_, when the cutting reaches almost but not quite to the
+     midrib;
+
+     _divided_, when the blade is cut into distinct parts, thus
+     making the leaf compound.
+
+All these terms may be modified by the words _pinnate_ or _palmate_;
+thus--_pinnately parted_, _pinnately divided_, _palmately parted_,
+_palmately divided_, etc.; also by the adjectives _once_, _twice_,
+_thrice_, etc.
+
+
+TEXTURE
+
+Leaves vary as to texture, and may be--
+
+     _coriaceous_, or leathery;
+
+     _succulent_, or juicy;
+
+     _scarious_, or dry and thin;
+
+     _fleshy_, or thick;
+
+     _herbaceous_, or thin.
+
+
+ARRANGEMENT
+
+According to their arrangement on the stem, leaves are--
+
+     _alternate_, when distributed singly at different heights on
+     the stem;
+
+     _opposite_, when two stand opposite each other at the nodes;
+
+     _whorled_, when more than two are borne at a node, equidistant
+     in a circle around the stem.
+
+
+INFLORESCENCE
+
+=Inflorescence= is a term commonly applied to the mode of flowering--_i.e._
+to the arrangement of blossoms on the stem and their relative positions to
+one another.
+
+     A =peduncle= is the stem of a solitary flower, or the main stem
+     of a flower-cluster;
+
+     a =scape= is a peduncle growing from the ground;
+
+     a =pedicel= is the stem of each flower in a cluster;
+
+     a =bract= is a small floral leaf;
+
+     an =involucre= is a collection of bracts around a flower-cluster
+     or around a single flower.
+
+Flowers may be solitary or clustered.
+
+Solitary flowers or flower-clusters are--
+
+     _terminal_, when borne at the summit of the stem;
+
+     _axillary_, when borne in the axils of the leaves.
+
+A flower-cluster is called--
+
+     a =raceme=, when the flowers are arranged along the axis upon
+     pedicels nearly equal in length;
+
+     a =corymb=, when the flowers are arranged as in the raceme, with
+     the lower pedicels elongated, making the cluster flat-topped;
+
+     an =umbel=, when the pedicels arise from the same point, like the
+     rays of an umbrella, and the cluster is flat-topped;
+
+     a =panicle=, when compound, irregularly made up of a number of
+     racemes;
+
+     a =spike=, when like a raceme, the flowers being without
+     pedicels;
+
+     a =spadix=, when it is a fleshy spike, generally enveloped by a
+     large bract, called a =spathe=, as in the calla-lily;
+
+     an =ament=, or =catkin=, when it is a pendent spike, with scaly
+     bracts, like the Willow;
+
+     a =head=, when it is a shortened spike, with a globular form;
+
+     a =cyme=, when it is branched and flat-topped, usually compound,
+     with the older flowers in the center of each simple cluster.
+
+
+THE INDIVIDUAL FLOWER
+
+A =complete flower= consists of =stamens= and =pistils= (the organs of
+reproduction), and =calyx= and =corolla= (the floral envelops which
+protect the stamens and pistils). But any one of these organs may be
+absent.
+
+     The =calyx= is the outer floral envelop, which is more often
+     green, though it is sometimes colored. It may consist of a
+     number of separate parts, called =sepals=, or these may be more
+     or less united.
+
+     The =corolla= is the inner floral envelop. It is usually colored,
+     and forms the most beautiful feature of the flower, and plays
+     an important part in attracting insects to it, which may carry
+     on the work of fertilization. It may consist of a number of
+     separate parts, called =petals=, or these may be more or less
+     united, in which case the corolla is said to be _gamopetalous_.
+     When the calyx and corolla are much alike, and seem like one
+     floral circle, this is referred to as a =perianth=.
+
+     The =stamens= and =pistils= are called the =essential organs= of a
+     flower, because they are necessary to the maturing of the
+     fruit.
+
+     =Perfect flowers= have both sets of essential organs.
+
+     =Imperfect flowers= have but one set of essential organs.
+
+     _Staminate_ (or male) _flowers_ have only stamens;
+
+     _Pistillate_ (or female) _flowers_ have only pistils.
+
+     _Neutral flowers_ have neither.
+
+THE STAMEN
+
+The =stamen= consists of two parts--the =filament= and the =anther=. The
+filament is the stalk of the stamen. The anther is the little case
+holding the =pollen=, or powdery substance, which, falling upon the
+stigma, is conducted downward into the ovary, where it quickens the
+ovules into life. The anther normally consists of two cells, which more
+often open lengthwise for the discharge of the pollen, though they
+sometimes open by terminal pores or chinks, or by uplifting lids.
+
+Stamens sometimes undergo a morphological change, taking the form of
+scales or other bodies (as is the case in many of our _Brodiaeas_), when
+they are called =staminodia=.
+
+
+THE PISTIL
+
+The =pistil= is the organ occupying the center of the flower. It
+consists of three parts--the =ovary=, or the enlarged part below,
+consisting of one or more cells or cavities, and containing the ovules,
+or unfertilized seed; the =style=, or the stem which upholds the stigma;
+the =stigma=, or the roughened portion which receives the pollen.
+
+The pistil is _simple_, when it has but one ovary, style, stigma, etc.;
+_compound_, if any one of these is duplicated.
+
+
+THE FRUIT
+
+The =fruit= is the ripened ovary. After the ovules have been fertilized,
+the ovary is called a =pericarp=. Fruits may be either _fleshy_ or
+_dry_.
+
+The following are some of the principal kinds of dry fruits:--
+
+     A =capsule= is a dry, dehiscent (splitting) fruit, composed of
+     more than one carpel or division;
+
+     an =akene= is a small, dry, hard, one-celled, one-seeded
+     indehiscent fruit;
+
+     a =follicle= is a pod formed from a single pistil, dehiscing
+     along the ventral suture only;
+
+     a =legume= is a simple pericarp, opening by both seams.
+
+     a =samara= is a dry, indehiscent fruit, having a wing.
+
+The following are some of the principal kinds of fleshy fruits:--
+
+     A =pome= is a fruit like an apple or pear;
+
+     the =pepo=, or =gourd=, fruit is like that of the melon, squash,
+     etc.;
+
+     the =drupe= is like that of the cherry, plum, and peach;
+
+     the =berry= is like that of the grape, currant, and tomato.
+
+=Aggregate fruits= are those in which a cluster of carpels, all of one
+flower, are crowded upon the receptacle into one mass; as in the
+raspberry and blackberry.
+
+
+
+
+IMPORTANT PLANT FAMILIES AND GENERA
+
+     [To avoid too long technical descriptions in the body of the
+     work, a few of the more important plant families and genera
+     have been inserted below, to which reference has been made in
+     the technical descriptions.]
+
+
+FAMILIES
+
+=Cruciferae.= Mustard Family.
+
+     Herbs with pungent, watery juice. _Leaves._--Alternate; without
+     stipules; entire or divided. _Flowers._--Generally in racemes.
+     _Sepals._--Four. _Petals._--Four; usually with narrowed base or
+     claw; the blades spreading to form a cross. _Stamens._--Six;
+     two of them shorter than the other four. _Ovary._--Two-celled;
+     rarely one-celled. Style undivided, or none. Stigma entire or
+     two-lobed. _Fruit._--A silique--_i.e._ a capsule, in which the
+     walls separate upward away from a central partition.
+
+The Mustard family is a very large one, comprising over a hundred and
+seventy genera, and containing between one and two thousand species. It is
+widely distributed over all parts of the world, but is most abundantly
+represented in the cooler or temperate regions. It furnishes us with many
+useful plants; such as the mustard, horseradish, radish, cabbage, turnip,
+cauliflower, etc.
+
+The genera of this order are very closely allied, and very difficult of
+discrimination. The fruit, as well as the flower, is necessary in the study
+of any given species.
+
+=Leguminosae.= Pea Family.
+
+The order _Leguminosae_ is divided into three well-marked sub-orders--the
+Pea family proper, the Brasiletto family, and the Mimosa family. But as all
+our genera, save _Cercis_, fall under the first, we shall describe that
+only.
+
+PAPILIONACEAE. Pea Family proper.
+
+     Herbs, shrubs, or trees. _Leaves._--Usually alternate;
+     compound; with stipules; the latter sometimes transformed into
+     thorns or tendrils. _Flowers._--Seldom solitary; usually in
+     spikes, racemes or umbels. _Calyx._--Five-toothed; often
+     bilabiate. _Corolla._--Irregular; of five petals;
+     _papilionaceous_--_i.e._ the two lower petals more or less
+     coherent, forming the _keel_; the two lateral ones often
+     adherent to the keel, called the _wings_; the upper petal
+     called the _standard_ or _banner_. Stamens and pistil inclosed
+     in the keel. _Stamens._--Ten; their filaments either coherent
+     into a tube surrounding the pistil; or nine of them united into
+     a sheath, open above, the tenth lying in front of the cleft; or
+     rarely all distinct. _Ovary._--Superior; one-celled.
+     _Style._--Simple and incurved. _Stigma._--Simple. _Fruit._--A
+     two-valved pod, of which the garden pea is typical.
+
+The Pea family, including its three sub-orders, is one of the most
+important plant-families known. It is distributed over almost the entire
+world, and furnishes some of the most valuable products to man. The
+Judas-tree, the numerous acacias, and the sweet pea, are well known in our
+gardens; while among our most valuable vegetables are the bean, the pea,
+and the lentil. The clover and alfalfa are extremely important forage
+plants.
+
+The order furnishes several important timber-trees, in different parts of
+the world, such as the Rosewood, the Laburnum, and the Locust; and yields
+numerous products of economic importance, such as licorice, senna, gum
+Senegal, gum Arabic, gum tragacanth, balsam of copaiba, balsam of Tolu,
+indigo, logwood, red sandalwood, etc.
+
+=Compositae.= Composite Family.
+
+     Herbs, rarely shrubs. _Leaves._--Usually alternate; without
+     stipules. _Flowers._--In a close head on a common _receptacle_,
+     surrounded by an _involucre_, whose divisions are called
+     _scales_ or _bracts_. _Calyx-tube._--Adnate to the one-celled
+     ovary; its limb (called a _pappus_) crowning its summit in the
+     form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc.; or cup-shaped; or
+     else entirely absent. _Corolla._--Either strap-shaped or
+     tubular; in the latter chiefly five-lobed. _Stamens._--Five
+     (rarely four); on the corolla; their anthers united in a tube.
+     _Style._--Two-cleft at the apex. _Fruit._--An akene. Flowers
+     with strap-shaped corollas are called _ray flowers_ or _rays_.
+     The _tubular flowers_ compose the disk.
+
+The Composite family is the largest of all plant-families, numbering twelve
+thousand species and upward, and is widely distributed over the world. In
+the cooler parts of the world the plants are mostly herbaceous, but toward
+the tropics they gradually become shrubs, and even trees. In North America
+they comprise about one sixth of all the flowering plants.
+
+For so large a family there are comparatively few useful plants found in
+it. Among the products of the order, may be mentioned chicory, lettuce, the
+artichoke, the vegetable oyster, arnica, chamomile-flowers, wormwood,
+absinth, elecampane, coltsfoot, taraxacum, oil of tansy, etc. But our
+gardens owe to this family innumerable beautiful and showy plants such as
+the China aster, the chrysanthemum, the cosmos, zinnia, dahlia, ageratum,
+gaillardia, coreopsis, sunflower, etc., etc.
+
+The plants of this family are quickly recognized by the flowers being
+always borne in a head and surrounded by an involucre, and presenting the
+appearance of a single flower. The heads are sometimes made up entirely of
+one kind of flower. The dandelion and the chicory are examples of a head
+made up entirely of ray-flowers, while the thistle consists of tubular
+flowers only. The more common arrangement, however, is the mixed one,
+comprising both tubular disk-flowers and strap-shaped rays, as in the
+daisy. The seeds are usually furnished with silken down or a delicate
+parachute to waft them abroad.
+
+The identification of the flowers of this order is a very difficult matter,
+even for experienced botanists.
+
+=Labiatae.= Mint Family.
+
+     Herbs with square stems. _Leaves._--Opposite; usually aromatic.
+     _Flowers._--Axillary, or often in whorls or heads.
+     _Corolla._--Bilabiate (rarely regular). _Stamens._--Four (or
+     only two). _Ovary._--Deeply four-lobed; becoming four seedlike
+     nutlets. Style single; arising from the midst of the lobes.
+
+The plants of this order are easily recognized by the traits in the above
+description. But some of these traits are shared by the plants of the
+Figwort family, which have also the bilabiate corolla. The distinguishing
+character, however, is always to be found in the _four-lobed ovary_ for the
+Figworts have a two-celled ovary.
+
+This order is a large one; and there are no noxious or poisonous plants to
+be found in it. On the contrary, it comprises many useful plants, too well
+known almost to need enumeration--such as the lavender, peppermint, sage,
+horehound, thyme, spearmint, horsemint, pennyroyal, etc.
+
+
+GENERA
+
+CEANOTHUS, L. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Shrubs or small trees, sometimes spinescent.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite or alternate; petioled; variously toothed
+     or entire. _Flowers._--Blue or white; small, usually not more
+     than two or three lines across; borne in showy thyrsoid or
+     cymose clusters. _Calyx._--Petaloid; with short tube and
+     five-cleft border, the lobes acute and connivent.
+     _Petals._--Five; long-clawed; hooded; inserted on the
+     calyx-tube. _Stamens._--Five; opposite the petals; long
+     exserted. _Ovary._--Three-lobed; three-celled. Style short;
+     three-cleft. _Fruit._--Dry; consisting of three dehiscent
+     nutlets; sometimes crested.
+
+The genus _Ceanothus_ is mainly a Western one. Of its thirty or more
+species, two thirds are found in the region between the Rocky Mountains and
+the Pacific Ocean.
+
+In California we have about twenty species; and these all hybridize to such
+an extent, that often the determination of any given species is a very
+difficult matter. The genus reaches its culmination in the mountains of
+Santa Cruz County, where there are many beautiful species. Many of the
+species are commonly known as "California lilac."
+
+LUPINUS, Catullus. Pea Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Palmately divided, with from one to sixteen
+     leaflets; stipules adnate; seldom conspicuous.
+     _Leaflets._--Entire; sessile. _Flowers._--In terminal racemes,
+     whorled or scattered. _Calyx._--Deeply bilabiate; upper lip
+     notched; lower usually entire, or occasionally three-toothed or
+     cleft. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous. _Standard._--Broad, with
+     sides reflexed. _Wings._--Falcate; oblong; commonly slightly
+     united at the tip in front of and inclosing the falcate,
+     usually slender, pointed keel. _Stamens._--With their filaments
+     united in a tube; of two forms; five with longer and basifixed
+     anthers; the alternate five with shorter and versatile ones.
+     _Pod._--Compressed; straight; two-valved. Style slender. Stigma
+     bearded.
+
+The Lupines are mostly plants of Western America. In fact, they are so
+abundant between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean that that
+territory is known among botanists as the "Lupine Region."
+
+The species, which are very numerous, are difficult of determination,
+requiring very long technical descriptions, which cannot be given in a work
+like the present. For this reason we have been able to give but a few of
+the more easily recognized.
+
+We have in California upwards of forty species. They are of little economic
+importance, although one or two species have been found very useful in the
+reclaiming of sand-dunes. Several species have been cultivated for
+ornament. The leaves are often beautiful and the flower-clusters showy.
+
+The generic name is supposed to come from the Latin _lupinus_, a _wolf_,
+and to have been given because of the voracity evinced by the species in
+exhausting the soil.
+
+ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. Pea Family.
+
+     Herbs, or sometimes plants woody at base. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     with stipules; unequally pinnate. _Flowers._--Rather small;
+     chiefly in simple axillary spikes or racemes, upon a commonly
+     elongated peduncle; papilionaceous. _Calyx._--Five-toothed.
+     _Corolla_ and its slender-clawed petals usually narrow. Keel
+     not pointed. _Stamens._--Nine united; one free.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled; sometimes apparently two-celled.
+     _Pod._--Very various; commonly inflated. _Seeds._--Few to many
+     on slender stalks; generally small for the size of the pod.
+
+The genus _Astragalus_ is a very large one, comprising many species in most
+parts of the world, save Australia and South Africa. About two hundred
+species are native of North America, most of which are found in the region
+west of the Mississippi River. Of these several are known as "loco-weed,"
+and are poisonous to sheep and cattle.
+
+Very few species of this genus have any economic value. _A. gummifer_ and
+some other similar species of Western Asia, low, spiny shrubs, yield the
+gum tragacanth of commerce.
+
+OENOTHERA, L. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     Herbs, or plants sometimes woody at the base.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate. _Flowers._--Axillary or in spikes or
+     racemes. _Calyx-tube._--More or less prolonged above the ovary
+     with four reflexed segments.
+
+     _Petals._--Four; obcordate to obovate; sessile; yellow to
+     white, often tinged with red or turning red in fading.
+     _Stamens._--Eight; equal; or those opposite the petals shorter.
+     Anthers perfect; two-celled; versatile. _Ovary._--Four-celled;
+     many ovuled. Style filiform. Stigma four-lobed or capitate.
+     _Fruit._--A capsule with the seeds in one or two rows in each
+     cell.
+
+The name _OEnothera_ is from two Greek words, meaning _wine_ and _a hunt_,
+or _pursuit_. Mr. Gray tells us that it was given in ancient times to some
+plant whose roots were eaten to provoke a relish for wine.
+
+This is a large genus, containing a hundred or more species, which are
+mostly confined to America, about a quarter of them being Californian. Many
+of them are very beautiful and have long been favorites in gardens. The
+flowers are yellow or white, and are commonly designated as "evening
+primroses," as many of them open upon the edge of evening.
+
+GODETIA, Spach. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+The genus _Godetia_ is closely allied to that of _OEnothera_; but is
+distinguished from the latter in several points. Its flowers are purple,
+lilac, or rose-colored--never yellow; the anthers are basifixed--_i.e._
+fixed by their bases--not versatile; and the stigma, instead of being
+capitate, has four linear lobes.
+
+The plants of this genus were formerly included under _OEnothera_; but it
+has been thought best to put them into a separate genus, which has been
+named for a Dr. Godet.
+
+There are numerous species, many of them very beautiful and showy. They
+vary a great deal under different conditions and in different seasons, and
+are not well understood by botanists as yet.
+
+The genus is confined to the western coast of North America, and is most
+largely represented in California.
+
+The species flower mostly in late spring and early summer, which has given
+rise to the pretty name of "farewell to spring" for the plants of this
+genus.
+
+GILIA, Renz. and Pav. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     Herbs or plants somewhat shrubby at base. _Leaves._--Opposite
+     or alternate; simple or compound; without stipules. Many
+     species with showy flowers. All the parts of the flower five,
+     except the pistil, which has a three-celled ovary and a
+     three-lobed style. _Calyx._--Imbricated in the bud.
+     _Corolla._--Regular; funnel-form, salver-form, or sometimes
+     short campanulate or rotate; convolute in the bud.
+     _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla alternate with its lobes;
+     distinct. Filaments mostly slender; sometimes unequal in
+     length; not bearded at base.
+
+This genus was named in honor of Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist. In America
+the name is pronounced _jil'i-a_, though according to the rules of the
+Spanish language _he'li-a_ would be the correct pronunciation.
+
+This is a comparatively large genus, comprising about a hundred species,
+most of which are native to the western parts of the United States. The
+flowers are often showy and beautiful, and some of them closely resemble
+the phloxes. A number are cultivated under the botanical name of
+_Ipomopsis_ or _Leptosiphon_.
+
+PHACELIA, Juss. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Herbs, mostly branched from the base and hairy.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; the lower sometimes opposite; simple or
+     compound. _Flowers._--Usually in one-sided scorpioid racemes.
+     _Calyx._--Deeply five-parted; without appendages.
+     _Corolla._--From almost rotate to narrowly funnel-form;
+     five-lobed; with ten vertical plates or scales at the base
+     within. _Stamens._--Five; equally inserted low or at the base
+     of the corolla. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles two; or one which
+     is two-cleft. _Fruit._--A capsule.
+
+The name _Phacelia_ is from a Greek word signifying a _fascicle_, or
+_bunch_, and refers to the fascicled or clustered flower-racemes.
+
+This genus is closely allied to _Nemophila_, but differs from it in several
+points. The calyx is not furnished with appendages at the sinuses; the
+corolla is imbricated in the bud--_i.e._ the lobes overlap one another in
+the manner of bricks in a wall,--and is not convolute, or rolled up, as in
+_Nemophila_.
+
+This is mainly a North American genus, having about fifty species, about
+thirty of which are Californian. Many of the species have beautiful and
+showy flowers, and are cultivated in gardens. The blossoms are blue,
+violet, purple, or white, but never yellow (save sometimes in the tube or
+throat).
+
+MIMULUS, L. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; simple. _Flowers._--Axillary on solitary
+     peduncles; sometimes becoming racemose by the diminution of the
+     upper leaves to bracts. _Calyx._--Tubular or campanulate;
+     mostly five-angled and five- toothed. _Corolla._--Funnel-form;
+     bilabiate; the upper lip erect, two-lobed; the lower
+     three-lobed; a pair of ridges, either bearded or naked, running
+     down the lower side of the throat. _Stamens._--Four. Anthers
+     often near together in pairs, with divergent cells.
+     _Ovary._--Superior; two-celled. Style filiform. Stigma
+     two-lipped, with the lips commonly dilated and petaloid.
+
+The genus _Mimulus_ is so named from the shape of the corolla, which is
+supposed to resemble the gaping countenance of an ape. It comprises forty
+or fifty species, and affords us some of our most beautiful flowers. The
+greater number of species and the handsomest are Pacific, and several of
+our Californian species are especially prized in cultivation.
+
+The plants of the genus are all known as "monkey-flowers." They exhibit an
+interesting character in the structure and movements of the stigma. It is
+usually composed of two somewhat expanded lips. These are extremely
+sensitive, and when touched, or when pollen has been received by them, they
+close quite rapidly.
+
+ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. Figwort Family.
+
+     Low herbs; almost all annuals. _Leaves._--Mainly alternate;
+     sessile; often cut into from three to five filiform divisions;
+     the upper passing into the bracts of the dense spike and
+     usually colored, as are the calyx-lobes.
+     _Calyx._--Short-tubular or oblong-campanulate; evenly
+     four-cleft, or sometimes cleft before and behind and the
+     divisions again cleft. _Corolla._--Tubular; the upper lip, or
+     galea, little or not at all longer than the lower; small in
+     comparison with the large, inflated, one- to three-saccate lower
+     one, which usually bears more or less conspicuous teeth.
+     _Stamens._--Four; inclosed in the upper lip.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long. Stigma capitate. _Fruit._--A
+     capsule.
+
+The genus _Orthocarpus_ is mainly Californian, comprising within our
+borders something less than twenty species. Most of them are to be found
+from San Francisco northward and in the mountains.
+
+They are closely related to the _Castilleias_, and resemble them closely in
+habit. The difference between the two genera lies in the relative sizes of
+the upper and lower lips of the corolla. In _Castilleia_ the upper lip is
+the larger and more prominent; while in _Orthocarpus_ the lower is much
+more conspicuous, often consisting of three inflated sacs.
+
+The species are quite difficult of determination.
+
+"Owl's clover" is a common English name for the plants of this genus.
+
+PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Figwort Family.
+
+     Perennial herbs, or rarely shrubby. _Leaves._--Opposite, rarely
+     whorled; the upper sessile or clasping; the floral gradually or
+     abruptly reduced to bracts. _Flowers._--Usually red, blue,
+     purple, or white, rarely yellow; in raceme-like panicles.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--With a conspicuous and
+     mostly elongated or ventricose tube; the throat swelling out on
+     the lower if on either side; the limb more or less bilabiate,
+     with the upper lip two-lobed and the lower three-cleft,
+     recurved, or spreading. _Stamens._--Four perfect; a fifth with
+     a bearded filament only. Anther cells mostly united or running
+     together at the summit. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long.
+     Stigma entire.
+
+The name _Pentstemon_ is from two Greek words, signifying _five_ and
+_stamen_. It was bestowed upon this genus because the fifth stamen is
+present, though sterile.
+
+The genus is a large one, comprising seventy species, most of which are
+North American, though a few are Mexican. It is most abundantly represented
+in the Pacific States and the States west of the Mississippi. California
+has over twenty species, many of them very beautiful, a number of them
+being in cultivation.
+
+"Beard-tongue" is the common English name for the plants of this genus.
+
+From so many charming species it has been very difficult to select; and if
+the reader finds some beautiful flower of this genus which is unnamed in
+these pages, he is advised to consult the technical botanies.
+
+CALOCHORTUS, Pursh. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Branching; from a membranous-coated, sometimes
+     fibrous-coated corm. _Leaves._--Few; linear-lanceolate; the
+     radical one or two much larger than those of the flexuous or
+     erect stem. _Flowers._--Few to many; showy; terminal or
+     axillary, or umbellately fascicled. _Perianth._--Deciduous; of
+     six more or less concave segments; the three outer lanceolate,
+     greenish, more or less sepal-like; the inner (petals) mostly
+     broadly cuneate-obovate, usually with a conspicuous glandular
+     pit toward the base, which is apt to be hidden by long hairs.
+     _Stamens._--Six. Anthers erect; basifixed.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled; three-angled. Stigmas three; sessile;
+     recurved. _Capsule._--Three-angled or winged.
+
+The _Calochorti_ are the most widely diffused of all the liliaceous plants
+of the Pacific Coast, and comprise some of the most beautiful flowers in
+the world. "On the north they reach British America; one species is to be
+found as far east as Nebraska; and several are natives of Northern Mexico;
+and within these limits no considerable section of country is destitute of
+some species."[1] They are so closely allied to the true tulips that the
+common designation of them as "tulips" is not at all amiss.
+
+The name _Calochortus_ signifies _beautiful grass_. The members of the
+genus fall naturally into three general groups:--
+
+_First_--The GLOBE TULIPS, which have flexile stems, sub-globose, nodding
+flowers, and nodding capsules. Of these there are three--_C. albus_, _C.
+pulchellus_, and _C. amoenus_.
+
+_Second_--The STAR TULIPS, having low, flexile stems, erect, starlike
+flowers, with spreading petals, and nodding capsules. They comprise _C.
+Benthami_, _C. Maweanus_, _C. coeruleus_, _C. apiculatus_, _C. elegans_,
+_C. Tolmei_, _C. umbellatus_, etc.
+
+_Third_--The MARIPOSA TULIPS, which are usually tall, fine plants, with
+stiff, erect stems, having erect, cup-shaped or open-campanulate flowers,
+usually large and handsome, followed by erect capsules.
+
+They have a few narrow, grasslike, radical leaves, which have usually dried
+away by the time of flowering, which is in early summer, after the ground
+has become dry and hard. These inhabit our dry, open hillsides and grassy
+slopes, loving a stony, clayey, sandy, or volcanic soil. They comprise
+over thirty different known forms, and others are constantly being
+discovered.
+
+They have a tendency to hybridize, and the various forms sport and vary,
+and run into one another in such a wonderful manner that the exact
+determination of all the species is an impossible task to all but a few
+experts--and even they are not certain about them all yet. We have given
+only a few of the commonest or best-characterized species.
+
+_Mariposa_ is the Spanish word meaning _butterfly_, and was applied on
+account of the marvelous resemblance of the markings of the petals of some
+of the forms to the wings of that insect.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[Footnote 1: Mr. Carl Purdy.]
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY
+
+
+Situated on the western verge of the continent, so far removed from the
+other parts of our country, not only by great distance, but by those mighty
+natural barriers that traverse the continent from north to south,
+California is eminently individual in her natural features. Stretching
+through nine and one half degrees of latitude, with a sea-coast of seven
+hundred miles, and several ranges of fine and lofty mountains, there is
+probably not another State in the Union that has so wonderful a diversity
+of climate and vegetation. Her shores, bathed by the warm Japan Current, or
+Ku-ro Si-wa, which is deflected southward from Alaska, are many degrees
+warmer than their latitude alone would warrant.
+
+Her general topography is simple and readily understood. The Sierra Nevada,
+or "snowy range," upon the eastern boundary, with its granite summits and
+its shoulders clothed with successive belts of majestic coniferous forests,
+with an occasional snow-peak towering above the range, forms the eastern
+wall of the great Central Valley, which is inclosed upon the west by the
+Coast Range, less in height than the Sierra, but equally beautiful, less
+forbidding, more companionable. The great Central Valley, four hundred and
+fifty miles long, is drained by two rivers, which meet in its center and
+break through the Coast Range, delivering their waters to the ocean through
+the Golden Gate. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers receive many
+important tributaries from the east, fed by the melting snows of the
+Sierras, and flow through one of the most fertile regions of the world.
+
+The Sierras may be divided into five different belts, of varying altitudes
+along the length of the range, beginning with the foothill region, which
+may be termed the chaparral region. This is succeeded by the yellow-pine
+belt, above which is the sugar-pine, or upper forest, belt, which is in
+turn succeeded by the sub-alpine, while the alpine dominates all.
+
+The Coast Range is channeled on both sides by many beautiful wooded canyons,
+affording homes for some of our loveliest flowers. Mr. Purdy writes of it:
+This "is not a continuous range, but a broken mass of parallel ridges from
+forty to seventy miles wide, with many other chains transverse to the
+general trend of the range, and inclosing numerous valleys, large and
+small, of widely different altitudes. In the Coast Range there is no warm
+belt, but isolated warm spots. Climate here can only be ascertained by
+experience. The geological formation of the ranges and the character of
+soils constantly vary, and often widely at short intervals. Hence the flora
+of this region is particularly interesting. It is hardly probable there is
+a more captivating field for the botanist in the world."
+
+In the north and the south the two great ranges meet in some of the noblest
+snow-peaks on the continent. Below their southern junction, to the
+eastward, lies an arid desert region, and above their northern junction
+extends a dry and elevated plateau to the northeast. Thus there arises a
+great diversity of natural condition. As all living organisms are greatly
+influenced by their environment, the flora naturally distributes itself
+along the lines of climatic variation. Thus we have alpine species on the
+snowy heights of the Sierras, and sub-alpine forms luxuriating in the
+meadows fed from their snows; inland species in the Central Valley, and
+following some distance up its eastern and western walls; the leathery and
+hardy forms of the wind-swept coast; the curious prickly races of arid
+regions; delicate lovers of the cool and shaded brook; dwellers in marshes
+and on lake borders; denizens of dry, rocky hill-slopes, exposed to the
+glare of the sun; and inhabiters of shaded woods. It may be said that the
+most characteristically Western plants of our flora are to be found in the
+Central Valley, in the lower belts of the Sierras, and in the valleys of
+the Coast Range, many of which extend beyond our borders, both northward
+and southward. Many of our alpine species are common to the East, and our
+maritime flora is of necessity somewhat cosmopolitan, containing many
+introduced species from various parts of the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The climate of California is divided into two seasons--the wet and the
+dry,--the former extending from October to May, the latter occupying the
+remaining months of the year. And this climatic division coincides almost
+exactly with the area of the State. Of course, these dates are not
+absolute, as showers may occur beyond their limits.
+
+It will be readily seen that the rainy season, or the winter, so-called, is
+the growing time of our year--the time when the earth brings forth every
+plant in his kind. On the other hand, the summer is the time of rest. Most
+of the plant-life having germinated after the first moisture of the fall,
+grows luxuriantly during the showery months of winter, blossoms lavishly in
+the balmy sunshine of early springtime, produces seed in abundance by early
+summer, and is then ready for its annual rest. Instead of shrouding the
+earth in snow during our period of plant-rest, as she does in more rigorous
+climes, Nature gently spreads over hill and valley a soft mantle of brown.
+
+When the first shrill notes of the cicada are heard in late spring, we
+awake to a sudden realization that summer is at hand, and, looking about
+us, we see that the flowers have nearly all vanished; hill and valley no
+longer glow with great masses of color; only a few straggling species of
+the early summer remain; but they too are soon gone, and soft browns and
+straw-colors prevail everywhere. It is then that the deep, rich greens of
+our symmetrically rounded Live-Oaks, so characteristic of this region, show
+in fine contrast against this delicate background, forming a picture that
+every Californian dearly loves; the Madrono and the Laurel spread their
+canopies of grateful shade; while the Redwood affords cool retreats from
+the summer sun. Then our salt marshes, as though realizing the need of
+refreshing verdure, put on their most vivid greens; and our
+chaparral-covered hill-slopes make walls of bronze and olive.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Perhaps no coniferous forests in the world are so beautiful or so
+attractive as the Redwood forests of our Coast Ranges; and they play so
+important a part in the distribution of our plants, it will not be out of
+place to devote a little space to them here.
+
+The main Redwood belt is of limited range, extending along the Coast from
+Monterey County to Humboldt County, and nowhere exceeding twenty miles in
+breadth. Straggling trees may be found beyond these limits, but nowhere a
+forest growth or trees of great size. In its densest portion, the stately
+and colossal trees are too close together to permit of a wagon passing
+between them.
+
+Mr. Purdy writes: "The Redwood is not only a lover of moisture, but to an
+extent hardly to be believed, unless seen, a condenser and conserver of
+moisture. Their tops reach high into the sea of vapor, and a constant
+precipitation from them, like rain, takes place. The water stands in
+puddles in the roads under them. This causes the densest of undergrowth;
+hazels, huckleberries, various Ceanothi, ferns of large size and in
+greatest profusion, large bushes of rhododendron, and numerous other plants
+make the forest floor a perfect tangle in moister portions."
+
+Many charming plants find their homes amid the cool shade of these noble
+trees. Trillium, and scoliopus, and dog's-tooth violets vie with clintonias
+and vancouverias in elegance and grace, while little creeping violets, and
+the lovely redwood-sorrel, and the salal make charming tapestries over the
+forest floor about these dim cathedral columns.
+
+On the other hand, the open forest belts of the Sierras, which are of far
+greater extent, present another and quite different flora from that of the
+Coast Range and the Redwood belt. There may be found many interesting
+plants of the Heath family--cassiope, bryanthus, chimaphila, ledum, various
+pyrolas, and the snow-plant; there the aconite, false hellebore, eriogonums
+and gentians, and new and beautiful pentstemons and Mimuli and lilies deck
+the meadows and stream-banks.
+
+After the season of blossoming is over in the lowlands, we may pass on up
+into the mountains and live again through a vernal springtime of flowers.
+
+Perhaps in no country in the world does the arrival of the spring flowers
+"so transform the face of Nature as in California." The march of
+civilization has brought changes in its wake; the virgin soil has been
+broken and subdued into grainfields and vineyards; still enough of the
+lavish blossoming is left us to appreciate Mr. Muir's description of the
+face of the country as it appeared years ago. He says: "When California was
+wild, it was one sweet bee-garden throughout its entire length, north and
+south, and all the way across from the snowy Sierra to the ocean.... The
+Great Central Plain ... during the months of March, April, and May was one
+smooth, continuous bed of honey-bloom, so marvelously rich that in walking
+from one end of it to the other, a distance of four hundred miles, your
+foot would press about a hundred flowers at every step. Mints, gilias,
+nemophilas, castilleias, and innumerable Compositae were so crowded
+together, that had ninety-nine per cent of them been taken away, the plain
+would still have seemed to any but Californians extravagantly flowery. The
+radiant, honeyful corollas, touching and overlapping and rising above one
+another, glowed in the living light like a sunset sky--one sheet of purple
+and gold.... Sauntering in any direction, hundreds of these happy
+sun-plants brushed against my feet at every step and closed over them as if
+I were wading in liquid gold. The air was sweet with fragrance, the larks
+sang their blessed songs, rising on the wing as I advanced, then sinking
+out of sight in the polleny sod; while myriads of wild bees stirred the
+lower air with their monotonous hum--monotonous, yet forever fresh and
+sweet as everyday sunshine."
+
+
+
+
+PRELUDE
+
+    O LAND OF THE WEST! I know
+    How the field-flowers bud and blow,
+    And the grass springs and the grain
+    To the first soft touch and summons of the rain!
+    O, the music of the rain!
+    O, the music of the streams!
+
+    --INA D. COOLBRITH.
+
+
+Toward the end of our long cloudless summer, after most other flowers have
+stolen away, Mother Nature marshals her great order of Compositae for a
+last rally; and they come as welcome visitants to fill the places of our
+vanished summer friends.
+
+Asters and goldenrods, grindelias, lessingias, and the numerous tarweeds,
+with their cheerful blossoms, relieve the sober browns of sun-dried
+hill-slopes and meadows, or fringe with color our roadsides and salt
+marshes.
+
+But even these late-comers weary after a time, and one by one disappear,
+till there comes a season when, without flowers, Nature seems to be humbled
+in sackcloth and ashes. The dust lies thick upon roadside trees, a haze
+hangs like a veil in the air, and the sun beats down with fierce, continued
+glare.
+
+As this wears on day after day, a certain vague expectancy creeps gradually
+over the face of things--a rapt, mysterious aspect, foreboding change. One
+day there is a telltale clarity in the atmosphere. Later, the sky darkens
+by degrees, and a dull, leaden hue spreads over the vault of heaven.
+Nature mourns, and would weep. Her heart is full to bursting; still the
+tears come not. The winds spring up and blow freshly over the parched land.
+A few hard-wrung drops begin to fall, and at length there closes down a
+thoroughgoing shower. The flood-gates are opened at last; the long tension
+is over, and we breathe freely once more.
+
+During this first autumn rain, those of us who are so fortunate as to live
+in the country are conscious of a strange odor pervading all the air. It is
+as though Dame Nature were brewing a vast cup of herb tea, mixing in the
+fragrant infusion all the plants dried and stored so carefully during the
+summer.
+
+When the clouds vanish after this baptismal shower, everything is
+charmingly fresh and pure, and we have some of the rarest of days. Then the
+little seeds, harbored through the long summer in Earth's bosom, burst
+their coats and push up their tender leaves, till on hillside and
+valley-floor appears a delicate mist of green, which gradually confirms
+itself into a soft, rich carpet--and all the world is in verdure clad. Then
+we begin to look eagerly for our first flowers.
+
+
+
+
+FLOWER DESCRIPTIONS
+
+A FANCY
+
+
+              I think I would not be
+                  A stately tree,
+    Broad-boughed, with haughty crest that seeks the sky.
+              Too many sorrows lie
+    In years, too much of bitter for the sweet:
+    Frost-bite, and blast, and heat,
+    Blind drought, cold rains, must all grow wearisome,
+              Ere one could put away
+              Their leafy garb for aye,
+              And let death come.
+
+              Rather this wayside flower!
+              To live its happy hour
+    Of balmy air, of sunshine, and of dew.
+    A sinless face held upward to the blue;
+              A bird-song sung to it,
+              A butterfly to flit
+    On dazzling wings above it, hither, thither,--
+    A sweet surprise of life,--and then exhale
+    A little fragrant soul on the soft gale,
+              To float--ah! whither?
+
+    --INA D. COOLBRITH.
+
+
+
+
+_White or occasionally or partially white flowers not described in the
+White Section._
+
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS--Pimpernel.
+
+    BRODIAEA LACTEA--White Brodiaea.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS WEEDII--Mariposa Tulip.
+
+    CUSCUTA--Dodder.
+
+    ERIOGONUM URSINUM.
+
+    ERYSIMUM GRANDIFLORUM--Cream-colored Wallflower.
+
+    ESCHSCHOLTZIA CALIFORNICA--California Poppy.
+
+    FLOERKIA DOUGLASII--Meadow-Foam.
+
+    HEMIZONIA LUZULAEFOLIA--Tarweed.
+
+    HOSACKIA BICOLOR.
+
+    MELILOTUS ALBA--White Sweet Clover.
+
+    PTEROSPORA ANDROMEDEA--Pine-Drops.
+
+    VERBASCUM BLATTARIA--Moth-Mullein.
+
+
+_Described in the Pink Section_:--
+
+    APOCYNUM CANNABINUM--American-Indian Hemp.
+
+    DODECATHEON CLEVELANDI--Shooting-Stars.
+
+    GILIA ANDROSACEA.
+
+    LEWISIA REDIVIVA--Bitter-Root.
+
+    OXALIS OREGANA--Redw'd-Sorrel.
+
+    PHLOX DOUGLASII--Alpine Phlox.
+
+    RHUS INTEGRIFOLIA--Lemonade-Berry.
+
+    RHUS LAURINA--Sumach.
+
+    SILENE GALLICA.
+
+    TRIENTALIS EUROPAEA--Star-Flower.
+
+
+_Described in the Blue and Purple Section_:--
+
+    BRODIAEA LAXA--Ithuriel's Spear.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS CATALINAE--Catalina Mariposa Tulip.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS MAWEANUS--Cat's-Ears.
+
+    CALOCHORTUS UMBELLATUS--White Star-Tulip.
+
+    CEANOTHUS DIVARICATUS--Wild Lilac.
+
+    CEANOTHUS THYRSIFLORUS--California Lilac.
+
+    COLLINSIA BICOLOR--Collinsia.
+
+    DELPHINIUM.
+
+    FRITILLARIA LILIACEA--White Fritillary.
+
+    IRIS DOUGLASIANA--Douglas Iris.
+
+    IRIS MACROSIPHON-Ground Iris.
+
+    POLYGALA CORNUTA.
+
+    SCUTELLARIA CALIFORNICA--White Skullcap
+
+    TRILLIUM SESSILE--Calif. Trillium.
+
+
+_Described in the Red Section_:--
+
+    GILIA AGGREGATA--Scarlet Gilia.
+
+    AQUILEGIA COERULEA.
+
+
+_Described in the Miscellaneous Section_:--
+
+    CEPHALANTHERA OREGANA--Phantom Orchis.
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM CALIFORNICUM--California Lady's Slipper.
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM MONTANUM--Mountain Lady's Slipper.
+
+    PROSARTES MENZIESII--Drops of Gold.
+
+
+TOOTHWORT. PEPPER-ROOT. SPRING-BLOSSOM.
+
+_Dentaria Californica_, Nutt. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Roots._--Bearing small tubers. _Stems._--Six inches to two
+     feet high. _Root-leaves._--Simple and roundish or with three
+     leaflets. _Stem-leaves._--Usually with three to five pinnate
+     leaflets, one to three inches long. _Flowers._--White to pale
+     rose-color. _Sepals and Petals._--Four. _Stamens._--Four long
+     and two short. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style simple.
+     _Pod._--Slender; twelve to eighteen lines long.
+     _Syn._--_Cardamine paucisecta_, Benth. _Hab._--Throughout the
+     Coast Ranges.
+
+What a rapture we always feel over this first blossom of the year! not only
+for its own dear sake, but for the hopes and promises it holds out, the
+visions it raises of spring, with flower-covered meadows, running brooks,
+buds swelling everywhere, bird-songs, and the air rife with perfumes.
+
+It is like the dove sent forth from the ark, this first tentative blossom,
+this _avant courier_ of the great army of Crucifers, or cross-bearers, so
+called because their four petals are stretched out like the four arms of a
+cross.
+
+It is usually in some sheltered wood that we look for this first shy
+blossom; but once it has proved the trustworthiness of the skies, it is
+followed by thousands of its companions, who then come out boldly and star
+the meadows with their pure white constellations.
+
+The Latin name of this genus (from the word _dens_, a tooth), translated
+into the vernacular, becomes toothwort, the termination _wort_ signifying
+merely plant or herb.
+
+It was so named because of the toothed rootstocks of many species.
+
+The little tubers upon the root often have a pungent taste, from which
+comes one of the other common names--"pepper-root." Various other names
+have been applied to these flowers, such as "lady's smocks" and
+"milkmaids."
+
+[Illustration _TOOTHWORT--Dentaria Californica._]
+
+
+ZYGADENE.
+
+_Zygadenus Fremonti_, Michx. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--Dark-coated. _Leaves._--Linear; a foot or two long;
+     deeply channeled. _Scape._--Three inches to even four feet
+     high. _Flowers._--White. _Perianth Segments._--Six; strongly
+     nerved; bearing at base yellow glands; inner segments clawed.
+     _Stamens._--Six; shorter than the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Styles three; short.
+     _Capsule._--Three-beaked. _Hab._--Coast Ranges, San Diego to
+     Humboldt County.
+
+The generic name, _Zygadenus_, is from the Greek, and signifies yoked
+glands, referring to the glands upon the base of the perianth segments.
+
+We have several species, the most beautiful and showy of which is _Z.
+Fremonti_. This is widely distributed, and grows in very different
+situations. In our central Coast Range its tall stems, with their lovely
+clusters of white stars, make their appearance upon rocky hill-slopes with
+warm exposure, in the shelter of the trees, soon after the toothwort has
+sprinkled the fields with its white bloom. In the south it rears its tall
+stems upon open mesas, unprotected by the shelter of friendly tree or
+shrub, and in some localities it makes itself at home in bogs. It is
+possible that the future may reveal the presence of more than one species.
+
+It has sometimes been called "soap-plant"; but this name more appropriately
+belongs to _Chlorogalum_. It somewhat resembles the Star of Bethlehem of
+Eastern gardens. The fact that it grows in boggy places has given rise to
+the name of "water-lily" in certain localities; but this ought to be
+discountenanced, as it bears not the slightest resemblance to the
+magnificent water-lily of Eastern ponds.
+
+Another species--_Z. venenosus_, Wats.--is found from Monterey and Mariposa
+Counties to British Columbia. This may be distinguished from the above by
+its narrow leaves--only two or three lines wide,--usually folded together,
+and by its smaller flowers, with perianth segments only two or three lines
+long; and also by the fact that the stamens equal the segments in length.
+The bulb is poisonous, and our Northern Indians call it "death camass,"
+while the farmers in the Sierras call it "Lobelia," not because of any
+resemblance to that plant, but because its poisonous effects are similar to
+those of the latter. It is fatal to horses, but hogs eat it with impunity,
+from which it is also known as "hogs' potato." It is found in moist meadows
+or along stream-banks, in June and July.
+
+[Illustration _ZYGADENE--Zygadenus Fremonti._]
+
+
+POISON-OAK.
+
+_Rhus diversiloba_, Torr. and Gray. Poison-Oak or Cashew Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Three to fifteen feet high. _Leaflets._--One to four
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Greenish white; small. _Sepals and
+     Petals._--Usually five. _Stamens._--As many or twice as many as
+     the petals. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles three: distinct or
+     united. _Fruit._--A small, dry, striate, whitish drupe.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+The presence of the poison-oak in our woods and fields makes these outdoor
+haunts forbidden pleasures to persons who are susceptible to it. It is
+closely allied to the poison-ivy of the Eastern States, and very similar in
+its effects. It is a charming shrub in appearance, with beautiful glossy,
+shapely leaves; and in early summer, when it turns to many shades of
+scarlet and purple-bronze, it is especially alluring to the unsuspecting.
+It is quite diverse in its habit, sometimes appearing as an erect shrub,
+and again climbing trees or rock surfaces, by means of small aerial
+rootlets, to a considerable height. Horses eat the leaves without injury;
+and the honey which the bees distill from its small greenish-white flowers
+is said to be excellent.
+
+Many low plants seek the shelter of these shrubs, and some of our loveliest
+flowers, such as Clarkias, Godetias, Collinsias, Brodiaeas, and larkspurs,
+seem to realize that immunity from human marauders is to be had within its
+safe retreat.
+
+The remedies for oak-poisoning are numerous; and it may not be out of place
+to mention a few of them here. Different remedies are required by different
+individuals. Any of the following plants may be made into a tea and used as
+a wash: Grindelia, manzanita, wild peony, California holly, and _Rhamnus
+Purshiania_, or _Californica_. Hot solutions of soda, Epsom salts, or
+saltpeter are helpful to many, and the bulb of the soap-root,--_Chlorogalum
+pomeridianum_--pounded to a paste and used as a salve, allowing it to
+dry upon the surface and remain for some hours at least, is considered
+excellent. In fact, any pure toilet soap may be used in the same manner.
+
+[Illustration POISON OAK--_Rhus diversiloba_.]
+
+
+WAKE-ROBIN.
+
+_Trillium ovatum_, Pursh. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Thickened. _Stem._--Erect; stout; a foot or more
+     high; bearing at summit a whorl of three sessile leaves.
+     _Leaves._--Rhomboidal; acuminate; netted-veined; five-nerved;
+     two to six inches long. _Flower._--Solitary; pure white,
+     turning to deep rose; peduncle one to three inches long.
+     _Sepals._--Three; herbaceous. _Petals._--One or two inches
+     long. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Stigmas three;
+     sessile. _Capsule._--Broadly ovate: six-winged. _Hab._--The
+     Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz to British Columbia.
+
+The wake-robin is in the vanguard of our spring flowers, and a walk into
+some high, cold canyon while the days are still dark and short will be amply
+rewarded by the finding of its white and peculiarly pure-looking blossoms
+standing upon the bank overlooking the streamlet. The blossoms remain
+unchanged for a time, and then, as they fade, turn to a deep purplish
+rose-color.
+
+Our wake-robin so closely resembles _T. grandiflorum_, Salisb., of the
+Eastern States, that it seems a pity it should have been made into a
+different species.
+
+
+BEACH-STRAWBERRY.
+
+_Fragaria Chilensis_, Ehrhart. Rose Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The coast, from Alaska to San Francisco and southward.
+
+This beautiful strawberry is found growing near the seashore, where its
+large, delicious berries are often buried beneath the shifting sand,
+becoming bleached in color. It sometimes covers acres with its thick,
+shining, dark-green leaves, among which are sprinkled its large pure-white
+flowers, an inch or more across.
+
+The wood-strawberry--_F. Californica_--is very common in the Coast Ranges;
+but for the most part it is dry and flavorless.
+
+[Illustration WAKE-ROBIN--_Trillium ovatum_.]
+
+
+=MANZANITA. BEARBERRY.=
+
+_Arctostaphylos manzanita_, Parry. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs three to twenty-five feet high, with purple-brown bark.
+     _Leaves._--Pale. _Flowers._--White or pinkish; in crowded
+     clusters. _Corolla._--Four or five lines long; campanulate.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; filaments dilated and bearded at base; anthers
+     two-celled, opening terminally, each cell furnished with a long
+     downward-pointing horn. _Ovary._--Globose; five to ten-celled.
+     Style simple. _Fruit._--Six lines in diameter, containing
+     several bony nutlets. _Syn._--_Arctostaphylos pungens_, HBK.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+Of all our shrubs, the manzanita is the most beautiful and the best known.
+Sometimes as early as Christmas it may be found in full bloom, when its
+dense crown of pale foliage, surmounting the rich purple-brown stems, is
+thickly sown with the little clusters of fragrant waxen bells. After the
+blossoms have passed away, the shrubs put forth numerous brilliant scarlet
+or crimson shoots, which at a little distance look like a strange and
+entirely new kind of blossoming. The manzanita is closely allied to the
+madrono, and resembles it in many ways, particularly in the annual peeling
+of its rich red bark and in the form of its flowers.
+
+The Greek generic name, translated into English, becomes "bearberry." The
+pretty Spanish name--from _manzana_, apple, and the diminutive, _ita_,--was
+bestowed by the early Spanish-Californians, who recognized the resemblance
+of the fruit to tiny apples.
+
+We have a dozen or more species of _Arctostaphylos_, but _A. manzanita_ is
+the commonest of them all. It varies greatly in size and habit. In
+localities most favorable it becomes a large, erect shrub, with many
+clustered trunks, while in the Sierras it finds but a precarious footing
+among the granite rocks, often covering their surfaces with its small
+tortuous, stiff branches. The leaves, by a twisting of their stalks, assume
+a vertical position on the branches, a habit which enables many plants of
+dry regions to avoid unnecessary evaporation.
+
+[Illustration MANZANITA--_Arctostaphylos manzanita_.]
+
+The largest manzanita known is upon the estate of Mr. Tiburcio Parrott, in
+St. Helena, Napa County, California. It is thirty-five feet high, with a
+spread of branches equal to its height, while its trunk measures eleven and
+a half feet in circumference at the ground, soon dividing into large
+branches. It is a veritable patriarch, and has doubtless seen many
+centuries. According to an interesting account in "Garden and Forest," it
+once had a narrow escape from the ax of a woodman. A gentleman who was a
+lover of trees, happening to pass, paid the woodman two dollars to spare
+its life.
+
+Years ago no traveler from the East felt that he could return home without
+a manzanita cane, made from as straight a branch as could be secured.
+
+The berries of this shrub are dry and bony and quite unsatisfactory. They
+are, however, pleasantly acid, and have been put to several uses. It is
+said that both brandy and vinegar are made from them, and housewives make
+quite a good jelly from some species. Bears are fond of the berries, and
+the Indians eat them, both raw and pounded into a flour, from which mush is
+made. The leaves made into a tincture or infusion are now an officinal
+drug, valued in catarrh of the throat or stomach.
+
+From Monterey to San Diego is found _A. glauca_, Lindl., the great-berried
+manzanita. It closely resembles the above, but its berries are three
+fourths of an inch in diameter.
+
+Of the same range as the last is _A. bicolor_, Gray, whose leaves are of a
+rich, shining green above and white and woolly beneath. Its berries are the
+size of a pea, yellowish at first, and turning red later.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SAXIFRAGE.
+
+_Saxifraga Californica_, Greene. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Few; all radical; oval; one to two inches long, on
+     broad petioles six to twelve lines long. _Scape._--Six to
+     eighteen inches high. _Flowers._--White or rose; four or five
+     lines across. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft, with reflexed lobes.
+     _Petals._--Borne on the calyx. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     _Ovaries._--Two; partly united. Styles short. Stigmas capitate.
+     _Syn._--_S. Virginiensis_, Michx. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIANSAXIFRAGE--_Saxifraga Californica_.]
+
+In the rich soil of cool northward slopes, or on many a mossy bank amid the
+tender young fronds of the maidenhair, may be found the delicate clusters
+of our little Californian saxifrage. The plants are small, with but a few,
+perhaps only one or two, oval, rather hairy leaves, lying upon the ground,
+and a slender red scape upholding the dainty cluster of small white
+flowers. The tips of the calyx-lobes are usually red, and the wee stamens
+are pink.
+
+We have several species of saxifrage, most of which are plants of exceeding
+delicacy and grace, and with small flowers.
+
+
+MINER'S LETTUCE. INDIAN LETTUCE.
+
+_Montia perfoliata_, Howell. Purslane Family.
+
+     Smooth, succulent herbs. _Radical Leaves._--Long-petioled;
+     broadly rhomboidal. _Stems._--Simple; six to twelve inches
+     high, having, near the summit, a pair of leaves united around
+     the stem. _Flowers._--White. _Sepals._--Two. _Petals._--Five,
+     minute. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--One-celled Style slender.
+     Stigma three-cleft. _Syn._--_Claytonia perfoliata_, Don.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+Though our Indian lettuce is closely allied to the Eastern "Spring Beauty,"
+one would never suspect it from its outward appearance and habit. The
+little flower-racemes look as though they might have pushed their way right
+through the rather large saucer-like leaf just below them. The succulent
+leaves and stems are greedily eaten by the Indians, from which it is called
+"Indian lettuce."
+
+Mr. Powers, of Sheridan, writes that the Placer County Indians have a novel
+way of preparing their salad. Gathering the stems and leaves, they lay them
+about the entrances of the nests of certain large red ants. These, swarming
+out, run all over it. After a time the Indians shake them off, satisfied
+that the lettuce has a pleasant sour taste equaling that imparted by
+vinegar. These little plants are said to be excellent when boiled and well
+seasoned, and they have long been grown in England, where they are highly
+esteemed for salads.
+
+[Illustration MINER'S LETTUCE--_Montia Perfoliata_.]
+
+
+WOOD ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.
+
+_Anemone quinquefolia_, L. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Horizontal. _Stem._--Six to fourteen inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Radical leaf remote from the stem; trifid; the
+     segments serrate. Involucral leaf not far below the flower;
+     three foliolate. _Sepals._--Petaloid; five or six; usually
+     bluish outside. _Petals._--Wanting. _Stamens and
+     Pistils._--Numerous. _Akenes._--Two lines long; twelve to
+     twenty. _Syn._--_Anemone nemorosa_, L. _Hab._--The Coast
+     Ranges, in moist shade.
+
+The delicate blossoms of the wood anemone might at first be confounded with
+those of the toothwort by the careless observer, but a moment's reflection
+will quickly distinguish them. The anemone is always a solitary flower with
+many stamens, and its petals are of a more delicate texture. It grows upon
+wooded banks or cool, shaded flats among the redwoods.
+
+There are many quaint traditions as to the origin of its name, and poets
+have from early times found something ideal of which to sing in these
+simple spring flowers.
+
+The generic name has the accent upon the third syllable, but, when
+Anglicized into the common name, the accent falls back upon the second.
+
+
+OSO-BERRY.
+
+_Nuttallia cerasiformis_, Torr. and Gray. Rose Family
+
+     Deciduous shrubs; two to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Broadly
+     oblanceolate; two to four inches long; narrowed into a short
+     petiole. _Flowers._--White; in short terminal racemes;
+     dioecious; three to eleven lines across. _Calyx._--Top-shaped,
+     with five-lobed border. _Petals._--Five; inserted with ten of
+     the stamens on the calyx; broadly spatulate.
+     _Stamens._--Fifteen. _Ovaries._--Five. Styles short.
+     _Fruit._--Blue-black, oblong drupes; six to eight lines long.
+     _Hab._--Chiefly the Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo to Fraser
+     River.
+
+[Illustration WOOD ANEMONE--_Anemone quinquefolia._]
+
+About the same time that the beautiful leaves of the buckeye are
+emerging from their wrappings, we notice in the woods a shrub which has
+just put forth its clusters of bright-green leaves from buds all along
+its slender twigs. Amid their delicate green hang short clusters of
+greenish-white flowers. These blossoms have a delicious bitter
+fragrance, redolent of all the tender memories of the springtime.
+
+This shrub is usually mistaken for a wild plum; and the illusion is still
+further assisted when the little drupes, like miniature plums, begin to
+ripen and hang in yellow and purple clusters amid the matured leaves.
+
+
+WILD DATE. SPANISH BAYONET.
+
+_Yucca Mohavensis_, Sargent. Lily Family.
+
+     _Trunk._--Usually simple; rarely exceeding fifteen feet high;
+     six or eight inches in diameter; naked, or covered with
+     refracted dead leaves, or clothed to the ground with the living
+     leaves. _Leaves._--Linear-lanceolate; one to three feet long;
+     one or two inches wide; rigid; margins at length bearing coarse
+     recurved threads. _Flowers._--In short-stemmed or sessile,
+     distaff-shaped panicles, a foot or two long; pedicels
+     eventually drooping, twelve to eighteen lines long.
+     _Perianth._--Broadly campanulate. _Segments._--Six; thirty
+     lines long; six to twelve wide. _Stamens._--Six; six to nine
+     lines long; filaments white, club-shaped. _Ovary._--Oblong;
+     white; an inch or two long, including the slender style.
+     Stigmas three. _Fruit._--Cylindrical; three or four inches
+     long; pendulous, pulpy. _Syn._--_Yucca baccata_, Torr.
+     _Hab._--Southern California, from Monterey to San Diego; coast
+     and inland.
+
+The genus _Yucca_ comprises sixteen or eighteen species, and reaches its
+greatest development in Northern Mexico. Three species are to be found
+within our borders, two of which are arborescent, _Y. arborescens_, and _Y.
+Mohavensis_. Considerable confusion has hitherto reigned among the species,
+but they are now better understood.
+
+They are all valuable to our Indians as basket and textile plants, and are
+useful to them in many other ways.
+
+Owing to the structure of the flowers, self-fertilization seems impossible,
+and scientists who have made a study of the subject say that these plants
+are dependent upon a little white, night-flying moth to perform this office
+for them. This little creature goes from plant to plant, gathering the
+pollen, which she rolls up into a ball with her feet. When sufficient has
+been gathered, she goes to another plant, lays her egg in its ovary, and
+before leaving ascends to the stigma and actually pushes the pollen into
+it, seeming to realize that unless she performs this last act, there will
+be nothing for her progeny to eat. This seems an almost incredible instance
+of insect intelligence; but it is a well-authenticated fact.
+
+_Yucca Mohavensis_, commonly called "wild date," or "Spanish bayonet," is
+more widely distributed within our borders than either of our other
+species. Its large panicle of overpoweringly fragrant white waxen bells is
+a striking object wherever seen. On the coast this yucca is often stemless,
+but in the interior, where it is more abundant, it rises to a considerable
+height, and culminates upon the Mojave Desert, where the finest specimens
+are found.
+
+The fruit, which ripens in August and September, turns from green to a
+tawny yellow, afterward becoming brownish purple, and eventually almost
+black. This has a sweet, succulent flesh, and, either fresh or dried, is a
+favorite fruit among the Indians. Dr. Palmer writes that this is one of the
+most useful plants to the Indians of New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern
+California. They cut the stems into slices, beat them into a pulp, and mix
+them with the water in washing, as a substitute for soap.
+
+The leaves are parched in ashes, to make them pliable, and are afterward
+soaked in water and pounded with a wooden mallet. The fibers thus liberated
+are long, strong, and durable, and lend themselves admirably to the weaving
+of the gayly decorated horse-blankets made by the tribes of Southern
+California. They also make from it ropes, twine, nets, hats, hair-brushes,
+shoes, mattresses, baskets, etc.
+
+
+FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.
+
+_Smilacina sessilifolia_, Nutt. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Slender; branching; creeping; scars not
+     conspicuous. _Stem._--About a foot long (sometimes two);
+     usually zigzag above; leafy. _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile;
+     lanceolate; two to six inches long; shining above; spreading in
+     a horizontal plane. _Flowers._--White; few; in a simple
+     terminal raceme, on pedicels two to seven lines long.
+     _Perianth._--Of six, distinct, spreading segments.
+     _Segments._--One and one half to four lines long; lanceolate.
+     _Stamens._--Six; half the length of the segments.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style short. _Berry._--Nearly black;
+     three to five lines through. _Hab._--Monterey to British
+     Columbia.
+
+The False Solomon's Seal is one of the prettiest plants in our woods in
+March, and in many places it almost hides the ground from view. It has a
+graceful, drooping habit that shows its handsome, spreading leaves to full
+advantage, and its few delicate little white blossoms are a fitting
+termination to the pretty sprays.
+
+_S. amplexicaulis_, Nutt., is a very handsome, decorative plant, with fine,
+tall, leafy stem, and large, feathery panicle of tiny white flowers. The
+broadened white filaments are the most conspicuous part of these blossoms,
+which are less than a line long. The berries are light-colored, dotted with
+red or purple.
+
+
+MIST-MAIDENS.
+
+_Romanzoffia Sitchensis_, Bongard. Baby-eyes or Water leaf Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Six to eighteen lines across; smooth.
+     _Flowers._--White, pink, or purple. _Calyx._--Deeply
+     five-parted. _Corolla._--Funnel-form; five-lobed; four lines
+     long. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Hab._--Coast
+     Ranges, from Santa Cruz northward.
+
+In appearance these delicate herbs resemble the saxifrages, and they affect
+much the same sort of places, decking mossy banks and stream borders with
+their beautiful scalloped leaves and small white flowers.
+
+The genus was named in honor of Nicholas Romanzoff, a Russian nobleman,
+who, by his munificence, enabled some noted botanists to visit this coast
+early in the century.
+
+[Illustration MIST-MAIDENS--_Romanzoffia Sitchensis._]
+
+
+STRAWBERRY CACTUS. CALIFORNIAN FISH-HOOK CACTUS. LLAVINA.
+
+_Mamillaria Goodridgii_, Scheer. Cactus Family.
+
+     Oval, fleshy, leafless plants; mostly single, though sometimes
+     clustered; three to five inches long; covered with prominences
+     or tubercles. _Tubercles._--Each bearing a flat rosette of
+     short, whitish spines, with an erect, dark, fish-hook-like
+     central one. _Flowers._--Small; greenish-white. _Outer
+     Sepals._--Fringed. _Petals._--About eight; awned.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. _Ovary._--One-celled. Stigmas five or
+     six. _Fruit._--Scarlet; an inch long. _Hab._--San Diego and
+     neighboring islands, and southward.
+
+The dry hill-slopes about San Diego afford the most interesting field
+accessible to civilization, _i.e._ within our boundaries, for the gathering
+and study of the cacti.
+
+Nestling close to the ground, usually under some shrub or vine, you will
+find the little fish-hook cactus, one of the prettiest and most interesting
+of them all. Its oval form bristles with the little dark hooks, each of
+which emanates from a flat star of whitish spines.
+
+The flowers may be found in April or May, but it is more noticeable when in
+fruit. The handsome scarlet berries, like old-fashioned coral eardrops,
+protruding from among the thorns, are easily picked out, and they very
+naturally find their way to one's mouth. Nor is one disappointed in the
+expectation raised by their brilliant exterior--for the flavor is
+delicious, though I cannot say it resembles that of the strawberry, as some
+aver. To me it is more like a fine tart apple.
+
+
+THIMBLE-BERRY.
+
+_Rubus Nutkanus_, Mocino. Rose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to eight feet high. _Leaves._--Palmately and
+     nearly equally five-lobed; cordate at base; four to twelve
+     inches broad; the lobes acute; densely tomentose beneath.
+     _Flowers._--Few; clustered; white, sometimes pale rose; an inch
+     or two across, with rounded petals. _Stamens and
+     Pistils._--Numerous. _Fruit._--Large; red; "like an inverted
+     saucer;" sweet and rather dry. _Hab._--Monterey to Alaska.
+
+The thimble-berry is unequaled for the canopy of pure light-green foliage
+which it spreads in our woods. It would take the clearest of water-colors
+to portray its color and texture. The large white flowers, with their
+crumpled petals, are deliciously fragrant, but with us are never followed
+by an edible fruit, probably owing to the dryness of our summer climate. In
+Oregon and northward the berries are said to be luscious. There the bushes
+grow in the fir forests, where they seem most at home.
+
+_Rubus spectabilis_, Pursh., the salmon-berry, has leaves with three
+leaflets, and large solitary, rose-colored flowers, which are followed by a
+salmon-colored berry. These shrubs are exceedingly beautiful when in full
+bloom.
+
+
+COMMON WILD PEA.
+
+_Lathyrus vestitus_, Nutt. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to ten feet high; slender; not winged.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; with small semi-sagittate stipules;
+     pinnate, with four to six pairs of leaflets; tendril-bearing at
+     the summit. _Leaflets._--Ovate-oblong to linear; six to twelve
+     lines long; acute. _Flowers._--White, pale rose or violet;
+     seven to ten lines long. _Lower Calyx-teeth._--About equaling
+     the tube. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous; the standard veined with
+     purple in the center. _Stamens._--Nine united; one free.
+     _Ovary._--Flattened; pubescent. Style hairy down the inner
+     side. (See _Leguminosae_.) _Hab._--Sonoma County to San Diego.
+
+The genus _Lathyrus_, which contains the beautiful sweet pea of the garden,
+affords us several handsome wild species, but most of them are difficult of
+determination, and many of them are as yet much confused. This genus is
+quite closely related to _Vicia_, but, in general, the leaflets are
+broader, the flowers are larger, and the style is hairy down the inner side
+as well as at the tip.
+
+_Lathyrus vestitus_ is the common wild pea of the south. It is quite
+plentiful, and clambers over and under shrubs, hanging out its occasional
+clusters of rather large pale flowers.
+
+_L. Torreyi_, Gray, found from Santa Clara County to Napa in dry woods, is
+a slender plant, having from one to three small white or pinkish flowers.
+It is remarkable for and easily distinguished by its very fragrant
+foliage.
+
+
+WILD CUCUMBER. BIG-ROOT. CHILICOTHE.
+
+_Echinocystis fabacea_, Naudin. Gourd Family.
+
+     Tendril-bearing vines, ten to thirty feet long.
+     _Root._--Enormous; woody. _Leaves._--Palmately five- to
+     seven-lobed; three to six inches broad. _Flowers._--Yellowish
+     white; monoecious. _Calyx-tube._--Campanulate; teeth small or
+     none. _Corolla._--Five- to seven-lobed; three to six lines
+     across. _Staminate Flowers._--Five to twenty in racemes; their
+     stamens two and a half, with short connate filaments and
+     somewhat horizontal anthers. _Pistillate Flowers._--Solitary;
+     from the same axils as the racemes. _Ovary._--Two- to
+     four-celled. _Fruit._--Two inches long; prickly.
+     _Syn._--_Megarrhiza Californica_, Torr. _Hab._--Near the coast,
+     from San Diego to Point Reyes.
+
+The wild cucumber is one of our most graceful native vines. It drapes many
+an unsightly stump, or clambers up into shrubs, embowering them with its
+pretty foliage. Seeing its rather delicate ivy-like habit above ground, one
+would never dream that it came from a root as large as a man's body, buried
+deep in the earth. From this root, it has received two of its common names,
+"big-root" and "man-in-the-ground." Sometimes this may be seen upon the
+ocean beach or rolling about in the breakers, where it has been liberated
+by the wearing away of the cliffs. It is intensely bitter.
+
+The seeds have a very interesting method of germinating. The two large
+radical leaves remain underground, sending up the terminal shoot only. They
+are so tender and succulent that they would be eaten forthwith, if they
+showed themselves above the ground. An oil expressed from the roasted seeds
+has been used by the Indians to promote the growth of the hair.
+
+Authorities have differed about the classification of these plants, and
+they have been variously called _Megarrhiza, Micrampelis_, and
+_Echinocystis_, the latter being latest approved. We have several species.
+One common in the South is _E. macrocarpa_, Greene. This has a large oval,
+prickly ball, four inches or so long. When mature, this opens at the top,
+splitting into several segments, which gradually roll downward, like the
+petals of a beautiful white lily, showing their pure-white inner surfaces
+and leaving exposed the four cells in the center, with lacelike walls, in
+which nestle the large, handsome dark seeds. These seeds are often
+beautifully mottled and colored, and in the early days served the
+Spanish-Californian children for marbles.
+
+[Illustration _WILD CUCUMBER--Echinocystis fabacea._]
+
+
+WHITE LAYIA. WHITE DAISY.
+
+_Layia glandulosa_, Hook. and Arn. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to twelve inches high; loosely branching; hairy;
+     often reddish. _Leaves._--Sessile; linear; the upper all small
+     and entire; the lower often lanceolate and incised pinnatifid.
+     _Heads._--Usually large and showy. _Ray-flowers._--Bright, pure
+     white, sometimes rose-color; eight to thirteen; three-lobed; an
+     inch or less long; six lines wide. _Disk-flowers._--Golden
+     yellow; five-toothed. Each scale of the involucre clasping a
+     ray-flower. _Hab._--Columbia River to Los Angeles.
+
+These white daisies, as they are commonly called in the south, cover the
+fields and plains in early spring, jostling one another in friendly
+proximity and stretching away in an endless perspective. They are of a
+charming purity, and to me are more attractive than their sisters, the
+tidy-tips.
+
+They love a sandy soil, and I have seen them flourishing in the
+disintegrated granite of old river-beds, where the dazzling whiteness of
+the stones was hardly distinguishable from the blossoms. The involucre is
+thickly studded with curious little glands, resembling small glass-headed
+pins.
+
+
+BED-STRAW. GOOSE-GRASS. CLEAVERS.
+
+_Galium Aparine_, L. Madder Family.
+
+     Climbing by the prickly stem-angles and leaf-margins.
+     _Stems._--Weak; one to four feet long. _Leaves._--In whorls of
+     six to eight; linear oblanceolate; one inch long.
+     _Peduncles._--Elongated; one- to two-flowered.
+     _Flowers._--Minute; one line across; greenish-white.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Adnate to the ovary; limb obsolete.
+     _Corolla._--Mostly four-cleft. _Stamens._--Four.
+     _Ovary._--Two-lobed, two-celled. Styles two, short. Stigmas,
+     capitate. _Fruit._--Two or three lines across, covered with
+     hooked bristles. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+All through our moist woodlands, in early spring, the long stems of the
+bed-straw may be found, running about upon the ground or entangled amid the
+stems of other plants. The angles of these weak stems and the leaf-margins
+and midribs are all clothed with small backward-pointing bristles, which
+make the plants cling to surrounding objects. The flowers are greenish and
+minute, and are followed by tiny prickly balls.
+
+A cold infusion of this little plant is used as a domestic remedy in cases
+of fever, where a cooling drink is desired.
+
+The genus has received the common name of "bed-straw," because it was
+supposed that one of the species, _G. verum_, filled the manger in which
+was laid the Infant Jesus. There are a dozen or so species in California.
+
+Very conspicuous all through the south is _G. angustifolium_, Nutt., often
+three feet high, sending up very numerous slender, feathery stems from a
+woody base. This has its small leaves in whorls of four.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN HEART'S-EASE.
+
+_Viola Beckwithii_, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Broadly cordate in outline; three-parted; the
+     divisions cleft into linear or oblong segments.
+     _Peduncles._--About equaling the leaves. _Petals._--Four to
+     seven lines long; very broad; the upper deep purple, the others
+     lilac, bluish, or white, veined with purple, with a yellowish
+     base; the lateral bearded; the lowest emarginate.
+     _Stigma._--Bearded at the sides. _Capsule._--Obtuse. (Otherwise
+     as _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--The Central Sierras.
+
+    "By scattered rocks and turbid waters shifting,
+            By furrowed glade and dell,
+    To feverish men thy calm, sweet face uplifting,
+            Thou stayest them to tell
+
+    "The delicate thought that cannot find expression--
+            For ruder speech too fair,--
+    That, like thy petals, trembles in possession,
+            And scatters on the air."
+
+The poet, with a delicate insight, has made this mountain flower the
+reminder to the rugged miner of home and scenes far away. But the vision
+lasts but for a moment only; then, as he brushes away a tear, his uplifted
+pick--
+
+        "Through root and fiber cleaves--
+    And on the muddy current slowly drifting
+        Are swept thy bruised leaves.
+
+    "And yet, O poet! in thy homely fashion,
+        Thy work thou dost fulfill;
+    For on the turbid current of his passion
+        Thy face is shining still."
+
+
+POP-CORN FLOWER.
+
+WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT. NIEVITAS.
+
+Borage Family.
+
+The wild white forget-me-nots are among our most welcome flowers. Though
+not showy, taken singly, they often cover the fields, presenting the
+appearance of a light snowfall, from which fact the Spanish-Californians
+have bestowed the pretty name "nievitas," the diminutive of _nieve_, snow.
+
+Their chief charm often lies in their pure, delightful fragrance, which
+recalls the days of our careless, happy childhood. Children are keen
+observers of flowers, and are among their most appreciative lovers, and
+with them these modest, chaste little blossoms are special favorites.
+
+There are many species, and even genera, and their determination is beset
+with serious difficulties. It requires endless study and patience to
+disentangle the facts about any one of them. They are comprised under
+several genera, _Krynitzkia_, _Plagiobothrys_, _Eritrichium_, _Piptocalyx_,
+etc. Some have fragrant flowers and some have not. Children of the south
+call them "pop-corn flowers."
+
+[Illustration WHITE FORGET-ME-NOT.]
+
+
+WHIPPLEA.
+
+_Whipplea modesta_, Torr. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Slender, diffuse, hairy undershrubs. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; ovate; toothed or entire; an inch or less long;
+     three-nerved. _Flowers._--White; barely three lines across; in
+     small terminal clusters. _Calyx._--White; five-cleft.
+     _Petals._--Five. _Stamens._--Usually ten. Filaments awl-shaped.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled, globose. Styles of the same
+     number. _Hab._--Coast Ranges from Monterey to Mendocino County.
+
+Under the redwoods, or in moist canyons in their vicinity, may be found this
+pretty undershrub trailing over banks or brushwood. In April its exquisite
+little clusters of pure white flowers, with a pleasant fragrance, make
+their appearance, and the plants have then been sometimes mistaken for a
+species of _Ceanothus_.
+
+
+WOODLAND STAR OF BETHLEHEM.
+
+_Tellima affinis_, Bolander. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; six to twenty inches high.
+     _Root-leaves._--Round-reniform; scalloped; rarely an inch
+     across. _Stem-leaves._--Three to five; ternately cleft;
+     variously toothed. _Flowers._--White; in a loose raceme; nine
+     lines across. _Calyx._--Small; campanulate; five-toothed.
+     _Petals._--Five; wedge-shaped, with three acute lobes.
+     _Stamens._--Ten. Filaments very short. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     Styles, three, short, stout. Stigmas, capitate. _Hab._--Shady
+     places almost throughout the State.
+
+"Star of Bethlehem" is the common name by which many of our children know
+this fragile flower. Its slender stems rise from many a mossy bank,
+upbearing their few delicately slashed, pure-white stars, which seem to
+shed a gentle radiance about them upon the woodland scene.
+
+[Illustration WHIPPLEA--_Whipplea modesta._]
+
+
+WILD BUCKWHEAT.
+
+_Eriogonum fasciculatum_, Bentham. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     Shrubby; very leafy. _Leaves._--Alternate; nearly sessile;
+     narrowly oblanceolate; acute; tomentose beneath; glabrous
+     above; three to nine lines long; much fascicled.
+     _Flowers._--White or pinkish; in densely crowded compound
+     clusters; several perianths contained in the involucres.
+     _Involucres._--Campanulate; five- or six-nerved and toothed; two
+     lines high. _Perianth._--Minute; of six nearly equal segments.
+     (See _Eriogonum umbellatum_.) _Hab._--Santa Barbara and
+     southward; east to Arizona.
+
+The wild buckwheat is a characteristic feature of the southern landscape.
+It is a charming plant when in full bloom, and its feathery clusters of
+pinkish-white flowers show finely against the warm olive tones of its
+foliage. It is a very important honey plant, as it yields an exceptionally
+pure nectar and remains in bloom a long time. Growing near the sea, it is
+often close-cropped and shorn by the wind, and then it quite closely
+resembles the _Adenostoma_, or chamisal.
+
+Another very widely distributed and common species is _E. nudum_, Dougl.
+Every one is familiar with its tall, green, naked, rushlike stems, bearing
+on the ends of the branchlets the small balls of white or pinkish flowers.
+Its leaves are all radical, smooth green above and densely white-woolly
+beneath.
+
+
+SIERRA PLUM. WILD PLUM.
+
+_Prunus subcordata_, Benth. Rose Family.
+
+     Trees or shrubs three to ten feet high, with ash-gray bark and
+     branchlets occasionally spinescent. _Leaves._--Short-petioled;
+     ovate; sharply and finely serrate; an inch or two long.
+     _Umbels._--Two- to four-flowered. Pedicels three to six lines
+     long. _Flowers._--White; six lines across. _Fruit._--Red or
+     purple; six to fifteen lines long; fleshy; smooth. (Otherwise
+     as _P. ilicifolia_.) _Hab._--Mostly eastward of the Central
+     Valley, from San Felipe into Oregon.
+
+The wild plum reaches its greatest perfection in the north, where the
+shrubs are found in extensive groves covering whole mountain slopes.
+
+[Illustration WILD BUCKWHEAT--_Eriogonum fasciculatum._]
+
+The flowers, which are produced before the leaves, from March to May, are
+white, fading to rose-color. By August and September, the bushes are
+loaded with the handsome fruit, richly mottled with red, yellow, and
+purple; and these colors are duplicated in the autumn foliage, which in the
+North becomes very brilliant.
+
+This fruit is excellent for canning, preserving, and making into jelly.
+Many families make annual pilgrimages to these wild-plum orchards of the
+mountains and carry away bushels of the fruit; but even then countless tons
+of it go to waste.
+
+_P. demissa_, Walpers,--the wild cherry or choke-cherry,--is found upon
+mountains throughout the State, but less abundantly near the coast. Its
+small white flowers grow in racemes three or four inches long, and these
+ripen into the pretty shining black cherries, half an inch in diameter. It
+often covers acres upon acres of rough land, and commences to bear when but
+two feet high.
+
+Housewives of our mountain districts make a marmalade of the fruit, which
+has a peculiarly delicious, tart flavor.
+
+
+ELLISIA.
+
+_Ellisia chrysanthemifolia_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     More or less hairy. _Stems._--Loosely branching; a foot or so
+     high. _Leaves._--Mostly opposite; auricled at base; twice- or
+     thrice-parted into many short, small lobes. _Flowers._--In
+     loose racemes; white; three lines or so across.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft; without appendages at the sinuses; almost
+     equaling the corolla. _Corolla._--Open-campanulate; having ten
+     minute scales at base within. _Stamens._--Five.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled; globose. Style slender; two-cleft.
+     _Hab._--San Francisco to San Diego.
+
+These little plants, with delicately dissected leaves, are common in moist,
+shaded localities; but, unfortunately, their foliage has a very strong
+odor, which just escapes being agreeable. Their general aspect is somewhat
+similar to that of some of the small species of _Nemophila_; but the lack
+of appendages upon the calyx reveals their separate identity. It blooms
+freely from March to June, and is especially abundant southward.
+
+
+MADRONO. MADRONE.
+
+_Arbutus Menziesii_, Pursh. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees. _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; oblong; entire
+     or serrulate; four inches or so long. _Flowers._--White; waxen;
+     in large clusters. _Calyx._--Five-cleft; minute; white.
+     _Corolla._--Broadly urn-shaped; three lines long; with five
+     minute, recurved teeth. _Stamens._--Ten; on the corolla.
+     Filaments dilated; bearded. Anthers two-celled; saccate;
+     opening terminally; furnished with a pair of reflexed horns
+     near the summit. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style rather long.
+     _Fruit._--A cluster of scarlet-orange berries, with rough
+     granular coats. _Hab._--Puget Sound to Mexico and Texas;
+     specially in the Coast Ranges.
+
+    Captain of the Western wood,
+    Thou that apest Robin Hood!
+    Green above thy scarlet hose,
+    How thy velvet mantle shows;
+    Never tree like thee arrayed,
+    O thou gallant of the glade!
+
+    When the fervid August sun
+    Scorches all it looks upon,
+    And the balsam of the pine
+    Drips from stem to needle fine,
+    Round thy compact shade arranged,
+    Not a leaf of thee is changed!
+
+    When the yellow autumn sun
+    Saddens all it looks upon,
+    Spreads its sackcloth on the hills,
+    Strews its ashes in the rills,
+    Thou thy scarlet hose dost doff,
+    And in limbs of purest buff
+    Challengest the somber glade
+    For a sylvan masquerade.
+
+    Where, oh where shall he begin
+    Who would paint thee, Harlequin?
+    With thy waxen, burnished leaf,
+    With thy branches' red relief,
+    With thy poly-tinted fruit,
+    In thy spring or autumn suit,--
+    Where begin, and oh, where end,--
+    Thou whose charms all art transcend?
+
+    --BRET HARTE.
+
+The name "madrono" was applied by the early Spanish-Californians to this
+tree because of its strong resemblance and close relationship to the
+_Arbutus unido_, or strawberry-tree of the Mediterranean countries, which
+was called madrono in Spain.
+
+Our madrono, though but a large shrub in the south, increases in size
+northward, and reaches its maximum development in Marin County, where there
+are some superb specimens of it. One tree upon the shores of Lake Lagunitas
+measures more than twenty-three feet in circumference and a hundred feet in
+height, and sends out many large branches, each two or three feet in
+diameter.
+
+A large part of the forest growth on the northern slopes of Mt. Tamalpais
+is composed of it; and as it is an evergreen, it forms a mountain wall of
+delightful and refreshing green the year around. The bark on the younger
+limbs, which is of a rich Indian red, begins to peel off in thin layers
+about midsummer, leaving a clear, smooth, greenish-buff surface, and
+strewing the forest floor with its warm shreds, which mingling with the
+exquisite tones of its ripened leaves, which have fallen at about the same
+time, make a carpet equal in beauty of coloring to that under the English
+beeches. It is thoroughly patrician in all its parts. The leaves which are
+clustered at the ends of the slender twigs are rich, polished green above,
+and somewhat paler beneath.
+
+In the spring it puts forth great panicles of small, white, waxen bells,
+which call the bees to a sybaritic feast, and in the autumn it spreads a no
+less inviting repast in its great clusters of fine scarlet berries for the
+blue pigeons who visit it in large flocks.
+
+The wood of the madrone is hard and close-grained, of a light brown, shaded
+with red, with lighter-colored sap-wood. It is used in the manufacture of
+furniture, but is particularly valuable for the making of charcoal to be
+used in the composition of gunpowder. The bark is sometimes used in tanning
+leather.
+
+
+WILD WHITE LILAC.
+
+_Ceanothus velutinus_, Dougl. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Widely branching shrubs, two to six feet or more high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; roundish, or broadly ovate;
+     eighteen lines to three inches long; polished, resinous above;
+     somewhat pubescent beneath; strongly three-nerved.
+     _Flowers._--White; three lines across; in large, dense,
+     compound clusters four or five inches long and wide. (See
+     _Ceanothus_ for flower structure.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges;
+     Columbia River, southward to San Francisco Bay; also eastward
+     to Colorado.
+
+Its ample bright-green, highly varnished leaves and large white
+flower-clusters make this a very beautiful species of _Ceanothus_. The
+foliage is glutinous with a gummy exudation, which has a rather
+disagreeable odor. Yet the shrub would be very handsome in cultivation.
+
+
+WHITE NEMOPHILA.
+
+_Nemophila atomaria_, Fisch. and Mey. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     _Corolla._--Pure white, closely dark-dotted nearly to the edge;
+     an inch or less across; densely hairy within the tube. Scales
+     of the corolla narrow, with long hairs. (Otherwise as _N.
+     insignis_.) _Hab._--Central California.
+
+This delicate _Nemophila_ haunts wet, springy places among the hills, and
+is at its best in early spring. There are a number of small-flowered forms
+of _Nemophila_ which have been hitherto referred to _N. parviflora_, but
+which the future will probably prove to constitute a number of species.
+
+_N. maculata_, Benth., found in Middle California and the High Sierras, is
+a charming form, with large flowers, whose petals bear strong violet
+blotches at the top.
+
+
+RATTLE-WEED. LOCO-WEED.
+
+_Astragalus leucopsis_, Torr. and Gray. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or so high. _Leaflets._--In many pairs; six
+     lines or more long. _Flowers._--Greenish-white; six lines long;
+     in spikelike racemes an inch or two long. _Calyx._--With teeth
+     more than half the length of the campanulate-tube.
+     _Pod._--Thin; bladdery-inflated; an inch or more long, on a
+     smooth stalk twice or thrice the length of the calyx-tube. (See
+     Astragalus.) _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+These plants are very noticeable and quite pretty, with their pale foliage,
+symmetrical leaves, and white flowers; but they are dreaded by the farmers
+of the region of their growth, who aver that they are deadly loco-weeds. It
+is said that native stock will not touch them; but animals brought from a
+distance and unacquainted with them, eat them, with dreadful results of
+loco.
+
+We have numerous species, all rather difficult of determination.
+
+
+WILD MORNING-GLORY.
+
+_Convolvulus luteolus_, Gray. Morning-Glory Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Twining and climbing twenty feet or more.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sagittate; two inches or so long; smooth.
+     _Peduncles._--Several-flowered; axillary, with two small
+     linear-lanceolate bracts a little below the flower.
+     _Flowers._--Cream-color or pinkish, sometimes deep rose.
+     _Sepals._--Five; without bracts immediately below them.
+     _Corolla._--Open funnel-form; eighteen lines long; not lobed or
+     angled. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Globose; two-celled or
+     imperfectly four-celled. Style filiform. Stigmas two.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+I remember long stretches of mountain road where the wild morning-glory has
+completely covered the unsightly shrubs charred by a previous year's fire,
+flinging out its slender stems, lacing and interlacing them in airy
+festoons, which are covered with the fragile flowers in greatest profusion.
+In these tangles, the industrious spiders have hung their exquisite
+geometrical webs, which catch the glittering water-drops in their meshes.
+When the sun comes out after a dense, cool fog-bath on a summer morning,
+nothing more charmingly fresh could be imagined than such a scene.
+
+[Illustration RATTLE-WEED--_Astragalus leucopsis._]
+
+The common morning-glory of the south--_C. occidentalis_, Gray--is very
+similar to the above, but may be distinguished from it by the pair of
+large, thin bracts immediately below the calyx and enveloping it.
+
+Another very pretty species is _C. villosus_, Gray. This is widely
+distributed, but not very common. Its trailing stems and foliage are of a
+velvety sage-gray throughout, and its small flowers of a yellowish
+cream-color. The hastate leaves are shapely, and the whole plant is
+charming when grown away from dust.
+
+The common European bindweed--_C. arvensis_, L.--is to the farmer a very
+unwelcome little immigrant. In fields it becomes a serious pest; for the
+more its roots are disturbed and broken up the better it thrives. But
+despite its bad character, we cannot help admiring its pretty little white
+funnels, which lift themselves so debonairly among the prostrate stems and
+leaves.
+
+In medicine a tincture of the whole plant is valued for several uses.
+
+
+WOOD-BALM. PITCHER-SAGE.
+
+_Sphacele calycina_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Woody at the base; two to five feet high; hairy or woolly.
+     _Leaves._--Two to four inches long. _Flowers._--Dull white or
+     purplish; an inch or more long; mostly solitary in the upper
+     axils. _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Having a hairy ring at
+     base within. _Stamens._--Four, in two pairs. _Ovary._--Of four
+     seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma two-lobed. _Hab._--Dry
+     hills. San Francisco Bay, southward.
+
+The wood-balm is closely allied to the sages, which fact is betrayed by its
+opposite, wrinkly, sage-scented leaves; but its flowers have quite a
+different aspect. These are ample and cylindrical, with a five-lobed
+border, one of the lobes being prolonged into somewhat of a lip.
+
+The generic name is from the Greek word meaning _sage_; and the specific
+name, signifying _cuplike_, refers to the shape of the blossoms.
+
+The dwellers among our southern mountains, with that happy instinct
+possessed by those who live close to the heart of nature, have aptly named
+this "pitcher-sage."
+
+[Illustration PITCHER-SAGE--_Sphacele calycina._]
+
+After the flowers have passed away, the large inflated, light-green
+calyxes, densely crowded upon the stems, become quite conspicuous.
+
+
+YUCCA-PALM. TREE-YUCCA. JOSHUA-TREE.
+
+_Yucca arborescens_, Trelease. Lily Family.
+
+     Scraggly trees; thirty, or forty feet high; with trunks one or
+     two feet in diameter. _Leaves._--Eight inches long; crowded;
+     rigid; spine-tipped; serrulate; the older ones reflexed and
+     sun-bleached, the younger ashy-green. _Flowers._--In sessile,
+     ovate panicles, terminating the branches. Panicles several
+     inches long. _Perianth._--Narrowly campanulate; eighteen to
+     thirty lines long. _Fruit._--Two or three inches long.
+     (Otherwise as _Y. Mohavensis_.) _Hab._--Southwestern Utah to
+     the Mojave Desert.
+
+The traveler crossing the Mojave Desert upon the railroad has his curiosity
+violently aroused by certain fantastic tree forms that whirl by the car
+windows. These are the curious Joshua-trees of the Mormons, which are
+called in California tree-yucca or yucca-palm. A writer in "The Land of
+Sunshine" thus aptly characterizes them: "Weird, twisted, demoniacal, the
+yuccas remind me of those enchanted forests described by Dante, whose trees
+were human creatures in torment. In twisted groups or standing isolated,
+they may readily be imagined specters of the plains."
+
+Mr. Sargent tells us that, though found much to the eastward of our
+borders, it abounds in the Mojave Desert, where it attains its largest size
+and forms a belt of gaunt, straggling forest several miles in width along
+the desert's western rim.
+
+Its flowers appear from March to May, but are not at all attractive, on
+account of their soiled white color and disagreeable, fetid odor. "The
+unopened panicles form conspicuous cones eight to ten inches long, covered
+with closely overlapping white scales, often flushed with purple at the
+apex."
+
+The seeds are gathered and used by the omnivorous Indians, who grind them
+into meal, which they eat either raw or cooked as a mush. The wood
+furnishes an excellent material for paper pulp, and some years ago an
+English company established a mill at Ravenna, in Soledad Pass, for its
+manufacture. It is said that several editions of a London journal were
+printed upon it, but owing to the great cost of its manufacture, the
+enterprise had to be abandoned.
+
+The light wood is put to many uses now, and in the curio bazaars of the
+south it plays a conspicuous part, made into many small articles. By sawing
+round and round the trunk of the tree, thin sheets of considerable size are
+procured. A sepia reproduction of one of the old missions upon the
+ivory-tinted ground of one of these combines sentiment and novelty in a
+very pretty souvenir. Surgeons find these same sheets excellent for
+splints, as they are unyielding in one direction and pliable in the other;
+and orchardists wrap them around the bases of their trees to protect them
+from the gnawing of rabbits.
+
+
+COMMON ELDER.
+
+_Sambucus glauca_, Nutt. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Shrubby or arborescent; often thirty feet high; with finely
+     fissured bark. _Leaves._--Opposite; petioled; pinnate.
+     _Leaflets._--Three to nine; lanceolate; acuminate; serrate; two
+     inches or so long; smooth. _Flowers._--Minute; two or three
+     lines across; in large, flat, five-branched cymes; white.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--Rotate; five-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Five; alternate with the corolla lobes.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled. Stigmas of same number.
+     _Berries._--Small; dark blue, with a dense white bloom.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State; common.
+
+The elder is one of our most widely distributed shrubs, and is a familiar
+sight upon almost every open glade or plain. It is especially abundant in
+the south. Its flower-clusters, made up of myriads of tiny cream-white
+blossoms, make a showy but delicate and lacelike mat, while its berries are
+beautiful and inviting. The bears are especially appreciative of these, and
+we have sometimes seen their footprints leading along a lonely mountain
+road to the elder-berry bushes. The fruit is prized by our housewives for
+pies and preserves, and it would doubtless make as good wine as that of the
+Eastern species.
+
+Among the Spanish-Californians the blossoms are known as "sauco" and are
+regarded as an indispensable household remedy for colds. They are
+administered in the form of a tea, which induces a profuse perspiration.
+It is said that Dr. Boerhaave held the elder in such reverence for the
+multitude of its virtues, that he always removed his hat when he passed it.
+
+In ancient times the elder was the subject of many strange superstitions.
+In his interesting book, "The Folk-Lore of Plants," Mr. Thistleton Dyer
+says that it was reputed to be possessed of magic power, and that any
+baptized person whose eyes had been anointed with the green juice of its
+inner bark could recognize witches anywhere. Owing to these magic
+properties, it was often planted near dwellings to keep away evil spirits.
+By making a magic circle and standing within it with elder-berries gathered
+on St. John's Night, the mystic fern-seed could be secured which possessed
+the strength of forty men and enabled one to walk invisible. This was one
+of the trees suspected as having furnished wood for the Cross; and to this
+day the English country people believe themselves safe from lightning when
+standing under an elder, because lightning never strikes the tree of which
+the Cross was made.
+
+
+COULTER'S SNAPDRAGON.
+
+_Antirrhinum Coulterianum_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to four feet high; smooth below.
+     _Leaves._--Linear to oval; distant. Tendril-shoots long and
+     slender, produced mostly below the flowers. _Flowers._--White
+     or violet; in densely crowded villous-pubescent spikes, two to
+     ten inches long. (Otherwise as _A. vagans_.) _Hab._--Santa
+     Barbara to San Diego.
+
+The flowers of this pretty snapdragon are usually white, and the lower lip,
+with its great palate often dotted with dark color, takes up the major part
+of the blossom. They are sometimes violet, however, when they much resemble
+the flowers of the toad-flax, but are without their long spur.
+
+_A. Orcuttianum_, Gray, is a similar species, but more slender, with fewer
+and smaller flowers, whose lower lip is not much larger than the upper, and
+whose flower-spikes are disposed to have the tortile branchlets in their
+midst. This is found near San Diego and southward.
+
+
+HELIOTROPE.
+
+_Heliotropium Curassavicum_, L. Borage Family.
+
+     Diffusely spreading; six to twelve inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; obovate to linear; an inch or
+     two long; succulent; glaucous. _Flowers._--Usually white,
+     sometimes lavender; in dense, usually two-forked spikes.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Salver-form; border
+     five-lobed, with plaited sinuses; three lines across.
+     _Stamens._--Five. Anthers sessile. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike
+     nutlets. Stigma umbrella-like. _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+This, the only species of true heliotrope common within our borders, is
+widely distributed over the world. It affects the sand of the seashore or
+saline soils of the interior. It is in no way an attractive plant, as
+compared with our garden heliotrope, as its flowers have a washed-out look
+and are not at all fragrant, while its pale stems and foliage lack color
+and character.
+
+Its leaves, which contain a mucilaginous juice, are dried and reduced to
+powder by the Spanish-Californians, who esteem them very highly as a cure
+for the wounds of men and animals. They blow the dry powder into the wound.
+
+
+HOREHOUND.
+
+_Marrubium vulgare_, Linn. Mint Family.
+
+The horehound has been introduced from Europe at various points along our
+Coast, but it is now so abundant as to seem like an indigenous plant. It
+has many white-woolly, square stems, and roundish, wrinkly opposite leaves,
+covered beneath with matted, white-woolly hairs. Its small, white,
+bilabiate flowers are crowded in the axils of the upper leaves so densely
+as to appear like whorls. It may be known from the other members of the
+Mint family by its campanulate calyx with ten strong, recurved teeth.
+
+This has long been used in medicine as a tonic, and is especially esteemed
+by our Spanish-Californians as a remedy for colds and lung troubles.
+
+
+WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE.
+
+_OEnothera Californica_, Watson. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     Hoary pubescent, and more or less villous. _Stems._--A foot or
+     so high. _Leaves._--Oblanceolate or lanceolate; sinuately
+     toothed or irregularly pinnatifid; two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--White; turning to rose-color; two inches across.
+     _Ovary and Calyx-tube._--Over three inches long.
+     _Calyx-lobes._--One inch long; separate at the tips. (See
+     _OEnothera_ for flower-structure.) _Hab._--Central and Southern
+     California; especially about the San Bernardino region; not
+     plentiful.
+
+Perhaps the most beautiful of all our evening primroses is this charming
+white species. Late in the afternoon the handsome silvery foliage begins to
+show the great white, opening moons of the fragile blossoms. Their silken
+texture, delicate fragrance, and chaste look make them paramount among
+blossoms.
+
+It is a most interesting sight to watch the opening of one of the nodding
+silvery buds. I sat down by one which had already uplifted its head. The
+calyx-lobes had just commenced to part in the center, showing the white,
+silken corolla tightly rolled within. It grew larger from moment to moment,
+when suddenly the calyx-lobes parted with a jerk, and the petals, freed
+from their bondage, quickly spread wider and wider, as though some spirit
+within were forcing its way out, while one after another the calyx-lobes
+were turned downward with a quick, decisive movement. It was a wonderful
+exhibition of the power of motion in plants. I could now look within and
+see a magical tangle of yellow anthers delicately draped with cobwebby
+ropes of pollen.
+
+The stamens take a downward curve toward the lower petal. The anthers have
+already opened their stores of golden pollen before the unfurling of the
+buds, so that the somewhat sticky ropes are all ready to adhere to the
+first moth who visits the flower in search of the delicious and abundant
+nectar stored in the depths of the long calyx-tube. The day following their
+opening the blossoms begin to turn to a delicate pink, and the calyx-lobes
+have a fleshlike look.
+
+[Illustration WHITE EVENING PRIMROSE--_OEnothera Californica._]
+
+
+EVENING SNOW.
+
+_Gilia dichotoma_, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     Six inches to a foot high; erect; sparsely leaved.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; mostly entire; filiform.
+     _Flowers._--Nearly sessile in the forks, or terminal.
+     _Calyx._--With cylindric tube five lines long; wholly white,
+     scarious, except the five filiform green ribs, continued into
+     needle-like lobes. _Corolla._--White; an inch or two across.
+     Anthers linear. _Hab._--Throughout the western part of the
+     State.
+
+This is one of the most showy of our gilias. Miss Eastwood writes of it:
+"At about four o'clock in the afternoon _Gilia dichotoma_ begins to whiten
+the hillside. Before expansion the flowers are hardly noticeable; the dull
+pink of the edges, which are not covered in the convolute corolla, hides
+their identity and makes the change which takes place when they unveil
+their radiant faces to the setting sun the more startling. They intend to
+watch all night and by sunset all are awake. In the morning they roll up
+their petals again when daylight comes on, and when the sun is well up all
+are asleep, tired out with the vigil of the night. The odor is most
+sickening.... The same flower opens several times, and grows larger as it
+grows older."
+
+
+HEART'S-EASE.
+
+_Viola ocellata_, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Nearly erect; six to twelve inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Cordate; acutish; conspicuously crenate.
+     _Petals._--Five to seven lines long; the upper white within,
+     deep brown-purple without; the others white or yellowish,
+     veined with purple; the lateral with a purple spot near the
+     base and slightly bearded on the claw. (Flower structure as in
+     _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--Wooded districts from Monterey to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+This dainty little heart's-ease has nothing of the gay, joyous,
+self-assertive look of our yellow pansy, but rather the shy, timid mien
+belonging to all the creatures of the woodland. It ventures its pretty
+blossoms in late spring and early summer.
+
+
+ICE-PLANT.
+
+_Mesembryanthemum crystallinum_, L. Fig-Marigold Family.
+
+     Procumbent, succulent plants, covered with minute, elongated,
+     glistening papillae. _Leaves._--Flat; ovate or spatulate;
+     undulate-margined; clasping. _Flowers._--White or rose-colored;
+     axillary; nearly sessile; rather small. _Calyx._--With
+     campanulate tube and usually five unequal lobes.
+     _Petals._--Linear; numerous. _Stamens._--Numerous.
+     _Ovary._--Two- to many-celled. Stigmas five. _Hab._--The Coast
+     and adjacent islands from Santa Barbara southward; also in the
+     Mojave Desert.
+
+The ice-plant spreads its broad, green leaves over the ground, often making
+large rugs, which, when reddened by the approach of drouth and glistening
+with small crystals, produce a charming effect. The flat leaves of this
+plant are quite unexpectedly different from those of our other species of
+_Mesembryanthemum_, which are usually cylindrical or triangular. The
+leaf-stems and the calyx-tube, in particular, are beautifully jeweled with
+the clear, glasslike incrustation. The flesh-pink or almost white flowers
+resemble small sea-anemones, with their single row of tentacle-like petals
+and hollow tube powdered with the little white anthers.
+
+The plant grows so abundantly in the fields of the southern seasides as to
+be a dreadful pest to the farmer, and it is very disagreeable to walk
+through, as it yields up the water of its crystals very readily, and this
+is said to be of an alkaline quality, which is ruinous to shoe-leather.
+
+This ice-plant grows plentifully in the chalky regions of France, and has
+there been recommended for use as a food, to be prepared like spinach. It
+also grows in the Canary Islands.
+
+
+SQUAW-GRASS. SOUR-GRASS. TURKEY-BEARD.
+
+_Xerophyllum tenax_, Nutt. Lily Family.
+
+     _Radical leaves._--Very numerous; two or three feet long; about
+     two lines broad; gracefully flexile; serrulate. _Scape._--Two
+     to five feet high; with scattered leaves; bearing at top a
+     dense raceme a foot or two long. _Perianth segments._--Six;
+     spreading rotately; four or five lines long; white.
+     _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Styles three;
+     filiform. _Hab._--Coast Ranges to British Columbia; also in the
+     Northern Sierras.
+
+Often upon high ridges we notice the large clumps of certain plants with
+long, slender, grasslike leaves, which ray out in every direction like a
+fountain, and resemble a small pampas-grass before it flowers. We naturally
+wonder what the plants are, but it may be many years before our curiosity
+is satisfied. Suddenly some spring we find them sending up tall
+blossom-shafts, crowned with great airy plumes of pure-white flowers, fully
+worthy of our long and patient waiting. After putting forth this supreme
+effort of a lifetime, and maturing its seed, the plant dies.
+
+In the north, where it is sometimes very abundant, and occupies extensive
+meadows, it is known as "sour-grass." The name "squaw-grass" is also
+applied there, because the leaves, which are long, wiry, and tough, are
+used by the Indians in the weaving of some of their finest baskets. Baskets
+made from them are particularly pliable and durable.
+
+
+WHITE OWL'S CLOVER.
+
+_Orthocarpus versicolor_, Greene. Figwort Family.
+
+     Slender; seldom branching or more than six inches high. Herbage
+     slightly reddish. _Leaves._--Cleft into filiform divisions at
+     the apex. _Flowers._--Pure white, fading pinkish; very
+     fragrant. Lower lip of the corolla with three very large sacs.
+     Folds of the throat densely bearded. (See _Orthocarpus_.)
+     _Hab._--San Francisco and Marin County.
+
+During the spring the meadows about San Francisco are luxuriantly covered
+with the pretty blossoms of the owl's clover, which make snowy patches in
+some places. Unlike the other species of _Orthocarpus_, this has
+delightfully fragrant blossoms.
+
+I do not know why this plant should be accredited to the owl and called
+clover, unless the quizzical-looking little blossoms are suggestive of the
+wise bird. But with all his wisdom, I doubt if he would recognize his
+clover.
+
+[Illustration WHITE OWL'S CLOVER--_Orthocarpus versicolor._]
+
+
+HAIRBELL. LANTERN OF THE FAIRIES.
+
+WHITE GLOBE-TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus albus_, Dougl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stem._--One or two feet high; branching. _Flowers._--White.
+     _Sepals._--Lanceolate. _Petals._--Twelve to fifteen lines long;
+     pearly white, sometimes lavender-tinged outside; covered within
+     with long, silky white hairs. _Gland._--Shallow
+     crescent-shaped, with four transverse scales fringed with short
+     glandular hairs. (See _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges and
+     Sierras, San Diego to Tehama County.
+
+Just before the oncoming of summer, our wooded hill-slopes and canyon-sides
+entertain one of the most charming of flowers; for the graceful stalks of
+the hairbell begin to hang out their delicate, white satin globes. Never
+was flower more exquisite in texture and fringing--never one more graceful
+in habit. If fairies have need of lanterns at all, these blossoms would
+certainly make very dainty globes to hold their miniature lights.
+
+Wherever they grow, these flowers win instant and enthusiastic admiration;
+and they have received a variety of common names in different localities,
+being known as "snowy lily-bell," "satin-bell," "hairbell," "lantern of the
+fairies," and "white globe-tulip."
+
+
+TOLGUACHA. LARGE-FLOWERED DATURA.
+
+_Datura meteloides_, DC. Nightshade Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Southern California, and northward--at least to
+     Stockton.
+
+The large-flowered Datura is a common plant along southern roadsides,
+producing in early May its enormous white or violet-tinged funnels, which
+are sometimes ten inches long. It resembles the common Jamestown-weed, of
+which it is a near relative, but may be distinguished by its large flower
+and its cylindrical calyx, which is not angled. It shares with the
+Jamestown-weed its narcotic poisonous qualities, and is a famous plant
+among our Indians. Dr. Palmer writes that they bruise and boil the root in
+water, and when the infusion thus made is cold, they drink it to produce a
+stupefying effect. In a different degree they administer it to their young
+dancing women as a powerful stimulant, and before going into battle the
+warriors take it to produce a martial frenzy in themselves.
+
+[Illustration HAIRBELL--_Calochortus albus._]
+
+By the Piutes it is called "main-oph-weep." The specific name,
+_meteloides_, indicates the resemblance of this plant to _Datura Metel_, of
+India.
+
+
+YERBA SANTA. MOUNTAIN BALM.
+
+     _Eriodictyon glutinosum_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Shrubby; three to five feet high. _Leaves._--Thick; glutinous;
+     smooth above; light beneath, with prominent net-veining; three
+     to six inches long. _Flowers._--Purple, violet, or white.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Six lines long; four lines
+     across. _Stamens._--Five; alternate with the corolla-lobes.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. Styles two. _Hab._--Western California;
+     common on dry hills.
+
+The bitter, aromatic leaves of the yerba santa are a highly valued,
+domestic remedy for colds, and many old-fashioned people would not be
+without it.
+
+Dr. Bard, one of our most eminent physicians, writes of this interesting
+little shrub: "It has been reserved for the Californian Indian to furnish
+three of the most valuable vegetable additions which have been made to the
+pharmacopoeia during the last twenty years. One, the _Eriodictyon
+glutinosum_, growing profusely in our foothills, was used by them in
+affections of the respiratory tract, and its worth was so appreciated by
+the missionaries that they named it yerba santa, or holy plant."
+
+The other plants referred to by Dr. Bard are the _Rhamnus_, or _Cascara
+sagrada_, and the _Grindelia_. In the mountains of Mariposa County, it is
+known as "wild peach," probably because the leaf somewhat resembles the
+peach-leaf.
+
+Dr. Behr writes that considerable quantities of it are exported, partly for
+medicinal purposes, and partly as a harmless and agreeable substitute for
+hops in the brewing of certain varieties of beer, especially porter.
+
+In Ventura County this passes by insensible gradations into _E.
+tomentosum_, Benth., and there it is difficult to distinguish clearly
+between the two species.
+
+[Illustration YERBA SANTA--_Eriodictyon glutinosum._]
+
+_E. tomentosum_, Benth., is found from San Diego probably to Santa Barbara.
+This comely shrub is so disguised in its woolly coat that one does not at
+first detect its close relationship to the more common yerba santa. Its
+broad, oval leaves, ribbed like the chestnut and closely notched, and its
+generous clusters of unusually large violet flowers, serve to bewilder us
+for the moment. The wool upon the foliage gives it a gray-green tone,
+harmonizing perfectly with the violet flowers. It is specially abundant all
+over the mesas by the seashore, near San Diego.
+
+
+ALUM-ROOT.
+
+_Heuchera micrantha_, Dougl. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Stout. _Leaves._--All radical; two to four inches
+     long. Scapes.--Often two feet high. _Flowers._--White; minute;
+     in loose panicles. _Calyx._--Five-toothed; one or two lines
+     long. _Petals._--Five; one line long; on the sinuses of the
+     calyx. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles two.
+     _Hab._--Coast Ranges and Sierras from Monterey to British
+     Columbia.
+
+Upon almost any drive or walk along a shaded road, we may find the
+alum-root hanging over a mossy bank. Its large, airy panicle is composed of
+minute flowers, and appears in early summer. But it is more conspicuous for
+its exquisite foliage than for its flowers. The leaves are usually mottled
+in light green and richly veined in dark brown or red, and they often turn
+to a rich red later in the season.
+
+The root is woody and astringent, to which latter fact the plant owes its
+English name, which it shares with the other members of the genus. These
+are very satisfactory plants to bring in from the woods, because they
+remain beautiful in water for many weeks.
+
+[Illustration ALUM-ROOT--_Heuchera micrantha._]
+
+
+CHAMISAL. CHAMISO. GREASEWOOD.
+
+_Adenostoma fasciculatum_, Hook. and Arn. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to twenty feet high, with gray, shreddy bark and
+     reddish, slender branches. _Leaves._--Two to four lines long;
+     linear to awl-shaped; smooth; clustered. Stipules small; acute.
+     _Flowers._--White; two lines across; in terminal racemose
+     panicles. _Calyx._--Five-toothed; with bracts below resembling
+     another calyx; tube ten-ribbed. _Petals._--Five.
+     _Stamens._--Ten to fifteen; in clusters between the petals.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Fruit._--A dry akene. _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed.
+
+The chamisal forms a large part of the chaparral of our mountain slopes,
+and when not in bloom gives to them much the aspect imparted to the Scotch
+Highlands by the heather. It is an evergreen shrub, with small clustered,
+needle-like leaves. In late spring it is covered with large, feathery
+panicles of tiny white blossoms, which show with particular effectiveness
+against the rich olive of its foliage, and furnish the bees with valuable
+honey material for a considerable season. When interspersed with shrubs of
+livelier greens, it gives to our hill-slopes and mountain-sides a
+wonderfully rich and varied character. In the summer of a season when it
+has flowered freely, the cinnamon-colored seed-vessels blending with the
+olives of the foliage lend a rich, warm bronze to whole hillsides, forming
+a charming contrast to the straw tints and russets of grassy slopes, and
+adding another to the many soft harmonies of our summer landscape. It is
+most abundant in the Coast Ranges, where, in some localities, it covers
+mile after mile of hill-slopes, with its close-cropped, uniform growth.
+
+When the chaparral, or dense shrubby growth of our mountain-sides, is
+composed entirely of _Adenostoma_, it is called chamisal.
+
+Another species, _A. sparsifolium_, Torr., found in the south, and somewhat
+resembling the above, may be known from it by its lack of stipules, its
+scattered, not clustered leaves, which are obtuse and not pointed, and its
+somewhat larger flowers, each one pediceled.
+
+This is commonly known among the Spanish-Californians as "Yerba del
+Pasmo," literally the "herb of the convulsion," and among them and the
+Indians it is a sovereign remedy for many ailments, being considered
+excellent for colds, cramps, and snakebites, and an infallible cure for
+tetanus, or lockjaw. The foliage fried in grease becomes a healing
+ointment.
+
+The bark of this species is reddish and hangs in shreds.
+
+
+HOLLY-LEAVED CHERRY. ISLAY.
+
+_Prunus ilicifolia_, Walp. Rose Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs or small trees; eight to thirty feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; holly-like; an inch or two long.
+     _Flowers._--White; three lines across; in racemes eighteen
+     lines to three inches long. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Petals._--Five; spreading. _Stamens._--Twelve to twenty-five.
+     _Ovary._--Solitary; one-celled. Style terminal. _Fruit._--A
+     dark red cherry, becoming black; six lines in diameter.
+     _Hab._--Coast Ranges, San Francisco into Lower California.
+
+The holly-leaved cherry is a very ornamental shrub, with its shining,
+prickly evergreen leaves, and it is coming more and more into favor for
+cultivation, especially as a hedge-shrub. In its natural state it attains
+its greatest perfection in the mountains near Santa Barbara and southward.
+On dry hills it is only a shrub, but in the rich soil of canyon bottoms it
+becomes a tree. Some of the finest specimens are to be found in the gardens
+of the old missions, where they have been growing probably a century.
+
+Dr. Behr tells us that the foliage, in withering, develops hydrocyanic
+acid, the odor of which is quite perceptible. The leaves are then poisonous
+to sheep and cattle.
+
+The shrubs are especially beautiful in spring, after they have made their
+new growth of bright green at the ends of the branches, and put forth a
+profusion of feathery bloom. The blossoms have the pleasant, bitter
+fragrance of the cultivated cherry, and attract myriads of bees, who make
+the region vocal with their busy hum. The fruit, which ripens from
+September to December, is disappointing, owing to its very thin pulp,
+though its astringent and acid flavor is not unpleasant.
+
+It was used by the aborigines as food, however, and made into an
+intoxicating drink by fermentation. The meat of the stones ground and made
+into balls constituted a delicate morsel with them.
+
+
+YERBA BUENA.
+
+_Micromeria Douglasii_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Aromatic trailing vines. _Stems._--Slender; one to four feet
+     long. _Leaves._--One inch long; round-ovate.
+     _Flowers._--Solitary; axillary; white or purplish.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed; two lines long. _Corolla._--Five lines
+     long; bilabiate. _Stamens._--Four; in pairs on the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma
+     unevenly two-lipped. _Hab._--Vancouver Island to Los Angeles
+     County.
+
+The yerba buena is as dear to the Californian as the Mayflower to the New
+Englander, and is as intimately associated with the early traditions of
+this Western land as is that delicate blossom with the stormy past of the
+Pilgrim Fathers. Its delicious, aromatic perfume seems in some subtle way
+to link those early days of the Padres with our own, and to call up visions
+of the long, low, rambling mission buildings of adobe, with their
+picturesque red-tiled roofs; the flocks and herds tended by gentle
+shepherds in cowls; and the angelus sounding from those quaint belfries,
+and vibrating in ever-widening circles over hill and vale.
+
+Before the coming of the Mission Fathers, the Indians used this little
+herb, placing great faith in its medicinal virtues, so that the Padres
+afterward bestowed upon it the name of "yerba buena"--"the good herb." It
+is still used among our Spanish-Californians in the form of a tea, both as
+a pleasant beverage and as a febrifuge, and also as a remedy for
+indigestion and other disorders.
+
+They designate this as "Yerba Buena del Campo"--_i.e._ the wild or field
+yerba buena,--to distinguish it from the "Yerba Buena del Poso"--"the herb
+of the well,"--which is the common garden-mint growing in damp places.
+
+Aside from its associations and medicinal virtues, this is a charming
+little plant. In half-shaded woods its long, graceful stems make a trailing
+interlacement upon the ground and yield up their minty fragrance as we
+pass.
+
+[Illustration YERBA BUENA--_Micromeria Douglasii_.]
+
+
+MATILIJA POPPY.
+
+_Romneya Coulteri_, Harv. Poppy Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Numerous; two to fifteen feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; the lower pinnatifid; the upper
+     pinnately cut into long narrow segments; glaucous; three to
+     five inches long; smooth. _Flowers._--Solitary; six to nine
+     inches across. _Sepals._--Three; strongly arched, covered with
+     bristly appressed hairs; caducous. _Petals._--Six; white.
+     _Stamens._--Very numerous. Filaments filiform; yellow, purple
+     below. _Ovary._--Seven- to eleven-celled. Stigmas several.
+     _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+The Matilija poppy (pronounced ma-til'li-ha) must be conceded the queen of
+all our flowers. It is not a plant for small gardens, but the fitting
+adornment of a large park, where it can have space and light and air to
+rear its imperial stems and shake out its great diaphanous flowers. It is
+one of the most wonderful of wild flowers, and it is difficult to believe
+that nature, without the aid of a careful gardener, should have produced
+such a miracle of loveliness. It is justly far-famed, and by English
+gardeners, who now grow it successfully, it is regarded as a priceless
+treasure, and people go from many miles around to see it when it blooms. It
+is to be regretted that our flowers must go abroad to find their warmest
+admirers.
+
+This plant was named in honor of Dr. Romney Robinson, a famous astronomer.
+Its common name was given it because it grows in particular abundance in
+the Matilija canyon, some miles above Ventura in the mountains. Many people
+have the mistaken idea that it grows only in that region. It is not common,
+by any means; but it is found in scattered localities from Santa Barbara
+southward into Mexico. It is very abundant near Riverside, and also upon
+the southern boundary and below in Lower California, where the plants cover
+large areas. It not only grows in fertile valleys, but seeks the seclusion
+of remote canyons, and nothing more magnificent could be imagined than a
+steep canyon-side covered with the great bushy plants, thickly sown with the
+enormous white flowers.
+
+The round buds (which, however, are sometimes pointed) are closely wrapped
+in three overlapping hairy sepals. These gradually open, and at dawn the
+buds unfurl their crumpled petals to the day, exhaling a pleasant
+fragrance. The blossoms remain open for many days.
+
+[Illustration MATILIJA POPPY--_Romneya Coulteri_.]
+
+These plants have long been in use among the Indians of Lower California,
+who esteem them highly for their medicinal qualities. The seeds require a
+long period for germination, and they have been known to come at the end of
+two years. The better method of propagation is from root-cuttings.
+
+The plant has been called "Mission poppy" and "Giant Californian white
+poppy," but the pretty Indian name cannot be improved upon.
+
+
+WHITE SAGE. GREASEWOOD.
+
+_Audibertia polystachya_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Shrubby, three to ten feet high; many-stemmed.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; lanceolate; narrowing into a petiole;
+     several inches long. _Flowers._--White or pale lavender, in
+     loose panicles a foot or two long. _Calyx._--Tubular;
+     bilabiate. _Corolla._--About six lines long, with short tube
+     and bilabiate border. Upper lip small; erect. Lower lip
+     three-lobed; the middle lobe large. _Stamens._--Two; jointed.
+     _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style slender. Stigma
+     two-cleft. _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+The classic honey of Hymettus could not have been clearer or more wholesome
+than that distilled by the bees from the white sage of Southern California,
+which has become justly world-renowned. The plants cover extensive reaches
+of valley and hill-slopes, and are often called "greasewood."
+
+Certain it is that the white stems have a very greasy, gummy feel and a
+rank, aggressive odor. In spring the long, coarse, sparsely leafy branches
+begin to rise from the woody base, often making the slopes silvery; and by
+May these have fully developed their loose, narrow panicles of pale flowers
+and yellowish buds.
+
+The structure of these blossoms is very interesting. The long, prominent
+lower lip curves downward and upward and backward upon itself, like a
+swan's neck, while the two stamens rising from its surface lift themselves
+like two long horns, and the style curves downward.
+
+A bee arriving at this flower naturally brushes against the stigma, leaving
+upon it some of the pollen gained from another flower. Then alighting upon
+the lower lip, his weight bends it downward, and he grasps the stamens as
+convenient handles, thus drawing the anthers toward his body, where the
+pollen is dusted upon his coat as he probes beneath the closed upper lip
+for the honey in the depths of the tube. The various sages of the south
+have a very interesting way of hybridizing.
+
+
+CASCARA SAGRADA. CALIFORNIA COFFEE.
+
+_Rhamnus Californica_, Esch. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Four to eighteen feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     elliptic to oblong; denticulate or entire; leathery; one to
+     four inches long; six to eighteen lines wide.
+     _Flowers._--Clustered; greenish white; small.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Petals._--Five; minute; on the sinuses
+     of the calyx; each clasping a stamen. _Ovary._--Two- to
+     four-celled. Style short. _Fruit._--Berry-like; black; four to
+     six lines long; containing two or three nutlets, like
+     coffee-beans. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+Long before the advent of the Spanish, the medicinal virtues of this shrub
+were known to the Indians, who used it as a remedy for rheumatism and,
+according to Dr. Bard, to correct the effects of an acorn diet. The Mission
+Fathers afterward came to appreciate its worth so highly that they bestowed
+upon it the name _Cascara sagrada_, or the "sacred bark." Since those early
+days the fame of it has spread the world around. No more valuable laxative
+is known to the medical world to-day, and every year great quantities of it
+are exported from our shores. Though the shrub is found as far south as San
+Diego, the bark is not gathered in any quantity south of Monterey, as it
+becomes too thin southward. The shrub goes under a variety of names,
+according to the locality in which it is found.
+
+In Monterey County it is known as "yellow-boy" or "yellow-root," and in
+Sonoma County it becomes "pigeon-berry," because the berry is a favorite
+food of the wild pigeons, and lends to their flesh a bitter taste.
+
+Some years ago quite an excitement prevailed in the State when some
+visionary persons believed they had found a perfect substitute for coffee
+in the seeds of this shrub. To be sure, they do somewhat resemble the
+coffee-bean in form, but the resemblance goes no further; for upon a
+careful analysis they revealed none of the qualities of coffee, nor upon
+roasting did they exhale its aroma. After much discussion of the matter and
+the laying out in imagination of extensive, natural coffee-plantations upon
+our wild hill-slopes, these hopeful people were destined to see their
+project fall in ruins.
+
+This shrub is very variable, according to the locality where it grows.
+Under shade, the leaves become herbaceous and ample, and as we go northward
+that becomes the prevailing type, and is then called _R. Purshiana_, DC. It
+is then often very large, having a trunk the size of a man's body. In
+Oregon it is known as "chittemwood" and "bitter bark," and also as "wahoo"
+and "bear-wood." The _var. tomentella_, Brew. and Wats., is densely
+white-tomentose, especially on the under surfaces of the leaves.
+
+
+EVERLASTING FLOWER. CUDWEED. LADY'S TOBACCO.
+
+_Gnaphalium decurrens_, Ives. Composite Family
+
+     Viscid-glandular under the loose hairs. _Flower-heads._--In
+     densely crowded, flattish clusters. _Involucre._--Campanulate;
+     of very numerous, scarious, yellowish-white, oval scales.
+     (Otherwise similar to _Anaphalis Margaritacea_.) _Hab._--From
+     San Diego through Oregon.
+
+The common everlasting flower, or cudweed, is plentiful upon our dry hills,
+blooming in early summer, where its white clusters are conspicuous objects
+amid the drying vegetation. In our rural districts it is believed that
+sleeping upon a pillow made of these flowers will cure catarrhal
+affections.
+
+_G. Sprengelii_, Hook. and Arn., may be known from the above by its densely
+gray, woolly herbage, which is not glandular-viscid. It is also common
+throughout the State.
+
+The beautiful edelweiss of the Alps is a species of _Gnaphalium_, _G.
+leontopodium_.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN BUCKEYE. CALIFORNIAN HORSE-CHESTNUT.
+
+_AEsculus Californica_, Nutt. Maple or Soapberry Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees ten to forty feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     petioled; with five palmate, stalked leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Oblong; acute; three to five inches long;
+     serrulate. _Flowers._--White; in a thyrse a foot long; many of
+     them imperfect. _Calyx._--Tubular; two-lobed. _Petals._--Four
+     or five; six lines or more long; unequal. _Stamens._--Five to
+     seven; exserted. Anthers buff. _Ovary._--Three-celled.
+     _Nuts._--One to three inches in diameter; usually one in the
+     pod. _Hab._--Coast Ranges of Middle California; also the Sierra
+     foothills.
+
+Our Californian buckeye is closely allied to the horse-chestnuts and
+buckeyes of the eastern half of the continent. It is usually found upon
+stream-banks or the side-walls of canyons, and reaches its greatest
+perfection in the valleys of our central Coast Ranges. It usually branches
+low into a number of clean, round, light-gray limbs, which widen out into a
+broad, dense, rounded head. Its leaves are fully developed before the
+flowers appear. When in full bloom, in May, it is considered one of the
+most beautiful of all our American species. Its long, white flower-spikes,
+sprinkled rather regularly over the green mound of foliage, are very
+suggestive of a neat calico print. Early to come, the leaves are as early
+to depart, and by midsummer the beautiful skeleton is often bare, its
+interlacing twigs making a delicate network against the deep azure of the
+sky.
+
+Though lavish in its production of flowers, usually but one or two of the
+large cluster succeed in maturing fruit. By October and November the
+leathery pods begin to yield up their big golden-brown nuts, which are
+great favorites among the squirrels. The Indians are said to resort to
+these nuts in times of famine. Before using them, they roast them a day or
+two in the ground, to extract the poison.
+
+The inner wood of the root, after being kiln-cured for several weeks,
+becomes very valuable to the cabinet-maker. It is then of an exquisite
+mottled green, and when highly polished can hardly be distinguished from a
+fine piece of onyx.
+
+
+PUSSY'S-PAWS.
+
+_Spraguea umbellata_, Torr. Purslane Family.
+
+     _Radical-leaves._--Spatulate or oblanceolate; six lines to four
+     inches long. _Stem-leaves._--Similar, but smaller, often
+     reduced to a few bracts. _Scapes._--Several; two to twelve
+     inches high. _Flowers._--In dense spikes. _Sepals._--Two;
+     orbicular; thin; papery; two to four lines across; whitish;
+     equaling the petals. _Petals._--Four; rose-color.
+     _Stamens._--Three. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style bifid.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from the Yosemite to British Columbia.
+
+Pussy's-paws is a very plentiful plant in the Sierras, usually growing upon
+dry, rocky soil. It varies much in aspect, sometimes sending up a stout,
+erect flower-scape, and again growing low and matlike with its prostrate
+flower-stems radiating from the center. It blooms from early summer onward,
+often almost covering the ground with its blossoms. The flower-clusters
+grow in a bunch, much like the pink cushions on pussy's feet, whence the
+pretty common name.
+
+
+SPANISH BAYONET. OUR LORD'S CANDLE.
+
+_Yucca Whipplei_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     Without a trunk. _Leaves._--All radical in a bristling
+     hemisphere; sword-like. _Flower-panicles._--Distaff-shaped;
+     three or more feet long; at the summit of a leafless bracteate
+     scape, ten or fifteen feet high. _Perianth._--Rotately
+     spreading; waxen-white (sometimes rich purple), often green- or
+     purple-nerved. _Filaments._--Clavate; pure white. Anthers
+     transverse; yellow. Style very thick; three-angled. Stigma
+     stalked; green; covered with tiny prominences. _Fruit._--A dry
+     capsule. (Structure otherwise as in _Y. Mohavensis_.)
+     _Hab._--Monterey to San Diego and eastward.
+
+In spring and early summer the chaparral-covered hillsides of Southern
+California present a wonderful appearance when hundreds of these Spanish
+bayonets are in bloom. From day to day the waxen tapers on the distant
+slopes increase in height as the white bells climb the slender shafts. At
+length each cluster reaches its perfection, and becomes a solid distaff of
+sometimes two--yes, even six--thousand of the waxen blossoms!
+
+[Illustration PUSSY'S-PAWS--_Spraguea umbellata_.]
+
+A friend writing of them, once said: "Nearly every poetaster in the country
+has sung the praises of the yellow poppies and the sweet little
+_Nemophilas_, but not one, so far as I know, has ever written a stanza to
+these grand white soldiers and their hundred swords." There is, indeed,
+something glorious and warlike about them, as they marshal themselves to
+the defense of our hillsides.
+
+This surpasses all known species in the height and beauty of its
+flower-panicles; but, once the season of flowering and fruiting has been
+consummated, its life mission is fulfilled, and the plant dies. The dead
+stalks remain standing sometimes for years upon the mountain-sides.
+
+The seeds of this species, as well as those of the tree-yucca, are made
+into flour by the Indians; and from the leaves they obtain a soft, white
+fiber, which they use in making the linings of the coarse saddle-blankets
+they weave from _Yucca Mohavensis_. The undeveloped flowering shoots they
+consider a great delicacy, either raw or prepared as mescal. They gather
+great numbers of the plants when just at the right stage, and strip off the
+leaves, leaving round masses. These they prepare after the manner of a
+clam-bake, and when the pile is pulled to pieces and the mescal is taken
+out, it has a faint resemblance to a baked sweet apple, and is of about the
+same consistency. The whole mass is a mixture of sweet, soft pulp and
+coarse white fibers much like manilla rope-yarn.
+
+
+RUBY LILY. CHAPARRAL LILY. REDWOOD LILY.
+
+_Lilium rubescens_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+_Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Marin County to Humboldt County.
+
+This is the most charming of all our Californian lilies, even surpassing in
+loveliness the beautiful Washington lily; and it is said to be the most
+fragrant of any in the world. It resembles the Washington lily; but its
+flowers are fuller in form, with wider petals and shorter tube, and it has
+a smaller bulb. It sends up a noble shaft, sometimes seven feet high, with
+many scattered whorls of undulate leaves, and often bears at the summit as
+many as twenty-five of the beautiful flowers. These are at first pure
+white, dotted with purple, but they soon take on a metallic luster and
+begin to turn to a delicate pink, which gradually deepens into a ruby
+purple. Mr. Purdy mentions having seen a plant with a stalk nine feet high,
+bearing thirty-six flowers.
+
+[Illustration RUBY LILY--_Lilium rubescens_.]
+
+The favorite haunts of this lily are high and inaccessible ridges, among
+the chaparral, or under the live-oak or redwood. Comparatively few people
+know of its existence, though living within a few miles of it, because they
+rarely ever visit these out-of-the-way fastnesses of nature.
+
+Mr. Burroughs has somewhere said: "Genius is a specialty; it does not grow
+in every soil, it skips the many and touches the few; and the gift of
+perfume to a flower is a special grace, like genius or like beauty, and
+never becomes common or cheap." Certainly these blossoms have been richly
+endowed with this charming gift, and their delicious fragrance wafted by
+the wind often betrays their presence upon a hillside when unsuspected
+before, so that one skilled in woodcraft can often trace them by it.
+
+
+THISTLE-POPPY. CHICALOTE.
+
+_Argemone platyceras_, Link and Otto. Poppy Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to two and one half feet high; hispid throughout,
+     or armed with rigid bristles or prickles. Sap yellow.
+     _Leaves._--Thistle-like; three to six inches long.
+     _Flowers._--White; two to four inches in diameter.
+     _Sepals._--Three; spinosely beaked. _Petals._--Four to six.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments slender. _Ovary._--Oblong;
+     one-celled. Stigma three- or four-lobed. Capsule very prickly.
+     _Hab._--Dry hillsides from Central California southward.
+
+The thistle-poppy would be considered in any other country a surpassingly
+beautiful flower, with its large diaphanous white petals and its thistly
+gray-green foliage, but in California it must yield precedence to the
+Matilija poppy. It resembles the latter very closely in its flower, and is
+often mistaken for it. It may be known by its yellow juice, its prickly
+foliage, and its very prickly capsules. I believe the flowers are somewhat
+more cup-shaped than those of _Romneya_.
+
+It affects dry hill-slopes and valleys, often otherwise barren, where it
+grows luxuriantly, and sometimes attains a height of six feet, being in
+full bloom in May. There, where one is unprepared for such a sight, it
+becomes an object of startling beauty.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Malacothrix saxatilis_, Torr. and Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; a foot or two high; woody.
+     _Leaves._--Lanceolate to spatulate; one or two inches long;
+     entire or pinnatifid; somewhat succulent.
+     _Flower-heads._--Terminating the paniculate branches; large;
+     two inches or so across; white, changing to rose or lilac; of
+     ray-flowers only. _Involucre._--Campanulate or hemispherical;
+     six lines high, with many imbricated scales passing downward
+     into loose, awl-shaped bracts. _Hab._--The Coast, from Santa
+     Barbara southward.
+
+This beautiful plant is a dweller upon the ocean cliffs, and may be seen in
+abundance from the car-windows just before the train reaches Santa Barbara
+going north. The stems are woody and very leafy, and the plants are usually
+covered all over the top with the showy flower-heads.
+
+_M. tenuifolia_, Torr. and Gray, is a very tall, slender, sparsely leafy
+plant with fragile, airy white flowers. This is common along the dusty
+roadsides of the south in early summer.
+
+
+SALAL. WINTERGREEN.
+
+_Gaultheria Shallon_, Pursh. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubby, and one to three or more feet high or prostrate.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; ovate to elliptical;
+     pointed; two to four inches long; leathery; bristle-toothed
+     when young; evergreen. _Flowers._--Manzanita-like; slenderer;
+     glandular-viscid; white or pinkish. _Ovary._--Five-celled.
+     Style single. _Fruit._--Black; berry-like; aromatic; edible.
+     (Otherwise like _Arctostaphylos Manzanita_.) _Hab._--Coast
+     woods, from Santa Barbara County to British Columbia.
+
+The floor of the redwood forest in our northern coast counties is often
+carpeted with this little undershrub, while in other places one can wade
+waist-deep in it. It grows much larger north of us, and upon Vancouver
+Island it forms dense, impenetrable thickets. Its dark-purple berries have
+a very agreeable flavor, and form an important article of diet among the
+Oregon Indians, who call them "salal."
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SPIKENARD.
+
+_Aralia Californica_, Wats. Ginseng Family.
+
+     _Root._--Thick; aromatic. _Stems._--Eight to ten feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Bipinnate; or the upper pinnate, with one or two
+     pairs of leaflets. _Leaflets._--Cordate-ovate; four to eight
+     inches long; serrate. _Flowers._--White; two lines long; in
+     globular umbels, arranged in loose panicles a foot or two long.
+     Pedicels four to six lines long. _Calyx._--Five-toothed or
+     entire. _Petals and Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Two- to
+     five-celled. Styles united to the middle. _Fruit._--A purple
+     berry. _Hab._--Widely distributed; on stream-banks.
+
+In moist, cool ravines, where the sun only slants athwart the branches and
+a certain dankness always lingers, the Californian spikenard scents the air
+with its peculiar odor. It closely resembles _A. racemosa_ of the Eastern
+States, but it is a larger, coarser plant in every way. It throws up its
+tall stems with a fine confidence that there will be ample space for its
+large leaves to spread themselves uncrowded. Its feathery panicles of white
+flowers are followed by clusters of small purple berries, and are rather
+more delicate than we should expect from so large a plant.
+
+
+YERBA MANSA.
+
+_Anemopsis Californica_, Hook. Yerba Mansa Family.
+
+     Rootstock creeping. _Radical-leaves._--Long-petioled; elliptic
+     oblong; two to ten inches long. _Stems._--Six inches to two
+     feet high. _Flowers._--Without sepals and petals, sunk in a
+     conical spike; six to eighteen lines long; a small white bract
+     under each flower. _Spikes._--Subtended by from five to eight
+     white petal-like bracts, six to fifteen lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Three to eight. _Ovary._--Apparently one-celled.
+     Stigmas one to five. _Hab._--Southern to Central California.
+
+Just as the fervid glow of the sun is beginning to transform the green of
+our southern hill-slopes to soft browns, the still vividly green lowland
+meadows suddenly bring forth myriads of white stars, which in their green
+setting become grateful resting-points for the eye. These are the blossoms
+of the famous _Yerba Mansa_ of the Spanish-Californians. Among these people
+the plant is an infallible remedy for many disorders, and so highly do they
+prize it, that they often travel or send long distances for it.
+
+[Illustration YERBA MANSA--_Anemopsis Californica_.]
+
+The aromatic root, which has a strong, peppery taste, is very astringent,
+and when made into a tea or a powder, is applied with excellent results to
+cuts and sores. The tea is also taken as a blood-purifier; and the plant,
+in the form of a wash or poultice, is used for rheumatism, while the wilted
+leaves are said to reduce swellings. In the medical world it is beginning
+to be used in diseases of the mucous membrane.
+
+
+SHEPHERD'S PURSE.
+
+_Capsella Bursa-pastoris_, Medic. Mustard Family.
+
+Among our commonest and most harmless weeds is the shepherd's purse, which
+has been introduced from Europe in the past. It may be easily recognized by
+its tiny white cruciferous flowers and its shapely little triangular, flat
+pods, which have a peppery taste. It is used medicinally, and valued as a
+remedy for many different maladies. In Europe, a common name for the plant
+is "mother's heart," and Mr. Johnston says that children play a sort of
+game with the seed-pouch. "They hold it out to their companions, inviting
+them to 'take a haud o' that.' It immediately cracks, and then follows a
+triumphant shout, 'You've broken your mother's heart!'"
+
+Equally common is the _Lepidium_, or pepper-grass, the small round, flat
+pods of which also have a peppery taste. Both of these belong to the great
+Mustard family.
+
+
+MARIPOSA TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus venustus_, Benth. (and varieties). Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high; branching. _Leaves._--Narrow;
+     grasslike; channeled; glaucous; decumbent. _Flowers._--Erect;
+     cup-shaped; white, lilac, pink, claret, magenta, purple, or
+     rarely light yellow; of uniform color or shaded; plain or
+     variously oculated, stained, or blotched. _Petals._--One or two
+     inches long; slightly hairy below. _Gland._--Large; roundish;
+     densely hairy. _Capsule._--Lanceolate; four or five lines
+     broad. (See _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--Dry sandy soil, in the
+     Coast Ranges and Sierra foothills, from Mendocino County to Los
+     Angeles.
+
+[Illustration MARIPOSA TULIP--_Calochortus venustus_.]
+
+I once emerged from the dense chaparral of a steep hillside upon a grassy
+slope, where myriads of these lovely flowers tossed their delicate cups
+upon the breeze. As I passed from flower to flower, I noticed many insect
+guests regaling themselves upon the nectar. Bees and flies jostled one
+another and crawled amid the hairs below, and beautifully mottled
+butterflies hovered over them.
+
+As originally described, this flower was white or pale lilac, with a more
+or less conspicuous, usually reddish, stain, or blotch, near the top, a
+brownish spot bordered with yellow in the center, and a brownish striate
+base. But it varies so widely from this type, in both color and spots, that
+neither is a reliable character from which to determine the species. Some
+of the oculated forms of _C. luteus_ are so similar that they are readily
+confused with this, but a careful examination of the gland and the form of
+the capsule, together with the character of the soil in which the plants
+grow, will identify the species.
+
+
+COMMON NIGHTSHADE.
+
+_Solanum nigrum_, L. Nightshade Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Along streams near the coast.
+
+This may be easily distinguished from _S. Xanti_ by its very small white
+flowers, whose corollas are but three or four lines across, and much more
+deeply and pointedly lobed, the lobes having a tendency to turn backward as
+the flowers grow older; also by its thinner, duller leaves, and much
+smaller, black berries, the size of peas.
+
+It is considered a violent narcotic poison, both berries and leaves having
+caused death when eaten. It is used in the medical world, in the form of a
+tincture for various maladies, and it is said that in Bohemia the
+blossoming plant is hung over the cradles of infants to induce sweet
+slumber; while in Dalmatia the root is fried in butter and eaten to produce
+sleep, and is also used as remedy for hydrophobia.
+
+_Solanum Douglasii_, Dunal, is a similar species, with larger flowers,
+which are usually white, though sometimes light blue.
+
+
+BUTTERFLY TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus luteus, var. oculatus_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Sierras and Coast Ranges, from Fresno County to Oregon.
+
+Of all our lovely Mariposa tulips, this charming form is perhaps the most
+like the insect for which it is named. Its creamy or purplish flowers have
+an exquisitely tinted dark-maroon eye, surrounded by yellow, and it is
+often streaked in marvelous imitation of the insect's wing. It was
+doubtless this form Miss Coolbrith had in mind when she wrote the beautiful
+lines below:
+
+    "Insect or blossom? Fragile, fairy thing,
+    Poised upon slender tip and quivering
+    To flight! a flower of the fields of air;
+    A jeweled moth, a butterfly with rare
+    And tender tints upon his downy wing
+    A moment resting in our happy sight;
+    A flower held captive by a thread so slight
+    Its petal-wings of broidered gossamer
+    Are, light as the wind, with every wind astir,
+    Wafting sweet odor, faint and exquisite.
+    O dainty nursling of the field and sky!
+    What fairer thing looks up to heaven's blue,
+    And drinks the noontide sun, the dawning's dew?
+    Thou winged bloom! thou blossom butterfly!"
+
+
+WESTERN BOYKINIA.
+
+_Boykinia occidentalis_, Torr. and Gray. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; a foot or two high.
+     _Leaves._--Round-reniform; palmately three- to seven-lobed; one
+     to three inches broad; the lobes coarsely toothed.
+     _Flowers._--In long-peduncled, loose panicles; white; four
+     lines across; parts in fives. _Calyx._--With acute teeth.
+     _Petals._--On the sinuses of the calyx. _Stamens._--On the
+     calyx, opposite its teeth. Filaments short. _Ovary._--With its
+     two cells attenuate into the slender styles. _Hab._--Coast
+     Ranges, from Santa Barbara to Washington.
+
+The tufted leaves, and exquisitely delicate saxifrage-like clusters of the
+_Boykinia_, fringe our streams in early summer.
+
+
+SOAP-PLANT. AMOLE.
+
+_Chlorogalum pomeridianum_, Kunth. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--One to four inches in diameter; densely brown-fibrous.
+     _Leaves._--Six to eighteen inches long. _Scape._--One to five
+     feet high; bearing a loosely spreading panicle.
+     _Perianth._--White; of six spreading, recurved segments nine
+     lines long. _Stamens._--Six; shorter than the segments.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style filiform. Stigma three-lobed.
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+The leaves of the soap-plant have been with us all the spring, increasing
+in length as the season has advanced. You can easily recognize them, as
+they resemble a broad, wavy-margined grass, usually lying flat upon the
+ground, with some of the ragged brown fibres of the bulb showing
+aboveground, like the fragment of an old manilla mat.
+
+In early summer, from their midst begins to shoot a slender stalk. When the
+process of its growth is complete, it stands from two to five feet high,
+with slender, widespreading branches and rather sparsely scattered flowers.
+
+If you would find its flowers open, you must seek it in the afternoon. At a
+little distance, it appears as though the truant summer wind had lodged a
+delicate white feather here and there upon the branches. In themselves,
+these blossoms are not ill-favored, with their slender, recurved petals;
+but to us the root is the most interesting part of the plant. This the
+early Spanish-Californians used extensively in lieu of soap, and esteemed
+greatly as a hair tonic, and it was known by them as "amole." Even now it
+is much used among their descendants, and we know of one aged senora over
+ninety who refuses to use anything else for washing. Her grandsons keep her
+supplied with the bulbs, which they dig by the sackful from the neighboring
+hill-slopes and mesas. She takes her linen down to the brookside, and
+there, in primitive fashion, upon her knees she scours and rinses it till
+it is as white as the driven snow.
+
+The Indians of the Sierra foothills have a curious use for the bulb. After
+the June freshets have subsided, many fish are usually left in small pools
+in the streams. The squaws go to these pools with an abundance of
+soap-root, and kneeling upon the banks, rub up a great suds with it. The
+fish soon rise to the surface stupefied, and are easily taken.
+
+[Illustration SOAP-PLANT--_Chlorogalum pomeridianum_.]
+
+We are told that in the early days of the gold excitement, when commodities
+were scarce and brought fabulous prices, the fibrous outer coats of the
+bulb were used for stuffing mattresses.
+
+The inner portion of the bulb, when reduced to a paste, is said to be an
+excellent remedy for oak-poisoning, applied as a salve.
+
+This is not the only plant popularly known as soap-plant among us. Several
+others share the title, among them the goose-foot, the yucca, and the
+California lilac. There are several other species of _Chlorogalum_.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN BIRCH. WHITE TEA-TREE. SOAP-BUSH.
+
+_Ceanothus integerrimus_, Hook. and Arn. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Shrubs or small trees; five to twelve feet high; with
+     cylindrical, usually warty, branches. _Leaves._--Alternate; on
+     slender petioles two to six lines long; ovate to ovate-oblong;
+     one to three inches long; entire or rarely slightly
+     glandular-serrulate; thin. _Flowers._--White; sometimes blue;
+     in a thyrse three to seven inches long, one to four thick.
+     _Fruit._--Not crested. (See _Ceanothus_.) _Hab._--Mountains
+     from Los Angeles to the Columbia River.
+
+When in flower, this is one of the most attractive of all our _Ceanothi_.
+It often covers great mountain-sides with its white bloom as with drifted
+snow. The trip to the Yosemite is often diversified by this beautiful
+spectacle, which comes as an exhilarating surprise.
+
+Among the mountaineers this shrub is highly valued as forage for their
+cattle, which they turn upon it after the lowland pastures have dried up.
+
+The young twigs and leaves have the spicy fragrance of the black birch of
+the Eastern States. The foliage is deciduous, and of rather a pale though
+bright green. The bark of the root of this shrub is becoming celebrated as
+a remedy for various disorders, such as malaria, catarrh, and liver
+trouble.
+
+
+COMMON WHITE LUPINE.
+
+_Lupinus densiflorus_, Benth. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; simple below; parted in the middle into
+     numerous widespreading branches; two feet high; succulent;
+     sparsely villous. _Flowers._--In long-peduncled racemes; six to
+     ten inches long; with usually five or six dense whorls. Bracts
+     bristle-like, from a broad base. _Calyx._--Upper lip scarious;
+     deeply cleft; lower long, toothed. _Corolla._--White or
+     rose-color; seven lines or so long; the standard dark dotted.
+     _Pod._--Two-seeded. _Hab._--Widespread; Sacramento Valley
+     southward.
+
+In the days when we went fishing in the brook with a pin for minnows, a
+company of these pretty white lupines in a field represented to our
+childish fancy so many graceful dames in flounced skirts dancing in a
+sylvan ballroom.
+
+
+MEADOW-SWEET.
+
+_Spiraea discolor_, Pursh. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; an inch or two long; oval or ovate; crenately
+     lobed above; the lobes often toothed; silky pubescent beneath.
+     _Flowers._--White; two lines across; in feathery panicles
+     several inches long. _Calyx._--Five-parted; petaloid.
+     _Petals._--Five; equaling the sepals. _Stamens._--About twenty.
+     _Pistils._--Five; distinct; one-celled. _Hab._--Coast Ranges,
+     mostly from Monterey County northward.
+
+Not until midsummer is upon us does the common meadow-sweet make itself
+noticeable by its large feathery clusters of minute white flowers, which
+have a pleasant odor, reminiscent of slippery-elm.
+
+We have two species of _Spiraea_ with pink flowers--_S. Douglasii_, Hook.,
+the Californian hardhack, having its blossoms in long clusters, (found in
+Northern California,) and _S. betulifolia_, Pall., having flat-topped
+flower-clusters, (found in the Sierras).
+
+Another shrub closely resembling the _Spiraeas_ is _Neillia opulifolia_,
+Benth. and Hook., the wild bridal-wreath, or ninebark. Indeed, this has
+been classed by some authorities among the _Spiraeas_. It may be easily
+recognized by its hemispherical clusters of white flowers. These clusters
+are an inch or two across. Though the shrub is quite showy when in bloom,
+it is almost equally attractive when its carpels are beginning to redden.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN AZALEA.
+
+_Rhododendron occidentale_, Gray. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to twelve feet high. _Leaves._--Clustered at the
+     ends of the branches; obovate to lanceolate; two to four inches
+     long; herbaceous. _Flower-clusters._--Large, from a special
+     terminal bud. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft. _Corolla._--With
+     funnel-form tube, and five-cleft border; white; the upper lobe
+     blotched with corn-color; sometimes tinged with pink;
+     glandular-viscid without. _Stamens._--Five. Anthers two-celled,
+     opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. _Capsule._--Very
+     woody. _Hab._--Stream-banks throughout the State.
+
+One of the most deservedly admired of all our shrubs is the lovely
+Californian azalea. In June and July, the borders of our mountain streams
+are covered for miles with the bushes, whose rich green foliage is often
+almost obscured from view by the magnificent clusters of white and yellow,
+or sometimes pinkish, flowers. Its delicious, spicy perfume is always
+subtly suggestive of charming days spent with rod and line along cool
+streams, or of those all too brief outings spent far from the haunts of
+men, in some sequestered mountain-cabin among redwood groves or by rushing
+waters.
+
+In Oregon it is commonly known as "honeysuckle," and there in the autumn
+its life ebbs away in a flood of glory, showering the forest floor with
+flecks of scarlet and crimson. Its root is said to contain a strong
+narcotic poison, and the leaves are also reputed to be poisonous if eaten,
+but they are not at all harmful to the touch.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN AZALEA--_Rhododendron occidentale_.]
+
+
+AMERICAN BARRENWORT.
+
+_Vancouveria parviflora_, Greene. Barberry Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One or two feet high. _Leaves._--All radical; twice
+     to thrice ternately compound. _Leaflets._--One to two inches
+     broad; rich shining green; persisting; undulate and
+     membrane-margined. _Flowers._--Twenty-five to fifty, in loose
+     panicles; small; with six to nine sepal-like bracts. Parts in
+     sixes all in front of one another. _Sepals._--Petaloid; two
+     lines long. _Petals._--White to lavender. _Stamens._--Erect;
+     closely appressed to the pistil. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style
+     stoutish. _Hab._--Coast Ranges of Central California.
+
+There is no more exquisite plant in our coast woods than the American
+barrenwort. Its delicate threadlike stems, which are yet strong and wiry,
+hold up its spreading evergreen leaves, every leaflet in its own place.
+There is a likeness in these leaves to the fronds of our Californian
+maidenhair, and one could easily imagine the maidenhair amplified,
+strengthened, and polished into this form. The leaflets are also somewhat
+ivy-like in form.
+
+In June its delicate, airy panicles of small white blossoms appear. These
+are especially interesting as belonging to the Barberry family, where all
+the floral organs stand in front of one another, and the anthers open by
+cunningly contrived little uplifting valves. These plants are said to grow
+upon bushy hillsides, in masses sometimes several feet across. But I have
+never seen it with other than an exclusive and rather solitary habit,
+growing in shaded forests. We have one or two other species.
+
+
+SERVICE-BERRY. JUNE-BERRY.
+
+_Amelanchier alnifolia_, Nutt. Rose Family.
+
+     Deciduous shrubs, three to eight feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; from rounded to oblong-ovate;
+     serrate usually only toward the apex; six to eighteen lines
+     long. _Flowers._--White, in short racemes.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Campanulate; limb five-parted. _Petals._--Five;
+     oblong; six lines or so long. _Stamens._--Twenty; short.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled. Styles three to five.
+     _Fruit._--Small; berry-like; dark purple. _Hab._--Throughout
+     the State and northward; also eastward to the Western States.
+
+[Illustration AMERICANBARRENWORT--_Vancouveria parviflora_.]
+
+The service-berry seems to be at home throughout our borders, but it
+reaches its greatest perfection north of us, on the rich bottom-lands of
+the Columbia River. In spring the bushes are beautiful, when snowily laden
+with masses of ragged white flowers; and from June to September they are no
+less welcome, when abundantly hung with the black berries, which usually
+have a bloom upon them. These berries are an important article of food
+among our Western Indians, who make annual pilgrimages to the regions of
+their growth, gathering and drying large quantities for winter use. The
+drying they effect by crushing them to a paste, which they spread upon bark
+or stones in the sun. It is said that many a party of explorers, lost in
+the woods, has been kept alive by this little fruit.
+
+Almost the same shrub in the Atlantic States is called "shad-bush," because
+it blooms at about the season when the shad are running up the streams.
+
+
+CHRISTMAS-BERRY. CALIFORNIAN HOLLY. TOYON.
+
+_Heteromeles arbutifolia_, Roemer. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs four to twenty-five feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; oblong; serrate; leathery; two to four inches
+     long. _Flowers._--Small; white; four lines across; in dense
+     terminal panicles. _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Petals._--Five;
+     roundish; spreading. _Stamens._--Ten; on the calyx. Filaments
+     awl-shaped; flat. _Ovaries._--Two; one-celled. Styles slender.
+     _Berries._--Red; four lines in diameter; in large clusters.
+     _Hab._--Coast Ranges, from San Diego to Mendocino County.
+
+Christmas could hardly be celebrated among us without our beautiful
+Californian holly. Florists' windows and the baskets of street-venders at
+that season are gay with the magnificent clusters of rich cardinal berries,
+which are really ripe by Thanksgiving. The common name, "Californian
+holly," refers more to the berries than to the leaves, as the latter have
+not the form of holly-leaves. We have often seen the venders mix the
+berries with the prickly foliage of the live-oak, to make them seem more
+like holly.
+
+The large clusters of spicy white flowers appear in July and August.
+Nothing in all our flora yields a finer contrast of lavish scarlet against
+rich green. The berries have a rather pleasant taste, somewhat acid and
+astringent, and are eaten by the Indians with great relish. The
+Spanish-Californians used them in the preparation of an agreeable drink.
+
+This is a very handsome shrub in cultivation.
+
+
+VIRGIN'S BOWER. CLEMATIS.
+
+_Clematis ligusticifolia_, Nutt. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     Nearly smooth. _Stems._--Woody; sometimes climbing thirty feet.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; long-petioled; five-foliolate.
+     _Leaflets._--Ovate to lanceolate; eighteen lines to three
+     inches long; three-lobed and coarsely toothed; rarely entire or
+     three-parted. _Flowers._--Dioecious; in axillary panicles.
+     _Sepals._--Four; petaloid; four to six lines long; thin.
+     _Petals._--Wanting. _Stamens._--Numerous. _Pistils._--Many;
+     becoming long-tailed, silky akenes. _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+The virgin's bower usually looks down upon us from among the branches of
+some tree, where it entwines itself indistinguishably with the foliage of
+its host. It climbs by means of the stalks of its leaflets, which wrap
+themselves about small twigs. This species is not so noticeable during the
+season of its blossoming as it is later, when the long plumes of its seed
+have twisted themselves into silvery balls, making feathery masses. Mrs.
+Blochman writes that among the Spanish-Californians, it is called "yerba de
+chivato," and valued as a remedy for barbed-wire cuts in animals. It is
+used in the form of a wash, and remarkable cures are effected.
+
+Another widespread species--_C. lasiantha_, Nutt.--is far more showy than
+the above. It is found in the Coast Ranges, from Los Angeles to Napa County
+at least, and in the Sierras to Plumas County. Its long-peduncled flowers
+are solitary; but they are so numerous and grow so closely together, that
+they make dense masses of white, conspicuous at a long distance. The
+flowers are larger, the sepals being an inch long, and covered with a silky
+pubescence, which makes them like soft cream-colored velvet. The three
+ovate leaflets are also silky.
+
+
+LADIES' TRESSES.
+
+_Spiranthes Romanzoffianum_, Cham. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Roots._--Fascicled tubers. _Stems._--Stout; four to eighteen
+     inches high. _Leaves._--Oblong-lanceolate to linear.
+     _Spikes._--One to even ten inches long. _Perianth._--Yellowish
+     white; four lines long. Upper sepal and two petals coherent.
+     Lip recurved, bearing a small protuberance on each side at
+     base. _Anther._--On the face of the short column.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Through the mountains from Los
+     Angeles northward.
+
+The twisted spikes of these little orchids are interesting, because their
+ranks remain so clearly defined as they wind about the stem. The plants
+vary greatly in different seasons as to size, and are usually found in
+moist places.
+
+
+TARWEED. MOUNTAIN MISERY.
+
+_Chamaebatia foliolosa_, Benth. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubby; a foot or two high; branching freely; glandular
+     pubescent throughout; fragrant. _Leaves._--Alternate; finely
+     dissected; ovate or oblong in outline; two or three inches
+     long. _Flowers._--White; few in terminal cymes.
+     _Calyx._--Five-lobed. _Petals._--Five; spreading; three or four
+     lines long. _Stamens._--Very numerous; short.
+     _Ovary._--Solitary. Style terminal. _Fruit._--A leathery akene.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from Mariposa County to Nevada County.
+
+One of the most conspicuous plants to be met on the way to the Yosemite is
+the _Chamaebatia_. It is exceedingly abundant, covering considerable areas
+and filling the air with its balsamic fragrance, strongly suggestive of
+tansy, though to many not so agreeable as the latter. It is a beautiful
+plant, with its feathery leaves and strawberry-like flowers; but by the
+roadside, where its viscid leaves and stems have caught the dust, it is
+often but a travesty of itself.
+
+Mrs. Brandegee writes of it: "Along the line of the railroad in Placer
+County it is often called 'bear-clover,' perhaps in accordance with our
+felicitous custom of giving names, because it bears not the least
+resemblance to clover, and the bear will have nothing to do with it."
+
+[Illustration LADIES' TRESSES--_Spiranthes Romanzoffianum_.]
+
+
+LARGE-FLOWERED DOGWOOD.
+
+_Cornus Nuttallii_, Audubon. Dogwood Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees, fifteen to seventy feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; obovate; acute at each end; three to five
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Numerous; small; greenish; in a head
+     surrounded by an involucre of four to six large, yellowish or
+     white bracts, often tinged with red, and eighteen lines to
+     three inches long. _Calyx._--Four-toothed. _Petals and
+     Stamens._--Four. _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Fruit._--Scarlet; five
+     or six lines long. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from
+     Monterey and Plumas Counties to British Columbia.
+
+Our large-flowered dogwood more nearly resembles the Eastern _C. florida_
+than any other species, but it is a much handsomer shrub than the latter.
+It reaches its maximum size in Northern Oregon and Washington, where, in
+the season of its blossoming, it is a sight never to be forgotten. Its
+masses of large white flowers, like single Cherokee roses, contrast finely
+with the deep, rich greens of the fir forests, in which it often grows. In
+its northern range, its leaves turn beautifully, and it becomes one of the
+most brilliant masqueraders in the autumn pageant.
+
+The wood is very hard, close-grained, and tough, and is used as a
+substitute for boxwood in the making of bobbins and shuttles for weaving,
+and also in cabinet-work.
+
+
+MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS.
+
+_Habenaria leucostachys_, Wats. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Root._--A fusiform tuber. _Stems._--One to four feet high;
+     leafy throughout. _Leaves._--Lanceolate; diminishing upward.
+     _Flowers._--Bright white, in a spike. _Perianth segments._--Two
+     or three lines long. _Lip._--Four lines long, with a slender
+     spur four to six lines long. _Anther._--On the column just
+     above the stigma. _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Mountains
+     throughout California.
+
+From July to September we may look for the milk-white rein-orchis in moist
+meadows. It is especially abundant in the Sierras, where its charmingly
+fragrant, pure-white spikes are particularly effective against the lush
+green of the alpine meadows.
+
+[Illustration MILK-WHITE REIN-ORCHIS--_Habenaria leucostachys_.]
+
+
+JAMESTOWN-WEED. JIMSON-WEED. THORN-APPLE. COMMON STRAMONIUM.
+
+_Datura Stramonium_, L. Nightshade Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two or three feet high; stout. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     ovate; coarsely angled; long-petioled. _Flowers._--In the forks
+     of the stem; short-pediceled; white. _Calyx._--Tubular; angled;
+     five-toothed; over an inch long. _Corolla._--Funnel-form; three
+     inches long; with an expanded five-angled border.
+     _Stamens._--Five; included. Filaments long and slender; adnate
+     to the corolla below. Style long. _Ovary._--Two-celled; each
+     cell nearly divided again. _Fruit._--Larger than a walnut;
+     prickly. _Hab._--Waste grounds near habitations; introduced.
+
+The jimson-weed, which is a native of Asia, has become quite common in
+waste places. It is a rank, ill-smelling, nauseating weed, possessing
+narcotic, poisonous qualities, but its flowers are rather large and showy.
+The leaves and seeds are made into the drug called "stramonium," which is
+used as a remedy in neuralgia, spasmodic cough, and other disorders.
+
+As the plant usually grows by roadsides or in the vicinity of dwellings,
+children are not infrequently poisoned by its fruit and leaves. The poison
+manifests itself in dryness of the throat, rapid pulse, and delirium; and
+even death may ensue, preceded by convulsions and coma.
+
+This plant is also called "mad-apple," "apple of Peru," and "Devil's
+apple."
+
+It has a near relative--_D. suaveolens_, HBK.,--a large shrub with
+dark-green leaves and very large, pendulous white flowers. This is common
+in Californian gardens, and is known popularly as "floriponda," or "angels'
+trumpets." It sheds a powerful fragrance upon the air at night, which is
+not noticeable by day.
+
+
+YARROW. MILFOIL.
+
+_Achillea Millefolium_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high. _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile;
+     twice-pinnately parted into fine linear, acute, three- to
+     five-cleft lobes; lanceolate in outline; two to four inches
+     long; strong-scented. _Flower-heads._--Crowded in a flat
+     cluster; white, sometimes pink; four lines across, including
+     the rays; made up of white disk-flowers and obovate white rays.
+     _Hab._--All around the Northern Hemisphere.
+
+The yarrow, which is a common weed in most countries of the Northern
+Hemisphere, has long been known to botanists and herbalists, and was
+formerly in high repute for its many virtues. The leaves steeped in hot
+water are still considered very healing applications to cuts or bruises;
+and among the Spanish-Californians the fresh plants are used for stanching
+the blood in recent wounds.
+
+This plant received the name _Achillea_, because the great hero of the
+Trojan war was supposed to have been the first to discover its virtues.
+
+In Sweden it is used as a substitute for hops in the brewing of beer. Among
+the superstitious, even of the present day, it is regarded as a most potent
+love-charm, when plucked by a love-lorn maiden from the grave of a young
+man, while repeating the proper formula.
+
+In the spring, the plants first develop a rosette of finely dissected,
+feathery leaves, which lie flat upon the ground. Later, when these are well
+grown, it sends up its tall flower-stalks, crowned with close, flat
+clusters of small white blossoms.
+
+M. Naudin, who has an intimate knowledge of the plants of dry countries,
+recommends the yarrow for lawn-making where irrigation is impossible. "It
+grows freely in the driest of weather, and makes a handsome turf. It must
+be frequently cut, however, to prevent it from throwing up flower-stems. It
+will not succeed on a lime-impregnated soil."
+
+Among children the yarrow is commonly known as "old man."
+
+
+RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.
+
+_Goodyera Menziesii_, Lindl. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Two or three inches long; leathery; dark green,
+     veined with white. _Scape._--Six to fifteen inches high, with
+     scattered lanceolate bracts. _Spike._--Many-flowered.
+     _Perianth._--White; two to four lines long; downy. Lateral
+     sepals deflexed; upper and two petals coherent. Lip erect,
+     saccate below, concave above, and narrowing into the recurved
+     summit. _Anther._--On the base of the column behind.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Mountains, from Mendocino and
+     Mariposa Counties to British Columbia.
+
+The rattlesnake plantain is frequently met under the coniferous trees of
+our northern woods. Its common name comes from the mottling of its leaves,
+which is similar to that of the rattlesnake's skin. In midsummer, or later,
+the plant sends up a stalk of small but shapely little blossoms. These are
+so modest, one would hardly suspect they belonged to the showy orchis
+family.
+
+
+BUTTON-BUSH. BUTTON-WILLOW.
+
+_Cephalanthus occidentalis_, L. Madder Family.
+
+     Shrubs eight to ten feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite, or in
+     whorls of three or four; petioled; ovate to lanceolate; three
+     to five inches long. _Flowers._--Small; white; in spherical
+     heads an inch in diameter. _Calyx._--Four-toothed.
+     _Corolla._--Long funnel-form with four-cleft limb.
+     _Stamens._--Four; short; borne on the throat of the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--Two- to four-celled. Style long-exserted. Stigma
+     capitate. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+The button-bush is a handsome shrub, found upon stream borders, often
+standing where its roots are constantly under water. Its leaves are
+willow-like, and its spherical flower-heads, poised gracefully at the ends
+of the branches, resemble small cushions filled with pins. The blossoms
+often have a jessamine-like fragrance.
+
+A tincture made of the bark is used by physicians as a tonic and laxative
+and as a remedy for fevers and coughs.
+
+This shrub is especially abundant in the interior, on the lower reaches of
+the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, where it is in bloom from June to
+August.
+
+[Illustration RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN--_Goodyera Menziesii_.]
+
+
+WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF.
+
+_Pyrola picta_, Smith. Heath Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Leathery; dark green, veined with white; one or two
+     inches long. _Scape._--Four to nine inches high.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Petals._--Six lines or so long; white.
+     _Stamens._--Ten. Anthers opening terminally.
+     _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style long; curved. _Hab._--The Middle
+     Sierras and Mendocino County, and northward.
+
+The great coniferous forests of our higher mountains afford homes for many
+interesting members of the Heath family. A trip to the Sierras in August
+will yield many a prize to the flower-lover. _Pyrolas_, with waxen
+clusters, vie with _Pipsissiwas_; the weird looking _Pterospora_ rears its
+uncanny, gummy stems, clothed with small, yellowish bells, while an
+occasional glimpse of a blood-red spike betrays the most wonderful of them
+all--the snow-plant.
+
+Of the _Pyrolas_ we made the acquaintance of three in this region. These
+pretty plants are called "shinleaf," because the leaves of some of the
+species were used by the English peasantry as plasters which they applied
+to bruises or sores. _Pyrola picta_, with its rich leathery, white-veined
+leaves and clusters of whitish, waxen flowers, was quite plentiful and
+always a delight to meet. _Pyrola dentata_, Smith, we often found growing
+with it. This has spatulate, wavy-margined leaves; which are pale and not
+veined with white, and its scapes are more slender. It never was so
+attractive or vigorous a plant as the other.
+
+A ramble in the woods one day brought us to the brink of a charming stream,
+whose pure, ice-cold waters babbled along most invitingly. Following its
+course, we found ourselves in a delightfully cool, moist thicket, where,
+nestling in the deep shade, we found the beautiful, rich, glossy leaves of
+_Pyrola rotundifolia, var. bracteata_, Gray. The leaves are roundish, of a
+beautiful, bright chrome green, highly polished, and the delicate flowers
+are rose-pink. This is called "Indian lettuce" and "canker lettuce," and a
+tincture of the fresh plant is used in medicine for the same purposes as
+chimaphila. _P. aphylla_, Smith, is easily distinguished by the absence
+of leaves. It has flesh-colored stems, and its flowers are sometimes of the
+same color, and sometimes white. This is found in the Coast Ranges.
+
+[Illustration WHITE-VEINED SHINLEAF--_Pyrola picta_.]
+
+
+PEARLY EVERLASTING FLOWER.
+
+_Anaphalis Margaritacea_, Benth. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; leafy up to the flowers.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; lanceolate or linear-lanceolate;
+     two to four inches long; white-woolly, at length becoming green
+     above. _Heads._--Of filiform disk-flowers only.
+     _Involucre._--Of many rows of pearly white, pointed scales, not
+     longer than the flowers, resembling ray-flowers. _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed over the northern parts of America and Asia.
+
+Our wild everlasting flowers are very difficult of determination, and are
+comprised under at least three genera, _Gnaphalium_, _Anaphalis_, and
+_Antennaria_. The word _Anaphalis_ is from the same root as the word
+_Gnaphalium_, and the species have quite the aspect of _Gnaphalium_.
+
+The flowers of the pearly everlasting have a peculiarly pure pearly look
+before they are entirely open, and their sharp-pointed little scales give
+them a prim, set look, like very regular, tiny white roses. There is a hint
+of green in them, but they are never of the dirty yellowish-white of the
+cudweed, nor have they the slippery-elm-like fragrance of the latter. When
+fully expanded, the centers are brown. The leaves, which at length become a
+dark, shining green, make a fine contrast with the permanently white-woolly
+stems. The flower-clusters are loosely compound.
+
+
+WASHINGTON LILY. SHASTA LILY.
+
+_Lilium Washingtonianum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Throughout the Sierras from three to six thousand feet
+     elevation.
+
+I shall never forget the thrill of delight I felt on first beholding this
+noble white lily, some years ago, in an open fir forest near Mt. Shasta. I
+had often heard of it, but never dared hope it would be my privilege to
+gather it for myself in its own native haunts.
+
+The blossoms somewhat resemble those of the ruby lily, but the petals have
+longer claws and are more loosely put together. They are fragrant, but
+their perfume is not to be compared with that of the ruby lily.
+
+Mr. Purdy once saw, upon a single great mountain-side, ten thousand of
+these wonderful plants, upbearing their beautiful, pure lilies--a sight
+outrivaling the poet's vision of the golden daffodils.
+
+The Shasta lily is never found in the Coast Ranges. Another species, _L.
+Parryi_, Wats., resembling this in the form of its flowers, is found in the
+San Bernardino Mountains. This is known as the "lemon lily," and has clear
+yellow flowers, dotted sparingly with deeper yellow. It is a charming
+flower, and is always found in shaded, springy places in cool canyons.
+
+
+LABRADOR TEA.
+
+_Ledum glandulosum_, Nutt. Heath Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; oblong or oval; an inch or two long;
+     coriaceous; sprinkled beneath with resin-dots.
+     _Flowers._--White; in terminal and axillary clusters.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Petals._--Five; three lines long;
+     rotately spreading. _Stamens._--Four to ten. Anthers opening
+     terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style filiform, persistent.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Mendocino County northward, and
+     through the Sierras.
+
+Our Labrador tea is a comely shrub, found in the mountains at an elevation
+of four thousand feet and upward. Its small, leathery leaves are miniature
+copies of those of the Californian rhododendron, differing from them,
+however, in the sprinkling of resin-dots upon the under surface.
+
+Upon seeing the flowers of this shrub for the first time, one is apt to
+imagine it a member of the Rose family, something akin to the cherry, with
+its clusters of small white flowers of a bitter fragrance; but a glance at
+the anthers, with their terminal pores, tells the story quickly.
+
+A tea made from the leaves is, with many people, a valued remedy for
+rheumatism.
+
+This little shrub is much dreaded by sheepmen, who claim that it poisons
+their flocks. It has been suggested that it would be an excellent thing to
+have it widely planted as a means of reducing these bands of "hoofed
+locusts," as Mr. Muir terms them--these marauders who trample down so much
+beauty, and leave desolation everywhere in their wake.
+
+
+PIPSISSIWA. PRINCE'S PINE.
+
+_Chimaphila Menziesii_, Spreng. Heath Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches high. _Leaves._--Six to eighteen lines
+     long; dark green, sometimes variegated with white; leathery.
+     _Flowers._--One to three. _Calyx._--Five-parted; white.
+     _Petals._--Five; waxen-white or pinkish. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     Filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle. Anthers two-celled;
+     opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style short. Stigma
+     button-like. _Hab._--The Middle Sierras and Mendocino County.
+
+The prince's pine is a charming little plant, and may be found beneath the
+undergrowth in the great coniferous woods of the Sierras, where it sits
+demurely with bowed head, like some cloistered nun engaged with her own
+meditations. It has an exquisite perfume, like that of the lily of the
+valley.
+
+The common prince's pine of the Eastern States--_C. umbellata_--is more
+rare with us, though it is found through somewhat the same range as the
+above. It is a more vigorous plant than the other, has from four to seven
+purplish flowers in the cluster, while its leaves are never spotted.
+
+In the East, from the leaves of this species is manufactured the drug
+"chimaphila," which is valued as a tonic and astringent, also as a remedy
+for cataract.
+
+
+GROUNDSEL-TREE.
+
+_Baccharis pilularis_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     Evergreen dioecious shrubs, one to twelve feet high, with angled
+     or striate branches. _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; obovate;
+     cuneate; obtuse; coarsely toothed; leathery; one inch or less
+     long. _Flower-heads._--Crowded at the ends of the branchlets;
+     four lines long; one or two across; without ray-flowers.
+     _Involucres._--Oblong; of many imbricated scales. _Sterile
+     heads._--With funnel-form, five-lobed corollas. _Fertile
+     heads._--With filiform corollas, mixed with a dense white silky
+     pappus, which soon elongates. _Hab._--All along the Coast.
+
+[Illustration PRINCE'S PINE--_Chimaphila Menziesii_.]
+
+In the fall, the dark-green foliage of the groundsel-tree is relieved by
+its abundant small white flower-clusters. The flowers of the male shrub
+are never very beautiful, being usually of a yellowish or dirty white;
+indeed, so little resembling the other, as to appear like a separate
+species. But when the white silk down of the female shrub is fully
+expanded, its boughs are laden as with drifted snow. This lavish provision
+of silk is designed by nature for the wafting abroad of the seed.
+
+It varies greatly in size and habit. Upon exposed, wind-swept sandhills it
+is low and close-cropped, but in more favorable localities, where the soil
+is rich and the climate more genial, it responds graciously to the changed
+conditions, becoming one of our most picturesque shrubs.
+
+Growing and blooming at the same time with the above, may be found its near
+relative--_B. Douglasii_, DC. This does not aspire to shrubhood, but its
+tall stems, with their lanceolate, somewhat glutinous leaves, sometimes
+reach four feet in height, bearing at summit their pretty Ageratum-like,
+white flower-clusters. It loves the sandy soil of creek-banks and low
+fields, and is abundant from San Francisco to Los Angeles.
+
+
+LARGE WHITE MOUNTAIN DAISY.
+
+_Erigeron Coulteri_, T.C. Porter. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Six to twenty inches high; leafy; bearing solitary or
+     rarely two or three large, slender-peduncled heads.
+     _Leaves._--Obovate to oblong; entire or with several sharp
+     teeth; thin. _Flower-heads._--Of yellow disk-flowers, and
+     usually pure white ray-flowers. _Disk._--Half an inch wide.
+     _Rays._--Fifty to seventy; narrowly linear; six lines or more
+     long. _Hab._--The Sierras; also the Rocky Mountains of
+     Colorado.
+
+    "High on the crest of the blossoming grasses,
+      Bending and swaying, with face toward the sky,
+    Stirred by the lightest west wind as it passes,
+      Hosts of the silver-white daisy-stars lie."
+
+No fairer sight could be imagined than a mountain meadow filled with these
+large, pure-white, feathery daisies.
+
+[Illustration BACCHARIS--_Baccharis Douglasii_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN FALSE HELLEBORE.
+
+_Veratrum Californicum_, Durand. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; three to seven feet high. _Leaves._--Oval;
+     narrowing to lanceolate; sessile; sheathing; four to twelve
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Greenish-white in a large panicle,
+     with usually ascending branches. _Stamens and pistils_ in the
+     same flowers, or in separate ones. _Pedicels._--About two lines
+     long. _Perianth segments._--Six; spreading; oblanceolate; their
+     bases thickened and green or brownish; upper margins sometimes
+     minutely toothed; three to eight lines long. _Stamens._--Six.
+     Anthers confluently one-celled. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Styles
+     three, divergent. _Hab._--The Middle Sierras and Mendocino
+     County northward to the Columbia; also eastward.
+
+The false hellebore may be found in midsummer in the mountains. It grows
+along watercourses, and often covers rich, moist meadows, where its stems
+rise from three to seven feet, with their coarsely ribbed, boat-shaped
+leaves and large panicles of greenish-white flowers. When at its best it is
+a rather fine, showy thing, but its leaves are often perforated by some
+insect, and present a ragged, untidy appearance.
+
+The mountaineers commonly call this plant "skunk cabbage," a deplorable
+misnomer, because it is in no sense merited; and, moreover, we have a plant
+to which the title more rightfully belongs. The root and young shoots are a
+violent poison, and are fatal to animals which are unfortunate enough to
+crop them.
+
+Another species--_V. fimbriatum_, Gray--a smaller plant, is found upon the
+plains in Mendocino County. It may be distinguished from the above by its
+more slender leaves, its woolly flower-panicle, and its decidedly fringed
+flower-petals.
+
+
+
+
+II. YELLOW
+
+
+[_Yellow or occasionally or partially yellow flowers not described in the
+Yellow Section._
+
+    _Described in the White Section:--_
+
+    CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS--Mariposa Lily, or Tulip.
+    LILIUM PARRYI--Lemon-Lily.
+    VIOLA OCELLATA--Heart's-ease.
+
+    _Described in the Pink Section:--_
+
+    LESSINGIA GERMANORUM--Yellow Lessingia.
+
+    _Described in the Blue and Purple Section:--_
+
+    FRITILLARIA PUDICA--Yellow Fritillary.
+    IRIS MACROSIPHON--Ground-Iris.
+    SISYRINCHIUM CALIFORNICUM--Golden-eyed Grass.
+    TRILLIUM SESSILE--Californian Trillium.
+
+    _Described in the Red Section:--_
+
+    CASTILLEIA PARVIFLORA--Indian Paint-Brush.
+    CEREUS EMORYI--Velvet Cactus.
+    PENTSTEMON CENTRANTHIFOLIUS--Scarlet Bugler.
+
+    _Described in the Miscellaneous Section:--_
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM CALIFORNICUM--Californian Lady's Slipper.]
+
+
+SUN-CUPS.
+
+_OEnothera ovata_, Nutt. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Root._--A thick tap-root. _Leaves._--All radical;
+     oblong-lanceolate; smooth; ciliate. _Flowers._--Solitary in the
+     axils; bright golden yellow. _Calyx-tube._--Filiform; one to
+     five inches long; limb of four lanceolate, reflexed divisions.
+     _Petals._--Four; three to ten lines long. _Stamens._--Eight.
+     _Ovary._--Four-celled; underground. Style filiform. Stigma
+     capitate. _Fruit._--A ribbed capsule. _Hab._--Near the coast
+     from San Francisco to Monterey.
+
+This little evening primrose is an exceedingly interesting plant, although
+it is not of very wide distribution. The flat rosettes of leaves sometimes
+measure over a foot across, and are thickly sown with the bright golden
+flowers, large in proportion to the size of the plants. A flower or bud is
+found in the axil of every leaf, diminishing in size toward the center, one
+plant sometimes having a hundred blossoms and buds. These flowers are
+peculiarly fresh and winsome, and were they not so abundant where they grow
+they would doubtless be considered very beautiful.
+
+A strange feature of the plant is its flower-stem, which is not a
+flower-stem at all, but a very much prolonged calyx-tube, the seed-vessel
+being just within the surface of the ground.
+
+We wonder how these imprisoned seeds are going to escape and find lodgment
+to start new colonies elsewhere. Perhaps the moles and gophers could tell
+something about it if they would.
+
+The leaves of these little plants are sometimes used for salads.
+
+These blossoms are often erroneously called "cow-slips."
+
+
+COMMON BUTTERCUP.
+
+_Ranunculus Californicus_, Benth. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; branching; six to eighteen inches high.
+     _Radical-leaves._--Commonly pinnately ternate; the leaflets cut
+     into three to seven usually linear lobes. Divisions of the
+     stem-leaves usually narrower. _Flowers._--Five to ten lines in
+     diameter; shining golden yellow. _Sepals._--Green; strongly
+     reflexed. _Petals._--Ten to fourteen; obovate; each with a
+     small scale at the base. _Stamens._--Numerous. _Pistils._
+     Numerous; on a receptacle. Ovaries flattened. Stigmas
+     recurved. _Hab._--Throughout Western California into Oregon.
+
+[Illustration SUN-CUPS--_OEnothera ovata_.]
+
+    "The buttercup catches the sun in its chalice;
+    And there's never a leaf nor a blade too mean
+    To be some happy creature's palace."
+
+The first clear, beautiful note of a lark has been heard; skies are blue
+and fields are green; little frogs are filling the air with their
+music;--and the buttercups are here. The fields are full of them, and their
+bright golden eyes starring the meadows, bring a gladness to the face of
+nature. The children wade knee-deep in their gold, filling their hands with
+treasure; and yonder, where their golden masses cover the slopes, King
+Midas may have passed, transforming the earth with his magical touch.
+
+Because some of the buttercups grow where frogs abound, Pliny bestowed the
+Latin name _Ranunculus_, meaning "little frog."
+
+The Indians, who seem to have a use for everything, parch the seeds of our
+common buttercup and beat them to a flour, which they eat without the
+further formality of cooking. This flour is said to have the peculiar rich
+flavor of parched corn.
+
+We have a number of other species of buttercup--some of them denizens of
+marshy spots; but the common field buttercup is widest-spread and best
+known.
+
+
+CREAM-CUPS.
+
+_Platystemon Californicus_, Benth. Poppy Family.
+
+     Delicate hairy herbs. _Stems._--A span or two high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly opposite; sessile; two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Axillary; long-peduncled; an inch or so across.
+     _Sepals._--Three; falling early. _Petals._--Six, in two rows;
+     cream-color, often with a yellow spot at base.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments broad; petaloid.
+     _Pistils._--Six to twenty-five; united in a ring at first;
+     afterward separating. Stigmas terminal. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+[Illustration CREAM-CUPS--_Platystemon Californicus_.]
+
+The cream-cups are delicate, hairy plants of the early springtime, which
+often grow in masses and take possession of whole fields. They seem to be
+more vigorous in the south, and produce larger flowers there than in the
+north, often having as many as nine petals. The delicate, nodding green
+buds (like miniature poppy-buds) soon throw off their outer wrappings, and,
+emerging from captivity, gradually assume an erect position and unfurl
+their lovely, pure, straw-colored petals to their widest extent. These
+blossoms open for several successive days.
+
+The genus takes its name from the flat filaments. The numerous slender
+pistils are so cleverly joined together into a cylinder, that they appear
+like a hollow, one-celled ovary. But a cross-section will show the separate
+ovaries under a glass.
+
+Some people like the odor of these flowers; but I must confess to a lack of
+appreciation of it. I suspect its charm must exist in some pleasant
+association.
+
+
+COPA DE ORO. CALIFORNIA POPPY. TOROSA.
+
+_Eschscholtzia Californica_, Cham. Poppy Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Twelve to eighteen inches high; branching.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; finely dissected; glaucous.
+     _Flowers._--Two or three inches across; usually orange; but
+     ranging from that to white. Summit of the peduncle enlarging
+     into a cup-shaped torus or disk, upon the upper inner surface
+     of which are borne the calyx, corolla, and stamens. _Calyx._--A
+     pointed green cap, falling early. _Petals._--Four.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous, in four groups, in front of the petals.
+     Anthers linear. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style short. Stigmas four
+     to six; unequal. _Capsule._--Cylindrical; ten-nerved; two or
+     three inches long. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+    Thy satin vesture richer is than looms
+      Of Orient weave for raiment of her kings!
+      Not dyes of olden Tyre, not precious things
+    Regathered from the long-forgotten tombs
+    Of buried empires, not the iris plumes
+      That wave upon the tropics' myriad wings,
+      Not all proud Sheba's queenly offerings
+    Could match the golden marvel of thy blooms.
+    For thou art nurtured from the treasure-veins
+      Of this fair land; thy golden rootlets sup
+        Her sands of gold--of gold thy petals spun.
+    Her golden glory, thou! On hills and plains,
+      Lifting, exultant, every kingly cup
+        Brimmed with the golden vintage of the sun.
+
+    --INA D. COOLBRITH.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIA POPPY--_Eschscholtzia Californica_.]
+
+It is difficult to exaggerate the charms of this wonderful flower. When
+reproduced in countless millions, its brilliant blossoms fairly cover the
+earth; and far away upon distant mountain-slopes, bright patches of red
+gold denote that league after league of it lies open to the sun. It revels
+in the sunshine, and not until the morning is well advanced does it begin
+to unfurl its tightly rolled petals.
+
+In the early days, when Spanish vessels sailed up and down the
+newly-discovered coast, the mariners, looking inland, saw the flame of the
+poppies upon the hills and called this "the land of fire." They said that
+the altar-cloth of San Pascual was spread upon the hills, and, filled with
+a devotional spirit, they disembarked to worship upon the shore.
+
+This flower is now cultivated in many parts of the world. But one can form
+no conception of it, pale and languishing in a foreign garden. One must go
+to its native hillsides to get any idea of its prodigal beauty.
+
+The common title, "California poppy," though it has been widely used, is
+open to the objection that it belongs more properly to another flower,
+_Papaver Californicum_. The generic name is dissonant and harsh. Why not
+replace it by one of the more euphonious Spanish titles--"amapola,"
+"dormidera," "torosa," or, most charmingly appropriate of all, "copa de
+oro,"--"cup of gold"?
+
+There are many forms of _Eschscholtzia_, and of late the original species,
+_E. Californica_, has been divided into a number of new species, which are,
+however, difficult of determination.
+
+The Indians of Placer County, it is said, boil the herbage, or roast it by
+means of hot stones, lay it in water afterward, and then eat it as a green.
+A drug made from this plant is used in medicine as a harmless substitute
+for morphine and as a remedy for headache and insomnia, and it has an
+especially excellent effect with children. The Spanish-Californians make a
+hair-oil, which they prize highly, by frying the whole plant in olive oil
+and adding some choice perfume. This is said to promote the growth of the
+hair and to make it glossy.
+
+
+MOCK-ORANGE. GOURD. CHILI-COJOTE. CALABAZILLA.
+
+_Cucurbita foetidissima_, HBK. Gourd Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Long; coarse; trailing. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     petioled; triangular-cordate; six to twelve inches long; acute;
+     rough. _Tendrils._--Three- to five-cleft. _Flowers._--Solitary;
+     yellow; three or four inches long; monoecious.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Six lines long, equaling the five linear lobes.
+     _Corolla._--Campanulate; five-cleft to the middle or lower;
+     with recurved lobes. _Stamens._--In the male flowers two with
+     two-celled anthers, and one with one; in the female all three
+     rudimentary. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style short. Stigmas
+     three; two-lobed. _Fruit._--Orange-like, but with a hard rind.
+     _Syn._--_C. perennis_, Gray. _Hab._--San Diego to San Joaquin
+     County.
+
+The rough, ill-smelling foliage of the Chili-cojote is a common sight in
+Southern California, where it may be seen trailing over many a field; but
+woe to the negligent farmer who allows this pest to get a foothold--for it
+will cost him a small fortune to eradicate it. It sends down into the earth
+an enormous root, six feet or so long, and often as broad. When the gourds
+are ripe, these vines look like the dumping-ground for numerous poor,
+discarded oranges.
+
+Notwithstanding its unsavory character, the various parts of this vine are
+put to use--specially among the Spanish-Californians and the Indians. The
+root is a purgative more powerful than croton-oil. When pounded to a pulp,
+it is used as soap by the Spanish-Californians, who aver that it cleanses
+as nothing else can; but rinsing must be very thorough--for any particles
+remaining in the garments prove very irritating to the skin. The leaves are
+highly valued for medicinal purposes, and the pulp of the green fruit,
+mixed with soap, is said to remove stains from clothing. The Indians eat
+the seed, when ground and made into a mush. The early Californian women
+used the gourds as darning-balls.
+
+This vine is a near relative of the pumpkins and squashes of our gardens.
+
+The flowers are said to be violet-scented.
+
+
+WATER-HOLLY. MAHONIA.
+
+_Berberis nervosa_, Pursh. Barberry Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Simple; a foot or so high; bearing at summit a crown
+     of large leaves, mixed with many dry, chaffy, persistent
+     bracts. _Leaves._--One or two feet long, with from eleven to
+     seventeen ovate, acuminate, prickly, somewhat palmately nerved
+     leaflets. _Flowers._--Yellow, in elongated, clustered racemes.
+     Bractlets, sepals, petals, and stamens six, standing in front
+     of one another. Anthers two-celled; opening by uplifting
+     valves. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style short or none.
+     _Fruit._--Dark-blue, glaucous berries; four lines in diameter.
+     _Hab._--Deep coast woods, from Monterey to Vancouver Island.
+
+The water-holly is one of the beautiful plants to be found in our deep
+coast woods within the cool influence of the sea-fogs. The plants are very
+symmetrical, with their crown of dark, shining leaves, with numerous
+prickly leaflets, and in spring, when the long graceful racemes of yellow
+flowers are produced in abundance, and hang amid and below the leaves, they
+are very ornamental. The stems are densely clothed with numerous dry,
+awl-shaped scales, an inch or more long.
+
+Another species--_B. repens_--the creeping barberry, or Oregon grape, is a
+low, prostrate shrub, less than a foot high, with from three to seven
+leaflets. These leaflets are pinnately veined, and have not the beautiful,
+shining upper surface of those of the water-holly, and the few racemes of
+yellow flowers which terminate the branches are quite short--only an inch
+or two long. This is found throughout the State and northward upon rocky
+hills.
+
+
+TREE-POPPY.
+
+_Dendromecon rigidum_, Benth. Poppy Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to eight feet high. _Leaves._--One to three inches
+     long; leathery. _Flowers._--Solitary; yellow; one to three
+     inches across. _Sepals._--Two; falling early. _Petals._--Four.
+     _Stamens._--Many. _Ovary._--Linear; one-celled. Stigma
+     two-lobed. _Capsule._--Eighteen to thirty lines long.
+     _Hab._--Dry hills from San Diego to Butte County.
+
+[Illustration TREE-POPPY--_Dendromecon rigidum_.]
+
+The tree-poppy is the only truly woody plant in the poppy family. Its pale
+leaves are quite rigid, and resemble those of the willow in form. The
+bright golden flowers are sometimes three inches across, and one can
+readily imagine the fine effect produced when many of them are open at once
+upon a hillside. Though found through quite a range, this shrub attains its
+most perfect development in Santa Barbara County.
+
+
+YELLOW PANSY.
+
+_Viola pedunculata_, Torr. and Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Leafy; two to six inches or more high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; long-petioled; ovate; cuneate; crenate;
+     with lanceolate stipules. _Flowers._--Large; long-peduncled;
+     deep golden yellow. _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Petals._--The two
+     upper tinged with brown outside; the three lower veined with
+     purple; the two lateral bearded; the lower one with a short
+     spur at base. _Stamens._--Five. Anthers nearly sessile; erect
+     around the club-shaped style. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     _Hab._--Southern to Middle California.
+
+    Pansies! Pansies! How I love you, pansies!
+    Jaunty-faced, laughing-lipped, and dewy-eyed with glee;
+    Would my song might blossom out in little five-leaved stanzas
+                As delicate in fancies
+                As your beauty is to me!
+
+    But, my eyes shall smile on you and my hands infold you,
+    Pet, caress, and lift you to the lips that love you, so
+    That, shut ever in the years that may mildew or mold you,
+                My fancy shall behold you
+                Fair as in the long ago.
+
+    --JAS. WHITCOMB RILEY.
+
+On wind-swept downs near the ocean, on the low hills of the Coast Ranges,
+or upon the plains of the interior, this charming golden pansy spreads
+itself in profusion in early spring. It is the darling of the children, who
+on their way to school gather great handfuls of its brown-eyed blossoms.
+
+You may often see myriads of them dancing on their long stems in the
+breeze, and showing glimpses of red-brown where their purplish outer petals
+are turned toward you for the moment. In the shelter of quiet woodlands,
+its stems are longer and more fragile.
+
+[Illustration YELLOW PANSY--_Viola pedunculata_.]
+
+
+TWIN-BERRY.
+
+_Lonicera involucrata_, Banks. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Shrubs eight to ten feet high. _Leaves.-_-Three inches long or
+     so. _Flowers._--A pair; at the summit of an axillary peduncle;
+     with a conspicuous involucre of four bracts, tinged with red or
+     yellow. _Calyx._--Adherent to the ovary; the limb minute or
+     obsolete. _Corolla._--Tubular; irregular; half an inch or more
+     long; viscid-pubescent; yellowish. _Stamens._--Five.
+     _Ovary._--Two- or three-celled. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.
+     _Berries._--Black-purple. _Hab._--Throughout the State;
+     eastward to Lake Superior.
+
+A walk through some moist thicket, or along a stream-bank in March, will
+reveal the yellow flowers of the twin-berry amid its ample, thin green
+leaves. These blossoms are always borne in pairs at the summit of the stem,
+and are surrounded by a leafy involucre, consisting of two pairs of round,
+fluted bracts. As the berries ripen and become black, these bracts deepen
+to a brilliant red and make the shrubs much more conspicuous and ornamental
+than at blossoming-time.
+
+
+OREGON GRAPE. HOLLY-LEAVED BARBERRY. MAHONIA.
+
+_Berberis Aquifolium_, Pursh. Barberry Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high; branching. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     pinnate. _Leaflets._--Seven to nine; glossy; ovate to
+     oblong-lanceolate; one and one half to four inches long;
+     acuminate; sinuately dentate, with numerous spinose teeth; the
+     lowest pair distant from the stem. _Racemes._--Eighteen lines
+     to two inches long; clustered near the ends of the branches.
+     (Otherwise as _B. nervosa_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges and Sierras
+     from Monterey and Kern County northward into Oregon.
+
+The holly-leaved barberry, or Oregon grape, is a very ornamental shrub and
+one much prized in our gardens, where it is known as _Mahonia Aquifolium_.
+In the spring, when yellow with its masses of flowers; or in its summer
+dress of rich, shining green; or in the autumn, when its foliage is richly
+touched with bronze or scarlet or yellow, amid which are the beautiful blue
+berries, it is always a fine shrub. In its native haunts it affects greater
+altitudes than our other species.
+
+[Illustration TWIN-BERRY--_Lonicera involucrata_.]
+
+Among our Californian Indians, a decoction made from the root is a
+favorite tonic remedy, and it has become a recognized drug in the
+pharmacopoeia of our Coast, being used as an alterative and tonic. The root
+is tough and hard, of a bright golden yellow, and intensely bitter. The
+bark of the root is the part that is used medicinally.
+
+The shrub is very plentiful in the woods of Mendocino County, where it
+covers considerable areas.
+
+
+SUNSHINE. FLY-FLOWER.
+
+_Baeria gracilis_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     Six inches or so high; branching freely. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     opposite; linear; entire; an inch or so long.
+     _Flower-heads._--Yellow; of disk and ray-flowers. _Rays._--Ten
+     to fourteen; three or four lines long.
+     _Involucre._--Campanulate; of a single series of small
+     lanceolate, herbaceous scales. _Hab._--From San Francisco
+     southward.
+
+Considered singly, the blossom of this plant is a simple, unassuming little
+flower; but when countless millions of its golden stars stud the nether
+firmament, it becomes one of the most conspicuous of all our _Compositae_.
+It literally covers the earth with a close carpet of rich golden bloom, and
+other plants, such as scarlet paint-brushes, blue Phacelias, and yellow and
+white tidy-tips, rise out of its golden tapestry. Mile after mile of it
+whirls by the car-window as we journey along, or long stretches of it gild
+the gently rounded hill-slopes of the distant landscape.
+
+There are several other species of _Baeria_, but this is the most abundant
+and widespread. In some localities this little plant is so much frequented
+by a small fly, which feeds upon its pollen, that it is called
+"fly-flower." It then becomes a serious nuisance to horses and cattle,
+which grow wild and restive under the persecution of this insect.
+
+In the Spanish deck of playing-cards in the early days, the "Jack of
+Spades" always held one of these flowers in his hand. By the
+Spanish-Californians it was called "Si me quieres, no me quieres"--"Love
+me, love me not,"--because their dark-eyed maidens tried their fortunes
+upon it in the same manner that our own maidens consult the marguerite.
+
+[Illustration PENTACHAETA--_Pentachaeta aurea_.]
+
+[Illustration SUNSHINE--_Baeria gracilis_.]
+
+Growing in brilliant beds by themselves, or intermingling their gold with
+that of the _Baeria_, the charming feathery blossoms of _Pentachaeta
+aurea_, Nutt., are found in midspring. They have from fifty to seventy
+rays and their involucres consist of several rows of scarious-margined
+bracts.
+
+
+MEADOW-FOAM.
+
+_Floerkia Douglasii_, Baillon. Geranium Family.
+
+     Smooth, succulent herbs. _Stems._--A foot or so long.
+     _Leaves._--Much dissected. _Flowers._--Axillary; solitary.
+     _Sepals._--Narrow; acute. _Petals._--Nine lines long or so;
+     yellow, sometimes tipped with white, white, or rose-tinged.
+     _Stamens._--Ten, in two sets; a gland at the base of those
+     opposite the sepals. _Ovary._--Of five carpels, becoming
+     distinct. Style five-cleft at the apex. _Syn._--_Limnanthes
+     Douglasii_, R. Br. _Hab._--Oregon to Southern California.
+
+When the spring is well advanced, our wet meadows are all a-cream with the
+meadow-foam, whose dense masses blend exquisitely with the rich red of the
+common sorrel, which is in blossom at the same time.
+
+This plant is a near relative of the redwood-sorrel, and its flowers are
+similar in size and veining, and also in their habit of closing at night.
+It is much admired and has long been in cultivation.
+
+
+PIMPERNEL. POOR-MAN'S WEATHER-GLASS.
+
+_Anagallis arvensis_, L. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate; spreading. _Leaves._--Usually opposite;
+     sessile; ovate. _Flowers._--Solitary on axillary peduncles;
+     orange-vermilion (rarely blue or white); six lines or so
+     across. _Calyx_ and rotate corolla five-parted.
+     _Petals._--Rounded; purple at base. _Stamens._--Five; opposite
+     the petals. Filaments purple, bearded. _Capsule._--Globose; the
+     top falling off as a lid. _Hab._--Common everywhere. Introduced
+     from Europe.
+
+The little orange-vermilion flower of the pimpernel is a plain little
+blossom to the unassisted eye, but it becomes truly regal when seen under a
+glass, where its rich purple center displays itself in glistening splendor.
+It is a forcible example of the infinite care bestowed upon all of Nature's
+children, even to the humblest weeds.
+
+[Illustration MEADOW-FOAM--_Floerkia Douglasii_.]
+
+This little plant has come to us from Europe, and it makes itself perfectly
+at home among us in many widely-differing situations. From the fact that it
+furls its petals upon cloudy days, or at the approach of rain, it is called
+in England "poor-man's weather-glass."
+
+The plant is an acrid poison and was extensively used in medicine by the
+ancients. It seems to act particularly upon the nervous system, and was
+used as a remedy for convulsions, the plague, gout, and hydrophobia.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Encelia Californica_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     Bushy; two to four feet high; strong-scented. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     alternate; short-petioled; ovate-lanceolate; an inch or two
+     long. _Flower-heads._--Solitary; long-peduncled; large.
+     _Disk._--Eight lines across; of black-purple, tubular flowers,
+     with deep-yellow styles. _Rays._--Sterile; over an inch long;
+     five lines wide; four-toothed. _Involucre._--Open-campanulate
+     of several series of coriaceous, imbricated scales.
+     _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+This shrubby _Composita_ is quite abundant in the south, and when covered
+with its large yellow flowers with purple-brown centers is very showy. We
+have seen mesas covered with the bushes, which have much the same spreading
+habit as the white marguerite of the garden. It thrives particularly well
+near the coast, but is also at home upon some of the hills of interior
+valleys as well. It is quite strong-scented, but the flowers are very
+handsome, rivaling in decorativeness many of the cherished plants of our
+gardens.
+
+
+YELLOW FORGET-ME-NOT. WOOLLY-BREECHES.
+
+_Amsinckia_, Lehm. Borage Family.
+
+     Hispid annuals. _Leaves._--Alternate; oblong-ovate to linear.
+     _Flowers._--Small; yellow or orange, in coiled spikes or
+     racemes. _Calyx._--Five-parted; persistent.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-shaped, or somewhat funnel-form; with
+     five-lobed border; the throat naked or with minute hairy tufts
+     opposite the lobes. _Stamens._--Five. _Ovary._--Of four
+     seedlike nutlets. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.
+
+We have several species of _Amsinckia_, all of which have small yellow
+flowers, resembling in form our little white forget-me-nots. The genus is a
+Western American one, and the species are very difficult of determination.
+They are all hispid plants, very disagreeable to handle, and are generally
+of rank growth. They often occur in great masses, when they become rather
+showy.
+
+The largest-flowered species, which is also the most common one in the
+south, is _A. spectabilis_, Fisch. and Mey. The corolla of this is often
+half an inch long and half an inch across, of an orange-yellow, with deeper
+orange spots in the throat.
+
+
+TREE-TOBACCO.
+
+_Nicotiana glauca_, Graham. Nightshade Family.
+
+     Loosely branching shrubs, fifteen feet or so high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; ovate; smooth.
+     _Flowers._--Clustered at the ends of the branches.
+     _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-toothed. _Corolla._--Tubular;
+     eighteen lines long; with constricted throat; and border
+     shortly five-toothed. _Stamens._--Five, on the base of the
+     corolla, adnate to the tube below. Anthers with two diverging
+     cells. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender. Stigma capitate;
+     two-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout Southern California; introduced.
+
+The tall, loosely branching, spreading form of the tree-tobacco is a
+familiar sight in the south about vacant lots and waste places. Its
+clusters of long, greenish-yellow flowers hang gracefully from the ends of
+the slender branches, and the ovate leaves are rather long-stalked. It is
+supposed to have been introduced from Buenos Ayres, and old inhabitants
+remember the time when but one or two plants were known. In thirty years it
+has spread rapidly, and is now exceedingly common.
+
+
+WIND-POPPY. BLOOD-DROP. FLAMING POPPY.
+
+_Meconopsis heterophylla_, Benth. Poppy Family.
+
+     Smooth herbs. _Stems._--Slender; a foot or two high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly petioled; pinnately divided into variously
+     toothed, oval to linear segments. _Flowers._--Solitary; on long
+     peduncles; orange-vermilion to scarlet. _Sepals._--Two; falling
+     early. Petals.--Four; two to twelve lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments filiform; purple. Anthers
+     yellow. _Ovary._--Top-shaped; ribbed; one-celled. Style short.
+     Stigma large; capitate; four- to eight-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout
+     Western California.
+
+The wind-poppy is an exceedingly variable flower. In the central part of
+the State it is large and showy, its beautiful flame-colored blossoms
+being two inches across; while in the south it is usually very small,
+making tiny flecks of red in the grass, for which reason it is there called
+"blood-drop." It is an exquisite thing. Its petals have the delicate satin
+texture of the poppy; and their showy orange or scarlet blends suddenly at
+the center into a deep maroon. The bright-green, top-shaped ovary stands up
+in the midst of the slender stamens, whose yellow anthers show brilliantly
+against the dark maroon of the petals.
+
+It blossoms in spring upon open hillsides, seeming to prefer those which
+are shaded for at least part of the day. It is very fragile, and falls to
+pieces at a touch, which makes it an unsatisfactory flower to gather.
+
+
+WHISPERING BELLS.
+
+_Emmenanthe penduliflora_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Six inches to a foot high; branched above; hairy; somewhat
+     viscid. _Leaves._--An inch or more long; pinnatifid.
+     _Flowers._--Straw-colored; at length pendulous.
+     _Corolla._--Campanulate; about six lines long. (Flower
+     structure as in _Phacelia_.) _Hab._--Lake County to San Diego.
+
+In midspring, when passing among the plants upon our dry, open hillsides,
+our attention is often attracted by a certain delicate, rustling sound,
+which we find emanates from the little papery bells of the dried blossoms
+of the _Emmenanthe_, which retain the semblance of their first freshness
+for many weeks.
+
+Though not at first apparent, a little examination will reveal the fact
+that these plants are very closely related to the _Phacelias_, the chief
+difference being in the yellow corollas.
+
+
+YELLOW STAR TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus Benthami_, Baker. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Much elongated; two to five lines broad.
+     _Stems._--Slender; three to six inches high. _Buds._--Nodding.
+     _Flowers._--Erect; yellow. _Petals._--Six or seven lines long;
+     spreading; mostly obtuse; rather densely covered with yellow
+     hairs. _Gland._--Shallow; lunate. _Capsule._--Nodding; six to
+     nine lines long. _Hab._--Sierra Nevada foothills, throughout
+     their length.
+
+[Illustration WHISPERING BELLS--_Emmenanthe penduliflora_.]
+
+This is a very pretty little star tulip, with graceful, flexuous stems
+and erect flowers, whose spreading petals are covered with hairs. Sometimes
+there is a dark-brown, almost black, spot upon the petals, and when such is
+the case the plant is called _C. Benthami, var. Wallacei_.
+
+
+CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER.
+
+_Erysimum grandiflorum_, Nutt. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to eighteen inches high. _Leaves._--Spatulate or
+     oblanceolate; entire, toothed or lobed; lower long-petioled.
+     _Sepals._--Four; one pair strongly gibbous at base.
+     _Petals._--An inch long; long-clawed; cream-color or yellowish.
+     _Stamens._--Six; two shorter. _Ovary._--One-celled; linear.
+     Style stout; short. Stigma capitate. _Pod._--Nearly flat;
+     thirty lines or less long. _Syn._--_Cheiranthus asper_, Cham.
+     and Schlecht. _Hab._--The seaboard from Los Angeles to Oregon.
+
+Growing along sandy stretches, or upon open mesas by the seashore, we may
+find the showy blossoms of the cream-colored wall-flower from February to
+May. These flowers are less stocky and much more delicate than the garden
+species; and when seen numerously dotting a field carpeted with other
+flowers, they stand out conspicuously, claiming the attention peculiarly to
+themselves. They have not the delicious fragrance of the Western
+wall-flower. At first yellowish, they become pale cream-color after
+fertilization has taken place.
+
+_E. asperum_, DC., the Western wall-flower, is widely distributed, and may
+be known from the above by its four-sided pods, and by its flowers, which
+are usually orange-color--though they occasionally vary to yellow or
+purple. These blossoms are especially abundant in the mountains and valleys
+of the south, where their brilliant orange is conspicuous amid the lush
+greens of springtime. They are very fragrant, and are favorites among our
+wild flowers.
+
+
+BUR-CLOVER.
+
+_Medicago denticulata_, Willd. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate or ascending. _Leaves._--Trifoliolate.
+     _Leaflets._--Cuneate-obovate or obcordate; toothed above.
+     _Flowers._--Papilionaceous; small; yellow; two or three in a
+     cluster. _Stamens._--Nine united, one free. _Pods._--Coiled
+      into two circles; armed with hooked prickles. _Hab._--Common
+      everywhere; introduced.
+
+[Illustration CREAM-COLORED WALL-FLOWER--_Erysimum grandiflorum_.]
+
+The bur-clover is a little European weed which has become very widespread
+and very much at home among us. It is an excellent forage-plant, and in
+late summer, when our cattle have eaten everything else, they feed upon the
+little burs, which are very nutritious in themselves. But these same little
+coiled burs, with their numerous firm hooks, work great damage to wool,
+imbedding themselves in it so firmly as to make it very difficult to remove
+them without seriously injuring its quality. These plants invade our lawns,
+where they become very troublesome.
+
+
+COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus luteus_, L. Figwort Family.
+
+     Varying greatly in size. _Stems._--One to four feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly smooth; ovate-oval or cordate; coarsely
+     notched. _Flowers._--Yellow. _Calyx._--Sharply five-angled;
+     unevenly five-lobed. _Corolla._--One or two inches long; lower
+     lip usually spotted with brown purple. _Stamens._--Four; in
+     pairs. Anthers with two divergent cells. _Ovary._--Two-celled.
+     Style long and slender. Stigma with two rounded lips.
+     _Hab._--Common throughout California.
+
+The bright canary-colored blossoms of the common monkey-flower are a
+familiar sight upon almost every stream-bank. The plant varies greatly in
+size, according to the locality of its growth. I once saw it flourishing in
+the rich soil of a lake-shore, where its hollow stems were as large as an
+ordinary cane, and its blossoms grotesquely large.
+
+_M. moschatus_, Dougl., the common musk-plant of cultivation, is usually
+found along mountain-streams. It may be known by its clammy, musk-scented,
+light-green herbage. Its flowers are larger than in cultivation.
+
+_M. brevipes_, Benth., is common from Santa Barbara to San Diego, upon
+hillsides in spring. It has stems a foot or two high, lanceolate leaves one
+to four inches long, and large, handsome yellow flowers, having a pair of
+ridges running down their open throats.
+
+[Illustration COMMON MONKEY-FLOWER--_Mimulus luteus_.]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_OEnothera bistorta_, Nutt. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     From several inches to a foot or two high. _Leaves._--Three or
+     four inches long; denticulate; the upper mostly rounded at
+     base. _Petals._--Yellow; four to seven lines long; with usually
+     a brown spot at the base. _Stigma._--Large and spherical.
+     _Capsule._--Four to nine lines long; a line or so wide;
+     attenuate upward; contorted. (See _OEnothera_.) _Hab._--Ventura
+     to San Diego.
+
+This is a very common species of evening primrose in the south, and may be
+found blooming until June. It is very variable in its manner of growth. In
+moist, shaded localities it becomes an erect plant a foot or two high;
+while upon open, exposed plains it is often only two or three inches high,
+but seems almost to emulate the "sunshine" in its attempt to gild the plain
+with its bright blossoms. It frequently grows in gravelly washes. Its
+flowers have a peculiarly clean, brilliant, alert look, and may usually be
+known by the brown spot at the base of the petals. The specific name is in
+reference to its twice-twisted capsule.
+
+The "beach primrose," _OE. cheiranthifolia, var. suffruticosa_, Wats.,
+often grows in great beds upon the dry sands of the seashore, from Monterey
+to San Diego. Its decumbent stems are thickly clothed with small, ovate,
+stemless leaves, and its silvery foliage makes a beautiful setting for its
+large golden flowers.
+
+
+FAWN-LILY. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET. CHAMISE-LILY.
+
+_Erythronium giganteum_, Lindl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Usually elongated. _Leaves._--Oblong; six to ten
+     inches long; dark green, usually mottled in mahogany and dark
+     brown. _Scape._--One- to many-flowered. _Perianth._--Broadly
+     funnel-form, with six deciduous segments; at length revolute to
+     the stem. _Segments._--Straw-color, with orange base, with
+     often a transverse, brownish band across the base; broadly
+     lanceolate; eighteen lines or so long. _Stamens._--Six.
+     Filaments filiform. Anthers basifixed. _Ovary._--Three-celled.
+     Style slender. Stigma three-lobed. _Hab._--The interior of the
+     Coast Ranges, from Sonoma County to the Willamette Valley.
+
+[Illustration FAWN-LILY--_Erythronium giganteum_.]
+
+The dog's-tooth violets expand into larger, finer creations upon our shores
+than were ever dreamed of elsewhere. They seem to imbibe new vigor in the
+sweet life-giving air of our Coast Range forests. In Southern Oregon, they
+reach their maximum development, manifesting themselves in numerous
+beautiful species. With us the common title becomes still more
+inappropriate than for the Atlantic species--for nothing could be farther
+from a violet than these large pale flowers, which in reality look far more
+like lilies. Indeed, in Mendocino County they are commonly known as
+"chamise-lilies." Another name is "Adam and Eve," bestowed because the
+plant often bears a large and a small flower at the same time.
+
+Personally, I am inclined to favor Mr. Burroughs' suggestion of
+"fawn-lily." It is both appropriate and pretty. The two erect leaves are
+like the ears of a fawn; their beautiful mottling is not without a hint of
+the fawn's spots; and the blossom is lily-like. The plant is shy, too,
+keeping to the seclusion of our deep canyons. In such situations we may find
+them in groups of a few, or occasionally in beds of hundreds. No more
+delightful surprise could be imagined than to come suddenly upon such a
+garden far from the habitations of man. The pale flowers, with orange
+centers, when fully open, roll their petals back to the stem, like those of
+the leopard-lily; but in cloudy weather they often maintain a campanulate
+outline. Plants have frequently been seen with from eight to sixteen
+flowers upon a stem, the flowers three or four inches across!
+
+These are great favorites in gardens, and in cultivation are known as _E.
+grandiflorum_. We have several species of _Erythronium_, all of them
+beautiful.
+
+
+STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus glutinosus_, Wend. Figwort Family.
+
+     Glutinous shrubs two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Narrowly
+     oblong to linear; one to four inches long; with margins at
+     length rolled backward. _Flowers._--Corn-color to red; eighteen
+     lines to three inches long. _Calyx._--Irregularly five-toothed.
+     _Corolla._--Funnel-form; five-lobed; the lobes gnawed.
+     _Stigma._--White. (See _Mimulus_.) _Hab._--San Francisco to San
+     Diego, and southward.
+
+[Illustration STICKY MONKEY-FLOWER--_Mimulus glutinosus_.]
+
+During a walk upon the hills, at almost any time of year, we may find the
+corn-colored blossoms of the sticky monkey-flower, but they are most
+abundant in spring and summer. When in full flower the small bushes are
+very ornamental, as they are a perfect mass of bloom. They are said to be
+especially handsome as greenhouse plants.
+
+The flowers vary through a wide range of color, from almost white to a rich
+scarlet, but the commoner hue is the corn-color. The scarlet-flowered form,
+found at San Diego, constitutes the _var. puniceus_, Gray. Another form,
+with red-brown to salmon-colored flowers on very short pedicels, is the
+_var. linearis_, Gray. The very long-flowered form is the _var. brachypus_,
+Gray. The sensitive lips of the stigma close upon being touched or after
+receiving pollen.
+
+
+CREEPING WOOD-VIOLET.
+
+_Viola sarmentosa_, Dougl. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Creeping. _Leaves._--Round-cordate; six to eighteen
+     lines broad; finely crenate; often rusty beneath; usually
+     punctate with dark dots. _Peduncles._--Slender.
+     _Flowers._--Small; light yellow without and within. (Flower
+     structure as in _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges, from
+     Monterey to British Columbia.
+
+This modest little violet is found commonly in woods,--often in redwood
+forests,--where it carpets the ground with its shapely little round leaves.
+
+Its specific name refers to its running habit.
+
+
+COMMON BLACK MUSTARD.
+
+_Brassica nigra_, Koch. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to twelve feet high. _Lower
+     leaves._--Lyrate; with large terminal lobes. _Upper
+     leaves._--Lobed or entire. _Flowers._--Yellow. _Sepals._--Four.
+     _Petals._--Four; three to four lines long. _Stamens._--Six.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long. _Pod._--Six to nine lines
+     long, with seeds in one row. _Hab._--Common everywhere;
+     introduced.
+
+I can give no truer idea of the manner of growth of this common plant in
+California than by quoting Mrs. Jackson's charming description of it from
+"Ramona":--
+
+"The wild mustard in Southern California is like that spoken of in the New
+Testament, in the branches of which the birds of the air may rest. Coming
+up out of the earth, so slender a stem that dozens can find starting-point
+in an inch, it darts up a slender, straight shoot, five, ten, twenty feet,
+with hundreds of fine, feathery branches locking and interlocking with all
+the other hundreds around it, till it is an inextricable network, like
+lace. Then it bursts into yellow bloom, still finer, more feathery and
+lacelike. The stems are so infinitesimally small and of so dark a green,
+that at a short distance they do not show, and the cloud of blossoms seems
+floating in the air; at times it looks like a golden dust. With a clear,
+blue sky behind it, as it is often seen, it looks like a golden snowstorm."
+
+The tall stems are favorite haunts of the red-winged blackbird, who tilts
+about among them, showing his scarlet wings and occasionally plunging into
+the depths below, as though he found a spot there much to his mind.
+
+A very superior oil is made from the seed of the mustard, which is one of
+the strongest antiseptics known. It is especially adapted to the needs of
+the druggist, because it does not become rancid. The flour of mustard is
+now much used by surgeons to render their hands aseptic. Tons of the seed
+are exported from California every year.
+
+
+ECHEVERIA.
+
+_Cotyledon lanceolata_, Benth. and Hook. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.
+
+     Fleshy plants, with tufted radical leaves. _Leaves._--Narrowly
+     lanceolate; the outer ones two to four inches long; acuminate.
+     _Scapes._--Fifteen inches high; their lower leaves lanceolate;
+     becoming above broadly triangular-ovate, clasping, acute;
+     bearing on their summit a branching flower-cluster.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Cylindrical; of five almost
+     distinct, oblong, acute petals, four to six lines long,
+     reddish-yellow. _Stamens._--Ten. _Ovaries._--Five; distinct;
+     one-celled. _Hab._--Los Angeles to San Diego.
+
+These plants, which are of frequent occurrence in the south, usually affect
+dry, sandy soils. The fleshy foliage is of a warm tone, owing to a
+suffusion of pink in the leaves. These have a loose, erect habit, and are
+not crowded in dense rosettes, as are those of some species, and they are
+so weak that they pull apart easily. The tall flowering stems have but few
+leaves, and are sometimes nearly naked.
+
+In early summer these plants put forth a strong effort, quickly sending up
+several tall, vigorous flower-shoots, drawing upon the nourishment stored
+in the fleshy leaves, which then become limp and shriveled.
+
+Growing upon the coast at San Diego is a very curious and interesting
+species--_C. edulis_, Brew. This has cylindrical leaves, about the size of
+a lead-pencil, which grow in tufts, often a foot or two across. Its flowers
+are greenish-yellow. It is commonly known as "finger-tips." Its young
+leaves are considered very palatable by the Indians, who use them as a
+salad.
+
+
+HEN-AND-CHICKENS.
+
+_Cotyledon Californicum_, Trelease. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.
+
+     (For flower structure, see _Cotyledon lanceolata_.)
+     _Hab._--Central California.
+
+The word "cotyledon" signifies any cup-shaped hollow or cavity, and has
+been applied to the plants of this genus on account of the manner of growth
+of the leaves, which is usually in a hollow rosette. The fleshy leaves are
+often covered with a bloom or a floury powder. These plants are familiar to
+most of us, as some of the species are extensively cultivated in our
+gardens as border-plants. Owing to their habit of producing a circle of
+young plants around the parent, they are commonly called
+"hen-and-chickens." We have several native species, which are usually found
+upon warm, rocky hill-slopes, or upon rocks near the sea.
+
+_C. Californicum_ is a beautiful form, with pointed, ovate leaves, of a
+light glaucous green, often tinged with pink. Its flowers are yellow, and
+have their petals distinct almost to the base, and its carpels are
+distinct. We are told that the Indians make soothing poultices of these
+leaves.
+
+[Illustration HEN-AND-CHICKENS--_Cotyledon Californicum_.]
+
+Another species--_C. pulverulenta_, Benth. and Hook.,--found from Santa
+Barbara to San Diego, is a very beautiful plant. It bears its leaves in a
+symmetrical rosette, like a diminutive century-plant. These leaves are
+usually covered with a dense white bloom, and the outer ones are spatulate,
+abruptly pointed, and two to four inches broad at the tip, while the inner
+are pointed. The plants are sometimes a foot and a half across, and send up
+as many as eight of the leafy flowering stems, which look like
+many-storied, slender Chinese pagodas. The blossoms are pale-red.
+
+
+BLADDERPOD.
+
+_Isomeris arborea_, Nutt. Caper Family.
+
+     Shrubby; evil-scented. _Leaves._--Alternate; compound, with
+     three leaflets. _Flowers._--With their parts in fours.
+     _Petals._--Yellow; five to eight lines long. _Stamens._--Eight;
+     of equal length. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style short.
+     _Pod._--Pendulous; inflated; pear-shaped; on a long stalk.
+     _Hab._--Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+This low shrub is somewhat plentiful upon the mesas of the south. Its
+yellow flowers attract one to it, only to be repulsed by the dreadful odor
+of its foliage. It certainly ought to have some compensating utility for so
+repellent a characteristic. The ovary is so long-stalked, even in the
+flower, that it looks like an abnormal, inflated stigma.
+
+This is the only species of the genus.
+
+
+YELLOW GLOBE-TULIP. DIOGENES' LANTERN. GOLDEN LILY-BELL.
+
+_Calochortus pulchellus_, Dougl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Somewhat flexuous, with spreading branches; two
+     inches to a foot or more high. _Radical leaf._--Equaling or
+     exceeding the stem; four to twelve lines broad.
+     _Sepals._--Greenish or yellow; eight to twelve lines long.
+     _Petals._--Yellow; strongly arched; glandular ciliate.
+     _Gland._--A deep pit, conspicuously prominent on the outside of
+     the petals, covered within by appressed hairs. (See
+     _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--Coast Ranges, from Monterey to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+We have no more charmingly graceful flower than the yellow globe-tulip. A
+single, long, grasslike leaf precedes the flexuous stem, with its quaintly
+arched and delicately fringed blossoms. There is a certain quizzical look
+about these flowers--something akin to the inquiring look of Diogenes, as
+he thrust his lantern into all sorts of out-of-the-way places in broad
+daylight. The margins of the petals look as though they had been snipped
+into a very fine, delicate fringe, unlike the slender, tapering hairs of
+_C. alba_.
+
+[Illustration DIOGENES' LANTERN--_Calochortus pulchellus_.]
+
+The Indians are fond of the bulbs, which they eat with great relish,
+calling them "Bo."
+
+
+YELLOW SAND-VERBENA.
+
+_Abronia latifolia_, Esch. Four-o'clock Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate; rubbery. _Leaves._--Opposite; unequal;
+     roundish; an inch or so across; petioled; leathery; gummy.
+     _Flowers._--Yellow; five or six lines long; in dense clusters,
+     subtended by an involucre of five distinct bracts.
+     _Perianth._--Salver-shaped. Tube green; its base strongly
+     angled or winged. Limb yellow; four or five-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Mostly five, within the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style filiform. Stigma club-shaped.
+     _Hab._--The seashore from Vancouver Island to Monterey.
+
+The fragrant blossoms of the yellow sand-verbena may be found upon the
+beach at almost any time of year. The stout root, which often becomes
+several feet long, is sometimes eaten by the Indians.
+
+
+SEA-DAHLIA.
+
+_Leptosyne maritima_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sometimes six inches long; two or three
+     times divided into rather sparse, linear divisions; quite
+     succulent. _Flower-heads._--Solitary; on naked peduncles from
+     six inches to two feet long; large; three or four inches
+     across; yellow; of disk- and ray-flowers. _Rays._--Narrowly
+     oblong; ten-nerved; three-toothed. _Involucre._--Double; the
+     outer part of several loose, leafy scales; the inner of eight
+     to twelve, erect, more chaffy ones. _Hab._--The seashore of San
+     Diego and the islands.
+
+On the cliffs overlooking the sea, where its merry yellow faces can watch
+the white-crested breakers as they chase one another ashore in never-ending
+succession, and where the pelicans sail lazily over in lines, and gulls
+circle and scream, the sea-dahlia flaunts its large yellow flowers. They
+closely resemble the yellow single dahlias of our gardens; but the foliage
+ is cut into long lobes, and has the appearance of a coarse, very open
+lace. The odor of the flowers is not especially agreeable, but the plant
+merits a place in the garden for its beauty.
+
+[Illustration YELLOW SAND-VERBENA--_Abronia latifolia_.]
+
+
+FALSE LUPINE.
+
+_Thermopsis Californica_, Wats. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two feet tall. _Leaves._--With leafy stipules an inch
+     long. _Leaflets._--Three; obovate to oblanceolate; an inch or
+     two long; somewhat woolly. _Flowers._--Yellow; in
+     long-peduncled recemes. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft; the two
+     upper teeth often united. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous; eight
+     lines long. _Stamens._--Ten; all distinct.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Pod._--Silky; six- to eight-seeded.
+     _Hab._--Marin County and southward.
+
+The false lupine very closely resembles the true lupines, but may be
+distinguished from them by the stamens, which are all distinct, instead of
+being united into a sheath. Its silvery foliage and racemes of rather large
+canary-colored flowers are common upon open hill-slopes by April.
+
+
+TIDY-TIPS. YELLOW DAISY.
+
+_Layia platyglossa_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or so high; loosely branching.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; the lower linear and pinnatifid,
+     the upper entire. _Flowerheads._--Solitary; terminal; of
+     disk- and ray-flowers. _Disk-flowers._--Yellow, with black
+     stamens. _Rays._--Bright yellow, tipped with white; six lines
+     long; four lines wide; three-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout Western
+     California; in low ground.
+
+Among the most charming of our flowers are the beautiful tidy-tips. In
+midspring, countless millions of them lift themselves above the sheets of
+golden _Baeria_ on our flower-tapestried plains. The fresh winds come
+sweetly laden with their delicate fragrance. Were they not scattered
+everywhere in such lavish profusion, we would doubtless cherish them in our
+gardens.
+
+Growing among these blossoms is often found another flower, somewhat
+similar to them. This is _Leptosyne Douglasii_, DC., the false tidy-tip. It
+has not the clean, natty appearance of _Layia platyglossa_; for the gradual
+blending of the light tips into the darker yellow below gives it an
+indefinite, unattractive look. There is a difference in the involucre,
+which has two series of bracts, and there are no touches of black among the
+disk-flowers.
+
+[Illustration FALSE TIDY-TIPS--_Leptosyne Douglasii_. TIDY-TIPS--_Layia
+Platyglossa_.]
+
+
+GOLDEN BUTTERFLY-TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus clavatus_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Los Angeles County to San Luis Obispo and El Dorado
+     County.
+
+Of all our Mariposa tulips, this is the largest-flowered and
+stoutest-stemmed, and once seen is not readily forgotten. Its magnificent
+flowers are sometimes six inches across, though not usually so large, and
+have the form of a broad-based cup. The sturdy, zigzagging stems and
+glaucous leaves and bracts, combined with the large rich, canary-colored or
+golden flowers, make a striking plant. The first glance within the cup
+shows the ring of club-shaped hairs, characteristic of this species, and
+the anthers radiating starlike in the center; and as the latter are often a
+dark, rich prune-purple, the effect can readily be imagined.
+
+I saw this charming Mariposa blooming in abundance in May near Newhall,
+where its golden cups were conspicuously beautiful against the soft browns
+of the drying fields and hill-slopes. It is usually found growing upon lava
+soil.
+
+_C. Weedii_, Wood., found from San Diego to San Luis Obispo, is a charming
+species, somewhat similar to the above. Its flowers are yellow, purple, or
+pure white, and it may be known by several characteristics. Its bulb is
+heavily coated with coarse fibers; it has a single, long radical leaf, like
+_C. albus_, but unusual among the Mariposas; and its cups are covered all
+over within with silky hairs.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Malacothrix Californica_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; pinnately parted into very narrow
+     linear divisions. _Scape._--Six inches to a foot high; bearing
+     a solitary, large, light-yellow head. _Flower-head._--Composed
+     of strap-shaped ray-flowers only; five-toothed at the apex.
+     _Involucres._--Of narrow acute scales in two or three series.
+     _Receptacle._--Nearly naked. _Hab._--San Francisco to San
+     Diego, and eastward.
+
+These beautiful _Compositae_ are conspicuous upon our open plains in late
+spring, and are among the handsomest plants of the family. The fine flowers
+seem to be sown like disks of light over the flower-carpet of the plain.
+
+
+BUTTER-AND-EGGS.
+
+_Orthocarpus erianthus_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Slender, with many erect branches; stems and bracts usually
+     dark-reddish; soft pubescent. _Corolla._--Deep sulphur-yellow;
+     the slender falcate upper lip dark purple; the tube very
+     slender, but the sacs of the lower lip large and deep, their
+     folds hairy within. (See _Orthocarpus_.) _Hab._--Monterey
+     County and northward; very common.
+
+There are many species of _Orthocarpus_, and they are more numerous in
+Middle and Northern California and in the Sierras, few of them reaching the
+south. They are very difficult of determination, and are not well
+understood by botanists yet. A common name for the plants of this genus is
+"owl's clover."
+
+
+BRASS BUTTONS.
+
+_Cotula coronopifolia_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to a foot long. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     lanceolate or oblong-linear; pinnatifid or entire.
+     _Flower-heads._--Solitary; yellow; three to six lines across;
+     without rays. _Involucre._--Of two ranks of nearly equal,
+     scarious-margined scales. _Hab._--Common everywhere.
+
+These little weeds are natives of the Southern Hemisphere, but are now
+common everywhere. They affect wet places, and their little flowers, like
+brass buttons, are very familiar objects along our roadsides. The foliage
+when crushed gives out a curious odor, between lemon-verbena and camphor.
+
+
+DEER-WEED. WILD BROOM.
+
+_Hosackia glabra_, Torr. Pea Family.
+
+     Woody at base; two to eight feet high; erect or decumbent.
+     _Stems._--Many; slender; branching; reed-like.
+     _Leaves._--Sparse; short-petioled; mostly trifoliolate.
+     Leaflets three to six lines long; oblong to linear-oblong;
+     nearly glabrous. _Flowers._--In numerous small axillary umbels;
+     yellow; four lines long. _Calyx._--Less than three lines long;
+     five-toothed. _Corolla._--Papilionaceous. _Stamens._--Nine
+     united and one free. _Pod._--Elongated; exserted. Seeds two.
+     (See _Leguminosae_.) _Hab._--Common throughout the State.
+
+This graceful, willowy plant, whose slender branches are closely set with
+small golden-yellow flowers, in which there is often a hint of red, is as
+ornamental as any of the small-flowered foreign _Genestas_, or brooms, we
+grow in our gardens; but because it is so very abundant throughout our
+borders, we have become blind to its merits. It is especially beautiful and
+symmetrical in the south, where the low, bushy plants often spread over
+several feet of ground; and on the mesas of Coronado, the plants growing
+not far removed from one another, lend to the natural scene the aspect of a
+garden. There it is in full flower in April; but in the north the blossoms
+are usually later in arriving, and it is often June before they show
+themselves; then making whole hill-slopes dull-yellow among the chaparral.
+
+It is a great favorite with the bees, and for them holds untold treasure in
+honey-making sweets. Among the mountaineers it is known as "deer-weed" and
+"buck-brush," as both deer and stock are said to feed upon it and flourish,
+when pasturage is scarce, though they rarely touch it when other food is
+plenty.
+
+
+TREFOIL SUMACH. FRAGRANT SUMACH. SQUAW-BERRY.
+
+_Rhus Canadensis, var. trilobata_, Gray. Poison-Oak or Cashew Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to five feet high; spreading.
+     _Leaves._--Three-foliolate. _Leaflets._--Sessile; wedge-shaped;
+     six lines to an inch long; pubescent, becoming smooth.
+     _Flowers._--Yellowish; minute; borne in short, scaly-bracted
+     spikes preceding the leaves. _Fruit._--Viscid; reddish; two or
+     three lines in diameter; pleasantly acid. _Syn._--_R.
+     aromatica, var. trilobata_, Gray. _Hab._--Dakota to Texas, and
+     west to California and Oregon.
+
+[Illustration DEER-WEED.--_Hosackia glabra_.]
+
+The dense foliage of these little bushes has a strong odor, which is not
+altogether agreeable, while their small fruit has a pleasant acid taste,
+and is much relished by the Indians.
+
+Dr. Edward Palmer writes that this shrub furnishes the Indians of Utah,
+Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern California with one of the most valuable
+of basket materials. The young twigs, which are much tougher than those of
+the willow, are soaked, scraped, and split. The baskets are then built up
+of a succession of small rolls of grass, over which the split twigs are
+closely and firmly bound. The baskets thus made are very durable, will hold
+water, and are often used to cook in, by dropping hot stones into them till
+the food is done. The wood exhales a peculiar odor, which is always
+recognizable about the camps of these Indians, and never leaves articles
+made from it.
+
+This is grown in England as an ornamental shrub.
+
+
+GOLDEN STARS.
+
+_Bloomeria aurea_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--Six lines in diameter. _Leaf._--Solitary; about
+     equaling the scape; three to six lines broad. _Scape._--Six to
+     eighteen inches high. _Flowers._--Yellow; fifteen to sixty in
+     an umbel. _Perianth._--About an inch across. _Stamens._--Six;
+     with cup-shaped appendages. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style
+     club-shaped. Stigma three-lobed. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from
+     Monterey to San Diego.
+
+Just as the floral procession begins to slacken a little before the
+oncoming of summer, the fields suddenly blossom out anew and twinkle with
+millions of the golden stars of the _Bloomeria_. These plants are closely
+allied to the _Brodiaeas_, and by some authorities are classed as such.
+They are especially characterized by the structure of the stamens, which
+rise out of a tiny cup. Under a glass this cup is seen to be granular,
+somewhat flattened, and furnished with two cusps, or points. The anthers
+are a very pretty Nile or peacock green.
+
+[Illustration GOLDEN STARS--_Bloomeria aurea_.]
+
+Another species--_B. Clevelandi_, Wats.--is easily distinguished from the
+above by its numerous narrow leaves and its green-nerved perianth. This is
+found at San Diego, upon the mesas in midspring, growing abundantly in
+spots which, earlier in the season, have been mud-holes. Its open flowers
+are so outnumbered by the numerous undeveloped green buds, that, even
+though it grows in masses, it is not very showy, but makes the ground a
+dull yellow. But its flower-clusters are feathery and delicate.
+
+There is another plant which closely resembles the _Bloomerias_. This is
+the "golden Brodiaea"--_Brodiaea ixioides_, Wats. But the filaments,
+instead of having a cuplike appendage, are winged, with the little anthers
+swinging prettily upon their summits. This is found in the Coast Ranges,
+from Santa Barbara northward, also in the Sierras. It is a beautiful
+flower; especially when seen starring the velvet alpine meadows in August.
+
+Another plant--_Brodiaea lactea_, Wats.--the "white Brodiaea" has flowers
+similar to the above, but pure white (sometimes lilac), with a green
+mid-vein. This is common in late spring from Monterey to British Columbia.
+
+
+YELLOW SWEET CLOVER.
+
+_Melilotus parviflora_, Desf. Pea Family.
+
+     _Hab._--Widely naturalized from Europe.
+
+In early summer the breezes come laden with fragrance from the sweet
+clover. This is easily recognized by its tall stems, its fragrant leaves,
+with three small, toothed leaflets, and its small crowded racemes of minute
+yellow flowers a line long.
+
+A white form--_Melilotus alba_, Lam.--is found in the north. Its flowers
+are vanilla-scented.
+
+This plant is a highly valued remedy in the pharmacopoeia for various
+ailments, and its sweet-scented flowers have been used for flavoring many
+products, such as Gruyere cheese, snuff, and tobacco. In Europe the
+blossoms are packed among furs to give them a pleasant odor and keep away
+moths.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN COMPASS-PLANT. SUNFLOWER.
+
+_Wyethia angustifolia_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Long-lanceolate; pointed at both ends; the radical
+     and lower ones six to twelve inches long; the upper sessile,
+     shorter, and often broader. _Flower-heads._--Yellow; composed
+     of ray- and disk-flowers. Plume-like styles of the latter
+     conspicuous. _Ray flowers._--Numerous; one inch long; six lines
+     wide; early deciduous. _Involucre._--Broadly campanulate, of
+     numerous erect, loose, foliaceous, ciliate scales, in several
+     rows. _Hab._--Monterey, east to the Sierra foothills and north
+     to Oregon.
+
+In late spring our open plains and hillsides are often plentifully sown
+with the large golden flowers of these Californian compass-plants, called
+"sunflowers" by many people. There is a belief prevalent that their erect
+leaves always stand with their edges pointing north and south, whence the
+common name. This trait is said to be true of all the species.
+
+_W. helenioides_, Nutt., has large, broad leaves, which are white-woolly
+when young. Its flower-heads are often four inches or more across.
+
+This plant is used as a common domestic remedy for coughs and colds by
+Californian housewives, and goes under the unmerited name of "poison-weed."
+It has also been adopted among physicians as an officinal drug. The root,
+which is slightly bitter and aromatic, is made into a tincture and
+administered for asthma, throat disorders, and epidemic influenza, with
+excellent results. It blooms in early spring, and is common upon hillsides.
+
+Another species, very similar to the above, is _W. glabra_, Gray. This may
+be known by its smooth green leaves, which are often very viscid. It is
+found from Marin County southward, in the Coast Ranges, and probably
+northward.
+
+_W. mollis_, Gray, or "Indian wheat," is very abundant in the Sierras,
+growing all through the open woods, and covering great tracts of dry
+gravelly soil. Its large, coarse, somewhat woolly radical leaves stand
+erect and clustered, usually having a flower-stalk or two in their midst,
+bearing some smaller leaves, and several yellow flower-heads, which
+resemble small sunflowers with yellow centers. It has a strong odor, and
+gives a characteristic smell to the region where it grows. The common name,
+"Indian wheat," has been bestowed upon it not because it in the least
+resembles wheat, but because the Indians gather the seed in great
+quantities and grind it into a flour.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM.
+
+_Fremontia Californica_, Torr. Hand-tree Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees from two to twenty feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; round-cordate to round-ovate;
+     moderately three- to five-lobed or cleft; woolly or whitish
+     beneath; the larger two inches wide.
+     _Flowers._--Short-peduncled on very short lateral branches;
+     numerous; one to three inches across; having three to five
+     small bractlets. _Calyx._--Corolla-like; brilliant gold,
+     five-cleft nearly to the base; the lobes having a rounded,
+     hairy pit at base. _Corolla._--Wanting. _Filaments._--United to
+     their middle; each bearing a linear, adnate, curved, two-celled
+     anther. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style filiform. _Hab._--Dry
+     Sierra foothills, from Lake County southward.
+
+No more beautiful sight is often seen than a slope covered with the wild
+slippery-elm in blossom. The bushes are almost obscured from view by the
+masses of large golden flowers. This shrub takes on various forms;
+sometimes sending out in every direction long slender branches, which are
+solid wreaths of the magnificent blooms; and again assuming a more erect,
+treelike habit. It has been hailed with delight in the gardens of our
+Southern States, and heartily welcomed in France and England. Why do not
+_we_ honor it with a place in our own gardens, instead of giving room to so
+many far less beautiful exotics?
+
+It flowers in early summer, and its season of bloom is said to last only
+about two weeks, but the brilliant hibiscus-like blossoms, drying upon
+their stems, maintain for a long time a semblance of their first beauty.
+The branches are tough and flexible, and are often cut for whips by
+teamsters. Among the mountaineers it is generally known as "leatherwood."
+But this name properly belongs to another entirely different plant, _Dirca
+palustris_.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN SLIPPERY-ELM--_Fremontia Californica_.]
+
+The bark of the _Fremontia_ so closely resembles that of the slippery-elm
+in taste and other qualities, that it is difficult to distinguish between
+them; and it is used in the same manner for making poultices.
+
+We are told that this shrub thrives best upon a disintegrated granite soil,
+and reaches its finest development upon the arid slopes bordering such
+rainless regions as the Mojave Desert. It was first discovered by General
+Fremont when crossing the Sierras, about half a century ago, and was named
+in his honor. It is closely related to the mallows.
+
+
+DODDER. LOVE-VINE. GOLDEN-THREAD.
+
+_Cuscuta_, Tourn. Morning-Glory Family.
+
+     Leafless plants with filiform, yellow or orange-colored stems;
+     germinating in the soil; soon breaking off and becoming
+     parasitic upon other plants. _Flowers._--Small; white; densely
+     clustered. _Calyx._--Usually five-cleft or parted.
+     _Corolla._--Tubular or campanulate; four- or five-toothed or
+     lobed. _Stamens._--On the corolla, alternate with its lobes.
+     Filaments with fringed scales below. _Ovary._--Globose;
+     two-celled. Styles two.
+
+        .   .   .   "while everywhere
+    The love-vine spreads a silken snare,
+    The tangles of her yellow hair."
+
+Though popularly known as the love-vine, because of its clinging habit, it
+must be confessed that this pernicious plant in no respect merits the
+title. On the other hand, it might with propriety be called the octopus of
+the plant world. If you break a branch from a plant which has become its
+victim, you can see how it has twined itself about it, drawing its very
+life-blood from it at every turn, by means of ugly, wartlike suckers.
+
+It is no wonder, however, that people are generally deceived as to the
+moral character of this plant--for it is indeed a beautiful sight, when it
+spreads its golden tangle over the chamisal, wild buckwheat, and other
+plants, often completely hiding them from view.
+
+We have a number of species. _C. salina_ often covers our salt marshes with
+brilliant patches of orange.
+
+
+LARGE YELLOW LUPINE.
+
+_Lupinus arboreus_, Sims. Pea Family.
+
+     Shrubby; four to ten feet high. _Flowers._--Large; in a loose,
+     whorled raceme; sulphur-yellow; very fragrant.
+     _Leaflets._--Four to eleven; generally about nine; narrowly
+     lanceolate; nine to twenty lines long. _Pods._--Two to three
+     inches long; ten- to twelve-seeded; silky pubescent. (See
+     _Lupinus_.) _Hab._--Common from the Sacramento to San Diego.
+
+The large yellow lupine is a common plant upon our wind-swept mesas,
+growing in sandy soil. Its shrubby form, somewhat silvery foliage, and
+large canary-colored, very fragrant flowers make it always a conspicuous
+and beautiful plant.
+
+This species, together with _L. albifrons_, have been found most useful in
+anchoring the shifting sands of the dunes near San Francisco. It was
+accidentally discovered in a deep cutting that these lupines sent their
+roots down sometimes twenty feet, and the idea was conceived of making use
+of them in the above manner. Barley, which grows more rapidly than the
+lupine, was sown to protect the plants while very young. In a single year
+the lupines covered the sands with a dense growth, two or three feet high,
+sufficient to prevent them from shifting during the severest storms, and to
+allow of the subsequent planting of various pines, willows, and other
+trees. Thus the way was prepared for one of the most beautiful of
+pleasure-grounds--the Golden Gate Park of San Francisco which can hardly be
+rivaled anywhere for natural situation and diversity of scene.
+
+One of our handsomest species is _L. Stiveri_, Kell., found in the
+Yosemite. Its blossoms have yellow standards and rose-colored wings.
+
+
+ST. JOHN'S-WORT.
+
+_Hypericum concinnum_, Benth. St. John's-wort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to eighteen inches high; branching from a woody
+     base. _Leaves._--Opposite; often in four ranks; linear to
+     oblong; six lines to an inch or more long; usually folded;
+     translucently dotted. _Flowers._--Golden yellow; over an inch
+     across. _Sepals._--Five. _Petals._--Five; margins black-dotted.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous; in three bunches. _Ovary._--Usually
+     three-celled. Styles three. _Hab._--Central California.
+
+Just as spring is merging into summer, we may look for the bright golden
+flowers of our common St. John's-wort. The numerous stamens give these
+blossoms a feathery appearance, and the leaves often group themselves
+characteristically in four ranks upon the stems.
+
+All the plants of the genus are known as St. John's-wort, because certain
+of the species were supposed to flower upon the anniversary of this saint.
+Perhaps there are no other plants around which tradition has thrown such a
+glamour. Mr. Dyer says, in his interesting book, "The Folk-Lore of Plants,"
+that the St. John's-wort was supposed to be an excellent amulet against
+lightning, and that it had the magic property of revealing the presence of
+witches; whence in Germany it was extensively worn on St. John's Eve, when
+the air was supposed to be peopled with witches and evil spirits, who
+wandered abroad upon no friendly errands. In Denmark it is resorted to by
+anxious lovers who wish to divine their future.
+
+
+GOLDEN DICENTRA.
+
+_Dicentra chrysantha_, Hook. and Arn. Bleeding-heart Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Glaucous and smooth; two to five feet high.
+     _Leaves._--The larger ones a foot long or more; finely
+     dissected into small linear lobes. _Flowers._--Erect; yellow;
+     six to nine lines long; in a loose terminal panicle a foot or
+     two long. _Sepals._--Two; small; caducous.
+     _Corolla._--Flattened and cordate; of two pairs of petals; the
+     outer larger, saccate at base, and with spreading tips; the
+     inner much narrower, spoon-shaped, their tips cohering and
+     inclosing the anthers and stigma. _Stamens._--Six.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender. Stigma two-lobed.
+     _Hab._--Dry hills, Lake County to San Diego.
+
+[Illustration ST. JOHN'S-WORT--_Hypericum concinnum_.]
+
+The arrangement of the essential organs in the genus _Dicentra_ is very
+curious and interesting. The six stamens are borne in two companies of
+three each, which stand in front of the outer petals, and have their
+filaments more or less united at the base. The central stamen in each group
+has a two-celled anther, while its neighbor on either hand has but a
+one-celled anther. The stigma-lobes often bend downward prettily, like the
+flukes of a little anchor.
+
+To this genus belongs the beautiful Oriental bleeding-heart of the garden;
+and we have two or three interesting native species.
+
+_D. chrysantha_ is usually a somewhat coarse plant, lacking the grace of
+_D. formosa_, the Californian bleeding-heart. The pale leaves, which are
+minutely and delicately dissected, are suggestive of the fronds of certain
+Japanese ferns. But the flower-stalks are often stiff and sparsely
+flowered, and the blossoms, which are erect, not pendulous, have an
+over-powering narcotic odor, much like that of the poppy. These plants may
+be found upon dry hillsides or in sandy washes in early summer, where the
+brilliant yellow blossoms are quite conspicuous. One view of these flowers
+is not unlike the conventionalized tulip.
+
+This species is said to thrive well in cultivation and make a very
+effective plant when grown in rich garden soil.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN DANDELION.
+
+_Troximon grandiflorum_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     Herbs with woody tap-root and milky juice. _Leaves._--All
+     radical; lanceolate or oblanceolate; mostly laciniately
+     pinnatifid. _Scapes._--One to two and one half feet high.
+     _Heads._--Solitary; two inches or so across; of strap-shaped
+     yellow rays only. _Involucre._--Of several series of imbricated
+     scales, the outer foliaceous and loose. _Receptacle._--Mostly
+     naked; pitted. _Akenes._--Two lines long; tapering into a
+     filiform beak six or eight lines long, surmounted by a tuft of
+     silk. _Hab._--Washington to Southern California near the Coast.
+
+The common dandelion of the East has found its way into our lawns, but it
+never adapts itself as a wild plant to the vicissitudes of our dry summer
+climate. Nature has given us a dandelion of our own, of a different genus,
+which is quite as beautiful, though its flowers are not so vivid a gold.
+They are larger than those of the Eastern plant, and are borne upon taller
+stems. In early summer the large, ethereal globes of the ripened seed are
+conspicuous objects, hovering over our straw-tinted fields.
+
+Mr. Burroughs writes of the dandelion:--"After its first blooming, comes
+its second and finer and more spiritual inflorescence, when its stalk,
+dropping its more earthly and carnal flower, shoots upward and is presently
+crowned by a globe of the most delicate and aerial texture. It is like the
+poet's dream, which succeeds his rank and golden youth. This globe is a
+fleet of a hundred fairy balloons, each one of which bears a seed which it
+is destined to drop far from the parent source."
+
+If gathered just before they open and allowed to expand in the house, these
+down-globes will remain perfect for a long time and make an exquisite
+adornment for some delicate vase.
+
+We have several other species of _Troximon_, but this is our finest.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hosackia bicolor_, Dougl. Pea Family.
+
+     Smooth throughout; erect; two feet high. _Leaves._--With rather
+     large, scarious, triangular stipules; pinnate.
+     _Leaflets._--Five to nine; obovate or oblong; six to twelve
+     lines long. _Peduncles._--Three- to seven-flowered; naked or
+     with a small scarious, one- to three-leaved bract.
+     _Flowers._--Seven lines long. _Calyx-teeth._--Triangular; half
+     as long as the tube. _Standard._--Yellow; wings and keel white.
+     _Stamens._--Nine united; one free. _Pod._--Linear; nearly two
+     inches long; acute. _Hab._--Middle California to the State of
+     Washington.
+
+The yellow and white blossoms of this pretty _Hosackia_ are quite showy,
+and are usually found upon low ground near the seaboard.
+
+Another similar species, also having a yellow standard and white wings and
+keel, is _H. Torreyi_, Gray. This is more or less silky pubescent; its
+wings are not spreading, its leaflets are narrower, and the bract of the
+umbel is sessile. This is found along shaded stream-banks both in the
+higher Coast Ranges and in the Sierras, and blooms in summer.
+
+_H. gracilis_, Benth., with the standard yellow and the widespreading wings
+and shorter keel of rose-color, occurs in moist meadows along the coast
+from Monterey to the Columbia. It blooms by the middle of April.
+
+_H. crassifolia_, Benth., a very large species, two or three feet high,
+with greenish-yellow or purplish flowers, is abundant in the Yosemite
+Valley about the borders of meadows. It is also common in the foothill
+region.
+
+
+SKUNK-CABBAGE.
+
+_Lysichiton Camtschatcensis_, Schott. Arum Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Thick; horizontal. _Leaves._--All radical;
+     oblong-lanceolate; acute; one to three feet or more long; three
+     to ten inches broad; narrowed to a short petiole or sessile.
+     _Flowers._--Small, crowded on a spadix, at the summit of a
+     stout peduncle becoming six to twelve inches long.
+     _Spadix._--With an erect, spoon-shaped spathe, one and one-half
+     to two feet long; bright yellow. _Perianth._--Four-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Four. Filaments short, flat. _Ovary._--Conical;
+     two-celled. Stigma depressed. _Fruit._--Fleshy, coalescent and
+     sunk in the rachis. _Hab._--Peat bogs; from Mendocino County
+     northward to Alaska; also, perhaps, in the Rocky Mountains.
+
+In our northwestern counties, before the frost is entirely out of the
+ground, the leaves of the skunk-cabbage may be seen pushing their way up
+through the standing water of marshy localities. They soon attain a great
+size, and resemble the leaves of the banana-tree. They are of a rich
+velvet-green, slightly mottled, and are said to rival some of the tropical
+productions of our greenhouses.
+
+There seems to be a difference of opinion as to the disagreeableness of
+these leaves. I suspect the odor lies mostly in the slimy, soapy sap, and
+is not very noticeable if they are not bruised or cut.
+
+When the plants are in bloom, in May and June, they are very handsome, the
+large spoon-shaped, golden spathes being conspicuous at some distance. As
+this spathe withers away, the flower-stalk continues to grow, and its
+little greenish-yellow blossoms become brown.
+
+[Illustration _Hosackia gracilis._]
+
+The peppery root is highly esteemed for medicinal purposes, and is
+gathered and made into a salve, which is considered a specific for
+ringworm, white swelling, inflammatory rheumatism, etc. The root is said to
+enter largely into the composition of a patent medicine called "Skookum."
+
+Mr. Johnson, of the U.S. Forestry Department in Oregon, tells me that the
+bears are very fond of this root, and dig industriously for it, often
+making a hole large enough to bury themselves, and he mentions having seen
+whole fields plowed up by them in their search for it.
+
+This plant belongs to the same family as the skunk-cabbage of the East and
+the calla-lily. It has been found in the Santa Cruz Mountains.
+
+
+BLAZING-STAR.
+
+_Mentzelia laevicaulis_, Torr. and Gray. Loasa or Blazing-star Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; two or three feet high; white.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; lanceolate; sinuate-toothed; two
+     to eight inches long. _Flowers._--Sessile, on short branches;
+     light yellow or cream-color; three or four inches across.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Cylindrical; naked; limb five-cleft nearly to
+     the base. _Petals._--About ten; oblanceolate; acute.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous on the calyx; almost equaling the petals.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled; truncate at summit. Style three-cleft.
+     _Capsule._--Fifteen lines long. _Hab._--San Diego to the
+     Columbia River, and eastward to Wyoming.
+
+After most other flowers have departed, the magnificent blossoms of the
+_Mentzelia_ come forth. It seems as though they had waited for the
+firmament to be clear of other stars before bursting upon the sight. Their
+enormous blossoms are crowned by the soft radiance of the long stamens,
+"like the lashes of light that trim the stars."
+
+These plants are furnished with barbed hairs, which cause them to cling to
+whatever they come in contact with. They are of tall and spreading habit,
+and are often found in the dry beds of streams, where their flowers open in
+the daytime--unlike those of _M. Lindleyi_, which open at night.
+
+[Illustration BLAZING-STAR--_Mentzelia Lindleyi_.]
+
+_M. Lindleyi_, Torr. and Gray, is one of the most brilliantly radiant of
+all our flowers. Its charming blossoms, which open on the edge of evening,
+are of a delicate silken texture, and of the richest gold. When the
+flowers first open, the stamens lie flat upon the petals; but they
+gradually rise up, forming a large tuft in the center of the flower. The
+faded sepals crown the long seed-vessel, like the flame of the conventional
+torch seen in old pictures. This grows in the Monte Diablo Range; and Niles
+and Alum Rock are convenient places to find it. It is cultivated in Eastern
+gardens under the name of _Bartonia aurea_.
+
+
+STONECROP.
+
+_Sedum spathulifolium_, Hook. Stonecrop or Orpine Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; fleshy; spatulate; six to ten lines long;
+     sessile; crowded in rosettes at the ends of the decumbent
+     branches. _Scapes._--Four to six inches high. _Flowers._--In
+     compound, one-sided, loose cymes; their parts four or five;
+     pale-yellow. _Sepals._--United at base. _Petals._--Lanceolate;
+     three lines long. _Stamens._--Twice the number of the petals.
+     _Pistils._--Equaling the number of the petals; attenuate into
+     the short styles. _Ovaries._--One-celled. _Hab._--Middle
+     California to Vancouver Island.
+
+Blooming somewhat earlier than the "hen-and-chickens," but in similar
+situations, the stonecrop often clothes rock-masses with beautiful color.
+The common name, "orpine," was given on account of the yellow, or orpine,
+flowers; and the name "stonecrop," from its always growing in stony places.
+
+
+PRICKLY-PEAR. TUNA.
+
+_Opuntia Engelmanni_, Salm. Cactus Family.
+
+     Erect, bushy, spreading shrubs without leaves, with flattened
+     stems produced in successive, compressed oval Joints.
+     _Joints._--Six to twelve inches long; studded sparsely with
+     bundles of stout spines. _Flowers._--Solitary; sessile; yellow
+     or red; about three inches across. _Sepals_, petals, and
+     stamens numerous in many series, their cohering bases coating
+     the one-celled ovary and forming a cup above it.
+     _Petals._--Spreading. Style one, with several stigmas.
+     _Fruit._--Purple; oval; pulpy; juicy; two inches long.
+     _Hab._--Southern California, Los Angeles, San Diego, etc.
+
+The genus _Opuntia_ is divided into two sections, consisting respectively
+of flat-stemmed and cylindrical-stemmed plants, the former commonly known
+as "prickly-pear," or "tuna," the latter as _Cholla cactus_.
+
+Of the former, _O. Engelmanni_ is our commonest wild species. It is the one
+seen from the car-windows growing in great patches upon the Mojave Desert,
+and it is abundant upon dry hills all through the south. There are two
+varieties of it--_var. occidentalis_, Engelm., the form prevalent in the
+interior, and _var. littoralis_, Engelm., found upon the sea-coast from
+Santa Barbara to San Diego.
+
+These plants have a very leathery, impermeable skin, from which evaporation
+takes place but slowly, which enables them to inhabit arid regions. The
+fruit is sweet and edible, and the Indians, who are especially fond of it,
+dry large quantities for winter use. They make of the fresh fruit a sauce,
+by long-continued boiling, which they regard as especially nutritious and
+stimulating after it is slightly fermented. They also roast the leaves in
+hot ashes and eat the slimy, sweet substance which is left after the outer
+skin and thorns have been removed.
+
+Cattle-men of the southern plains plant the different species as hedges
+about their corrals, and feed the succulent joints to their stock after
+burning off the spines.
+
+Several Mexican species were planted in the early days about the Missions
+by the Padres, as defensive hedges, and remnants of these redoubtable
+fortifications, ten to fifteen feet high, are still to be seen stretching
+for miles through our southern fields.
+
+In Mexico the _Opuntia tuna_ is largely cultivated for the rearing of
+cochineal insects.
+
+
+VENEGASIA.
+
+_Venegasia carpesioides_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     Several feet high; leafy to the top. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     slenderly petioled; cordate or ovate-deltoid; crenate; two to
+     four inches long; thin. _Flower-heads._--Large; two-inches
+     across, including the rays; yellow; slender-peduncled; composed
+     of ray- and disk-flowers. _Rays._--Over an inch long; six lines
+     wide; two- or three-toothed; fertile; about fifteen.
+     _Involucre._--Broad; of many roundish-green scales; becoming
+     scarious inward. _Hab._--Santa Barbara and southward.
+
+This plant, with its ample thin leaves and large yellow flowers, would
+arrest the attention anywhere. It often grows under the shade of trees in
+cool canyons, where its blossoms brighten the twilight gloom. It is an
+admirable plant, and has but one drawback--its rather unpleasant odor. It
+is the only species of the genus which was named in honor of an early
+Jesuit missionary, Michael Venegas. It is especially abundant and beautiful
+about Santa Barbara.
+
+
+FALSE PIMPERNEL.
+
+_Hypericum anagalloides_, Cham. and Schlecht. St. John's-wort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Numerous; weak; low; spreading; rooting at the
+     joints. _Leaves._--Two to six lines long; oblong to round;
+     clasping. _Flowers._--Three or four lines across;
+     salmon-colored. _Stamens._--Fifteen to twenty.
+     _Capsule._--One-celled. _Hab._--Lower California to British
+     Columbia, eastward into Montana.
+
+In moist places the prostrate stems of this little plant often make dense
+mats.
+
+Its specific name indicates its resemblance to the Anagallis, or pimpernel.
+In fact, one might easily imagine it a pimpernel with salmon-colored
+flowers.
+
+
+CANCER-ROOT. NAKED BROOM-RAPE.
+
+_Aphyllon fasciculatum_, Gray. Broom-rape Family.
+
+     Leafless parasitic plants. _Stems._--Scaly; thickened and
+     knotty below, and bearing on their summits few or many
+     clustered, one-flowered peduncles of about the same length.
+     _Flowers._--Yellowish; sometimes purplish or reddish outside.
+     _Calyx._--Slenderly five-toothed. _Corolla._--Tubular; over an
+     inch long, with five spreading lobes; somewhat bilabiate.
+     _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; included. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     Style slender. Stigma two-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout California,
+     eastward to Lake Superior.
+
+There are about half a dozen species of cancer-root known upon our Coast,
+all strange-looking, leafless plants, of very doubtful moral character--for
+I fear it must be confessed they are thieves. Stealthily sending their
+roots down and imbedding them in the roots of their victims, they draw from
+them the nourishment needed for their sustenance. But they have been
+overtaken by the proper retributive punishment--for having no longer any
+need of organs for the elaboration of nourishment, they are denied green
+leaves, the most beautiful adornment of many plants; and even the flowers
+of some of them seem to us to have a sickly, unwholesome hue. However, it
+must be acknowledged that these plants are quite interesting, despite their
+evil ways.
+
+[Illustration CANCER-ROOT--_Aphyllon fasciculatum_.]
+
+_A. fasciculatum_ usually blooms in early summer, on dry, rocky hills, and
+is parasitic upon the roots of sagebrush, wild buckwheat, etc.
+
+
+YELLOW MARIPOSA TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus luteus_, Dougl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Four to twelve inches high; bearing a single bulblet
+     inclosed in the stem-sheath. _Leaves._--Very narrow; one to
+     three lines wide. _Flowers._--Erect; cup-shaped; yellow; small;
+     not oculated, but the petals striated with brown lines,
+     especially on the middle third. _Gland._--Transversely oblong
+     to lunate; densely hairy with orange-colored ascending hairs,
+     with scattered spreading hairs about it. _Capsule._--Broad at
+     the base; tapering upward. _Hab._--Clay soil; Coast Ranges from
+     Mendocino County to San Diego.
+
+The typical _C. luteus_, as described above, is the least beautiful of all
+the Mariposa tulips, being lower of stature and smaller of flower than most
+of the others; but among its varieties may be found some of the most
+charming flowers of the genus, the true butterfly-tulips of the early
+Spanish, often oculated and marked in a wonderful manner. In color and
+marking they often run closely into forms of _C. venustus_, the only
+constant characters by which to distinguish them being found in the shape
+of the gland and the capsule and the character of the soil in which they
+grow.
+
+There are two well-marked varieties--_citrinus_ and _oculatus_--besides
+numerous other forms, where the species seems to have run riot in color and
+marking. The _var. citrinus_ is a strong, vigorous-growing plant, with
+flowers of a deep lemon-yellow, with a large, distinct, very dark maroon
+eye on each petal. It is exceedingly beautiful.
+
+
+SILVER-WEED. CINQUEFOIL.
+
+_Potentilla Anserina_, L. Rose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Prostrate. _Leaves._--All radical; a foot or so long;
+     pinnate, with seven to twenty-one leaflets with smaller ones
+     interposed. _Leaflets._--Sessile; oblong; toothed; shining
+     green; silvery beneath. _Flowers._--Bright yellow;
+     long-peduncled; solitary; an inch across. _Sepals._--Five; with
+     five bractlets between. _Petals._--Five. _Stamens._--Twenty to
+     twenty-five. _Pistils._--Numerous; on a hairy receptacle.
+     _Hab._--Throughout North America.
+
+The bright golden blossoms of the silver-weed are common in moist places,
+haunting stream-banks, lingering about stagnant ponds, or even pushing
+their way up amid the grasses of our salt marshes. The white under-surfaces
+of the leaves are responsible for one of the common names of this plant.
+
+_P. glandulosa_, Lindl., is found upon dry hillsides. It is one or two feet
+high, and is an ill-smelling, somewhat sticky plant, with glandular hairs.
+The stems are leafy, and the small flowers, like pale-yellow
+strawberry-blossoms, are produced in loose clusters. The corolla scarcely
+exceeds the calyx. The leaves, which have from five to nine leaflets, have
+not the silvery under-surface of those of _P. Anserina_.
+
+
+COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE.
+
+_OEnothera biennis_, L. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; usually simple; one to five feet high; more or
+     less hairy. _Leaves._--Mostly sessile; lanceolate to oblong;
+     two to six inches long; denticulate. _Flowers._--Golden yellow;
+     in a leafy spike; erect in the bud. _Calyx-tube._--Twelve to
+     thirty lines long. _Petals._--Six to nine lines long.
+     _Stigma-lobes._--Linear. _Capsule._--An inch or less long. (See
+     _OEnothera_.) _Hab._--Throughout the United States.
+
+The common evening primrose is a very widespread plant in the United
+States, and it has long been in cultivation in Europe. Its flowers open
+suddenly at night, and, according to tradition, with a popping noise.
+Referring to this, the poet Keats speaks of--
+
+              "A turf of evening primroses,
+    O'er which the mind may hover till it dozes;
+    O'er which it well might take a pleasant sleep,
+    But that 'tis ever startled by the leap
+    Of buds into ripe flowers."
+
+These blossoms are said to be luminous at night, shining by the sunlight
+they have stored during the daytime.
+
+The young roots, which are edible, are excellent, either pickled or boiled,
+having a nutty flavor. In Germany and France these are used, either stewed
+or raw, in salads, like celery; and the young mucilaginous twigs are also
+used in the same way. A tincture of the whole plant is a valued remedy in
+medicine for many disorders. Our Californian plants are mostly of the _var.
+hirsutissima_, Gray, having very large flowers and a hairy capsule.
+
+
+GUM-PLANT. RESIN-WEED. AUGUST-FLOWER.
+
+_Grindelia cuneifolia_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     Bushy; two to four feet high; smooth.
+     _Leaves._--Cuneate-spatulate to linear-oblong; leathery; three
+     or four inches long. _Flower-heads._--Solitary; terminating the
+     branches; yellow; composed of disk- and ray-flowers.
+     _Rays._--One inch long. _Involucre._--Hemispherical; of
+     numerous scales, with spreading tips. _Buds_.--Covered with a
+     milky gum. _Syn._--_Grindelia robusta, var. angustifolia_,
+     Gray. _Hab._--From Santa Barbara northward.
+
+The _Grindelias_ are especially characteristic of the region west of the
+Mississippi River, and are all known as "gum-plant," or "resin-weed," owing
+to the balsamic exudation which is found mostly upon the flower-heads. We
+have several species, all of which are rather difficult of determination.
+
+Before the occupation of California by the whites, the value of these
+plants was known to the Indians, who used them in pulmonary troubles, and
+as a wash in cases of oak-poisoning or other skin-diseases. They are now
+made into a drug by our own people, who use them in the same manner as the
+aborigines.
+
+By the middle of August our salt marshes are gay with the bright yellow
+flowers.
+
+Every year men are sent out to gather the plant. Only about five or six
+inches of the tops of the branches are cut, as the resin is found mostly
+there in the form of a white gum. Tons of these shoots are shipped East
+annually, to be returned to us later in the form of the medicine called
+"grindelia."
+
+[Illustration GUM-PLANT--_Grindelia cuneifolia_.]
+
+_Grindelia hirsutula_, Hook. and Arn., is a pretty species, flowering in
+early summer upon hill-slopes. This may be known by its reddish stems and
+more slender and fewer ray-flowers.
+
+
+SULPHUR-FLOWER.
+
+_Eriogonum umbellatum_, Torr. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; obovate to oblong-spatulate; two inches
+     or less long; mostly smooth above; sometimes woolly below.
+     _Scapes._--Three to twelve inches high.
+     _Flowers._--Sulphur-yellow; two or three lines long; many
+     contained in each little top-shaped involucre, on threadlike
+     stems. _Involucres._--Two lines or so long; deeply cleft, the
+     lobes becoming reflexed. _Perianth._--Six-parted.
+     _Stamens._--Nine. _Ovary._--Triangular; one-celled.
+     _Styles._--Three. Stigmas capitate. _Hab._--Mountains of Middle
+     and Northern California, and eastward.
+
+Large companies of the sulphur-flower may be seen in the Sierras in July
+and August, where it covers open, dry, rocky slopes, making brilliant
+masses of color.
+
+Growing with this is often found another species--_E. ursinum_, Wats.--with
+flowers of a beautiful translucent cream-color, often tinged with pink.
+
+
+WILD BOUVARDIA.
+
+_Gilia grandiflora_, Gray. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Erect; a foot or two high. _Leaves._--Two or three
+     inches long; linear or oblong-lanceolate; sessile.
+     _Flowers._--Salmon-color; crowded at the summit of the stem.
+     _Calyx._--With obconic tube and broad, obtuse lobes.
+     _Corolla._--Narrowly funnel-form, with tube an inch long, and
+     five-lobed border almost as broad. (See _Gilia_.)
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+This plant was formerly placed in the genus _Collomia_; but that genus was
+not well founded, and all its species have now been transferred to _Gilia_.
+From the resemblance of its showy buff or salmon-colored flowers to the
+_Bouvardias_ of our gardens, these plants are popularly known as "wild
+Bouvardia." The blossoms are found in early summer, and grow usually in dry
+places, exposed to the sun.
+
+[Illustration SULPHUR-FLOWER--_Eriogonum umbellatum_.]
+
+
+LITTLE ALPINE LILY.
+
+_Lilium parvum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulbs._--Small; of short, thick, jointed scales.
+     _Stem._--Slender; eighteen inches to six feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Scattered, or in whorls; two to five inches long; an
+     inch or less broad; rich green. _Flowers._--Orange-vermilion,
+     dotted with purple; two to fifty; scattered or somewhat
+     whorled. _Capsule._--Sub-spherical; six to nine lines long.
+     _Hab._--The High Sierras, from Yosemite Valley to Lake Tahoe.
+
+Passing from the parched and dusty plains of our central valleys in July
+and August, we are transported as though upon the magic tapestry of Prince
+Houssain into a heavenly region of springtime, where the streams, fed by
+the snow lying in shadowy mountain fastnesses, gush through plushy emerald
+meadows, starred with millions of daisies and bordered by luxuriant tangles
+of larkspurs, columbines, monk's-hoods, lupines, and a thousand other
+charming plants--a veritable flower-lover's paradise.
+
+Here from the thickets, standing with their roots in the rich, loamy soil
+of the brookside, gleam the small orange blossoms of the little alpine
+lily--little only in flower, for the slender stems often rise to a height
+of six feet, producing several whorls of rich green leaves. These lilies
+are but an inch or an inch a half long, with their perianth-segments yellow
+or orange below and deeper orange-vermilion above, their tips only being
+rolled backward.
+
+
+GOLDEN YARROW.
+
+_Eriophyllum confertiflorum_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     White-woolly plants, at length smooth. _Stems._--A foot or two
+     high. _Leaves._--Cuneate in outline; divided into three to
+     seven narrow linear divisions. _Flowers._--Golden yellow; in
+     densely crowded flat-topped clusters. _Heads._--Small; of
+     disk- and ray-flowers. _Rays._--Four or five; broadly oval or
+     roundish. _Involucre._--Oval; of about five thin bracts; two
+     lines long. _Hab._--From San Francisco to the Sierras, and
+     southward to San Diego.
+
+[Illustration LITTLE ALPINE LILY--_Lilium parvum_.]
+
+In early summer many a dry, rocky hill-slope is ablaze with the brilliant
+flowers of the golden yarrow. The brown-mottled butterfly may often be
+seen hovering over it, or delicately poising upon its golden table, fanning
+his wings.
+
+_E. caespitosum_, Dougl., is a very handsome species with solitary golden
+flower-heads an inch or so across. Its leaves are broader and not so finely
+divided, and some of the upper ones are linear and entire. This is found
+throughout California.
+
+
+TARWEED. WILD COREOPSIS.
+
+_Madia elegans_, Don. Composite Family.
+
+     Usually viscid throughout. _Stems._--Three to six feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Crowded at the base of the stem; six to ten inches
+     long; small above. _Flower-heads._--Of both ray- and
+     disk-flowers. _Rays._--Twelve to fifteen; one inch long;
+     three-lobed at the apex; yellow, sometimes with a dark-red
+     base. _Involucre._--With one series of scales, each clasping a
+     ray. _Hab._--Throughout California, and in Oregon and Nevada.
+
+This is one of the most beautiful of all our tarweeds. Its golden,
+Coreopsis-like flowers open after sunset, and close at the first warmth of
+the morning rays.
+
+All the _Madias_ are used medicinally by old Spanish settlers.
+
+_Madia sativa_, Molina, is one of our most troublesome species, because its
+viscid secretion is so very abundant. The plants are tall, but the flowers
+are inconspicuous, owing to the smallness or absence of the rays. It is
+native of Chile as well as of California.
+
+An oil of excellent quality was made from its seeds in that country before
+the olive was so abundant.
+
+
+LEOPARD-LILY. TIGER-LILY.
+
+_Lilium pardalinum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     Bulbs consisting of forking rhizomes, covered with small, erect
+     imbricated scales; often forming matted masses. _Stems._--Three
+     to ten feet high. _Leaves._--Usually whorled, with some
+     scattered above and below; lanceolate; three to seven inches
+     long. _Flowers._--Few to many; long-pediceled. _Perianth
+     segments._--Six; two or three inches long; six to nine lines
+     wide; strongly revolute; with orange base and reddish or
+     scarlet tips; spotted or dotted with purple on the lower half.
+     _Stamens._--Six. Anthers versatile. _Ovary._--Three-celled.
+     Style club-shaped. Stigma capitate. _Capsule._--Eighteen lines
+     or more long.
+
+[Illustration TARWEED--_Madia elegans_.]
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Santa Barbara County
+     to British Columbia, and eastward.
+
+No more magnificent sight could be imagined than a canyon-side covered with
+a mass of these red and gold blossoms nodding on their tall stems. The
+plants often grow in clumps and colonies of several hundred, and are always
+found in the rich soil of stream-banks or of wet, springy places. Most of
+us have been familiar with these spotted beauties from our childhood, with
+their delicately swinging anthers full of cinnamon-colored pollen.
+
+A friend writing us from near Mt. Shasta, one July, said: "I wish you could
+have seen the _grove_ of tiger-lilies we saw near the place where we rested
+and lunched. They sprang from a velvet bed of mosses and ferns, under the
+shadow of a great rock, that towered at least a hundred feet above them.
+Out of the rock sprang two streams of living water, ice-cold, which crossed
+the trail and dashed over a rock below. Upon one plant we counted
+twenty-five buds and blossoms, while a friend counted thirty-two upon
+another."
+
+Under extraordinarily favorable conditions, this lily has been known to
+reach a height of ten feet.
+
+
+YELLOW POND-LILY.
+
+_Nuphar polysepalum_, Engelm. Water-Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Six to twelve inches long; three fourths as wide;
+     obtuse; deeply cleft at base; floating or erect.
+     _Flowers._--Floating; three to five inches across.
+     _Sepals._--Eight to twelve; petaloid; bright yellow, sometimes
+     greenish without. _Petals._--Twelve to eighteen; small; about
+     equaling the stamens, and resembling them.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous; red; recurved in age; pollen yellow.
+     _Ovary._--Large; eight- to twenty-celled. Stigma button-shaped;
+     many-rayed; four lines to an inch across. _Hab._--From Colorado
+     to Central California, and northward to Alaska.
+
+Most of us are familiar with the yellow water-lily, and have seen its
+pretty shield-shaped leaves floating upon the surface of some glassy pond,
+starred with its large, golden flowers. The latter are sometimes five
+inches across and quite showy. Sometimes entire marshes are covered with
+the plants. The large seeds are very nutritious, and form an important
+article of diet among the northern Indians.
+
+
+HUMBOLDT'S LILY. TIGER-LILY.
+
+_Lilium Humboldtii_, Roezl and Leichtlin. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulbs._--Large; often weighing over a pound; with scales two
+     or three inches long. _Stems._--Stout; purplish; three or four
+     feet high; eight- or ten-flowered, or more.
+     _Leaves._--Wavy-margined; roughish; _Flowers._--Large; six to
+     eight inches in diameter; golden yellow; spotted with pale
+     purple, turning to red or brown. _Segments._--Having papillose
+     prominences near the base. (Otherwise like _L. pardalinum_.)
+     _Hab._--The foothills of the Sierras; southward to San Diego.
+
+This wonderful lily, at first glance, resembles the common leopard- or
+tiger-lily--_L. pardalinum_--and it is found sometimes in the same regions
+as the latter, but never in the same kind of localities. It affects the
+loose soil of dry, upland woods, but never grows in wet or boggy places.
+Its flowers are larger than those of _L. pardalinum_, and have more of a
+golden hue and less of red in them.
+
+By July this lily is in full bloom and a magnificent sight. A plant was
+once known which had fifty buds and blossoms, thirty of which were open at
+once!
+
+
+COMMON SUNFLOWER.
+
+_Helianthus annuus_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     Hispid, coarse plants. _Stems._--Several feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly alternate; petioled; deltoid-ovate to
+     ovate-lanceolate; acuminate; three to seven inches long;
+     three-ribbed at base. _Flower-heads._--Large; three or four
+     inches across, including the rays; solitary; composed of yellow
+     ray-flowers and purple-brown, tubular disk-flowers.
+     _Involucre._--Of several series of imbricated, ovate, acuminate
+     scales. _Disk._--An inch or so across. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+The stately form of the sunflower is a common sight in the south, where
+whole fields are often covered with the plants. Their season of blossoming
+is supposed to be in the autumn, but we have seen them blooming just as
+gayly in March. This wild sunflower of the plains is believed to be the
+original parent of the large sunflower of our gardens.
+
+Its seeds are used by the Indians as food and in the preparation of
+hair-oil.
+
+Popular tradition makes this blossom a worshiper of the sun, and it is
+believed to follow him with admiring glances.
+
+    "The lofty follower of the sun,
+    Sad when he sets, shuts up her hollow leaves,
+    Drooping all night, and when he warm returns,
+    Points her enamored bosom to his ray."
+
+Another species--_H. Californicus_, DC.--found from San Francisco Bay
+southward, along streams, has something the same habit as the above, but
+may be known from it by its slender, smooth stems, leafy to the top, the
+long, sprawling, awl-shaped bracts of its involucre, and its more delicate
+flowers, about two and a half inches across. The disk-corollas are slightly
+pubescent below. This species has a rather strong balsamic odor.
+
+
+PINE-DROPS.
+
+_Pterospora andromedea_, Nutt. Heath Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high. _Bracts._--Crowded at base;
+     scattered above. _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--Three lines
+     long; yellowish. _Stamens._--Ten. Anthers tailed; opening
+     lengthwise. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style short. Stigma
+     five-lobed. _Hab._--Throughout California, and across the
+     continent.
+
+In our walks in the mountains, we occasionally encounter the flesh-colored
+wands of this curious plant. The colorless leaves are reduced to mere
+bracts, and the stems are densely clothed above with the little yellowish
+waxen bells. The whole plant is very viscid and disagreeable to handle.
+
+Though rare, it is found all across the continent. In the East it grows
+only under pine-trees, upon whose roots it is supposed to be parasitic,
+while in California it is said to be found under both oaks and pines.
+
+There is but a single species in this genus. The seed is furnished with a
+broad membranous wing, which has given rise to the name _Pterospora_,
+derived from two Greek words, meaning _wing_ and _seed_.
+
+[Illustration PINE-DROPS--_Pterospora andromedea_.]
+
+
+TARWEED.
+
+_Hemizonia luzulaefolia_, DC. Composite Family.
+
+     Glandular, strong-scented plants. _Stems._--Loosely branching;
+     slender; six inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--Linear; very
+     small above; elongated and withering early below.
+     _Flower-heads._--White or light yellow; composed of ray- and
+     disk-flowers. _Rays._--Six to ten; two to five lines long;
+     three-lobed. _Scales._--of the involucre each clasping a ray.
+     _Hab._--Common throughout the western part of the State.
+
+Under the common designation of "tarweed," plants belonging to two
+different genera--_Madia_ and _Hemizonia_--and comprising thirty or forty
+species, may be found. They are mostly annuals or biennials, with viscid,
+heavily scented foliage, which make themselves conspicuous in late summer
+and through the autumn. The _Hemizonias_ are distinctively Californian;
+while the _Madias_ we have in common with Chile. Their viscid exudation is
+particularly ruinous to wool and clothing, but alcohol is a solvent for it,
+and will generally remove it.
+
+We wonder how these plants, which flourish in our driest seasons, can
+extract so much moisture from the parched earth, and of what practical use
+this resinous secretion can be in their economy. Though some of them are
+described as having a disagreeable odor, many of them have a very pleasant
+balsamic fragrance, which gives our summer and autumn atmosphere a peculiar
+character of its own. Whole fields and hillsides are tinged with their warm
+olive foliage, or are yellow with their golden flowers, which appear like a
+fall revival of the buttercups. The flowers open mostly at night or in
+early morning, closing in bright sunshine.
+
+_Hemizonia luzulaefolia_ is a common species, whose flowers are redolent of
+the odor of myrrh.
+
+[Illustration TARWEED--_Hemizonia luzulaefolia_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN GOLDENROD.
+
+_Solidago Californica_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+_Stem._--Rather stout; low or tall. _Leaves._--Oblong, or the upper
+oblong-lanceolate, and the lower obovate. _Flowers._--In a dense, pyramidal
+panicle, four to twelve inches long, with mostly erect racemose branches.
+_Heads._--Three or four lines long; yellow. _Rays._--Small; seven to
+twelve; about as many as the disk-flowers. _Hab._--Throughout California,
+to Nevada and Mexico.
+
+Our State is not so rich in goldenrods as New England, yet we have several
+rather pretty species. _Solidago Californica_ is found upon dry hills, and
+blooms from July to October. It is said to thrive well under cultivation.
+
+It differs from the "Western goldenrod" in having its flowers in a
+pyramidal cluster.
+
+
+MOTH-MULLEIN.
+
+_Verbascum Blattaria_, L. Figwort Family.
+
+_Stem._--Tall and slender. _Leaves._--Alternate; oblong; crenate-toothed;
+nearly smooth; the upper ovate, acute, clasping. _Flowers._--Yellow or
+white; purple-tinged; an inch or so across; in a terminal raceme; the
+pedicels much exceeding the calyx-lobes. _Calyx._--Five-parted.
+_Corolla._--Wheel-shaped, with five rounded, somewhat unequal lobes.
+_Stamens._--Five. Filaments violet-bearded. Anthers confluently one-celled.
+Pollen orange-colored, copious. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style slender.
+_Hab._--The Upper Sacramento Valley, etc.; naturalized from Europe.
+
+The mulleins are natives of Europe, which have found their way across the
+water to us. Two or three species are now common in some localities. The
+moth-mullein is so called because its blossoms have the appearance of a
+number of delicate moths resting upon the stem. This is a tall, green
+plant.
+
+Another species--_V. Thapsus_, L.--is also quite common. In the Sacramento
+Valley its tall, woolly tapers may be seen leaning in every direction,
+giving the fields a disorderly appearance. This plant abounds throughout
+Europe and Asia, and was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who
+made lampwicks of its dried leaves and utilized its stalks, dipped in
+tallow, for funeral torches. In medieval Europe it was called "hag-taper,"
+because it was employed by witches in their incantations. In Europe at the
+present time it is known as the "American velvet-plant," because of a
+mistaken idea that it is a native of this country.
+
+
+WESTERN GOLDENROD.
+
+_Solidago occidentalis_, Nutt. Composite Family.
+
+     Smooth throughout. _Stems._--Paniculately branched; two to six
+     feet high. _Leaves._--Linear; entire; obscurely three-nerved;
+     two to four inches long; one to three lines wide.
+     _Flower-heads._--In numerous small, flat clusters, terminating
+     the slender branchlets; three lines long; yellow.
+     _Rays._--Sixteen to twenty not surpassing the eight to fourteen
+     disk-flowers. _Involucre._--Of imbricated scales; the outer
+     successively shorter. _Hab._--Near the Coast, from Southern
+     California to British America.
+
+The Western goldenrod, with its slender, willowy stems and small
+flower-clusters, may be found in wet places in late summer and early
+autumn. Its blossoms are acacia-scented.
+
+
+CREOSOTE-BUSH. GOBERNADORA. HIDEONDO.
+
+_Larrea Mexicana_, Moricand. Creosote-Bush Family.
+
+     Ill-smelling, resinous shrubs, four to ten feet high; diffusely
+     branched. _Leaves._--Opposite; with two unequal leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Three to six lines long; pointed; sessile.
+     _Flowers._--Solitary; yellow. _Sepals._--Five; silky;
+     deciduous. _Petals._--Five; three or four lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; on a small ten-lobed disk. Filaments winged
+     below. _Ovary._--Five-celled; Style slender. _Hab._--Inland
+     deserts of the southern part of the State.
+
+The most plentiful shrub growing in our southern desert regions is the
+creosote-bush, so called because its sticky leaves burn with a black smoke
+and a rank odor, between creosote and carbolic acid.
+
+These shrubs often cover vast tracts of arid soil, and in places are the
+only growth to be seen. The evergreen foliage is of a warm olive tone, and
+is borne at the ends of many slender, grayish branches. The small,
+stemless, opposite leaves, each divided almost to its base into two
+leaflets, spread butterfly-like upon the slender branchlets. The leaf-nodes
+are swollen into small, warty prominences, which are especially resinous.
+
+In many localities, especially in Arizona, the branches of this shrub are
+thickly incrusted with a certain gummy substance, which careful examination
+has proved to be almost identical with the East Indian shellac of commerce.
+This is caused by an insect of the genus _Coccus_, who stings the young
+twigs, at the same time laying its eggs in them, causing them to exude the
+gum. Could this gum be collected in sufficient quantities, it would
+doubtless prove a valuable article of commerce, probably not inferior to
+the East Indian lac. Dr. Edwd. Palmer writes that it is extensively used by
+our Indians as a cement with which to fasten their flint arrowheads to the
+shafts, to mend broken pottery, and to make water-tight their baskets,
+woven of grass and roots. The plant yields a greenish-yellow dye, with
+which they paint their persons and color their fabrics; but garments so
+dyed are said to emit a disagreeable odor always upon being heated.
+
+A lotion made by steeping the branches in water is said to be an excellent
+remedy for sores; while the leaves dried and reduced to powder are
+effectively used for the same purpose. Some of our pharmacists say that the
+plant is a valuable remedy for rheumatism.
+
+By the Spanish-Californians this shrub is known as "gobernadora" and
+"hideondo"; and by the American settlers of the desert it is known by
+several uncomplimentary names, among them the meaningless one of
+"greasewood."
+
+It blossoms in early summer.
+
+
+
+
+III. PINK
+
+
+[_Pink or occasionally or partially pink flowers not described in the Pink
+Section._
+
+_Described in the White Section_:--
+
+    ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM--Yarrow.
+    CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS--Mariposa Tulip.
+    CHIMAPHILA MENZIESII--Prince's Pine.
+    CONVOLVULUS LUTEOLUS--Wild Morning-glory.
+    GAULTHERIA SHALLON--Salal.
+    LATHYRUS TORREYI.
+    LATHYRUS VESTITUS--Common Wild Pea.
+    LAYIA GLANDULOSUM--White Daisy.
+    LILIUM RUBESCENS--Ruby Lily.
+    MALACOTHRIX SAXATILIS.
+    MESEMBRYANTHEMUM CRYSTALLINUM--Ice-Plant.
+    OENOTHERA CALIFORNICA--White Evening Primrose.
+    ORTHOCARPUS VERSICOLOR--White Owl's Clover.
+    PYROLA APHYLLA.
+    RHODODENDRON OCCIDENTALE--Californian Azalea.
+    RUBUS SPECTABILIS--Salmon-Berry.
+    SPIRAEA BETULIFOLIA--Pink Spiraea.
+    SPIRAEA DOUGLASII--Californian Hardhack.
+    SPRAGUEA UMBELLATA--Pussy's-Paws.
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    HOSACKIA GRACILIS.
+
+_Described in the Blue and Purple Section_:--
+
+    CALOCHORTUS SPLENDENS--Mariposa Tulip.
+    CALOCHORTUS UNIFLORUS.
+    TRILLIUM SESSILE--Californian Trillium.
+
+_Described in the Red Section_:--
+
+    GILIA AGGREGATA--Scarlet Gilia.
+
+_Described in the Miscellaneous Section_:--
+
+    CYPRIPEDIUM CALIFORNICUM--Californian Lady's Slipper.
+    GOMPHOCARPUS TOMENTOSUS--Hornless Woolly Milkweed.
+    RUMEX HYMENOSEPALUS--Wild Pie-Plant; Canaigre.]
+
+
+RED-STEMMED FILAREE. ALFILERILLA. CLOCKS. PIN-CLOVER.
+
+_Erodium cicutarium_, L'Her. Geranium Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Chiefly radical in a depressed rosette; six to ten
+     inches long; dissected into narrow toothed lobes. Stem-leaves
+     smaller. _Flowers._--Pink; four to eight in an umbel; parts in
+     fives. _Petals._--Four lines long. _Stamens._--Five perfect,
+     with flattened filaments; five reduced to mere scales.
+     _Carpels_ and styles one or two inches long; separating upward
+     from a central axis into twisted, bearded tails.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+The name "alfilerilla" is Spanish, coming from _alfiler_, a needle, and
+refers to the long, slender beak of the carpels. By corruption it has
+become "filaree."
+
+This plant is found in abundance everywhere, and is one of our most
+valuable forage-plants. It varies greatly in size, and becomes very rank in
+growth where the soil is rich. Ordinarily, it makes its appearance soon
+after the beginning of the rainy season, as a rosette of leaves lying upon
+the ground, and later it sends up its reddish stems. Its seed-vessels look
+like a group of fantastic, long-billed storks, and the long beaks of the
+carpels, as they separate from the central axis, begin to curl about any
+convenient object. They are thus widely disseminated in the hair of animals
+and the clothing of people. Children call them "clocks," and love to stand
+the seed up in their clothing and watch the beaks wind slowly about, like
+the hands of a timepiece.
+
+We have several other species of _Erodium_. _E. moschatum_, L' Her., is a
+coarser plant whose foliage has a musky fragrance, especially when wilted.
+It is also a valuable forage-plant and is commonly known as "musky filaree"
+or "green-stemmed filaree."
+
+_E. Botrys_, Bertoloni, is a very abundant plant. Its flowers are larger,
+six lines across, and are pink, strongly veined with wine-color. The beaks
+of its carpels are sometimes four inches long.
+
+[Illustration RED-STEMMED FILAREE--_Erodium cicutarium_.]
+
+
+REDWOOD-SORREL.
+
+_Oxalis Oregana_, Nutt. Geranium Family.
+
+     Herbs with sour juice. _Leaves._--With three leaflets; petioles
+     two to even twelve inches long. Leaflets one or two inches
+     broad; usually light-blotched. _Scapes._--One to six inches
+     long; one-flowered. _Sepals._--Five. _Petals._--Five; nine to
+     twelve lines long; white or rose-colored, often veined with
+     darker color; usually having an orange spot at base.
+     _Stamens._--Ten. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Styles five.
+     _Hab._--Coast woods, from Santa Cruz to Washington.
+
+In deep woods, "where no stir nor call the sacred hush profanes," the
+beautiful leaves and delicate flowers of the redwood-sorrel cover the
+ground with an exquisite tapestry, which catches the shimmer of the
+sunlight as it sifts down through the tall trees. If the goddess Nanna in
+passing left the print of her pretty fingers upon the clover, perhaps some
+wood-nymph may have touched the leaves of this charming plant. Each day as
+twilight deepens, the leaflets fold gently together and prepare to sleep.
+
+The small yellow oxalis--_O. corniculata_, L.--becomes a troublesome weed
+in our lawns.
+
+
+ROCK-CRESS.
+
+_Arabis blepharophylla_, Hook. and Arn. Mustard Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Four to twelve inches high.
+     _Radical-leaves._--Broadly spatulate; one or two inches long.
+     _Cauline-leaves._--Oblong; sessile. _All._--Ciliate.
+     _Flowers._--Purplish-pink. _Sepals._--Four; generally colored.
+     _Petals._--Four; six to nine lines long; clawed.
+     _Stamens._--Six; two shorter. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Stigma
+     button-shaped. _Pod._--Linear; an inch or more long; flattened.
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from San Francisco to Monterey.
+
+The bright magenta-colored blossoms of the rock-cress may be looked for in
+early spring along the hills of the Coast Ranges. This plant is said to be
+very beautiful in cultivation. The generic name was bestowed because many
+of the well-known species are natives of Arabia, while the formidable
+specific name means "eyelash-leaved," referring to the ciliate leaves.
+
+[Illustration REDWOOD-SORREL--_Oxalis Oregana_.]
+
+
+WILD HOLLYHOCK.
+
+_Sidalcea malvaeflora_, Gray. Mallow Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several; eight inches to two feet long.
+     _Leaves._--Round in outline; variously lobed and cut.
+     _Flowers._--Pink; in terminal racemes. _Calyx._--Five-cleft;
+     without bractlets. _Petals._--Five; united at base; one inch
+     long. _Stamens._--United in a column; in two series. Anthers
+     one-celled. _Ovaries._--Three to ten in a ring; separating at
+     maturity. Styles as many; filiform. _Hab._--The Coast from San
+     Diego to Mendocino County.
+
+In early spring the graceful sprays of the _Sidalcea_ bend over our meadows
+everywhere, making them bright with their pink blossoms, which the children
+call "wild hollyhocks." The stamens of these flowers are especially pretty
+and interesting if examined with a glass. By a careful dissection, the
+stamen-column is found to be double, its outer part bearing five bunches of
+stamens. The anthers are one-celled and of a beautiful rose-pink. They may
+be seen best by pulling apart one of the unopened buds.
+
+There are two kinds of these plants, one having large pale-pink flowers,
+which are perfect; the other bearing smaller deep rose-pink blossoms, in
+which the anthers are only rudimentary.
+
+There are quite a number of species of _Sidalcea_ in California, but they
+are very difficult of determination for the non-botanist.
+
+
+REDBUD. JUDAS-TREE.
+
+_Cercis occidentalis_, Torr. Pea Family.
+
+     Small trees or shrubs. _Leaves._--Alternate; slender-petioled;
+     round-cordate; palmately veined; smooth; about two inches in
+     diameter. _Flowers._--Rose-color; papilionaceous; clustered in
+     the axils. _Petals._--Four lines long; the standard smaller and
+     inclosed by the wings. _Stamens._--Ten; all distinct.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Pods._--Two or three inches long; thin.
+     _Hab._--Mt. Shasta to San Diego.
+
+By April, or earlier, our interior hills and valleys begin to show the rosy
+blossoms of the Judas-tree. The leafless branches are wreathed with the
+abundant flowers, which gives the shrub the appearance of a garden
+fruit-tree. When seen later, in its full summer foliage, it is almost
+equally attractive. Its shapely leaves are then diversified by the
+clusters of long purple pods, which hang gracefully among them.
+
+[Illustration WILD HOLLYHOCK--_Sidalcea malvaeflora_.]
+
+The Indians find the slender twigs of this shrub very useful in their
+basket-making. By means of the thumb-nail or flints, they split them into
+threads, which they use as woof.
+
+A closely allied species of _Cercis_, growing in Palestine, had, according
+to tradition, white flowers, until the arch-traitor Judas hanged himself
+from its limbs, when it blushed pink for very shame.
+
+In medieval Europe the Judas-tree was believed to be a favorite rendezvous
+for witches, and it was considered dangerous to approach one at nightfall.
+
+
+HUCKLEBERRY.
+
+_Vaccinium ovatum_, Pursh. Heath Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs, three to eight feet high. _Leaves._--Ovate to
+     oblong-lanceolate; leathery; smooth and shining. _Flowers._--In
+     axillary clusters: small; pinkish. _Calyx._--Minutely
+     fine-toothed. _Corolla._--Campanulate; two or three lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; anthers opening terminally. _Ovary._--Globose;
+     five-celled. Style filiform. _Berries._--Small; reddish,
+     turning black. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Monterey to
+     Vancouver Island.
+
+When in bloom our Californian huckleberry is a delightful shrub. Its
+leaves, which are of a particularly rich, shining green, are set at a
+characteristic angle to the red stems, contrasting finely with their warm
+tones; and the effect is heightened by the clusters of small pink and white
+waxen bells scattered here and there amid the foliage.
+
+The huckleberry is at its best upon the high ridges of the Coast Ranges,
+where it becomes especially luxuriant in the fog-nurtured region of the
+northern portion of the redwood belt. There its abundant berries become
+juicy and delicious, and are much sought for preserving and pie-making. Its
+branches, when cut, keep admirably in water and are favorite greens for
+household decoration.
+
+[Illustration HUCKLEBERRY--_Vaccinium ovatum_.]
+
+
+STAR-FLOWER. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.
+
+_Trientalis Europaea, var. latifolia_, Torr. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Root._--Tuberous. _Stem._--Four to eight inches high; with a
+     whorl of oval-pointed leaves one to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--White or pink; eight lines across. _Calyx_ and
+     rotate corolla seven-parted, sometimes six- to nine-parted;
+     divisions pointed. _Stamens._--As many as the corolla-lobes,
+     and opposite them. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style filiform.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Monterey northward.
+
+In April and May, as we walk through shaded woods, we begin to notice a
+trim little plant three or four inches high, with very slender stem,
+bearing at its summit a number of pretty leaves of varying size. A little
+later, we find among them one or two delicate pink, starry flowers on very
+slender, threadlike stems.
+
+The generic name is from the Latin _triens_, and is in allusion to the
+height of the plant, which is the third part of a foot.
+
+
+CLINTONIA.
+
+_Clintonia Andrewsiana_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Radical; oblong; six inches to one foot long; two to
+     four wide. _Flower-stem._--One or two feet high; with one leafy
+     bract. _Flowers._--Pink; many; in a terminal compound cluster
+     on pedicels an inch or less long. _Perianth._--Campanulate;
+     four to seven lines long. _Segments._--Six; gibbous at the
+     base. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Two- or three-celled.
+     _Fruit._--Beautiful, large, dark-blue berries. _Hab._--The
+     Coast Ranges, from Santa Cruz to Humboldt County.
+
+This is one of the most distinguished-looking plants of our deep coast
+woods. Its large leaves, of a rich polished green, arrange themselves
+symmetrically around the short stem, seeming to come from the ground--and
+so fine are they, that if no blossom appeared, we should feel the plant had
+fulfilled its mission of beauty. But in April a blossom-stalk shoots up
+from their midst, bearing upon its summit a cluster of deep rose-colored,
+nodding bells. These are succeeded later by a bunch of superb dark-blue
+berries, which might be made of lapis lazuli or the rarest old delft china.
+I remember a beautiful spot upon the Lagunitas Creek, where the stream,
+flowing over a brown, pebbly bottom, passes among the redwoods where their
+tall shafts make dim cathedral aisles,--
+
+            ... "forest-corridors that lie
+    In a mysterious world unpeopled yet."
+
+Here little yellow violets and the charming wood-sorrel carpet the ground,
+the fetid adder's-tongue spreads its mottled leaves, while groups of the
+lovely _Clintonia_ put the finishing touches to an already beautiful scene.
+
+
+LEMONADE-BERRY. MAHOGANY.
+
+_Rhus integrifolia_, Benth. and Hook. Poison-oak or Cashew Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs two to six feet high, becoming small trees
+     southward. _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; one to three
+     inches long; rigid; leathery. _Flowers._--Of two sexes, also
+     some perfect; in short, dense terminal clusters one to three
+     inches long; rose-colored or white. _Sepals_, petals, and
+     stamens four to nine; usually five. _Petals._--Rounded;
+     ciliate; one or two lines across. _Ovary._--One-celled. Stigmas
+     three. _Fruit._--Flat; one-seeded; six lines across; red;
+     viscid and acid. _Hab._--The Coast from Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+Growing everywhere upon the southern coast in great abundance, this shrub
+forms low, dense, wind-shorn thickets. Farther inland it rises to a height
+of several feet, with tough, India-rubber-like branches, and in Lower
+California it becomes a small tree. In its better estate it is very
+ornamental, especially in spring, when sprinkled with its clusters of small
+pink flowers. The little drupes are covered with an acid, oily substance,
+and have long been used by the Indians and Mexicans in the preparation of a
+lemonade-like drink. These people are so fond of this fruit that they dry
+it for winter use, grinding and roasting it as we do coffee. The wood of
+these shrubs is of a dark-red color, which is responsible for the common
+name, "mahogany."
+
+Another _Rhus_ very common in the valleys of Southern California is _R.
+laurina_, Nutt., usually called "sumach." It is an evergreen shrub, with
+smooth, lanceolate leaves, two or three inches long, exhaling a rather
+strong odor, considered by some like bitter almonds, and bearing dense
+clusters of small white flowers in midsummer. Its small drupes are only a
+line or two across. They are also coated with a waxen substance, and yield
+a pungent oil.
+
+In the mountains from Santa Barbara to San Diego is found another
+species--_R. ovata_, Wats. This has large leathery, pointed leaves, and is
+known as "lemonade-and-sugar-tree," as the acid berries are coated with a
+sweet, waxen substance, which the Indians value as sugar. Its leaves
+resemble in form those of the lilacs of our gardens.
+
+
+SHOOTING-STARS. WILD CYCLAMEN. MAD VIOLETS.
+
+_Dodecatheon Meadia_, L. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; tufted; from obovate to lanceolate.
+     _Scape._--Three to fifteen inches high; umbel two- to
+     twenty-flowered. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft, the divisions
+     reflexed in flower, erect in fruit. _Corolla._--With extremely
+     short tube, and an abruptly reflexed five-parted limb; white,
+     rose-color, or purple. _Stamens._--Five; opposite the
+     corolla-lobes. Filaments short; united. Anthers standing erect
+     around the long style, forming a beak; violet.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Throughout the continent;
+     exceedingly variable.
+
+The shooting-star is one of our prettiest spring flowers, which arrives a
+little before the baby-eyes and just as the brakes are unrolling their
+green crosiers. There is something particularly pleasing in these blossoms.
+It seems as though Nature had taxed her ingenuity to produce something
+original when she fashioned them. The name _Dodecatheon_, from the Greek,
+is entirely a fanciful one, and means "the twelve gods."
+
+Formerly _D. Meadia_, L., was considered the only species, embracing many
+widely varying forms; but of late botanists have made several of the forms
+into separate species.
+
+_D. Hendersoni_ (Gray), Ktz., is the species prevalent in our central and
+northern Coast Ranges. This has ovoid or obovoid, very obtuse, entire
+leaves, with broad petiole, equaling the blade, two inches long. Its
+flower-stem is from eight to twelve inches high, bearing a cluster of
+bright rose-purple flowers. The corolla has a short, dark-maroon tube,
+encircled by a band of yellow, sometimes merging into white. A variety of
+this with very slender stems and the flower parts in fours is common in the
+Bay region, and southward possibly to Santa Barbara. This is called _var.
+cruciata_. Its blossoms have a strong odor, suggestive of a tannery. In
+this species the capsule opens at the top, splitting into a number of
+little teeth, which soon turn downward.
+
+[Illustration SHOOTING-STARS--_Dodecathceon Hendersoni var. cruciata_.]
+
+_D. Clevelandi_, Greene, is a beautiful species found in the south. It
+sends up a tall shaft, crowned with a large cluster of beautiful blossoms,
+varying from a delicate lilac to pure white. The petals are ringed below
+with pale yellow, and the beak of the flower is a rich prune-purple. There
+is a certain generous, fine look about these flowers, although they are
+exquisitely delicate. Their charm is completed by a delicious perfume, like
+that of the cultivated cyclamen.
+
+Among the children the various forms are known by a number of names, such
+as "mad violets," "prairie-pointers," "mosquito-bills," and
+"roosters'-heads." The latter is said to be the designation of prosaic
+little boys who see in these blossoms gaming possibilities, and who love to
+hook them together and pull to see which head will come off first.
+
+
+PRICKLY PHLOX.
+
+     _Gilia Californica_, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Woody; two or three feet high. _Leaves._--Palmately
+     three- to seven-parted, with spreading, needle-like divisions,
+     two to four lines long. _Flowers._--Solitary, at the ends of
+     the branchlets; rose-pink or lilac, with a white eye.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla-limb._--An inch and a half
+     across. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Dry hills from Monterey to San
+     Bernardino.
+
+I hardly know how to describe these delightful flowers. At a little
+distance the plant-stems have almost the look of a cactus, so densely are
+they clothed with the small, rigid leaves. Nor does a closer acquaintance
+serve to lessen the likeness--for in our breathless haste to take
+possession of the beautiful blossoms we are quite certain to have their
+prickly character impressed upon the hands as well as upon the sight. The
+texture of the flowers is of the finest silk, with an exquisite sheen;
+and they have a delicate fragrance. Growing at the tips of the numerous
+branchlets, they often form large masses of rich rose-colored bloom, which
+are especially brilliant and showy against the warm foliage.
+
+[Illustration PRICKLY PHLOX--_Gilia Californica_.]
+
+In some localities they are called "rock-rose," an unfortunate name in two
+respects: it has long belonged to a yellow flower of an entirely different
+family--_Helianthemum_; and these blossoms do not in the least resemble a
+rose.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN FOUR-O'CLOCK.
+
+_Mirabilis Californica_, Gray. Four-o'clock Family.
+
+     _Stems._--From a woody base; a foot or two long.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate; six to fifteen lines long; rather thick.
+     _Flowers._--Magenta-colored; one to three in a campanulate,
+     calyx-like, five-toothed involucre. Involucres nearly sessile.
+     _Perianth._--Six lines long; open funnel-form; five-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Five. Anthers yellow. _Ovary._--Globose;
+     one-celled. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. _Hab._--Southern
+     California and eastward.
+
+When the heat of the day is over and the morning-glories are folding
+together their faded chalices, the bright little four-o'clocks begin to
+open their myriad magenta-colored eyes upon the closing day, and they,
+together with the evening primroses, will keep the vigils of the night.
+These diaphanous little flowers, with their long stamens resting on the
+lower side of the perianth, are like diminutive azaleas.
+
+They are very puzzling, and the part that baffles the young botanist is the
+calyx, which, as it sometimes has two or three corollas within it, cannot
+be considered a calyx at all, but must be called an involucre. In reality
+the corolla is absent, and the calyx, which is colored like a corolla, is
+called a perianth. This appears to sit upon the top of the round ovary, but
+in reality a green continuation of it is drawn down tightly over the
+ovary.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN FOUR-O'CLOCK--_Mirabilis Californica_.]
+
+
+BEACH MORNING-GLORY.
+
+_Convolvulus Soldanella_, L. Morning-glory Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or less long; trailing.
+     _Leaves._--Kidney-shaped; long-petioled; leathery; an inch or
+     two broad. _Flowers._--Pink to lavender; one to nearly three
+     inches across, with a pair of thin bracts just below the calyx,
+     partly enveloping it. (Otherwise as _C. luteolus_.) _Hab._--The
+     seashore from Puget Sound to San Diego.
+
+The beach morning-glory trails its stems over the shifting sands of the
+seashore, making clusters of beautiful foliage, over which the large,
+delicate flowers raise their exquisite satin funnels.
+
+
+CALYPSO.
+
+_Calypso borealis_, Salisb. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Bulb._--Small; solid. _Stem._--Three to six inches high.
+     _Leaf._--An inch or two long. _Sepals_ and petals light to deep
+     rose-color; six to nine lines long. _Lip._--Brownish pink,
+     mottled with purple. _Style._--Petaloid, oval, and concave,
+     bearing the hemispherical anther on its summit underneath.
+     _Hab._--The northern Coast Ranges; also across the continent.
+
+It has never been my good fortune to find this rare and exquisite little
+orchid, but beautiful specimens have been sent from the redwoods of Sonoma
+County and from Oregon. The books speak of it as growing in bogs; but I am
+told by those who gathered them that the little plants sit lightly upon the
+layer of needles that carpet the forest-floor. The roots scarcely penetrate
+the soil, so that the plants are easily disengaged without digging.
+
+Nature produced a perfect work when she fashioned this little plant, so
+simple, so charming in every way, with its one dainty leaf and one unique
+blossom. The form of the column is peculiarly interesting, being that of a
+curving concave petal, bearing the anther, in the shape of a hollow
+hemisphere, on its upper edge.
+
+[Illustration CALYPSO--_Calypso borealis_.]
+
+
+WILD PORTULACA.
+
+_Calandrinia caulescens_, HBK.; _var. Menziesii_, Gray. Purslane Family.
+
+     Decumbent, branching herbs, mostly smooth.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; linear to oblanceolate; one to three
+     inches long. _Flowers._--In loose racemes; rose-color or
+     magenta; about an inch across. _Sepals._--Two; keeled.
+     _Petals._--Mostly five. _Stamens._--Four to eleven.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender. Stigma three-cleft. Seeds
+     black, shining, lens-shaped. _Hab._--From Lower California to
+     Vancouver Island.
+
+The wild portulaca is very abundant, and in seasons favorable to its
+development is a very noticeable little plant. Its succulent stems have a
+spreading habit and bear many satiny flowers of a deep purplish-pink, which
+open in the bright sunshine. The petals, which are veined with a slightly
+darker color, become white toward the center, and the little anthers are
+full of orange-colored pollen. These blossoms have a delicate, somewhat
+musky perfume.
+
+Cattle are fond of the herbage, and the plants are considered excellent as
+potherbs and for salads. The seeds, which are a favorite food of the wild
+dove are very pretty, being lens-shaped, black and shining, with a granular
+surface.
+
+
+THE PRIDE OF CALIFORNIA.
+
+_Lathyrus splendens_, Kell. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Climbing; six to ten feet. _Leaflets._--About eight;
+     scattered; very variable; linear to lanceolate or oblong;
+     acute; mucronate; strongly three- to five-nerved.
+     _Tendrils._--Two- to five-parted. _Stipules._--Small;
+     semi-sagittate. _Peduncles._--Stout; usually seven- to
+     ten-flowered. _Flowers._--Very large; brilliant crimson.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed; eighteen-nerved. _Standard_ and keel an
+     inch or more long. _Pods._--Three inches long; smooth;
+     compressed; ten- to twenty-seeded. _Hab._--Parts of San Diego
+     County, and southward.
+
+Clambering over our wild shrubs, this wonderful pea gives them the
+appearance of being loaded with a magnificence of bloom quite unwonted. The
+blossoms are the richest and most gorgeous of crimsons throughout, and have
+such a superb air that it is difficult to believe they are not the product
+of centuries of careful selection by the gardener. The long standard turns
+back over the stem, continuing the gracefully outlined keel in a long
+compound curve. The blossoms hang from the stem in charming abandon, like a
+flock of graceful tropic-birds poising upon the wing before taking flight,
+or like a fleet of gayly decked pleasure-barges, with canopies thrown back,
+fit for the conveyance of a Cleopatra.
+
+[Illustration WILD PORTULACA--_Calandrinia caulescens_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN WILD CURRANT. INCENSE-SHRUB.
+
+_Ribes glutinosum_, Benth. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Shrubs six to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Three- to
+     five-lobed; glutinous when young; three to five inches broad.
+     _Flowers._--Rose-pink to pale pink; in long drooping racemes.
+     _Calyx._--Petaloid; five-lobed. _Petals_ and stamens five on
+     the calyx. _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles two; more or less
+     united. _Berries._--Blue, with a dense bloom; glandular-hispid.
+     _Syn._--_Ribes sanguineum_, Pursh. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges;
+     more common southward.
+
+In early winter in the south, and somewhat later northward, the wild
+currant becomes a thing of beauty hardly to have been expected. The young
+foliage, of a clear brilliant green, is gayly decked with the long clusters
+of peculiarly fresh pink blossoms, which seem like the very incarnation of
+the spirit of Spring, producing a certain _eblouissement_, which quickens
+our sense into an anticipation of beauty on every side.
+
+We are made aware of a strong, heavy fragrance emanating from this shrub,
+for which its numerous glands are responsible, and which has gained for it
+the popular name of "incense-shrub" in some localities.
+
+The fruit, which ripens toward fall, is dry and bitter, or insipid.
+
+The genus _Ribes_ includes the currant and the gooseberry, and furnishes us
+with several charming shrubs in California.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN WILD CURRANT--_Ribes glutinosum_.]
+
+
+GROUND-PINK. FRINGED GILIA.
+
+_Gilia dianthoides_, Endl. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     One to six inches high. _Leaves._--Six lines or so long; linear
+     to filiform. _Flowers._--Rose or lilac, blending inward to
+     white, with darker color or yellow in the throat.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Nine to twelve lines across;
+     fringed. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--From Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+In March our southern meadows and hill-slopes are all aglow with the lovely
+flowers of this charming little _Gilia_. The plants are tiny, often no more
+than an inch high, but are ambitious out of all proportion to their size,
+covering themselves with blossoms exquisitely delicate in texture, form,
+and coloring, which literally carpet the earth with an overlapping mosaic.
+
+It is a wonderful thought that upon every one of these countless millions
+of little flowers that clothe the fields Nature has bestowed such care that
+each is a masterpiece in itself.
+
+
+COMMON FLEABANE.
+
+_Erigeron Philadelphicus_, L. Sunflower Family.
+
+     Hairy, perennial herbs. _Stems._--One to three feet high; leafy
+     to the top. _Root-leaves._--Spatulate or obovate.
+     _Stem-leaves._--Oblong; sessile, with broad clasping base;
+     irregularly toothed. _Flower-heads._--In a loose corymb.
+     _Disks._--Yellow; three or four lines across.
+     _Rays._--Innumerable; very narrow; flesh-color to rose-purple;
+     about three lines long. _Hab._--Widely distributed on the
+     Pacific and Atlantic Coasts.
+
+The feathery, daisy-like flowers of the common fleabane are of frequent
+occurrence in moist meadows or along the roadsides in spring. The
+ray-flowers are so narrow as to form a delicate fringe around the disk.
+
+The common name arose from the belief that these plants were harmful to
+fleas.
+
+[Illustration GROUND-PINK--_Gilia dianthoides_.]
+
+
+TURKISH RUGGING.
+
+_Chorizanthe staticoides_, Benth. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     A foot high or more, with widely spreading branches.
+     _Leaves._--All radical; oblong; obtuse; twelve to thirty lines
+     long, including petioles. _Involucres._--Loosely clustered;
+     sessile; one-flowered; campanulate; with six bristle-like
+     teeth. _Perianth._--Pink; two lines long; six-lobed; not
+     fringed. _Stamens._--Mostly nine; on the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Styles three. Stigmas capitate.
+     _Hab._--From Monterey to San Diego.
+
+In late spring the dry, open hills of the south are overrun with the soft
+lavender of the _Chorizanthe_. The flowers are small, but the whole plant
+is purplish, and the stems are quite as productive of color as the
+blossoms. In fact, the whole plant seems to consist of a scraggly
+interlacement of slender branches and small flowers, as the leaves, which
+nestle close to the ground, are not very noticeable.
+
+
+CANCHALAGUA. CALIFORNIAN CENTAURY.
+
+_Erythraea venusta_, Gray. Gentian Family.
+
+     Six inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--Six to twelve lines
+     long; pale apple-green. _Calyx._--Usually five-parted.
+     _Corolla._--Bright pink, with yellow or white center; an inch
+     or so across. _Stamens._--Five; anthers spirally twisted after
+     shedding the pollen. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style slender.
+     Stigmas two. _Hab._--From Plumas County southward; more
+     abundant southward.
+
+Just as our attention has been called afresh to the fields by the sudden
+appearance of the "golden stars," or _Bloomeria_, in late spring, we find,
+as we stoop to gather them, a charming pink flower nestling close to the
+earth amid the grasses. Though low of stature, these firstlings of the
+season atone for it by brilliancy of color, and their pink blossoms have a
+peculiarly clean, fresh, wide-awake appearance, reminding one of a
+rosy-faced country wench.
+
+While enjoying their bright beauty, we do not for a moment suspect that we
+are paying homage to the famous "canchalagua" of the Spanish-Californians.
+No well-regulated household among these people is without bundles of these
+herbs strung upon the rafters--for they are considered by them an
+indispensable remedy for fevers; also, an excellent bitter tonic, and are
+said to possess rare antiseptic properties.
+
+[Illustration CANCHALAGUA--_Erythraea venusta_.]
+
+
+FALSE MALLOW.
+
+_Malvastrum Thurberi_, Gray. Mallow Family.
+
+     Shrubby at base; three to fifteen feet high; densely tomentose.
+     _Leaves._--An inch or two across; thick. _Flowers._--Clustered
+     in the axils of the leaves; or in an interrupted naked spike.
+     _Calyx._--Five-lobed; with one to three bractlets.
+     _Petals._--Five, about six lines long; rose-purple.
+     _Stamens._--United in a column. _Ovaries._--Numerous; united in
+     a ring. Styles united at base. Stigmas capitate. _Hab._--The
+     southern Coast Ranges and islands of the Coast.
+
+Upon the mesas of the south we often see a shrubby member of the mallow
+family, with long, wandlike branches ornamented with closely set, pink
+flowers, of delicate texture and pleasant perfume. This is the false
+mallow. It is a very handsome and noticeable shrub when in full bloom. The
+anthers are golden brown, and the stigmas are spherical instead of
+filiform. Upon the seashore it blooms much earlier than in the valleys
+inland.
+
+
+MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. FIG-MARIGOLD.
+
+_Mesembryanthemum aequilaterale_, Haworth. Fig-marigold Family.
+
+     Succulent plants. _Stems._--Elongating; forming large mats.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; sessile; fleshy; three-angled; two inches
+     or more long; oblong. _Flowers._--Terminal; solitary; fifteen
+     lines to two inches across; pink. _Calyx._--With top-shaped
+     tube and five-lobed border. _Petals._--Very numerous; linear.
+     _Stamens._--Innumerable. _Ovary._--Four- to twenty-celled.
+     Stigmas six to ten. _Hab._--The Coast, from Point Reyes
+     southward.
+
+The fig-marigold is a very common plant upon our seashore. It seems to
+flourish best toward the south, where it covers large tracts of sand with
+its succulent foliage, making mats of pleasant verdure in otherwise sandy
+wastes. Its stems often trail many yards down the cliffs, making beautiful
+natural draperies, decked with myriads of the pink blossoms. Because it is
+capable of withstanding the drouth in the most remarkable manner, it has
+been planted to produce verdure where irrigation is impossible. The very
+numerous slender petals give the flower the appearance at first sight of a
+_Composita_. The fruit is pulpy and full of very small seeds, like the fig,
+and has a suggestion of the flavor of the Isabella grape.
+
+[Illustration FALSE MALLOW--_Malvastrum Thurberi_.]
+
+Many species of _Mesembryanthemum_ are cultivated in our gardens, mostly as
+border-plants. The genus is a large one, most of the species being native
+of Southern Africa, and it is supposed that the three species now common
+upon our Coast were introduced in the remote past without the agency of
+man.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Gilia androsacea_, Steud. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to twelve inches high; erect; spreading.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; sessile; palmately five- to seven-parted;
+     seemingly whorled. _Flowers._--In terminal clusters.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-shaped; rose-pink, lilac, or white, with a
+     yellow or dark throat; its tube filiform, about an inch long;
+     limb eight to ten lines across. Filaments and style slender;
+     exserted. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Throughout the western part of
+     the State; into the Sierra foothills.
+
+The delicate flowers of this little plant may be found nestling amid the
+grasses of dry hill-slopes in late spring, often making charming bits of
+color. It is usually rather a low plant, but in specially favorable
+situations it rises to a foot in height. Its fragile flowers vary from pure
+white to lilac and a lovely rose-pink, and look like small phloxes.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Mimulus Douglasii_, Gray. Figwort Family.
+
+     Flowering at half an inch high; later becoming a span high.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate or oblong; three- to five-nerved at base;
+     narrowed into a short petiole. _Flowers._--Rich maroon, with
+     deeper color in the throat and some yellow below.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--An inch to eighteen lines
+     long; with dilated throat. Lower lip much shorter than the
+     ample, erect, upper one; sometimes almost wanting. (See
+     _Mimulus_.) _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+This little _Mimulus_ is quite common upon gravelly or stony hills. Its
+pert little maroon flowers, with their very long tubes and erect lobes, so
+ridiculously out of proportion to the size of the tiny plant, give it the
+look of some very important small personage.
+
+[Illustration _Gilia Androsacea._]
+
+
+BITTER-ROOT. SPAT'LUM. TOBACCO-ROOT.
+
+_Lewisia rediviva_, Pursh. Purslane Family.
+
+     _Root._--Very thick. _Leaves._--Clustered; linear-oblong; one
+     or two inches long. _Scapes._--One-flowered; one or two inches
+     long; jointed in the middle, with a whorl of five to seven
+     scarious bracts at the joint. _Sepals._--Six to eight; six to
+     nine lines long; scarious-margined. _Petals._--Twelve to
+     fifteen; rose-color, sometimes white; oblong; eight to sixteen
+     lines long; rotately spreading in sunshine. _Stamens._--Forty
+     or more. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style three- to eight-parted
+     nearly to the base. _Hab._--The mountains of California,
+     northward and eastward.
+
+Within our borders this little plant is not abundant, but must be sought
+upon mountain heights. Formerly it was supposed not to occur south of Mt.
+Diablo, but it has since been found in the mountains of the southern part
+of the State and at intermediate points. It is very abundant in Montana,
+where it has been adopted as the State flower.
+
+The plants are very small, being but an inch or two high, but the flowers
+are handsome and showy, and the delicate, rose-colored corollas, which are
+often two inches across, are of an exquisite silken texture. The root is
+remarkably large and thick for so small a plant, and it contains a
+nutritious, farinaceous matter, much esteemed by the Indians for food.
+Among them it is known as "spat'lum," and they gather large quantities of
+it, which they store in bags for future use.
+
+This was the "racine-amere," or "bitter-root," of the early French
+settlers. It is also known as "tobacco-root," because when boiled it has a
+tobacco-like odor.
+
+The specific name, _rediviva_, was bestowed because of the wonderful
+vitality of these plants. It is known upon good authority that specimens
+which had been drying for two years in an herbarium continued to produce
+leaves, and at last, when taken out and planted, went on growing and
+blossomed!
+
+This genus is an exception to the other members of the Purslane family, in
+having more than two sepals.
+
+
+SPINELESS TUNA.
+
+_Opuntia basilaris, var. ramosa_, Parish. Cactus Family.
+
+     Low; spreading; branching freely above. _Joints._--Flat;
+     smooth; without large spines, but with close tufts of minute
+     bristles; obovate or fan-shaped; five to eight inches long;
+     nearly as wide at the top. _Flowers._--Large; brilliant
+     rose-magenta; two or three inches long. _Fruit._--Dry;
+     sub-globose. (Flower-structure as in _O. Engelmanni_.)
+     _Hab._--The southern deserts and San Bernardino Mountains.
+
+In the arid regions of the southern interior, this _Opuntia_ is a very
+common one, and its large, brilliant rose-magenta flowers attract the
+attention wherever seen. They are very tempting blossoms, and it is hard to
+resist them, even though we know the penalty will be the conversion of
+thumbs and fingers into pin-cushions for innumerable, minute, tormenting
+thorns.
+
+
+SNOW-BERRY.
+
+_Symphoricarpos racemosus_, Michx. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to four feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; cuneate to oblong; entire or lobed; nine to
+     eighteen lines long. _Flowers._--Small; mostly in terminal
+     clusters. _Calyx._--Adnate to the ovary; with five-toothed
+     border. _Corolla._--Campanulate; five-lobed; three lines long;
+     waxen; pinkish; very hairy within. _Stamens._--Five; on the
+     corolla. _Ovary._--Four-celled. _Berries._--Waxen-white; six
+     lines in diameter. _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+In early winter the pure-white clusters of the snow-berry, on their almost
+leafless stems, make flecks of light through the dun woods. At this season
+of few woodland attractions, these berries, together with the trailing
+sprays of the fragrant yerba buena and the long graceful leaves of the
+iris, are about the only trophies to be obtained upon a walk. In early
+spring, when their slender twigs first begin to leaf out, these little
+shrubs are among the most delicate and airy of growing things, and make a
+tender veil of green through the shadowy woodland. The blossoms, which
+arrive rather late, are inconspicuous.
+
+
+TREE-MALLOW.
+
+_Lavatera assurgentiflora_, Kell. Mallow Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Six to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Three to nine
+     inches across. _Flowers._--Pink, veined with maroon.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft, with an involucel below, like a second
+     calyx. _Petals._--Twelve to eighteen lines long.
+     _Filaments._--Numerous; united in a column.
+     _Styles._--Numerous; filiform. _Carpels._--One-seeded, in a
+     ring around an axis; separating at maturity. _Hab._--The
+     islands off the Coast; cultivated on the mainland north to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+
+The _Lavateras_ are Old-World plants, with the exception of a few species
+which are natives of the islands of our southern coast. In the early days
+the Padres planted the above species (_L. assurgentiflora_) plentifully
+around the old Missions, and thence it has spread and become spontaneous in
+many localities. It can be seen in San Francisco, planted as wind-break
+hedges about the market-gardens, where it thrives luxuriantly as long as it
+is protected from cattle.
+
+The leaves and twigs abound in mucilage, and are very fattening and
+nutritious food for sheep and cattle, who are very fond of it.
+
+
+WILD HONEYSUCKLE.
+
+_Lonicera hispidula_, Dougl. Honeysuckle Family.
+
+     Woody; climbing and twining. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; oval; pale; one to three inches long; the upper
+     pairs uniting around the stem. _Flowers._--Pink; in spikes of
+     several whorls. _Calyx._--Minute; growing to the ovary; border
+     five-toothed. _Corolla._--Tubular; six lines to an inch long;
+     bilabiate; the lips strongly revolute; the upper four-lobed,
+     the lower entire. _Stamens._--Five; much exserted.
+     _Ovary._--Two- or three-celled. Style slender. Stigma capitate.
+     _Berries._--Scarlet; translucent. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+In early summer the climbing honeysuckle with its pale foliage flings its
+long arms over neighboring trees and shrubs, showing glimpses here and
+there of small pinkish flowers. But it is far more noticeable in the fall,
+when its long pendulous branches are laden with the fine clusters of
+translucent, orange-red berries. It is quite variable and has many forms,
+which are all considered varieties of the one species.
+
+[Illustration TREE-MALLOW--_Lavatera assurgentiflora_.]
+
+
+PINK PAINT-BRUSH. ESCOBITA.
+
+_Orthocarpus purpurascens_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to twelve inches high. _Leaves._--Variously
+     parted into filiform divisions. _Bracts._--About equaling the
+     flowers; tipped with crimson or pale pink. _Corolla._--About an
+     inch long; the lower lip only moderately inflated and
+     three-saccate; the upper long, hooked, bearded, crimson.
+     _Stigma._--Large. (See _Orthocarpus_.) _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed.
+
+The bright-magenta tufts of the pink paint-brush are often so abundant that
+they give the country a purplish hue for miles at a stretch. The
+Spanish-Californians have a pretty name for these blossoms, calling them
+"escobitas," meaning "little whisk-brooms."
+
+_O. densiflorus_, Benth., is a very similar species; but its corolla has a
+straight upper lip, without hairs.
+
+
+CLARKIA.
+
+_Clarkia elegans_, Dougl. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to six feet high; simple or branching.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; broadly ovate to linear; dentate; an inch
+     or more long. _Petals._--About nine lines long; with long,
+     slender claws and rhomboidal blades; pink. _Stamens._--Eight;
+     all perfect. Filaments with a hairy scale at base.
+     _Stigma._--Four-lobed. _Capsule._--Six to nine lines long;
+     sessile. (Otherwise as _C. concinna_.) _Hab._--Widely
+     distributed.
+
+This plant is a very common one along our dusty roadsides in early summer,
+and it shows a facility in adapting itself to quite a range of climate and
+condition. It grows from six inches to six feet high, is nearly smooth or
+quite hairy, and has rather large flowers or quite small ones. Its scarlet
+stamens, purple-pink petals, and often deeper purple sepals make an odd
+combination of color. It often grows in showy masses, making patches of
+glowing color under the shade of trees.
+
+[Illustration PINK PAINT-BRUSH--_Orthocarpus purpurascens_.]
+
+
+CHAPARRAL PEA.
+
+_Pickeringia montana_, Nutt. Pea Family.
+
+     Evergreen, much branched, spiny shrubs, four to seven feet
+     high. _Leaves._--With from one to three leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Three to nine lines long.
+     _Flowers._--Magenta-colored; solitary; sessile; seven to nine
+     lines long; papilionaceous. _Stamens._--All ten distinct.
+     _Pod._--One-celled; two inches long. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges,
+     from Lake County to San Diego.
+
+Upon wild mountain-slopes where are heard the fluting notes of a certain
+shy bird that rarely comes near habitations, the chaparral pea often makes
+dense, impenetrable thickets. It would be impossible to mistake it for any
+other shrub, with its solitary magenta-colored pea-blossoms, which often
+cover the bushes with a mass of color. Its green branchlets terminate in
+long, rigid spines, which are often clothed with small leaves nearly to the
+end.
+
+Woe to him who tries to penetrate the chaparral when it is composed of this
+formidable and uncompromising shrub! The result is quite likely to be a
+humiliating progress upon hands and knees before he can extricate himself,
+probably with torn garments and scratched visage.
+
+
+HEDGE-NETTLE.
+
+_Stachys bullata_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Rough, pubescent herbs. _Stem._--Ten to eighteen inches high;
+     four-angled. _Leaves._--Opposite; ovate or ovate-oblong;
+     cordate; coarsely crenate; wrinkly veined; petioled; an inch or
+     two long. _Flowers._--Pinkish; in a narrow, interrupted spike.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Eight lines long; bilabiate.
+     Upper lip erect; lower deflexed, of three unequal lobes,
+     spotted with purple. _Stamens._--Four. Filaments hairy. Anthers
+     divergently two-celled. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     Style filiform. Stigma two-cleft. _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+The hedge-nettles are common weeds, of which we have several species. _S.
+bullata_, so called on account of its leaves, which look as though
+blistered, is the most widespread. It is quite variable in aspect, and we
+are constantly meeting it in new guises and being deceived into believing
+it something finer than it really is, through some subtle change in its
+usually homely little pink flowers.
+
+[Illustration CHAPARRAL PEA--_Pickeringia montana_.]
+
+
+TWINING HYACINTH.
+
+_Brodiaea volubilis_, Baker. Lily Family.
+
+     Coated corm about one inch in diameter. _Leaves._--All radical;
+     broadly linear; a foot or more long. _Scape._--Twining; two to
+     even twelve feet long; naked. _Umbel._--Many-flowered.
+     _Perianth._--Five to eight lines long; rose-color without,
+     whitish within. _Stamens._--Three; alternating with three
+     notched staminodia. Filaments winged; very short.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style short. Stigma capitate.
+     _Syn._--_Stropholirion Californicum_, Torr. _Hab._--Sierra
+     foothills, from Mariposa County northward.
+
+In this plant we see the _Brodiaea_ disporting itself in a very odd manner,
+having vinelike aspirations. It produces several long leaves, which lie
+prostrate upon the ground, and then the stem puts in its appearance and
+commences a wonderful series of evolutions not to be outdone by any
+contortionist. It twists and clambers and climbs, reaching a height of five
+or six feet, often having expended twice that amount of stem in its
+convolutions.
+
+During this remarkable process, which consumes from two to four weeks, the
+terminal bud has remained dormant. But it now commences to grow, and in a
+couple of weeks the flower-cluster is complete in all its beauty. It is
+sometimes six inches across.
+
+It often happens that before the flower has blossomed, the stem is broken
+off at the ground. Strangely enough, this seems not to matter at all, for
+it grows on and perfects its flowers just as though nothing had occurred.
+People often bring the stem indoors and allow it to climb up over the
+curtains, where they can watch the interesting process of its growth.
+
+[Illustration TWINING HYACINTH--_Brodiaea volubilis_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY.
+
+_Rhododendron Californicum_, Hook. Heath Family.
+
+     Evergreen shrubs three to fifteen feet high. _Leaves._--Four to
+     six inches long; leathery. _Flowers._--Rose-pink; in large
+     clusters. _Calyx._--Small; with rounded lobes.
+     _Corolla._--Broadly campanulate; two inches or so across;
+     slightly irregular; with wavy, margined lobes; the upper
+     spotted within. _Stamens._--About equaling the corolla. Style
+     crimson. Stigma funnel-form. (Otherwise as _R. occidentale_.)
+     _Hab._--From British Columbia to Marin County.
+
+In our northern counties the rugged mountain-sides are often densely
+covered with the lovely rose-bay, which in early summer presents an
+appearance it would be impossible to rival. When the foliage, which is very
+rich in both quality and hue, is thickly massed with the great glowing
+flower-clusters, the sight is worth a pilgrimage to see. It is a shrub so
+beautiful, we marvel it is not generally cultivated in gardens.
+
+The bees are very fond of the blossoms, but popular tradition ascribes a
+poisonous quality to the honey made from them.
+
+We have noticed no perfume in these flowers, but the leaves are often quite
+pleasantly fragrant.
+
+
+COMMON WILD ROSE.
+
+_Rosa Californica_, Cham. and Schlecht. Rose Family.
+
+     Erect shrubs three to eight feet high. Prickles few; stout;
+     recurved; mostly in pairs beneath the entire stipules.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; pinnate; with five to seven leaflets.
+     _Leaflets._--Ovate or oblong; serrate. _Flowers._--Few to many
+     in clusters; pale-pink. _Calyx._--With urn-shaped tube and
+     five-cleft border, whose lobes are foliaceously tipped.
+     _Petals._--Five; six to nine lines long. _Stamens._--Very
+     numerous. _Ovaries._--Several; bony; in, but free from, the
+     calyx-tube. _Hips._--Many; four or five lines through.
+     _Hab._--From San Diego to Oregon.
+
+The wild rose is one of the few flowers that blooms cheerfully through the
+long summer days, lavishing its beautiful clusters of deliciously fragrant
+flowers as freely along the dusty roadside as in the more secluded thicket.
+In autumn it often seems inspired to a special luxuriance of blossoming,
+and it lingers to greet the asters and mingle its pink flowers and
+brilliant scarlet hips with their delicate lilacs.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN ROSE-BAY--_Rhododendron Californicum_.]
+
+_R. gymnocarpa_, Nutt., "the redwood-rose," is exquisitely dainty. This is
+found in shady places under the trees. It blooms earlier than the common
+species, and is neither so abundant nor so fragrant. Its flowers are barely
+an inch across and of a bright pink. The prickles are straight, and the
+calyx-lobes are without leafy tips, while the leaflets are small and
+shapely.
+
+
+BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA.
+
+_Clarkia concinna_ (F. and M.), Greene. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--One or
+     two inches long. _Flowers._--Axillary; sessile; parts in fours.
+     _Calyx._--Red-pink; tube an inch or more long.
+     _Petals._--Rose-pink; six lines to over an inch long.
+     _Ovary._--Four-celled. _Syn._--_Eucharidium concinnum_, Fisch.
+     and Mey. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Santa Barbara to
+     Mendocino County.
+
+In June these charming blossoms may be found in the company of the
+maidenhair fern fringing the banks of shady roads, or standing in glowing
+masses under the buckeye-trees. In them nature has ventured upon one of
+those rather daring color combinations of which we would have hardly
+dreamed, and the result is delightful. The petals are bright rose-pink,
+while the sepals are of a red pink.
+
+
+SPREADING DOGBANE.
+
+_Apocynum androsaemifolium_, L. Dogbane Family.
+
+     Erect; one to three feet high; spreading. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     short-petioled; ovate or roundish; an inch or two long.
+     _Flowers._--Clustered; pink. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--Campanulate; three or four lines long; with five
+     revolute lobes; having a small scale at base, opposite each
+     lobe. _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla. Filaments short.
+     Anthers erect around the stigma. Style none. _Ovaries._--Two;
+     becoming a pair of long pods. Seeds silky-tufted.
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed in the United States.
+
+[Illustration BEAUTIFUL CLARKIA--_Clarkia concinna_.]
+
+The small pink flowers of the spreading dogbane may be found all through
+the summer, often upon our driest hillsides. The shapely little blossoms
+are of a flesh-tint without, richly veined with deeper pink within, and
+quite fragrant. The plants have a milky juice and a tough fiber in the
+stem, similar to that in the American-Indian hemp. The plant was formerly
+supposed to be poisonous to dogs, from which fact it received its generic
+name, which translated gives the common English name, "dogbane." It is used
+in medicine as a remedy for rheumatic gout. The very long pods seem
+absurdly out of proportion to the small flowers.
+
+_A. cannabinum_, L., the American-Indian hemp, is also found within our
+borders, but it grows along stream-banks and in marshy places. It has
+oblong, pointed leaves, and small greenish-white flowers, only two lines
+long, whose close cylindrical corollas hardly surpass the calyx. The
+yellowish-brown bark of this plant is very tough and fibrous, and at the
+same time soft and silky. Our Indians have always found it of the utmost
+value in the making of ropes, lariats, nets, mats, baskets, etc., and
+before the coming of the white man they even made certain articles of
+clothing of it. A tincture made from the root is a recognized drug in the
+pharmacopoeia. Professor Thouin, of Paris, says that a permanent dye may be
+obtained from a decoction of it, which is brown or black, according to the
+mordant used.
+
+
+FIRECRACKER FLOWER.
+
+_Brodiaea coccinea_, Gray. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Grasslike, a foot or two long. _Scape._--One to
+     three feet high; six- to fifteen-flowered. _Perianth._--An inch
+     or two long; rich crimson; the limb of six green or yellowish
+     oblong lobes. _Stamens._--Three; on the perianth. Filaments
+     adnate to its tube. Anther tips exserted. _Staminodia._--Three;
+     broad; short; white; on the throat of the perianth, alternating
+     with the stamens. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style exserted.
+     Stigma three-lobed. _Syn._--_Brevoortia coccinea_, Wats.
+     _Hab._--The mountains from Mendocino County to Shasta County.
+
+[Illustration FIRECRACKER FLOWER--_Brodiaea coccinea_.]
+
+When our northern valleys have become parched by the first heat of
+summer, many beautiful flowers are still to be found in deep canyon
+retreats, where the streams, overarched by great shadowing oaks, gush
+downward through leafy copses of hazelwood and thimble-berry by beds of
+moss and fern. Upon the walls of such charming gorges the firecracker
+flower rears its slender stem and shakes out its bunch of brilliant
+crimson blossoms. These are a prophetic symbol of our national holiday
+rather than an aid to its celebration--for they have often passed away
+before the Fourth of July.
+
+
+GODETIA. FAREWELL TO SPRING.
+
+_Godetia viminea_, Spach. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; sometimes stout.
+     _Leaves._--Linear to linear-lanceolate; entire; an inch or two
+     long; distant. _Flowers._--Nodding in the bud.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Two to four lines long. _Petals._--Deep
+     rose-color, sometimes yellowish at base with a dark spot; nine
+     to fifteen lines long. _Capsules._--Smoothish; eight to
+     eighteen lines long; its sides two-ribbed; sessile or
+     short-pediceled. (See _Godetia_.) _Hab._--From the Columbia
+     River southward to Ventura.
+
+In early summer the rosy flowers of this _Godetia_ make bright masses of
+color along dry banks and hill-slopes. Its blossoms are very variable as to
+marking. Sometimes the petals have a bright crimson blotch at the base and
+sometimes they are without it, both forms often occurring upon the same
+plant. In some seasons all the flowers are without the blotch.
+
+_G. grandiflora_, Lindl., found in Humboldt and Mendocino Counties, is
+probably the most showy species we have. The plants are a foot or two high
+and covered all over with the wonderful flowers, which are often four
+inches across. These are delicate pink, blotched with rich crimson.
+
+_G. Bottae_, Spach., is an exquisite species found in the Coast Ranges,
+from Monterey to San Diego. Its very slender stems lift the fragile,
+satiny cups above the dried grasses in charming companies. These blossoms
+also vary much. Among the prettiest forms is one which is pale rose or
+lilac, blending to white at the center, delicately striate with
+purple-dotted lines, and having a rich purple spot in the center. This
+often grows with the lilac butterfly-tulip, _Calochortus splendens_, and
+at a little distance is so similar, it is difficult to distinguish it from
+the lily. But the lily rarely or never grows in throngs. The capsules of
+this species have pedicels from three to nine lines long.
+
+[Illustration FAREWELL TO SPRING--_Godetia viminea_.]
+
+
+BLEEDING-HEART.
+
+_Dicentra formosa_, DC. Bleeding-heart Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Ternately dissected, with toothed leaflets.
+     _Scapes._--Six inches to two feet high.
+     _Flowers._--Rose-colored to pale pink, sometimes almost white
+     or yellowish; nodding. (Floral structure as in _D.
+     chrysantha_.) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from Middle
+     California to British Columbia.
+
+The bleeding-heart is a rather shy flower, and never makes itself common
+enough to dull our enthusiasm for it. It fully merits its specific name,
+for it is a plant of elegant form throughout, from its shapely divided
+leaves to its graceful clusters of pendent hearts. It is found in the woods
+of our Coast Ranges, but may be seen to best advantage when nestling amid
+the lush grasses of Sierra meadows.
+
+
+INDIAN RHUBARB. UMBRELLA-PLANT.
+
+_Saxifraga peltata_, Torr. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Thick; creeping. _Leaves._--Radical;
+     long-petioled; a foot or more across when mature; nine- to
+     fourteen-lobed; centrally depressed. _Scapes._--One to three
+     feet high. _Calyx._--Five-lobed. _Petals._--Five; roundish;
+     three lines or more long; purplish-pink. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     _Ovaries._--Two; distinct. Stigmas capitate or reniform.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from Mariposa County to Mt. Shasta; also
+     Mendocino County.
+
+Upon the borders of our swift-flowing mountain streams, where the
+water-ouzel flies up and down all day, sometimes filling the air with
+melody as he passes, may be seen the large lotus-like leaves of this great
+Saxifrage. They stand with their dark, warm stems in the water; or, poising
+upon the brink, they lean gracefully over it, making myriad reflections in
+the brown depths below, while every passing breeze awakens a quick response
+among them.
+
+Early in the season, before the coming of the leaves, these plants send up
+tall stems with dense, branching clusters of handsome purplish-pink
+flowers. The leaves, small at first, continue to grow until late summer,
+when they have reached their perfection; after which they begin to deepen
+into the richest of autumn hues.
+
+[Illustration BLEEDING-HEART--_Dicentra formosa_.]
+
+This plant is commonly called "Indian rhubarb," because the Indians are
+extravagantly fond of the stalks of the leaves and flowers. It is now
+cultivated in Eastern gardens.
+
+
+GREAT WILLOW-HERB. FIREWEED.
+
+_Epilobium spicatum_, Lam. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Often four to seven feet high. _Leaves._--Scattered;
+     willow-like. _Flowers._--Purplish-pink; an inch or more across.
+     _Calyx-tube._--Linear; limb four-parted; often colored.
+     _Stamens._--Eight. Anthers purplish. _Ovary._--Four-celled.
+     Seeds silky-tufted. _Syn._--_E. angustifolium_, L. _Hab._--The
+     Sierras; eastward to the Atlantic; also in the North Coast
+     mountains. Found also in Europe and Asia.
+
+This plant has received one of its English names, because its leaves are
+like those of the willow and its seeds are furnished with silken down, like
+the fluff on the willow.
+
+It is our finest and most showy species of _Epilobium_, and is also found
+in the Eastern States, where it is still known by a former name--_E.
+angustifolium_, L. Owing to the fact that it grows with special luxuriance
+in spots which have been recently burned over, it is commonly known as
+"fireweed." It may be found in perfection in the Sierras in August, where
+its great spikes of large pink flowers make showy masses of color along the
+streams and through the meadows, commanding our warmest admiration.
+
+In the fall the tall, pliant, widely branching stems of the "autumn
+willow-herb"--_E. paniculatum_, Nutt.--stand everywhere by the roadside.
+The small pink flowers, half an inch across, terminate the almost leafless
+stems, and later are replaced by the dry, curled remains of the opened
+capsules and the feathery down of the escaping seeds.
+
+[Illustration GREAT WILLOW-HERB--_Epilobium spicatum_.]
+
+
+ALPINE HEATHER.
+
+_Bryanthus Breweri_, Gray. Heath Family.
+
+     Dwarf evergreens; six inches to a foot high; woody.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; linear; three to seven lines long.
+     _Flowers._--Purplish-rose; on glandular pedicels.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed; small. _Corolla._--Saucer-shaped; six
+     lines or so across. _Stamens._--Seven to ten. Anthers
+     two-celled; opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled. Style
+     slender. Stigma capitate. _Hab._--The High Sierras.
+
+This little plant, to which Mr. Muir fondly alludes in his charming book,
+"The Mountains of California," may be found blooming in July and August in
+the Sierras. Sometimes it nestles in rocky crevices in the cool drip of the
+snow-banks, and again it ventures boldly out into the openings, where it
+spreads its rich carpet, covered with a wealth of rosy bloom. From the
+abundance of this little heathling about its shores, one of our mountain
+lakes has received the name of "Heather Lake."
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Silene Gallica_, L. Pink Family.
+
+Hairy. _Stems._--Generally several. _Leaves._--Spatulate; six to eighteen
+lines long. _Flowers._--In terminal, one-sided racemes; four or five lines
+long; short-pediceled. _Petals._--Pale rose-color or almost white; barely
+exceeding the calyx. (Flower-structure as in _S. Californica_.)
+
+This little weed has come to us from Europe, and it is now so widely
+distributed, both near the sea and inland, that it is hard to believe it is
+not native. The slender racemes are from two to four inches long, and the
+little flowers vary from white to pale pink. They can boast none of the
+showy beauty of their relatives, the Indian pink and the Yerba del Indio.
+
+[Illustration ALPINE HEATHER--_Bryanthus Breweri_.]
+
+
+ALPINE PHLOX.
+
+_Phlox Douglasii_, Hook. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     Plants forming cushion-like tufts; three or four inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Needle-like; six lines or less long; with shorter
+     ones crowded in the axils. _Flowers._--Pink, lilac, or white;
+     sessile; terminating the branchlets. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-form; with five-lobed border.
+     _Stamens._--Five; on the tube of the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style three-lobed. _Hab._--The Sierras,
+     from Mariposa County northward and eastward.
+
+This delightful little flower may be found in the Sierras at an altitude of
+from five to ten thousand feet. It loves the open sunshine of the cool
+mountain heights, and with its cushiony tufts clothes many a bit of granite
+soil with beauty. It seems undaunted by its stern surroundings, and lifts
+its innocent eyes confidingly to the skies which bend gently over it--those
+skies
+
+    "So fathomless and pure, as if
+    All loveliest azure things have gone
+    To heaven that way--the flowers, the sea,--
+    And left their color there alone."
+
+
+PINK MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus Lewisii_, Pursh. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; eighteen inches or so high.
+     _Leaves._--Sessile; oblong-ovate to lanceolate; denticulate;
+     somewhat viscid. _Peduncles._--Elongated. _Corolla._--Eighteen
+     lines to two inches long; with tube exceeding the calyx and
+     five ample spreading ciliate lobes; rose-color or paler, with
+     usually a darker stripe down the center of each lobe. Ridges of
+     lower lobe yellow and spotted; bearded. _Stamens._--Included.
+     (See _Mimulus_.) _Hab._--The Sierras, from Central California
+     northward and eastward to Montana.
+
+One of the most beautiful of all our monkey-flowers is this charming
+species, which is found along the cold streams of the Sierras. Its large
+flowers have a fragile, delicate look, and the light stems and leaves are
+of an exquisite green.
+
+I remember coming upon a delightful company of these blossoms, in a little
+emerald meadow upon the margin of one of those alpine lakelets which nestle
+among the granite crags. They seemed the most fitting flowers for just such
+a high, pure atmosphere.
+
+[Illustration ALPINE PHLOX--_Phlox Douglasii_.]
+
+
+SIERRA PRIMROSE.
+
+_Primula suffrutescens_, Gray. Primrose Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Wedge-shaped, an inch or so long; clustered at the
+     ends of the branches. _Flower-stems._--Several inches high.
+     Umbel several-flowered. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--Salver-shaped; an inch or less across; deep
+     rose-color, with a yellow eye. _Stamens._--High on the
+     corolla-throat opposite its lobes. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style
+     slender. _Hab._--The Sierras.
+
+If one takes his alpenstock in hand and climbs to the snow line in late
+summer, he is apt to be rewarded by the charming flowers of the Sierra
+primrose. The little plants grow in the drip of the snow-banks, where the
+melting ice gradually liberates the tufts of evergreen leaves. The glowing
+flowers look as though they might have caught and held the last rosy
+reflection of the sunset upon the snow above them.
+
+
+PRIDE OF THE MOUNTAINS.
+
+_Pentstemon Menziesii, var. Newberryi_, Gray. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to a foot high; woody at base.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate, obovate, or oblong; an inch or less long;
+     leathery. _Peduncles._--Usually one-flowered, forming a short,
+     glandular-pubescent raceme. _Corolla._--Bright rose-pink; an
+     inch long. _Anthers._--White-woolly; with divergent cells. (See
+     _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--The High Sierras of Central California.
+
+This charming _Pentstemon_ is one of the most gracious flowers to be found
+in the Sierras in late summer. Upon banks overhanging the streams, or
+growing at great heights under the open sky, it makes many a rock-shelf gay
+with its brilliant pink blossoms.
+
+We wonder how it can possibly subsist upon the hard, glittering granite;
+but there the mystery of its life continues from day to day, and there it
+cheerfully produces its masses of bright flowers, which gladden the weary
+climber to these snowy heights.
+
+This species of _Pentstemon_ is well marked by its white-woolly anthers,
+which almost fill the throat. Northward it passes into the typical _P.
+Menziesii_, which has flowers from violet-blue to pink-purple.
+
+[Illustration SIERRA PRIMROSE--_Primula suffrutescens_.]
+
+
+LESSINGIA.
+
+_Lessingia leptoclada_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     Finely white-woolly. _Stems._--From a few inches to two feet
+     high, with numerous, almost filiform branchlets, bearing few or
+     solitary heads of pink or white flowers. _Lower
+     leaves._--Spatulate; sparingly toothed; withering early. _Upper
+     leaves._--Lanceolate, or linear and entire; sessile; uppermost
+     diminished into remote, subulate bracts. _Heads._--Five- to
+     twenty-flowered. Of tubular disk-flowers only. Outer flowers
+     much larger. _Involucre._--Silky hairy; broadly campanulate;
+     with imbricated, appressed bracts. _Hab._--Widespread.
+
+In late summer the pink _Lessingia_ is apparent along dry roadsides or
+embankments, where its blossoms make charming masses of soft color. It is
+quite abundant in the Yosemite, especially in the lower end of the valley.
+
+_L. Germanorum_, Cham., found plentifully from San Diego to San Francisco,
+has yellow flowers.
+
+
+ELEPHANTS' HEADS.
+
+_Pedicularis Groenlandica_, Retz. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Tall and slender; smooth. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     lanceolate in outline; pinnately parted into linear-lanceolate,
+     serrate divisions; diminishing upward into the flower-bracts.
+     _Flowers._--Pink; in a dense spike several inches long.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--With short tube and
+     bilabiate limb. Upper lip with a long beak, like an elephant's
+     trunk; lower three-lobed, deflexed. _Stamens._--Four. Filaments
+     and style filiform; sheathed in the beak. _Ovary._--Two-celled.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras from King's River northward; and eastward
+     to Hudson's Bay.
+
+No more curious flower could be found than this little denizen of our
+alpine meadows. Its tall pink spikes attract one from a distance, and
+astonish one upon nearer acquaintance by the wonderful resemblance of their
+blossoms to many small elephants' heads. The forehead, the long ears
+hanging at the sides of the head, and the long, slender, curving trunk are
+all perfectly simulated.
+
+These flowers have a pleasant perfume.
+
+Another species--_P. attollens_, Gray--often found growing with the above,
+is similar to it in general structure, but its leaves are more dissected,
+its flower-spike is rather woolly, and its beak is only two or three lines
+long. These blossoms bear no resemblance to the elephant.
+
+[Illustration LESSINGIA--_Lessingia leptoclada_.]
+
+
+ALPINE WILLOW-HERB. ROCK-FRINGE.
+
+_Epilobium obcordatum_, Gray. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Decumbent; three to five inches long.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; ovate; sessile; four to ten lines long.
+     _Flowers._--One to five; bright rose-pink; over an inch across.
+     _Calyx._--With linear tube and four-cleft limb.
+     _Petals._--Four; erect and spreading; obcordate.
+     _Stamens._--Eight; four shorter. Filaments slender; exserted.
+     _Ovary._--Linear, four-celled. Style filiform; much exserted.
+     Stigma four-lobed. Seeds silky-tufted. _Hab._--The Sierras from
+     Tulare County northward.
+
+Though low of stature, this little willow-herb is a charming plant, with
+large rosy flowers. At an elevation of eight thousand feet or more in the
+mountains, it nestles amid the rocks, fringing their crevices with a
+profusion of brilliant bloom. Though it often costs a hard climb up rocky
+crags to secure it, we feel well repaid by its bright beauty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hosackia Purshiana_, Benth. Pea Family.
+
+     Soft-woolly throughout. _Stems._--Erect or loosely spreading
+     over the ground. _Leaves._--Sessile. _Leaflets._--One to three;
+     ovate to lanceolate; three to nine lines long.
+     _Flowers._--Yellowish-pink; solitary; two or three lines long.
+     Peduncles usually exceeding the leaves; with a single leaflet
+     below the flower. _Calyx-teeth._--Linear; much exceeding the
+     tube, about equaling the corolla. _Pod._--Narrow; twelve to
+     eighteen lines long; five- to seven-seeded. (See _Hosackia_.)
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State.
+
+This little plant is very abundant and widespread. It makes its appearance
+after the drouth sets in, and often spreads over the ground in considerable
+patches. Its woolly or silky foliage has a pale cast, and its small,
+solitary, pinkish flowers, which are quite numerous, are not unattractive.
+
+
+
+
+IV. BLUE AND PURPLE
+
+
+[_Blue or purple or occasionally or partially blue or purple flowers not
+described in the Blue and Purple Section._
+
+_Described in the White Section_:--
+
+    ANTIRRHINUM COULTERIANUM--Coulter's Snapdragon.
+    AUDIBERTIA POLYSTACHYA--White Sage.
+    CALOCHORTUS LUTEUS OCULATUS--Butterfly Tulip.
+    CALOCHORTUS VENUSTUS--Mariposa Tulip.
+    CEANOTHUS INTEGERRIMUS--Mountain Birch; Tea-Tree; Soap-Bush.
+    ERIODICTYON GLUTINOSUM--Yerba Santa.
+    ERIODICTYON TOMENTOSUM--Yerba Santa.
+    LATHYRUS VESTITUS--Common Wild Pea.
+    MALACOTHRIX SAXATILIS.
+    MICROMERIA DOUGLASII--Yerba Buena.
+    SOLANUM DOUGLASII--Nightshade.
+    SPHACELE CALYCINA--Pitcher-Sage.
+    VIOLA BECKWITHII--Mountain Heart's-ease.
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS--Pimpernel.
+    CALOCHORTUS WEEDII--Mariposa Lily, or Tulip.
+    HOSACKIA CRASSIFOLIA.
+
+_Described in the Pink Section_:--
+
+    CONVOLVULUS SOLDANELLA--Beach Morning-glory.
+    DODECATHEON MEADIA--Shooting-Stars.
+    ERIGERON PHILADELPHICUS--Common Fleabane.
+    GILIA ANDROSACEA.
+    GILIA CALIFORNICA--Prickly Phlox.
+    GILIA DIANTHOIDES--Ground Pink.
+    PENTSTEMON MENZIESII--Pride of the Mountains.
+    PHLOX DOUGLASII--Alpine Phlox.
+
+_Described in the Red Section_:--
+
+    AQUILEGIA COERULEA.
+
+_Described in the Miscellaneous Section_:--
+
+    DARLINGTONIA CALIFORNICA--Californian Pitcher-Plant.
+    DIPSACUS FULLONUM--Teasel.]
+
+
+FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE.
+
+_Scoliopus Bigelovii_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--Two; oval-elliptical to narrowly oblanceolate; four
+     to fifteen inches long; blotched with brown. _Flowers._--Three
+     to twelve; on lax pedicels three to nine inches long.
+     _Sepals._--Whitish, veined with purple; spreading.
+     _Petals._--Erect; narrowly linear; wine-color without.
+     _Stamens._--Three. _Ovary._--One-celled; three-angled. Stigma
+     three-lobed. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Marin to Humboldt
+     County.
+
+When the first white blossoms of the toothwort are making their appearance
+in moist woodlands, we may be sure that the fetid adder's-tongue is already
+pushing its shining green leaves aboveground away up in the cold canyons of
+north hill-slopes; and unless we hasten, we shall be too late to see its
+curious flowers. I have often arrived only in time to find its fruit, which
+resembles a beechnut in shape. When the flowers first open they stand
+erect, held in the shining chalice formed by the two sheathing green
+leaves. Later the leaves open out, showing their beautiful blotched
+surfaces, and the three-angled flower-stems become limp and twisted. The
+petals stand erect, and are so slender as to resemble three linear stigmas.
+The little oval anthers are green before opening, but soon become golden
+with the discharging pollen.
+
+These flowers are elegant in appearance, and suggestive of orchids; but
+unfortunately they have a very offensive odor, like that of the star-fishes
+found upon our beaches, which makes us quite content to leave them
+ungathered. But the large yellow slug has no such aversion to them, and we
+have often seen him banqueting upon them. Indeed, he is so fond of them
+that the flowers are often entirely gone from the stems.
+
+[Illustration FETID ADDER'S-TONGUE--_Scoliopus Bigelovii_.]
+
+
+HOUND'S-TONGUE.
+
+_Cynoglossum grande_, Dougl. Borage Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Two feet or so high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     long-petioled; ovate-oblong; pointed; usually rounded at base;
+     often a foot long. _Flowers._--Bright blue; in a terminal
+     panicle. _Calyx._--Deeply five-cleft. _Corolla._--Rotate; with
+     short tube and five-lobed border; having five beadlike crests
+     in the throat. _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla, alternate with
+     its lobes. _Ovary._--Four-lobed. Style undivided.
+     _Fruit._--Four prickly nutlets. _Hab._--From Marin County to
+     Washington.
+
+Among the first plants to respond to the quickening influence of the early
+winter rains, is the hound's-tongue, whose large, pointed leaves begin to
+push their way aboveground usually in January. At first these are often
+quite velvety beneath and of a pinkish hue, and hold hidden within their
+midst the well-formed buds which a few warm, sunny days will call forth.
+The flowers, at first pink, become bright blue after fertilization has
+taken place.
+
+The favorite haunts of this welcome blossom are half-shaded woods, where it
+rears its tall stalk in almost sole possession at this early season.
+
+The common name is a translation of the generic name, which is derived from
+two Greek words, signifying _dog_ and _tongue_, bestowed because of the
+shape of the leaves. In the olden times a superstition was rife that if a
+person laid the hound's-tongue beneath his feet it would prevent dogs from
+barking at him.
+
+The distribution of the seed is most cunningly provided for, as the upper
+surfaces of the nutlets are covered with tiny barbs, which a
+magnifying-glass reveals to be quite perfect little anchors, admirably
+adapted for catching in the hair of animals.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA LILAC. SOAP-BUSH.
+
+_Ceanothus divaricatus_, Nutt. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Tall, almost arborescent shrubs; with very divergent and rigid
+     branches. Twigs cylindrical; smooth; mostly very pale.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; ovate; four to ten lines
+     long; three-nerved; somewhat leathery. _Flowers._--In a
+     narrowly oblong, dense cluster two or three inches long; pale
+     blue to white. _Capsule._--Two or three lines in diameter; not
+     lobed; scarcely crested. (See _Ceanothus_.)
+    _Hab._--Chiefly the southern Coast Range.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration HOUND'S-TONGUE--_Cynoglossum grande_.]
+
+This species of California lilac is very abundant in the south, and is
+specially characterized by its widely branching habit and its round,
+pale-green twigs. The flowers are usually light blue; but in some
+localities they are pure white. Near Santa Barbara, in January, the
+mountain-slopes are often snowy with them.
+
+Dr. Gregg, of San Diego, while hunting one day in Lower California, just
+over the border, had his attention called to the wild lilac by his old
+Mexican guide, who assured him that the blossoms in themselves were
+excellent soap. Taking a handful of them down to the stream, he rubbed them
+vigorously between his wet hands, and found to his astonishment that they
+made an excellent lather, with a pleasant fragrance of wintergreen. I have
+since proved the fact for myself. A more delightful way of performing one's
+ablutions can hardly be imagined than at the brookside with so charming a
+soap. It is very cleansing and leaves the skin pleasantly soft.
+
+It was probably the blossoms of _C. integerrimus_ he used, as that shrub is
+called "soap-bush" in that region; but I have since tried the experiment
+upon _C. divaricatus_ and some other species with perfect success, from
+which I suspect this may be a generic characteristic.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN TRILLIUM.
+
+_Trillium sessile, var. Californicum_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Like a small turnip. _Stems._--Usually several
+     from the same root; a foot or so high. _Leaves._--Three at the
+     top of the stem; three to eight inches long. _Flowers._--White
+     to deep wine-color. _Petals._--One to four inches long.
+     (Otherwise as _T. ovatum_.) _Hab._--From San Luis Obispo to
+     Oregon.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN TRILLIUM--_Trillium sessile, var. Californicum_.]
+
+We begin to look for the Californian _Trillium_ early in the spring. Little
+companies of the plants may be seen upon low flats under the trees, where
+the soil is rich. The small, turnip-like tubers usually send up several
+stems, which lean gracefully away from one another. The large leaves are
+often like pieces of decorated china that have been several times through
+the kiln. They have various superimposed blotchings, the latest of which
+are dark, sharp, cuneiform characters, mysterious hieroglyphs of Nature,
+which might reveal wondrous secrets, could we but decipher them. The
+blossoms have a strong, heavy fragrance, and are exceedingly variable in
+color, ranging from pure white to lilac, deep wine, and even black-purple.
+These plants are much admired in the East and in Europe, where they are
+cultivated in the garden.
+
+
+BRODIAEA. CLUSTER-LILY. WILD HYACINTH.
+
+_Brodiaea capitata_, Benth. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Small; scaly-coated. _Leaves._--Linear; a foot or more
+     long; passing away early. _Scapes._--Four inches to over two
+     feet high. _Flowers._--Deep violet to white; six to ten lines
+     long. _Bracts._--Sometimes deep, rich purple. _Perianth._--With
+     oblong tube and campanulate, six-parted limb. _Stamens._--Six;
+     on the corolla; the inner with an appendage on each side; the
+     outer naked. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style stout. Stigma
+     three-lobed. _Hab_.--Throughout California.
+
+This beautiful _Brodiaea_ grows all over the hills in early spring, and
+steals into cultivated fields, where it luxuriates in the freshly stirred
+soil and lifts its fine violet-colored clusters above the waving grain. It
+holds quite as warm a place in our affections as the more gorgeous poppy.
+These blossoms will keep a long time after being gathered, and are used
+every year in lavish profusion in the decorations of the flower carnivals.
+
+The little bulbs, eaten raw, are quite palatable, and are eagerly sought by
+the children, who call them "grass-nuts." The early Spanish-Californians
+also appreciated them, and knew them as "saitas." They have a number of
+other common names, such as "Spanish-lily," "cluster-lily," "wild
+hyacinth," and "hog-onion"; but I must protest against the injustice of
+this latter, and beg all flower-lovers to discountenance it.
+
+[Illustration BRODIAEA--_Brodiaea capitata_.]
+
+Closely resembling the above, is _B. multiflora_, Benth. It has, however,
+but three stamens, the other three being represented by staminodia, which
+are entire and of the same length as the stamens.
+
+_B. congesta_, Smith, another similar species, is often four feet tall. It
+also has three stamens and three staminodia; but the latter are deeply
+cleft and exceed the anthers. This is called "ookow" by the Indians.
+
+
+BROWN LILY. MISSION-BELLS. BRONZE-BELLS. RICE-ROOT.
+
+_Fritillaria lanceolata_, Pursh. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stem._--A foot or two high. _Leaves._--In scattered whorls;
+     lanceolate; two to five inches long. _Flowers._--One to
+     several; open campanulate; greenish or black-purple; variously
+     checkered or mottled. _Perianth-segments._--Strongly arched,
+     with a large oblong nectary. _Stamens._--Six.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. _Hab_.--The Coast Ranges, from British
+     Columbia to Santa Cruz.
+
+    "'Neath cloistered boughs each floral bell that swingeth
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Makes Sabbath in the fields, and ever ringeth
+                A call to prayer."
+
+One of the oddest and most beautiful flowers of our rich woodlands is the
+brown lily, or _Fritillaria_. It is unrivaled in elegance, for every line
+of its contour is a study in grace. Nor do its charms cease with stem and
+leaf and flower; for, hidden away in the rich leaf-mold, is one of its most
+beautiful features, its bulb. This is pure, shining white, conical in form,
+and surrounded by many tiny bulblets, like grains of rice, which crumble
+away from it at a touch. If you go into the woods in early spring, you will
+often see certain handsome, broad, shining, solitary leaves, close to the
+ground, and you will wonder what they are. Often near them there are many
+tiny leaves of the same sort pushing their way aboveground; and sometimes
+among them all there is a solitary strong scape, with unfolding leaves and
+a promise of flowers. This is a colony of the beautiful brown lilies. The
+tiny leaves are the product of the little rice-grains, and are probably now
+seeing the light for the first time. Between these and the large leaves
+the breadth of the hand, are many sizes, in all stages. The broad leaves
+may be from bulbs four or five years old, but they will send up no
+blossom-stalk this year; for there is rarely or never a radical-leaf and a
+blossom-stalk from the same bulb at once.
+
+[Illustration BROWN LILY--_Fritillaria lanceolata_.]
+
+When the plant is about to flower, the bulb sends up a tall stalk, with
+here and there a whorl of shining leaves, hanging at the summit its string
+of pendent bronze-bells. These are mottled and checkered, and are of
+varying shades, from dull green to black-purple, and often have a beautiful
+bloom upon them. Their modest colors blend so nicely into the shadowy scene
+about, that it is difficult to see them unless the eye is somewhat
+practiced.
+
+Following the inflorescence comes a beautiful and unique seed-vessel,
+curiously winged and angled, and of a delicate, papery texture when mature.
+It contains the thin, flat seeds, neatly packed in six ranks.
+
+The flowers are usually an inch long, though they are sometimes two inches
+long. A plant was once found three and a half feet high, with a chime of
+nineteen bells.
+
+
+BLACK LILY. CHOCOLATE-LILY.
+
+_Fritillaria biflora_, Lindl. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from San Diego to Mendocino County.
+
+We have a number of species of _Fritillaria_, most of them with beautiful
+flowers. They fall naturally into two groups, according to the character of
+the bulb; _F. lanceolata_ and _F. biflora_ being types of the two groups.
+
+_F. biflora_, the black, or chocolate, lily, is the species common in the
+south, and blooms early. It closely resembles _F. lanceolata_, but can
+always be distinguished by its bulb, which is composed of several erect,
+short, easily separable scales. Its specific name is an unfortunate one;
+for, far from being confined to two flowers, it often has as many as ten.
+
+_F. pluriflora_, Torr., found upon the upper Sacramento, has flowers of a
+uniform reddish-purple, without mottling or spots. It has a comparatively
+large bulb, an inch or so long, formed of separate scales.
+
+_F. pudica_, Spreng., found on the eastern slopes of the Sierras, has
+solitary yellow flowers.
+
+_F. liliacea_, Lindl., is our only white species. This is found upon the
+hills of San Francisco and in the Sacramento Valley. It has a whorl of
+leaves near the ground and two or three greenish-white, nodding flowers. It
+is exceedingly local.
+
+
+LARGE-FLOWERED PHACELIA.
+
+_Phacelia grandiflora_, Gray. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Coarse, glandular-viscid plants; one to three feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Round-ovate; irregularly toothed; sometimes three or
+     four inches long. _Flowers._--Lavender to white; variously
+     streaked and veined with purple. _Corolla._--Rotate; two inches
+     across; without scalelike appendages in the throat.
+     _Filaments._--Long; purple. Anthers large; versatile. Style
+     two-cleft. (See _Phacelia_.) _Hab._--From Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+This is the largest-flowered of all our _Phacelias_. Its tall stems are
+abundantly covered above with the fine-looking blossoms. These are very
+attractive to the uninitiated, who usually rushes forward in breathless
+haste to possess himself of these new-found treasures and is rarely
+satisfied with less than a large bunch of them. But woe lies in wait for
+him. The innumerable glands, covering the whole plant, readily yield up
+their viscid fluid, which in a few moments turns everything with which it
+comes in contact to a deep red-brown, like iron-rust. If he escape with
+ruined clothing, and hands the color of a red Indian, he will have come off
+well--for the plant poisons some people.
+
+Another species--_P. viscida_, Torr.--found in about the same range as the
+above, resembles it closely. It is a foot or so high, branching from the
+base, and has blue flowers, with purple or white centers, and only half the
+size of the above.
+
+
+VIOLET NIGHTSHADE.
+
+_Solanum Xanti_, Gray. Nightshade Family.
+
+     Herbaceous nearly to the base; viscid-pubescent, with jointed
+     hairs. _Stems._--Several feet high. _Leaves._--Two inches or
+     less long; sometimes with lobes at the base; thin.
+     _Flowers._--An inch or so across. _Calyx._--Five-parted.
+     _Corolla._--Violet, with green spots ringed with white at the
+     base. _Stamens._--Five. Filaments short. Anthers erect; opening
+     terminally. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style filiform; exserted.
+     _Berries._--Purple; six lines in diameter. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+These plants are especially abundant in the south, where one encounters
+them upon every roadside. The clusters of violet flowers are very handsome,
+and often have the perfume of the wild rose.
+
+Another species--_S. umbelliferum_, Esch.--is so nearly like the above as
+to be often confounded with it. But it has smaller, thicker leaves, the
+hairs are branched, and it is more woody below, with shorter flowering
+branches.
+
+We once saw, in an ideal Japanese villa among the redwoods, a rustic arbor
+over which had been trained the rough, woody stems of one of these
+nightshades. The genius of these wise little people, who had adapted this
+pretty woodland climber to sylvan cultivation, seemed to us worthy of
+emulation.
+
+
+GREEN-BANDED MARIPOSA. NOONA.
+
+_Calochortus macrocarpus_, Dougl. Lily Family
+
+Nature has sent this, one of the finest and most elegant of all our
+_Mariposas_, to beautify the arid sagebrush deserts of our northeastern
+boundary. In Europe it is admired beyond all our other species, and there
+is a great demand for the bulbs. Its large flowers are of a beautiful
+lilac, similar in tone to the Marie Louise violet, and each pointed petal
+has a green band running down its center.
+
+[Illustration VIOLET NIGHTSHADE--_Solanum Xanti_.]
+
+Among the Indians of their native region the rather large bulbs of these
+plants are known as "noonas," and regarded as a priceless delicacy. Even
+those who have never experienced the bliss of tasting them know them by
+reputation as the acme of all that is delicious. When Mr. Johnson, of
+Astoria, wished to secure a number of the bulbs for the European market, he
+hired the squaws to dig them, but found that they ate them as fast as they
+dug them; and it was only by offering them most liberal stores of bacon and
+flour he could induce them to restrain their appetites and part with the
+treasure.
+
+
+SKULLCAP.
+
+_Scutellaria tuberosa_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several inches high, or at length trailing, and a
+     foot long; from small tubers. _Leaves._--One inch long and
+     less; not aromatic. _Flowers._--Axillary; blue-purple.
+     _Calyx._--Bilabiate. _Corolla._--Six lines or more long;
+     tubular; bilabiate. _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; ascending;
+     contained in the helmet. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     Style filiform. _Hab._--Hillsides, from San Diego northward;
+     probably throughout the State.
+
+The bright-green herbage and the rich purple-blue flowers of the little
+skullcap may be looked for early in February. In the north they grow upon
+dry, stony hill-slopes under the chaparral, while southward they often
+affect the walls of canyons, among moist, luxuriant vegetation.
+
+Though borne in the axils of the opposite leaves, the pretty blossoms, by a
+twist of their pedicels, stand side by side in pairs, in a very sociable
+way. The curious little two-lipped calyx resembles an old-fashioned Quaker
+bonnet.
+
+Another species--_S. angustifolia_, Pursh.--has linear to oblong leaves, an
+inch long; flowers an inch or more long, the lower lobe of whose corolla is
+hairy within, and the root is not tuberous. It is otherwise like the above.
+
+_S. Californica_, Gray, is very similar to the last species, but has
+cream-white flowers. This is found in early summer upon dry banks.
+
+[Illustration SKULLCAP--_Scutellaria tuberosa_.]
+
+
+CORAL-ROOT.
+
+_Corallorhiza Bigelovii_, Wats. Orchis Family.
+
+     Leafless plants, with coral-like roots.
+     _Scapes._--Flesh-colored; six to twenty-four inches high, with
+     two to four scarious, sheathing bracts. _Flowers._--Few to
+     many; sessile. _Perianth._--Of six segments. The five upper
+     yellowish, striped with purple. The lip yellowish, tipped with
+     deep red-purple. _Anther._--One; resting upon the column like a
+     lid; falling early. _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Central and
+     northern Coast Ranges and Sierras.
+
+The coral-root is very rare in some localities, and one may not meet it
+more than a few times. But there are favored spots where its flesh-colored
+stems rear themselves luxuriantly. One year I saw a magnificent bunch of
+them in the hands of some friends who were taking them to San Francisco to
+furnish a rare and costly decoration for some festive occasion. Some of the
+stems were two feet tall and thickly covered above with the odd flowers,
+making a cluster which it would be difficult to equal for quiet elegance of
+coloring.
+
+The plants are often found in redwood groves or upon wooded hill-slopes of
+north exposure, where the dull stems and flowers blend so nicely into the
+dead needles and leaves upon the ground that it is difficult to detect
+their presence.
+
+As its name indicates, the root is the counterpart of a spray of branching
+coral.
+
+Another species--_C. multiflora_, Nutt.--has stems of a colder purple; and
+the lip of the flower is white, spotted with purple, somewhat fan-shaped
+and three-lobed.
+
+[Illustration CORAL-ROOT--_Corallorhiza Bigelovii_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIA LILAC. BLUE MYRTLE. BLUE-BLOSSOM.
+
+_Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_, Esch. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Varying from small, prostrate shrubs in exposed places, to
+     erect shrubs or small trees. _Branches._--Strongly angled; not
+     spiny. _Leaves._--Elliptical; twelve to eighteen lines long;
+     three-nerved; smooth and shining above. _Flowers._--Bright to
+     pale blue, rarely white; in dense clusters about three inches
+     long, terminating the usually elongated, somewhat leafy
+     peduncles. _Capsules._--Globose; two lines in diameter; smooth,
+     not crested; slightly lobed. (See _Ceanothus_.) _Hab._--Near
+     the coast, from Monterey northward into Oregon.
+
+In the spring our chaparral-covered slopes begin to take on a bluish tinge,
+like the misty smoke of distant camp-fires, for which the blossoms of the
+California lilac are responsible. This is a graceful evergreen shrub, with
+rich, shining leaves, among which the abundant feathery clusters of tiny
+blue flowers find a charming setting. The blossoms are deliciously
+fragrant, filling the cool air with perfume.
+
+This shrub is never found far away from the coast, and it reaches its
+greatest beauty in Mendocino County, where it becomes a tree, sometimes
+thirty-five feet high. Its wood is exceedingly brittle. In early days it
+used to be cultivated in San Francisco gardens before it was crowded out by
+foreign shrubs, often far less worthy.
+
+It is known in some localities as "blue myrtle," and in others as
+"blue-blossom." The name "California lilac," by which it is most often
+known, is more generally and more appropriately applied to this species of
+_Ceanothus_ than to any of the others.
+
+The dark seeds are a favorite food of the quail.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIA LILAC--_Ceanothus thyrsiflorus_.]
+
+
+BLUE LARKSPUR. ESPUELA DEL CABALLERO.
+
+_Delphinium_, Tourn. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+California is rich in beautiful larkspurs, but the species are very
+difficult of determination and not well defined as yet. We have two
+well-marked scarlet species; but confusion still reigns among the blue and
+the white. Some of the latter are poisonous to sheep and cattle, causing
+great losses to the herds every year in some localities.
+
+Among the blue larkspurs are some of our handsomest spring flowers. Their
+slender wands, covered with magnificent large blossoms, rise abundantly on
+every side upon some of the mesas of our seashore, making charming
+flower-gardens upon the plains. They are so lavishly bestowed that every
+comer may gather his fill and still none be missed. In color they are
+matchless--of the richest of Mazarin blue and purple-blue.
+
+Other species are to be found upon the slopes of interior valleys and
+scattered all through the Coast Ranges and the Sierra foothills. In
+midsummer, which is the vernal springtime of the mountains, many lovely
+species deck the alpine meadows and brooksides.
+
+The Spanish-Californians have a pretty title for these blossoms--"espuela
+del caballero"--"the cavalier's spur."
+
+[Illustration BLUE LARKSPUR.]
+
+
+CAT'S-EARS. PUSSY'S-EARS.
+
+     _Calochortus Maweanus_, Leichtlein. Lily Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges and Sierras, from San Francisco and
+     Butte County to the Willamette Valley.
+
+This is an exceedingly pretty little _Calochortus_, much resembling _C.
+Benthami_ in form, but having pure-white or purplish-blue flowers, which
+are also covered with hairs and delicately fringed with hairs on the
+margin. Its stems are low, slender, and graceful, without bulblets at the
+base; and the gland upon the petals has a transverse scale covering its
+upper portion.
+
+This plant belongs to the section of _Calochortus_ whose species are known
+as "star-tulips." In the Coast Ranges, in early spring, the blossoms are
+found in moist meadows near the sea, where they nestle amid the grasses.
+
+The children are specially fond of them, and know them as "cat's-ears" and
+"pussy's-ears."
+
+_C. uniflorus_, Hook. and Arn., found in wet meadows from San Francisco
+northward, has lilac to rose-purple flowers. Its petals are hairy on the
+lower third, and its stems bear small bulblets at the base underground.
+
+_C. umbellatus_, Wood., is very similar to _C. Maweanus_; but its
+pure-white petals are almost without hairs, and its stem is without
+bulblets. This is found blooming in March and April on the low mountains of
+Contra Costa and Marin Counties.
+
+
+PURPLE NEMOPHILA.
+
+     _Nemophila aurita_, Lindl. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet long; square; angled; weak; very
+     brittle; with backward-pointing, hooked bristles.
+     _Leaves._--All with a dilated, clasping, eared base or winged
+     petiole; above deeply pinnatifid into five to nine oblong or
+     lanceolate, downward-pointing lobes. _Corolla._--Violet; an
+     inch or so across. (Otherwise as _Nemophila insignis_.)
+     _Hab._--From San Francisco to San Diego.
+
+[Illustration _CAT'S-EARS--Calochortus Maweanus._]
+
+The purple _Nemophila_ is most abundant in the south, growing everywhere in
+early springtime upon hillsides partially shaded. Its long, coarse,
+hispid stems run riot over small undershrubs or dead or unsightly
+brushwood, often completely covering them with a mound of foliage thickly
+sown with the dull-purple flowers.
+
+At first it is difficult to realize that this plant of coarse habit belongs
+to the sisterhood of baby-eyes, those delicate, ethereal favorites of the
+springtime. In fact, one's first impression of it is that it is some new
+species of nightshade. One learns, however, to have a fondness for these
+blossoms and a growing desire to gather them; but their tangling,
+quarrelsome habit forbids one, if any other flowers are in question.
+
+It is said that the dark-eyed senoritas of early days decked their
+ball-dresses with sprays of this flower, which clung gracefully to the thin
+fabrics.
+
+
+GROUND-IRIS.
+
+     _Iris macrosiphon_, Torr. Iris Family.
+
+     Almost stemless plants, often forming mats.
+     _Rhizome._--Slender. _Radical-leaves._--Grasslike; six to
+     fifteen inches long. _Buds._--One or two; borne in sheathing
+     bracts. _Flowers._--On short pedicels; deep purple-blue, marked
+     with white. _Perianth._--With slender tube one to three inches
+     long. _Stamens._--Three; borne under the petaloid divisions of
+     the style. _Ovary._--Three-celled. _Capsule._--Oblong-ovoid;
+     shortly acute at each end; one inch long. Seeds in two rows in
+     each cell; compressed and angled. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges,
+     from San Mateo to Trinity County.
+
+When spring is at its height, this charming little _Iris_ may be found upon
+sunny, open hillsides among the unrolling crosiers of the common brake.
+There is something peculiarly captivating about these blossoms, with their
+satisfying richness of hue and perfect symmetry of form, added to which is
+a sweet, delicate perfume, an ideal exhalation of the springtime.
+
+As the buds unfold beautifully in water, it is better to gather buds than
+flowers, as the latter are too fragile to carry without breaking.
+
+[Illustration GROUND-IRIS--_Iris macrosiphon_.]
+
+_I. longipetala_, Herb., is the common bog-iris of our central coast. It
+grows in large clumps in wet places, and while not a delicate flower, it
+has a certain brave, hardy look as it stands out upon the wind-swept
+downs of the Coast. Its stems are rather stout, a foot or two high, and
+have from three to five large lilac flowers. The sepals are veined with
+deeper lilac and blotched with orange.
+
+
+WILD HELIOTROPE. VERVENIA.
+
+     _Phacelia tanacetifolia_, Benth. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; rough and hairy.
+     _Leaves._--Much divided. _Flowers._--Bright violet to blue; in
+     clustered, scorpioid racemes. _Calyx-lobes._--Linear or
+     linear-spatulate. _Corolla._--Six lines long. Style two-cleft.
+     (See _Phacelia_.) _Hab._--Throughout the western part of the
+     State.
+
+The wild heliotrope is one of the most abundant flowers of midspring,
+especially in the south. It affects the gravelly banks of streams or the
+sandy soil of mesas; or grows all along the railroad embankments, making
+great mounds of foliage, thickly sown with the bright violet-blue blossoms;
+or it may often be seen clambering up through small shrubs, seeming to seek
+the support of their stiff branches. It is needless to say that this is not
+a true heliotrope, but belongs to the closely allied genus, _Phacelia_.
+
+The specific name, _tanacetifolia_, meaning with tansy-like leaves, is
+more applicable to the _var. tenuifolia_, Thurber. Among the
+Spanish-Californians it is known as "vervenia."
+
+It is a very important honey-plant.
+
+_P. Douglasii_, Torr., is a species with lavender corolla with much the
+aspect of the baby-blue-eyes. This is common in the western part of the
+State, south of Monterey, and is found sparingly north of that point.
+
+[Illustration WILD HELIOTROPE--_Phacelia tanacetifolia_.]
+
+
+BLUE-EYED GRASS. AZULEA. VILLELA.
+
+_Sisyrinchium bellum_, Wats. Iris Family.
+
+_Leaves._--Radical; grasslike; shorter than the stems. _Stems._--Flat;
+clustered; six to eighteen inches high. _Flowers._--Four to seven;
+contained in two nearly equal sheathing bracts. _Perianth._--Six-parted;
+purplish-blue, with yellow center; six lines to an inch across.
+_Stamens._--Three. Filaments united. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style
+filiform. Stigma spindle-shaped; three-cleft after fertilization.
+_Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+The blue-eyed grass is such a modest flower, one would never suspect it to
+be closely allied to the regal _Iris_. In late spring its quiet stars are
+found in our meadows everywhere. In the south it grows so luxuriantly and
+so determinedly that it has become a serious pest to the farmer, crowding
+more useful plants from the pasture.
+
+Owing to the quaint manner in which its petals kink up when they fade,
+these blossoms are called "nigger-babies" by the children. Among the
+Spanish-Californians the plant is known as "azulea" and "villela," and is
+made into a tea, which is considered a valuable remedy in fevers. It is
+thought that a patient can subsist for many days upon it alone.
+
+_S. Californicum_, Ait., the "golden-eyed grass," with bright yellow
+flowers, is found in wet places all up and down the Coast.
+
+
+BABY-EYES. BLUE-VEINED NEMOPHILA.
+
+     _Nemophila intermedia_, Bioletti. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf
+     Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--With petioles somewhat widened at base and ciliate;
+     the upper all opposite. _Corolla._--Nine to twelve lines wide;
+     light blue to white; distinctly blue-veined or more or less
+     sown with purple dots. Scales of the corolla long, narrow,
+     hairy, with expanded tips extending nearly to the sinuses.
+     _Ovary._--Rounded; with twelve to twenty-four ovules.
+     (Otherwise as _N. insignis_.) _Syn._--_Nemophila Menziesii_,
+     Hook. and Arn. _Hab._--Rather widespread.
+
+[Illustration BLUE-EYED GRASS--_Sisyrinchium bellum_.]
+
+This beautiful _Nemophila_ is a more fragile flower than its sister, the
+baby-blue-eyes. Its delicate corolla is usually white in the center,
+blending to azure-blue upon the rim, and dotted and veined with the same.
+At its best, it is an inch across. It affects the borders of moist
+woodlands, rarely venturing far out into the openings. There it nestles
+amid the tender herbage, often producing its ethereal flowers in such
+profusion that it seems as though bits of the sky had fallen to earth. In
+the south these blossoms do not seem so truly at home--for they are never
+so large nor so fine.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN MILKWORT.
+
+     _Polygala Californica_, Nutt. Milkwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to eight inches high. _Leaves._--Six to twelve
+     lines long. _Flowers._--Rose-purple. _Sepals._--Five; two of
+     them large and spreading like wings; six lines or less long.
+     _Petals._--Three; united to each other and to the stamen-tube;
+     the middle one hooded above and beaked. _Stamens._--Eight.
+     Filaments united into a sheath, which is open above. Anthers
+     one-celled; opening terminally. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style
+     enlarging upward; curved like a button-hook. _Pod._--Rounded;
+     flat; three or four lines across. _Syn._--_P. cucullata_,
+     Benth. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges southward to Santa Barbara and
+     beyond.
+
+In late spring the little flowers of the milkwort are common upon dry
+hill-slopes in the shade of the trees. The small plants have a very
+grown-up look, as though their age might be greater than indicated by their
+stature. At first glance, one is quite certain to mistake these plants for
+members of the pea family, as the blossoms have wings and a keel like the
+papilionaceous flower. But a careful counting of sepals, petals, and
+stamens will reveal their separate identity.
+
+A curious feature of this plant is the fact that it bears another kind of
+flower near the root. This is without petals, and is destined, for some
+strange reason, to bear the seed. The upper flowers seem mostly for show,
+though one does occasionally mature fruit.
+
+_P. cornuta_, Kell., found in the Sierras, is a larger plant, with
+greenish-white flowers.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN MILKWORT--_Polygala Californica_.]
+
+
+WILD CANTERBURY-BELL.
+
+     _Phacelia Whitlavia_, Gray. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     A foot or so high; very hairy and glandular.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; petioled; ovate or deltoid; toothed;
+     twelve to eighteen lines long. _Flowers._--Purple.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted. _Corolla._--An inch or more long.
+     _Stamens._--Five; on the base of the corolla; appendaged at
+     base; long-exserted, with the two-cleft style.
+     _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Syn._--_Whitlavia grandiflora_, Harv.
+     _Hab._--From Los Angeles to San Bernardino.
+
+The wild Canterbury-bell is one of the most charming flowers to be found
+anywhere. It affects the rich soil of half-shaded hill-slopes in the
+vicinity of streams, where it opens its beautiful fragile bells. Its stems
+are very brittle, and the blossoms fall early, the lower ones usually
+having passed away before the upper buds have emerged from the coil. The
+exceedingly long stamens and style give these blossoms an elegant, airy
+look.
+
+_P. Parryi_, Torr., is another beautiful species, found from Los Angeles to
+San Diego. It resembles the above in foliage, color of blossoms, and the
+long stamens; but the form of the flowers is that of the _Nemophila_.
+
+
+BIRD'S-EYES.
+
+     _Gilia tricolor_, Benth. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; branching; six inches to a foot or more
+     high. _Leaves._--Twice pinnately parted into narrow linear
+     lobes. _Corolla._--Six lines long; with yellow tube;
+     funnel-form throat, marked with deep violet-purple; and lilac
+     or white limb. (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Throughout Western
+     California.
+
+Whole slopes are often carpeted with this dainty _Gilia_, producing an
+effect which has been described as like light chinchilla. The little
+blossoms have a peculiarly fresh and winsome look, and are called
+"bird's-eyes" by the children. The corollas are delicate lilac, blending
+into white toward the center, while the throat has five purple spots
+within, which give way to bright gold below.
+
+[Illustration WILD CANTERBURY-BELL--_Phacelia Whitlavia_.]
+
+
+BABY-BLUE-EYES. CALIFORNIAN BLUEBELLS. MARIANAS.
+
+     _Nemophila insignis_, Dougl. Baby-eyes or Waterleaf Family.
+
+     Tender, more or less hairy herbs. _Stems._--Branching; six to
+     twelve inches long. _Leaves._--Pinnately parted into five to
+     nine small, oblong, entire or two- to five-lobed divisions.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted, with five extra, alternating, reflexed
+     lobes. _Corolla._--An inch or more across; from azure-blue,
+     with a large, well-defined white center, more or less dotted,
+     to deep blue. The throat furnished with ten short, wide, hairy
+     scales, or plates. _Stamens._--Five; on the corolla.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style two-cleft. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+When skies are smiling and the earth is already clothed with a luxuriant
+and tender herbage, we find upon some balmy morning that the baby-eyes have
+opened in gentle surprise upon the lovely world. The spring breezes blow
+over no more beautiful and ethereal flowers than these. Companies of them
+open together, dotting the sward and luring us on from one to another, the
+one just beyond always seeming a little brighter blue or a little more
+captivating than those near at hand, till we are beguiled into filling our
+hands with them.
+
+These delicate blossoms vary greatly in size and color. The largest and
+finest I ever saw grew upon the flower-sprinkled slopes of Lake Merced,
+near San Francisco. There the perfect azure corollas were an inch and a
+half across, with the large white circle in the center well defined.
+
+Under southern skies it becomes a deep Yale blue, with the texture of
+tissue-paper, and with dark red-brown anthers.
+
+From the campanulate, half-opened buds, it has been called "Californian
+bluebell," and among the Spanish-Californians it is known as "Mariana."
+
+[Illustration BABY-BLUE-EYES--_Nemophila insignis_.]
+
+
+LILAC SAND-VERBENA. WILD LANTANA.
+
+_Abronia villosa_, Wats. Four-o'clock Family.
+
+Plants with more or less glandular-villous pubescence. _Stems._--Prostrate.
+_Leaves._--Rarely an inch long. _Peduncles._--One to three inches long;
+five- to fifteen-flowered. _Involucral bracts._--Lanceolate; three or four
+lines long. _Perianth._--Lilac; four or five lines across; with obcordate
+lobes. (Otherwise as _A. latifotia_.) _Hab._--San Diego and eastward; also
+in southern deserts.
+
+The charming flowers of the lilac sand-verbena are not found upon the
+immediate sea-beach, but always a little withdrawn from it, where the soil
+is more firmly established, yet within sight and sound of the waves. The
+blossoms have a delicate beauty, not shared by our other species of
+_Abronia_, and somewhat resemble our garden verbenas. They are sometimes
+called "wild lantana."
+
+_A. umbellata_, Lam., is common all up and down our coast, often making
+masses of deep pink on the beach; while _A. maritima_, Nutt., is found from
+Santa Barbara to San Diego. The latter is a very stout, coarse, viscid
+plant, with small, very deep magenta flowers.
+
+
+CAMASS. KAMASS. WILD HYACINTH.
+
+     _Camassia esculenta_, Lindl. Lily Family.
+
+     Bulbs coated. _Leaves._--Radical; six or eight; grasslike;
+     three to eight lines broad; usually shorter than the scape.
+     _Scape._--Twelve to twenty-four inches high; loosely ten- to
+     twenty-flowered. Pedicels three to twelve lines long.
+     _Flowers._--From dark blue to nearly white; seven to fifteen
+     lines long or more; an inch or so across. _Perianth._--Of six
+     distinct, oblanceolate, three- to seven-nerved segments.
+     _Stamens._--Six; shorter than the segments. Anthers yellow.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style filiform; about equaling the
+     perianth; slightly three-cleft at the summit. _Hab._--From
+     Central California to Washington.
+
+In some localities these plants are found covering meadows and marshy
+tracts in great profusion. They bear beautiful clusters of showy blue
+flowers, somewhat like the hyacinth in habit, and have long been favorites
+in European gardens. We are especially interested in them, however, on
+account of the bulbs, which are about an inch in diameter and very
+nutritious.
+
+Grizzly bears, when more plentiful in the early days, were particularly
+fond of them; and the northern Indians to-day value them very highly as an
+article of diet, calling them "kamass." Indeed, the Nez Perce Indian war in
+Idaho was caused by encroachments upon the territory which was especially
+rich in these bulbs. The plants are more abundant north of us than with us.
+
+Mr. Macoun gives a most interesting account in "Garden and Forest" of the
+preparation of kamass among the Indians, which is a very important and
+elaborate performance. He says, in substance: For some days beforehand the
+squaws were busily engaged in carrying into camp branches of alder and
+maple, bundles of skunk-cabbage (_Lysichiton_), and a quantity of a black,
+hairlike lichen, which grows in profusion upon the western larch. A hole
+ten feet square and two feet deep was then dug, and a large fire was made
+in this, in which they heated a great many small boulders to the glowing
+point. They then piled maple and alder boughs over these to the depth of a
+foot or more, tramped them down, and laid over them the leaves of the
+skunk-cabbage. Thin sheets of tamarack bark were spread over the steaming
+green mass, and upon these were placed the bulbs in large baskets. The
+black lichen was laid over the uncovered bark, and the remaining bulbs were
+spread on this. The whole was then covered with boughs and leaves as
+before, and sand was sprinkled on to the depth of four or five inches, and
+on the top of the whole a larger fire than before was built. The sun was
+just setting when this was lighted, and it burned all night. The oven was
+left for a day to cool. When opened, the bulbs in the baskets were
+dissolved to a flour, from which bread could be made; while those on the
+lichen had become amalgamated with it, forming a substance resembling
+plug-tobacco, which could be broken up and kept sweet a long time.
+
+When boiled in water, the bulbs yield a very good molasses, much prized by
+the Indians, and used by them upon important festival occasions.
+
+There is a white-flowered form of this same species, whose bulb is said to
+be poisonous.
+
+
+INNOCENCE. COLLINSIA.
+
+_Collinsia bicolor_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+_Stems._--A foot or so high. _Leaves._--The lower oblong; the upper
+ovate-lanceolate. _Calyx._--Unequally five-cleft. _Corolla._--Nine lines
+long. Upper lip lilac or white; lower of three lobes; the middle folded
+into a keeled sac containing the stamens and style; the two lateral
+rose-purple. _Stamens._--Four; in two pairs on the corolla. Upper filaments
+bearded. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style filiform. _Hab._--Throughout Western
+California.
+
+Where spreading trees cast a dense shade and the moisture still lingers,
+companies of lovely _Collinsias_ stand amid the fresh green grasses, their
+delicate, many-storied blossoms swaying upon the idle breezes. In the north
+these are in the rear guard of spring flowers, and make their appearance
+just before the _Godetias_ bid farewell to spring; but in the south they
+come earlier. They vary much in color, from the typical rose-purple and
+white or lilac to all white.
+
+We have a number of species; but _C. bicolor_ is the most showy and
+widespread.
+
+
+BLACK SAGE. BALL-SAGE.
+
+     _Audibertia stachyoides_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Shrubby; three to eight feet high; with herbaceous flowering
+     branches. _Leaves._--Opposite; oblong-lanceolate; tapering into
+     a petiole; crenate. _Flowers._--In interrupted spikes, having
+     from three to nine dense, rather remote, headlike, bracteate
+     whorls. _Calyx._--Bilabiate; each lip with two or three awned
+     teeth. _Corolla._--Lavender; six lines long; bilabiate. Upper
+     lip erect; emarginate; lower deflexed; three-lobed.
+     _Stamens._--Two sterile; two perfect on jointed filaments.
+     _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style slender. Stigma
+     two-cleft. _Hab._--From San Francisco Bay to San Diego.
+
+We have but two or three true sages, or _Salvias_, in California; but the
+plants of the closely allied genus _Audibertia_ are with perfect propriety
+called sages, as they manifest all the characteristics of that genus,
+differing only in the structure of the stamens. There are a number of
+species of _Audibertia_, all of them important honey-plants. They are
+particularly abundant in the south, where they form a characteristic
+feature in the landscape, often covering whole hill-slopes.
+
+[Illustration COLLINSIA--_Collinsia bicolor_.]
+
+_A. stachyoides_ frequently forms dense thickets over vast reaches of
+mountain-side, and when in full bloom is very noticeable. Its specific name
+is a happy one, denoting its resemblance to the _Stachys_, or hedge-nettle.
+But its pointed leaves, shrubby habit, and rank odor, together with its
+more numerous flower-whorls, proclaim its separate identity.
+
+_A. nivea_, Benth., found from Santa Barbara to San Diego, has larger
+spikes of rich, warm lilac flowers. Nothing could be more charming than the
+soft lavender billows of it undulating over slope after slope of wild
+mountain-side.
+
+
+BLUE GILIA.
+
+_Cilia Chamissonis_, Greene. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+_Stems._--About a foot high. _Leaves._--Alternate; dissected into linear
+segments. _Flowers._--In capitate clusters an inch and a half across; deep
+blue. _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--Four lines long; with five obtuse
+lobes. _Stamens._--Exserted. Anthers nearly white. (See _Gilia_.)
+_Hab._--The Coast of Central California.
+
+This pretty _Gilia_ is quite common about San Francisco in springtime, and
+often makes masses of bright deep blue over the fields.
+
+_G. capitata_, Dougl., is a closely allied species, found in the Coast
+Ranges from Central California northward. This is in every way a more
+delicate plant. Its stems are taller and more slender; its flower-heads are
+less than an inch across, and composed of very small light-blue flowers,
+with feathery, exserted stamens.
+
+_G. achilleaefolia_, Benth., is a beautiful form, closely related to both
+the above, but quite variable in habit. Its flowers are light
+lavender-blue, six lines or so long, and are borne in larger clusters,
+often two inches across, on long, naked peduncles. At a little distance
+these blossoms somewhat resemble the clusters of _Brodiaea capitata_.
+
+[Illustration BLUE GILIA--_Gilia Chamissonis_.]
+
+
+CHIA. SAGE.
+
+_Salvia Columbariae_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six inches to two feet high. _Leaves._--Wrinkly; one
+     to several inches long. _Flowers._--Blue; in interrupted
+     whorls. _Whorls._--Twelve to eighteen lines in diameter;
+     subtended by numerous, ovate-acuminate bracts.
+     _Calyx._--Bilabiate; upper lip arching, and tipped with two
+     short bristles; lower, of two awn-like teeth. _Corolla._--Three
+     or four lines long; bilabiate. Upper lip erect; notched or
+     two-lobed. Lower deflexed; with three lobes, the central much
+     larger. _Stamens._--Two. Filaments two; short; apparently
+     forked--_i.e._ bearing on their summit a cross-bar having on
+     one end a perfect anther-cell and on the other a dwarfed or
+     rudimentary one. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets. Style
+     slender. _Hab._--Throughout the State, specially southward.
+
+This rough-leaved sage is quite common, especially southward, and grows
+upon dry hillsides or in sandy washes, where it blossoms in early spring.
+Its small bright-blue flowers are borne in an interrupted spike, consisting
+of from one to four button-like heads. Each of these heads has below it a
+number of leafy bracts, which are often of a bright wine-color, and form a
+rather striking combination with the blue flowers.
+
+After the blossoms have passed away, the dried stems and heads remain
+standing all over the hills, shaking out the little gray seed in abundance.
+These seeds have been for centuries an article of economic importance to
+the aborigines and their descendants. Dr. Rothrock writes that among the
+Nahua races of ancient Mexico the plant was cultivated as regularly as
+corn, and was one of their most important cereals. Quantities of the seed
+have been found buried beneath groves which must be at least several
+hundred years old. It was in use among the Indians of California before the
+occupation of the country by the whites, being known among them as "chia."
+
+Dr. Bard writes of these seeds: "They were roasted, ground, and used as
+food by being mixed with water. Thus prepared, it soon develops into a
+mucilaginous mass, larger than its original bulk. Its taste is somewhat
+like that of linseed meal. It is exceedingly nutritious, and was readily
+borne by the stomach when that organ refused to tolerate other aliment. An
+atole, or gruel, of this was one of the peace offerings to the first
+visiting sailors. One tablespoonful of these seeds was sufficient to
+sustain for twenty-four hours an Indian on a forced march. Chia was no less
+prized by the native Californian, and at this late date it frequently
+commands six or eight dollars a pound."
+
+[Illustration CHIA--_Salvia Columbariae_.]
+
+When added to water, the seeds make a cooling drink, which has the effect
+of assuaging burning thirst--a very valuable quality on the desert.
+
+
+BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE.
+
+_Lupinus bicolor_, Lindl. Pea Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stoutish; six to ten inches high; silky.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; with small stipules. _Leaflets._--Five to
+     seven; linear-spatulate; one inch long. _Flowers._--Four or
+     five lines long; blue and white; the white changing to
+     red-purple after fertilization. Upper calyx-lip bifid; lower
+     twice as long; entire. _Keel._--Falcate; acute; ciliate toward
+     the apex. _Pod._--Small; about five-seeded. (See _Lupinus_.)
+     _Hab._--Western Central California.
+
+In late spring the open fields about San Francisco take on a delicate,
+amethystine tinge, due to the blossoms of the blue-and-white lupine. After
+fertilization has taken place, the white in these blossoms turns to deep
+red, and this admixture gives the general lilac tone to the mass.
+
+
+DOUGLAS IRIS.
+
+_Iris Douglasiana_, Herb. Iris Family.
+
+     _Rhizomes._--Stoutish; clumps not dense.
+     _Radical-leaves._--Strongly ribbed underneath; dark, shining
+     green above; one to three feet long; three to eight lines
+     broad; flexile; rosy pink at base. _Stems._--Simple; two- or
+     three-flowered. Flowers.--On pedicels six to eighteen lines
+     long; deep reddish-purple, lilac, or cream.
+     _Perianth-tube._--Six to twelve lines long.
+     _Capsule._--Narrowly oblong; acutely triangular; twenty lines
+     long. Seeds nearly globular. (Otherwise as _I. macrosiphon_.)
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from Santa Cruz to Marin County.
+
+On account of the bright and varied hues of its flowers, the genus _Iris_
+was named for the rainbow-winged messenger of the gods. In France it is
+known as "fleur-de-lis," a name whose origin has caused endless discussion
+and has been accounted for in many ways. There are many species, all of
+them beautiful. Orris-root is the product of the lovely white Florentine
+_Iris_.
+
+[Illustration BLUE-AND-WHITE LUPINE--_Lupinus bicolor_.]
+
+In California we have several comparatively well-known species, and a
+number of others which are without names as yet; but the Douglas _Iris_ is
+probably our most beautiful. It thrives well upon open mesas or upon
+well-drained hill-slope in the shelter of the chaparral. But it is found at
+its best in the rich soil of moist woodlands, whose seclusion seems the
+most fitting abode for so aristocratic a flower. There, surrounded by the
+delicate greenery of fern-fronds and a hundred other tender, springing
+things, it seems to hold a sylvan court, receiving homage from all the
+other denizens of the wood. There is a certain marked and personal
+individuality about these flowers which makes encountering them seem like
+meeting certain distinguished personages.
+
+
+ITHURIEL'S SPEAR. BLUE MILLA.
+
+_Brodiaea laxa_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Small; fiber-coated. _Leaves._--Usually two; radical;
+     linear channeled. _Scapes._--Six inches to two feet high.
+     _Umbels._--Of ten to thirty or more purple or violet, or even
+     white, flowers. _Pedicels._--One to three inches long.
+     _Perianth._--Twelve to twenty lines long. _Stamens._--Six; in
+     two rows; the upper opposite the inner lobes of the perianth.
+     _Ovary._--Three-celled; on a stalk six lines long. _Hab._--From
+     Kern County to Northern Oregon.
+
+After the delicate _Collinsias_ have stolen away, the beautiful flowers of
+Ithuriel's spear begin to claim our attention in open grassy spots on the
+borders of rich woodlands. The common name is a happy one; for there is
+something commanding about this tall blossom-crowned shaft. It will perhaps
+be remembered that the angel Ithuriel possessed a truth compelling spear.
+When Satan, disguised, went to the Garden of Eden to tempt Eve, Ithuriel
+and Zephon were sent to expel him.
+
+[Illustration ITHURIEL'S SPEAR--_Brodiaea laxa_.]
+
+                    ... "him there they found,
+    Squat like a toad, close at the ear of Eve,
+    Assaying by his devilish art to reach
+    The organs of her fancy, and with them forge
+    Illusions as he list, phantasms, and dreams;
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear
+    Touched lightly; for no falsehood can endure
+    Touch of celestial temper, but returns
+    Of force to its own likeness: up he starts
+    Discovered and surprised."
+
+
+BEACH-ASTER.
+
+_Erigeron glaucus_, Ker. Composite Family.
+
+     Six to twelve inches high, having a tuft of radical leaves and
+     some ascending stems. _Leaves._--Obovate or spatulate-oblong;
+     one to four inches long; pale; somewhat succulent; slightly
+     viscid. _Flower-heads._--Composed of dull-yellow disk-flowers
+     and bright-violet ray-flowers. _Disk._--Eight lines or so
+     across. _Rays._--Six or eight lines long; narrow; numerous; in
+     several rows. _Hab._--The Coast, from Oregon to Southern
+     California.
+
+Almost anywhere upon our Coast, "within the roar of a surf-tormented
+shore," we can find the beautiful blossoms of the beach-aster. We may know
+them by their resemblance to the China asters of our gardens, though they
+are not so large. They present a most delightful combination of color in
+their old-gold centers, violet rays, and rather pale foliage.
+
+
+TOAD-FLAX.
+
+_Linaria Canadensis_, Dumont. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Slender; six inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly alternate on the flowering stems, but smaller
+     and broader ones often opposite or whorled on the procumbent
+     shoots; linear; smooth. _Flowers._--Blue; in terminal racemes;
+     like those of _Antirrhinum_, but the tube furnished with a
+     long, downward-pointing spur at base. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+The delicate blue flowers of the toad-flax are not uncommon in spring, and
+the plants are usually found in sandy soil. The little blossoms are very
+ethereal and have a sweet perfume. I once saw a deep blue band upon a mesa
+near San Diego, which vied in richness with the ultramarine of the sea just
+beyond. It stretched for some distance, and at last curved around and
+crossed the road over which I was passing, when it proved to be made up of
+millions of these delicate flowers. The color effect seemed cumulative, for
+the mass was so much richer and deeper than the individual flowers.
+
+[Illustration BEACH-ASTER--_Erigeron glaucus_.]
+
+
+CATALINA MARIPOSA TULIP.
+
+_Calochortus Catalinae_, Wats. Lily Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two feet high; loosely branching; bulbiferous. Leaves
+     and bracts linear-lanceolate. _Flowers._--Erect; eighteen lines
+     or so long. _Sepals._--Green without; scarious-margined;
+     whitish within; with purple spot at base; one inch long; acute.
+     _Petals._--White; with garnet base; bearing a round gland
+     covered with hairs. Filaments garnet. _Capsule._--Narrowly
+     oblong; three-sided; obtuse; an inch or two long. Seeds flat;
+     horizontal. (See _Calochortus_.) _Hab._--From San Luis Obispo
+     County to San Bernardino; and the islands off the Coast.
+
+This is one of the earliest _Mariposas_ to bloom in the south. Its
+beautiful, stately white cups have a garnet base within, and this, with its
+oblong, obtuse capsule and horizontal seeds, clearly identifies it. These
+blossoms are favorite resting-places for the bees, who are often beguiled
+in them from their labors and lulled to a gentle slumber. We have
+frequently startled the little truants from these siestas, and with
+amusement watched them struggling for a moment before regaining
+consciousness and whizzing away once more upon their round of duties.
+
+This may be designated our maritime _Calochortus_, as it is found mostly
+near the Coast or upon its islands.
+
+_C. splendens_, Dougl., found in the Coast Ranges from Lake County to San
+Diego, is sometimes confused with the above. It is a beautiful flower,
+whose petals are a clear rose-lilac without spots or marks, with long,
+whitish, cobwebby hairs on their middle third. Its anthers are purple or
+lilac, three to six lines long.
+
+
+DOG-VIOLET.
+
+_Viola canina, var. adunca_, Gray. Violet Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Leafy; several from the rootstocks. _Leaves._--Ovate;
+     often somewhat cordate at base; acute or obtuse; six to
+     eighteen lines long; obscurely crenate. Stipules foliaceous;
+     narrowly lanceolate; lacerately toothed. _Flowers._--Violet or
+     purple; rather large. Lateral petals bearded. Spur as long as
+     the sepals; rather slender; obtuse; hooked or curved.
+     (Otherwise as _V. pedunculata_.) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from
+     San Francisco to Washington.
+
+                      ... "violets
+    Which yet join not scent to hue
+    Crown the pale year weak and new."
+
+Nestling amid the grasses on many a moist mesa by the sea, the modest
+flowers of the dog-violet may be found at almost any time of year. They
+vary greatly in the length of their stems, according to the season and the
+locality of growth.
+
+
+THISTLE-SAGE.
+
+_Salvia carduacea_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Leaves._--All radical; thistle-like; with cobwebby wool.
+     _Stems._--Stout; a foot or two high. _Flower-whorls._--An inch
+     or two through. _Calyx._--Bilabiate; with five spiny teeth.
+     _Corolla._--Lavender; an inch long. Upper lip erect; two-cleft.
+     Lower fan-shaped; white-fringed. _Stamens._--On the lower lip.
+     Proper filaments very short, with one short and one long fork,
+     each bearing an anther-cell. (Otherwise like _S. Columbariae_.)
+     _Hab._--Western and Southern California.
+
+Upon the dry, open plains of the south, the charming flowers of the
+thistle-sage make their appearance by May. Upon the train we pass myriads
+of them standing along the embankments, and seeming to beckon mockingly at
+us, well knowing the train almost never stops where we can get them.
+
+These plants present the most remarkable blending of the rigid,
+uncompromising, touch-me-not aspect and the ethereal and fragile. In each
+of the several stories of the flower-cluster there are usually a number of
+the exquisitely delicate flowers in bloom at once, standing above the
+hemisphere of densely crowded, spiny calyx-tips. Nothing more airy or
+fantastic could well be imagined than these diaphanous blossoms. The upper
+lip of the corolla stands erect, its two lobes side by side, or crossed
+like two delicate little hands. The lower lip has two small and
+inconspicuous lateral lobes and one large central one, which is like the
+ruff of a fantail pigeon and daintily fringed with white. The color
+combination in these blossoms is charming. To the sage green of the foliage
+and the lilac of the blossoms is added the dash of orange in the anthers
+that puts the finishing touch. The whole plant has a heavy, dull odor of
+sage.
+
+This species is also sometimes called "chia," and its seeds are used in the
+same manner as those of our other _Salvia_, but to no such extent.
+
+
+VIOLET BEARD-TONGUE.
+
+_Pentstemon heterophyllus_, Lindl. Figwort Family.
+
+     Woody at base; many-stemmed. _Stems._--Two to five feet tall.
+     _Leaves._--Lanceolate or linear; or the lowest
+     oblong-lanceolate; diminishing into narrow floral bracts.
+     _Panicle._--Narrow. Pedicels one- to three-flowered; short and
+     erect. _Corolla._--Rose-purple, or violet suffused with pink;
+     an inch or more long; ventricose-funnel-form above the narrow,
+     slender tube. (See _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--Western California,
+     specially southward.
+
+The beautiful flowers of the violet beard-tongue are often seen among the
+soft browns of our dusty roadsides in early summer. They are truly charming
+flowers, and we marvel how any one can pass them by unnoticed. I have seen
+them especially showy in the southern part of the State, in Santa Barbara
+and Ventura Counties, where the plants often spread over two or three feet,
+sending up innumerable slender flower-covered wands. The undeveloped buds
+are of a characteristic greenish-yellow tone, making an unusual contrast to
+the expanded flowers and the rather pale foliage. The structure of the
+anthers is quite interesting, each cell consisting of a little bag with
+bristly margins, the two together being heart-shaped in outline.
+
+_P. azureus_, Benth., or the "azure beard-tongue," is very similar to the
+above, growing from one to three feet high; but it is smooth and glaucous;
+its leaves are inclined to have a broader base, and its flowers are usually
+larger, azure blue, approaching violet, sometimes having a red-purple
+tube, while its border is often an inch across. This is found throughout
+the State, but is more common in the interior and in the Sierras. Its buds
+are not yellow.
+
+[Illustration AZURE BEARD-TONGUE--_Pentstemon heterophyllus_.]
+
+
+WILD GINGER.
+
+_Asarum caudatum_, Lindl. Birthwort Family.
+
+     _Rootstocks._--Creeping; aboveground. _Leaves._--Alternate; two
+     to four inches long; heart-shaped; not mottled; shining green.
+     _Flowers._--Raisin-colored. _Perianth._--With spherical tube
+     and three long-pointed lobes, thirty lines long.
+     _Stamens._--Twelve. Filaments more or less coherent in groups,
+     adherent to the styles, and produced beaklike beyond the
+     anthers. _Ovary._--Six-celled. Styles united; equaling the
+     stamens. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Santa Cruz to British
+     Columbia.
+
+The beautiful long-stemmed leaves of the wild ginger stand upon the borders
+of many a shaded canyon stream, seeming to enjoy the gossiping of the brook
+as it gurgles by. The leaves and roots of these plants are aromatic, and
+the former when crushed emit a pleasant fragrance, similar to that of the
+camphor-laurel. The branching rootstocks, creeping along the surface of the
+ground, grow from their tips; which are swathed in the undeveloped silky
+leaves.
+
+In the spring a warm hue comes among these closely-folded leaves, and
+presently a curious dull-colored bud begins to protrude its long tip from
+their midst. This bud looks as though some worm had eaten off its end; but
+we soon see that its blunt appearance is due to the fact that the long
+prongs of the sepals are neatly folded in upon themselves, like the jointed
+leg of an insect. It must require considerable force in the flower to
+unfurl them. When at length expanded, these blossoms have the look of some
+rapacious, hobgoblin spider, lurking for its prey.
+
+Another species--_A. Hartwegi_, Wats.--the "Sierra wild ginger," is easily
+distinguished from the above by its white-mottled leaves, which grow in
+clusters, and by its smaller flowers. It blooms later than the other, its
+flowers lasting into July. These plants are closely related to the
+"Dutchman's pipe."
+
+[Illustration WILD GINGER--_Asarum caudatum_.]
+
+
+COMMON MILKWEED. SILKWEED.
+
+_Asclepias Mexicana_, Cav. Milkweed Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to five feet high; slender. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     whorled and fascicled; linear-lanceolate; short-petioled; two
+     to six inches long. _Peduncles._--Erect; slender; often in
+     whorls. _Flowers._--Very small and numerous; in umbels; white
+     and lavender. _Corolla-lobes._--Two lines long.
+     _Anthers._--Twice the filament column. _Horns._--Awl-shaped;
+     arising from below the middle of the ovate hoods, and
+     conspicuously curved over the stigma. _Pods._--Slender;
+     spindle-shaped. (Structure otherwise as in _Gomphocarpus_.)
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State, and beyond its borders.
+
+This is one of our most widely distributed milkweeds, and may be found
+blossoming along our dusty roadsides and through the fields in early
+summer. Its stems are tall and wandlike with long, narrow leaves, and its
+little blossoms are very trim. Its distaff-shaped pods, with their
+beautiful silken down, are familiar objects, much beloved by the children,
+and are sought by older people who utilize them in many dainty ways.
+
+
+CHICORY. SUCCORY. WILD BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.
+
+_Cichorium Intybus_, L. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to five feet high; much branched.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; the lower oblong or lanceolate, partly
+     clasping, sometimes sharply incised; the upper reduced to
+     bracts. _Flower-heads._--Bright blue; sessile; two or three
+     together in the axils of the leaves or terminal; of ray-flowers
+     only. _Rays._--Ten lines long; about two wide; notched at the
+     tip. Bracts of the involucre in two series; green.
+     _Hab._--Escaped from cultivation in many places.
+
+The most careless observer will some day have his attention startled into
+activity by a certain tall, fine plant growing along the roadside, bearing
+beautiful, ragged blue flowers closely set to its stem. This is a stranger
+from over the seas, whose native home is England; and, like all English, it
+is an excellent colonist, having pushed its way into most parts of the
+civilized world. It has become quite plentiful among us in the last few
+years, and whole fields may often be seen covered with its lovely
+bright-blue blossoms, which are known as "ragged sailors," and "wild
+bachelor's-buttons." They open in the early morning, closing by midday.
+In Europe a popular belief is rife that they open at eight o'clock in the
+morning and close at four in the afternoon.
+
+[Illustration COMMON MILKWEED--_Asclepias Mexicana_.]
+
+    "On upland slopes the shepherds mark
+      The hour when, to the dial true,
+    Cichorium to the towering lark
+      Lifts her soft eye, serenely blue."
+
+The plant is useful in several ways. Its root is boiled and eaten as a
+vegetable; the leaves, when blanched, make an excellent salad; and the
+whole plant was formerly employed in medicine, and is still considered a
+valuable remedy for jaundice. But the most common use of it is as a
+substitute for coffee, or as an adulterant of it. The fleshy, milky root is
+dried, ground, and roasted, and though it has neither the essential oil nor
+the delicious aroma of coffee, it is not an unpleasant beverage, and its
+cheapness brings it within the reach of the very poor.
+
+The chicory industry has grown to be of considerable importance in
+California of late. The plants are grown in reclaimed tule land near
+Stockton, where there is a factory for the conversion of the root into the
+commercial article.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN LOBELIA.
+
+_Downingia pulchella_, Torr. Lobelia Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to six inches high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     sessile; linear; obtuse; passing into flower-bracts above.
+     _Flowers._--Racemose; blue. _Calyx-tube._--Very long and
+     slender; adnate to the ovary; its limb of five slender
+     divisions. _Corolla._--With short tube and bilabiate border.
+     The smaller lip of two narrow spreading or recurved divisions;
+     the larger three-lobed; broader than long; nine or ten lines by
+     five or six lines. All the lobes intense blue; the large
+     centers mostly white. _Stamens._--Five; united into a curved
+     tube. _Capsule._--Splitting at the sides. _Hab._--Nearly
+     throughout the State.
+
+These little lobeliaceous plants are very common, especially upon the
+plains of the interior, and may be found growing in wet places, where they
+often make the ground blue. The showy, white-centered flowers are familiar
+along the roadsides upon the borders of puddles. The blossoms, which are
+really stemless, appear to have stems of considerable length, owing to the
+very long, slender ovary and calyx-tube. They are cultivated for ornament
+under the name of _Clintonia pulchella_.
+
+We have one other species in the northern part of the State. It is a larger
+plant, sometimes a foot tall, with ovate to lanceolate leaves. This is _D.
+elegans_, Torr.
+
+
+FALSE INDIGO. LEAD-PLANT.
+
+_Amorpha Californica_, Nutt. Pea Family.
+
+     Shrubs three to over eight feet high. _Leaves._--Mostly
+     alternate; with stipules; pinnate. _Leaflets._--One inch long;
+     five to nine or more pairs. _Flower-spikes._--Two to six inches
+     long. _Flowers._--Black-purple; two and a half lines long.
+     _Calyx._--Half as long. _Corolla._--With only one petal! (the
+     standard); this erect and folded. _Stamens._--Slightly united
+     at base; exserted. _Ovary._--One-celled. _Pod._--Three lines
+     long. (See _Leguminosae_.) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Marin
+     County to San Diego.
+
+This shrub or small tree is remarkable for its sickeningly fragrant
+foliage. The small blossoms, taken individually, are inconspicuous, but
+when seen in masses, sprinkling the foliage with black and gold, they are
+quite effective.
+
+
+BLUE-CURLS.
+
+_Trichostema lanceolatum_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     One or two feet high; branching from the base.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; sessile; crowded; lanceolate or
+     ovate-lanceolate; gradually acuminate; densely pubescent;
+     several-nerved; an inch or more long. _Flowers._--Blue; in
+     axillary, short-peduncled, dense clusters.
+     _Calyx._--Five-cleft. _Corolla._--Six lines long; with filiform
+     tube; and border with five almost similar lobes.
+     _Stamens._--Four; of two lengths. Filaments filiform;
+     long-exserted and curled. _Ovary._--Of four seed like nutlets.
+     Style long; filiform; two-cleft at the tip. _Hab._--Throughout
+     Western California.
+
+Of all the plants of our acquaintance, the common blue-curls is the most
+aggressive and ill-smelling. Its odor is positively sickening. Some years
+ago, when it was first new to me, I brought some of it down from Sonoma
+County upon the train, and, even though it had been carefully wrapped, I
+was obliged to deposit it in the wood-box, as far as possible from the
+passengers.
+
+The generic name comes from two Greek words, signifying _hair_ and
+_stamen_, and was bestowed on account of the capillary filaments. The
+common name also refers to the long, curling blue stamens.
+
+This species blossoms late in summer, and grows upon very dry ground, where
+it seems almost a miracle for any plant to thrive.
+
+
+ROMERO. WOOLLY BLUE-CURLS.
+
+_Trichostema lanatum_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Shrubby; two to five feet high. _Leaves._--Opposite and
+     fascicled in the axils; an inch or so long; green above;
+     white-woolly beneath. _Flowers._--Blue; in terminal clusters
+     sometimes a foot long; covered with dense violet wool.
+     _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Corolla._--Nearly an inch long; with
+     tube half its length and border violet-shaped. _Stamens and
+     Style._--Two inches long. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     _Hab._--From San Diego to Santa Barbara.
+
+When the first scorching winds of the desert have withered and laid low the
+lovely flowers of the southern plains, the Romero is just coming into bloom
+upon dry hillsides. Its shrubby form, with densely crowded leaves, becomes
+conspicuous by reason of its long spikes of purple-woolly buds and
+blossoms. This inflorescence is an exquisite thing, more like the
+production of a Paris milliner than a guileless creation of nature. The
+individual blossoms have much the look of alert little blue violets wearing
+long, elegant lilac aigrets. Both leaf and flower have a pleasant aromatic
+fragrance, entirely unlike the dreadful odor of the common blue-curls.
+
+Among the Spanish-Californians it is known altogether by the musical name
+of "Romero," and is one of their most highly valued medicinal herbs, being
+considered a panacea for many troubles. Fried in olive oil, it becomes an
+ointment which alleviates pain and cures ulcers; dried and reduced to
+powder, it is a snuff very efficacious for catarrh; and made into a
+tincture, it is used as a liniment. This plant is also sometimes called
+"black sage."
+
+[Illustration ROMERO--_Trichostema lanatum_.]
+
+
+HARVEST BRODIAEA. LARGE-FLOWERED BRODIAEA.
+
+_Brodiaea grandiflora_, Smith. Lily Family.
+
+     _Corm._--Fibrous-coated. _Leaves._--Narrowly linear; somewhat
+     cylindrical. _Scape._--Four to twelve inches high.
+     _Pedicels._--Three to ten, rarely one; unequal.
+     _Perianth._--Violet; waxen; ten to twenty lines long; broadly
+     funnel-form; six-cleft; lobes recurving. _Stamens._--Three;
+     opposite the inner segments. _Staminodia._--Three;
+     strap-shaped; entire; white; erect; about equaling the stamens.
+     _Ovary._--Sessile; three-celled. Style stout. Stigma
+     three-lobed. _Hab._--From Ventura to the British boundary in
+     the Coast Ranges and Sierras.
+
+In the latter part of May and early in June, just as the grain is mellowing
+in the fields, the dry grasses of our hill-slopes and roadsides begin to
+reveal the beautiful blossoms of the "harvest Brodiaea." Seen at its best,
+this is one of our finest species. It sends up a scape a foot high, bearing
+from five to ten of the large, lily-like, violet flowers. They are
+somewhere described as varying to rose. I have never seen them of this
+color, though a flash of them caught when riding by a field is often
+suggestive of a pink flower.
+
+These plants vary considerably in size, in some localities blooming when
+but an inch or two high, and in others having their tall scape crowned with
+as many as ten of the fine blossoms. These have their segments nerved with
+brown upon the outside. The clear-white stamens stand opposite the outer
+segments, alternating with the white staminodia. The leaves have dried away
+before the coming of the blossoms.
+
+_B. terrestris_, Kell., common throughout Central California, is always
+found in sandy soil. Its perianth is less than an inch long, and its
+staminodia are yellow, with inrolled edges. This is clearly distinguished
+by these characteristics, added to the fact that its flower-cluster has no
+common stalk or scape, but seems to sit upon the ground, giving the
+separate flowers the appearance of coming from the ground.
+
+[Illustration HARVEST BRODIAEA--_Brodiaea grandiflora_.]
+
+
+VIOLET SNAPDRAGON.
+
+_Antirrhinum vagans_, Gray. Figwort Family.
+
+     Herbs with prehensile branchlets. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     short-petioled; lanceolate to oblong-ovate; entire; an inch
+     long. _Flowers._--Six lines long; lavender. _Sepals._--Five;
+     upper one large; oblong; the others small, linear.
+     _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; on the corolla. Filaments slender.
+     Anthers with two diverging cells. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style
+     awl-shaped. _Hab._--Throughout the western part of the State.
+
+When the first dryness of summer is beginning to make itself felt, the tall
+wandlike sprays of the little lilac snapdragon begin to appear along our
+dusty roadsides. A curious feature of this plant is to be found in the long
+threadlike branchlets produced in the axils of the leaves. These are like
+so many little arms, apparently waving about in aimless abandon, but in
+reality vigilant of any opportunity to grasp some convenient object of
+support.
+
+Another species--_A. glandulosum_, Lindl.--is common from Santa Cruz
+southward. This may be known by its pink and yellow flowers, its very
+viscid, leafy stems, three to five feet tall, and its lack of prehensile
+branchlets. This has somewhat more the look of the familiar garden species.
+Its anthers are arranged like teeth in the roof of its mouth, and the
+children, by slightly pinching the sides of its funny little countenance,
+can make it open its mouth in quite a formidable manner.
+
+Sir John Lubbock, writing of the fertilization of flowers, says: "Thus the
+_Antirrhinum_, or snapdragon, is completely closed, and only a somewhat
+powerful insect can force its way in. The flower is in fact a strong-box,
+of which the humble-bee only has the key."
+
+[Illustration VIOLET SNAPDRAGON--_Antirrhinum vagans_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN HAREBELL. BELLFLOWER.
+
+_Campanula prenanthoides_, Durand. Harebell or Campanula Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Several inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; ovate-oblong to lanceolate; one inch or
+     less long. _Flowers._--Blue; on recurved pedicels.
+     _Calyx._--Growing to the ovary below; with five awl-shaped
+     teeth. _Corolla._--Five to eight lines long; with short tube
+     and slender, spreading, recurved lobes. _Stamens._--Five.
+     _Ovary._--Three- to five-celled. Style club-shaped; much
+     exserted. Stigma becoming three-lobed. _Hab._--Coast woods from
+     Monterey to Mendocino County, and through the northern Sierras.
+
+The fragile blossoms of the harebell lurk in the seclusion of our cool
+canyons or peer down at us from the banks of shaded mountain roads toward
+the end of July. We almost wonder that this ethereal flower dares delay its
+coming so long when outside its cool retreat all is parched and dry. It
+forms a delicate contrast to its more robust English sister, the harebell
+so often celebrated by the poets.
+
+
+SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL.
+
+_Brunella vulgaris_, L. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to fifteen inches high. _Leaves._--Opposite;
+     petioled; ovate or oblong. _Flowers._--In a dense, short spike,
+     with broad, leafy bracts; purple, violet, or rarely white.
+     _Calyx._--Bilabiate; upper lip with three short teeth; the
+     lower two-cleft. _Corolla._--Bilabiate; upper lip arched,
+     entire; lower three-lobed; deflexed. _Stamens._--Four; in
+     pairs. Filaments two-forked; one fork naked, the other bearing
+     the two-celled anther. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     Style filiform; two-cleft above. _Hab._--Widely distributed
+     over the Northern Hemisphere.
+
+From April to July the purple blossoms of the self-heal, or heal-all, may
+be found in the borders of woods or in open grounds.
+
+The generic name is thought to come from the old German word, _braune_, a
+disease of the throat, for which this plant was believed to be a cure.
+According to the old doctrine of signatures, plants by their appearance
+were supposed to indicate the diseases for which nature intended them as
+remedies, and in England the _Brunella_ was considered particularly
+efficacious in the disorders of carpenters and common laborers, because
+its corolla resembled a bill-hook. Hence it was commonly called
+"carpenter's herb," "hook-heal," and "sicklewort."
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN HAREBELL--_Campanula prenanthoides_.]
+
+
+PENNYROYAL. POLEO.
+
+_Monardella villosa_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Woody; branching from below; a foot or two high.
+     _Leaves._--An inch or less long; toothed or entire; veins
+     conspicuous. _Flowers._--White to deep lilac; in a dense head
+     subtended by a number of ovate, green bracts.
+     _Calyx._--Tubular; five-toothed; four lines long.
+     _Corolla._--Nine lines long; with filiform tube and bilabiate
+     border. Upper lip two-cleft; lower cleft into three linear
+     divisions. _Stamens._--Four; in pairs; exserted. Anther cells
+     divergent. _Ovary._--Of four seedlike nutlets.
+     _Hab._--Throughout the State; common.
+
+Owing to their resemblance to the _Monarda_, or horsemint of the East,
+these Western plants have been given the diminutive of its
+name--_Monardella_.
+
+In early summer the blossoms, which are generally purple, are conspicuous
+in our drying woods. The herbage is pleasantly fragrant. The more hairy
+form, which suggested the specific name, is found in the south.
+
+Another species--_M. lanceolata_, Gray--common in the Sierras and south to
+San Diego, is a very handsome plant with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
+entire leaves, an inch or two long, and having its bright rose-colored or
+purple corollas sometimes dark-spotted. This is known among the
+Spanish-Californians as "poleo" (pennyroyal), and is valued as a remedy for
+various ailments.
+
+_M. odoratissima_, Benth., found abundantly in the Sierras, and known as
+"wild pennyroyal," is a bushy, many-stemmed plant, whose flowers usually
+have a faded lavender hue. But the plant is exceedingly fragrant, perfuming
+the air all about.
+
+[Illustration PENNYROYAL--_Monardella villosa_.]
+
+
+LUCERN. ALFALFA. CHILEAN CLOVER.
+
+_Medicago sativa_, L. Pea Family.
+
+     Perennials, with roots sometimes reaching down eight or ten
+     feet. _Stems._--Two to four feet high. _Leaflets._--Three;
+     toothed above. _Flowers._--Violet. _Calyx._--Five-toothed.
+     _Corolla._--Papilionaceous; six lines long. _Stamens._--Nine
+     united; one free. _Pod._--Spirally coiled; without spines.
+     _Hab._--Usually escaped from cultivation.
+
+The value of this little plant has been known for many centuries. It was
+introduced into Greece from Media, whence it received the name _Medicago_,
+and was cultivated several centuries before Christ. It has reached us
+through Mexico and Chile, where it is called "alfalfa" and "Chilean
+clover."
+
+It is but sparingly naturalized among us, but on account of its very
+nutritious herbage it is largely cultivated for feed. Its very deep root
+enables it to seek moisture from perennial sources, and to thus withstand
+the dryness of our summers. It requires considerable care to start the
+plants; but once established, the roots will continue under favorable
+circumstances to produce crops of herbage almost indefinitely. When grown
+upon good soil and irrigated, it will yield several crops a year. When
+cured for hay, it is cut just before flowering. But it is of greatest value
+for feeding green to dairy cows and other animals. An alfalfa field is a
+beautiful and grateful sight amid the drouth of our late summer. In Chile
+sprays of this plant are laid about in the houses to drive away fleas.
+
+
+SQUAW'S CARPET. MAHALA MATS.
+
+_Ceanothus prostratus_, Benth. Buckthorn Family.
+
+     Hardy, evergreen, trailing shrubs, carpeting the ground.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; short-petioled; obovate or spatulate;
+     cuneate; leathery; several-toothed above; three to twelve lines
+     long. _Flowers._--Bright blue; in loose clusters on stout
+     peduncles. _Fruit._--With thick, often red, flesh; with three
+     large wrinkled, somewhat spreading horns from near the apex,
+     and low intermediate crests. (See _Ceanothus_.) _Hab._--The
+     Sierras and northern Coast Ranges.
+
+[Illustration ALFALFA--_Medicago sativa_.]
+
+Upon half-shaded slopes in the Sierras, where great firs rear their
+noble shafts, forming an open forest, this little trailing shrub makes a
+clean, delightfully springy carpet underfoot. Early in the season it is
+an exquisite thing, when covered with its delicate clusters of
+bright-blue flowers, and it is no less attractive in late summer, when
+its odd scarlet fruit studs the rich green foliage.
+
+The children of our mountain districts know it as "squaw's carpet" and
+"mahala mats." Among the Digger Indians the word "Mahala" is applied as a
+title of respect to all the women of the tribe indiscriminately, and they
+always refer to one another as "Mahala Sally," "Mahala Nancy," etc.
+
+
+ACONITE. MONK'S-HOOD. FRIAR'S-CAP. BLUEWEED.
+
+_Aconitum Columbianum_, Nutt. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to six feet high. _Leaves._--Alternate; palmately
+     three- to five-cleft, three to five inches across.
+     _Flowers._--From blue to almost white; in a terminal cluster.
+     _Sepals._--Five; petaloid; very irregular; the upper one
+     helmet-shaped. _Petals._--Two to five; the upper two
+     stamen-like, concealed within the helmet; the lower three
+     minute or obsolete. _Stamens._--Numerous. Filaments short.
+     _Pistils._--Usually three; becoming divergent follicles.
+     _Syn._--_A. Fischeri_, Reichb. _Hab._--The Sierras and the
+     northern Coast Ranges.
+
+The blossoms of the monk's-hood, or aconite, may be found with those of the
+tall blue larkspur and the little alpine lily along our mountain streams in
+late summer. Owing to the shape of the upper sepal, these flowers have
+received several of their common names, such as "helmet-flower,"
+"friar's-cap," and "monk's-hood."
+
+The genus _Aconitum_ has been known from remote times and noted for the
+poisonous qualities of its species. From the roots and leaves of _A.
+napellus_, the officinal species, supposed to be native of Britain, is made
+the powerful drug, aconite. Our own species is also poisonous, and among
+the mountaineers it is called "blueweed," and remembered only for its
+disastrous effect upon their sheep, who are sometimes driven to eat it when
+other feed is scare. The helmet varies greatly in breadth and length.
+
+[Illustration MONK'S-HOOD--_Aconitum Columbianum_.]
+
+
+BLUE GENTIAN.
+
+_Gentiana calycosa_, Griseb. Gentian Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Six to twelve inches high. _Leaves._--Eighteen lines
+     to less than an inch long. _Flowers._--Deep, rich blue.
+     _Corolla._--An inch or two long; plaited into folds between the
+     lobes; the sinuses with two long, toothlike appendages; the
+     lobes green-dotted. _Stamens._--Five; alternate with the
+     corolla-lobes. Filaments flattened and adnate to the corolla
+     below. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style awl-shaped. Stigma
+     two-lobed. _Hab._--The Sierras.
+
+This genus was named for Gentius, an ancient king of Illyria, who is said
+to have discovered the medicinal virtues of these plants. The drug called
+"gentian," a bitter tonic, is made from the root of a German species--_G.
+lutea_--with yellow flowers.
+
+All the Gentians are natives of the cooler portions of the world,
+inhabiting northern latitudes and mountain heights. We have several fine
+species, which are found in the Sierras and the northern Coast Ranges.
+
+_G. calycosa_ is a truly beautiful flower, rivaling the sky with its deep
+blue blossoms, which are to be found in the fall in many an alpine meadow,
+called by Mr. Muir "gentian-meadows."
+
+
+TALL MOUNTAIN LARKSPUR.
+
+_Delphinium scopulorum, var. glaucum_, Gray.
+
+Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     Mostly smooth; more or less glaucous. _Stems._--Two to six feet
+     high. _Leaves._--Palmately five- to seven-parted; the divisions
+     slashed into sharp-pointed lobes. _Flowers._--Blue; in narrow,
+     slender racemes; on rather short, slender pedicels.
+     _Sepals._--Rather narrow; six lines long or less; minutely
+     tomentose. Spur crapy; rather slender. _Ovaries._--Smooth.
+     (Flower-structure as in _D. nudicaule_.) _Syn._--_D.
+     scopulorum_, Gray. _Hab._--The Sierras, at about six thousand
+     feet; from the San Bernardino Mountains to the Yukon River.
+
+[Illustration BLUE GENTIAN--_Gentiana calycosa_.]
+
+By July and August the slender spires of the tall mountain larkspur are
+conspicuous along the watercourses of the Sierras, where they are usually
+found in the company of their near relatives, the monk's-hoods and the gay
+scarlet columbines. A ramble down one of these mountain streams affords a
+succession of most delightful surprises. Willow copses, alternating with
+tangles of larkspur, great willow-herb, and monk's-hood, are followed by
+open, velvety meadows, starred by white and blue daisies, or diversified by
+the pure spikes of the milk-white rein-orchis, or the lovely blossoms of
+the pink mimulus; while further down, the stream perchance suddenly narrows
+and deepens, flowing by some jutting rock-wall, resplendent with crimson
+pentstemons or brilliant sulphur-flowers.
+
+
+COMMON ASTER.
+
+_Aster Chamissonis_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+_Stems._--Two to five feet high; loosely branching. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+sessile; lanceolate; three to six inches long; the upper becoming small or
+minute. _Flower-heads._--Five or six lines long; composed of yellow
+disk-flowers and violet or purple rays. _Rays._--Twenty to twenty-five;
+half an inch long. _Involucre._--Campanulate; of many small imbricated
+scales. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+We have not as many species of _Aster_ as are found in the Eastern States,
+but we have some very beautiful ones. _A. Chamissonis_ is one of our
+commonest and most widespread species. Its blossoms begin to appear in late
+summer and linger along through the fall. Many species of _Erigeron_ (very
+closely allied to _Aster_) are called "asters" among us, and comprise some
+of our most charming flowers. These are found chiefly in the mountains,
+though _E. glaucus_ is found upon the sea-beach and ocean cliffs.
+
+
+LAVENDER MOUNTAIN DAISY.
+
+_Erigeron salsuginosus_, Gray. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high. _Radical and lower
+     leaves._--Spatulate to nearly obovate; tapering into a margined
+     petiole. _Upper leaves._--Ovate-oblong to lanceolate; sessile.
+     _Uppermost leaves._--Small and bract-like.
+     _Flower-heads._--Solitary; large; of yellow disk-flowers and
+     lavender rays. _Disk._--Over half an inch across.
+     _Rays._--Fifty to seventy; six lines or more long; rather wide.
+     _Bracts_ of the involucre numerous; loosely spreading.
+     _Syn._--_Aster salsuginosus_, Richardson. _Hab._--Sierra
+     meadows, at an altitude of from six to ten thousand feet.
+
+[Illustration COMMON ASTER--_Aster Chamissonis_.]
+
+Of all the beautiful flowers of the Sierras, not one lingers so fondly in
+the memory, after our return to the lowlands, as this exquisite lavender
+daisy. Late in the summer it stars the alpine meadows with its charming
+flowers, or stands in sociable companies on those natural velvet lawns of
+the mountains. It resembles the feathery, white mountain daisy, and grows
+in the same region; but its rays are wider and give the blossoms a somewhat
+more substantial look.
+
+
+BLUE FORGET-ME-NOT. STICKSEED.
+
+_Echinospermum floribundum_, Lehm. Borage Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two feet or so high. _Leaves._--Oblong to
+     linear-lanceolate; two to five inches long. _Flowers._--In
+     numerous, slender-panicled racemes; on short, slender pedicels.
+     Racemes often in pairs. _Calyx._--Five-parted; minute.
+     _Corolla._--Sky-blue (rarely white); salver-form, with short
+     tube and spreading, five-lobed border; two to five lines
+     across, with conspicuous arching crests in the throat.
+     _Stamens._--Five; included; on the corolla. _Ovary._--Of four
+     nutlets; each having a deltoid, keeled disk and margined by
+     long, flat prickles. _Hab._--From California to British
+     Columbia and eastward.
+
+The beautiful blossoms of the wild blue forget-me-not will be readily
+recognized by all lovers of flowers. They may be found in the Sierras in
+midsummer. The tall stems rise amid the lush grasses upon the sides of
+steep canyons, where the air is humid and vegetation is rank. The flowers
+are unfortunately followed by very troublesome burs, which are much dreaded
+by sheep-herders.
+
+
+
+
+V. RED
+
+
+[_Red or occasionally or partially red flowers not described in the Red
+Section._
+
+_Described in the Yellow Section_:--
+
+    ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS--Pimpernel.
+    MECONOPSIS HETEROPHYLLA--Wind-Poppy.
+    MIMULUS GLUTINOSUS--Sticky Monkey-Flower.
+    OPUNTIA ENGELMANNI--Prickly Pear.]
+    COTYLEDON PULVERULENTA.
+
+
+INDIAN WARRIOR.
+
+_Pedicularis densiflora_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Root woody. _Stems._--Six to twenty inches high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; oblong-lanceolate; pinnate; leaflets
+     lobed and toothed; diminishing into the flower-bracts.
+     _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-toothed. _Corolla._--Club-shaped,
+     bent downward above the calyx and oblique to it; one inch long;
+     the two upper lobes united and containing the stamens; the
+     three lower mere teeth. _Stamens._--Four. Style filiform;
+     exserted. _Ovary._--Two-celled. _Hab._--Throughout Western
+     California.
+
+These blossoms, which come early in the season, seem "warmed with the new
+wine of the year." They often stand in little companies in openings among
+the trees, and the rays of the afternoon sun slanting in upon them brighten
+and vivify them into a rich, warm claret-color. The leaves, finely
+dissected, like certain fern-fronds, are often of a bronze tone, which
+harmonizes finely with the flowers.
+
+To the casual observer, this flower resembles the Indian paint-brush. In
+reality, it belongs to a closely allied genus. But in this blossom the
+bracts do not constitute the brilliant part of the inflorescence, and the
+calyx, instead of being the showy, sheathing envelop it is in the
+paint-brush, is quite small and inconspicuous.
+
+Mrs. Blochman has quaintly and aptly alluded to the corolla of this flower
+as a long and slender mitten, just fit for some high-born fairy's hand.
+
+Among the children of our mountain districts this flower is known as
+"Indian warrior."
+
+[Illustration INDIAN WARRIOR--_Pedicularis densiflora_.]
+
+
+WILD GOOSEBERRY.
+
+_Ribes Menziesii_, Pursh. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to six feet high, with naked glandular-bristly or
+     prickly branches and stout triple thorns under the fascicled
+     leaves. _Peduncles._--With one or two drooping, Fuchsia-like
+     flowers. _Calyx._--Half an inch long; garnet; the five oblong
+     lobes somewhat longer than the tube, but hardly longer than the
+     stamens, which surpass the five white petals with inrolled
+     edges. Styles exserted. Anthers sagittate. _Berry._--Four to
+     six lines in diameter; thickly covered with long prickles.
+     (Otherwise as _Ribes glutinosum_.) _Hab._--From San Diego to
+     Humboldt County; also in the Sierras.
+
+The wild gooseberry, considered as a fruit, is very disappointing, as its
+large, prickly berries are composed mostly of skin and seeds. But as an
+ornamental shrub it is very pleasing. In February its long, thorny branches
+are densely clothed with small but rich green leaves, under which hang the
+perfect little miniature red and white Fuchsias.
+
+A closely allied species--_R. subvestitum_, Hook. and Arn.,--has long
+exserted filaments and glandular-prickly berries.
+
+
+FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY.
+
+_Ribes speciosum_, Pursh. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     Shrubs six to ten feet high, with spreading branches, armed
+     with large triple thorns. _Leaves._--Evergreen; three- to
+     five-lobed; an inch or so long. _Flowers._--Bright cardinal; an
+     inch long. _Calyx._--Petaloid; its tube adnate to the ovary;
+     the limb is usually five-cleft (sometimes four). _Petals._--On
+     the sinuses of the calyx. _Stamens._--As many as the petals;
+     twice the length of the calyx. _Ovary._--One-celled. Style
+     two-cleft. _Fruit._--A dry, densely glandular berry.
+     _Hab._--From Monterey to San Diego.
+
+One of the most charming shrubs to be found in the southern part of the
+State is the Fuchsia-flowered gooseberry. Early in the season the long
+sprays of its spreading branches are thickly hung with the beautiful
+drooping cardinal flowers, which gleam against the rich green of the glossy
+leaves. The stems often rival the flowers in brilliance of coloring, but
+they harbor a multitude of formidable thorns which serve to cool our
+impetuous desire to possess ourselves of the blossoms. Though far more
+brilliant than the flowers of _R. subvestitum_, these are not so truly
+counterparts in miniature of the garden Fuchsia as they.
+
+[Illustration FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY--_Ribes speciosum_.]
+
+
+WILD PEONY.
+
+_Paeonia Brownii_, Dougl. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     Coarse, leathery herbs, with woody roots. _Stems._--Stout;
+     branched; ten to eighteen inches high. _Leaves._--Alternate;
+     once- or twice- ternately compound; the leaflets ternately lobed.
+     _Flowers._--Solitary; _Sepals._--Green; often with leaflike
+     appendages. _Petals._--Five to ten; dark red.
+     _Stamens._--Numerous. _Pistils._--Two to five; becoming
+     leathery follicles. _Hab._--Almost throughout California.
+
+Our wild peony, which is the only species of North America, grows through a
+wide range of territory, from the hot plains of the south to the region of
+perpetual snow in the mountains of the north. As might be expected, it
+manifests considerable variation in form and character. Indeed, some
+authors have thought these variations sufficiently marked to warrant the
+division of the species into two.
+
+After the first rains in the south, the plant pushes up its broad,
+scarlet-tipped leaves, and by January, or earlier, produces its flowers,
+which are deep red, shading almost into black, an inch or so across, and
+quite fragrant. These blossoms are at first erect; but as the seed-vessels
+mature, the stems begin to droop, till the fruit rests upon the ground.
+
+The Spanish-Californians consider the thick root an excellent remedy for
+dyspepsia, when eaten raw; while the Indians of the south use it, powdered
+or made into a decoction, for colds, sore throat, etc. In the north its
+leaves are reputed to be poisonous to the touch.
+
+In some localities it is known as "Christmas-rose," and in others the
+children call its dark, round flowers "nigger-heads." In the mountains it
+blossoms in June and July near snow-banks.
+
+[Illustration WILD PEONY--_Paeonia Brownii_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN FIGWORT. CALIFORNIAN BEE-PLANT.
+
+_Scrophularia Californica_, Cham. Figwort Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to five feet high; angled.
+     _Leaves._--Oblong-ovate or oblong-triangular; two or more
+     inches long. _Flowers._--Small; dull red; three to five lines
+     long; in loose terminal panicles. _Calyx._--Five-lobed.
+     _Corolla._--Bilabiate; upper lip four-lobed; lower of one lobe.
+     _Stamens._--Four perfect; in pairs; and a fifth scalelike,
+     rudimentary one. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style exserted.
+     _Hab._--Almost throughout the State.
+
+The tall stems of the Californian figwort are common along roadsides, and
+become especially rank and luxuriant where the soil has been freshly
+stirred. The plants are so plentiful and so plebeian in appearance, that we
+are apt to class them in the category of weeds; but the fact that their
+little corollas are almost always stored abundantly with honey for the
+bees, saves them from this reproachful title.
+
+They are cultivated by the keepers of bees. The odd, little dull-red or
+greenish flowers have a knowing look, which is enhanced by two of the
+stamens, which project just over the lower rim of the corolla, like the
+front teeth of some tiny rodent.
+
+
+FALSE ALUM-ROOT.
+
+_Tellima grandiflora_, R. Br. Saxifrage Family.
+
+     _Radical-leaves._--Long-petioled. _Stem-leaves._--With shorter
+     petioles, round-cordate; variously lobed and toothed; very
+     hairy, with coarse, bristle-like hairs; two to four inches
+     across. _Stems._--One to three feet high. _Flowers._--In long
+     racemes; on short pedicels; green or rose-color.
+     _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-toothed; ribbed; three to six lines
+     long; adnate to the ovary below. _Petals._--Five; short-clawed;
+     slashed above; two or three lines long; on the calyx.
+     _Stamens._--Ten; very short. _Ovary._--One-celled; with a
+     disklike summit, tapering into two stout styles with large
+     capitate stigmas. _Hab._--From Santa Cruz to Alaska.
+
+This robust plant bears no resemblance to its delicate relative, _T.
+affinis_. It is far more like the alum-root in habit and appearance, and
+its leaves are prettily blotched in the same manner. It grows along rich
+banks by shaded roads, and blooms from early spring onward. Its tall
+racemes of either rose-colored or greenish, obscure flowers look rather
+like the promise of something to come than a present fulfillment. The
+petals are small and inconspicuous at a distance; but when closely
+examined, reveal a delicacy and beauty of form entirely unsuspected.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN BEE PLANT--_ScrophulariaCalifornica_.]
+
+
+INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH. SCARLET PAINT-BRUSH.
+
+_Castilleia parviflora_, Bong. Figwort Family.
+
+     Hairy, at least above; six inches to two feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Laciniate-cleft or incised; sometimes entire; two
+     inches or so long; mostly alternate. _Flowers._--With
+     conspicuous colored bracts. _Calyx._--Tubular; about equally
+     cleft before and behind; tinged with scarlet or yellow.
+     _Corolla._--Tubular; six lines to over an inch long; the upper
+     lip equaling the tube; the lower very short; three-toothed; the
+     whole tinged with red or yellow. _Stamens._--Four; inclosed in
+     the upper lip. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style long; exserted.
+     _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+Scarlet flowers are so rare, and nature is so chary of that beautiful hue,
+that these blossoms are especially welcome. Their dense tufts make
+brilliant dashes of color, which are very noticeable amid the vivid greens
+of springtime. Strange to say, most of their brilliancy is due not to the
+corollas, but to the large petal-like bracts under the flowers and to the
+calyxes. In the vicinity of the seashore these blossoms may be found at
+almost any time of the year, while inland they have their season of bloom
+in the spring, resting for the most part during the summer.
+
+They are known in some localities as "Indian plume." The specific name is a
+very misleading one--for these flowers, far from being small, are in
+reality comparatively large and fine. The species was probably first named
+from poor or depauperate specimens. It is in every way a larger, more showy
+flower than the closely allied species--_C. coccinea_, Spreng.--of the
+East, commonly known as the "painted cup."
+
+We have a number of species closely resembling one another. _C. foliolosa_,
+Hook. and Arn., may be easily recognized by its white-woolly stems and
+foliage.
+
+[Illustration INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH--_Castilleia parviflora_.]
+
+
+NORTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR. CHRISTMAS-HORNS.
+
+_Delphinium nudicaule_, Torr. and Gray. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--A foot or two high; naked or very few-leaved.
+     _Leaves._--One to three inches in diameter; deeply three- to
+     five-cleft, or barely parted into obovate or cuneate divisions.
+     _Flowers._--Scarlet; in loose, open racemes; on pedicels two to
+     four inches long. _Sepals._--Five; petaloid; the upper
+     prolonged upward into a spur containing the smaller spurs of
+     the two upper petals. Spur six to nine lines long.
+     _Petals._--Usually four; the two lateral small, not spurred.
+     _Stamens._--Many. _Pistils._--Mostly three; becoming divergent
+     follicles. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo to
+     Oregon.
+
+Though not so intensely brilliant and striking as the southern scarlet
+larkspur, this is a delightful flower, the sight of which gracing some
+rocky canyon-wall or making flecks of flame amid the grass, gives us a
+thrill of pleasure. It would require no great stretch of the imagination to
+fancy these blossoms a company of pert little red-coated elves clambering
+over the loose, slender stems. In our childhood we used to hear them called
+"Christmas-horns."
+
+
+SCARLET FRITILLARY.
+
+_Fritillaria recurva_, Benth. Lily Family.
+
+     Bulb as in _F. lanceolata_. _Stems._--Eight to eighteen inches
+     high; one- to nine-flowered. _Flowers._--Scarlet outside;
+     yellow, spotted with scarlet, within. _Perianth._--Campanulate;
+     urn-shaped. _Segments._--Twelve to eighteen lines long; with
+     recurved tips. _Stamens_ and style not quite equaling the
+     segments. _Capsule._--Rather obtusely angled. (Otherwise as _F.
+     lanceolata_.) _Hab._--The Sierras, from Placer County northward
+     into Oregon.
+
+The scarlet fritillary is without doubt the most beautiful of all our
+species. It is a wonderful blossom, which seems as much of a marvel to us
+every time we behold it as it did at first. Usually there are from one to
+nine of the brilliant bells; but the effect can be imagined when as many as
+thirty-five have been seen upon a single stem!
+
+_F. coccinea_, Greene, is another beautiful scarlet-and-yellow species,
+found in the mountains of Sonoma and Napa Counties. This has from one to
+four flowers, which are an inch long, with simple campanulate outline,
+without recurving tips.
+
+[Illustration NORTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR--_Delphinium nudicaule_.]
+
+
+COLUMBINE.
+
+     _Aquilegia truncata_, Fisch. and Mey. Buttercup or Crowfoot
+     Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high; very slender.
+     _Leaves._--Mostly radical; divided into thin, distant leaflets.
+     _Flowers._--Scarlet; tinged with yellow; eighteen to
+     twenty-four lines across. Parts in fives. _Sepals._--Petaloid;
+     rotately spreading. _Petals._--Tubular; produced into long
+     spurs or horns. _Stamens._--Numerous on the receptacle; much
+     exserted. _Pistils._--Five; simple. _Hab._--Throughout
+     California.
+
+    Sprung in a cleft of the wayside steep,
+    And saucily nodding, flushing deep,
+      With her airy tropic bells aglow,--
+    Bold and careless, yet wondrous light,
+    And swung into poise on the stony height,
+      Like a challenge flung to the world below!
+    Skirting the rocks at the forest edge
+    With a running flame from ledge to ledge,
+    Or swaying deeper in shadowy glooms,
+    A smoldering fire in her dusky blooms;
+    Bronzed and molded by wind and sun,
+    Maddening, gladdening every one
+    With a gypsy beauty full and fine,--
+    A health to the crimson columbine!
+
+    --ELAINE GOODALE
+
+To enjoy the exquisite airy beauty of this lovely flower, we must seek it
+in its own haunts--for there is a touch of wildness in its nature that will
+not be subdued; nor will it submit to being handled or ruthlessly
+transported from its own sylvan retreat.
+
+Fringing the stream, peering over the bank, as if to see its own loveliness
+reflected there, or hiding in the greenest recesses of the woodland, it is
+always a welcome blossom, and the eye brightens and the pulse quickens upon
+beholding it.
+
+This species is at home throughout our borders; but there is another
+form which is said to be found occasionally in our very high
+mountains--_A. coerulea_, James. This is plentiful in the Rocky
+Mountains, and is the State flower of Colorado. Its blossoms, which are
+blue or white, are large and magnificent, with slender spurs an inch and
+a half or two inches long.
+
+[Illustration COLUMBINE--_Aquilegia truncata_.]
+
+
+CLIMBING PENTSTEMON. SCARLET HONEYSUCKLE.
+
+_Pentstemon cordifolius_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Woody at base, with long, slender branches, which climb over
+     other shrubs. _Leaves._--Cordate or ovate; an inch or less
+     long. _Calyx._--Campanulate; five-parted. _Corolla._--Bright
+     scarlet; eighteen lines long. Sterile stamen bearded down one
+     side. (See _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--From Santa Barbara to San
+     Diego.
+
+In spring we notice in the borders of southern woodlands and along the
+roadsides certain long, wandlike branches with beautiful heart-shaped
+leaves, which are suggestive of those of the garden Fuchsia. Our curiosity
+is naturally aroused and we wonder what blossom is destined to grace this
+elegant foliage. Early summer solves the mystery by hanging the tips of
+these wands with brilliant scarlet blossoms, in every way satisfying the
+earlier promise.
+
+These flowers often look down at us in a sort of mocking, Mephistophelian
+manner, as they hang amid the rich greens of other shrubs and trees. Seen
+with a glass, they are quite glandular. The fifth stamen looks like a very
+cunning little golden hearth-brush.
+
+
+HUMMING-BIRD'S SAGE.
+
+_Audibertia grandiflora_, Benth. Mint Family.
+
+     Coarse plants, with woolly stems; one to three feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Opposite; wrinkly; white-woolly beneath; crenate;
+     the lower three to eight inches long; hastate-lanceolate; on
+     margined petioles; upper sessile; pointed.
+     _Inflorescence._--Over a foot long, with many large, widely
+     separated whorls of crimson flowers. _Corollas._--Eighteen
+     lines long. Stamens and style much exserted.
+     _Flower-bracts._--Ovate; sharp-pointed; often crimson-tinged.
+     (Otherwise as _A. stachyoides._) _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from
+     San Mateo southward.
+
+[Illustration CLIMBING PENTSTEMOM--_Pentstemon cordifolius_.]
+
+This, the largest-flowered of all our _Audibertias_, becomes especially
+conspicuous by April and May in southern woodlands, where its large, dark
+flower-clusters may be seen in little companies amid the shadows. The
+leaves and bracts are quite viscid, and have a rather rank, unpleasant
+odor; but the flowers are not without a certain comeliness. The long,
+crimson trumpets are arranged in whorls about the stems, projecting from
+many densely crowded bracts. Tier after tier of these interrupted whorls,
+sometimes as many as nine, mount the stems. The bracts and stems are
+usually of a rich bronze, which harmonizes finely with the color of the
+flowers. The joint in the filament is quite conspicuous in this species.
+
+    "Humming-birds that dart in the sun like green and golden arrows"
+
+seem to be the sole beneficiaries of the abundant nectar in these deep
+tubes.
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB.
+
+WESTERN SPICE-BUSH.
+
+     _Calycanthus occidentalis_, Hook. and Arn. Sweet Shrub Family.
+
+     _Shrubs._--Six to twelve feet high. _Leaves._--Ovate to
+     oblong-lanceolate; three to six inches long; dark green;
+     roughish. _Flowers._--Wine-colored (sometimes white); solitary;
+     two inches or so across. _Sepals_, petals, and stamens
+     indefinite, passing into each other; all coalescent below into
+     the cuplike calyx-tube, on whose inner surface are borne the
+     numerous carpels. _Petals._--Linear-spatulate, usually
+     tawny-tipped. Carpels becoming akenes. _Hab._--From the lower
+     Sacramento River northward.
+
+This is one of our most beautiful shrubs. Upon the banks of streams, or
+often upon a shaded hillside where some little rill trickles out from a
+hidden source, it spreads its branches and lifts its canopy of ample
+leaves. There is a pleasant fragrance about the whole shrub, and the
+leaves, when crushed, are agreeably bitter. From April to November the
+charming flowers, like small wine-colored chrysanthemums, are produced; and
+these are followed by the prettily veined, urn-shaped seed-vessels, which
+remain upon the bushes until after the next season's flowers appear, by
+which time they are almost black. It is from these cuplike seed-vessels
+that the genus takes its name, which is derived from two Greek words,
+meaning _flower_ and _cup._
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB--_Calycanthus
+occidentalis_.]
+
+
+INDIAN PINK.
+
+_Silene Californica_, Durand. Pink Family.
+
+     _Root._--Deep. _Stems._--Several; procumbent or sub-erect;
+     leafy. _Leaves._--Ovate-elliptic or lanceolate; eighteen lines
+     to four inches long. _Flowers._--Brilliant scarlet; over an
+     inch across. _Calyx._--Five-toothed. _Petals._--Five;
+     long-clawed; the blades variously cleft, and with two erect
+     toothlike appendages at the throat. _Stamens._--Ten; exserted
+     with the three filiform styles. _Ovary._--One-celled.
+     _Hab._--Widely distributed.
+
+The Indian pink is one of the most beautiful of our flowers, and it appeals
+to the aesthetic sense in a way few flowers do. Its brilliant scarlet
+blossoms brighten the soft browns of our roadsides in early summer, and
+gleam amid the green of thickets like bits of fire. Its corolla is
+elegantly slashed, and it is altogether a much finer flower than the
+southern form, _S. laciniata_. Its rather broad leaves are often quite
+viscid to the touch, in which respect it shares in the character from which
+the genus was named in allusion to Silenus, the companion of Bacchus, who
+is described as covered with foam.
+
+_S. laciniata_, Cav., is a similar species found from Central California
+southward. It is usually a taller plant, with many stems and narrow leaves.
+It is also quite viscid, and many small insects, mostly ants, are almost
+always to be seen ensnared upon its stems. We are at a loss to account for
+this until we remember what Sir John Lubbock says in this connection. He
+suggests that ants are not very desirable visitors for promoting
+cross-fertilization among plants, as their progress is slow, and they
+cannot visit many plants far apart. On the other hand, winged insects, such
+as bees, butterflies, and moths, making long excursions through the air,
+are admirably adapted for bringing pollen from distant plants. Hence plants
+spread their attractions for such insects, while they often contrive all
+sorts of ingenious devices for keeping undesirable ones, like ants, away
+from their flowers.
+
+The Spanish-Californians call this plant "Yerba del Indio," and make it
+into a tea which they esteem as a remedy for all sorts of aches and
+pains, and use as a healing application to ulcers.
+
+[Illustration INDIAN PINK--_Silene Californica_.]
+
+Another species--_S. Hookeri_, Nutt.--is easily known by its large pink
+flowers, often two and a half inches across, and delicately slashed. This
+is found in our western counties, growing upon wooded hillsides, where its
+charming flowers show to excellent advantage.
+
+
+COAST LILY.
+
+_Lilium maritimum_, Kell. Lily Family.
+
+     _Bulb_.--Conical; twelve to eighteen lines thick, with closely
+     appressed scales. _Stem._--One to three feet high; slender.
+     _Leaves._--Seldom, if at all, whorled; linear or narrowly
+     oblanceolate; obtuse; one to five inches long. _Flowers._--One
+     to five; deep blood-red; spotted with purple; long-pediceled;
+     horizontal. _Perianth-segments._--Six; lanceolate; eighteen
+     lines long; the upper third somewhat recurved. _Hab._--Near the
+     Coast, from San Mateo to Mendocino County.
+
+The little Coast lily is found most abundantly in the black peat bogs of
+Mendocino County, though it ranges southward to San Mateo County and
+northward to Humboldt County.
+
+Mr. Purdy says of it: "It is seldom seen farther than two miles from the
+ocean. On the edges of the bogs the lily is often a dwarf, blossoming at
+three or four inches. In the bogs it roots itself in the tufts, and becomes
+a lovely plant five feet high with ten or fifteen fine blossoms."
+
+The leaves are dark, glossy green and the blossoms are more cylindrical
+than funnel-form, the three inner segments spreading more than the outer,
+which remain almost erect. The little oval anthers, with cinnamon-colored
+pollen, almost fill the narrow tube and conceal the fact that the segments
+are yellow below and more decidedly spotted.
+
+
+CHOLLA-CACTUS.
+
+_Opuntia prolifera_, Engelm. Cactus Family.
+
+     Leafless, spiny, arborescent shrubs, three to ten feet high,
+     with elongated, cylindrical joints, covered with oblong
+     tubercles which bear from three to eight spines. Longest spines
+     twelve to eighteen lines long. _Stems._--Two to seven inches
+     thick. _Flowers._--Purplish-red; densely clustered at the ends
+     of the branches. _Sepals_, petals, and stamens, many.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style one. Stigmas several. _Fruit._--Green;
+     obovate; concave on the top; having no spines, only bristles;
+     usually sterile; often producing other flowers. _Hab._--From
+     Ventura to San Diego and southward.
+
+Upon dry hills, even as far north as Ventura, the cholla cactus is a
+familiar feature of the landscape. In many places it forms extensive and
+impassable thickets, which afford an asylum to many delicate and tender
+plants that retire to it as a last refuge from sheep and cattle.
+
+The young joints, which are clustered at the ends of the branches, are from
+three to nine inches long. By means of their barbed spines, these adhere to
+any passing object, and as they break off very readily, they are thus often
+transported to a distance. As they root easily, this seems to afford a
+means of propagation, in the absence of seed--for the fruit is usually
+seedless.
+
+The spines are quite variable in length, the longest being sometimes an
+inch and a half. Each one is covered by a papery sheath, which slips off
+easily.
+
+Upon the ground about these shrubs may usually be found the skeletons of
+old branches. These are hollow cylinders of woody basket-work, which are
+quite symmetrical and pretty.
+
+_O. serpentina_, Engelm., found at San Diego, and often growing with the
+above, resembles it somewhat, but may be known by its much longer spines,
+which are from three to nine inches long, and by its greenish-yellow
+flowers. The plants are usually found near the seashore and
+scattered--_i.e._ never forming thickets.
+
+Upon the sea-coast at San Diego is found another plant similar to the
+above--_Cereus Emoryi_, Engelm.--the "velvet cactus." Instead of being
+covered with tubercles, these plants have from sixteen to twenty vertical
+ribs, upon which are borne the bunches of slender spines. These spines are
+from a quarter of an inch to one and three quarters inches long, and
+without barbs. The flowers are greenish-yellow, and not particularly pretty
+or attractive.
+
+
+SCARLET BUGLER.
+
+_Pentstemon centranthifolius_, Benth. Figwort Family.
+
+     Very glaucous and smooth. _Stem._--One to three feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Ovate-lanceolate; mostly sessile; the upper
+     cordate-clasping; thick. _Panicles._--Narrow; a foot or two
+     long. _Corolla._--Bright scarlet; an inch or more long; hardly
+     bilabiate. (See _Pentstemon_.) _Hab._--From Monterey to Los
+     Angeles.
+
+The tall spires of the scarlet bugler are such familiar sights along
+southern roadsides and sandy washes that people almost forget the
+enthusiastic admiration their bright beauty first elicited. It is said that
+acres of mountain lands are sometimes a solid mass of vermilion during the
+blooming season of this lovely plant.
+
+The panicle is often two feet long, with its string of scarlet horns. The
+individual flowers bear quite a likeness to those of the honeysuckle,
+common in Eastern gardens, and by those who encounter the plant for the
+first time, it is usually spoken of as "honeysuckle." The blossoms are
+sometimes yellow near San Bernardino.
+
+_P. Bridgesii_, Gray, met more frequently in the Yosemite than elsewhere,
+though it occurs in the Sierras from the Yosemite southward, is a very
+similar plant to the above. But it differs in having its corolla quite
+distinctly bilabiate, though of the same general tubular, funnel-form
+shape.
+
+
+LARGE VETCH.
+
+_Vicia gigantea_, Hook. Pea Family.
+
+     Climbing. Stems.--Five to fifteen feet long.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; pinnate; terminated by a tendril.
+     _Leaflets._--Ten to thirteen pairs; linear-oblong; obtuse;
+     mucronulate; one or two inches long. _Stipules._--An inch long;
+     semi-sagittate. _Racemes._--Dense; one-sided; five to
+     eighteen-flowered. _Flowers._--Dull red.
+     _Corolla._--Papilionaceous. Petals not spreading.
+     _Stamens._--Nine united; one free. _Style._--Hairy all around
+     under the stigma. _Pod._--An inch or so long. (See
+     _Leguminosae_.) _Hab._--From San Francisco Bay northward to
+     Sitka.
+
+This vine is usually found in moist places. Its blossoms are never
+attractive for they have a faded, worn-out look, even when they are fresh.
+The pods are black when ripe, and the seeds are said to be edible.
+
+[Illustration SCARLET BUGLER--_Pentstemon centranthifolius_.]
+
+
+SCARLET GILIA.
+
+_Gilia aggregata_, Spreng. Phlox or Polemonium Family.
+
+     _Stems._--One to three feet high. _Leaves._--Pinnately parted
+     into seven to thirteen linear, pointed divisions. Upper leaves
+     more simple. _Flowers._--In a loose panicle. _Calyx._--Deeply
+     five-cleft; glandular. _Corolla._--Scarlet, pink, or rarely
+     even white; with funnel-form tube, one inch long; and rotately
+     spreading five-lobed border. Lobes three to six lines long.
+     (See _Gilia_.) _Hab._--Throughout the Sierras.
+
+The scarlet _Gilia_ is a familiar flower in the Sierras in late summer,
+growing everywhere in dry places. It may be easily recognized by its rich,
+glossy, flat, green leaves, pinnately divided into linear divisions, its
+tall, loosely branching habit, and its bright, delicate scarlet flowers,
+standing out horizontally from the stem. The corolla-lobes are often
+flesh-pink or yellowish within, splashed or streaked with scarlet. The
+whole plant is quite viscid.
+
+
+SCARLET MONKEY-FLOWER.
+
+_Mimulus cardinalis_, Dougl. Figwort Family.
+
+     Stout; viscid; hairy. _Stems._--One to five feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Sessile; ovate to ovate-lanceolate; ragged-margined;
+     several-nerved; two or three inches long. _Peduncles._--Three
+     inches long. _Corolla._--Scarlet; two inches or more long.
+     Upper lip erect; its two lobes turned back. Lower lip
+     three-lobed; reflexed. _Stamens._--Exserted. (See _Mimulus_.)
+     _Hab._--Throughout Oregon and California along watercourses.
+
+One day in June, when riding upon the shores of Bolinas Bay, I came upon a
+spot where a canyon stream flowed out upon a little flat at tide-level,
+making a small fresh-water marsh, in which mint, bulrushes, and scarlet
+_Mimulus_ were striving for the mastery. But the _Mimulus_ was the most
+wonderful I ever saw. It stood four or five feet high--a patch of
+it--strong and vigorous, and covered with its handsome, large scarlet
+flowers, a sight to be remembered. This species is often cultivated in
+gardens.
+
+[Illustration SCARLET GILIA--_Gilia Aggregata_.]
+
+
+SNOW-PLANT.
+
+_Sarcodes sanguinea_, Torr. Heath Family.
+
+     Fleshy, glandular-pubescent plants; six inches to over a foot
+     high; bright red; without green foliage; having, in place of
+     leaves, fleshy scales, with glandular-ciliate margins.
+     _Flowers._--Short-pediceled. _Sepals._--Five. _Corolla._--Six
+     lines long; campanulate; with five-lobed limb. _Stamens._--Ten.
+     Anthers two-celled; opening terminally. _Ovary._--Five-celled;
+     globose. Style stout. Stigma capitate. _Hab._--Throughout the
+     Sierras, from four to nine thousand feet elevation.
+
+I shall never forget finding my first snow-plant. It was upon a perfect
+August day in the Sierras. Following the course of a little rill which
+wound among mosses and ferns through the open forest where noble fir shafts
+rose on every hand, I came unexpectedly upon this scarlet miracle, standing
+in the rich, black mold in a sheltered nook in the wood. A single ray of
+strong sunlight shone upon it, leaving the wood around it dark, so that it
+stood out like a single figure in a _tableau vivant_. There was something
+so personal, so glowing, and so lifelike about it, that I almost fancied I
+could see the warm life-blood pulsing and quivering through it. I knelt to
+examine it. In lieu of leaves, the plant was supplied with many overlapping
+scalelike bracts of a flesh-tint. These were quite rigid below and closely
+appressed to the stem, but above they became looser and curled gracefully
+about among the vivid red bells.
+
+I had heard that the plant was a root parasite; so it was with much
+interest and great care I dug about it with my trowel. But I failed to find
+its root connected with any other. I have since learned that it is now
+considered one of those plants akin to the fungi, which in some mysterious
+way draw their nourishment from decaying or decomposing matter.
+
+I carried my prize home, where it retained its beauty for a number of days.
+I afterward found many of them. They gradually follow the receding snows up
+the heights; so that late in the season one must climb for them.
+
+[Illustration SNOW-PLANT--_Sarcodes sanguinea_.]
+
+The name "snow-plant" is very misleading, because from it one naturally
+expects to find the plant growing upon the snow. But this is rarely or
+never the case, for it is _after_ the melting of the snow that it pushes
+its way aboveground.
+
+Late in the season the plant usually has one or more well-formed young
+plants underground at its base. These are all ready to come forth the next
+season at the first intimation that the snow has gone, which easily
+accounts for its marvelously rapid growth. By the end of August, the
+seed-vessels are well developed, and as large as a small marble, but
+flattened; and by that time the plants have lost their brilliant coloring,
+and become dull and faded.
+
+It is said that the stems have been boiled and eaten, and found quite
+palatable; but this would seem to the lover of the beautiful like eating
+the showbread from the ark of Nature's tabernacle.
+
+
+SOUTHERN SCARLET LARKSPUR.
+
+_Delphinium cardinale_, Hook. Buttercup or Crowfoot Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Three to ten feet tall. Leaves.--Large; five- to
+     seven-lobed nearly to the base, the lobes three- to five-cleft,
+     with long-pointed segments. _Flowers._--Large.
+     _Sepals._--Lanceolate; eight lines or more long; rotately
+     spreading; the spur an inch or more long; pointed. _Upper
+     petals._--Orange, tipped with red; pointed; standing
+     prominently forward. (Otherwise as _D. nudicaule_.) _Hab._--The
+     mountains, from Ventura County to San Diego.
+
+During all the long springtime, Nature has been quietly making her
+preparations for a grand floral _denouement_ to take place about mid-June.
+If we go out into the mountains of the south at that season, we shall be
+confronted with a blaze of glory, the like of which we have probably never
+witnessed before. This is due to the brilliant spires of the scarlet
+larkspur, which sometimes rise to a height of ten feet!
+
+One writer likens the appearance of these blossoms, as they grow in dense
+masses, to a hill on fire; and Mr. Sturtevant writes: "To come upon a large
+group of these plants in full bloom for the first time, is an event never
+to be forgotten. I first saw a mass of them in the distance from the top of
+a hill. Descending, I came upon them in such a position that the rays of
+the setting sun intensified the brilliancy of their fiery orange-scarlet
+color. I gathered a large armful of stalks, from three to seven feet high,
+and placed them in water. They continued to expand for several weeks in
+water."
+
+There is a general resemblance between this and the northern scarlet
+larkspur, but the clusters of this are far larger and denser, and the
+individual flowers are finer. The half-opened buds more resemble the open
+flowers of _D. nudicaule_; but the fully expanded flowers have the form of
+some of the finest of the blue larkspurs.
+
+The plants affect a sandy soil or one of decomposed granite.
+
+
+WESTERN CARDINAL-FLOWER.
+
+_Lobelia splendens_, Willd. Lobelia Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Two to four feet tall; slender, smooth or nearly so.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; mostly sessile; lanceolate or almost
+     linear; glandular-denticulate. _Flowers._--In an elongated,
+     wandlike raceme; cardinal red. _Calyx._--Five-cleft.
+     _Corolla._--With straight tube, over an inch long and split
+     down the upper side; border two-lipped; upper lip with two
+     rather erect lobes; lower spreading and three-cleft, with lobes
+     three to six lines long. _Stamens._--Five; united into a tube
+     above. Anthers somewhat hairy. _Ovary._--Two-celled. Style
+     simple. Stigma two-lobed. _Hab._--San Diego, San Bernardino,
+     and Los Angeles Counties, and eastward to Texas.
+
+The Western cardinal-flower quite closely resembles _L. cardinalis_ of the
+East, differing from it in a few minor points only. I have never been
+fortunate enough to see it; but I am told that it is a magnificent plant,
+and that from July to September many a wet spot in our southern mountain
+canyons is made gay with its brilliant blossoms.
+
+Of the Eastern plant Mr. Burroughs writes: "But when vivid color is wanted,
+what can surpass or equal our cardinal-flower? There is a glow about this
+flower, as if color emanated from it as from a live coal. The eye is
+baffled and does not seem to reach the surface of the petal; it does not
+see the texture or material part as it does in other flowers, but rests in
+a steady, still radiance. It is not so much something colored as it is
+color itself. And then the moist, cool, shady places it affects usually,
+where it has no rivals, and where the large, dark shadows need just such a
+dab of fire! Often, too, we see it double, its reflected image in some dark
+pool heightening its effect."
+
+
+HUMMING-BIRD'S TRUMPET. CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA.
+
+_Zauschneria Californica_, Presl. Evening-Primrose Family.
+
+Woody plants, more or less villous. _Stems._--Much branched; ascending or
+decumbent; one to three feet long. _Leaves._--Mostly alternate; sessile;
+narrowly lanceolate to ovate; six to eighteen lines long.
+_Flowers._--Bright scarlet; in a loose spike; funnel-form; twenty lines
+long. _Calyx._--Scarlet; four-cleft. _Petals._--Four; obcordate; borne on
+the calyx-tube. _Stamens._--Eight. Filaments and style more or less
+exserted. _Ovary._--Four-celled; inferior. Stigma four-lobed. _Hab._--From
+Plumas County to Mexico; and the Rocky Mountains east of the Great Basin.
+
+In late summer and through the autumn, the brilliant blossoms of the
+California Fuchsia brighten the sombre tones of our dry, open hill-slopes.
+Its aspect is one of gay insouciance, which would drive away melancholy
+despite oneself, and though other plants have been put to rout, one by one,
+by the sun's fierce glare, nothing daunted, it puts on its brightest hues,
+like a true apostle of cheerfulness. It has been cultivated for some time,
+and is highly prized in Eastern gardens, where it has earned for itself the
+pretty title of "humming-bird's trumpet." It is not confined to our limits,
+but extends southward into Mexico, and eastward to Wyoming. We have seen it
+flourishing in the Sierras, where it is particularly beautiful.
+
+It is called "balsamea" by the Spanish-Californians, who use a wash of it
+as a remedy for cuts and bruises.
+
+It varies greatly in the size and hairiness of its leaves, in the form of
+its flowers, which are broadly or narrowly funnel-form, and in the
+exsertion of the stamens and style. The _var. microphylla_ has a woolly
+pubescence, linear leaves often very small, three or four lines long, and
+other small leaves crowded in their axils. This is found in the south.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA--_Zauschneria Californica_.]
+
+
+
+
+    There is no glory in star or blossom
+      Till looked upon by a loving eye;
+    There is no fragrance in April breezes
+      Till breathed with joy as they wander by.
+
+    --WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.
+
+
+
+
+VI. MISCELLANEOUS
+
+
+MUILLA.
+
+_Muilla maritima_, Benth. Lily Family.
+
+     _Root._--A small membranous-coated corm. _Leaves._--Radical;
+     linear; equaling the slender scape. _Scapes._--Three to twelve
+     inches high, bearing an umbel of small greenish-white flowers,
+     subtended by several small lanceolate to linear bracts.
+     _Pedicels._--Five to fifteen; two to twelve lines long.
+     _Perianth._--Almost rotate; of six segments; two or three lines
+     long. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Globose; three-celled.
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from Marin County to Monterey; also inland.
+
+The generic name of this little plant is _Allium_ reversed.
+
+Though it has a coated bulb like the onion, it has none of its garlic
+flavor. It differs from the other umbellate-flowered genera of the Lily
+family in not having its flowers jointed upon their pedicels. It thus seems
+to be a link between the onion, on the one hand, and the beautiful
+_Brodiaeas_ and _Bloomerias_, on the other. It is not at all an attractive
+plant, though its blossoms are pleasantly fragrant.
+
+It is found on the borders of salt marshes and in subsaline soils in the
+interior, as well as upon high hills in stony soils.
+
+Another species--_M. serotina_, Greene--common upon inland hills in the
+south, is quite a delicate, pretty flower. Its greenish-white blossoms,
+with dainty Nile-green anthers, are nearly an inch across, and each segment
+has a pale-green mid-nerve. The plant has a number of very long, slender
+leaves, and its flower-stems are sometimes two feet tall and very slender.
+
+
+SILK-TASSEL TREE. QUININE-BUSH.
+
+_Garrya elliptica_, Dougl. Dogwood Family.
+
+     Shrubs five to eight feet high. _Leaves._--Leathery;
+     white-woolly beneath; wavy-margined. _Flowers._--Of two kinds
+     on separate shrubs; in solitary or clustered catkins; and
+     without petals. _Staminate catkins._--Two to ten inches long,
+     consisting of a flexile chain of funnel-form bracts, depending
+     one from another; each having six flowers like clappers. These
+     flowers with four hairy sepals and four stamens with distinct
+     filaments. _Pistillate catkins._--Of similar structure but
+     stouter, more rigid. Their flowers without floral envelopes;
+     pistils two; fleshy and hairy; stigmas filiform; dark.
+     _Hab._--Near the Coast from Monterey County to Washington.
+
+This shrub might easily be mistaken for one of our young live-oaks, with
+its leathery leaves and gray bark; but the leaves are opposite, and not
+alternate, as with the oaks. The bark and leaves have an intensely bitter
+principle, similar to quinine and equally efficacious.
+
+Early in February, after the first spell of balmy weather, the bushes put
+forth their flowers, and then they are exceedingly beautiful. The long
+pale-green chains at the ends of all the branches hang limp and flexile,
+shaken with every breath of wind, or, falling over other branches, drape
+and festoon the whole shrub exquisitely. The catkins of the female shrub
+are stouter and more rigid than those of the male; but when the fruit is
+mature, they lengthen out into beautifully tinted clusters of little
+papery-coated grapes, which are quite attractive in themselves. This is
+cultivated as an ornamental shrub in England.
+
+_G. Fremonti_, Torr., another species, is distinguished by having its
+leaves pointed at both ends, not wavy-margined, and not permanently woolly;
+and also by its solitary catkins. This is the shrub usually spoken of as
+"quinine-bush," "fever-bush," etc., and whose leaves were used as a
+substitute for quinine in the early days among the miners. It is said that
+its roots, left in the ground after the cutting of the shrub, become
+marbled with green, and are then very beautiful for inlaying in ornamental
+woodwork.
+
+[Illustration SILK-TASSEL TREE--_Garrya elliptica_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIA LAUREL.
+
+_Umbellularia Californica_, Nutt. Laurel Family.
+
+     Shrubs or trees, ten to one hundred feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; lanceolate-oblong; two to
+     four inches long; smooth, shining green; very aromatic.
+     _Flowers._--In clusters. _Sepals._--Six; greenish-white; two
+     and a half lines long. _Petals._--None. _Stamens._--Nine; in
+     three rows; the filaments of the inner row having on either
+     side, at base, a stalked orange-colored gland.
+     _Anthers._--Four-celled; the cells opening by uplifting lids.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. Style stout. Stigma lobed.
+     _Fruit._--Olive-like; an inch long; becoming purple.
+     _Hab._--From Oregon to San Diego.
+
+Early in February we usually have some of our loveliest days. Life is then
+pulsing and throbbing everywhere at full tide. The clear sunshine, the
+murmur of streams, the odor of the freshly turned sod, the caroling of
+larks all are eloquent of the springtime. The whole air is filled with a
+strange, spicy fragrance which makes it a delight to breathe. The
+California laurel is shaking out a delicious, penetrating odor from its
+countless blossoms.
+
+Mr. Sargent refers to this tree as one of the stateliest and most beautiful
+inhabitants of the North American forests, and one of the most striking
+features of the California landscape.
+
+In France it is now much appreciated and cultivated in parks and gardens.
+
+In Southern California it is only a shrub; but in the central and northern
+counties it becomes a magnificent tree, a hundred feet in height and from
+four to six feet in diameter. It thrives best in the rich soil along
+stream-banks, though it grows also upon hillsides. It would be impossible
+to mistake this tree for any other; for its leaves, when crushed, give out
+a peculiar pungent odor which, if inhaled too much, will cause headache.
+The odor is something like that of bay-rum. The Indians, as well as our own
+people, acting upon the homeopathic principle, use them as a remedy for
+headache. The oil is also used effectively in toothache, earache, etc., and
+enters into the composition of certain patent medicines.
+
+The wood of the laurel is one of the most beautiful employed by the
+cabinet-maker, and it is largely used in the manufacture of choice
+furniture. The olive-like fruit is ripe by July, and would remain upon the
+tree until the next year were not the squirrels so fond of it.
+
+This tree is known in different localities by a variety of names, such as
+"spice-bush," "balm of heaven," "sassafras laurel," "cajeput," "California
+bay-tree," "California olive," "mountain laurel," and "California laurel."
+But the last of these is the one prevalent where its finest forms are
+found.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY.
+
+_Cercocarpus parvifolius_, Nutt. Rose Family.
+
+     Shrubs two to twenty feet high; branching from a thick base.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled; cuneate; serrate across
+     the summit; more or less silky above; densely hoary-tomentose
+     beneath; six to eighteen lines long. _Flowers._--Mostly
+     solitary; axillary. _Calyx._--Narrowly tubular, with a
+     deciduous campanulate five-lobed limb. _Petals._--None.
+     _Stamens._--Fifteen to twenty-five; on the calyx.
+     _Ovary._--One-(rarely two-) celled. Style simple. _Fruit._--An
+     akene with a silky tail, at length becoming three or four
+     inches long. _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Lake County to
+     Southern California.
+
+The mountain mahogany is a common shrub upon the interior hills of the
+Coast Ranges; and when one has once made its acquaintance, it is always
+easily recognized by its wedge-shaped, dark-green leaves, prominently
+veined and notched at the summit. Its flowers, having no petals, are green
+and inconspicuous; but the long, solitary plumes of its little fruit are
+very noticeable and pretty. Its wood is the heaviest and hardest we have.
+
+Mr. Greene says that its leafy twigs have a sweet, birchy flavor, rendering
+them excellent food for cattle in late summer.
+
+
+DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. PIPE-VINE.
+
+_Aristolochia Californica_, Torr. Birthwort Family.
+
+     _Stem._--Woody; climbing. _Leaves._--Alternate; short-petioled;
+     large; ovate-cordate, two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Greenish, veined with purple.
+     _Perianth._--Pipe-shaped; the lobes of the lip leather-colored
+     within. _Anthers._--Six; sessile; adnate in pairs to the thick
+     style under the broad lobes of the stigma; vertical.
+     _Stigma._--Three-lobed. _Ovary._--Inferior; six-angled;
+     six-celled. _Fruit._--A large, leathery pod two inches long.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges, from Monterey to Marin County.
+
+This odd flower is found rather sparingly in our middle Coast Ranges from
+February to April, and in some parts of the Sierra foothills, reaching even
+to the Yosemite. As it flowers before the large leaves come out, and the
+blossoms are much like dead leaves in color, it requires keen eyes to find
+it. It usually grows on low ground, in a tangle of shrubs under the trees,
+often festooning gracefully from branch to branch. Before the flowers are
+fully open, the buds resemble ugly little brown ducks hanging from the
+vine.
+
+The common blue-black butterfly is often seen hovering over this vine, and
+it is said that its caterpillar is so fond of the fruit that it rarely
+permits one to ripen.
+
+Later in the season, the large cordate leaves are quite conspicuous, and
+cause people to wonder what may have been the flower of so fine a vine.
+
+
+TURK'S-HEAD CACTUS. TURBAN CACTUS.
+
+_Echinocactus viridescens_, Nutt. Cactus Family.
+
+     Depressed, hemispherical, fleshy, leafless plants, with from
+     thirteen to twenty-one prominent, vertical ribs, bearing groups
+     of rigid spines; usually less than a foot in diameter.
+     _Spines._--Straight or recurved; stout; reddish; transversely
+     ribbed or ringed. _Flowers._--Sessile; borne about the
+     depressed woolly center; yellowish-green; about eighteen lines
+     long. _Sepals._--Many; closely imbricated; merging into the
+     numerous, oblong, scarious petals; sometimes nerved with red.
+     _Stamens._--Very many. _Ovary._--One-celled. Stigmas twelve to
+     fifteen; linear. _Berry._--Pulpy; green; scaly. _Hab._--From
+     San Diego inland.
+
+The Turk's-head cactus looks very much like the end of a watermelon
+protruding from the ground, if one could imagine a watermelon deeply
+furrowed and furnished with very formidable spines.
+
+[Illustration DUTCHMAN'S PIPE--_Aristolochia Californica_.]
+
+This plant is abundant near San Diego, growing all over the mesas; and it
+is marvelous that horses and cattle are not more often injured by stepping
+upon these disagreeable, horrent globes; but long experience has doubtless
+taught them the instinct of caution.
+
+The plant is really beautiful when crowned with its circle of gauzy,
+yellow-green flowers, which are more like some exquisite artificial
+fabrication than real flowers. The fruit of this cactus is slightly acid
+and rather pleasant.
+
+The plant is cultivated in Europe under the name of _Echinocactus
+Californicus_.
+
+
+FAIRY BELLS. DROPS OF GOLD.
+
+_Prosartes Hookeri_, Torr. Lily Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Creeping; spreading. _Stem._--A foot or two high;
+     branching horizontally. _Leaves._--Alternate; ovate; cordate;
+     acute; several-nerved; two or three inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Greenish; one to six; six lines long; pendulous
+     under the ends of the branches.
+     _Perianth._--Spreading-campanulate. _Segments._--Six;
+     lanceolate; arched at the base. _Stamens._--Six; equaling or
+     exceeding the perianth. _Ovary._--Three-celled. Style slender;
+     entire. _Fruit._--An obovate, somewhat pubescent berry; golden,
+     ripening to scarlet. _Syn._--_Disporum Hookeri_, Britt.
+     _Hab._--The Coast Ranges from Marin County to Santa Cruz; in
+     shady woods, but not by the water.
+
+In our walks through the April woods, we often notice a fine plant with
+branching stems, whose handsomely veined leaves are set obliquely to the
+stem and all lie in nearly the same horizontal plane. In our subsequent
+meetings with the plant it seems to change but little, and we begin to grow
+impatient for the coming of the flower, which, however, seems to show no
+disposition to appear. Some day, when bending over a bit of moss or a
+fern-frond, or peering into the silk-lined hole of a ground-spider, we
+suddenly catch a glimmer of something under the broad leaves of our
+hitherto disappointing plant, and hastening to examine it, we find to our
+amazement one or more exquisitely formed little green bells hanging from
+the tip of each branch. Later these are often succeeded by small berries,
+at first golden, and afterward scarlet.
+
+The generic name, _Prosartes_, comes from a Greek word signifying _to hang
+from_, and is in allusion to the pendulous flowers. By some authorities
+this plant is called _Disporum Hookeri_. The common name, "drops of gold,"
+applies to the berry.
+
+Another species _P. Menziesii_, Don.--is found growing along stream-banks
+in the Coast Ranges from Marin County northward. This differs from the
+above in its longer, more cylindrical, _milk-white_ flowers, and its
+salmon-colored berries. It usually blossoms a little later than the other
+species, lasting till June.
+
+
+COMMON MUGWORT.
+
+_Artemisia vulgaris, var. Californica_, Bess. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Rather simple; a foot or two high. _Leaves._--Ample;
+     slashed downward into long acute lobes; green above;
+     cottony-woolly beneath; bitter; strong-scented; the upper often
+     entire, linear or lanceolate. _Flower-heads._--Minute; two
+     lines high, one broad; composed of tubular disk-flowers only;
+     greenish, in long, slender, crowded panicles. _Hab._--Near the
+     Coast, from San Francisco northward.
+
+This is a common weed along our roadsides, and is easily known by its
+slashed leaves with silvery under surfaces. These leaves are very bitter.
+This is closely allied to the wormwood, and by many people is called
+"wormwood."
+
+
+ARTEMISIA. SAGEBRUSH.
+
+_Artemisia Californica_, Less. Composite Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Shrubby; four or five feet high; with many slender
+     branches. _Leaves._--Alternate; pinnately parted into three- to
+     seven-filiform divisions; or entire and filiform; an inch or so
+     long; strong-scented. _Flower-heads._--Very small; two lines or
+     less across; numerous, in narrow panicles; greenish; composed
+     of tubular disk-flowers only. _Hab._--Marin County to San
+     Bernardino.
+
+The _Artemisia_, or, as it is more commonly called, "sagebrush," is an old
+friend that we always expect to meet in our walks on rocky hill-slopes. Its
+leaves have a clean, bitter fragrance, similar to that of the mugwort, but
+sweeter, and when crushed in the hand they emit a strong odor of
+turpentine.
+
+Dr. Behr tells me that in the early days the miners laid sprays of it in
+their beds to drive away the fleas.
+
+The Spanish-Californians regard it as a panacea for all ills, and use it in
+the form of a strong wash to bathe wounds and swellings, with excellent
+results.
+
+Another species--_A. tridentata_, Nutt.--is the shrubby form, growing so
+abundantly all over the alkali plains of the Great Basin, where it holds
+undisputed possession with the prairie-dog and the coyote. It has narrow,
+wedge-shaped leaves, which are three-toothed at the apex; and the whole
+plant has a strong odor of turpentine.
+
+This is highly esteemed by the Indians as a medicinal plant.
+
+
+WILD PIE-PLANT. CANAIGRE.
+
+_Rumex hymenosepalus_, Torr. Buckwheat Family.
+
+     _Root._--A cluster of Dahlia-like tubers. _Stems._--About two
+     feet high. _Leaves._--Narrowly oblong or lanceolate; a foot
+     long or less; acute; undulate; narrowed into a short, very
+     thick petiole. _Flowers._--Light raisin-color; in a large
+     panicle a foot or so long. _Perianth._--Of six sepals; the
+     outer minute; the inner about five lines long, appressed to the
+     ovary. _Stamens._--Six. _Ovary._--Three-angled; one-celled.
+     Styles three; short. Stigmas tufted. _Hab._--Dry, sandy plains
+     of Southern California.
+
+The wild pie-plant is closely related to the garden rhubarb, and also to
+the dock and the sorrel. In early days in both Utah and Southern California
+housewives used its stems as a substitute for the cultivated pie-plant,
+finding them quite acceptable. The Indians have long used the root in the
+tanning of buckskins, and they have also found in it a bright
+mahogany-brown dye, with which to paint their bodies.
+
+Of late this plant has been attracting much notice under the name
+"canaigre," and it is hoped that it will prove a valuable substitute for
+tanbark. If it does, we shall hail it with delight as the savior of our
+beautiful oak forests. Tannin exists in large quantities in the thick
+roots; but it is yet a question whether it will prove remunerative to the
+farmer as a crop. At Rialto a company has been formed, which employs many
+men to gather and prepare the roots, and there will soon be thousands of
+acres of it under cultivation. The tops of the plants, with the small upper
+portions of the roots, which have all the eyes upon them, are cut off and
+replanted for the next year's crop, while the remainder of the root is
+sliced, dried, pulverized, and leached to extract the tannin, which is then
+ready for use.
+
+[Illustration CANAIGRE--_Rumex hymenosepalus_.]
+
+The plant is a very noticeable one, with its red leaf-stems and veins and
+its large, dense cluster of small raisin-colored flowers, and it is often
+seen upon our southern plains. But I am told that over the border in Lower
+California it grows in great abundance, covering the ground for miles. It
+would seem as though its cultivation might be carried on with best results
+where nature produces it so freely.
+
+
+HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED.
+
+_Gomphocarpus tomentosus_, Gray. Milkweed Family.
+
+     Densely white-woolly plants, with milky juice. _Stems._--One to
+     three feet high. _Leaves._--Two to four inches long.
+     _Flowers._--Several, in a pendulous cluster on yarnlike
+     pedicels; lateral upon the stem between the leaves.
+     _Calyx._--Five-parted; inconspicuous. _Corolla._--Deeply
+     five-parted; greenish without, pinkish within.
+     _Stamens._--Five; sunk in the column and alternating with the
+     five hoods. _Hoods._--Two lines across; saccate; open down the
+     outer face. _Ovaries._--Two; pointed; capped by a flat stigma.
+     _Fruit._--A pair of follicles; with many silken-tufted seeds.
+     _Hab._--Dry hills from San Diego to Monte Diablo.
+
+In the south by late spring the very woolly stems and foliage of this
+milkweed become quite noticeable before any hint of blossoms appears. The
+thick, gray leaves look as though they might have been cut out of heavy
+flannel. By May the flower-clusters begin to take definite form, and at
+last the buds open and reveal a most interesting flower, whose structure is
+quite complicated. The center of the blossom is occupied by a fleshy
+column, in which are sunk the anthers, and upon which are borne certain
+round, dark wine-colored bodies called the "hoods," which are in reality
+nectaries, holding honey for insect visitors. All the pollen in each
+anther-cell consists of a waxy mass, and the adjacent masses of different
+anthers are bound together by a gummy, elastic band, suspended upon the rim
+of the stigma. The stigma occupies the top of the fleshy column, and forms
+a cap, hiding from view the two tubes, or styles, leading down into the
+ovaries.
+
+[Illustration HORNLESS WOOLLY MILKWEED--_Gomphocarpus tomentosus_.]
+
+The milkweeds of California are divided between two genera--_Asclepias_ and
+_Gomphocarpus_,--the difference between them lying in the presence of a
+horn or crest rising out of the hoods in _Asclepias_.
+
+Bees visiting the blossoms of the milkweeds are said to be frequently
+disabled by the pollen-masses, which adhere to them in such numbers and
+weigh them down so heavily that they cannot climb upon their combs, but
+fall down and perish.
+
+
+MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.
+
+_Cypripedium montanum_, Dougl. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Stems._--Stout; a foot or two high; leafy. _Leaves._--Four to
+     six inches long; pointed. _Flowers._--One to three; short
+     pediceled. _Sepals and petals._--Brownish; eighteen to thirty
+     lines long; the two lower sepals united nearly to the apex.
+     _Sac._--An inch long; dull white, veined with purple.
+     _Anthers._--Two fertile (one on either side of the column); one
+     sterile, four or five lines long, yellow, with purple spots
+     longer than the stigma. _Hab._--The mountains from Central
+     California to the Columbia River.
+
+The mountain lady's slipper is a rare plant with us, which affects cool,
+secluded spots in our mountain forests. The plants, of which two or three
+usually grow from a creeping rootstock, generally stand where some moisture
+seeps out. The leaves are ample and shapely, and the quaint flowers quiet
+and elegant in coloring.
+
+The long, twisted sepals and petals and the oval sac give these blossoms
+the aspect of some floral daddy-long-legs or some weird brownie of the
+wood. We feel that we have fallen upon a rare day when we are fortunate
+enough to find these flowers, and we are reminded of Mr. Burroughs' lines:
+"How fastidious and exclusive is the _Cypripedium_!... It does not go in
+herds, like the commoner plants, but affects privacy and solitude. When I
+come upon it in my walks, I seem to be intruding upon some very private and
+exclusive company."
+
+[Illustration MOUNTAIN LADY'S SLIPPER.--_Cypripedium montanum_.]
+
+In our Coast Ranges we may look for these blossoms in May.
+
+We have but two or three species of _Cypripedium_. _C. Californicum_, Gray,
+is similar to _C. montanum_, but its blossoms have comparatively short
+greenish-yellow sepals and petals, and the sac is from white to pale
+rose-color. They have a more compact look, and lack the careless grace of
+those of the mountain lady's slipper. Their haunts are swamps in open
+woodlands in the northern part of the State, where they bloom in August and
+September, and are often found in the company of the California
+pitcher-plant.
+
+
+REIN-ORCHIS.
+
+_Habenaria elegans_, Bolander. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Root._--An oblong tuber. _Stem._--Rather slender; a foot or
+     two high. _Leaves._--Two; radical; oblong; three to six inches
+     long; eighteen lines to two inches wide. _Flowers._--Small;
+     light green; in a dense but slender spike. Sepals and petals
+     about equal; two lines long; obtuse. _Lip._--Similar, with a
+     filiform spur three to five lines long. (Otherwise like _H.
+     leucostachys_.) _Hab._--Near the coast, from Monterey to
+     Vancouver Island.
+
+In early summer the fragrant spikes of the rein-orchis stand half-concealed
+under the trees and along the banks bordering wooded mountain roads. The
+little greenish flowers are inconspicuous, and reveal themselves only to
+those who have the habit of observation. Early in the spring the rather
+large lily-like leaves were far more noticeable and handsome; but they
+seemed to weary of waiting for the tardy arrival of the blossoms, and faded
+away long since. The little flowers are very deliberate about unfolding
+themselves; and I have sometimes watched them when they seemed for weeks at
+a standstill before yielding to the summer's invitation to come forth.
+
+They are arranged in a three-sided spike, on two sides of which the long
+spurs interlace and cross one another in quite a warlike manner.
+
+[Illustration REIN-ORCHIS--_Habenaria elegans_.]
+
+
+TEASEL. FULLER'S THISTLE.
+
+_Dipsacus Fullonum_, L. Teasel Family.
+
+The teasel is not an uncommon sight along our roadsides, having spread
+considerably since its introduction from Europe, some years ago. The strong
+stems are tall and slender, and bear at summit the large bristly cones,
+surrounded by rigid, erect bracts. These cones are the inflorescence of the
+plant, and each downward-pointing little hook is a bract beneath a flower.
+Before the flowers come out, the buds show their round, green heads, packed
+away down among the bristles. Then for a time the cones are ringed or
+covered by the delicate flesh-colored flowers; which stand out from the
+bristles, giving the cone a soft, fluffy look. After these have passed
+away, the cavities in which they were stored give the cone a pitted
+appearance. These burs are exquisitely symmetrical, and have long been in
+use by the fuller to "tease," or raise a nap upon cloth, whence the name,
+"teasel." They are cut in halves or quarters, and these are set in frames
+which are worked by machinery. Many vain attempts have been made to
+manufacture an instrument to take the place of the teasel; but it is
+difficult to find anything that is strong enough to do the work that at the
+same time will not injure the cloth.
+
+This is enumerated among the plants which are supposed to foretell the
+weather. Mr. Dyer quotes the following:--
+
+     ... "tezils, or fuller's thistle, being gathered and hanged up in the
+     house where the air may come freely to it, upon the alteration of cold
+     and windy weather will grow smoother, and against rain will close up
+     its prickles."
+
+SAMPHIRE. GLASSWORT.
+
+_Salicornia ambigua_, Michx. Goosefoot Family.
+
+     _Hab._--The Coast, from San Francisco to Oregon.
+
+    Ye marshes, how candid and simple, and nothing withholding and free,
+    Ye publish yourselves to the sky, and offer yourselves to the sea;
+    Tolerant plains that suffer the sea and the rains and the sun,
+    Ye spread and span, like the catholic man who hath mightily won
+    God out of knowledge, and good out of infinite pain,
+    And sight out of blindness, and purity out of a stain.
+
+    --SIDNEY LANIER.
+
+Though a humble enough plant in itself, the samphire, or glasswort, is the
+source of a wonderful glory in our marshes in the autumn. Great stretches
+of tide-land not already pre-empted by the tule are covered by it, showing
+the most gorgeous blendings of crimson, purple, olives, and bronzes, which,
+seen with all the added charm of shifting and changing atmospheric effects,
+far outrival any Oriental rug that could be conceived of.
+
+This plant is easily known by its succulent branching, leafless stems and
+from the fact that it does not grow outside of the salt marshes. Its
+flowering is obscure, and all that can be seen is a few small stamens just
+protruding from the surface of the fleshy spike, which appears much like
+any of the other branches, the flowers being sunk in it.
+
+The generic name is derived from two Latin words--_sal_, salt, and _cornu_,
+a horn--and conveys the idea of saline plants with hornlike branches. The
+English name, "samphire," is of French derivation, and comes originally
+from the old "l'herbe de Saint Pierre," formerly having been written
+"sampetra" and "sampire." In Great Britain this plant is usually designated
+as "_marsh_ samphire," to distinguish it from the ordinary samphire, which
+is a plant of the genus _Crithmum_.
+
+This plant is much relished by cattle, and in England it is made into a
+pickle, while on the continent it is used as a pot-herb. Formerly, in
+Europe, it was burned in large quantities for the soda contained in its
+ashes.
+
+
+MOTTLED SWAMP-ORCHIS. FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER.
+
+_Epipactis gigantea_, Dougl. Orchis Family.
+
+     _Rootstock._--Creeping. _Stems._--Leafy; one to four feet high.
+     _Leaves._--Alternate; sessile; clasping; ovate below;
+     lanceolate above; three to eight inches long. _Flowers._--Three
+     to ten; in terminal racemes; greenish, veined with purple.
+     _Sepals._--Three; petaloid; lanceolate; an inch or less long.
+     _Petals._--The two upper about equaling the sepals. The lip
+     concave; saccate; eared at base; with a jointed, pendulous tip.
+     _Anther._--One; sessile upon the top of the column.
+     _Ovary._--One-celled. _Hab._--Throughout California.
+
+The casual observer usually alludes to this plant as a "lady's slipper,"
+and he is not so very far wrong, for it is closely related to the
+_Cypripedium_, and resembles it much in habit, in the aspect of its leafy
+stems, and in the general form of its blossom. But instead of having its
+lip in the form of a sac, it is open and curiously jointed, the lower
+portion swinging freely, as upon a hinge. When this lid is raised, one can
+fancy some winged seraph or angel enshrined within, but when lowered the
+semblance is more to a monk bowed in meditation.
+
+These beautiful plants will be found abundantly fringing our streams in
+June and July, and the disciples of dear old Isaac Walton who then pass
+down the stream with rod and line are usually attracted by their quietly
+elegant colors. Dull purples and greens predominate, though the lip is
+tinged with orange or yellow.
+
+In Northern California and Oregon is occasionally found a rare and curious
+plant--the "phantom orchis," _Cephalanthera Oregana_, Richenb.f. This plant
+is white and ghostlike throughout, has stems a foot or two high, but no
+leaves--only three to five scarious sheathing bracts. Its blossoms are very
+similar in size and shape to those of _Epipactis gigantea_.
+
+I have never had the pleasure of finding this floral oddity myself; but one
+season a friend sent me the only plant which was found in a thicket near a
+pretty camp upon the Sacramento River, in the Shasta region.
+
+[Illustration FALSE LADY'S SLIPPER--_Epipactis gigantea_.]
+
+
+CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT. CALF'S-HEAD.
+
+_Darlingtonia Californica_, Torr. Pitcher-plant Family.
+
+     Bog plants, with long horizontal rootstocks.
+     _Leaves._--Tubular; hooded and appendaged above; eighteen to
+     thirty-four inches high. _Scape._--Eighteen inches or more
+     high, with green bracts crowded near the solitary nodding
+     flower. Flower parts in fives. _Sepals._--Green; twenty lines
+     long. _Petals._--Purplish; shorter than the sepals; constricted
+     above into a terminal lobe. _Stamens._--Twelve to fifteen in a
+     circle around the ovary. _Ovary._--Top-shaped; truncate;
+     five-lobed; five-celled. Style five-lobed. Stigmas thickish.
+     _Hab._--The Sierras, from Truckee Pass into Oregon.
+
+Our pitcher-plant is one of the most wonderful and interesting of all the
+forms that grow, linking, as it were, the vegetable world with the animal,
+by its unnatural carnivorous habits. If you would like to visit it, this
+warm July day, we will take a mountain trail, leading around under lofty
+yellow pines, Douglas spruces, and incense-cedars, making our way through
+the undergrowth until we come to a swamp lying upon a hillside yonder.
+While still some distance away, we can discern the yellowish-green of the
+myriad hoods as they lift themselves in the sunlight like spotted snakes.
+
+If you have never seen the plant before, you will be in a fever of
+excitement till you can reach the spot and actually take one of the strange
+pitchers in your hand to examine it. Nothing could be cleverer than the
+nicely arranged wiles of this uncanny plant for the capturing of the
+innocent--yes, and of the more knowing ones--of the insect world who come
+within its enchantment. No ogre in his castle has ever gone to work more
+deliberately or fiendishly to entrap his victims while offering them
+hospitality, than does this plant-ogre. Attracted by the bizarre yellowish
+hoods or the tall nodding flowers, the foolish insect alights upon the
+former and commences his exploration of the fascinating region. He soon
+comes upon the wing, which often being smeared with a trail of sweets, acts
+as a guide to lure him on to the dangerous entrance to the hoodlike dome.
+Once within this hall of pleasure, he roams about, enjoying the hospitality
+spread for him. But at last, when he has partaken to satiety and would
+fain depart, he turns to retrace his steps. In the dazzlement of the
+translucent windows of the dome above, he loses sight of the darkened door
+in the floor by which he entered and flies forcibly upward, bumping his
+head in his eagerness to escape. He is stunned by the blow and plunged
+downward into the tube below. Here he struggles to rise, but countless
+downward-pointing, bristly hairs urge him to his fate. He sinks lower and
+lower in this "well of death" until he reaches the fatal waters in the
+bottom, where he is at length ingulfed, adding one more to the already
+numerous victims of this diabolical plant.
+
+[Illustration CALIFORNIAN PITCHER-PLANT--_Darlingtonia Californica_.]
+
+The fluid at the bottom of the well is secreted by the plant, and seems to
+have somewhat the action of a gastric juice in disintegrating the insects
+submerged in it. Many species of ants, flies, bees, hornets, grasshoppers,
+butterflies, moths, dragon-flies, beetles, etc., are to be found in the
+tube, sometimes filling it to a depth of two or three inches.
+
+The disagreeableness of the vicinity of these plants can be imagined upon a
+hot day when the sun is shining "upon this sad abode of death" and all the
+air is tainted with their sickening odor.
+
+The mountaineers call the plant "calf's-head," because of the large
+yellowish domes of the pitchers.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO LATIN NAMES
+
+
+[To assist in the pronunciation of the Latin names, the accented syllable
+in each word is indicated by an accent mark. If this syllable ends in a
+vowel, the vowel has the long sound; but if it ends in a consonant, the
+vowel has a short sound. Either the English or the Continental sounds may
+be given the vowels, though the former are more generally authorized.]
+
+                            PAGE
+
+    Abro'nia latifo'lia, 146
+      marit'ima, 292
+      umbella'ta, 292
+      villo'sa, 292
+
+    Achille'a Millefo'lium, 97
+
+    Aconi'tum Columbia'num, 328
+      Fisch'eri, 328
+
+    Adenos'toma fascicula'tum, 60
+      sparsifo'lium, 60
+
+    AEs'culus Califor'nica, 69
+
+    Amelan'chier alnifo'lia, 88
+
+    Amor'pha Califor'nica, 315
+
+    Amsinck'ia, 128
+
+    Anagal'lis arven'sis, 126
+
+    Anaph'alis Margarita'cea, 102
+
+    Anemo'ne nemoro'sa, 18
+      quinquefo'lia, 18
+
+    Anemop'sis Califor'nica, 76
+
+    Antenna'ria, 102
+
+    Antirrhi'num Coulteria'num, 46
+      glandulo'sum, 320
+      Orcuttia'num, 46
+      va'gans, 320
+
+    Apoc'ynum androsaemifo'lium, 236
+      cannab'inum, 238
+
+    Aquile'gia coeru'lea, 348
+      trunca'ta, 348
+
+    Ar'abis blepharophyl'la, 196
+
+    Ara'lia Califor'nica, 76
+
+    Ar'butus Menzie'sii, 37
+
+    Arctostaph'ylos bi'color, 14
+      glau'ca, 14
+      manzani'ta, 12
+      pun'gens, 12
+
+    Argemo'ne platy'ceras, 74
+
+    Aristolo'chia Califor'nica, 374
+
+    Artemis'ia Califor'nica, 377
+      tridenta'ta, 378
+      vulga'ris, 377
+
+    As'arum cauda'tum, 310
+      Hartwe'gi, 310
+
+    Ascle'pias Mexica'na, 312
+
+    As'ter Chamisso'nis, 332
+      salsugino'sus, 32
+
+    Astragalus, xxxv
+      leucop'sis, 40
+
+    Audiber'tia grandiflo'ra, 350
+      stachyoi'des, 294
+      niv'ea, 296
+
+
+    Bac'charis Douglas'ii, 106
+      pilula'ris, 104
+
+    Bae'ria gra'cilis, 124
+
+    Ber'beris Aquifo'lium, 122
+      nervo'sa, 118
+      re'pens, 118
+
+    Bloome'ria au'rea, 154
+      Clevelan'di, 156
+
+    Boykin'ia occidenta'lis, 81
+
+    Bras'sica ni'gra, 140
+
+    Brevoor'tia coccin'ea, 238
+
+    Brodiae'a capita'ta, 262
+      coccin'ea, 238
+      conges'ta, 264
+      grandiflo'ra, 318
+      ixioi'des, 156
+      lac'tea, 156
+      lax'a, 302
+      multiflo'ra, 262
+      terres'tris, 318
+
+
+    Brodiae'a volu'bilis, 232
+
+    Brunel'la vulga'ris, 322
+
+    Bryan'thus Brew'eri, 246
+
+
+    Calandrin'ia caules'cens, 212
+
+    Calochor'tus, xl
+      al'bus, 54
+      Ben'thami, 130
+      Catali'nae, 306
+      clava'tus, 150
+      lu'teus, 174
+      lu'teus ocula'tus, 81
+      macrocar'pus, 268
+      Mawea'nus, 278
+      pulchel'lus, 144
+      splen'dens, 306
+      umbella'tus, 278
+      uniflo'rus, 278
+      venus'tus, 78
+      Weed'ii, 150
+
+    Calycan'thus occidenta'lis, 352
+
+    Calyp'so boreal'is, 210
+
+    Camas'sia esculen'ta, 292
+
+    Campan'ula prenanthoi'des, 322
+
+    Cardam'ine paucisec'ta, 4
+
+    Castille'ia foliolo'sa, 344
+      parviflo'ra, 344
+
+    Ceano'thus, xxxiv
+      divarica'tus, 258
+      integer'rimus, 84
+      prostra'tus, 326
+      thyrsiflo'rus, 274
+      velu'tinus, 39
+
+    Cephalan'thera Orega'na, 388
+
+    Cephalan'thus occidenta'lis, 98
+
+    Cer'cis occidenta'lis, 198
+
+    Cercocar'pus parvifo'lius, 373
+
+    Chamaeba'tia foliolo'sa, 92
+      (Pronounced _K_ameba'tia.)
+
+    Cheiran'thus as'per, 132
+
+    Chimaph'ila Menzie'sii, 104
+      umbella'ta, 104
+
+    Chlorog'alum pomeridia'num, 82
+
+    Chorizan'the staticoi'des, 218
+
+    Cicho'rium In'tybus, 312
+
+    Clar'kia concin'na, 236
+      el'egans, 228
+
+    Clayto'nia perfolia'ta, 16
+
+    Clem'atis lasian'tha, 91
+      ligusticifo'lia, 91
+
+    Clinto'nia Andrewsia'na, 202
+
+    Collin'sia bi'color, 294
+
+    Collo'mia grandiflo'ra, 178
+
+    Convol'vulus arven'sis, 42
+      lute'olus, 40
+      occidenta'lis, 40
+      Soldanel'la, 210
+      villo'sus, 42
+
+    Corallorhi'za Bigelo'vii, 272
+      multiflo'ra, 272
+
+    Cor'nus Nuttal'lii, 94
+
+    Cot'ula coronopifo'lia, 151
+
+    Cotyle'don Califor'inicum, 142
+      ed'ulis, 142
+      lanceola'ta, 141
+      pulverulen'ta, 142
+
+    Cucur'bita foetidis'sima, 117
+      peren'nis, 117
+
+    Cus'cuta, 160
+      sali'na, 161
+
+    Cynoglos'sum gran'de, 258
+
+    Cypripe'dium Califor'nicum, 384
+      monta'num, 382
+
+
+    Darlingto'nia Califor'nica, 390
+
+    Datu'ra meteloi'des, 54
+      Stramo'nium, 96
+      suaveo'lens, 96
+
+    Delphin'ium, 276
+      cardina'le, 364
+      nudicau'le, 346
+      scopulo'rum, 330
+
+    Dendrome'con rig'idum, 118
+
+    Denta'ria Califor'nica, 4
+
+    Dicen'tra chrysan'tha, 162
+      formo'sa, 242
+
+    Dip'sacus Fullon'um, 386
+
+    Dis'porum Hook'eri, 376
+
+    Dodeca'theon Clevelan'di, 206
+      Henderso'ni, 204
+      Mea'dia, 204
+
+    Downin'gia el'egans, 315
+      pulchel'la, 314
+
+
+    Echinocac'tus virides'cens, 374
+
+    Echinocys'tis faba'cea, 26
+      macrocar'pa, 26
+
+    Echinosperm'um floribun'dum, 334
+
+    Ellis'ia chrysanthemifo'lia, 36
+
+    Emmenan'the penduliflo'ra, 130
+
+    Ence'lia Califor'nica, 128
+
+    Epilo'bium angustifo'lium, 244
+      obcorda'tum, 254
+      panicula'tum, 244
+      spica'tum, 244
+
+    Epipac'tis gigante'a, 388
+
+    Erig'eron Coul'teri, 106
+
+    Erig'eron glau'cus, 304
+      Philadel'phicus, 216
+      salsugino'sus, 332
+
+    Eriodic'tyon glutino'sum, 56
+      tomento'sum, 58
+
+    Eriog'onum fascicula'tum, 34
+      nu'dum, 34
+      umbella'tum, 178
+      ursi'num, 178
+
+    Eriophyl'lum caespito'sum, 182
+      confertiflo'rum, 180
+
+    Eritrich'ium, 30
+
+    Ero'dium Bo'trys, 194
+      cicuta'rium, 194
+      moscha'tum, 194
+
+    Erys'imum as'perum, 132
+      grandiflo'rum, 132
+
+    Erythrae'a venus'ta, 218
+
+    Erythro'nium gigante'um, 136
+      grandiflo'rum, 138
+
+    Eschschol'tzia Califor'nica, 114
+
+    Eucharid'ium concin'num, 236
+
+
+    Floer'kia Douglas'ii, 126
+
+    Fraga'ria Califor'nica, 10
+      Chilen'sis, 10
+
+    Fremon'tia Califor'nica, 158
+
+    Fritilla'ria biflo'ra, 266
+      coccin'ea, 346
+      lanceola'ta, 264
+      lilia'cea, 267
+      pluriflo'ra, 266
+      pu'dica, 267
+      recur'va, 346
+
+
+    Ga'lium Apari'ne, 28
+      angustifo'lium, 29
+
+    Gar'rya ellip'tica, 370
+      Fremon'ti, 370
+
+    Gaulthe'ria Shal'lon, 75
+
+    Gentia'na calyco'sa, 330
+
+    Gil'ia, xxxvii
+      achilleaefo'lia, 296
+      aggrega'ta, 360
+      androsa'cea, 222
+      Califor'nica, 206
+      capita'ta, 296
+      Chamisso'nis, 296
+      dianthoi'des, 216
+      dicho'toma, 50
+      grandiflo'ra, 178
+      tri'color, 288
+
+    Gnapha'lium decur'rens, 68
+      Sprenge'lii, 68
+
+    Gode'tia, xxxvi
+      Bot'tae, 240
+      grandiflo'ra, 240
+      vimine'a, 240
+
+    Gomphocar'pus tomento'sus, 380
+
+    Goodye'ra Menzie'sii, 98
+
+    Grinde'lia cuneifo'lia, 176
+      hirsu'tula, 178
+      robus'ta, 176
+
+
+    Habena'ria el'egans, 384
+      leucosta'chys, 94
+
+    Helian'thus an'nuus, 185
+      Califor'nicus, 186
+
+    Heliotro'pium Curassa'vicum, 47
+
+    Hemizo'nia luzulaefo'lia, 188
+
+    Heterome'les arbutifo'lia, 90
+
+    Heu'chera micran'tha, 58
+
+    Hosack'ia bi'color, 165
+      crassifo'lia, 166
+      gla'bra, 152
+      gra'cilis, 166
+      Purshia'na, 252
+      Tor'reyi, 165
+
+    Hyper'icum anagalloi'des, 172
+      concin'num, 162
+
+
+    I'ris longipet'ala, 280
+      macrosi'phon, 280
+
+    Iso'meris arbo'rea, 144
+
+
+    Krynitz'kia, 30
+
+
+    Lar'rea Mexica'na, 191
+
+    Lath'yrus splen'dens, 212
+      Tor'reyi, 25
+      vesti'tus, 25
+
+    Lava'tera assurgentiflo'ra, 226
+
+    Lay'ia glandulo'sa, 28
+      platyglos'sa, 148
+
+    Le'dum glandulo'sum, 103
+
+    Lepto'syne Douglas'ii, 148
+      marit'ima, 146
+
+    Lessin'gia Germano'rum, 252
+      lepto'clada, 252
+
+    Lewis'ia redivi'va, 224
+
+    Lil'ium Humbold'tii, 185
+      marit'imum, 356
+      pardali'num, 182
+      par'vum, 180
+      rubes'cens, 72
+
+    Limnan'thes Douglas'ii, 126
+
+    Lina'ria Canaden'sis, 304
+
+    Lobe'lia splen'dens, 365
+
+    Lonic'era hispid'ula, 226
+      involucra'ta, 122
+
+    Lupi'nus, xxxiv
+      al'bifrons, 161
+      arbo'reus, 161
+      bi'color, 300
+      densiflo'rus, 85
+      Sti'veri, 161
+
+    Lysichi'ton Camtschatcen'sis, 166
+
+
+    Ma'dia el'egans, 182
+      sati'va, 182
+
+    Maho'nia Aquifo'lium, 122
+
+    Malaco'thrix Califor'nica, 151
+      saxat'ilis, 75
+      tenuifo'lia, 75
+
+    Malvas'trum Thur'beri, 220
+
+    Mamilla'ria Goodridg'ii, 24
+
+    Marru'bium vulga're, 47
+
+    Meconop'sis heterophyl'la, 129
+
+    Medica'go denticula'ta, 132
+      sati'va, 326
+
+    Megarrhi'za Califor'nica, 26
+
+    Melilo'tus al'ba, 156
+      parviflo'ra, 156
+
+    Mentze'lia laevicau'lis, 168
+      Lind'leyi, 168
+
+    Mesembryan'themum aequilatera'le, 220
+      crystalli'num, 51
+
+    Micram'pelis, 26
+
+    Microme'ria Douglas'ii, 62
+
+    Mim'ulus, xxxviii
+      brev'ipes, 134
+      cardina'lis, 360
+      Douglas'ii, 222
+      glutino'sus, 138
+      Lewis'ii, 248
+      lu'teus, 134
+      moscha'tus, 134
+
+    Mirab'ilis Califor'nica, 208
+
+    Monardel'la lanceola'ta, 324
+      odoratis'sima, 324
+      villo'sa, 324
+
+    Mon'tia perfolia'ta, 16
+
+    Muil'la marit'ima, 369
+      seroti'na, 369
+
+
+    Neil'lia opulifo'lia, 85
+
+    Nemoph'ila atoma'ria, 39
+      auri'ta, 278
+      insig'nis, 290
+      interme'dia, 284
+      macula'ta, 39
+      Menzie'sii, 284
+      parviflo'ra, 39
+
+    Nicotia'na glau'ca, 129
+
+    Nu'phar polysep'alum, 184
+
+    Nuttal'lia cerasifor'mis, 18
+
+
+    OEnothe'ra, xxxv
+      bien'nis, 175
+      bistor'ta, 136
+      Califor'nica, 48
+      cheiranthifo'lia, 136
+      ova'ta, 110
+
+    Opun'tia basila'ris, 225
+      Engelman'ni, 170
+      prolif'era, 356
+      serpenti'na, 357
+
+    Orthocar'pus, xxxviii
+      densiflo'rus, 228
+      erian'thus, 151
+      purpuras'cens, 228
+      versic'olor, 52
+
+    Ox'alis cornicula'ta, 196
+
+    Orega'na, 195
+
+
+    Paeo'nia Brown'ii, 340
+
+    Papa'ver Califor'nicum, 116
+
+    Pedicula'ris attol'lens, 253
+      densiflo'ra, 336
+      Groenlan'dica, 253
+
+    Pentachae'ta au'rea, 126
+
+    Penste'mon, xxxix
+      azu'reus, 308
+      Bridge'sii, 358
+      centranthifo'lius, 358
+      cordifo'lius, 350
+      heterophyl'lus, 308
+      Menzie'sii, 250
+
+    Phace'lia, xxxvii
+      Douglas'ii, 282
+      grandiflo'ra, 267
+      Par'ryi, 288
+      tanacetifo'lia, 282
+      vis'cida, 267
+      Whitla'via, 288
+
+    Phlox Douglas'ii, 248
+
+    Pickerin'gia monta'na, 230
+
+    Pipto'calyx, 30
+
+    Plagioboth'rys, 30
+
+    Platyste'mon Califor'nicus, 112
+
+    Polyg'ala Califor'nica, 286
+
+    Polyg'ala cornu'ta, 286
+      cuculla'ta, 286
+
+    Potentil'la Anseri'na, 175
+      glandulo'sa, 175
+
+    Primu'la suffrutes'cens, 250
+
+    Prosar'tes Hook'eri, 376
+      Menzie'sii, 377
+
+    Pru'nus demis'sa, 36
+      ilicifo'lia, 61
+      subcorda'ta, 34
+
+    Pteros'pora andromede'a, 186
+
+    Pyr'ola aphyl'la, 100
+      denta'ta, 100
+      pic'ta, 100
+      rotundifo'lia, 100
+
+
+    Ranun'culus Califor'nicus, 110
+
+    Rham'nus Califor'nica, 67
+      Purshia'na, 68
+
+    Rhododen'dron Califor'nicum, 234
+      occidenta'le, 86
+
+    Rhus aromat'ica, 154
+      Canaden'sis, 152
+      diversilo'ba, 8
+      integrifo'lia, 203
+      lauri'na, 203
+      ova'ta, 204
+
+    Ri'bes glutino'sum, 214
+      Menzie'sii, 338
+      sanguin'eum, 214
+      specio'sum, 338
+      subves'titum, 338
+
+    Romanzof'fia Sitchen'sis, 22
+
+    Romne'ya Coul'teri, 64
+
+    Ro'sa Califor'nica, 234
+      gymnocar'pa, 236
+
+    Ru'bus Nutka'nus, 24
+      spectab'ilis, 25
+
+    Ru'mex hymenosep'alus, 378
+
+
+    Salicor'nia ambig'ua, 387
+
+    Sal'via cardua'cea, 307
+      Columba'riae, 298
+
+    Sambu'cus glau'ca, 45
+
+    Sarco'des sanguin'ea, 362
+
+    Saxif'raga Califor'nica, 14
+      pelta'ta, 242
+      Virginien'sis, 14
+
+    Scoli'opus Bigelo'vii, 256
+
+    Scrophula'ria Califor'nica, 342
+
+    Scutella'ria angustifo'lia, 270
+      Califor'nica, 270
+      tubero'sa, 270
+
+    Se'dum spathulifo'lium, 170
+
+    Sidal'cea malvaeflo'ra, 198
+
+    Sile'ne Califor'nica, 354
+      Gal'lica, 246
+      lacinia'ta, 354
+
+    Sisyrin'chium bel'lum, 284
+      Califor'nicum, 284
+
+    Smilaci'na amplexicau'lis, 22
+      sessilifo'lia, 22
+
+    Sola'num Douglas'ii, 80
+      ni'grum, 80
+      umbellif'erum, 268
+      Xan'ti, 268
+
+    Solida'go Califor'nica, 190
+      occidenta'lis, 191
+
+    Spha'cele calyci'na, 42
+
+    Spirae'a betulifo'lia, 85
+      dis'color, 85
+      Douglas'ii, 85
+
+    Spiran'thes Romanzoffia'num, 92
+
+    Spra'guea umbella'ta, 70
+
+    Sta'chys bulla'ta, 230
+
+    Stropholi'rion Califor'nicum, 232
+
+    Symphoricar'pos racemo'sus, 225
+
+
+    Telli'ma af'finis, 32
+      grandiflo'ra, 342
+
+    Thermop'sis Califor'nica, 148
+
+    Trichoste'ma lanatum, 316
+      lanceola'tum, 315
+
+    Trienta'lis Europae'a, 202
+
+    Tril'lium ova'tum, 10
+      ses'sile, 260
+
+
+    Umbellula'ria Califor'nica, 372
+
+
+    Vaccin'ium ova'tum, 200
+
+    Vancouve'ria parviflo'ra, 88
+
+    Venegas'ia carpesioi'des, 171
+
+    Vera'trum Califor'nicum, 108
+      fimbria'tum, 108
+
+    Verbas'cum Blatta'ria, 190
+      Thap'sus, 190
+
+    Vic'ia gigante'a, 358
+
+    Vi'ola Beckwith'ii, 29
+      cani'na, 307
+      ocella'ta, 50
+      sarmento'sa, 140
+
+
+    Whip'plea modes'ta, 32
+
+    Whitla'via grandiflo'ra, 288
+
+    Wye'thia angustifo'lia, 157
+      gla'bra, 157
+
+    Wye'thia helenioi'des, 157
+      mol'lis, 157
+
+
+    Xerophyl'lum te'nax, 51
+
+
+    Yuc'ca arbores'cens, 44
+      bacca'ta, 20
+
+    Yuc'ca Mohaven'sis, 20
+      Whip'plei, 70
+
+
+    Zauschne'ria Califor'nica, 366
+
+    Zygade'nus Fremon'ti, 6
+      veneno'sus, 6
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES
+
+
+                            PAGE
+
+    Aconite, 328
+
+    Alfalfa, 326
+
+    Alfilerilla, 194
+
+    Alpine Heather, 246
+
+    Alpine Phlox, 248
+
+    Alpine Willow-Herb, 254
+
+    Alum-Root, 58
+
+    Amapola, 116
+
+    American Barrenwort, 88
+
+    American Velvet-Plant, 191
+
+    Amole, 82
+
+    Angels' Trumpets, 96
+
+    Apple of Peru, 96
+
+    August-Flower, 176
+
+    Azulea, 284
+
+
+    Baby-Blue-Eyes, 290
+
+    Baby-Eyes, 284
+
+    Ball-Sage, 294
+
+    Balm of Heaven, 373
+
+    Balsamea, 366
+
+    Beach-Aster, 304
+
+    Beach Morning-glory, 210
+
+    Beach Primrose, 136
+
+    Beach Strawberry, 10
+
+    Bearberry, 12
+
+    Bear-Clover, 92
+
+    Bearwood, 68
+
+    Beautiful Clarkia, 236
+
+    Bed-Straw, 28
+
+    Bellflower, 322
+
+    Black Lily, 266
+
+    Black Sage, 294, 316
+
+    Bladderpod, 144
+
+    Blazing-Star, 168
+
+    Bleeding-Heart, 242
+
+    Blood-Drop, 129
+
+    Blue-Blossom, 274
+
+    Blue-Curls, 315
+
+    Blue-eyed Grass, 284
+
+    Blue Forget-me-not, 334
+
+    Blue Gentian, 330
+
+    Blue Gilia, 296
+
+    Blue Larkspur, 276
+
+    Blue-and-white Lupine, 300
+
+    Blue Milla, 302
+
+    Blue Myrtle, 274
+
+    Blue-veined Nemophila, 284
+
+    Blueweed, 328
+
+    Big-Root, 26
+
+    Bird's-Eyes, 288
+
+    Bitter-Bark, 68
+
+    Bitter-Root, 224
+
+    Brass Buttons, 151
+
+    Brodiaea, 262
+
+    Bronze-Bells, } 264
+    Brown Lily,   }
+
+    Buck-Brush, 152
+
+    Bur-Clover, 132
+
+    Butter-and-Eggs, 151
+
+    Butterfly Tulip, 81
+
+    Button-Bush,   } 98
+    Button-Willow, }
+
+
+    Cajeput, 373
+
+    Calabazilla, 117
+
+    Calf's-Head, 390
+
+    Californian Azalea, 86
+
+    California Bay-Tree, 373
+
+    Californian Bee-Plant, 342
+
+    Californian Bluebells, 290
+
+    Californian Buckeye, 69
+
+    Californian Centaury, 218
+
+    California Coffee, 67
+
+    Californian Compass-Plant, 157
+
+    Californian Dandelion, 164
+
+    Californian False Hellebore, 108
+
+    Californian Figwort, 342
+
+    Californian Fish-hook Cactus, 24
+
+    Californian Four-o'clock, 208
+
+
+    California Fuchsia, 366
+
+    Californian Goldenrod, 190
+
+    Californian Hardhack, 85
+
+    Californian Harebell, 322
+
+    Californian Holly, 90
+
+    Californian Horse-Chestnut, 69
+
+    California Laurel, 372
+
+    California Lilac, 258, 274
+
+    Californian Lobelia, 314
+
+    Californian Milkwort, 286
+
+    Californian Olive, 373
+
+    Californian Pitcher-Plant, 390
+
+    California Poppy, 114
+
+    Californian Rose-Bay, 234
+
+    Californian Saxifrage, 14
+
+    Californian Slippery-Elm, 158
+
+    Californian Spikenard, 76
+
+    Califor'n Sweet-scented Shrub, 352
+
+    Californian Trillium, 260
+
+    Californian Wild Currant, 214
+
+    Calypso, 210
+
+    Camass, 292
+
+    Canaigre, 378
+
+    Cancer-Root, 172
+
+    Canchalagua, 218
+
+    Canker Lettuce, 100
+
+    Cascara Sagrada, 67
+
+    Catalina Mariposa Tulip, 306
+
+    Cat's-Ears, 278
+
+    Chamisal, 60
+
+    Chamise Lily, 136
+
+    Chamiso, 60
+
+    Chaparral Lily, 72
+
+    Chaparral Pea, 230
+
+    Chia, 298
+
+    Chicalote, 74
+
+    Chickweed-Wintergreen, 202
+
+    Chicory, 312
+
+    Chilean Clover, 326
+
+    Chili-Cojote, 117
+
+    Chilicothe, 26
+
+    Chittemwood, 68
+
+    Chocolate Lily, 266
+
+    Choke-Cherry, 36
+
+    Cholla-Cactus, 356
+
+    Christmas-Berry, 90
+
+    Christmas-Horns, 346
+
+    Christmas-Rose, 340
+
+    Cinquefoil, 175
+
+    Clarkia, 228
+
+    Cleavers, 28
+
+    Clematis, 91
+
+    Climbing Pentstemon, 350
+
+    Clintonia, 202
+
+    Clocks, 194
+
+    Cluster-Lily, 262
+
+    Coast Lily, 356
+
+    Collinsia, 294
+
+    Columbine, 348
+
+    Common Aster, 332
+
+    Common Black Mustard, 140
+
+    Common Buttercup, 110
+
+    Common Elder, 45
+
+    Common Evening Primrose, 175
+
+    Common Fleabane, 216
+
+    Common Milkweed, 312
+
+    Common Monkey-Flower, 134
+
+    Common Mugwort, 377
+
+    Common Nightshade, 80
+
+    Common Stramonium, 96
+
+    Common Sunflower, 185
+
+    Common White Lupine, 85
+
+    Common Wild Pea, 25
+
+    Common Wild Rose, 234
+
+    Copa de Oro, 114
+
+    Coral-Root, 272
+
+    Coulter's Snapdragon, 46
+
+    Cowslips, 110
+
+    Cream-colored Wall-Flower, 132
+
+    Cream-Cups, 112
+
+    Creeping Wood-Violet, 140
+
+    Creosote-Bush, 191
+
+    Cudweed, 68
+
+    Cup of Gold, 116
+
+
+    Death Camass, 6
+
+    Deerweed, 152
+
+    Devil's Apple, 96
+
+    Diogenes' Lantern, 144
+
+    Dodder, 160
+
+    Dog's-tooth Violet, 136
+
+    Dog-Violet, 307
+
+    Dormidera, 116
+
+    Douglas Iris, 300
+
+    Drops of Gold, 376
+
+    Dutchman's Pipe, 374
+
+
+    Echeveria, 141
+
+    Elephants' Heads, 252
+
+    Ellisia, 36
+
+    Escobita, 228
+
+    Espuela del Caballero, 276
+
+    Evening Snow, 50
+
+    Everlasting Flower, 68
+
+
+    Fairy Bells, 376
+
+    False Alum-Root, 342
+
+
+    False Indigo, 315
+
+    False Lupine, 148
+
+    False Lady's Slipper, 388
+
+    False Mallow, 220
+
+    False Pimpernel, 172
+
+    False Solomon's Seal, 22
+
+    False Tidy-Tips, 148
+
+    Farewell to Spring, 240
+
+    Fawn-Lily, 136
+
+    Fetid Adder's-Tongue, 256
+
+    Fever-Bush, 370
+
+    Fig-Marigold, 220
+
+    Filaree, 194
+
+    Finger-Tips, 142
+
+    Firecracker Flower, 238
+
+    Fireweed, 244
+
+    Flaming Poppy, 129
+
+    Floriponda, 96
+
+    Fly-Flower, 124
+
+    Fragrant Sumach, 152
+
+    Friar's-Cap, 328
+
+    Fringed Gilia, 216
+
+    Fuller's Thistle, 386
+
+    Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry, 338
+
+
+    Giant Californian White Poppy, 66
+
+    Glasswort, 387
+
+    Gobernadora, 191
+
+    Godetia, 240
+
+    Golden Brodiaea, 156
+
+    Golden Butterfly-Tulip, 150
+
+    Golden Dicentra, 162
+
+    Golden Lily-Bell, 144
+
+    Golden Stars, 154
+
+    Golden Thread, 160
+
+    Golden Yarrow, 180
+
+    Golden-eyed Grass, 284
+
+    Goose-Grass, 28
+
+    Gourd, 117
+
+    Grass-Nuts, 262
+
+    Greasewood, 60, 66
+
+    Great Willow-Herb, 244
+
+    Green-banded Mariposa, 268
+
+    Green-stemmed Filaree, 194
+
+    Ground-Iris, 280
+
+    Ground-Pink, 216
+
+    Groundsel-Tree, 104
+
+    Gum-Plant, 176
+
+
+    Hag-Taper, 191
+
+    Hairbell, 54
+
+    Harvest Brodiaea, 318
+
+    Heal-All, 322
+
+    Heart's-Ease, 50
+
+    Hedge-Nettle, 230
+
+    Heliotrope, 47
+
+    Helmet-Flower, 328
+
+    Hen-and-Chickens, 142
+
+    Hideondo, 191
+
+    Hog-Onion, 262
+
+    Hog's Potato, 8
+
+    Holly-leaved Barberry, 122
+
+    Holly-leaved Cherry, 61
+
+    Honeysuckle, 86
+
+    Horehound, 47
+
+    Hound's-Tongue, 258
+
+    Huckleberry, 200
+
+    Humboldt's Lily, 185
+
+    Humming-bird's Sage, 350
+
+    Humming-bird's Trumpet, 367
+
+
+    Ice-Plant, 51
+
+    Incense-Shrub, 214
+
+    Indian Lettuce, 16, 100
+
+    Indian Paint-Brush, 344
+
+    Indian Pink, 354
+
+    Indian Plume, 344
+
+    Indian Rhubarb, 242
+
+    Indian Warrior, 336
+
+    Indian Wheat, 157
+
+    Innocence, 294
+
+    Islay, 61
+
+    Ithuriel's Spear, 302
+
+
+    Jamestown-Weed, } 96
+    Jimson-Weed,    }
+
+    Joshua-Tree, 44
+
+    Judas-Tree, 198
+
+    June-Berry, 88
+
+
+    Kamass, 292
+
+
+    Labrador Tea, 103
+
+    Lady's Tobacco, 68
+
+    Ladies' Tresses, 92
+
+    Lantern of the Fairies, 54
+
+    Large-flowered Brodiaea, 318
+
+    Large-flowered Datura, 54
+
+    Large-flowered Dogwood, 94
+
+    Large-flowered Phacelia, 267
+
+    Large Vetch, 358
+
+    Large White Mountain Daisy, 106
+
+    Large Yellow Lupine, 161
+
+    Lavender Mountain Daisy, 332
+
+    Lead-Plant, 315
+
+    Leatherwood, 160
+
+    Lemonade-Berry, 3, 203
+
+    Lemon-Lily, 109
+
+
+    Leopard-Lily, 182
+
+    Lessingia, 252
+
+    Lilac Sand-Verbena, 292
+
+    Little Alpine Lily, 180
+
+    Llavina, 24
+
+    Lobelia, 6
+
+    Loco-Weed, 40
+
+    Love-Vine, 160
+
+    Lucern, 326
+
+
+    Mad-Apple, 96
+
+    Madrone,  } 37
+    Madrono,  }
+
+    Mad Violets, 204
+
+    Mahala Mats, 326
+
+    Mahogany, 203
+
+    Mahonia, 118, 122
+
+    Main-oph-weep, 56
+
+    Man-in-the-Ground, 26
+
+    Manzanita, 12
+
+    Marianas, 290
+
+    Mariposa Tulip, 78, 81
+
+    Matilija Poppy, 64
+
+    Meadow-Foam, 126
+
+    Meadow-Sweet, 85
+
+    Mesembryanthemum, 220
+
+    Milfoil, 97
+
+    Milkweed, Hornless Woolly, 380
+
+    Milk-white Rein-Orchis, 94
+
+    Miner's Lettuce, 16
+
+    Mission-Bells, 264
+
+    Mission Poppy, 66
+
+    Mist-Maidens, 22
+
+    Mock-Orange, 117
+
+    Monk's-Hood, 328
+
+    Mosquito-Bills, 206
+
+    Moth-Mullein, 190
+
+    Mother's Heart, 78
+
+    Mottled Swamp-Orchis, 388
+
+    Mountain Balm, 56
+
+    Mountain Birch, 84
+
+    Mountain Heart's-Ease, 29
+
+    Mountain Lady's Slipper, 382
+
+    Mountain Laurel, 373
+
+    Mountain Mahogany, 373
+
+    Mountain Misery, 92
+
+    Muilla, 369
+
+    Musky Filaree, 194
+
+
+    Naked Broom-Rape, 172
+
+    Nievitas, 30
+
+    Nigger-Babies, 284
+
+    Nigger-Heads, 340
+
+    Nine-Bark, 85
+
+    Noona, 268
+
+    Northern Scarlet Larkspur, 346
+
+
+    Oregon Grape, 118, 122
+
+    Orpine, 170
+
+    Oso-Berry, 18
+
+    Our Lord's Candle, 70
+
+
+    Pearly Everlasting Flower, 102
+
+    Pennyroyal, 324
+
+    Pentachaeta, 126
+
+    Pepper-Root, 4
+
+    Phantom Orchis, 388
+
+    Pigeon-Berry, 67
+
+    Pimpernel, 126
+
+    Pin-Clover, 194
+
+    Pine-Drops, 186
+
+    Pink Monkey-Flower, 248
+
+    Pink Paint-Brush, 228
+
+    Pipe-Vine, 374
+
+    Pipsissiwa, 104
+
+    Pitcher-Sage, 42
+
+    Poison-Oak, 8
+
+    Poison-Weed, 157
+
+    Poleo, 324
+
+    Poor-Man's Weather-Glass, 126
+
+    Pop-corn Flower, 30
+
+    Prairie-Pointers, 206
+
+    Prickly-Pear, 170
+
+    Prickly Phlox, 206
+
+    Pride of California, The, 212
+
+    Pride of the Mountains, 250
+
+    Prince's Pine, 104
+
+    Purple Nemophila, 278
+
+    Pussy's-Ears, 278
+
+    Pussy's-Paws, 70
+
+
+    Quinine-Bush, 370
+
+
+    Racine-Amere, 224
+
+    Rattlesnake Plantain, 98
+
+    Rattle-Weed, 40
+
+    Redbud, 198
+
+    Red-stemmed Filaree, 194
+
+    Redwood Lily, 72
+
+    Redwood Sorrel, 196
+
+    Rein-Orchis, 384
+
+    Resin-Weed, 176
+
+    Rice-Root, 264
+
+    Rock-Cress, 196
+
+    Rock-Fringe, 254
+
+    Rock-Rose, 208
+
+    Romero, 316
+
+    Roosters'-Heads, 206
+
+    Ruby Lily, 72
+
+
+    Sacred Bark, 67
+
+    Sage, 298
+
+    Sagebrush, 377
+
+    Saitas, 262
+
+    Salal, 75
+
+    Samphire, 387
+
+    Sassafras Laurel, 373
+
+    Satin-Bell, 54
+
+    Sauco, 45
+
+    Scarlet Bugler, 358
+
+    Scarlet Fritillary, 346
+
+    Scarlet Gilia, 360
+
+    Scarlet Honeysuckle, 350
+
+    Scarlet Monkey-Flower, 360
+
+    Scarlet Paint-Brush, 344
+
+    Sea-Dahlia, 146
+
+    Self-Heal, 322
+
+    Service-Berry, 88
+
+    Shad-Bush, 90
+
+    Shasta Lily, 102
+
+    Shepherd's Purse, 78
+
+    Shooting-Stars, 204
+
+    Sierra Plum, 34
+
+    Sierra Primrose, 250
+
+    Silk-Tassel Tree, 370
+
+    Silver-weed, 175
+
+    Silkweed, 312
+
+    Si me quieres, no me quieres, 124
+
+    Skullcap, 270
+
+    Skunk-Cabbage, 108, 166
+
+    Snow-Berry, 225
+
+    Snow-Plant, 362
+
+    Snowy Lily-Bell, 54
+
+    Soap-Bush, 84, 258
+
+    Soap-Plant, 6, 82
+
+    Sour-Grass, 51
+
+    Southern Scarlet Larkspur, 364
+
+    Spanish Bayonet, 20, 70
+
+    Spanish Lily, 262
+
+    Spat'lum, 224
+
+    Spice-Bush, 373
+
+    Spineless Tuna, 225
+
+    Spreading Dogbane, 236
+
+    Spring-Blossom, 4
+
+    Squaw-Berry, 152
+
+    Squaw-Grass, 51
+
+    Squaw's Carpet, 326
+
+    Star-Flower, 202
+
+    Stickseed, 334
+
+    Sticky Monkey-Flower, 138
+
+    St. John's-Wort, 162
+
+    Stonecrop, 170
+
+    Strawberry Cactus, 24
+
+    Succory, 312
+
+    Sulphur-Flower, 178
+
+    Sun-Cups, 110
+
+    Sunflower, 157
+
+    Sunshine, 124
+
+
+    Tall Mountain Larkspur, 330
+
+    Tarweed, 92, 182, 188
+
+    Teasel, 386
+
+    Thimble-Berry, 24
+
+    Thistle-Poppy, 74
+
+    Thistle-Sage, 307
+
+    Thorn-Apple, 96
+
+    Tidy-Tips, 148
+
+    Tiger-Lily, 182, 185
+
+    Toad-Flax, 304
+
+    Tobacco-Root, 224
+
+    Tolguacha, 54
+
+    Toothwort, 4
+
+    Torosa, 114
+
+    Toyon, 90
+
+    Tree-Mallow, 226
+
+    Tree-Poppy, 118
+
+    Tree-Tobacco, 129
+
+    Tree-Yucca, 44
+
+    Trefoil Sumach, 152
+
+    Tuna, 170
+
+    Turban Cactus, 374
+
+    Turkey-Beard, 51
+
+    Turkish Rugging, 218
+
+    Turk's-head Cactus, 374
+
+    Twin-Berry, 122
+
+    Twining Hyacinth, 232
+
+
+    Umbrella-Plant, 242
+
+
+    Velvet Cactus, 357
+
+    Venegasia, 171
+
+    Vervenia, 282
+
+    Villela, 284
+
+    Violet Beard-Tongue, 308
+
+    Violet Nightshade, 268
+
+    Violet Snapdragon, 320
+
+    Virgin's Bower, 91
+
+
+    Wahoo, 68
+
+    Wake-Robin, 10
+
+    Washington Lily, 102
+
+    Water-Holly, 118
+
+    Water-Lily, 6
+
+    Western Boykinia, 81
+
+    Western Cardinal-Flower, 365
+
+    Western Goldenrod, 191
+
+    Western Spice-Bush, 352
+
+    Western Wall-Flower, 132
+
+
+    Whipplea, 32
+
+    Whispering Bells, 130
+
+    White Brodiaea, 156
+
+    White Daisy, 28
+
+    White Evening Primrose, 48
+
+    White Forget-me-not, 30
+
+    White Fritillary, 267
+
+    White Globe-Tulip, 54
+
+    White Layia, 28
+
+    White Nemophila, 39
+
+    White Owl's Clover, 52
+
+    White Sage, 66
+
+    White Sweet Clover, 156
+
+    White Tea-Tree, 84
+
+    White-veined Shinleaf, 100
+
+    Wild Bachelor's Button, 312
+
+    Wild Bouvardia, 178
+
+    Wild Bridal-Wreath, 85
+
+    Wild Broom, 152
+
+    Wild Buckwheat, 34
+
+    Wild Canterbury-Bell, 288
+
+    Wild Cherry, 36
+
+    Wild Coreopsis, 182
+
+    Wild Cucumber, 26
+
+    Wild Cyclamen, 204
+
+    Wild Date, 20
+
+    Wild Ginger, 310
+
+    Wild Gooseberry, 338
+
+    Wild Heliotrope, 282
+
+    Wild Hollyhock, 198
+
+    Wild Honeysuckle, 226
+
+    Wild Hyacinth, 262, 292
+
+    Wild Lantana, 292
+
+    Wild Morning-glory, 40
+
+    Wild Peony, 340
+
+    Wild Pie-Plant, 378
+
+    Wild Plum, 34
+
+    Wild Portulaca, 212
+
+    Wild White Lilac, 39
+
+    Wind-Flower, 18
+
+    Wind-Poppy, 129
+
+    Wintergreen, 75
+
+    Wood Anemone, 18
+
+    Wood-Balm, 42
+
+    Woodland Star of Bethlehem, 32
+
+    Wood Strawberry, 10
+
+    Woolly Blue-Curls, 316
+
+    Woolly Breeches, 128
+
+
+    Yarrow, 97
+
+    Yellow-Boy, 67
+
+    Yellow Daisy, 148
+
+    Yellow Forget-me-not, 128
+
+    Yellow Globe-Tulip, 144
+
+    Yellow Mariposa Tulip, 174
+
+    Yellow Pansy, 120
+
+    Yellow Pond-Lily, 184
+
+    Yellow-Root, 67
+
+    Yellow Sand-Verbena, 146
+
+    Yellow Star Tulip, 130
+
+    Yellow Sweet Clover, 156
+
+    Yerba Buena, 62
+
+    Yerba de Chivato, 91
+
+    Yerba del Indio, 354
+
+    Yerba del Pasmo, 61
+
+    Yerba Mansa, 76
+
+    Yerba Santa, 56
+
+    Yucca-Palm, 44
+
+
+    Zygadene, 6
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF TECHNICAL TERMS
+
+
+    PAGE
+
+    Aggregate fruit, xxx
+
+    Akene, xxx
+
+    Ament, xxviii
+
+    Anther, xxix
+
+    Axil, xxii
+
+
+    Berry, xxx
+
+    Blade, xxiii
+
+    Bract, xxvii
+
+    Bulb, xxiii
+
+
+    Calyx, xxviii
+
+    Capsule, xxx
+
+    Catkin, xxviii
+
+    Complete flower, xxviii
+
+    Compound leaf, xxiv
+
+    Corm, xxiii
+
+    Corolla, xxviii
+
+    Corymb, xxvii
+
+    Cyme, xxviii
+
+
+    Drupe, xxx
+
+
+    Essential organs, xxviii
+
+
+    Female flower, xxix
+
+    Filament, xxix
+
+    Flower-cluster, xxvii
+
+    Flower-head, xxviii
+
+    Follicle, xxx
+
+    Foot-stalk, xxiii
+
+    Fruit, xxix
+
+
+    Gourd, xxx
+
+
+    Imperfect flower, xxix
+
+    Inflorescence, xxvii
+
+    Internodes, xxii
+
+    Involucre, xxvii
+
+
+    Leaflet, xxiv
+
+    Leaves, xxiii
+
+    Legume, xxx
+
+
+    Male flower, xxix
+
+
+    Neutral flower, xxix
+
+    Nodes, xxii
+
+
+    Ovary, xxix
+
+
+    Palmate leaf, xxiv
+
+    Panicle, xxviii
+
+    Pedicel, xxvii
+
+    Peduncle, xxvii
+
+    Pepo, xxx
+
+    Perianth, xxviii
+
+    Perfect flower, xxix
+
+    Pericarp, xxix
+
+    Petals, xxviii
+
+    Petiole, xxiii
+
+    Pinnate leaf, xxiv
+
+    Pistil, xxix
+
+    Pistillate flower, xxix
+
+    Pollen, xxix
+
+    Pome, xxx
+
+
+    Raceme, xxvii
+
+    Rhizome, xxiii
+
+    Root, xxii
+
+    Rootstock, xxiii
+
+
+    Samara, xxx
+
+    Scape, xxvii
+
+    Sepals, xxviii
+
+    Simple leaf, xxiv
+
+    Solitary flower, xxvii
+
+    Spadix, xxviii
+
+    Spathe, xxviii
+
+    Spike, xxviii
+
+    Stamen, xxix
+
+    Staminate flower, xxix
+
+    Staminodia, xxix
+
+    Stem, xxii
+
+    Stigma, xxix
+
+    Stipules, xxiii
+
+    Style, xxix
+
+
+    Tuber, xxiii
+
+
+    Umbel, xxvii
+
+
+    Veinlets, xxiv
+
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+
+     _Abortive_, defective or barren.
+
+     _Acuminate_, ending in a tapering point.
+
+     _Adnate_, growing to; or said of an anther whose cells are
+     borne upon the sides of the apex of the filament.
+
+     _Appendage_, any superadded part.
+
+     _Appressed_, lying flat against or together for the whole
+     length.
+
+     _Arborescent_, treelike; approaching the size of a tree.
+
+     _Attenuate_, slenderly tapering to a point.
+
+     _Auricle_, a small earlike lobe at the base of a leaf.
+
+     _Awn_, a bristle-shaped appendage.
+
+
+     _Barb_, a sharply reflexed point upon an awn, etc., like the
+     barb of a fish-hook.
+
+     _Basifixed_, attached by the base or lower end.
+
+     _Beak_, a narrow or prolonged tip.
+
+     _Bifid_, two-cleft to the middle or thereabouts.
+
+     _Bilabiate_, two-lipped.
+
+     _Blade_, the expanded portion of a leaf, petal, etc.
+
+     _Bract_, one of the leaves of a flower-cluster.
+
+     _Bracteate_, furnished with bracts.
+
+     _Bractlet_, a bract of the ultimate grade; as one inserted _on_
+     a pedicel or ultimate flower-stalk instead of _under_ it.
+
+     _Bracteolate_, having bractlets.
+
+     _Bulbiferous_, bearing bulbs.
+
+
+     _Caducous_, dropping off very early.
+
+     _Campanulate_, bell-shaped.
+
+     _Capitate_, headlike, or collected in a head.
+
+     _Carina_, a salient longitudinal projection on the center of
+     the lower face of an organ.
+
+     _Carinate_, furnished with a carina, or keel.
+
+     _Carpel_, a simple pistil, or one of the several parts of a
+     compound one.
+
+     _Ciliate_, marginally fringed with hairs.
+
+     _Clavate_, club-shaped.
+
+     _Claw_, the narrowed base, or stalk, which some petals, etc.,
+     possess.
+
+     _Coalescing_, cohering; used properly in respect to similar
+     parts.
+
+     _Column_, a body formed by the union of filaments (stamineal);
+     or (in orchids) of the stamens and pistil.
+
+     _Confluent_, blended, or running together.
+
+     _Connate_, growing together; united in one.
+
+     _Connective_, the portion of the filament which connects or
+     separates the cells of an anther.
+
+     _Connivent_, coming into contact or converging.
+
+     _Cordate_, heart-shaped.
+
+     _Coriaceous_, leathery.
+
+     _Corymb_, a flat-topped inflorescence flowering from the margin
+     inward.
+
+     _Corymbose_, in corymbs, or in the form of a corymb.
+
+     _Cruciferous_, of four somewhat similar petals, spreading in
+     the form of a cross.
+
+     _Cymose_, in cymes. (See _cyme_, in Explanation of Terms, p.
+     xxviii.)
+
+
+     _Deciduous_, falling at the end of the season.
+
+     _Declined_, bent or curved downward or forward.
+
+     _Decumbent_, reclining, but with summit ascending.
+
+     _Decurrent_, running down the stem; applied to a leaf with
+     blade prolonged below its insertion.
+
+     _Deflexed_, bent or turned abruptly downward.
+
+     _Dehiscing_, opening by valves, slits, or regular lines; as a
+     capsule or an anther.
+
+     _Deltoid_, having the shape of the Greek letter _delta_;
+     broadly triangular.
+
+     _Denticulate_, minutely toothed.
+
+     _Depauperate_, impoverished in size by unfavorable
+     surroundings.
+
+     _Dichotomous_, forking regularly by pairs.
+
+     _Diaecious_, with stamens and pistils in different flowers on
+     different plants.
+
+     _Dissected_, deeply cut, or divided into numerous segments.
+
+     _Divaricate_, extremely divergent.
+
+     _Divided_, lobed or cut clear to the base.
+
+
+     _Emarginate_, notched at the extremity.
+
+     _Entire_, with the margin uninterrupted; without teeth or
+     divisions of any sort.
+
+     _Equitant_, astride; as of leaves folding over each other in
+     two ranks; as in the iris.
+
+     _Erose_, gnawed.
+
+     _Exserted_, projecting beyond an envelop; as stamens from a
+     corolla.
+
+     _Extrorse_, facing outward; said of the anther.
+
+
+     _Falcate_, scythe-shaped; sickle-shaped.
+
+     _Fascicled_, in a close cluster or bundle; said of flowers,
+     stalks, roots, and leaves.
+
+     _Fertile_, capable of producing fruit; as a pistillate flower;
+     applied also to a pollen-bearing stamen.
+
+     _Fibrous_, composed of or of the nature of fibres.
+
+     _Filiform_, threadlike.
+
+     _Flexuous_, zigzag; bent alternately in opposite directions.
+
+     _Foliaceous_, leaflike in structure or appearance; leafy.
+
+     _Foliolate_, having leaflets; the number indicated by the Latin
+     prefixes, _bi-_, _tri-_, etc.
+
+     _Follicle_, a pod formed from a single pistil, dehiscing along
+     the ventral suture only.
+
+     _Free_, not growing to other organs.
+
+     _Fugacious_, falling very early.
+
+     _Funnel-form_, tubular, but expanding gradually from the narrow
+     base to the spreading border or limb; _e.g._ the Morning-glory
+     flower.
+
+
+     _Galea_, a helmet; applied to the helmet-shaped upper lip of
+     the corolla in _Labiatae_, etc.; also in some _Scrophularineae_,
+     though not so shaped.
+
+     _Glabrous_, without any kind of hairiness.
+
+     _Gland_, any secreting structure, depression or prominence, on
+     any part of a plant, or any structure having such an
+     appearance.
+
+     _Glandular_, bearing glands, or glandlike.
+
+     _Glaucous_, covered or whitened with a bloom like that on a
+     cabbage-leaf.
+
+
+     _Habit_, the general form or mode of growth of a plant.
+
+     _Herbaceous_, having the character of an herb; not woody or
+     shrubby.
+
+     _Hispid_, beset with rigid or bristly hairs, or with bristles.
+
+
+     _Imbricate_, overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
+
+     _Incised_, cut irregularly and sharply.
+
+     _Included_, inclosed by the surrounding organs; not exserted.
+
+     _Indigenous_, native to the country.
+
+     _Inferior_, said of the ovary when the calyx, corolla, or
+     stamens are borne upon its summit or sides.
+
+     _Inflorescence_, the flowering portion of a plant, and
+     especially the mode of its arrangement.
+
+     _Innate_, said of an anther when it is a continuation of the
+     filament.
+
+     _Introrse_, facing inward, or toward the axis, as an anther.
+
+     _Involucrate_, having an involucre.
+
+     _Involucre_, a circle of bracts subtending a flower-cluster.
+
+     _Involute_, rolled inward.
+
+
+     _Keel._ (See _carina_.)
+
+     _Keeled_, furnished with a keel, or carina.
+
+
+     _Lacerate_, torn; irregularly and deeply cleft.
+
+     _Laciniate_, cut into narrow, slender teeth, or lobes.
+
+     _Liliaceous_, lily-like.
+
+     _Limb_, the dilated and usually spreading portion of a perianth
+     or petal as distinct from the tubular part, or claw.
+
+     _Line_, the twelfth part of inch.
+
+     _Linear_, narrow and elongated, with parallel margins.
+
+     _Lip_, either of the two divisions of a bilabiate corolla or
+     calyx; in orchids the upper petal (often, apparently, the
+     lower) usually very different from the others.
+
+     _Lobe_, any division of a leaf, corolla, etc., especially if
+     rounded.
+
+     _Lunate_, crescent-shaped, or half-moon-shaped.
+
+     _Lyrate_, lyre-shaped; pinnatifid with the terminal lobe large
+     and rounded, and one or more of the lower pairs small.
+
+
+     _Membranaceous_, thin; rather soft and translucent, like
+     membrane.
+
+     _Monoecious_, with stamens and pistils in separate blossoms on
+     the same plant.
+
+     _Mucronate_, with a short, abrupt, small tip.
+
+
+     _Nectar_, the sweetish secretion of the blossom from which bees
+     make honey.
+
+     _Nectary_, the place or gland in which nectar is secreted.
+
+     _Nerve_, a simple, unbranched vein or slender rib.
+
+     _Nerved_, furnished with a nerve or nerves.
+
+
+     _Ob-_, used as a prefix meaning inversely.
+
+     _Obtuse_, blunt or rounded at the end.
+
+     _Odd-pinnate_, pinnate, with an odd leaflet at the end.
+
+
+     _Palate_, a protrusion at or near the throat of a two-lipped
+     corolla.
+
+     _Panicle_, a loose, irregularly branching inflorescence.
+
+     _Papilionaceous_, butterfly-like; applied to the peculiar
+     irregular flower common in _Leguminosae_.
+
+     _Papillae_, minute, thick, nipple-shaped, or somewhat elongated
+     projections.
+
+     _Parasitic_, growing upon and deriving nourishment from another
+     plant.
+
+     _Parted_, cleft nearly, but not quite, to the base.
+
+     _Perfoliate_, said of leaves connate about the stem.
+
+     _Persistent_, not falling off; said of leaves continuing
+     through the winter.
+
+     _Petaloid_, petal-like.
+
+     _Petiolate_, having a petiole.
+
+     _Petiole_, the foot-stalk of a leaf.
+
+     _Petiolulate_, having a petiolule.
+
+     _Petiolule_, the foot-stalk of a leaflet.
+
+     _Pinnate_, having its parts arranged in pairs along a common
+     rachis.
+
+     _Pinnatifid_, pinnately cleft.
+
+     _Pistillate_, having a pistil or pistils, and no stamens.
+
+     _Puberulent_, minutely pubescent.
+
+     _Pubescent_, covered with hairs, usually soft and short.
+
+
+     _Rachis_, the axis (backbone) of a spike, or of a compound
+     leaf.
+
+     _Radiate_, diverging from a common center, or bearing
+     ray-flowers; said of flower-heads of composite plants.
+
+     _Radical_, belonging to or proceeding from the root, or from
+     the base of the stem.
+
+     _Ray_, one of the radiating branches of an umbel; the marginal
+     flowers, as distinct from those of the disk, in _Compositae_,
+     etc.
+
+     _Receptacle_, a more or less expanded surface, forming a
+     support for a cluster of organs (in a flower) or a cluster of
+     flowers (in a head), etc.
+
+     _Recurved_, curved backward or downward.
+
+     _Reflexed_, abruptly bent or turned backward or downward.
+
+     _Regular_, symmetrical in form; uniform in shape or structure.
+
+     _Retrorse_, directed backward or downward.
+
+     _Revolute_, rolled backward from the margins or apex.
+
+     _Rhomboidal_, quadrangular, with the lateral angles obtuse.
+
+     _Rudiment_, an imperfectly developed and functionally useless
+     organ.
+
+     _Rugose_, wrinkled; ridged.
+
+
+     _Saccate_, sac-shaped; baggy.
+
+     _Sagittate_, shaped like an arrowhead; triangular, with basal
+     lobes prolonged downward.
+
+     _Salver-form_, narrowly tubular, with limb abruptly or flatly
+     expanded.
+
+     _Scabrous_, rough to the touch.
+
+     _Scape_, a naked peduncle rising from the ground.
+
+     _Scarious_, thin, dry, membranaceous, and not green.
+
+     _Scorpioid_, incurved like the tail of a scorpion; said of an
+     inflorescence.
+
+     _Segment_, one of the parts of a leaf or other organ that is
+     cut or divided.
+
+     _Serrate_, having teeth directed forward, like the teeth of a
+     saw.
+
+     _Serrulate_, minutely serrate.
+
+     _Sessile_, stemless.
+
+     _Sinus_, a recess or re-entering angle.
+
+     _Sheathing_, infolding like a sheath.
+
+     _Spathe_, a large bract or pair of bracts (often colored)
+     inclosing a flower-cluster.
+
+     _Spinescent_, ending in a spine or rigid point.
+
+     _Spinulose_, with diminutive spines.
+
+     _Spur_, a usually slender tubular process, from some part of a
+     flower, often honey-bearing.
+
+     _Staminate_, having stamens, but no pistils.
+
+     _Staminodium_, a sterile stamen, or something taking the place
+     of a stamen.
+
+     _Stellate_, star-shaped.
+
+     _Sterile_, barren; incapable of producing seed; a sterile
+     stamen is one not producing pollen.
+
+     _Striate_, marked with fine longitudinal lines.
+
+     _Subtended_, supported or surrounded; as a pedicel by a bract,
+     or a flower-cluster by an involucre.
+
+     _Subulate_, awl-shaped.
+
+     _Succulent_, fleshy and juicy.
+
+     _Superior_, growing above; a superior ovary is one wholly above
+     and free from the calyx.
+
+
+     _Terete_, cylindrical.
+
+     _Ternate_, in threes.
+
+     _Thyrse_, a contracted or ovate panicle.
+
+     _Thyrsoid_, thyrselike.
+
+     _Tomentum_, dense, matted, woolly pubescence.
+
+     _Trifoliolate_, having three leaflets.
+
+     _Tubular_, tube-shaped.
+
+
+     _Undulate_, wavy.
+
+     _Unisexual_, of one sex; said of flowers having stamens only,
+     or pistils only.
+
+     _Urceolate_, cylindrical or ovoid, but contracted at or below
+     the open orifice, like an urn or a pitcher.
+
+
+     _Valve_, the several parts of a dehiscent pericarp; the
+     doorlike lid by which some anthers open.
+
+     _Ventricose_, swelling unequally, or inflated on one side.
+
+     _Versatile_, swinging; turning freely on its support.
+
+     _Villous_, bearing long and soft, straight or straightish
+     hairs.
+
+     _Virgate_, wandlike.
+
+     _Viscid_, glutinous; sticky.
+
+
+     _Whorl_, an arrangement of leaves, flowers, etc., in a circle
+     about the stem, or axis.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+Obvious punctuation and spelling errors repaired.
+Flowers with no common name have a thought break.
+Inconsistent hyphenation has been repaired.
+
+Page 141 "black-bird" changed to "blackbird".
+Page 192 "arrow-heads" changed to "arrowheads".
+Page 324 "horse-mint" changed to "horsemint".
+Page 164 "over-powering" changed to "overpowering".
+Page 141 "lace-like" changed to "lacelike".
+Page 190 "golden-rod" changed to "goldenrod".
+Page 354 "tooth-like" changed to "toothlike".
+
+The following index entries were repaired:
+
+Large Yellow Lupine, 16[**numbers missing]
+Lavender Mountain Daisy, [**numbers missing]
+Lead-Plant, [**numbers missing]
+Leatherwood, [**numbers missing]
+Lemonade-Berry, [**numbers missing]
+Lemon-Lily, [**numbers missing]
+
+In ambiguous cases, the text has been left as it appears in the
+original book.  In particular, the following errors:
+
+endquote missing punctuation
+paragraph starts with lower-case
+mismatched square backets
+mismatched quotes
+wrong spaced quotes
+missing paragraph breaks
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wild Flowers of California: Their
+Names, Haunts, and Habits, by Mary Elizabeth Parsons
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WILD FLOWERS OF CALIFORNIA ***
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