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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, Queen Of
+France, Volume 7, by Madame Campan
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, Queen Of France, Volume 7
+       Being the Historic Memoirs of Madam Campan, First Lady in Waiting
+       to the Queen
+       
+
+Author: Madame Campan
+
+Release Date: December 4, 2004 [EBook #3890]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARIE ANTOINETTE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF MARIE ANTOINETTE, QUEEN OF FRANCE
+
+Being the Historic Memoirs of Madam Campan,
+First Lady in Waiting to the Queen
+
+
+
+
+Volume 7
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+The Queen having been robbed of her purse as she was passing from the
+Tuileries to the Feuillans, requested my sister to lend her twenty-five
+louis.
+
+[On being interrogated the Queen declared that these five and twenty louis
+had been lent to her by my sister; this formed a pretence for arresting
+her and me, and led to her death.--MADAME CAMPAN.]
+
+I spent part of the day at the Feuillans, and her Majesty told me she
+would ask Potion to let me be with her in the place which the Assembly
+should decree for her prison.  I then returned home to prepare everything
+that might be necessary for me to accompany her.
+
+On the same day (11th August), at nine in the evening, I returned to the
+Feuillans.  I found there were orders at all the gates forbidding my being
+admitted.  I claimed a right to enter by virtue of the first permission
+which had been given to me; I was again refused.  I was told that the
+Queen had as many people as were requisite about her.  My sister was with
+her, as well as one of my companions, who came out of the prisons of the
+Abbaye on the 11th.  I renewed my solicitations on the 12th; my tears and
+entreaties moved neither the keepers of the gates, nor even a deputy, to
+whom I addressed myself.
+
+I soon heard of the removal of Louis XVI. and his family to the Temple. I
+went to Potion accompanied by M. Valadon, for whom I had procured a place
+in the post-office, and who was devoted to me.  He determined to go up to
+Potion alone; he told him that those who requested to be confined could
+not be suspected of evil designs, and that no political opinion could
+afford a ground of objection to these solicitations.  Seeing that the
+well-meaning man did not succeed, I thought to do more in person; but
+Petion persisted in his refusal, and threatened to send me to La Force.
+Thinking to give me a kind of consolation, he added I might be certain
+that all those who were then with Louis XVI. and his family would not stay
+with them long.  And in fact, two or three days afterwards the Princesse
+de Lamballe, Madame de Tourzel, her daughter, the Queen's first woman, the
+first woman of the Dauphin and of Madame, M. de Chamilly, and M. de Hue
+were carried off during the night and transferred to La Force. After the
+departure of the King and Queen for the Temple, my sister was detained a
+prisoner in the apartments their Majesties had quitted for twenty-four
+hours.
+
+From this time I was reduced to the misery of having no further
+intelligence of my august and unfortunate mistress but through the medium
+of the newspapers or the National Guard, who did duty at the Temple.
+
+The King and Queen said nothing to me at the Feuillans about the portfolio
+which had been deposited with me; no doubt they expected to see me again.
+The minister Roland and the deputies composing the provisional government
+were very intent on a search for papers belonging to their Majesties.
+They had the whole of the Tuileries ransacked.  The infamous Robespierre
+bethought himself of M. Campan, the Queen's private secretary, and said
+that his death was feigned; that he was living unknown in some obscure
+part of France, and was doubtless the depositary of all the important
+papers.  In a great portfolio belonging to the King there had been found a
+solitary letter from the Comte d'Artois, which, by its date, and the
+subjects of which it treated, indicated the existence of a continued
+correspondence.  (This letter appeared among the documents used on the
+trial of Louis XVI.)  A former preceptor of my son's had studied with
+Robespierre; the latter, meeting him in the street, and knowing the
+connection which had subsisted between him and the family of M. Campan,
+required him to say, upon his honour, whether he was certain of the death
+of the latter.  The man replied that M. Campan had died at La Briche in
+1791, and that he had seen him interred in the cemetery of Epinay.  "well,
+then," resumed Robespierre, "bring me the certificate of his burial at
+twelve to-morrow; it is a document for which I have pressing occasion."
+Upon hearing the deputy's demand I instantly sent for a certificate of M.
+Campan's burial, and Robespierre received it at nine o'clock the next
+morning.  But I considered that, in thinking of my father-in-law, they
+were coming very near me, the real depositary of these important papers.
+I passed days and nights in considering what I could do for the best under
+such circumstances.
+
+I was thus situated when the order to inform against those who had been
+denounced as suspected on the 10th of August led to domiciliary visits. My
+servants were told that the people of the quarter in which I lived were
+talking much of the search that would be made in my house, and came to
+apprise me of it.  I heard that fifty armed men would make themselves
+masters of M. Auguies house, where I then was.  I had just received this
+intelligence when M. Gougenot, the King's maitre d'hotel and
+receiver-general of the taxes, a man much attached to his sovereign, came
+into my room wrapped in a ridingcloak, under which, with great difficulty,
+he carried the King's portfolio, which I had entrusted to him.  He threw
+it down at my feet, and said to me, "There is your deposit; I did not
+receive it from our unfortunate King's own hands; in delivering it to you
+I have executed my trust."  After saying this he was about to withdraw. I
+stopped him, praying him to consult with me what I ought to do in such a
+trying emergency.  He would not listen to my entreaties, or even hear me
+describe the course I intended to pursue.  I told him my abode was about
+to be surrounded; I imparted to him what the Queen had said to me about
+the contents of the portfolio.  To all this he answered, "There it is;
+decide for yourself; I will have no hand in it."  Upon that I remained a
+few seconds thinking, and my conduct was founded upon the following
+reasons.  I spoke aloud, although to myself; I walked about the room with
+agitated steps; M. Gougenot was thunderstruck.  "Yes," said I, "when we
+can no longer communicate with our King and receive his orders, however
+attached we may be to him, we can only serve him according to the best of
+our own judgment.  The Queen said to me, 'This portfolio contains scarcely
+anything but documents of a most dangerous description in the event of a
+trial taking place, if it should fall into the hands of revolutionary
+persons.'  She mentioned, too, a single document which would, under the
+same circumstances, be useful.  It is my duty to interpret her words, and
+consider them as orders.  She meant to say, 'You will save such a paper,
+you will destroy the rest if they are likely to be taken from you.'  If it
+were not so, was there any occasion for her to enter into any detail as to
+what the portfolio contained?  The order to keep it was sufficient.
+Probably it contains, moreover, the letters of that part of the family
+which has emigrated; there is nothing which may have been foreseen or
+decided upon that can be useful now; and there can be no political thread
+which has not been cut by the events of the 10th of August and the
+imprisonment of the King.  My house is about to be surrounded; I cannot
+conceal anything of such bulk; I might, then, through want of foresight,
+give up that which would cause the condemnation of the King.  Let us open
+the portfolio, save the document alluded to, and destroy the rest."  I
+took a knife and cut open one side of the portfolio.  I saw a great number
+of envelopes endorsed by the King's own hand.  M. Gougenot found there the
+former seals of the King,
+
+[No doubt it was in order to have the ancient seals ready at a moment's
+notice, in case of a counter-revolution, that the Queen desired me not to
+quit the Tuileries.  M. Gougenot threw the seals into the river, one from
+above the Pont Neuf, and the other from near the Pont Royal.--MADAME
+CAMPAN.]
+
+such as they were before the Assembly had changed the inscription.  At
+this moment we heard a great noise; he agreed to tie up the portfolio,
+take it again under his cloak, and go to a safe place to execute what I
+had taken upon me to determine.  He made me swear, by all I held most
+sacred, that I would affirm, under every possible emergency, that the
+course I was pursuing had not been dictated to me by anybody; and that,
+whatever might be the result, I would take all the credit or all the blame
+upon myself.  I lifted up my hand and took the oath he required; he went
+out.  Half an hour afterwards a great number of armed men came to my
+house; they placed sentinels at all the outlets; they broke open
+secretaires and closets of which they had not the keys; they 'searched the
+flower-pots and boxes; they examined the cellars; and the commandant
+repeatedly said, "Look particularly for papers."  In the afternoon M.
+Gougenot returned.  He had still the seals of France about him, and he
+brought me a statement of all that he had burnt.
+
+The portfolio contained twenty letters from Monsieur, eighteen or nineteen
+from the Comte d'Artois, seventeen from Madame Adelaide, eighteen from
+Madame Victoire, a great many letters from Comte Alexandre de Lameth, and
+many from M. de Malesherbes, with documents annexed to them.  There were
+also some from M. de Montmorin and other ex-ministers or ambassadors.
+Each correspondence had its title written in the King's own hand upon the
+blank paper which contained it.  The most voluminous was that from
+Mirabeau.  It was tied up with a scheme for an escape, which he thought
+necessary.  M. Gougenot, who had skimmed over these letters with more
+attention than the rest, told me they were of so interesting a nature that
+the King had no doubt kept them as documents exceedingly valuable for a
+history of his reign, and that the correspondence with the Princes, which
+was entirely relative to what was going forward abroad, in concert with
+the King, would have been fatal to him if it had been seized.  After he
+had finished he placed in my hands the proces-verbal, signed by all the
+ministers, to which the King attached so much importance, because he had
+given his opinion against the declaration of war; a copy of the letter
+written by the King to the Princes, his brothers, inviting them to return
+to France; an account of the diamonds which the Queen had sent to Brussels
+(these two documents were in my handwriting); and a receipt for four
+hundred thousand francs, under the hand of a celebrated banker.  This sum
+was part of the eight hundred thousand francs which the Queen had
+gradually saved during her reign, out of her pension of three hundred
+thousand francs per annum, and out of the one hundred thousand francs
+given by way of present on the birth of the Dauphin.
+
+This receipt, written on a very small piece of paper, was in the cover of
+an almanac.  I agreed with M. Gougenot, who was obliged by his office to
+reside in Paris, that he should retain the proces-verbal of the Council
+and the receipt for the four hundred thousand francs, and that we should
+wait either for orders or for the means of transmitting these documents to
+the King or Queen; and I set out for Versailles.
+
+The strictness of the precautions taken to guard the illustrious prisoners
+was daily increased.  The idea that I could not inform the King of the
+course I had adopted of burning his papers, and the fear that I should not
+be able to transmit to him that which he had pointed out as necessary,
+tormented me to such a degree that it is wonderful my health endured the
+strain.
+
+The dreadful trial drew near.  Official advocates were granted to the
+King; the heroic virtue of M. de Malesherbes induced him to brave the most
+imminent dangers, either to save his master or to perish with him. I hoped
+also to be able to find some means of informing his Majesty of what I had
+thought it right to do.  I sent a man, on whom I could rely, to Paris, to
+request M. Gougenot to come to me at Versailles he came immediately.  We
+agreed that he should see M. de Malesherbes without availing himself of
+any intermediate person for that purpose.
+
+M. Gougenot awaited his return from the Temple at the door of his hotel,
+and made a sign that he wished to speak to him.  A moment afterwards a
+servant came to introduce him into the magistrates' room.  He imparted to
+M. de Malesherbes what I had thought it right to do with respect to the
+King's papers, and placed in his hands the proces-verbal of the Council,
+which his Majesty had preserved in order to serve, if occasion required
+it, for a ground of his defence.  However, that paper is not mentioned in
+either of the speeches of his advocate; probably it was determined not to
+make use of it.
+
+I stop at that terrible period which is marked by the assassination of a
+King whose virtues are well known; but I cannot refrain from relating what
+he deigned to say in my favour to M. de Malesherbes:
+
+"Let Madame Campan know that she did what I should myself have ordered her
+to do; I thank her for it; she is one of those whom I regret I have it not
+in my power to recompense for their fidelity to my person, and for their
+good services."  I did not hear of this until the morning after he had
+suffered, and I think I should have sunk under my despair if this
+honourable testimony had not given me some consolation.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO CHAPTER IX.
+
+
+MADAME CAMPAN'S narrative breaking off abruptly at the time of the painful
+end met with by her sister, we have supplemented it by abridged accounts
+of the chief incidents in the tragedy which overwhelmed the royal house
+she so faithfully served, taken from contemporary records and the best
+historical authorities.
+
+
+The Royal Family in the Temple.
+
+The Assembly having, at the instance of the Commune of Paris, decreed that
+the royal family should be immured in the Temple, they were removed
+thither from the Feuillans on the 13th of August, 1792, in the charge of
+Potion, Mayor of Paris, and Santerre, the commandant-general.  Twelve
+Commissioners of the general council were to keep constant watch at the
+Temple, which had been fortified by earthworks and garrisoned by
+detachments of the National Guard, no person being allowed to enter
+without permission from the municipality.
+
+The Temple, formerly the headquarters of the Knights Templars in Paris,
+consisted of two buildings,--the Palace, facing the Rue de Temple, usually
+occupied by one of the Princes of the blood; and the Tower, standing
+behind the Palace.
+
+[Clery gives a more minute description of this singular building: "The
+small tower of the Temple in which the King was then confined stood with
+its back against the great tower, without any interior communication, and
+formed a long square, flanked by two turrets.  In one of these turrets
+there was a narrow staircase that led from the first floor to a gallery on
+the platform; in the other were small rooms, answering to each story of
+the tower.  The body of the building was four stories high.  The first
+consisted of an antechamber, a dining-room, and a small room in the
+turret, where there was a library containing from twelve to fifteen
+hundred volumes.  The second story was divided nearly in the same manner.
+The largest room was the Queen's bedchamber, in which the Dauphin also
+slept; the second, which was separated from the Queen's by a small
+antechamber almost without light, was occupied by Madame Royale and Madame
+Elisabeth.  The King's apartments were on the third story.  He slept in
+the great room, and made a study of the turret closet.  There was a
+kitchen separated from the King's chamber by a small dark room, which had
+been successively occupied by M. de Chamilly and M. de Hue.  The fourth
+story was shut up; and on the ground floor there were kitchens of which no
+use was made." --"Journal," p. 96.]
+
+The Tower was a square building, with a round tower at each corner and a
+small turret on one side, usually called the Tourelle.  In the narrative
+of the Duchesse d'Angouleme she says that the soldiers who escorted the
+royal prisoners wished to take the King alone to the Tower, and his family
+to the Palace of the Temple, but that on the way Manuel received an order
+to imprison them all in the Tower, where so little provision had been made
+for their reception that Madame Elisabeth slept in the kitchen. The royal
+family were accompanied by the Princesse de Lamballe, Madame de Tourzel
+and her daughter Pauline, Mesdames de Navarre, de Saint-Brice, Thibaut,
+and Bazire, MM. de Hug and de Chamilly, and three men-servants--An order
+from the Commune soon removed these devoted attendants, and M. de Hue
+alone was permitted to return.  "We all passed the day together," says
+Madame Royale.  "My father taught my brother geography; my mother history,
+and to learn verses by heart; and my aunt gave him lessons in arithmetic.
+My father fortunately found a library which amused him, and my mother
+worked tapestry .  .  .  .  We went every day to walk in the garden, for
+the sake of my brother's health, though the King was always insulted by
+the guard.  On the Feast of Saint Louis 'Ca Ira' was sung under the walls
+of the Temple.  Manuel that evening brought my aunt a letter from her
+aunts at Rome.  It was the last the family received from without.  My
+father was no longer called King.  He was treated with no kind of respect;
+the officers always sat in his presence and never took off their hats.
+They deprived him of his sword and searched his pockets .  .  .  .  Petion
+sent as gaoler the horrible man--[Rocher, a saddler by trade] who had
+broken open my father's door on the 20th June, 1792, and who had been near
+assassinating him.  This man never left the Tower, and was indefatigable
+in endeavouring to torment him.  One time he would sing the 'Caramgnole,'
+and a thousand other horrors, before us; again, knowing that my mother
+disliked the smoke of tobacco, he would puff it in her face, as well as in
+that of my father, as they happened to pass him. He took care always to be
+in bed before we went to supper, because he knew that we must pass through
+his room.  My father suffered it all with gentleness, forgiving the man
+from the bottom of his heart.  My mother bore it with a dignity that
+frequently repressed his insolence." The only occasion, Madame Royale
+adds, on which the Queen showed any impatience at the conduct of the
+officials, was when a municipal officer woke the Dauphin suddenly in the
+night to make certain that he was safe, as though the sight of the
+peacefully sleeping child would not have been in itself the best
+assurance.
+
+Clery, the valet de chambre of the Dauphin, having with difficulty
+obtained permission to resume his duties, entered the Temple on the 24th
+August, and for eight days shared with M. de Hue the personal attendance;
+but on the 2d September De Hue was arrested, seals were placed on the
+little room he had occupied, and Clery passed the night in that of the
+King.  On the following morning Manuel arrived, charged by the Commune to
+inform the King that De Hue would not be permitted to return, and to offer
+to send another person.  "I thank you," answered the King.  "I will manage
+with the valet de chambre of my son; and if the Council refuse I will
+serve myself.  I am determined to do it."  On the 3d September Manual
+visited the Temple and assured the King that Madame de Lamballe and all
+the other prisoners who had been removed to La Force were well, and safely
+guarded.  "But at three o'clock," says Madame Royale, "just after dinner,
+and as the King was sitting down to 'tric trac' with my mother (which he
+played for the purpose of having an opportunity of saying a few words to
+her unheard by the keepers), the most horrid shouts were heard.  The
+officer who happened to be on guard in the room behaved well. He shut the
+door and the window, and even drew the curtains to prevent their seeing
+anything; but outside the workmen and the gaoler Rocher joined the
+assassins and increased the tumult.  Several officers of the guard and the
+municipality now arrived, and on my father's asking what was the matter, a
+young officer replied, 'Well, since you will know, it is the head of
+Madame de Lamballe that they want to show you.' At these words my mother
+was overcome with horror; it was the only occasion on which her firmness
+abandoned her.  The municipal officers were very angry with the young man;
+but the King, with his usual goodness, excused him, saying that it was his
+own fault, since he had questioned the officer.  The noise lasted till
+five o'clock.  We learned that the people had wished to force the door,
+and that the municipal officers had been enabled to prevent it only by
+putting a tricoloured scarf across it, and allowing six of the murderers
+to march round our prison with the head of the Princess, leaving at the
+door her body, which they would have dragged in also."
+
+Clery was not so fortunate as to escape the frightful spectacle.  He had
+gone down to dine with Tison and his wife, employed as servants in the
+Temple, and says: "We were hardly seated when a head, on the end of a
+pike, was presented at the window.  Tison's wife gave a great cry; the
+assassins fancied they recognised the Queen's voice, and responded by
+savage laughter.  Under the idea that his Majesty was still at table, they
+placed their dreadful trophy where it must be seen.  It was the head of
+the Princesse de Lamballe; although bleeding, it was not disfigured, and
+her light hair, still in curls, hung about the pike."
+
+At length the immense mob that surrounded the Temple gradually withdrew,
+"to follow the head of the Princess de Lamballe to the Palais Royal."
+
+[The pike that bore the head was fixed before the Duc d'Orleans's window
+as he was going to dinner.  It is said that he looked at this horrid sight
+without horror, went into the dining-room, sat down to table, and helped
+his guests without saying a word.  His silence and coolness left it
+doubtful whether the assassins, in presenting him this bloody trophy,
+intended to offer him an insult or to pay him homage.--DE MOLLEVILLE'S
+"Annals of the French Revolution," vol. vii., p.  398.]
+
+Meanwhile the royal family could scarcely believe that for the time their
+lives were saved.  "My aunt and I heard the drums beating to arms all
+night," says Madame Royale; "my unhappy mother did not even attempt to
+sleep.  We heard her sobs."
+
+In the comparative tranquillity which followed the September massacres,
+the royal family resumed the regular habits they had adopted on entering
+the Temple.  "The King usually rose at six in the morning," says Clery.
+"He shaved himself, and I dressed his hair; he then went to his
+reading-room, which, being very small, the municipal officer on duty
+remained in the bedchamber with the door open, that he might always keep
+the King in sight.  His Majesty continued praying on his knees for some
+time, and then read till nine.  During that interval, after putting his
+chamber to rights and preparing the breakfast, I went down to the Queen,
+who never opened her door till I arrived, in order to prevent the
+municipal officer from going into her apartment.  At nine o'clock the
+Queen, the children, and Madame Elisabeth went up to the King's chamber to
+breakfast.  At ten the King and his family went down to the Queen's
+chamber, and there passed the day.  He employed himself in educating his
+son, made him recite passages from Corneille and Racine, gave him lessons
+in geography, and exercised him in colouring the maps.  The Queen, on her
+part, was employed in the education of her daughter, and these different
+lessons lasted till eleven o'clock.  The remaining time till noon was
+passed in needlework, knitting, or making tapestry.  At one o'clock, when
+the weather was fine, the royal family were conducted to the garden by
+four municipal officers and the commander of a legion of the National
+Guard. As there were a number of workmen in the Temple employed in pulling
+down houses and building new walls, they only allowed a part of the
+chestnut-tree walk for the promenade, in which I was allowed to share, and
+where I also played with the young Prince at ball, quoits, or races.  At
+two we returned to the Tower, where I served the dinner, at which time
+Santerre regularly came to the Temple, attended by two aides-de-camp.  The
+King sometimes spoke to him,--the Queen never.
+
+"After the meal the royal family came down into the Queen's room, and
+their Majesties generally played a game of piquet or tric-trac.  At four
+o'clock the King took a little repose, the Princesses round him, each with
+a book .  .  .  .  When the King woke the conversation was resumed, and I
+gave writing lessons to his son, taking the copies, according to his
+instructions, from the works of, Montesquieu and other celebrated authors.
+After the lesson I took the young Prince into Madame Elisabeth's room,
+where we played at ball, and battledore and shuttlecock.  In the evening
+the family sat round a table, while the Queen read to them from books of
+history, or other works proper to instruct and amuse the children.  Madame
+Elisabeth took the book in her turn, and in this manner they read till
+eight o'clock.  After that I served the supper of the young Prince, in
+which the royal family shared, and the King amused the children with
+charades out of a collection of French papers which he found in the
+library.  After the Dauphin had supped, I undressed him, and the Queen
+heard him say his prayers.  At nine the King went to supper, and
+afterwards went for a moment to the Queen's chamber, shook hands with her
+and his sister for the night, kissed his children, and then retired to the
+turret-room, where he sat reading till midnight.  The Queen and the
+Princesses locked themselves in, and one of the municipal officers
+remained in the little room which parted their chamber, where he passed
+the night; the other followed his Majesty.  In this manner was the time
+passed as long as the King remained in the small tower."
+
+But even these harmless pursuits were too often made the means of further
+insulting and thwarting the unfortunate family.  Commissary Le Clerc
+interrupted the Prince's writing lessons, proposing to substitute
+Republican works for those from which the King selected his copies. A
+smith, who was present when the Queen was reading the history of France to
+her children, denounced her to the Commune for choosing the period when
+the Connstable de Bourbon took arms against France, and said she wished to
+inspire her son with unpatriotic feelings; a municipal officer asserted
+that the multiplication table the Prince was studying would afford a means
+of "speaking in cipher," so arithmetic had to be abandoned.  Much the same
+occurred even with the needlework, the Queen and Princess finished some
+chairbacks, which they wished to send to the Duchesse de Tarente; but the
+officials considered that the patterns were hieroglyphics, intended for
+carrying on a correspondence, and ordered that none of the Princesses work
+should leave the Temple. The short daily walk in the garden was also
+embittered by the rude behaviour of the military and municipal gaolers;
+sometimes, however, it afforded an opportunity for marks of sympathy to be
+shown.  People would station themselves at the windows of houses
+overlooking the Temple gardens, and evince by gestures their loyal
+affection, and some of the sentinels showed, even by tears, that their
+duty was painful to them.
+
+On the 21st September the National Convention was constituted, Petion
+being made president and Collot d'Herbois moving the "abolition of
+royalty" amidst transports of applause.  That afternoon a municipal
+officer attended by gendarmes a cheval, and followed by a crowd of people,
+arrived at the Temple, and, after a flourish of trumpets, proclaimed the
+establishment of the French Republic.  The man, says Clery, "had the voice
+of a Stentor."  The royal family could distinctly hear the announcement of
+the King's deposition.  "Hebert, so well known under the title of Pere
+Duchesne, and Destournelles were on guard.  They were sitting near the
+door, and turned to the King with meaning smiles. He had a book in his
+hand, and went on reading without changing countenance.  The Queen showed
+the same firmness.  The proclamation finished, the trumpets sounded
+afresh.  I went to the window; the people took me for Louis XVI. and I was
+overwhelmed with insults."
+
+After the new decree the prisoners were treated with increased harshness.
+Pens, paper, ink, and pencils were taken from them.  The King and Madame
+Elisabeth gave up all, but the Queen and her daughter each concealed a
+pencil.  "In the beginning of October," says Madame Royale, "after my
+father had supped, he was told to stop, that he was not to return to his
+former apartments, and that he was to be separated from his family.  At
+this dreadful sentence the Queen lost her usual courage.  We parted from
+him with abundance of tears, though we expected to see him again in the
+morning.
+
+[At nine o'clock, says Clery, the King asked to be taken to his family,
+but the municipal officers replied that they had "no orders for that."
+Shortly afterwards a boy brought the King some bread and a decanter of
+lemonade for his breakfast.  The King gave half the bread to Clery,
+saying, "It seems they have forgotten your breakfast; take this, the rest
+is enough for me."  Clery refused, but the King insisted.  "I could not
+contain my tears," he adds; "the King perceived them, and his own fell
+also."]
+
+They brought in our breakfast separately from his, however.  My mother
+would take nothing.  The officers, alarmed at her silent and concentrated
+sorrow, allowed us to see the King, but at meal-times only, and on
+condition that we should not speak low, nor in any foreign language, but
+loud and in 'good French.'  We went down, therefore, with the greatest joy
+to dine with my father.  In the evening, when my brother was in bed, my
+mother and my aunt alternately sat with him or went with me to sup with my
+father.  In the morning, after breakfast, we remained in the King's
+apartments while Clery dressed our hair, as he was no longer allowed to
+come to my mother's room, and this arrangement gave us the pleasure of
+spending a few moments more with my father."
+
+[When the first deputation from the Council of the Commune visited the
+Temple, and formally inquired whether the King had any complaint to make,
+he replied, "No; while he was permitted to remain with his family he was
+happy."]
+
+The royal prisoners had no comfort except their affection for each other.
+At that time even common necessaries were denied them.  Their small stock
+of linen had been lent them; by persons of the Court during the time they
+spent at the Feuillans.  The Princesses mended their clothes every day,
+and after the King had gone to bed Madame Elisabeth mended his.  "With
+much trouble," says Clrry, "I procured some fresh linen for them.  But the
+workwomen having marked it with crowned letters, the Princesses were
+ordered to pick them out."  The room in the great tower to which the King
+had been removed contained only one bed, and no other article of
+furniture.  A chair was brought on which Clery spent the first night;
+painters were still at work on the room, and the smell of the paint, he
+says, was almost unbearable.  This room was afterwards furnished by
+collecting from various parts of the Temple a chest of drawers, a small
+bureau, a few odd chairs, a chimney-glass, and a bed hung with green
+damask, which had been used by the captain of the guard to the Comte
+d'Artois.  A room for the Queen was being prepared over that of the King,
+and she implored the workmen to finish it quickly, but it was not ready
+for her occupation for some time, and when she was allowed to remove to it
+the Dauphin was taken from her and placed with his father.  When their
+Majesties met again in the great Tower, says Clery, there was little
+change in the hours fixed for meals, reading, walking and the education of
+their children.  They were not allowed to have mass said in the Temple,
+and therefore commissioned Clery to get them the breviary in use in the
+diocese of Paris.  Among the books read by the King while in the Tower
+were Hume's "History of England" (in the original), Tasso, and the "De
+Imitatione Christi."  The jealous suspicions of the municipal officers led
+to the most absurd investigations; a draught-board was taken to pieces
+lest the squares should hide treasonable papers; macaroons were broken in
+half to see that they did not contain letters; peaches were cut open and
+the stones cracked; and Clery was compelled to drink the essence of soap
+prepared for shaving the King, under the pretence that it might contain
+poison.
+
+In November the King and all the family had feverish colds, and Clery had
+an attack of rheumatic fever.  On the first day of his illness he got up
+and tried to dress his master, but the King, seeing how ill he was,
+ordered him to lie down, and himself dressed the Dauphin.  The little
+Prince waited on Clery all day, and in the evening the King contrived to
+approach his bed, and said, in a low voice, "I should like to take care of
+you myself, but you know how we are watched.  Take courage; tomorrow you
+shall see my doctor."  Madame Elisabeth brought the valet cooling
+draughts, of which she deprived herself; and after Clery was able to get
+up, the young Prince one night with great difficulty kept awake till
+eleven o'clock in order to give him a box of lozenges when he went to make
+the King's bed.
+
+On 7th December a deputation from the Commune brought an order that the
+royal family should be deprived of "knives, razors, scissors, penknives,
+and all other cutting instruments."  The King gave up a knife, and took
+from a morocco case a pair of scissors and a penknife; and the officials
+then searched the room, taking away the little toilet implements of gold
+and silver, and afterwards removing the Princesses' working materials.
+Returning to the King's room, they insisted upon seeing what remained in
+his pocket-case.  "Are these toys which I have in my hand also cutting
+instruments?"  asked the King, showing them a cork-screw, a turn-screw,
+and a steel for lighting.  These also were taken from him.  Shortly
+afterwards Madame Elisabeth was mending the King's coat, and, having no
+scissors, was compelled to break the thread with her teeth.
+
+"What a contrast!" he exclaimed, looking at her tenderly.  "You wanted
+nothing in your pretty house at Montreuil."
+
+"Ah, brother," she answered, "how can I have any regret when I partake
+your misfortunes?"
+
+The Queen had frequently to take on herself some of the humble duties of a
+servant.  This was especially painful to Louis XVI. when the anniversary
+of some State festival brought the contrast between past and present with
+unusual keenness before him.
+
+"Ah, Madame," he once exclaimed, "what an employment for a Queen of
+France!  Could they see that at Vienna!  Who would have foreseen that, in
+uniting your lot to mine, you would have descended so low?"
+
+"And do you esteem as nothing," she replied, "the glory of being the wife
+of one of the best and most persecuted of men?  Are not such misfortunes
+the noblest honours?"--[Alison's "History of Europe," vol. ii., p. 299.]
+
+Meanwhile the Assembly had decided that the King should be brought to
+trial.  Nearly all parties, except the Girondists, no matter how bitterly
+opposed to each other, could agree in making him the scapegoat; and the
+first rumour of the approaching ordeal was conveyed to the Temple by
+Clery's wife, who, with a friend, had permission occasionally to visit
+him.  "I did not know how to announce this terrible news to the King," he
+says; "but time was pressing, and he had forbidden my concealing anything
+from him.  In the evening, while undressing him, I gave him an account of
+all I had learnt, and added that there were only four days to concert some
+plan of corresponding with the Queen.  The arrival of the municipal
+officer would not allow me to say more.  Next morning, when the King rose,
+I could not get a moment for speaking with him.  He went up with his son
+to breakfast with the Princesses, and I followed.  After breakfast he
+talked long with the Queen, who, by a look full of trouble, made me
+understand that they were discussing what I had told the King. During the
+day I found an opportunity of describing to Madame Elisabeth how much it
+had cost me to augment the King's distresses by informing him of his
+approaching trial.  She reassured me, saying that the King felt this as a
+mark of attachment on my part, and added, 'That which most troubles him is
+the fear of being separated from us.'  In the evening the King told me how
+satisfied he was at having had warning that he was to appear before the
+Convention.  'Continue,' he said, 'to endeavour to find out something as
+to what they want to do with me.  Never fear distressing me.  I have
+agreed with my family not to seem pre-informed, in order not to compromise
+you.'"
+
+On the 11th December, at five o'clock in the morning, the prisoners heard
+the generale beaten throughout Paris, and cavalry and cannon entered the
+Temple gardens.  At nine the King and the Dauphin went as usual to
+breakfast with the Queen.  They were allowed to remain together for an
+hour, but constantly under the eyes of their republican guardians.  At
+last they were obliged to part, doubtful whether they would ever see each
+other again.  The little Prince, who remained with his father, and was
+ignorant of the new cause for anxiety, begged hard that the King would
+play at ninepins with him as usual.  Twice the Dauphin could not get
+beyond a certain number.  "Each time that I get up to sixteen," he said,
+with some vexation, "I lose the game."  The King did not reply, but Clery
+fancied the words made a painful impression on him.
+
+At eleven, while the King was giving the Dauphin a reading lesson, two
+municipal officers entered and said they had come "to take young Louis to
+his mother."  The King inquired why, but was only told that such were the
+orders of the Council.  At one o'clock the Mayor of Paris, Chambon,
+accompanied by Chaumette, Procureur de la Commune, Santerre, commandant of
+the National Guard, and others, arrived at the Temple and read a decree to
+the King, which ordered that "Louis Capet" should be brought before the
+Convention.  "Capet is not my name," he replied, "but that of one of my
+ancestors.  I could have wished," he added, "that you had left my son with
+me during the last two hours.  But this treatment is consistent with all I
+have experienced here.  I follow you, not because I recognise the
+authority of the Convention, but because I can be compelled to obey it."
+He then followed the Mayor to a carriage which waited, with a numerous
+escort, at the gate of the Temple.  The family left behind were
+overwhelmed with grief and apprehension.  "It is impossible to describe
+the anxiety we suffered," says Madame Royale.  "My mother used every
+endeavour with the officer who guarded her to discover what was passing;
+it was the first time she had condescended to question any of these men.
+He would tell her nothing."
+
+
+
+
+Trial of the King.--Parting of the Royal Family.--Execution.
+
+
+The crowd was immense as, on the morning of the 11th December, 1792, Louis
+XVI. was driven slowly from the Temple to the Convention, escorted by
+cavalry, infantry, and artillery.  Paris looked like an armed camp: all
+the posts were doubled; the muster-roll of the National Guard was called
+over every hour; a picket of two hundred men watched in the court of each
+of the right sections; a reserve with cannon was stationed at the
+Tuileries, and strong detachments patroled the streets and cleared the
+road of all loiterers.  The trees that lined the boulevards, the doors and
+windows of the houses, were alive with gazers, and all eyes were fixed on
+the King.  He was much changed since his people last beheld him. The beard
+he had been compelled to grow after his razors were taken from him covered
+cheeks, lips, and chin with light-coloured hair, which concealed the
+melancholy expression of his mouth; he had become thin, and his garments
+hung loosely on him; but his manner was perfectly collected and calm, and
+he recognised and named to the Mayor the various quarters through which he
+passed.  On arriving at the Feuillans he was taken to a room to await the
+orders of the Assembly.
+
+It was about half-past two when the King appeared at the bar.  The Mayor
+and Generaux Santerre and Wittengoff were at his side.  Profound silence
+pervaded the Assembly.  All were touched by the King's dignity and the
+composure of his looks under so great a reverse of fortune.  By nature he
+had been formed rather to endure calamity with patience than to contend
+against it with energy.  The approach of death could not disturb his
+serenity.
+
+"Louis, you may be seated," said Barere.  "Answer the questions that shall
+be put to you."  The King seated himself and listened to the reading of
+the 'acte enonciatif', article by article.  All the faults of the Court
+were there enumerated and imputed to Louis XVI. personally. He was charged
+with the interruption of the sittings of the 20th of June, 1789, with the
+Bed of Justice held on the 23d of the same month, the aristocratic
+conspiracy thwarted by the insurrection of the 14th of July, the
+entertainment of the Life Guards, the insults offered to the national
+cockade, the refusal to sanction the Declaration of Rights, as well as
+several constitutional articles; lastly, all the facts which indicated a
+new conspiracy in October, and which were followed by the scenes of the
+5th and 6th; the speeches of reconciliation which had succeeded all these
+scenes, and which promised a change that was not sincere; the false oath
+taken at the Federation of the 14th of July; the secret practices of Talon
+and Mirabeau to effect a counter-revolution; the money spent in bribing a
+great number of deputies; the assemblage of the "knights of the dagger" on
+the 28th of February, 1791; the flight to Varennes; the fusilade of the
+Champ de Mars; the silence observed respecting the Treaty of Pilnitz; the
+delay in the promulgation of the decree which incorporated Avignon with
+France; the commotions at Nimes, Montauban, Mende, and Jales; the
+continuance of their pay to the emigrant Life Guards and to the disbanded
+Constitutional Guard; the insufficiency of the armies assembled on the
+frontiers; the refusal to sanction the decree for the camp of twenty
+thousand men; the disarming of the fortresses; the organisation of secret
+societies in the interior of Paris; the review of the Swiss and the
+garrison of the palace on the 10th August; the summoning the Mayor to the
+Tuileries; and lastly, the effusion of blood which had resulted from these
+military dispositions.  After each article the President paused, and said,
+"What have you to answer?"  The King, in a firm voice, denied some of the
+facts, imputed others to his ministers, and always appealed to the
+constitution, from which he declared he had never deviated.  His answers
+were very temperate, but on the charge, "You spilt the blood of the people
+on the 10th of August," he exclaimed, with emphasis, "No, monsieur, no; it
+was not I."
+
+All the papers on which the act of accusation was founded were then shown
+to the King, and he disavowed some of them and disputed the existence of
+the iron chest; this produced a bad impression, and was worse than
+useless, as the fact had been proved.
+
+[A secret closet which the King had directed to be constructed in a wall
+in the Tuileries.  The door was of iron, whence it was afterwards known by
+the name of the iron chest.  See Thiers, and Scott.]
+
+Throughout the examination the King showed great presence of mind. He was
+careful in his answers never to implicate any members of the constituent,
+and legislative Assemblies; many who then sat as his judges trembled lest
+he should betray them.  The Jacobins beheld with dismay the profound
+impression made on the Convention by the firm but mild demeanour of the
+sovereign.  The most violent of the party proposed that he should be
+hanged that very night; a laugh as of demons followed the proposal from
+the benches of the Mountain, but the majority, composed of the Girondists
+and the neutrals, decided that he should be formally tried.
+
+After the examination  Santerre took the King by the arm and led him back
+to the waiting-room of the Convention, accompanied by Chambon and
+Chaumette.  Mental agitation and the length of the proceedings had
+exhausted him, and he staggered from weakness.  Chaumette inquired if he
+wished for refreshment, but the King refused it.  A moment after, seeing a
+grenadier of the escort offer the Procureur de la Commune half a small
+loaf, Louis XVI. approached and asked him, in a whisper, for a piece.
+
+"Ask aloud for what you want," said Chaumette, retreating as though he
+feared being suspected of pity.
+
+"I asked for a piece of your bread," replied the King.
+
+"Divide it with me," said Chaumette.  "It is a Spartan breakfast.  If I
+had a root I would give you half."--[Lamartine's "History of the
+Girondists," edit.  1870, vol. ii., p. 313.]
+
+Soon after six in the evening the King returned to the Temple.  "He seemed
+tired," says Clery, simply, "and his first wish was to be led to his
+family.  The officers refused, on the plea that they had no orders. He
+insisted that at least they should be informed of his return, and this was
+promised him.  The King ordered me to ask for his supper at half-past
+eight.  The intervening hours he employed in his usual reading, surrounded
+by four municipals.  When I announced that supper was served, the King
+asked the commissaries if his family could not come down.  They made no
+reply.  'But at least,' the King said, 'my son will pass the night in my
+room, his bed being here?'  The same silence.  After supper the King again
+urged his wish to see his family.  They answered that they must await the
+decision of the Convention.  While I was undressing him the King said, 'I
+was far from expecting all the questions they put to me.'  He lay down
+with perfect calmness.  The order for my removal during the night was not
+executed."  On the King's return to the Temple being known, "my mother
+asked to see him instantly," writes Madame Royale. "She made the same
+request even to Chambon, but received no answer.  My brother passed the
+night with her; and as he had no bed, she gave him hers, and sat up all
+the night in such deep affliction that we were afraid to leave her; but
+she compelled my aunt and me to go to bed.  Next day she again asked to
+see my father, and to read the newspapers, that she might learn the course
+of the trial.  She entreated that if she was to be denied this indulgence,
+his children, at least, might see him.  Her requests were referred to the
+Commune.  The newspapers were refused; but my brother and I were to be
+allowed to see my father on condition of being entirely separated from my
+mother.  My father replied that, great as his happiness was in seeing his
+children, the important business which then occupied him would not allow
+of his attending altogether to his son, and that his daughter could not
+leave her mother."
+
+[During their last interview Madame Elisabeth had given Clery one of her
+handkerchiefs, saying, "You shall keep it so long as my brother continues
+well; if he becomes ill, send it to me among my nephew's things."]
+
+The Assembly having, after a violent debate, resolved that Louis XVI.
+should have the aid of counsel, a deputation was sent to the Temple to ask
+whom he would choose.  The King named Messieurs Target and Tronchet. The
+former refused his services on the ground that he had discontinued
+practice since 1785; the latter complied at once with the King's request;
+and while the Assembly was considering whom to, nominate in Target's
+place, the President received a letter from the venerable Malesherbes,
+
+[Christian Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, an eminent French
+statesman, son of the Chancellor of France, was born at Paris in 1721.  In
+1750 he succeeded his father as President of the Court of Aids, and was
+also made superintendent of the press.  On the banishment of the
+Parliaments and the suppression of the Court of Aids, Malesherbes was
+exiled to his country-seat.  In 1775 he was appointed Minister of State.
+On the decree of the Convention for the King's trial, he emerged from his
+retreat to become the voluntary advocate of his sovereign.  Malesherbes
+was guillotined in 1794, and almost his whole family were extirpated by
+their merciless persecutors.]
+
+then seventy years old, and "the most respected magistrate in France," in
+the course of which he said: "I have been twice called to be counsel for
+him who was my master, in times when that duty was coveted by every one. I
+owe him the same service now that it is a duty which many people deem
+dangerous.  If I knew any possible means of acquainting him with my
+desires, I should not take the liberty of addressing myself to you." Other
+citizens made similar proposals, but the King, being made acquainted with
+them by a deputation from the Commune, while expressing his gratitude for
+all the offers, accepted only that of Malesherbes.
+
+[The Citoyenne Olympia Degonges, calling herself a free and loyal
+Republican without spot or blame, and declaring that the cold and selfish
+cruelty of Target had inflamed her heroism and roused her sensibility,
+asked permission to assist M, de Malesherbes in defending the King.  The
+Assembly passed to the order of the day on this request.--BERTRAND DE
+MOLLEVILLE, "Annals," edit.  1802, vol, viii., p. 254.]
+
+On 14th December M. Tronchet was allowed to confer with the King, and
+later in the same day M. de Malesherbes was admitted to the Tower.  "The
+King ran up to this worthy old man, whom he clasped in his arms," said
+Clery, "and the former minister melted into tears at the sight of his
+master."
+
+[According to M. de Hue, "The first time M. de Malesherbes entered the
+Temple, the King clasped him in his arms and said, 'Ah, is it you, my
+friend?  You fear not to endanger your own life to save mine; but all will
+be useless.  They will bring me to the scaffold. No matter; I shall gain
+my cause if I leave an unspotted memory behind me.'"]
+
+Another deputation brought the King the Act of Accusation and the
+documents relating to it, numbering more than a hundred, and taking from
+four o'clock till midnight to read.  During this long process the King had
+refreshments served to the deputies, taking nothing himself till they had
+left, but considerately reproving Clery for not having supped.  From the
+14th to the 26th December the King saw his counsel and their colleague M.
+de Size every day.  At this time a means of communication between the
+royal family and the King was devised: a man named Turgi, who had been in
+the royal kitchen, and who contrived to obtain employment in the Temple,
+when conveying the meals of the royal family to their apartments, or
+articles he had purchased for them, managed to give Madame Elisabeth news
+of the King.  Next day, the Princess, when Turgi was removing the dinner,
+slipped into his hand a bit of paper on which she had pricked with a pin a
+request for a word from her brother's own hand. Turgi gave this paper to
+Clery, who conveyed it to the King the same evening; and he, being allowed
+writing materials while preparing his defence, wrote Madame Elisabeth a
+short note.  An answer was conveyed in a ball of cotton, which Turgi threw
+under Clery's bed while passing the door of his room.  Letters were also
+passed between the Princess's room and that of Clery, who lodged beneath
+her, by means of a string let down and drawn up at night.  This
+communication with his family was a great comfort to the King, who,
+nevertheless, constantly cautioned his faithful servant.  "Take care," he
+would say kindly, "you expose yourself too much."
+
+[The King's natural benevolence was constantly shown while in the Temple.
+His own dreadful position never prevented him from sympathy with the
+smaller troubles of others.  A servant in the Temple named Marchand, the
+father of a family, was robbed of two hundred francs, --his wages for two
+months.  The King observed his distress, asked its cause, and gave Clery
+the amount to be handed to Marchand, with a caution not to speak of it to
+any one, and, above all, not to thank the King, lest it should injure him
+with his employers.]
+
+During his separation from his family the King refused to go into the
+garden.  When it was proposed to him he said, "I cannot make up my mind to
+go out alone; the walk was agreeable to me only when I shared it with my
+family."  But he did not allow himself to dwell on painful reflections.
+He talked freely to the municipals on guard, and surprised them by his
+varied and practical knowledge of their trades, and his interest in their
+domestic affairs.  On the 19th December the King's breakfast was served as
+usual; but, being a fast-day, he refused to take anything.  At dinner-time
+the King said to Clery, "Fourteen years ago you were up earlier than you
+were to-day; it is the day my daughter was born--today, her birthday," he
+repeated, with tears, "and to be prevented from seeing her!"  Madame
+Royale had wished for a calendar; the King ordered Clery to buy her the
+"Almanac of the Republic," which had replaced the "Court Almanac," and ran
+through it, marking with a pencil many names.
+
+"On Christmas Day," Says Clery, "the King wrote his will."
+
+[Madame Royale says: "On the 26th December, St. Stephen's Day, my father
+made his will, because he expected to be assassinated that day on his way
+to the bar of the Convention.  He went thither, nevertheless, with his
+usual calmness."--"Royal Memoirs," p. 196.]
+
+On the 26th December, 1792, the King appeared a second time before the
+Convention.  M. de Seze, labouring night and day, had completed his
+defence.  The King insisted on excluding from it all that was too
+rhetorical, and confining it to the mere discussion of essential points.
+
+[When the pathetic peroration of M, de Seze was read to the King, the
+evening before it was delivered to the Assembly, "I have to request of
+you," he said, "to make a painful sacrifice; strike out of your pleading
+the peroration.  It is enough for me to appear before such judges, and
+show my entire innocence; I will not move their feelings.--"LACRETELLE.]
+
+At half-past nine in the morning the whole armed force was in motion to
+conduct him from the Temple to the Feuillans, with the same precautions
+and in the same order as had been observed on the former occasion. Riding
+in the carriage of the Mayor, he conversed, on the way, with the same
+composure as usual, and talked of Seneca, of Livy, of the hospitals.
+Arrived at the Feuillans, he showed great anxiety for his defenders; he
+seated himself beside them in the Assembly, surveyed with great composure
+the benches where his accusers and his judges sat, seemed to examine their
+faces with the view of discovering the impression produced by the pleading
+of M. de Seze, and more than once conversed smilingly with Tronchet and
+Malesherbes.  The Assembly received his defence in sullen silence, but
+without any tokens of disapprobation.
+
+Being afterwards conducted to an adjoining room with his counsel, the King
+showed great anxiety about M. de Seze, who seemed fatigued by the long
+defence.  While riding back to the Temple he conversed with his companions
+with the same serenity as he had shown on leaving it.
+
+No sooner had the King left the hall of the Convention than a violent
+tumult arose there.  Some were for opening the discussion.  Others,
+complaining of the delays which postponed the decision of this process,
+demanded the vote immediately, remarking that in every court, after the
+accused had been heard, the judges proceed to give their opinion.
+Lanjuinais had from the commencement of the proceedings felt an
+indignation which his impetuous disposition no longer suffered him to
+repress.  He darted to the tribune, and, amidst the cries excited by his
+presence, demanded the annulling of the proceedings altogether. He
+exclaimed that the days of ferocious men were gone by, that the Assembly
+ought not to be so dishonoured as to be made to sit in judgment on Louis
+XVI., that no authority in France had that right, and the Assembly in
+particular had no claim to it; that if it resolved to act as a political
+body, it could do no more than take measures of safety against the
+ci-devant King; but that if it was acting as a court of justice it was
+overstepping all principles, for it was subjecting the vanquished to be
+tried by the conquerors, since most of the present members had declared
+themselves the conspirators of the 10th of August. At the word
+"conspirators" a tremendous uproar arose on all aides.  Cries of
+"Order!"--"To the Abbaye!"--"Down with the Tribune!" were heard.
+Lanjuinais strove in vain to justify the word "conspirators," saying that
+he meant it to be taken in a favourable sense, and that the 10th of August
+was a glorious conspiracy.  He concluded by declaring that he would rather
+die a thousand deaths than condemn, contrary to all laws, even the most
+execrable of tyrants.
+
+A great number of speakers followed, and the confusion continually
+increased.  The members, determined not to hear any more, mingled
+together, formed groups, abused and threatened one another.  After a
+tempest of an hour's duration, tranquillity was at last restored; and the
+Assembly, adopting the opinion of those who demanded the discussion on the
+trial of Louis XVI., declared that it was opened, and that it should be
+continued, to the exclusion of all other business, till sentence should be
+passed.
+
+The discussion was accordingly resumed on the 27th, and there was a
+constant succession of speakers from the 28th to the 31st.  Vergniaud at
+length ascended the tribune for the first time, and an extraordinary
+eagerness was manifested to hear the Girondists express their sentiments
+by the lips of their greatest orator.
+
+The speech of Vergniaud produced a deep impression on all his hearers.
+Robespierre was thunderstruck by his earnest and, persuasive eloquence.
+Vergniaud, however, had but shaken, not convinced, the Assembly, which
+wavered between the two parties.  Several members were successively heard,
+for and against the appeal to the people.  Brissot, Gensonne, Petion,
+supported it in their turn.  One speaker at length had a decisive
+influence on the question.  Barere, by his suppleness, and his cold and
+evasive eloquence, was the model and oracle of the centre.  He spoke at
+great length on the trial, reviewed it in all its bearings--of facts, of
+laws, and of policy--and furnished all those weak minds, who only wanted
+specious reasons for yielding, with motives for the condemnation of the
+King.  From that moment the unfortunate King was condemned.  The
+discussion lasted till the 7th, and nobody would listen any longer to the
+continual repetition of the same facts and arguments.  It was therefore
+declared to be closed without opposition, but the proposal of a fresh
+adjournment excited a commotion among the most violent, and ended in a
+decree which fixed the 14th of January for putting the questions to the
+vote.
+
+Meantime the King did not allow the torturing suspense to disturb his
+outward composure, or lessen his kindness to those around him.  On the
+morning after his second appearance at the bar of the Convention, the
+commissary Vincent, who had undertaken secretly to convey to the Queen a
+copy of the King's printed defence, asked for something which had belonged
+to him, to treasure as a relic; the King took off his neck handkerchief
+and gave it him; his gloves he bestowed on another municipal, who had made
+the same request.  "On January 1st," says Clery, "I approached the King's
+bed and asked permission to offer him my warmest prayers for the end of
+his misfortunes.  'I accept your good wishes with affection,' he replied,
+extending his hand to me.  As soon as he had risen, he requested a
+municipal to go and inquire for his family, and present them his good
+wishes for the new year.  The officers were moved by the tone in which
+these words, so heartrending considering the position of the King, were
+pronounced .  .  .  .  The correspondence between their Majesties went on
+constantly.  The King being informed that Madame Royale was ill, was very
+uneasy for some days.  The Queen, after begging earnestly, obtained
+permission for M. Brunnier, the medical attendant of the royal children,
+to come to the Temple.  This seemed to quiet him."
+
+The nearer the moment which was to decide the King's fate approached, the
+greater became the agitation in, Paris.  "A report was circulated that the
+atrocities of September were to be repeated there, and the prisoners and
+their relatives beset the deputies with supplications that they would
+snatch them from destruction.  The Jacobins, on their part, alleged that
+conspiracies were hatching in all quarters to save Louis XVI.  from
+punishment, and to restore royalty.  Their anger, excited by delays and
+obstacles, assumed a more threatening aspect; and the two parties thus
+alarmed one another by supposing that each harboured sinister designs."
+
+On the 14th of January the Convention called for the order of the day,
+being the final judgment of Louis XVI.
+
+"The sitting of the Convention which concluded the trial," says Hazlitt,
+"lasted seventy-two hours.  It might naturally be supposed that silence,
+restraint, a sort of religious awe, would have pervaded the scene.  On the
+contrary, everything bore the marks of gaiety, dissipation, and the most
+grotesque confusion.  The farther end of the hall was converted into
+boxes, where ladies, in a studied deshabille, swallowed ices, oranges,
+liqueurs, and received the salutations of the members who went and came,
+as on ordinary occasions.  Here the doorkeepers on the Mountain side
+opened and shut the boxes reserved for the mistresses of the Duc
+d'Orleans; and there, though every sound of approbation or disapprobation
+was strictly forbidden, you heard the long and indignant 'Ha, ha's!' of
+the mother-duchess, the patroness of the bands of female Jacobins,
+whenever her ears were not loudly greeted with the welcome sounds of
+death.  The upper gallery, reserved for the people, was during the whole
+trial constantly full of strangers of every description, drinking wine as
+in a tavern.
+
+"Bets were made as to the issue of the trial in all the neighbouring
+coffee-houses.  Ennui, impatience, disgust sat on almost every
+countenance.  The figures passing and repassing, rendered more ghastly by
+the pallid lights, and who in a slow, sepulchral voice pronounced only the
+word--Death; others calculating if they should have time to go to dinner
+before they gave their verdict; women pricking cards with pins in order to
+count the votes; some of the deputies fallen asleep, and only waking up to
+give their sentence,--all this had the appearance rather of a hideous
+dream than of a reality."
+
+The Duc d'Orleans, when called on to give his vote for the death of his
+King and relation, walked with a faltering step, and a face paler than
+death itself, to the appointed place, and there read these words:
+"Exclusively governed by my duty, and convinced that all those who have
+resisted the sovereignty of the people deserve death, my vote is for
+death!"  Important as the accession of the first Prince of the blood was
+to the Terrorist faction, his conduct in this instance was too obviously
+selfish and atrocious not to excite a general feeling of indignation; the
+agitation of the Assembly became extreme; it seemed as if by this single
+vote the fate of the monarch was irrevocably sealed.
+
+The President having examined the register, the result of the scrutiny was
+proclaimed as follows
+
+
+     Against an appeal to the people........... 480
+     For an appeal to the people............... 283
+
+     Majority for final judgment............... 197
+
+
+The President having announced that he was about to declare the result of
+the scrutiny, a profound silence ensued, and he then gave in the following
+declaration: that, out of 719 votes, 366 were for DEATH, 319 were for
+imprisonment during the war, two for perpetual imprisonment, eight for a
+suspension of the execution of the sentence of death until after the
+expulsion of the family of the Bourbons, twenty-three were for not putting
+him to death until the French territory was invaded by any foreign power,
+and one was for a sentence of death, but with power of commutation of the
+punishment.
+
+After this enumeration the President took off his hat, and, lowering his
+voice, said: "In consequence of this expression of opinion I declare that
+the punishment pronounced by the National Convention against Louis Capet
+is DEATH!"
+
+Previous to the passing of the sentence the President announced on the
+part of the Foreign Minister the receipt of a letter from the Spanish
+Minister relative to that sentence.  The Convention, however, refused to
+hear it.  [It will be remembered that a similar remonstrance was forwarded
+by the English Government.]
+
+M. de Malesherbes, according to his promise to the King, went to the
+Temple at nine o'clock on the morning of the 17th?.
+
+[Louis was fully prepared for his fate.  During the calling of the votes
+he asked M. de Malesherbes, "Have you not met near the Temple the White
+Lady?"--" What do you mean?" replied he.  "Do you not know," resumed the
+King with a smile, "that when a prince of our house is about to die, a
+female dressed in white is seen wandering about the palace?  My friends,"
+added he to his defenders, "I am about to depart before you for the land
+of the just, but there, at least, we shall be reunited."  In fact, his
+Majesty's only apprehension seemed to be for his family.--ALISON.]
+
+"All is lost," he said to Clery.  "The King is condemned."  The King, who
+saw him arrive, rose to receive him.
+
+[When M. de Malesherbes went to the Temple to announce the result of the
+vote, he found Louis with his forehead resting on his hands, and absorbed
+in a deep reverie.  Without inquiring concerning his fate, he said: "For
+two hours I have been considering whether, during my whole reign, I have
+voluntarily given any cause of complaint to my subjects; and with perfect
+sincerity I declare that I deserve no reproach at their hands, and that I
+have never formed a wish but for their happiness."  LACRETELLE.]
+
+M. de Malesherbes, choked by sobs, threw himself at his feet.  The King
+raised him up and affectionately embraced him.  When he could control his
+voice, De Malesherbes informed the King of the decree sentencing him to
+death; he made no movement of surprise or emotion, but seemed only
+affected by the distress of his advocate, whom he tried to comfort.
+
+On the 20th of January, at two in the afternoon, Louis XVI. was awaiting
+his advocates, when he heard the approach of a numerous party.  He stopped
+with dignity at the door of his apartment, apparently unmoved: Garat then
+told him sorrowfully that he was commissioned to communicate to him the
+decrees of the Convention.  Grouvelle, secretary of the Executive Council,
+read them to him.  The first declared Louis XVI. guilty of treason against
+the general safety of the State; the second condemned him to death; the
+third rejected any appeal to the people; and the fourth and last ordered
+his execution in twenty-four hours.  Louis, looking calmly round, took the
+paper from Grouvelle, and read Garat a letter, in which he demanded from
+the Convention three days to prepare for death, a confessor to assist him
+in his last moments, liberty to see his family, and permission for them to
+leave France.  Garat took the letter, promising to submit it immediately
+to the Convention.
+
+Louis XVI. then went back into his room with great composure, ordered his
+dinner, and ate as usual.  There were no knives on the table, and his
+attendants refused to let him have any.  "Do they think me so cowardly,"
+he exclaimed, "as to lay violent hands on myself?  I am innocent, and I am
+not afraid to die."
+
+The Convention refused the delay, but granted some other demands which he
+had made.  Garat sent for Edgeworth de Firmont, the ecclesiastic whom
+Louis XVI. had chosen, and took him in his own carriage to the Temple. M.
+Edgeworth, on being ushered into the presence of the King, would have
+thrown himself at his feet, but Louis instantly raised him, and both shed
+tears of emotion.  He then, with eager curiosity, asked various questions
+concerning the clergy of France, several bishops, and particularly the
+Archbishop of Paris, requesting him to assure the latter that he died
+faithfully attached to his communion.--The clock having struck eight, he
+rose, begged M. Edgeworth to wait, and retired with emotion, saying that
+he was going to see his family.  The municipal officers, unwilling to lose
+sight of the King, even while with his family, had decided that he should
+see them in the dining-room, which had a glass door, through which they
+could watch all his motions without hearing what he said.  At half-past
+eight the door opened.  The Queen, holding the Dauphin by the hand, Madame
+Elisabeth, and Madame Royale rushed sobbing into the arms of Louis XVI.
+The door was closed, and the municipal officers, Clery, and M. Edgeworth
+placed themselves behind it.  During the first moments, it was but a scene
+of confusion and despair.  Cries and lamentations prevented those who were
+on the watch from distinguishing anything.  At length the conversation
+became more calm, and the Princesses, still holding the King clasped in
+their arms, spoke with him in a low tone.  "He related his trial to my
+mother," says Madame Royale, "apologising for the wretches who had
+condemned him.  He told her that he would not consent to any attempt to
+save him, which might excite disturbance in the country. He then gave my
+brother some religious advice, and desired him, above all, to forgive
+those who caused his death; and he gave us his blessing. My mother was
+very desirous that the whole family should pass the night with my father,
+but he opposed this, observing to her that he much needed some hours of
+repose and quiet."  After a long conversation, interrupted by silence and
+grief, the King put an end to the painful meeting, agreeing to see his
+family again at eight the next morning.  "Do you promise that you will?"
+earnestly inquired the Princesses.  "Yes, yes," sorrowfully replied the
+King.
+
+["But when we were gone," says his daughter, "he requested that we might
+not be permitted to return, as our presence afflicted him too much."]
+
+At this moment the Queen held him by one arm, Madame Elisabeth by the
+other, while Madame Royale clasped him round the waist, and the Dauphin
+stood before him, with one hand in that of his mother.  At the moment of
+retiring Madame Royale fainted; she was carried away, and the King
+returned to M. Edgeworth deeply depressed by this painful interview. The
+King retired to rest about midnight; M. Edgeworth threw himself upon a
+bed, and Clery took his place near the pillow of his master.
+
+Next morning, the 21st of January, at five, the King awoke, called Clery,
+and dressed with great calmness.  He congratulated himself on having
+recovered his strength by sleep.  Clery kindled a fire,, and moved a chest
+of drawers, out of which he formed an altar.  M. Edgeworth put on his
+pontifical robes, and began to celebrate mass.  Clery waited on him, and
+the King listened, kneeling with the greatest devotion.  He then received
+the communion from the hands of M. Edgeworth, and after mass rose with new
+vigour, and awaited with composure the moment for going to the scaffold.
+He asked for scissors that Clery might cut his hair; but the Commune
+refused to trust him with a pair.
+
+At this moment the drums were beating in the capital.  All who belonged to
+the armed sections repaired to their company with complete submission. It
+was reported that four or five hundred devoted men, were to make a dash
+upon the carriage, and rescue the King.  The Convention, the Commune, the
+Executive Council, and the Jacobins were sitting.  At eight. in the
+morning, Santerre, with a deputation from the Commune, the department, and
+the criminal tribunal, repaired to the Temple.  Louis XVI., on hearing
+them arrive, rose and prepared to depart.  He desired Clery to transmit
+his last farewell to his wife, his sister, and his children; he gave him a
+sealed packet, hair, and various trinkets, with directions to deliver
+these articles to them.
+
+[In the course of the morning the King said to me: "You will give this
+seal to my son and this ring to the Queen, and assure her that it is with
+pain I part with it.  This little packet contains the hair of all my
+family; you will give her that, too.  Tell the Queen, my dear sister, and
+my children, that, although I promised to see them again this morning, I
+have resolved to spare them the pang of so cruel a separation.  Tell them
+how much it costs me to go away without receiving their embraces once
+more!"  He wiped away some tears, and then added, in the most mournful
+accents, "I charge you to bear them my last farewell."--CLERY.]
+
+He then clasped his hand and thanked him for his services.  After this he
+addressed himself to one of the municipal officers, requesting him to
+transmit his last will to the Commune.  This officer, who had formerly
+been a priest, and was named Jacques Roux, brutally replied that his
+business was to conduct him to execution, and not to perform his
+commissions.  Another person took charge of it, and Louis, turning towards
+the party, gave with firmness the signal for starting.
+
+Officers of gendarmerie were placed on the front seat of the carriage. The
+King and M. Edgeworth occupied the back.  During the ride, which was
+rather long, the King read in M. Edgeworth's breviary the prayers for
+persons at the point of death; the two gendarmes were astonished at his
+piety and tranquil resignation.  The vehicle advanced slowly, and amidst
+universal silence.  At the Place de la Revolution an extensive space had
+been left vacant about the scaffold.  Around this space were planted
+cannon; the most violent of the Federalists were stationed about the
+scaffold; and the vile rabble, always ready to insult genius, virtue, and
+misfortune, when a signal is given it to do so, crowded behind the ranks
+of the Federalists, and alone manifested some outward tokens of
+satisfaction.
+
+At ten minutes past ten the carriage stopped.  Louis XVI., rising briskly,
+stepped out into the Place.  Three executioners came up; he refused their
+assistance, and took off his clothes himself.  But, perceiving that they
+were going to bind his hands, he made a movement of indignation, and
+seemed ready to resist.  M. Edgeworth gave him a last look, and said,
+"Suffer this outrage, as a last resemblance to that God who is about to be
+your reward."  At these words the King suffered himself to be bound and
+conducted to the scaffold.  All at once Louis hurriedly advanced to
+address the people.  "Frenchmen," said he, in a firm voice, "I die
+innocent of the crimes which are imputed to me; I forgive the authors of
+my death, and I pray that my blood may not fall upon France."  He would
+have continued, but the drums were instantly ordered to beat: their
+rolling drowned his voice; the executioners laid hold of him, and M.
+Edgeworth took his leave in these memorable words: "Son of Saint Louis,
+ascend to heaven!"  As soon as the blood flowed, furious wretches dipped
+their pikes and handkerchiefs in it, then dispersed throughout Paris,
+shouting "Vive la Republique!  Vive la Nation!"  and even went to the
+gates of the Temple to display brutal and factious joy.
+
+[The body of Louis was, immediately after the execution, removed to the
+ancient cemetery of the Madeleine.  Large quantities of quicklime were
+thrown into the grave, which occasioned so rapid a decomposition that,
+when his remains were sought for in 1816, it was with difficulty any part
+could be recovered.  Over the spot where he was interred Napoleon
+commenced the splendid Temple of Glory, after the battle of Jena; and the
+superb edifice was completed by the Bourbons, and now forms the Church of
+the Madeleine, the most beautiful structure in Paris.  Louis was executed
+on the same ground where the Queen, Madame Elisabeth, and so many other
+noble victims of the Revolution perished; where Robespierre and Danton
+afterwards suffered; and where the Emperor Alexander and the allied
+sovereigns took their station, when their victorious troops entered Paris
+in 1814!  The history of modern Europe has not a scene fraught with
+equally interesting recollections to exhibit.  It is now marked by the
+colossal obelisk of blood-red granite which was brought from Thebes, in
+Upper Egypt, in 1833, by the French Government.--ALLISON.]
+
+
+
+
+The Royal Prisoners.--Separation of the Dauphin from His Family.
+--Removal of the Queen.
+
+
+On the morning of the King's execution, according to the narrative of
+Madame Royale, his family rose at six: "The night before, my mother had
+scarcely strength enough to put my brother to bed; She threw herself,
+dressed as she was, on her own bed, where we heard her shivering with cold
+and grief all night long.  At a quarter-past six the door opened; we
+believed that we were sent for to the King, but it was only the officers
+looking for a prayer-book for him.  We did not, however, abandon the hope
+of seeing him, till shouts of joy from the infuriated populace told us
+that all was over.  In the afternoon my mother asked to see Clery, who
+probably had some message for her; we hoped that seeing him would occasion
+a burst of grief which might relieve the state of silent and choking agony
+in which we saw her."  The request was refused, and the officers who
+brought the refusal said Clery was in "a frightful state of despair" at
+not being allowed to see the royal family; shortly afterwards he was
+dismissed from the Temple.
+
+"We had now a little more freedom," continues the Princess; "our guards
+even believed that we were about to be sent out of France; but nothing
+could calm my mother's agony; no hope could touch her heart, and life or
+death became indifferent to her.  Fortunately my own affliction increased
+my illness so seriously that it distracted her thoughts .  .  .  . My
+mother would go no more to the garden, because she must have passed the
+door of what had been my father's room, and that she could not bear. But
+fearing lest want of air should prove injurious to my brother and me,
+about the end of February she asked permission to walk on the leads of the
+Tower, and it was granted."
+
+The Council of the Commune, becoming aware of the interest which these sad
+promenades excited, and the sympathy with which they were observed from
+the neighbouring houses, ordered that the spaces between the battlements
+should be filled up with shutters, which intercepted the view.  But while
+the rules for the Queen's captivity were again made more strict, some of
+the municipal commissioners tried slightly to alleviate it, and by means
+of M. de Hue, who was at liberty in Paris, and the faithful Turgi, who
+remained in the Tower, some communications passed between the royal family
+and their friends.  The wife of Tison, who waited on the Queen, suspected
+and finally denounced these more lenient guardians,--[Toulan, Lepitre,
+Vincent, Bruno, and others.]--who were executed, the royal prisoners being
+subjected to a close examination.
+
+"On the 20th of April," says Madame Royale, "my mother and I had just gone
+to bed when Hebert arrived with several municipals.  We got up hastily,
+and these men read us a decree of the Commune directing that we should be
+searched.  My poor brother was asleep; they tore him from his bed under
+the pretext of examining it.  My mother took him up, shivering with cold.
+All they took was a shopkeeper's card which my mother had happened to
+keep, a stick of sealing-wax from my aunt, and from me 'une sacre coeur de
+Jesus' and a prayer for the welfare of France.  The search lasted from
+half-past ten at night till four o'clock in the morning."
+
+The next visit of the officials was to Madame Elisabeth alone; they found
+in her room a hat which the King had worn during his imprisonment, and
+which she had begged him to give her as a souvenir.  They took it from her
+in spite of her entreaties.  "It was suspicious," said the cruel and
+contemptible tyrants.
+
+The Dauphin became ill with fever, and it was long before his mother, who
+watched by him night and day, could obtain medicine or advice for him.
+When Thierry was at last allowed to see him his treatment relieved the
+most violent symptoms, but, says Madame Royale, "his health was never
+reestablished.  Want of air and exercise did him great mischief, as well
+as the kind of life which this poor child led, who at eight years of age
+passed his days amidst the tears of his friends, and in constant anxiety
+and agony."
+
+While the Dauphin's health was causing his family such alarm, they were
+deprived of the services of Tison's wife, who became ill, and finally
+insane, and was removed to the Hotel Dieu, where her ravings were reported
+to the Assembly and made the ground of accusations against the royal
+prisoners.
+
+[This woman, troubled by remorse, lost her reason, threw herself at the
+feet of the Queen, implored her pardon, and disturbed the Temple for many
+days with the sight and the noise of her madness.  The Princesses,
+forgetting the denunciations of this unfortunate being, in consideration
+of her repentance and insanity, watched over her by turns, and deprived
+themselves of their own food to relieve her.--LAMARTINE, "History of the
+Girondists," vol. iii., p.140.]
+
+No woman took her place, and the Princesses themselves made their beds,
+swept their rooms, and waited upon the Queen.
+
+Far worse punishments than menial work were prepared for them.  On 3d July
+a decree of the Convention ordered that the Dauphin should be separated
+from his family and "placed in the most secure apartment of the Tower."
+As soon as he heard this decree pronounced, says his sister, "he threw
+himself into my mother's arms, and with violent cries entreated not to be
+parted from her.  My mother would not let her son go, and she actually
+defended against the efforts of the officers the bed in which she had
+placed him.  The men threatened to call up the guard and use violence.  My
+mother exclaimed that they had better kill her than tear her child from
+her.  At last they threatened our lives, and my mother's maternal
+tenderness forced her to the sacrifice.  My aunt and I dressed the child,
+for my poor mother had no longer strength for anything. Nevertheless, when
+he was dressed, she took him up in her arms and delivered him herself to
+the officers, bathing him with her tears, foreseeing that she was never to
+behold him again.  The poor little fellow embraced us all tenderly, and
+was carried away in a flood of tears.  My mother's horror was extreme when
+she heard that Simon, a shoemaker by trade, whom she had seen as a
+municipal officer in the Temple, was the person to whom her child was
+confided .  .  .  .  The officers now no longer remained in my mother's
+apartment; they only came three times a day to bring our meals and examine
+the bolts and bars of our windows; we were locked up together night and
+day.  We often went up to the Tower, because my brother went, too, from
+the other side.  The only pleasure my mother enjoyed was seeing him
+through a crevice as he passed at a distance.  She would watch for hours
+together to see him as he passed.  It was her only hope, her only
+thought."
+
+The Queen was soon deprived even of this melancholy consolation.  On 1st
+August, 1793, it was resolved that she should be tried.  Robespierre
+opposed the measure, but Barere roused into action that deep-rooted hatred
+of the Queen which not even the sacrifice of her life availed to
+eradicate.  "Why do the enemies of the Republic still hope for success?"
+he asked.  "Is it because we have too long forgotten the crimes of the
+Austrian?  The children of Louis the Conspirator are hostages for the
+Republic .  .  .but behind them lurks a woman who has been the cause of
+all the disasters of France."
+
+At two o'clock on the morning of the following day, the municipal officers
+"awoke us," says Madame Royale, "to read to my mother the decree of the
+Convention, which ordered her removal to the Conciergerie,
+
+[The Conciergerie was originally, as its name implies, the porter's lodge
+of the ancient Palace of Justice, and became in time a prison, from the
+custom of confining there persons who had committed trifling offences
+about the Court.]
+
+preparatory to her trial.  She heard it without visible emotion, and
+without speaking a single word.  My aunt and I immediately asked to be
+allowed to accompany my mother, but this favour was refused us.  All the
+time my mother was making up a bundle of clothes to take with her, these
+officers never left her.  She was even obliged to dress herself before
+them, and they asked for her pockets, taking away the trifles they
+contained.  She embraced me, charging me to keep up my spirits and my
+courage, to take tender care of my aunt, and obey her as a second mother.
+She then threw herself into my aunt's arms, and recommended her children
+to her care; my aunt replied to her in a whisper, and she was then hurried
+away.  In leaving the Temple she struck her head against the wicket, not
+having stooped low enough.
+
+[Mathieu, the gaoler, used to say, "I make Madame Veto and her sister and
+daughter, proud though they are, salute me; for the door is so low they
+cannot pass without bowing."]
+
+The officers asked whether she had hurt herself.  'No,' she replied,
+'nothing can hurt me now."
+
+
+
+
+The Last Moments of Marie Antoinette.
+
+
+We have already seen what changes had been made in the Temple.  Marie
+Antoinette had been separated from her sister, her daughter, and her Son,
+by virtue of a decree which ordered the trial and exile of the last
+members of the family of the Bourbons.  She had been removed to the
+Conciergerie, and there, alone in a narrow prison, she was reduced to what
+was strictly necessary, like the other prisoners.  The imprudence of a
+devoted friend had rendered her situation still more irksome. Michonnis, a
+member of the municipality, in whom she had excited a warm interest, was
+desirous of introducing to her a person who, he said, wished to see her
+out of curiosity.  This man, a courageous emigrant, threw to her a
+carnation, in which was enclosed a slip of very fine paper with these
+words: "Your friends are ready,"--false hope, and equally dangerous for
+her who received it, and for him who gave it!  Michonnis and the emigrant
+were detected and forthwith apprehended; and the vigilance exercised in
+regard to the unfortunate prisoner became from that day more rigorous than
+ever.
+
+[The Queen was lodged in a room called the council chamber, which was
+considered as the moat unwholesome apartment in the Conciergerie on
+account of its dampness and the bad smells by which it was continually
+affected.  Under pretence of giving her a person to wait upon her they
+placed near her a spy,--a man of a horrible countenance and hollow,
+sepulchral voice.  This wretch, whose name was Barassin, was a robber and
+murderer by profession.  Such was the chosen attendant on the Queen of
+France!  A few days before her trial this wretch was removed and a
+gendarme placed in her chamber, who watched over her night and day, and
+from whom she was not separated, even when in bed, but by a ragged
+curtain.  In this melancholy abode Marie Antoinette had no other dress
+than an old black gown, stockings with holes, which she was forced to mend
+every day; and she was entirely destitute of shoes.--DU  BROCA.]
+
+Gendarmes were to mount guard incessantly at the door of her prison, and
+they were expressly forbidden to answer anything that she might say to
+them.
+
+That wretch Hebert, the deputy of Chaumette, and editor of the disgusting
+paper Pere Duchesne, a writer of the party of which Vincent, Ronsin,
+Varlet, and Leclerc were the leaders--Hebert had made it his particular
+business to torment the unfortunate remnant of the dethroned family. He
+asserted that the family of the tyrant ought not to be better treated than
+any sans-culotte family; and he had caused a resolution to be passed by
+which the sort of luxury in which the prisoners in the Temple were
+maintained was to be suppressed.  They were no longer to be allowed either
+poultry or pastry; they were reduced to one sort of aliment for breakfast,
+and to soup or broth and a single dish for dinner, to two dishes for
+supper, and half a bottle of wine apiece.  Tallow candles were to be
+furnished instead of wag, pewter instead of silver plate, and delft ware
+instead of porcelain.  The wood and water carriers alone were permitted to
+enter their room, and that only accompanied by two commissioners.  Their
+food was to be introduced to them by means of a turning box.  The numerous
+establishment was reduced to a cook and an assistant, two men-servants,
+and a woman-servant to attend to the linen.
+
+As soon as this resolution was passed, Hebert had repaired to the Temple
+and inhumanly taken away from the unfortunate prisoners even the most
+trifling articles to which they attached a high value.  Eighty Louis which
+Madame Elisabeth had in reserve, and which she had received from Madame de
+Lamballe, were also taken away.  No one is more dangerous, more cruel,
+than the man without acquirements, without education, clothed with a
+recent authority.  If, above all, he possess a base nature, if, like
+Hebert, who was check-taker at the door of a theatre, and embezzled money
+out of the receipts, he be destitute of natural morality, and if he leap
+all at once from the mud of his condition into power, he is as mean as he
+is atrocious.  Such was Hebert in his conduct at the Temple.  He did not
+confine himself to the annoyances which we have mentioned.  He and some
+others conceived the idea of separating the young Prince from his aunt and
+sister.  A shoemaker named Simon and his wife were the instructors to whom
+it was deemed right to consign him for the purpose of giving him a
+sans-cullotte education.  Simon and his wife were shut up in the Temple,
+and, becoming prisoners with the unfortunate child, were directed to bring
+him up in their own way.  Their food was better than that of the
+Princesses, and they shared the table of the municipal commissioners who
+were on duty.  Simon was permitted to go down, accompanied by two
+commissioners, to the court of the Temple, for the purpose of giving the
+Dauphin a little exercise.
+
+Hebert conceived the infamous idea of wringing from this boy revelations
+to criminate his unhappy mother.  Whether this wretch imputed to the child
+false revelations, or abused his, tender age and his condition to extort
+from him what admissions soever he pleased, he obtained a revolting
+deposition; and as the youth of the Prince did not admit of his being
+brought before the tribunal, Hebert appeared and detailed the infamous
+particulars which he had himself either dictated or invented.
+
+It was on the 14th of October that Marie Antoinette appeared before her
+judges.  Dragged before the sanguinary tribunal by inexorable
+revolutionary vengeance, she appeared there without any chance of
+acquittal, for it was not to obtain her acquittal that the Jacobins had
+brought her before it.  It was necessary, however, to make some charges.
+Fouquier therefore collected the rumours current among the populace ever
+since the arrival of the Princess in France, and, in the act of
+accusation, he charged her with having plundered the exchequer, first for
+her pleasures, and afterwards in order to transmit money to her brother,
+the Emperor.  He insisted on the scenes of the 5th and 6th of October, and
+on the dinners of the Life Guards, alleging that she had at that period
+framed a plot, which obliged the people to go to Versailles to frustrate
+it.  He afterwards accused her of having governed her husband, interfered
+in the choice of ministers, conducted the intrigues with the deputies
+gained by the Court, prepared the journey to Varennes, provoked the war,
+and transmitted to the enemy's generals all our plans of campaign.  He
+further accused her of having prepared a new conspiracy on the 10th of
+August, of having on that day caused the people to be fired upon, having
+induced her husband to defend himself by taxing him with cowardice;
+lastly, of having never ceased to plot and correspond with foreigners
+since her captivity in the Temple, and of having there treated her young
+son as King.  We here observe how, on the terrible day of long-deferred
+vengeance, when subjects at length break forth and strike such of their
+princes as have not deserved the blow, everything is distorted and
+converted into crime.  We see how the profusion and fondness for pleasure,
+so natural to a young princess, how her attachment to her native country,
+her influence over her husband, her regrets, always more indiscreet in a
+woman than a man, nay, even her bolder courage, appeared to their inflamed
+or malignant imaginations.
+
+It was necessary to produce witnesses.  Lecointre, deputy of Versailles,
+who had seen what had passed on the 5th and 6th of October, Hebert, who
+had frequently visited the Temple, various clerks in the ministerial
+offices, and several domestic servants of the old Court were summoned..
+Admiral d'Estaing, formerly commandant of the guard of Versailles; Manuel,
+the ex-procureur of the Commune; Latour-du-Pin, minister of war in 1789;
+the venerable Bailly, who, it was said, had been, with La Fayette, an
+accomplice in the journey to Varennes; lastly, Valaze one of the
+Girondists destined to the scaffold, were taken from their prisons and
+compelled to give evidence.
+
+No precise fact was elicited.  Some had seen the Queen in high spirits
+when the Life Guards testified their attachment; others had seen her vexed
+and dejected while being conducted to Paris, or brought back from
+Varennes; these had been present at splendid festivities which must have
+cost enormous sums; those had heard it said in the ministerial offices
+that the Queen was adverse to the sanction of the decrees.  An ancient
+waiting-woman of the Queen had heard the Duc de Coigny say, in 1788, that
+the Emperor had already received two hundred millions from France to make
+war upon the Turks.
+
+The cynical Hebert, being brought before the unfortunate Queen, dared at
+length to prefer the charges wrung from the young Prince.  He said that
+Charles Capet had given Simon an account of the journey to Varennes, and
+mentioned La Fayette and Bailly as having cooperated in it.  He then added
+that this boy was addicted to odious and very premature vices for his age;
+that he had been surprised by Simon, who, on questioning him, learned that
+he derived from his mother the vices in which he indulged. Hebert said
+that it was no doubt the intention of Marie Antoinette, by weakening thus,
+early the physical constitution of her son, to secure to herself the means
+of ruling him in case he should ever ascend the throne. The rumours which
+had been whispered for twenty years by a malicious Court had given the
+people a most unfavourable opinion of the morals of the Queen.  That
+audience, however, though wholly Jacobin, was disgusted at the accusations
+of Hebert.
+
+[Can there be a more infernal invention than that made against the. Queen
+by Hdbert,--namely, that she had had an improper intimacy with her own
+son?  He made use of this sublime idea of which he boasted in order to
+prejudice the women against the Queen, and to prevent her execution from
+exciting pity.  It had, however, no other effect than that of disgusting
+all parties.--PRUDHOMME.]
+
+He nevertheless persisted in supporting them.
+
+[Hebert did not long survive her in whose sufferings he had taken such an
+infamous part.  He was executed on 26th March, 1794.]
+
+The unhappy mother made no reply.  Urged a new to explain herself, she
+said, with extraordinary emotion, "I thought that human nature would
+excuse me from answering such an imputation, but I appeal from it to the
+heart of every mother here present."  This noble and simple reply affected
+all who heard it.
+
+In the depositions of the witnesses, however, all was not so bitter for
+Marie Antoinette.  The brave D'Estaing, whose enemy she had been, would
+not say anything to inculpate her, and spoke only of the courage which she
+had shown on the 5th and 6th of October, and of the noble resolution which
+she had expressed, to die beside her husband rather than fly. Manuel, in
+spite of his enmity to the Court during the time of the Legislative
+Assembly, declared that he could not say anything against the accused.
+When the venerable Bailly was brought forward, who formerly so often
+predicted to the Court the calamities which its imprudence must produce,
+he appeared painfully affected; and when he was asked if he knew the wife
+of Capet, "Yes," said he, bowing respectfully, "I have known Madame."  He
+declared that he knew nothing, and maintained that the declarations
+extorted from the young Prince relative to the journey to Varennes were
+false.  In recompense for his deposition he was assailed with outrageous
+reproaches, from which he might judge what fate would soon be awarded to
+himself.
+
+In all the evidence there appeared but two serious facts, attested by
+Latour-du-Pin and Valaze, who deposed to them because they could not help
+it.  Latour-du-Pin declared that Marie Antoinette had applied to him for
+an accurate statement of the armies while he was minister of war. Valaze,
+always cold, but respectful towards misfortune, would not say anything to
+criminate the accused; yet he could not help declaring that, as a member
+of the commission of twenty-four, being charged with his colleagues to
+examine the papers found at the house of Septeuil, treasurer of the civil
+list, he had seen bonds for various sums signed Antoinette, which was very
+natural; but he added that he had also seen a letter in which the minister
+requested the King to transmit to the Queen the copy of the plan of
+campaign which he had in his hands.  The most unfavourable construction
+was immediately put upon these two facts, the application for a statement
+of the armies, and the communication of the plan of campaign; and it was
+concluded that they could not be wanted for any other purpose than to be
+sent to the enemy, for it was not supposed that a young princess should
+turn her attention, merely for her own satisfaction, to matters of
+administration and military, plans.  After these depositions, several
+others were received respecting the expenses of the Court, the influence
+of the Queen in public affairs, the scene of the 10th of August, and what
+had passed in the Temple; and the most vague rumours and most trivial
+circumstances were eagerly caught at as proofs.
+
+Marie Antoinette frequently repeated, with presence of mind and firmness,
+that there was no precise fact against her;
+
+[At first the Queen, consulting only her own sense of dignity, had
+resolved on her trial to make no other reply to the questions of her
+judges than "Assassinate me as you have already assassinated my husband!"
+Afterwards, however, she determined to follow the example of the King,
+exert herself in her defence, and leave her judges without any excuse or
+pretest for putting her to death.--WEBER'S "Memoirs of Marie Antoinette."]
+
+that, besides, though the wife of Louis XVI., she was not answerable for
+any of the acts of his reign.  Fouquier nevertheless declared her to be
+sufficiently convicted; Chaveau-Lagarde made unavailing efforts to defend
+her; and the unfortunate Queen was condemned to suffer the same fate as
+her husband.
+
+Conveyed back to the Conciergerie, she there passed in tolerable composure
+the night preceding her execution, and, on the morning of the following
+day, the 16th of October,
+
+[The Queen, after having written and prayed, slept soundly for some hours.
+On her waking, Bault's daughter dressed her and adjusted her hair with
+more neatness than on other days.  Marie Antoinette wore a white gown, a
+white handkerchief covered her shoulders, a white cap her hair; a black
+ribbon bound this cap round her temples ....  The cries, the looks, the
+laughter, the jests of the people overwhelmed her with humiliation; her
+colour, changing continually from purple to paleness, betrayed her
+agitation ....  On reaching the scaffold she inadvertently trod on the
+executioner's foot.  "Pardon me," she said, courteously.  She knelt for an
+instant and uttered a half-audible prayer; then rising and glancing
+towards the towers of the Temple, "Adieu, once again, my children," she
+said; "I go to rejoin your father."--LAMARTINE.]
+
+she was conducted, amidst a great concourse of the populace, to the fatal
+spot where, ten months before, Louis XVI.  had perished.  She listened
+with calmness to the exhortations of the ecclesiastic who accompanied her,
+and cast an indifferent look at the people who had so often applauded her
+beauty and her grace, and who now as warmly applauded her execution.  On
+reaching the foot of the scaffold she perceived the Tuileries, and
+appeared to be moved; but she hastened to ascend the fatal ladder, and
+gave herself up with courage to the executioner.
+
+[Sorrow had blanched the Queen's once beautiful hair; but her features and
+air still commanded the admiration of all who beheld her; her cheeks, pale
+and emaciated, were occasionally tinged with a vivid colour at the mention
+of those she had lost.  When led out to execution, she was dressed in
+white; she had cut off her hair with her own hands.  Placed in a tumbrel,
+with her arms tied behind her, she was taken by a circuitous route to the
+Place de la Revolution, and she ascended the scaffold with a firm and
+dignified step, as if she had been about to take her place on a throne by
+the side of her husband.-LACRETELLE.]
+
+The infamous wretch exhibited her head to the people, as he was accustomed
+to do when he had sacrificed an illustrious victim.
+
+
+
+
+The Last Separation.--Execution of Madame Elisabeth.
+--Death of the Dauphin.
+
+The two Princesses left in the Temple were now almost inconsolable; they
+spent days and nights in tears, whose only alleviation was that they were
+shed together.  "The company of my aunt, whom I loved so tenderly," said
+Madame Royale, "was a great comfort to me.  But alas!  all that I loved
+was perishing around me, and I was soon to lose her also .  .  .  .  In
+the beginning of September I had an illness caused solely by my anxiety
+about my mother; I never heard a drum beat that I did not expect another
+3d of September."--[when the head of the Princesse de Lamballe was carried
+to the Temple.]
+
+In the course of the month the rigour of their captivity was much
+increased.  The Commune ordered that they should only have one room; that
+Tison (who had done the heaviest of the household work for them, and since
+the kindness they showed to his insane wife had occasionally given them
+tidings of the Dauphin) should be imprisoned in the turret; that they
+should be supplied with only the barest necessaries; and that no one
+should enter their room save to carry water and firewood.  Their quantity
+of firing was reduced, and they were not allowed candles.  They were also
+forbidden to go on the leads, and their large sheets were taken away,
+"lest--notwithstanding the gratings!--they should escape from the
+windows."
+
+On 8th October, 1793, Madame Royale was ordered to go downstairs, that she
+might be interrogated by some municipal officers.  "My aunt, who was
+greatly affected, would have followed, but they stopped her.  She asked
+whether I should be permitted to come up again; Chaumette assured her that
+I should.  'You may trust,' said he, 'the word of an honest republican.
+She shall return.'  I soon found myself in my brother's room, whom I
+embraced tenderly; but we were torn asunder, and I was obliged to go into
+another room.--[This was the last time the brother and sister met] .  .  .
+Chaumette then questioned me about a thousand shocking things of which
+they accused my mother and aunt; I was so indignant at hearing such
+horrors that, terrified as I was, I could not help exclaiming that they
+were infamous falsehoods.
+
+"But in spite of my tears they still pressed their questions.  There were
+some things which I did not comprehend, but of which I understood enough
+to make me weep with indignation and horror .  .  .  .  They then asked me
+about Varennes, and other things.  I answered as well as I could without
+implicating anybody.  I had always heard my parents say that it were
+better to die than to implicate anybody."  When the examination was over
+the Princess begged to be allowed to join her mother, but Chaumette said
+he could not obtain permission for her to do so.  She was then cautioned
+to say nothing about her examination to her aunt, who was next to appear
+before them.  Madame Elisabeth, her niece declares, "replied with still
+more contempt to their shocking questions."
+
+The only intimation of the Queen's fate which her daughter and her
+sister-in-law were allowed to receive was through hearing her sentence
+cried by the newsman.  But "we could not persuade ourselves that she was
+dead," writes Madame Royale.  "A hope, so natural to the unfortunate,
+persuaded us that she must have been saved.  For eighteen months I
+remained in this cruel suspense.  We learnt also by the cries of the
+newsman the death of the Duc d'Orleans.
+
+[The Duc d'Orleans, the early and interested propagator of the Revolution,
+was its next victim.  Billaud Varennes said in the Convention: "The time
+has come when all the conspirators should be known and struck.  I demand
+that we no longer pass over in silence a man whom we seem to have
+forgotten, despite the numerous facts against him.  I demand that
+D'ORLEANS be sent to the Revolutionary Tribunal."  The Convention, once
+his hireling adulators, unanimously supported the proposal.  In vain he
+alleged his having been accessory to the disorders of 5th October, his
+support of the revolt on 10th August, 1792, his vote against the King on
+17th January, 1793.  His condemnation was pronounced.  He then asked only
+for a delay of twenty-four hours, and had a repast carefully prepared, on
+which he feasted with avidity.  When led out for execution he gazed with a
+smile on the Palais Royal, the scene of his former orgies. He was detained
+for a quarter of an hour before that palace by the order of Robespierre,
+who had asked his daughter's hand, and promised in return to excite a
+tumult in which the Duke's life should be saved.  Depraved though he was,
+he would not consent to such a sacrifice, and he met his fate with stoical
+fortitude.--ALLISON, vol. iii., p. 172.]
+
+It was the only piece of news that reached us during the whole winter."
+
+The severity with which the prisoners were treated was carried into every
+detail of their life.  The officers who guarded them took away their
+chessmen and cards because some of them were named kings and queens, and
+all the books with coats of arms on them; they refused to get ointment for
+a gathering on Madame Elisabeth's arm; they, would not allow her to make a
+herb-tea which she thought would strengthen her niece; they declined to
+supply fish or eggs on fast-days or during Lent, bringing only coarse fat
+meat, and brutally replying to all remonstances, "None but fools believe
+in that stuff nowadays."  Madame Elisabeth never made the officials
+another request, but reserved some of the bread and cafe-au-lait from her
+breakfast for her second meal.  The time during which she could be thus
+tormented was growing short.
+
+On 9th May, 1794, as the Princesses were going to bed, the outside bolts
+of the door were unfastened and a loud knocking was heard.  "When my aunt
+was dressed," says Madame Royale, "she opened the door, and they said to
+her, 'Citoyenne, come down.'--'And my niece?'--'We shall take care of her
+afterwards.' She embraced me, and to calm my agitation promised to return.
+'No, citoyenne,' said the men, 'bring your bonnet; you shall not return.'
+They overwhelmed her with abuse, but she bore it patiently, embracing me,
+and exhorting me to trust in Heaven, and never to forget the last commands
+of my father and mother."
+
+Madame Elisabeth was then taken to the Conciergerie, where she was
+interrogated by the vice-president at midnight, and then allowed to take
+some hours rest on the bed on which Marie Antoinette had slept for the
+last time.  In the morning she was brought before the tribunal, with
+twenty-four other prisoners, of varying ages and both sexes, some of whom
+had once been frequently seen at Court.
+
+"Of what has Elisabeth to complain?"  Fouquier-Tinville satirically asked.
+"At the foot of the guillotine, surrounded by faithful nobility, she may
+imagine herself again at Versailles."
+
+"You call my brother a tyrant," the Princess replied to her accuser; "if
+he had been what you say, you would not be where you are, nor I before
+you!"
+
+She was sentenced to death, and showed neither surprise nor grief.  "I am
+ready to die," she said, "happy in the prospect of rejoining in a better
+world those whom I loved on earth."
+
+On being taken to the room where those condemned to suffer at the same
+time as herself were assembled, she spoke to them with so much piety and
+resignation that they were encouraged by her example to show calmness and
+courage like her own.  The women, on leaving the cart, begged to embrace
+her, and she said some words of comfort to each in turn as they mounted
+the scaffold, which she was not allowed to ascend till all her companions
+had been executed before her eyes.
+
+[Madame Elisabeth was one of those rare personages only seen at distant
+intervals during the course of ages; she set an example of steadfast piety
+in the palace of kings, she lived amid her family the favourite of all and
+the admiration of the world ....  When I went to Versailles Madame
+Elisabeth was twenty-two years of age. Her plump figure and pretty pink
+colour must have attracted notice, and her air of calmness and contentment
+even more than her beauty. She was fond of billiards, and her elegance and
+courage in riding were remarkable.  But she never allowed these amusements
+to interfere with her religious observances.  At that time her wish to
+take the veil at St. Cyr was much talked of, but the King was too fond of
+his sister to endure the separation.  There were also rumours of a
+marriage between Madame Elisabeth and the Emperor Joseph.  The Queen was
+sincerely attached to her brother, and loved her sister-in-law most
+tenderly; she ardently desired this marriage as a means of raising the
+Princess to one of the first thrones in Europe, and as a possible means of
+turning the Emperor from his innovations.  She had been very carefully
+educated, had talent in music and painting, spoke Italian and a little
+Latin, and understood mathematics....  Her last moments were worthy of her
+courage and virtue.--D'HEZECQUES's "Recollections," pp. 72-75.]
+
+"It is impossible to imagine my distress at finding myself separated from
+my aunt," says Madame Royale.  "Since I had been able to appreciate her
+merits, I saw in her nothing but religion, gentleness, meekness, modesty,
+and a devoted attachment to her family; she sacrificed her life for them,
+since nothing could persuade her to leave the King and Queen.  I never can
+be sufficiently grateful to her for her goodness to me, which ended only
+with her life.  She looked on me as her child, and I honoured and loved
+her as a second mother.  I was thought to be very like her in countenance,
+and I feel conscious that I have something of her character. Would to God
+I might imitate her virtues, and hope that I may hereafter deserve to meet
+her, as well as my dear parents, in the bosom of our Creator, where I
+cannot doubt that they enjoy the reward of their virtuous lives and
+meritorious deaths."
+
+Madame Royale vainly begged to be allowed to rejoin her mother or her
+aunt, or at least to know their fate.  The municipal officers would tell
+her nothing, and rudely refused her request to have a woman placed with
+her.  "I asked nothing but what seemed indispensable, though it was often
+harshly refused," she says.  "But I at least could keep myself clean.  I
+had soap and water, and carefully swept out my room every day.  I had no
+light, but in the long days I did not feel this privation much .  .  .  .
+I had some religious works and travels, which I had read over and over. I
+had also some knitting, 'qui m'ennuyait beaucoup'."  Once, she believes,
+Robespierre visited her prison:
+
+[It has been said that Robespierre vainly tried to obtain the hand of
+Mademoiselle d'Orleans.  It was also rumoured that Madame Royale herself
+owed her life to his matrimonial ambition.]
+
+"The officers showed him great respect; the people in the Tower did not
+know him, or at least would not tell me who he was.  He stared insolently
+at me, glanced at my books, and, after joining the municipal officers in a
+search, retired."
+
+[On another occasion "three men in scarfs," who entered the Princess's
+room, told her that they did not see why she should wish to be released,
+as she seemed very comfortable!  "It is dreadful,' I replied, 'to be
+separated for more than a year from one's mother, without even hearing
+what has become of her or of my aunt.'--'You are not ill?'--'No, monsieur,
+but the cruellest illness is that of the heart'--' We can do nothing for
+you.  Be patient, and submit to the justice and goodness of the French
+people: I had nothing more to say."--DUCHESSE D'ANGOULEME, "Royal
+Memoirs," p. 273.]
+
+When Laurent was appointed by the Convention to the charge of the young
+prisoners, Madame Royale was treated with more consideration.  "He was
+always courteous," she says; he restored her tinderbox, gave her fresh
+books, and allowed her candles and as much firewood as she wanted, "which
+pleased me greatly."  This simple expression of relief gives a clearer
+idea of what the delicate girl must have suffered than a volume of
+complaints.
+
+But however hard Madame Royale's lot might be, that of the Dauphin was
+infinitely harder.  Though only eight years old when he entered the
+Temple, he was by nature and education extremely precocious; "his memory
+retained everything, and his sensitiveness comprehended everything."  His
+features "recalled the somewhat effeminate look of Louis XV., and the
+Austrian hauteur of Maria Theresa; his blue eyes, aquiline nose, elevated
+nostrils, well-defined mouth, pouting lips, chestnut hair parted in the
+middle and falling in thick curls on his shoulders, resembled his mother
+before her years of tears and torture.  All the beauty of his race, by
+both descents, seemed to reappear in him."--[Lamartine]--For some time the
+care of his parents preserved his health and cheerfulness even in the
+Temple; but his constitution was weakened by the fever recorded by his
+sister, and his gaolers were determined that he should never regain
+strength.
+
+"What does the Convention intend to do with him?" asked Simon, when the
+innocent victim was placed in his clutches.  "Transport him?"
+
+"No."
+
+"Kill him?"
+
+"No."
+
+"Poison him?"
+
+"No."
+
+"What, then?"
+
+"Why, get rid of him."
+
+For such a purpose they could not have chosen their instruments better.
+"Simon and his wife, cut off all those fair locks that had been his
+youthful glory and his mother's pride.  This worthy pair stripped him of
+the mourning he wore for his father; and as they did so, they called it
+'playing at the game of the spoiled king.'  They alternately induced him
+to commit excesses, and then half starved him.  They beat him mercilessly;
+nor was the treatment by night less brutal than that by day. As soon as
+the weary boy had sunk into his first profound sleep, they would loudly
+call him by name, 'Capet!  Capet!' Startled, nervous, bathed in
+perspiration, or sometimes trembling with cold, he would spring up, rush
+through the dark, and present himself at Simon's bedside, murmuring,
+tremblingly, 'I am here, citizen.'--'Come nearer; let me feel you.' He
+would approach the bed as he was ordered, although he knew the treatment
+that awaited him.  Simon would buffet him on the head, or kick him away,
+adding the remark, 'Get to bed again, wolfs cub; I only wanted to know
+that you were safe.'  On one of these occasions, when the child had fallen
+half stunned upon his own miserable couch, and lay there groaning and
+faint with pain, Simon roared out with a laugh, 'Suppose you were king,
+Capet, what would you do to me?' The child thought of his father's dying
+words, and said, 'I would forgive you.'"--[THIERS]
+
+The change in the young Prince's mode of life, and the cruelties and
+caprices to which he was subjected, soon made him fall ill, says his
+sister.  "Simon forced him to eat to excess, and to drink large quantities
+of wine, which he detested .  .  .  .  He grew extremely fat without
+increasing in height or strength."  His aunt and sister, deprived of the
+pleasure of tending him, had the pain of hearing his childish voice raised
+in the abominable songs his gaolers taught him.  The brutality of Simon
+"depraved at once the body and soul of his pupil.  He called him the young
+wolf of the Temple.  He treated him as the young of wild animals are
+treated when taken from the mother and reduced to captivity,--at once
+intimidated by blows and enervated by taming.  He punished for
+sensibility; he rewarded meanness; he encouraged vice; he made the child
+wait on him at table, sometimes striking him on the face with a knotted
+towel, sometimes raising the poker and threatening to strike him with it."
+
+[Simon left the Temple to become a municipal officer.  He was involved in
+the overthrow of Robespierre, and guillotined the day after him, 29th
+July, 1794.]
+
+Yet when Simon was removed the poor young Prince's condition became even
+worse.  His horrible loneliness induced an apathetic stupor to which any
+suffering would have been preferable.  "He passed his days without any
+kind of occupation; they did not allow him light in the evening.  His
+keepers never approached him but to give him food;" and on the rare
+occasions when they took him to the platform of the Tower, he was unable
+or unwilling to move about.  When, in November, 1794, a commissary named
+Gomin arrived at the Temple, disposed to treat the little prisoner with
+kindness, it was too late.  "He took extreme care of my brother," says
+Madame Royale.  "For a long time the unhappy child had been shut up in
+darkness, and he was dying of fright.  He was very grateful for the
+attentions of Gomin, and became much attached to him."  But his physical
+condition was alarming, and, owing to Gomin's representations, a
+commission was instituted to examine him.  "The commissioners appointed
+were Harmond, Mathieu, and Reverchon, who visited 'Louis Charles,' as he
+was now called, in the month of February, 1795.  They found the young
+Prince seated at a square deal table, at which he was playing with some
+dirty cards, making card houses and the like,--the materials having been
+furnished him, probably, that they might figure in the report as evidences
+of indulgence.  He did not look up from the table as the commissioners
+entered.  He was in a slate-coloured dress, bareheaded; the room was
+reported as clean, the bed in good condition, the linen fresh; his clothes
+were also reported as new; but, in spite of all these assertions, it is
+well known that his bed had not been made for months, that he had not left
+his room, nor was permitted to leave it, for any purpose whatever, that it
+was consequently uninhabitable, and that he was covered with vermin and
+with sores.  The swellings at his knees alone were sufficient to disable
+him from walking.  One of the commissioners approached the young Prince
+respectfully.  The latter did not raise his head.  Harmond in a kind voice
+begged him to speak to them.  The eyes of the boy remained fixed on the
+table before him.  They told him of the kindly intentions of the
+Government, of their hopes that he would yet be happy, and their desire
+that he would speak unreservedly to the medical man that was to visit him.
+He seemed to listen with profound attention, but not a single word passed
+his lips.  It was an heroic principle that impelled that poor young heart
+to maintain the silence of a mute in presence of these men.  He remembered
+too well the days when three other commissaries waited on him, regaled him
+with pastry and wine, and obtained from him that hellish accusation
+against the mother that he loved.  He had learnt by some means the import
+of the act, so far as it was an injury to his mother.  He now dreaded
+seeing again three commissaries, hearing again kind words, and being
+treated again with fine promises.  Dumb as death itself he sat before
+them, and remained motionless as stone, and as mute." [THIERS]
+
+His disease now made rapid progress, and Gomin and Lasne, superintendents
+of the Temple, thinking it necessary to inform the Government of the
+melancholy condition of their prisoner, wrote on the register: "Little
+Capet is unwell."  No notice was taken of this account, which was renewed
+next day in more urgent terms: "Little Capet is dangerously ill."  Still
+there was no word from beyond the walls.  "We must knock harder," said the
+keepers to each other, and they added, "It is feared he will not live," to
+the words "dangerously ill."  At length, on Wednesday, 6th May, 1795,
+three days after the first report, the authorities appointed M. Desault to
+give the invalid the assistance of his art.  After having written down his
+name on the register he was admitted to see the Prince. He made a long and
+very attentive examination of the unfortunate child, asked him many
+questions without being able to obtain an answer, and contented himself
+with prescribing a decoction of hops, to be taken by spoonfuls every
+half-hour, from six o'clock in the morning till eight in the evening.  On
+the first day the Prince steadily refused to take it. In vain Gomin
+several times drank off a glass of the potion in his presence; his example
+proved as ineffectual as his words.  Next day Lasne renewed his
+solicitations.  "Monsieur knows very well that I desire nothing but the
+good of his health, and he distresses me deeply by thus refusing to take
+what might contribute to it.  I entreat him as a favour not to give me
+this cause of grief."  And as Lasne, while speaking, began to taste the
+potion in a glass, the child took what he offered him out of his hands.
+"You have, then, taken an oath that I should drink it," said he, firmly;
+"well, give it me, I will drink it."  From that moment he conformed with
+docility to whatever was required of him, but the policy of the Commune
+had attained its object; help had been withheld till it was almost a
+mockery to supply it.
+
+The Prince's weakness was excessive; his keepers could scarcely drag him
+to the, top of the Tower; walking hurt his tender feet, and at every step
+he stopped to press the arm of Lasne with both hands upon his breast.  At
+last he suffered so much that it was no longer possible for him to walk,
+and his keeper carried him about, sometimes on the platform, and sometimes
+in the little tower, where the royal family had lived at first. But the
+slight improvement to his health occasioned by the change of air scarcely
+compensated for the pain which his fatigue gave him.  On the battlement of
+the platform nearest the left turret, the rain had, by perseverance
+through ages, hollowed out a kind of basin.  The water that fell remained
+there for several days; and as, during the spring of 1795, storms were of
+frequent occurrence, this little sheet of water was kept constantly
+supplied.  Whenever the child was brought out upon the platform, he saw a
+little troop of sparrows, which used to come to drink and bathe in this
+reservoir.  At first they flew away at his approach, but from being
+accustomed to see him walking quietly there every day, they at last grew
+more familiar, and did not spread their wings for flight till he came up
+close to them.  They were always the same, he knew them by sight, and
+perhaps like himself they were inhabitants of that ancient pile.  He
+called them his birds; and his first action, when the door into the
+terrace was opened, was to look towards that side,--and the sparrows were
+always there.  He delighted in their chirping, and he must have envied
+them their wings.
+
+Though so little could be done to alleviate his sufferings, a moral
+improvement was taking place in him.  He was touched by the lively
+interest displayed by his physician, who never failed to visit him at nine
+o'clock every morning.  He seemed pleased with the attention paid him, and
+ended by placing entire confidence in M. Desault.  Gratitude loosened his
+tongue; brutality and insult had failed to extort a murmur, but kind
+treatment restored his speech he had no words for anger, but he found them
+to express his thanks.  M. Desault prolonged his visits as long as the
+officers of the municipality would permit.  When they announced the close
+of the visit, the child, unwilling to beg them to allow a longer time,
+held back M. Desault by the skirt of his coat. Suddenly M. Desault's
+visits ceased.  Several days passed and nothing was heard of him.  The
+keepers wondered at his absence, and the poor little invalid was much
+distressed at it.  The commissary on duty (M. Benoist) suggested that it
+would be proper to send to the physician's house to make inquiries as to
+the cause of so long an absence.  Gomin and Larne had not yet ventured to
+follow this advice, when next day M. Benoist was relieved by M. Bidault,
+who, hearing M. Desault's name mentioned as he came in, immediately said,
+"You must not expect to see him any more; he died yesterday."
+
+M. Pelletan, head surgeon of the Grand Hospice de l'Humanite, was next
+directed to attend the prisoner, and in June he found him in so alarming a
+state that he at once asked for a coadjutor, fearing to undertake the
+responsibility alone.  The physician--sent for form's sake to attend the
+dying child, as an advocate is given by law to a criminal condemned
+beforehand--blamed the officers of the municipality for not having removed
+the blind, which obstructed the light, and the numerous bolts, the noise
+of which never failed to remind the victim of his captivity. That sound,
+which always caused him an involuntary shudder, disturbed him in the last
+mournful scene of his unparalleled tortures.  M. Pelletan said
+authoritatively to the municipal on duty, "If you will not take these
+bolts and casings away at once, at least you can make no objection to our
+carrying the child into another room, for I suppose we are sent here to
+take charge of him."  The Prince, being disturbed by these words, spoken
+as they were with great animation, made a sign to the physician to come
+nearer.  "Speak lower, I beg of you," said he; "I am afraid they will hear
+you up-stairs, and I should be very sorry for them to know that I am ill,
+as it would give them much uneasiness."
+
+At first the change to a cheerful and airy room revived the Prince and
+gave him evident pleasure, but the improvement did not last.  Next day M.
+Pelletan learned that the Government had acceded to his request for a
+colleague.  M. Dumangin, head physician of the Hospice de l'Unite, made
+his appearance at his house on the morning of Sunday, 7th June, with the
+official despatch sent him by the committee of public safety.  They
+repaired together immediately to the Tower.  On their arrival they heard
+that the child, whose weakness was excessive, had had a fainting fit,
+which had occasioned fears to be entertained that his end was approaching.
+He had revived a little, however, when the physicians went up at about
+nine o'clock.  Unable to contend with increasing exhaustion, they
+perceived there was no longer any hope of prolonging an existence worn out
+by so much suffering, and that all their art could effect would be to
+soften the last stage of this lamentable disease.  While standing by the
+Prince's bed, Gomin noticed that he was quietly crying, and asked him.
+kindly what was the matter.  "I am always alone," he said.  "My dear
+mother remains in the other tower."  Night came,--his last night,--which
+the regulations of the prison condemned him to pass once more in solitude,
+with suffering, his old companion, only at his side.  This time, however,
+death, too, stood at his pillow.  When Gomin went up to the child's room
+on the morning of 8th June, he said, seeing him calm, motionless, and
+mute:
+
+"I hope you are not in pain just now?"
+
+"Oh, yes, I am still in pain, but not nearly so much,--the music is so
+beautiful!"
+
+Now there was no music to be heard, either in the Tower or anywhere near.
+
+Gomin, astonished, said to him, "From what direction do you hear this
+music?"
+
+"From above!"
+
+"Have you heard it long?"
+
+"Since you knelt down.  Do you not hear it?  Listen!  Listen!"  And the
+child, with a nervous motion, raised his faltering hand, as he opened his
+large eyes illuminated by delight.  His poor keeper, unwilling to destroy
+this last sweet illusion, appeared to listen also.
+
+After a few minutes of attention the child again started, and cried out,
+in intense rapture, "Amongst all the voices I have distinguished that of
+my mother!"
+
+These were almost his last words.  At a quarter past two he died, Lasne
+only being in the room at the time.  Lasne acquainted Gomin and Damont,
+the commissary on duty, with the event, and they repaired to the chamber
+of death.  The poor little royal corpse was carried from the room into
+that where he had suffered so long,--where for two years he had never
+ceased to suffer.  From this apartment the father had gone to the
+scaffold, and thence the son must pass to the burial-ground.  The remains
+were laid out on the bed, and the doors of the apartment were set
+open,--doors which had remained closed ever since the Revolution had
+seized on a child, then full of vigour and grace and life and health!
+
+At eight o'clock next morning (9th June) four members of the committee of
+general safety came to the Tower to make sure that the Prince was really
+dead.  When they were admitted to the death-chamber by Lasne and Damont
+they affected the greatest indifference.  "The event is not of the least
+importance," they repeated, several times over; "the police commissary of
+the section will come and receive the declaration of the decease; he will
+acknowledge it, and proceed to the interment without any ceremony; and the
+committee will give the necessary directions."  As they withdrew, some
+officers of the Temple guard asked to see the remains of little Capet.
+Damont having observed that the guard would not permit the bier to pass
+without its being opened, the deputies decided that the officers and
+non-commissioned officers of the guard going off duty, together with those
+coming on, should be all invited to assure themselves of the child's
+death.  All having assembled in the room where the body lay, he asked them
+if they recognised it as that of the ex-Dauphin, son of the last King of
+France.  Those who had seen the young Prince at the Tuileries, or at the
+Temple (and most of them had), bore witness to its being the body of Louis
+XVII.  When they were come down into the council-room, Darlot drew up the
+minutes of this attestation, which was signed by a score of persons.
+These minutes were inserted in the journal of the Temple tower, which was
+afterwards deposited in the office of the Minister of the Interior.
+
+During this visit the surgeons entrusted with the autopsy arrived at the
+outer gate of the Temple.  These were Dumangin, head physician of the
+Hospice de l'Unite; Pelletan, head surgeon of the Grand Hospice de
+l'Humanite; Jeanroy, professor in the medical schools of Paris; and
+Laasus, professor of legal medicine at the Ecole de Sante of Paris. The
+last two were selected by Dumangin and Pelletan because of the former
+connection of M. Lassus with Mesdames de France, and of M. Jeanroy with
+the House of Lorraine, which gave a peculiar weight to their signatures.
+Gomin received them in the council-room, and detained them until the
+National Guard, descending from the second floor, entered to sign the
+minutes prepared by Darlot.  This done, Lasne, Darlot, and Bouquet went up
+again with the surgeons, and introduced them into the apartment of Louis
+XVII., whom they at first examined as he lay on his death-bed; but M.
+Jeanroy observing that the dim light of this room was but little
+favourable to the accomplishment of their mission, the commissaries
+prepared a table in the first room, near the window, on which the corpse
+was laid, and the surgeons began their melancholy operation.
+
+At seven o'clock the police commissary ordered the body to be taken up,
+and that they should proceed to the cemetery.  It was the season of the
+longest days, and therefore the interment did not take place in secrecy
+and at night, as some misinformed narrators have said or written; it took
+place in broad daylight, and attracted a great concourse of people before
+the gates of the Temple palace.  One of the municipals wished to have the
+coffin carried out secretly by the door opening into the chapel enclosure;
+but M. Duaser, police commiasary, who was specially entrusted with the
+arrangement of the ceremony, opposed this indecorous measure, and the
+procession passed out through the great gate.  The crowd that was pressing
+round was kept back, and compelled to keep a line, by a tricoloured
+ribbon, held at short distances by gendarmes.  Compassion and sorrow were
+impressed on every countenance.
+
+A small detachment of the troops of the line from the garrison of Paris,
+sent by the authorities, was waiting to serve as an escort.  The bier,
+still covered with the pall, was carried on a litter on the shoulders of
+four men, who relieved each other two at a time; it was preceded by six or
+eight men, headed by a sergeant.  The procession was accompanied a long
+way by the crowd, and a great number of persona followed it even to the
+cemetery.  The name of "Little Capet," and the more popular title of
+Dauphin, spread from lip to lip, with exclamations of pity and compassion.
+The funeral entered the cemetery of Ste. Marguerite, not by the church, as
+some accounts assert, but by the old gate of the cemetery. The interment
+was made in the corner, on the left, at a distance of eight or nine feet
+from the enclosure wall, and at an equal distance from a small house,
+which subsequently served as a school.  The grave was filled up,--no mound
+marked its place, and not even a trace remained of the interment!  Not
+till then did the commissaries of police and the municipality withdraw,
+and enter the house opposite the church to draw up the declaration of
+interment.  It was nearly nine o'clock, and still daylight.
+
+
+
+
+Release of Madame Royale.--Her Marriage to the Duc d'Angouleme.
+--Return to France.--Death.
+
+
+The last person to hear of the sad events in the Temple was the one for
+whom they had the deepest and most painful interest.  After her brother's
+death the captivity of Madame Royale was much lightened.  She was allowed
+to walk in the Temple gardens, and to receive visits from some ladies of
+the old Court, and from Madame de Chantereine, who at last, after several
+times evading her questions, ventured cautiously to tell her of the deaths
+of her mother, aunt, and brother.  Madame Royale wept bitterly, but had
+much difficulty in expressing her feelings.  "She spoke so confusedly,"
+says Madame de la Ramiere in a letter to Madame de Verneuil, "that it was
+difficult to understand her.  It took her more than a month's reading
+aloud, with careful study of pronunciation, to make herself
+intelligible,--so much had she lost the power of expression." She was
+dressed with plainness amounting to poverty, and her hands were disfigured
+by exposure to cold and by the menial work she had been so long accustomed
+to do for herself, and which it was difficult to persuade her to leave
+off.  When urged to accept the services of an attendant, she replied, with
+a sad prevision of the vicissitudes of her future life, that she did not
+like to form a habit which she might have again to abandon.  She suffered
+herself, however, to be persuaded gradually to modify her recluse and
+ascetic habits.  It was well she did so, as a preparation for the great
+changes about to follow.
+
+Nine days after the death of her brother, the city of Orleans interceded
+for the daughter of Louis XVI., and sent deputies to the Convention to
+pray for her deliverance and restoration to her family.  Names followed
+this example; and Charette, on the part of the Vendeans, demanded, as a
+condition of the pacification of La Vendee, that the Princess should be
+allowed to join her relations.  At length the Convention decreed that
+Madame Royale should be exchanged with Austria for the representatives and
+ministers whom Dumouriez had given up to the Prince of Cobourg,--Drouet,
+Semonville, Maret, and other prisoners of importance.  At midnight on 19th
+December, 1795, which was her birthday, the Princess was released from
+prison, the Minister of the Interior, M. Benezech, to avoid attracting
+public attention and possible disturbance, conducting her on foot from the
+Temple to a neighbouring street, where his carriage awaited her.  She made
+it her particular request that Gomin, who had been so devoted to her
+brother, should be the commissary appointed to accompany her to the
+frontier; Madame de Soucy, formerly under-governess to the children of
+France, was also in attendance; and the Princess took with her a dog named
+Coco, which had belonged to Louis XVI.
+
+[The mention of the little dog taken from the Temple by Madame Royale
+reminds me how fond all the family were of these creatures. Each Princess
+kept a different kind.  Mesdames had beautiful spaniels; little grayhounds
+were preferred by Madame Elisabeth. Louis XVI. was the only one of all his
+family who had no dogs in his room.  I remember one day waiting in the
+great gallery for the King's retiring, when he entered with all his family
+and the whole pack, who were escorting him.  All at once all the dogs
+began to bark, one louder than another, and ran away, passing like ghosts
+along those great dark rooms, which rang with their hoarse cries. The
+Princesses shouting, calling them, running everywhere after them,
+completed a ridiculous spectacle, which made those august persons very
+merry.--D'HEZECQUES, p. 49.]
+
+She was frequently recognised on her way through France, and always with
+marks of pleasure and respect.
+
+It might have been supposed that the Princess would rejoice to leave
+behind her the country which had been the scene of so many horrors and
+such bitter suffering.  But it was her birthplace, and it held the graves
+of all she loved; and as she crossed the frontier she said to those around
+her, "I leave France with regret, for I shall never cease to consider it
+my country."  She arrived in Vienna on 9th January, 1796, and her first
+care was to attend a memorial service for her murdered relatives.  After
+many weeks of close retirement she occasionally began to appear in public,
+and people looked with interest at the pale, grave, slender girl of
+seventeen, dressed in the deepest mourning, over whose young head such
+terrible storms had swept.  The Emperor wished her to marry the Archduke
+Charles of Austria, but her father and mother had, even in the cradle,
+destined her hand for her cousin, the Duc d'Angouleme, son of the Comte
+d'Artois, and the memory of their lightest wish was law to her.
+
+Her quiet determination entailed anger and opposition amounting to
+persecution.  Every effort was made to alienate her from her French
+relations.  She was urged to claim Provence, which had become her own if
+Louis XVIII.  was to be considered King of France.  A pressure of opinion
+was brought to bear upon her which might well have overawed so young a
+girl.  "I was sent for to the Emperor's cabinet," she writes, "where I
+found the imperial family assembled.  The ministers and chief imperial
+counsellors were also present .  .  .  .  When the Emperor invited me to
+express my opinion, I answered that to be able to treat fittingly of such
+interests I thought, I ought to be surrounded not only by my mother's
+relatives, but also by those of my father .  .  .  .  Besides, I said, I
+was above all things French, and in entire subjection to the laws of
+France, which had rendered me alternately the subject of the King my
+father, the King my brother, and the King my uncle, and that I would yield
+obedience to the latter, whatever might be his commands.  This declaration
+appeared very much to dissatisfy all who were present, and when they
+observed that I was not to be shaken, they declared that my right being
+independent of my will, my resistance would not be the slightest obstacle
+to the measures they might deem it necessary to adopt for the preservation
+of my interests."
+
+In their anxiety to make a German princess of Marie Therese, her imperial
+relations suppressed her French title as much as possible.  When, with
+some difficulty, the Duc de Grammont succeeded in obtaining an audience of
+her, and used the familiar form of address, she smiled faintly, and bade
+him beware.  "Call me Madame de Bretagne, or de Bourgogne, or de
+Lorraine," she said, "for here I am so identified with these
+provinces--[which the Emperor wished her to claim from her uncle Louis
+XVIII.]--that I shall end in believing in my own transformation."  After
+these discussions she was so closely watched, and so many restraints were
+imposed upon her, that she was scarcely less a prisoner than in the old
+days of the Temple, though her cage was this time gilded.  Rescue,
+however, was at hand.
+
+In 1798 Louis XVIII. accepted a refuge offered to him at Mittau by the
+Czar Paul, who had promised that he would grant his guest's first request,
+whatever it might be.  Louis begged the Czar to use his influence with the
+Court of Vienna to allow his niece to join him. "Monsieur, my brother,"
+was Paul's answer, "Madame Royale shall be restored to you, or I shall
+cease to be Paul I."  Next morning the Czar despatched a courier to Vienna
+with a demand for the Princess, so energetically worded that refusal must
+have been followed by war. Accordingly, in May, 1799, Madame Royale was
+allowed to leave the capital which she had found so uncongenial an asylum.
+
+In the old ducal castle of Mittau, the capital of Courland, Louis XVIII.
+and his wife, with their nephews, the Ducs d'Angouleme
+
+[The Duc d'Angonleme was quiet and reserved.  He loved hunting as means of
+killing time; was given to early hours and innocent pleasures.  He was a
+gentleman, and brave as became one.  He had not the "gentlemanly vices" of
+his brother, and was all the better for it.  He was ill educated, but had
+natural good sense, and would have passed for having more than that had he
+cared to put forth pretensions.  Of all his family he was the one most ill
+spoken of, and least deserving of it.--DOCTOR DORAN.]
+
+and de Berri, were awaiting her, attended by the Abbe Edgeworth, as chief
+ecclesiastic, and a little Court of refugee nobles and officers.  With
+them were two men of humbler position, who must have been even more
+welcome to Madame Royale,--De Malden, who had acted as courier to Louis
+XVI. during the flight to Varennes, and Turgi, who had waited on the
+Princesses in the Temple.  It was a sad meeting, though so long anxiously
+desired, and it was followed on 10th June, 1799, by an equally sad
+wedding,--exiles, pensioners on the bounty of the Russian monarch,
+fulfilling an engagement founded, not on personal preference, but on
+family policy and reverence for the wishes of the dead, the bride and
+bridegroom had small cause for rejoicing.  During the eighteen months of
+tranquil seclusion which followed her marriage, the favourite occupation
+of the Duchess was visiting and relieving the poor.  In January, 1801, the
+Czar Paul, in compliance with the demand of Napoleon, who was just then
+the object of his capricious enthusiasm, ordered the French royal family
+to leave Mittau.  Their wanderings commenced on the 21st, a day of bitter
+memories; and the young Duchess led the King to his carriage through a
+crowd of men, women, and children, whose tears and blessings attended them
+on their way.
+
+[The Queen was too ill to travel.  The Duc d'Angouleme took another route
+to join a body of French gentlemen in arms for the Legitimist cause.]
+
+The exiles asked permission from the King of Prussia to settle in his
+dominions, and while awaiting his answer at Munich they were painfully
+surprised by the entrance of five old soldiers of noble birth, part of the
+body-guard they had left behind at Mittau, relying on the protection of
+Paul.  The "mad Czar" had decreed their immediate expulsion, and,
+penniless and almost starving, they made their way to Louis XVIII.  All
+the money the royal family possessed was bestowed on these faithful
+servants, who came to them in detachments for relief, and then the Duchess
+offered her diamonds to the Danish consul for an advance of two thousand
+ducats, saying she pledged her property "that in our common distress it
+may be rendered of real use to my uncle, his faithful servants, and
+myself."  The Duchess's consistent and unselfish kindness procured her
+from the King, and those about him who knew her best, the name of "our
+angel."
+
+Warsaw was for a brief time the resting-place of the wanderers, but there
+they were disturbed in 1803 by Napoleon's attempt to threaten and bribe
+Louis XVIII. into abdication.  It was suggested that refusal might bring
+upon them expulsion from Prussia.  "We are accustomed to suffering," was
+the King's answer, "and we do not dread poverty.  I would, trusting in
+God, seek another asylum."  In 1808, after many changes of scene, this
+asylum was sought in England, Gosfield Hall, Essex, being placed at their
+disposal by the Marquis of Buckingham.  From Gosfield, the King moved to
+Hartwell Hall, a fine old Elizabethan mansion rented from Sir George Lee
+for L 500 a year.  A yearly grant of L 24,000 was made to the exiled
+family by the British Government, out of which a hundred and forty persons
+were supported, the royal dinner-party generally numbering two dozen.
+
+At Hartwell, as in her other homes, the Duchess was most popular amongst
+the poor.  In general society she was cold and reserved, and she disliked
+the notice of strangers.  In March, 1814, the royalist successes at
+Bordeaux paved the way for the restoration of royalty in France, and
+amidst general sympathy and congratulation, with the Prince Regent himself
+to wish them good fortune, the King, the Duchess, and their suite left
+Hartwell in April, 1814.  The return to France was as triumphant as a
+somewhat half-hearted and doubtful enthusiasm could make it, and most of
+such cordiality as there was fell to the share of the Duchess.  As she
+passed to Notre-Dame in May, 1814, on entering Paris, she was vociferously
+greeted.  The feeling of loyalty, however, was not much longer-lived than
+the applause by which it was expressed; the Duchess had scarcely effected
+one of the strongest wishes of her heart,--the identification of what
+remained of her parents' bodies, and the magnificent ceremony with which
+they were removed from the cemetery of the Madeleine to the Abbey of St.
+Denis,--when the escape of Napoleon from Elba in February,1815, scattered
+the royal family and their followers like chaff before the wind.  The Duc
+d'Angouleme, compelled to capitulate at Toulouse, sailed from Cette in a
+Swedish vessel.  The Comte d'Artois, the Duc de Berri, and the Prince de
+Conde withdrew beyond the frontier.  The King fled from the capital.  The
+Duchesse d'Angouleme, then at Bordeaux celebrating the anniversary of the
+Proclamation of Louis XVIII., alone of all her family made any stand
+against the general panic. Day after day she mounted her horse and
+reviewed the National Guard.  She made personal and even passionate
+appeals to the officers and men, standing firm, and prevailing on a
+handful of soldiers to remain by her, even when the imperialist troops
+were on the other side of the river and their cannon were directed against
+the square where the Duchess was reviewing her scanty followers.
+
+["It was the Duchesse d'Angouleme who saved you," said the gallant General
+Clauzel, after these events, to a royalist volunteer; "I could not bring
+myself to order such a woman to be fired upon, at the moment when she was
+providing material for the noblest page in her history."--"Fillia
+Dolorosa," vol. vii., p. 131.]
+
+With pain and difficulty she was convinced that resistance was vain;
+Napoleon's banner soon floated over Bordeaux; the Duchess issued a
+farewell proclamation to her "brave Bordelais," and on the 1st April,
+1815, she started for Pouillac, whence she embarked for Spain.  During a
+brief visit to England she heard that the reign of a hundred days was
+over, and the 27th of July, 1815, saw her second triumphal return to the
+Tuileries.  She did not take up her abode there with any wish for State
+ceremonies or Court gaieties.  Her life was as secluded as her position
+would allow.  Her favourite retreat was the Pavilion, which had been
+inhabited by her mother, and in her little oratory she collected relics of
+her family, over which on the anniversaries of their deaths she wept and
+prayed.  In her daily drives through Paris she scrupulously avoided the
+spot on which they had suffered; and the memory of the past seemed to rule
+all her sad and self-denying life, both in what she did and what she
+refrained from doing.
+
+[She was so methodical and economical, though liberal in her charities,
+that one of her regular evening occupations was to tear off the seals from
+the letters she had received during the day, in order that the wax might
+be melted down and sold; the produce made one poor family "passing rich
+with forty pounds a year."--See "Filia Dolorosa," vol. ii., p. 239.]
+
+Her somewhat austere goodness was not of a nature to make her popular. The
+few who really understood her loved her, but the majority of her
+pleasure-seeking subjects regarded her either with ridicule or dread. She
+is said to have taken no part in politics, and to have exerted no
+influence in public affairs, but her sympathies were well known, and "the
+very word liberty made her shudder;" like Madame Roland, she had seen "so
+many crimes perpetrated under that name."
+
+The claims of three pretended Dauphins--Hervagault, the son of the tailor
+of St. Lo; Bruneau, son of the shoemaker of Vergin; and Naundorf or
+Norndorff, the watchmaker somewhat troubled her peace, but never for a
+moment obtained her sanction.  Of the many other pseudo-Dauphins (said to
+number a dozen and a half) not even the names remain.  In February,1820, a
+fresh tragedy befell the royal family in the assassination of the Duc de
+Berri, brother-in-law of the Duchesse d'Angouleme, as he was seeing his
+wife into her carriage at the door of the Opera-house.  He was carried
+into the theatre, and there the dying Prince and his wife were joined by
+the Duchess, who remained till he breathed his last, and was present when
+he, too, was laid in the Abbey of St. Denis.  She was present also when
+his son, the Duc de Bordeaux, was born, and hoped that she saw in him a
+guarantee for the stability of royalty in France.  In September, 1824, she
+stood by the death-bed of Louis XVIII., and thenceforward her chief
+occupation was directing the education of the little Duc de Bordeaux, who
+generally resided with her at Villeneuve l'Etang, her country house near
+St.  Cloud.  Thence she went in July, 1830, to the Baths of Vichy,
+stopping at Dijon on her way to Paris, and visiting the theatre on the
+evening of the 27th.  She was received with "a roar of execrations and
+seditious cries," and knew only too well what they signified.  She
+instantly left the theatre and proceeded to Tonnere, where she received
+news of the rising in Paris, and, quitting the town by night, was driven
+to Joigny with three attendants.  Soon after leaving that place it was
+thought more prudent that the party should separate and proceed on foot,
+and the Duchess and M. de Foucigny, disguised as peasants, entered
+Versailles arm-in-arm, to obtain tidings of the King. The Duchess found
+him at Rambouillet with her husband, the Dauphin, and the King met her
+with a request for "pardon," being fully conscious, too late, that his
+unwise decrees and his headlong flight had destroyed the last hopes of his
+family.  The act of abdication followed, by which the prospect of royalty
+passed from the Dauphin and his wife, as well as from Charles X.--Henri V.
+being proclaimed King, and the Duc d'Orleans (who refused to take the boy
+monarch under his personal protection) lieutenant-general of the kingdom.
+
+Then began the Duchess's third expatriation.  At Cherbourg the royal
+family, accompanied by the little King without a kingdom, embarked in the
+'Great Britain', which stood out to sea.  The Duchess, remaining on deck
+for a last look at the coast of France, noticed a brig which kept, she
+thought, suspiciously near them.
+
+"Who commands that vessel?" she inquired.
+
+"Captain Thibault."
+
+And what are his orders?"
+
+"To fire into and sink the vessels in which we sail, should any attempt be
+made to return to France."
+
+Such was the farewell of their subjects to the House of Bourbon.  The
+fugitives landed at Weymouth; the Duchesse d'Angouleme under the title of
+Comtesse de Marne, the Duchesse de Berri as Comtesse de Rosny, and her
+son, Henri de Bordeaux, as Comte de Chambord, the title he retained till
+his death, originally taken from the estate presented to him in infancy by
+his enthusiastic people.  Holyrood, with its royal and gloomy
+associations, was their appointed dwelling.  The Duc and Duchesse
+d'Angouleme, and the daughter of the Duc de Berri, travelled thither by
+land, the King and the young Comte de Chambord by sea.  "I prefer my route
+to that of my sister," observed the latter, "because I shall see the coast
+of France again, and she will not."
+
+The French Government soon complained that at Holyrood the exiles were
+still too near their native land, and accordingly, in 1832, Charles X.,
+with his son and grandson, left Scotland for Hamburg, while the Duchesse
+d'Angouleme and her niece repaired to Vienna.  The family were reunited at
+Prague in 1833, where the birthday of the Comte de Chambord was celebrated
+with some pomp and rejoicing, many Legitimists flocking thither to
+congratulate him on attaining the age of thirteen, which the old law of
+monarchical France had fixed as the majority of her princes. Three years
+later the wanderings of the unfortunate family recommenced; the Emperor
+Francis II. was dead, and his successor, Ferdinand, must visit Prague to
+be crowned, and Charles X. feared that the presence of a discrowned
+monarch might be embarrassing on such an occasion.  Illness and sorrow
+attended the exiles on their new journey, and a few months after they were
+established in the Chateau of Graffenburg at Goritz, Charles X. died of
+cholera, in his eightieth year.  At Goritz, also, on the 31st May, 1844,
+the Duchesse d'Angouleme, who had sat beside so many death-beds, watched
+over that of her husband.  Theirs had not been a marriage of affection in
+youth, but they respected each other's virtues, and to a great extent
+shared each other's tastes; banishment and suffering had united them very
+closely, and of late years they had been almost inseparable,--walking,
+riding, and reading together.  When the Duchesse d'Angouleme had seen her
+husband laid by his father's side in the vault of the Franciscan convent,
+she, accompanied by her nephew and niece, removed to Frohsdorf, where they
+spent seven tranquil years.  Here she was addressed as "Queen" by her
+household for the first time in her life, but she herself always
+recognised Henri, Comte de Chambord, as her sovereign.  The Duchess lived
+to see the overthrow of Louis Philippe, the usurper of the inheritance of
+her family.  Her last attempt to exert herself was a characteristic one.
+She tried to rise from a sick-bed in order to attend the memorial service
+held for her mother, Marie Antoinette, on the 16th October, the
+anniversary of her execution.  But her strength was not equal to the task;
+on the 19th she expired, with her hand in that of the Comte de Chambord,
+and on 28th October, 1851, Marie Therese Charlotte, Duchesse d'Angouleme,
+was buried in the Franciscan convent.
+
+
+
+
+The Ceremony of Expiation.
+
+
+"In the spring of 1814 a ceremony took place in Paris at which I was
+present because there was nothing in it that could be mortifying to a
+French heart.  The death of Louis XVI. had long been admitted to be one of
+the most serious misfortunes of the Revolution.  The Emperor Napoleon
+never spoke of that sovereign but in terms of the highest respect, and
+always prefixed the epithet unfortunate to his name.  The ceremony to
+which I allude was proposed by the Emperor of Russia and the King of
+Prussia.  It consisted of a kind of expiation and purification of the spot
+on which Louis XVI. and his Queen were beheaded.  I went to see the
+ceremony, and I had a place at a window in the Hotel of Madame de Remusat,
+next to the Hotel de Crillon, and what was termed the Hotel de Courlande.
+
+"The expiation took place on the 10th of April.  The weather was extremely
+fine and warm for the season.  The Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia,
+accompanied by Prince Schwartzenberg, took their station at the entrance
+of the Rue Royale; the King of Prussia being on the right of the Emperor
+Alexander, and Prince Schwartzenberg on his left.  There was a long
+parade, during which the Russian, Prussian and Austrian military bands
+vied with each other in playing the air, 'Vive Henri IV.!' The cavalry
+defiled past, and then withdrew into the Champs Elysees; but the infantry
+ranged themselves round an altar which was raised in the middle of the
+Place, and which was elevated on a platform having twelve or fifteen
+steps.  The Emperor of Russia alighted from his horse, and, followed by
+the King of Prussia, the Grand Duke Constantine, Lord Cathcart, and Prince
+Schwartzenberg, advanced to the altar.  When the Emperor had nearly
+reached the altar the "Te Deum" commenced.  At the moment of the
+benediction, the sovereigns and persons who accompanied them, as well as
+the twenty-five thousand troops who covered the Place, all knelt down.
+The Greek priest presented the cross to the Emperor Alexander, who kissed
+it; his example was followed by the individuals who accompanied him,
+though they were not of the Greek faith.  On rising, the Grand Duke
+Constantine took off his hat, and immediately salvoes of artillery were
+heard."
+
+
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+The following titles have the signification given below during the period
+covered by this work:
+
+MONSEIGNEUR........... The Dauphin.
+
+MONSIEUR.............. The eldest brother of the King, Comte de Provence,
+afterwards Louis XVIII.
+
+MONSIEUR LE PRINCE.... The Prince de Conde, head of the House of Conde.
+
+MONSIEUR LE DUC....... The Duc de Bourbon, the eldest son of the Prince de
+Condo (and the father of the Duc d'Enghien shot by Napoleon).
+
+MONSIEUR LE GRAND..... The Grand Equerry under the ancien regime.
+
+MONSIEUR LE PREMIER... The First Equerry under the ancien regime.
+
+ENFANS DE FRANCE...... The royal children.
+
+MADAME & MESDAMES..... Sisters or daughters of the King, or Princesses
+near the Throne (sometimes used also for the wife of Monsieur, the eldest
+brother of the King, the Princesses Adelaide, Victoire, Sophie, Louise,
+daughters of Louis XV., and aunts of Louis XVI.)
+
+MADAME ELISABETH...... The Princesse Elisabeth, sister of Louis XVI.
+
+MADAME ROYALE......... The Princesse Marie Therese, daughter of Louis
+XVI., afterwards Duchesse d'Angouleme.
+
+MADEMOISELLE.......... The daughter of Monsieur, the brother of the King.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Allowed her candles and as much firewood as she wanted
+Better to die than to implicate anybody
+Duc d'Orleans, when called on to give his vote for death of King
+Formed rather to endure calamity with patience than to contend
+How can I have any regret when I partake your misfortunes
+Louis Philippe, the usurper of the inheritance of her family
+My father fortunately found a library which amused him
+No one is more dangerous than a man clothed with recent authority
+Rabble, always ready to insult genius, virtue, and misfortune
+So many crimes perpetrated under that name (liberty)
+Subjecting the vanquished to be tried by the conquerors
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, Queen
+Of France, Volume 7, by Madame Campan
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARIE ANTOINETTE ***
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+The Project Gutenberg Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, v7
+#7 in our series by Madam Campan
+#53 in our series Historic Court Memoirs
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world, be sure to check
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+Title: The Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, v7
+
+Author: Madame Campan
+
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+
+MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF MARIE ANTOINETTE, QUEEN OF FRANCE
+
+Being the Historic Memoirs of Madam Campan,
+First Lady in Waiting to the Queen
+
+
+
+BOOK 7.
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+The Queen having been robbed of her purse as she was passing from the
+Tuileries to the Feuillans, requested my sister to lend her twenty-five
+louis.
+
+     [On being interrogated the Queen declared that these five and twenty
+     louis had been lent to her by my sister; this formed a pretence for
+     arresting her and me, and led to her death.--MADAME CAMPAN.]
+
+I spent part of the day at the Feuillans, and her Majesty told me she
+would ask Potion to let me be with her in the place which the Assembly
+should decree for her prison.  I then returned home to prepare everything
+that might be necessary for me to accompany her.
+
+On the same day (11th August), at nine in the evening, I returned to the
+Feuillans.  I found there were orders at all the gates forbidding my
+being admitted.  I claimed a right to enter by virtue of the first
+permission which had been given to me; I was again refused.  I was told
+that the Queen had as many people as were requisite about her.  My sister
+was with her, as well as one of my companions, who came out of the
+prisons of the Abbaye on the 11th.  I renewed my solicitations on the
+12th; my tears and entreaties moved neither the keepers of the gates, nor
+even a deputy, to whom I addressed myself.
+
+I soon heard of the removal of Louis XVI. and his family to the Temple.
+I went to Potion accompanied by M. Valadon, for whom I had procured a
+place in the post-office, and who was devoted to me.  He determined to go
+up to Potion alone; he told him that those who requested to be confined
+could not be suspected of evil designs, and that no political opinion
+could afford a ground of objection to these solicitations.  Seeing that
+the well-meaning man did not succeed, I thought to do more in person; but
+Petion persisted in his refusal, and threatened to send me to La Force.
+Thinking to give me a kind of consolation, he added I might be certain
+that all those who were then with Louis XVI. and his family would not
+stay with them long.  And in fact, two or three days afterwards the
+Princesse de Lamballe, Madame de Tourzel, her daughter, the Queen's first
+woman, the first woman of the Dauphin and of Madame, M. de Chamilly, and
+M. de Hue were carried off during the night and transferred to La Force.
+After the departure of the King and Queen for the Temple, my sister was
+detained a prisoner in the apartments their Majesties had quitted for
+twenty-four hours.
+
+From this time I was reduced to the misery of having no further
+intelligence of my august and unfortunate mistress but through the medium
+of the newspapers or the National Guard, who did duty at the Temple.
+
+The King and Queen said nothing to me at the Feuillans about the
+portfolio which had been deposited with me; no doubt they expected to see
+me again.  The minister Roland and the deputies composing the provisional
+government were very intent on a search for papers belonging to their
+Majesties.  They had the whole of the Tuileries ransacked.  The infamous
+Robespierre bethought himself of M. Campan, the Queen's private
+secretary, and said that his death was feigned; that he was living
+unknown in some obscure part of France, and was doubtless the depositary
+of all the important papers.  In a great portfolio belonging to the King
+there had been found a solitary letter from the Comte d'Artois, which, by
+its date, and the subjects of which it treated, indicated the existence
+of a continued correspondence.  (This letter appeared among the documents
+used on the trial of Louis XVI.)  A former preceptor of my son's had
+studied with Robespierre; the latter, meeting him in the street, and
+knowing the connection which had subsisted between him and the family of
+M. Campan, required him to say, upon his honour, whether he was certain
+of the death of the latter.  The man replied that M. Campan had died at
+La Briche in 1791, and that he had seen him interred in the cemetery of
+Epinay.  "well, then," resumed Robespierre, "bring me the certificate of
+his burial at twelve to-morrow; it is a document for which I have
+pressing occasion."  Upon hearing the deputy's demand I instantly sent
+for a certificate of M. Campan's burial, and Robespierre received it at
+nine o'clock the next morning.  But I considered that, in thinking of my
+father-in-law, they were coming very near me, the real depositary of
+these important papers.  I passed days and nights in considering what I
+could do for the best under such circumstances.
+
+I was thus situated when the order to inform against those who had been
+denounced as suspected on the 10th of August led to domiciliary visits.
+My servants were told that the people of the quarter in which I lived
+were talking much of the search that would be made in my house, and came
+to apprise me of it.  I heard that fifty armed men would make themselves
+masters of M. Auguies house, where I then was.  I had just received this
+intelligence when M. Gougenot, the King's maitre d'hotel and receiver-
+general of the taxes, a man much attached to his sovereign, came into my
+room wrapped in a ridingcloak, under which, with great difficulty, he
+carried the King's portfolio, which I had entrusted to him.  He threw it
+down at my feet, and said to me, "There is your deposit; I did not
+receive it from our unfortunate King's own hands; in delivering it to you
+I have executed my trust."  After saying this he was about to withdraw.
+I stopped him, praying him to consult with me what I ought to do in such
+a trying emergency.  He would not listen to my entreaties, or even hear
+me describe the course I intended to pursue.  I told him my abode was
+about to be surrounded; I imparted to him what the Queen had said to me
+about the contents of the portfolio.  To all this he answered, "There it
+is; decide for yourself; I will have no hand in it."  Upon that I
+remained a few seconds thinking, and my conduct was founded upon the
+following reasons.  I spoke aloud, although to myself; I walked about the
+room with agitated steps; M. Gougenot was thunderstruck.  "Yes," said I,
+"when we can no longer communicate with our King and receive his orders,
+however attached we may be to him, we can only serve him according to the
+best of our own judgment.  The Queen said to me, 'This portfolio contains
+scarcely anything but documents of a most dangerous description in the
+event of a trial taking place, if it should fall into the hands of
+revolutionary persons.'  She mentioned, too, a single document which
+would, under the same circumstances, be useful.  It is my duty to
+interpret her words, and consider them as orders.  She meant to say,
+'You will save such a paper, you will destroy the rest if they are likely
+to be taken from you.'  If it were not so, was there any occasion for her
+to enter into any detail as to what the portfolio contained?  The order
+to keep it was sufficient.  Probably it contains, moreover, the letters
+of that part of the family which has emigrated; there is nothing which
+may have been foreseen or decided upon that can be useful now; and there
+can be no political thread which has not been cut by the events of the
+10th of August and the imprisonment of the King.  My house is about to be
+surrounded; I cannot conceal anything of such bulk; I might, then,
+through want of foresight, give up that which would cause the
+condemnation of the King.  Let us open the portfolio, save the document
+alluded to, and destroy the rest."  I took a knife and cut open one side
+of the portfolio.  I saw a great number of envelopes endorsed by the
+King's own hand.  M. Gougenot found there the former seals of the King,
+
+     [No doubt it was in order to have the ancient seals ready at a
+     moment's notice, in case of a counter-revolution, that the Queen
+     desired me not to quit the Tuileries.  M. Gougenot threw the seals
+     into the river, one from above the Pont Neuf, and the other from
+     near the Pont Royal.--MADAME CAMPAN.]
+
+such as they were before the Assembly had changed the inscription.  At
+this moment we heard a great noise; he agreed to tie up the portfolio,
+take it again under his cloak, and go to a safe place to execute what I
+had taken upon me to determine.  He made me swear, by all I held most
+sacred, that I would affirm, under every possible emergency, that the
+course I was pursuing had not been dictated to me by anybody; and that,
+whatever might be the result, I would take all the credit or all the
+blame upon myself.  I lifted up my hand and took the oath he required;
+he went out.  Half an hour afterwards a great number of armed men came to
+my house; they placed sentinels at all the outlets; they broke open
+secretaires and closets of which they had not the keys; they 'searched
+the flower-pots and boxes; they examined the cellars; and the commandant
+repeatedly said, "Look particularly for papers."  In the afternoon M.
+Gougenot returned.  He had still the seals of France about him, and he
+brought me a statement of all that he had burnt.
+
+The portfolio contained twenty letters from Monsieur, eighteen or
+nineteen from the Comte d'Artois, seventeen from Madame Adelaide,
+eighteen from Madame Victoire, a great many letters from Comte Alexandre
+de Lameth, and many from M. de Malesherbes, with documents annexed to
+them.  There were also some from M. de Montmorin and other ex-ministers
+or ambassadors.  Each correspondence had its title written in the King's
+own hand upon the blank paper which contained it.  The most voluminous
+was that from Mirabeau.  It was tied up with a scheme for an escape,
+which he thought necessary.  M. Gougenot, who had skimmed over these
+letters with more attention than the rest, told me they were of so
+interesting a nature that the King had no doubt kept them as documents
+exceedingly valuable for a history of his reign, and that the
+correspondence with the Princes, which was entirely relative to what was
+going forward abroad, in concert with the King, would have been fatal to
+him if it had been seized.  After he had finished he placed in my hands
+the proces-verbal, signed by all the ministers, to which the King
+attached so much importance, because he had given his opinion against the
+declaration of war; a copy of the letter written by the King to the
+Princes, his brothers, inviting them to return to France; an account of
+the diamonds which the Queen had sent to Brussels (these two documents
+were in my handwriting); and a receipt for four hundred thousand francs,
+under the hand of a celebrated banker.  This sum was part of the eight
+hundred thousand francs which the Queen had gradually saved during her
+reign, out of her pension of three hundred thousand francs per annum, and
+out of the one hundred thousand francs given by way of present on the
+birth of the Dauphin.
+
+This receipt, written on a very small piece of paper, was in the cover of
+an almanac.  I agreed with M. Gougenot, who was obliged by his office to
+reside in Paris, that he should retain the proces-verbal of the Council
+and the receipt for the four hundred thousand francs, and that we should
+wait either for orders or for the means of transmitting these documents
+to the King or Queen; and I set out for Versailles.
+
+The strictness of the precautions taken to guard the illustrious
+prisoners was daily increased.  The idea that I could not inform the King
+of the course I had adopted of burning his papers, and the fear that I
+should not be able to transmit to him that which he had pointed out as
+necessary, tormented me to such a degree that it is wonderful my health
+endured the strain.
+
+The dreadful trial drew near.  Official advocates were granted to the
+King; the heroic virtue of M. de Malesherbes induced him to brave the
+most imminent dangers, either to save his master or to perish with him.
+I hoped also to be able to find some means of informing his Majesty of
+what I had thought it right to do.  I sent a man, on whom I could rely,
+to Paris, to request M. Gougenot to come to me at Versailles he came
+immediately.  We agreed that he should see M. de Malesherbes without
+availing himself of any intermediate person for that purpose.
+
+M. Gougenot awaited his return from the Temple at the door of his hotel,
+and made a sign that he wished to speak to him.  A moment afterwards a
+servant came to introduce him into the magistrates' room.  He imparted to
+M. de Malesherbes what I had thought it right to do with respect to the
+King's papers, and placed in his hands the proces-verbal of the Council,
+which his Majesty had preserved in order to serve, if occasion required
+it, for a ground of his defence.  However, that paper is not mentioned in
+either of the speeches of his advocate; probably it was determined not to
+make use of it.
+
+I stop at that terrible period which is marked by the assassination of a
+King whose virtues are well known; but I cannot refrain from relating
+what he deigned to say in my favour to M. de Malesherbes:
+
+"Let Madame Campan know that she did what I should myself have ordered
+her to do; I thank her for it; she is one of those whom I regret I have
+it not in my power to recompense for their fidelity to my person, and for
+their good services."  I did not hear of this until the morning after he
+had suffered, and I think I should have sunk under my despair if this
+honourable testimony had not given me some consolation.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO CHAPTER IX.
+
+MADAME CAMPAN'S narrative breaking off abruptly at the time of the
+painful end met with by her sister, we have supplemented it by abridged
+accounts of the chief incidents in the tragedy which overwhelmed the
+royal house she so faithfully served, taken from contemporary records and
+the best historical authorities.
+
+
+                     The Royal Family in the Temple.
+
+The Assembly having, at the instance of the Commune of Paris, decreed
+that the royal family should be immured in the Temple, they were removed
+thither from the Feuillans on the 13th of August, 1792, in the charge of
+Potion, Mayor of Paris, and Santerre, the commandant-general.  Twelve
+Commissioners of the general council were to keep constant watch at the
+Temple, which had been fortified by earthworks and garrisoned by
+detachments of the National Guard, no person being allowed to enter
+without permission from the municipality.
+
+The Temple, formerly the headquarters of the Knights Templars in Paris,
+consisted of two buildings,--the Palace, facing the Rue de Temple,
+usually occupied by one of the Princes of the blood; and the Tower,
+standing behind the Palace.
+
+     [Clery gives a more minute description of this singular building:
+     "The small tower of the Temple in which the King was then confined
+     stood with its back against the great tower, without any interior
+     communication, and formed a long square, flanked by two turrets.  In
+     one of these turrets there was a narrow staircase that led from the
+     first floor to a gallery on the platform; in the other were small
+     rooms, answering to each story of the tower.  The body of the
+     building was four stories high.  The first consisted of an
+     antechamber, a dining-room, and a small room in the turret, where
+     there was a library containing from twelve to fifteen hundred
+     volumes.  The second story was divided nearly in the same manner.
+     The largest room was the Queen's bedchamber, in which the Dauphin
+     also slept; the second, which was separated from the Queen's by a
+     small antechamber almost without light, was occupied by Madame
+     Royale and Madame Elisabeth.  The King's apartments were on the
+     third story.  He slept in the great room, and made a study of the
+     turret closet.  There was a kitchen separated from the King's
+     chamber by a small dark room, which had been successively occupied
+     by M. de Chamilly and M. de Hue.  The fourth story was shut up; and
+     on the ground floor there were kitchens of which no use was made."
+     --"Journal," p. 96.]
+
+The Tower was a square building, with a round tower at each corner and a
+small turret on one side, usually called the Tourelle.  In the narrative
+of the Duchesse d'Angouleme she says that the soldiers who escorted the
+royal prisoners wished to take the King alone to the Tower, and his
+family to the Palace of the Temple, but that on the way Manuel received
+an order to imprison them all in the Tower, where so little provision had
+been made for their reception that Madame Elisabeth slept in the kitchen.
+The royal family were accompanied by the Princesse de Lamballe, Madame de
+Tourzel and her daughter Pauline, Mesdames de Navarre, de Saint-Brice,
+Thibaut, and Bazire, MM. de Hug and de Chamilly, and three men-servants--
+An order from the Commune soon removed these devoted attendants, and M.
+de Hue alone was permitted to return.  "We all passed the day together,"
+says Madame Royale.  "My father taught my brother geography; my mother
+history, and to learn verses by heart; and my aunt gave him lessons in
+arithmetic.  My father fortunately found a library which amused him, and
+my mother worked tapestry .  .  .  .  We went every day to walk in the
+garden, for the sake of my brother's health, though the King was always
+insulted by the guard.  On the Feast of Saint Louis 'Ca Ira' was sung
+under the walls of the Temple.  Manuel that evening brought my aunt a
+letter from her aunts at Rome.  It was the last the family received from
+without.  My father was no longer called King.  He was treated with no
+kind of respect; the officers always sat in his presence and never took
+off their hats.  They deprived him of his sword and searched his pockets
+.  .  .  .  Petion sent as gaoler the horrible man --[Rocher, a saddler
+by trade] who had broken open my father's door on the 20th June, 1792,
+and who had been near assassinating him.  This man never left the Tower,
+and was indefatigable in endeavouring to torment him.  One time he would
+sing the 'Caramgnole,' and a thousand other horrors, before us; again,
+knowing that my mother disliked the smoke of tobacco, he would puff it in
+her face, as well as in that of my father, as they happened to pass him.
+He took care always to be in bed before we went to supper, because he
+knew that we must pass through his room.  My father suffered it all with
+gentleness, forgiving the man from the bottom of his heart.  My mother
+bore it with a dignity that frequently repressed his insolence."
+The only occasion, Madame Royale adds, on which the Queen showed any
+impatience at the conduct of the officials, was when a municipal officer
+woke the Dauphin suddenly in the night to make certain that he was safe,
+as though the sight of the peacefully sleeping child would not have been
+in itself the best assurance.
+
+Clery, the valet de chambre of the Dauphin, having with difficulty
+obtained permission to resume his duties, entered the Temple on the 24th
+August, and for eight days shared with M. de Hue the personal attendance;
+but on the 2d September De Hue was arrested, seals were placed on the
+little room he had occupied, and Clery passed the night in that of the
+King.  On the following morning Manuel arrived, charged by the Commune to
+inform the King that De Hue would not be permitted to return, and to
+offer to send another person.  "I thank you," answered the King.  "I will
+manage with the valet de chambre of my son; and if the Council refuse I
+will serve myself.  I am determined to do it."  On the 3d September
+Manual visited the Temple and assured the King that Madame de Lamballe
+and all the other prisoners who had been removed to La Force were well,
+and safely guarded.  "But at three o'clock," says Madame Royale, "just
+after dinner, and as the King was sitting down to 'tric trac' with my
+mother (which he played for the purpose of having an opportunity of saying
+a few words to her unheard by the keepers), the most horrid shouts were
+heard.  The officer who happened to be on guard in the room behaved well.
+He shut the door and the window, and even drew the curtains to prevent
+their seeing anything; but outside the workmen and the gaoler Rocher
+joined the assassins and increased the tumult.  Several officers of the
+guard and the municipality now arrived, and on my father's asking what
+was the matter, a young officer replied, 'Well, since you will know,
+it is the head of Madame de Lamballe that they want to show you.'
+At these words my mother was overcome with horror; it was the only
+occasion on which her firmness abandoned her.  The municipal officers
+were very angry with the young man; but the King, with his usual
+goodness, excused him, saying that it was his own fault, since he had
+questioned the officer.  The noise lasted till five o'clock.  We learned
+that the people had wished to force the door, and that the municipal
+officers had been enabled to prevent it only by putting a tricoloured
+scarf across it, and allowing six of the murderers to march round our
+prison with the head of the Princess, leaving at the door her body, which
+they would have dragged in also."
+
+Clery was not so fortunate as to escape the frightful spectacle.  He had
+gone down to dine with Tison and his wife, employed as servants in the
+Temple, and says: "We were hardly seated when a head, on the end of a
+pike, was presented at the window.  Tison's wife gave a great cry; the
+assassins fancied they recognised the Queen's voice, and responded by
+savage laughter.  Under the idea that his Majesty was still at table,
+they placed their dreadful trophy where it must be seen.  It was the head
+of the Princesse de Lamballe; although bleeding, it was not disfigured,
+and her light hair, still in curls, hung about the pike."
+
+At length the immense mob that surrounded the Temple gradually withdrew,
+"to follow the head of the Princess de Lamballe to the Palais Royal."
+
+     [The pike that bore the head was fixed before the Duc d'Orleans's
+     window as he was going to dinner.  It is said that he looked at this
+     horrid sight without horror, went into the dining-room, sat down to
+     table, and helped his guests without saying a word.  His silence and
+     coolness left it doubtful whether the assassins, in presenting him
+     this bloody trophy, intended to offer him an insult or to pay him
+     homage.--DE MOLLEVILLE'S "Annals of the French Revolution," vol.
+     vii., p.  398.]
+
+Meanwhile the royal family could scarcely believe that for the time their
+lives were saved.  "My aunt and I heard the drums beating to arms all
+night," says Madame Royale; "my unhappy mother did not even attempt to
+sleep.  We heard her sobs."
+
+In the comparative tranquillity which followed the September massacres,
+the royal family resumed the regular habits they had adopted on entering
+the Temple.  "The King usually rose at six in the morning," says Clery.
+"He shaved himself, and I dressed his hair; he then went to his reading-
+room, which, being very small, the municipal officer on duty remained in
+the bedchamber with the door open, that he might always keep the King in
+sight.  His Majesty continued praying on his knees for some time, and
+then read till nine.  During that interval, after putting his chamber to
+rights and preparing the breakfast, I went down to the Queen, who never
+opened her door till I arrived, in order to prevent the municipal officer
+from going into her apartment.  At nine o'clock the Queen, the children,
+and Madame Elisabeth went up to the King's chamber to breakfast.  At ten
+the King and his family went down to the Queen's chamber, and there
+passed the day.  He employed himself in educating his son, made him
+recite passages from Corneille and Racine, gave him lessons in geography,
+and exercised him in colouring the maps.  The Queen, on her part, was
+employed in the education of her daughter, and these different lessons
+lasted till eleven o'clock.  The remaining time till noon was passed in
+needlework, knitting, or making tapestry.  At one o'clock, when the
+weather was fine, the royal family were conducted to the garden by four
+municipal officers and the commander of a legion of the National Guard.
+As there were a number of workmen in the Temple employed in pulling down
+houses and building new walls, they only allowed a part of the chestnut-
+tree walk for the promenade, in which I was allowed to share, and where I
+also played with the young Prince at ball, quoits, or races.  At two we
+returned to the Tower, where I served the dinner, at which time Santerre
+regularly came to the Temple, attended by two aides-de-camp.  The King
+sometimes spoke to him,--the Queen never.
+
+"After the meal the royal family came down into the Queen's room, and
+their Majesties generally played a game of piquet or tric-trac.  At four
+o'clock the King took a little repose, the Princesses round him, each
+with a book .  .  .  .  When the King woke the conversation was resumed,
+and I gave writing lessons to his son, taking the copies, according to
+his instructions, from the works of, Montesquieu and other celebrated
+authors.  After the lesson I took the young Prince into Madame
+Elisabeth's room, where we played at ball, and battledore and
+shuttlecock.  In the evening the family sat round a table, while the
+Queen read to them from books of history, or other works proper to
+instruct and amuse the children.  Madame Elisabeth took the book in her
+turn, and in this manner they read till eight o'clock.  After that I
+served the supper of the young Prince, in which the royal family shared,
+and the King amused the children with charades out of a collection of
+French papers which he found in the library.  After the Dauphin had
+supped, I undressed him, and the Queen heard him say his prayers.  At
+nine the King went to supper, and afterwards went for a moment to the
+Queen's chamber, shook hands with her and his sister for the night,
+kissed his children, and then retired to the turret-room, where he sat
+reading till midnight.  The Queen and the Princesses locked themselves
+in, and one of the municipal officers remained in the little room which
+parted their chamber, where he passed the night; the other followed his
+Majesty.  In this manner was the time passed as long as the King remained
+in the small tower."
+
+But even these harmless pursuits were too often made the means of further
+insulting and thwarting the unfortunate family.  Commissary Le Clerc
+interrupted the Prince's writing lessons, proposing to substitute
+Republican works for those from which the King selected his copies.
+A smith, who was present when the Queen was reading the history of France
+to her children, denounced her to the Commune for choosing the period
+when the Connstable de Bourbon took arms against France, and said she
+wished to inspire her son with unpatriotic feelings; a municipal officer
+asserted that the multiplication table the Prince was studying would
+afford a means of "speaking in cipher," so arithmetic had to be
+abandoned.  Much the same occurred even with the needlework,
+the Queen and Princess finished some chairbacks, which they wished to
+send to the Duchesse de Tarente; but the officials considered that the
+patterns were hieroglyphics, intended for carrying on a correspondence,
+and ordered that none of the Princesses work should leave the Temple.
+The short daily walk in the garden was also embittered by the rude
+behaviour of the military and municipal gaolers; sometimes, however, it
+afforded an opportunity for marks of sympathy to be shown.  People would
+station themselves at the windows of houses overlooking the Temple
+gardens, and evince by gestures their loyal affection, and some of the
+sentinels showed, even by tears, that their duty was painful to them.
+
+On the 21st September the National Convention was constituted, Petion
+being made president and Collot d'Herbois moving the "abolition of
+royalty" amidst transports of applause.  That afternoon a municipal
+officer attended by gendarmes a cheval, and followed by a crowd of
+people, arrived at the Temple, and, after a flourish of trumpets,
+proclaimed the establishment of the French Republic.  The man, says
+Clery, "had the voice of a Stentor."  The royal family could distinctly
+hear the announcement of the King's deposition.  "Hebert, so well known
+under the title of Pere Duchesne, and Destournelles were on guard.  They
+were sitting near the door, and turned to the King with meaning smiles.
+He had a book in his hand, and went on reading without changing
+countenance.  The Queen showed the same firmness.  The proclamation
+finished, the trumpets sounded afresh.  I went to the window; the people
+took me for Louis XVI. and I was overwhelmed with insults."
+
+After the new decree the prisoners were treated with increased harshness.
+Pens, paper, ink, and pencils were taken from them.  The King and Madame
+Elisabeth gave up all, but the Queen and her daughter each concealed a
+pencil.  "In the beginning of October," says Madame Royale, "after my
+father had supped, he was told to stop, that he was not to return to his
+former apartments, and that he was to be separated from his family.  At
+this dreadful sentence the Queen lost her usual courage.  We parted from
+him with abundance of tears, though we expected to see him again in the
+morning.
+
+     [At nine o'clock, says Clery, the King asked to be taken to his
+     family, but the municipal officers replied that they had "no orders
+     for that."  Shortly afterwards a boy brought the King some bread and
+     a decanter of lemonade for his breakfast.  The King gave half the
+     bread to Clery, saying, "It seems they have forgotten your
+     breakfast; take this, the rest is enough for me."  Clery refused,
+     but the King insisted.  "I could not contain my tears," he adds;
+     "the King perceived them, and his own fell also."]
+
+They brought in our breakfast separately from his, however.  My mother
+would take nothing.  The officers, alarmed at her silent and concentrated
+sorrow, allowed us to see the King, but at meal-times only, and on
+condition that we should not speak low, nor in any foreign language, but
+loud and in 'good French.'  We went down, therefore, with the greatest
+joy to dine with my father.  In the evening, when my brother was in bed,
+my mother and my aunt alternately sat with him or went with me to sup
+with my father.  In the morning, after breakfast, we remained in the
+King's apartments while Clery dressed our hair, as he was no longer
+allowed to come to my mother's room, and this arrangement gave us the
+pleasure of spending a few moments more with my father."
+
+     [When the first deputation from the Council of the Commune visited
+     the Temple, and formally inquired whether the King had any complaint
+     to make, he replied, "No; while he was permitted to remain with his
+     family he was happy."]
+
+The royal prisoners had no comfort except their affection for each other.
+At that time even common necessaries were denied them.  Their small stock
+of linen had been lent them; by persons of the Court during the time they
+spent at the Feuillans.  The Princesses mended their clothes every day,
+and after the King had gone to bed Madame Elisabeth mended his.  "With
+much trouble," says Clrry, "I procured some fresh linen for them.  But
+the workwomen having marked it with crowned letters, the Princesses were
+ordered to pick them out."  The room in the great tower to which the King
+had been removed contained only one bed, and no other article of
+furniture.  A chair was brought on which Clery spent the first night;
+painters were still at work on the room, and the smell of the paint, he
+says, was almost unbearable.  This room was afterwards furnished by
+collecting from various parts of the Temple a chest of drawers, a small
+bureau, a few odd chairs, a chimney-glass, and a bed hung with green
+damask, which had been used by the captain of the guard to the Comte
+d'Artois.  A room for the Queen was being prepared over that of the King,
+and she implored the workmen to finish it quickly, but it was not ready
+for her occupation for some time, and when she was allowed to remove to
+it the Dauphin was taken from her and placed with his father.  When their
+Majesties met again in the great Tower, says Clery, there was little
+change in the hours fixed for meals, reading, walking and the education
+of their children.  They were not allowed to have mass said in the
+Temple, and therefore commissioned Clery to get them the breviary in use
+in the diocese of Paris.  Among the books read by the King while in the
+Tower were Hume's "History of England" (in the original), Tasso, and the
+"De Imitatione Christi."  The jealous suspicions of the municipal
+officers led to the most absurd investigations; a draught-board was taken
+to pieces lest the squares should hide treasonable papers; macaroons were
+broken in half to see that they did not contain letters; peaches were cut
+open and the stones cracked; and Clery was compelled to drink the essence
+of soap prepared for shaving the King, under the pretence that it might
+contain poison.
+
+In November the King and all the family had feverish colds, and Clery had
+an attack of rheumatic fever.  On the first day of his illness he got up
+and tried to dress his master, but the King, seeing how ill he was,
+ordered him to lie down, and himself dressed the Dauphin.  The little
+Prince waited on Clery all day, and in the evening the King contrived to
+approach his bed, and said, in a low voice, "I should like to take care
+of you myself, but you know how we are watched.  Take courage; tomorrow
+you shall see my doctor."  Madame Elisabeth brought the valet cooling
+draughts, of which she deprived herself; and after Clery was able to get
+up, the young Prince one night with great difficulty kept awake till
+eleven o'clock in order to give him a box of lozenges when he went to
+make the King's bed.
+
+On 7th December a deputation from the Commune brought an order that the
+royal family should be deprived of "knives, razors, scissors, penknives,
+and all other cutting instruments."  The King gave up a knife, and took
+from a morocco case a pair of scissors and a penknife; and the officials
+then searched the room, taking away the little toilet implements of gold
+and silver, and afterwards removing the Princesses' working materials.
+Returning to the King's room, they insisted upon seeing what remained in
+his pocket-case.  "Are these toys which I have in my hand also cutting
+instruments?"  asked the King, showing them a cork-screw, a turn-screw,
+and a steel for lighting.  These also were taken from him.  Shortly
+afterwards Madame Elisabeth was mending the King's coat, and, having no
+scissors, was compelled to break the thread with her teeth.
+
+"What a contrast!" he exclaimed, looking at her tenderly.  "You wanted
+nothing in your pretty house at Montreuil."
+
+"Ah, brother," she answered, "how can I have any regret when I partake
+your misfortunes?"
+
+The Queen had frequently to take on herself some of the humble duties of
+a servant.  This was especially painful to Louis XVI. when the
+anniversary of some State festival brought the contrast between past and
+present with unusual keenness before him.
+
+"Ah, Madame," he once exclaimed, "what an employment for a Queen of
+France!  Could they see that at Vienna!  Who would have foreseen that,
+in uniting your lot to mine, you would have descended so low?"
+
+"And do you esteem as nothing," she replied, "the glory of being the wife
+of one of the best and most persecuted of men?  Are not such misfortunes
+the noblest honours?"--[Alison's "History of Europe," vol. ii., p. 299.]
+
+Meanwhile the Assembly had decided that the King should be brought to
+trial.  Nearly all parties, except the Girondists, no matter how bitterly
+opposed to each other, could agree in making him the scapegoat; and the
+first rumour of the approaching ordeal was conveyed to the Temple by
+Clery's wife, who, with a friend, had permission occasionally to visit
+him.  "I did not know how to announce this terrible news to the King," he
+says; "but time was pressing, and be had forbidden my concealing anything
+from him.  In the evening, while undressing him, I gave him an account of
+all I had learnt, and added that there were only four days to concert
+some plan of corresponding with the Queen.  The arrival of the municipal
+officer would not allow me to say more.  Next morning, when the King
+rose, I could not get a moment for speaking with him.  He went up with
+his son to breakfast with the Princesses, and I followed.  After
+breakfast he talked long with the Queen, who, by a look full of trouble,
+made me understand that they were discussing what I had told the King.
+During the day I found an opportunity of describing to Madame Elisabeth
+how much it had cost me to augment the King's distresses by informing him
+of his approaching trial.  She reassured me, saying that the King felt
+this as a mark of attachment on my part, and added, 'That which most
+troubles him is the fear of being separated from us.'  In the evening the
+King told me how satisfied he was at having had warning that he was to
+appear before the Convention.  'Continue,' he said, 'to endeavour to find
+out something as to what they want to do with me.  Never fear distressing
+me.  I have agreed with my family not to seem pre-informed, in order not
+to compromise you.'"
+
+On the 11th December, at five o'clock in the morning, the prisoners heard
+the generale beaten throughout Paris, and cavalry and cannon entered the
+Temple gardens.  At nine the King and the Dauphin went as usual to
+breakfast with the Queen.  They were allowed to remain together for an
+hour, but constantly under the eyes of their republican guardians.  At
+last they were obliged to part, doubtful whether they would ever see each
+other again.  The little Prince, who remained with his father, and was
+ignorant of the new cause for anxiety, begged hard that the King would
+play at ninepins with him as usual.  Twice the Dauphin could not get
+beyond a certain number.  "Each time that I get up to sixteen," he said,
+with some vexation, "I lose the game."  The King did not reply, but Clery
+fancied the words made a painful impression on him.
+
+At eleven, while the King was giving the Dauphin a reading lesson, two
+municipal officers entered and said they had come "to take young Louis to
+his mother."  The King inquired why, but was only told that such were the
+orders of the Council.  At one o'clock the Mayor of Paris, Chambon,
+accompanied by Chaumette, Procureur de la Commune, Santerre, commandant
+of the National Guard, and others, arrived at the Temple and read a
+decree to the King, which ordered that "Louis Capet" should be brought
+before the Convention.  "Capet is not my name," he replied, "but that of
+one of my ancestors.  I could have wished," he added, "that you had left
+my son with me during the last two hours.  But this treatment is
+consistent with all I have experienced here.  I follow you, not because I
+recognise the authority of the Convention, but because I can be compelled
+to obey it."  He then followed the Mayor to a carriage which waited, with
+a numerous escort, at the gate of the Temple.  The family left behind
+were overwhelmed with grief and apprehension.  "It is impossible to
+describe the anxiety we suffered," says Madame Royale.  "My mother used
+every endeavour with the officer who guarded her to discover what was
+passing; it was the first time she had condescended to question any of
+these men.  He would tell her nothing."
+
+
+
+
+       Trial of the King.--Parting of the Royal Family.--Execution.
+
+The crowd was immense as, on the morning of the 11th December, 1792,
+Louis XVI. was driven slowly from the Temple to the Convention, escorted
+by cavalry, infantry, and artillery.  Paris looked like an armed camp:
+all the posts were doubled; the muster-roll of the National Guard was
+called over every hour; a picket of two hundred men watched in the court
+of each of the right sections; a reserve with cannon was stationed at the
+Tuileries, and strong detachments patroled the streets and cleared the
+road of all loiterers.  The trees that lined the boulevards, the doors
+and windows of the houses, were alive with gazers, and all eyes were
+fixed on the King.  He was much changed since his people last beheld him.
+The beard he had been compelled to grow after his razors were taken from
+him covered cheeks, lips, and chin with light-coloured hair, which
+concealed the melancholy expression of his mouth; he had become thin, and
+his garments hung loosely on him; but his manner was perfectly collected
+and calm, and he recognised and named to the Mayor the various quarters
+through which he passed.  On arriving at the Feuillans he was taken to a
+room to await the orders of the Assembly.
+
+It was about half-past two when the King appeared at the bar.  The Mayor
+and Generaux Santerre and Wittengoff were at his side.  Profound silence
+pervaded the Assembly.  All were touched by the King's dignity and the
+composure of his looks under so great a reverse of fortune.  By nature he
+had been formed rather to endure calamity with patience than to contend
+against it with energy.  The approach of death could not disturb his
+serenity.
+
+"Louis, you may be seated," said Barere.  "Answer the questions that
+shall be put to you."  The King seated himself and listened to the
+reading of the 'acte enonciatif', article by article.  All the faults
+of the Court were there enumerated and imputed to Louis XVI. personally.
+He was charged with the interruption of the sittings of the 20th of June,
+1789, with the Bed of Justice held on the 23d of the same month, the
+aristocratic conspiracy thwarted by the insurrection of the 14th of July,
+the entertainment of the Life Guards, the insults offered to the national
+cockade, the refusal to sanction the Declaration of Rights, as well as
+several constitutional articles; lastly, all the facts which indicated a
+new conspiracy in October, and which were followed by the scenes of the
+5th and 6th; the speeches of reconciliation which had succeeded all these
+scenes, and which promised a change that was not sincere; the false oath
+taken at the Federation of the 14th of July; the secret practices of
+Talon and Mirabeau to effect a counter-revolution; the money spent in
+bribing a great number of deputies; the assemblage of the "knights of
+the dagger" on the 28th of February, 1791; the flight to Varennes; the
+fusilade of the Champ de Mars; the silence observed respecting the Treaty
+of Pilnitz; the delay in the promulgation of the decree which
+incorporated Avignon with France; the commotions at Nimes, Montauban,
+Mende, and Jales; the continuance of their pay to the emigrant Life
+Guards and to the disbanded Constitutional Guard; the insufficiency of
+the armies assembled on the frontiers; the refusal to sanction the decree
+for the camp of twenty thousand men; the disarming of the fortresses; the
+organisation of secret societies in the interior of Paris; the review of
+the Swiss and the garrison of the palace on the 10th August; the
+summoning the Mayor to the Tuileries; and lastly, the effusion of blood
+which had resulted from these military dispositions.  After each article
+the President paused, and said, "What have you to answer?"  The King, in
+a firm voice, denied some of the facts, imputed others to his ministers,
+and always appealed to the constitution, from which he declared he had
+never deviated.  His answers were very temperate, but on the charge, "You
+spilt the blood of the people on the 10th of August," he exclaimed, with
+emphasis, "No, monsieur, no; it was not I."
+
+All the papers on which the act of accusation was founded were then shown
+to the King, and he disavowed some of them and disputed the existence of
+the iron chest; this produced a bad impression, and was worse than
+useless, as the fact had been proved.
+
+     [A secret closet which the King had directed to be constructed in a
+     wall in the Tuileries.  The door was of iron, whence it was
+     afterwards known by the name of the iron chest.  See Thiers, and
+     Scott.]
+
+Throughout the examination the King showed great presence of mind.
+He was careful in his answers never to implicate any members of the
+constituent, and legislative Assemblies; many who then sat as his judges
+trembled lest he should betray them.  The Jacobins beheld with dismay the
+profound impression made on the Convention by the firm but mild demeanour
+of the sovereign.  The most violent of the party proposed that he should
+be hanged that very night; a laugh as of demons followed the proposal
+from the benches of the Mountain, but the majority, composed of the
+Girondists and the neutrals, decided that he should be formally tried.
+
+After the examination  Santerre took the King by the arm and led him back
+to the waiting-room of the Convention, accompanied by Chambon and
+Chaumette.  Mental agitation and the length of the proceedings had
+exhausted him, and he staggered from weakness.  Chaumette inquired if he
+wished for refreshment, but the King refused it.  A moment after, seeing
+a grenadier of the escort offer the Procureur de la Commune half a small
+loaf, Louis XVI. approached and asked him, in a whisper, for a piece.
+
+"Ask aloud for what you want," said Chaumette, retreating as though he
+feared being suspected of pity.
+
+"I asked for a piece of your bread," replied the King.
+
+"Divide it with me," said Chaumette.  "It is a Spartan breakfast.  If I
+had a root I would give you half."--[Lamartine's "History of the
+Girondists," edit.  1870, vol. ii., p. 313.]
+
+Soon after six in the evening the King returned to the Temple.  "He
+seemed tired," says Clery, simply, "and his first wish was to be led to
+his family.  The officers refused, on the plea that they had no orders.
+He insisted that at least they should be informed of his return, and this
+was promised him.  The King ordered me to ask for his supper at half-past
+eight.  The intervening hours he employed in his usual reading,
+surrounded by four municipals.  When I announced that supper was served,
+the King asked the commissaries if his family could not come down.  They
+made no reply.  'But at least,' the King said, 'my son will pass the
+night in my room, his bed being here?'  The same silence.  After supper
+the King again urged his wish to see his family.  They answered that they
+must await the decision of the Convention.  While I was undressing him
+the King said, 'I was far from expecting all the questions they put to
+me.'  He lay down with perfect calmness.  The order for my removal during
+the night was not executed."  On the King's return to the Temple being
+known, "my mother asked to see him instantly," writes Madame Royale.
+"She made the same request even to Chambon, but received no answer.  My
+brother passed the night with her; and as he had no bed, she gave him
+hers, and sat up all the night in such deep affliction that we were
+afraid to leave her; but she compelled my aunt and me to go to bed.  Next
+day she again asked to see my father, and to read the newspapers, that
+she might learn the course of the trial.  She entreated that if she was
+to be denied this indulgence, his children, at least, might see him.  Her
+requests were referred to the Commune.  The newspapers were refused; but
+my brother and I were to be allowed to see my father on condition of
+being entirely separated from my mother.  My father replied that, great
+as his happiness was in seeing his children, the important business which
+then occupied him would not allow of his attending altogether to his son,
+and that his daughter could not leave her mother."
+
+     [During their last interview Madame Elisabeth had given Clery one of
+     her handkerchiefs, saying, "You shall keep it so long as my brother
+     continues well; if he becomes ill, send it to me among my nephew's
+     things."]
+
+The Assembly having, after a violent debate, resolved that Louis XVI.
+should have the aid of counsel, a deputation was sent to the Temple to
+ask whom he would choose.  The King named Messieurs Target and Tronchet.
+The former refused his services on the ground that he had discontinued
+practice since 1785; the latter complied at once with the King's request;
+and while the Assembly was considering whom to, nominate in Target's
+place, the President received a letter from the venerable Malesherbes,
+
+     [Christian Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, an eminent French
+     statesman, son of the Chancellor of France, was born at Paris in
+     1721.  In 1750 he succeeded his father as President of the Court of
+     Aids, and was also made superintendent of the press.  On the
+     banishment of the Parliaments and the suppression of the Court of
+     Aids, Malesherbes was exiled to his country-seat.  In 1775 he was
+     appointed Minister of State.  On the decree of the Convention for
+     the King's trial, he emerged from his retreat to become the
+     voluntary advocate of his sovereign.  Malesherbes was guillotined in
+     1794, and almost his whole family were extirpated by their merciless
+     persecutors.]
+
+then seventy years old, and "the most respected magistrate in France," in
+the course of which he said: "I have been twice called to be counsel for
+him who was my master, in times when that duty was coveted by every one.
+I owe him the same service now that it is a duty which many people deem
+dangerous.  If I knew any possible means of acquainting him with my
+desires, I should not take the liberty of addressing myself to you."
+Other citizens made similar proposals, but the King, being made
+acquainted with them by a deputation from the Commune, while expressing
+his gratitude for all the offers, accepted only that of Malesherbes.
+
+     [The Citoyenne Olympia Degonges, calling herself a free and loyal
+     Republican without spot or blame, and declaring that the cold and
+     selfish cruelty of Target had inflamed her heroism and roused her
+     sensibility, asked permission to assist M, de Malesherbes in
+     defending the King.  The Assembly passed to the order of the day on
+     this request.--BERTRAND DE MOLLEVILLE, "Annals," edit.  1802, vol,
+     viii., p. 254.]
+
+On 14th December M. Tronchet was allowed to confer with the King, and
+later in the same day M. de Malesherbes was admitted to the Tower.  "The
+King ran up to this worthy old man, whom he clasped in his arms," said
+Clery, "and the former minister melted into tears at the sight of his
+master."
+
+     [According to M. de Hue, "The first time M. de Malesherbes entered
+     the Temple, the King clasped him in his arms and said, 'Ah, is it
+     you, my friend?  You fear not to endanger your own life to save
+     mine; but all will be useless.  They will bring me to the scaffold.
+     No matter; I shall gain my cause if I leave an unspotted memory
+     behind me.'"]
+
+Another deputation brought the King the Act of Accusation and the
+documents relating to it, numbering more than a hundred, and taking from
+four o'clock till midnight to read.  During this long process the King
+had refreshments served to the deputies, taking nothing himself till they
+had left, but considerately reproving Clery for not having supped.  From
+the 14th to the 26th December the King saw his counsel and their
+colleague M. de Size every day.  At this time a means of communication
+between the royal family and the King was devised: a man named Turgi, who
+had been in the royal kitchen, and who contrived to obtain employment in
+the Temple, when conveying the meals of the royal family to their
+apartments, or articles he had purchased for them, managed to give Madame
+Elisabeth news of the King.  Next day, the Princess, when Turgi was
+removing the dinner, slipped into his hand a bit of paper on which she
+had pricked with a pin a request for a word from her brother's own hand.
+Turgi gave this paper to Clery, who conveyed it to the King the same
+evening; and he, being allowed writing materials while preparing his
+defence, wrote Madame Elisabeth a short note.  An answer was conveyed in
+a ball of cotton, which Turgi threw under Clery's bed while passing the
+door of his room.  Letters were also passed between the Princess's room
+and that of Clery, who lodged beneath her, by means of a string let down
+and drawn up at night.  This communication with his family was a great
+comfort to the King, who, nevertheless, constantly cautioned his faithful
+servant.  "Take care," he would say kindly, "you expose yourself too
+much."
+
+     [The King's natural benevolence was constantly shown while in the
+     Temple.  His own dreadful position never prevented him from sympathy
+     with the smaller troubles of others.  A servant in the Temple named
+     Marchand, the father of a family, was robbed of two hundred francs,
+     --his wages for two months.  The King observed his distress, asked
+     its cause, and gave Clery the amount to be handed to Marchand, with
+     a caution not to speak of it to any one, and, above all, not to
+     thank the King, lest it should injure him with his employers.]
+
+During his separation from his family the King refused to go into the
+garden.  When it was proposed to him he said, "I cannot make up my mind
+to go out alone; the walk was agreeable to me only when I shared it with
+my family."  But he did not allow himself to dwell on painful
+reflections.  He talked freely to the municipals on guard, and surprised
+them by his varied and practical knowledge of their trades, and his
+interest in their domestic affairs.  On the 19th December the King's
+breakfast was served as usual; but, being a fast-day, he refused to take
+anything.  At dinner-time the King said to Clery, "Fourteen years ago you
+were up earlier than you were to-day; it is the day my daughter was born-
+-today, her birthday," he repeated, with tears, "and to be prevented from
+seeing her!"  Madame Royale had wished for a calendar; the King ordered
+Clery to buy her the "Almanac of the Republic," which had replaced the
+"Court Almanac," and ran through it, marking with a pencil many names.
+
+"On Christmas Day," Says Clery, "the King wrote his will."
+
+     [Madame Royale says: "On the 26th December, St. Stephen's Day, my
+     father made his will, because he expected to be assassinated that
+     day on his way to the bar of the Convention.  He went thither,
+     nevertheless, with his usual calmness."--"Royal Memoirs," p. 196.]
+
+On the 26th December, 1792, the King appeared a second time before the
+Convention.  M. de Seze, labouring night and day, had completed his
+defence.  The King insisted on excluding from it all that was too
+rhetorical, and confining it to the mere discussion of essential points.
+
+     [When the pathetic peroration of M, de Seze was read to the King,
+     the evening before it was delivered to the Assembly, "I have to
+     request of you," he said, "to make a painful sacrifice; strike out
+     of your pleading the peroration.  It is enough for me to appear
+     before such judges, and show my entire innocence; I will not move
+     their feelings.--"LACRETELLE.]
+
+At half-past nine in the morning the whole armed force was in motion to
+conduct him from the Temple to the Feuillans, with the same precautions
+and in the same order as had been observed on the former occasion.
+Riding in the carriage of the Mayor, he conversed, on the way, with the
+same composure as usual, and talked of Seneca, of Livy, of the hospitals.
+Arrived at the Feuillans, he showed great anxiety for his defenders; he
+seated himself beside them in the Assembly, surveyed with great composure
+the benches where his accusers and his judges sat, seemed to examine
+their faces with the view of discovering the impression produced by the
+pleading of M. de Seze, and more than once conversed smilingly with
+Tronchet and Malesherbes.  The Assembly received his defence in sullen
+silence, but without any tokens of disapprobation.
+
+Being afterwards conducted to an adjoining room with his counsel, the
+King showed great anxiety about M. de Seze, who seemed fatigued by the
+long defence.  While riding back to the Temple he conversed with his
+companions with the same serenity as he had shown on leaving it.
+
+No sooner had the King left the hall of the Convention than a violent
+tumult arose there.  Some were for opening the discussion.  Others,
+complaining of the delays which postponed the decision of this process,
+demanded the vote immediately, remarking that in every court, after the
+accused had been heard, the judges proceed to give their opinion.
+Lanjuinais had from the commencement of the proceedings felt an
+indignation which his impetuous disposition no longer suffered him to
+repress.  He darted to the tribune, and, amidst the cries excited by his
+presence, demanded the annulling of the proceedings altogether.
+He exclaimed that the days of ferocious men were gone by, that the
+Assembly ought not to be so dishonoured as to be made to sit in judgment
+on Louis XVI., that no authority in France had that right, and the
+Assembly in particular had no claim to it; that if it resolved to act as
+a political body, it could do no more than take measures of safety
+against the ci-devant King; but that if it was acting as a court of
+justice it was overstepping all principles, for it was subjecting the
+vanquished to be tried by the conquerors, since most of the present
+members had declared themselves the conspirators of the 10th of August.
+At the word "conspirators" a tremendous uproar arose on all aides.  Cries
+of "Order!"--"To the Abbaye!"--"Down with the Tribune!" were heard.
+Lanjuinais strove in vain to justify the word "conspirators," saying that
+he meant it to be taken in a favourable sense, and that the 10th of
+August was a glorious conspiracy.  He concluded by declaring that he
+would rather die a thousand deaths than condemn, contrary to all laws,
+even the most execrable of tyrants.
+
+A great number of speakers followed, and the confusion continually
+increased.  The members, determined not to hear any more, mingled
+together, formed groups, abused and threatened one another.  After a
+tempest of an hour's duration, tranquillity was at last restored; and the
+Assembly, adopting the opinion of those who demanded the discussion on
+the trial of Louis XVI., declared that it was opened, and that it should
+be continued, to the exclusion of all other business, till sentence
+should be passed.
+
+The discussion was accordingly resumed on the 27th, and there was a
+constant succession of speakers from the 28th to the 31st.  Vergniaud at
+length ascended the tribune for the first time, and an extraordinary
+eagerness was manifested to hear the Girondists express their sentiments
+by the lips of their greatest orator.
+
+The speech of Vergniaud produced a deep impression on all his hearers.
+Robespierre was thunderstruck by his earnest and, persuasive eloquence.
+Vergniaud, however, had but shaken, not convinced, the Assembly, which
+wavered between the two parties.  Several members were successively
+heard, for and against the appeal to the people.  Brissot, Gensonne,
+Petion, supported it in their turn.  One speaker at length had a decisive
+influence on the question.  Barere, by his suppleness, and his cold and
+evasive eloquence, was the model and oracle of the centre.  He spoke at
+great length on the trial, reviewed it in all its bearings--of facts, of
+laws, and of policy--and furnished all those weak minds, who only wanted
+specious reasons for yielding, with motives for the condemnation of the
+King.  From that moment the unfortunate King was condemned.  The
+discussion lasted till the 7th, and nobody would listen any longer to the
+continual repetition of the same facts and arguments.  It was therefore
+declared to be closed without opposition, but the proposal of a fresh
+adjournment excited a commotion among the most violent, and ended in a
+decree which fixed the 14th of January for putting the questions to the
+vote.
+
+Meantime the King did not allow the torturing suspense to disturb his
+outward composure, or lessen his kindness to those around him.  On the
+morning after his second appearance at the bar of the Convention, the
+commissary Vincent, who had undertaken secretly to convey to the Queen
+a copy of the King's printed defence, asked for something which had
+belonged to him, to treasure as a relic; the King took off his neck
+handkerchief and gave it him; his gloves he bestowed on another
+municipal, who had made the same request.  "On January 1st," says Clery,
+"I approached the King's bed and asked permission to offer him my warmest
+prayers for the end of his misfortunes.  'I accept your good wishes with
+affection,' he replied, extending his hand to me.  As soon as he had
+risen, he requested a municipal to go and inquire for his family, and
+present them his good wishes for the new year.  The officers were moved
+by the tone in which these words, so heartrending considering the
+position of the King, were pronounced .  .  .  .  The correspondence
+between their Majesties went on constantly.  The King being informed that
+Madame Royale was ill, was very uneasy for some days.  The Queen, after
+begging earnestly, obtained permission for M. Brunnier, the medical
+attendant of the royal children, to come to the Temple.  This seemed to
+quiet him."
+
+The nearer the moment which was to decide the King's fate approached, the
+greater became the agitation in, Paris.  "A report was circulated that
+the atrocities of September were to be repeated there, and the prisoners
+and their relatives beset the deputies with supplications that they would
+snatch them from destruction.  The Jacobins, on their part, alleged that
+conspiracies were hatching in all quarters to save Louis XVI.  from
+punishment, and to restore royalty.  Their anger, excited by delays and
+obstacles, assumed a more threatening aspect; and the two parties thus
+alarmed one another by supposing that each harboured sinister designs."
+
+On the 14th of January the Convention called for the order of the day,
+being the final judgment of Louis XVI.
+
+"The sitting of the Convention which concluded the trial," says Hazlitt,
+"lasted seventy-two hours.  It might naturally be supposed that silence,
+restraint, a sort of religious awe, would have pervaded the scene.  On
+the contrary, everything bore the marks of gaiety, dissipation, and the
+most grotesque confusion.  The farther end of the hall was converted into
+boxes, where ladies, in a studied deshabille, swallowed ices, oranges,
+liqueurs, and received the salutations of the members who went and came,
+as on ordinary occasions.  Here the doorkeepers on the Mountain side
+opened and shut the boxes reserved for the mistresses of the Duc
+d'Orleans; and there, though every sound of approbation or disapprobation
+was strictly forbidden, you heard the long and indignant 'Ha, ha's!' of
+the mother-duchess, the patroness of the bands of female Jacobins,
+whenever her ears were not loudly greeted with the welcome sounds of
+death.  The upper gallery, reserved for the people, was during the whole
+trial constantly full of strangers of every description, drinking wine as
+in a tavern.
+
+"Bets were made as to the issue of the trial in all the neighbouring
+coffee-houses.  Ennui, impatience, disgust sat on almost every
+countenance.  The figures passing and repassing, rendered more ghastly by
+the pallid lights, and who in a slow, sepulchral voice pronounced only
+the word--Death; others calculating if they should have time to go to
+dinner before they gave their verdict; women pricking cards with pins in
+order to count the votes; some of the deputies fallen asleep, and only
+waking up to give their sentence,--all this had the appearance rather of
+a hideous dream than of a reality."
+
+The Duc d'Orleans, when called on to give his vote for the death of his
+King and relation, walked with a faltering step, and a face paler than
+death itself, to the appointed place, and there read these words:
+"Exclusively governed by my duty, and convinced that all those who have
+resisted the sovereignty of the people deserve death, my vote is for
+death!"  Important as the accession of the first Prince of the blood was
+to the Terrorist faction, his conduct in this instance was too obviously
+selfish and atrocious not to excite a general feeling of indignation; the
+agitation of the Assembly became extreme; it seemed as if by this single
+vote the fate of the monarch was irrevocably sealed.
+
+The President having examined the register, the result of the scrutiny
+was proclaimed as follows
+
+
+     Against an appeal to the people........... 480
+     For an appeal to the people............... 283
+
+     Majority for final judgment............... 197
+
+The President having announced that he was about to declare the result of
+the scrutiny, a profound silence ensued, and he then gave in the
+following declaration: that, out of 719 votes, 366 were for DEATH, 319
+were for imprisonment during the war, two for perpetual imprisonment,
+eight for a suspension of the execution of the sentence of death until
+after the expulsion of the family of the Bourbons, twenty-three were for
+not putting him to death until the French territory was invaded by any
+foreign power, and one was for a sentence of death, but with power of
+commutation of the punishment.
+
+After this enumeration the President took off his hat, and, lowering his
+voice, said: "In consequence of this expression of opinion I declare that
+the punishment pronounced by the National Convention against Louis Capet
+is DEATH!"
+
+Previous to the passing of the sentence the President announced on the
+part of the Foreign Minister the receipt of a letter from the Spanish
+Minister relative to that sentence.  The Convention, however, refused to
+hear it.  [It will be remembered that a similar remonstrance was
+forwarded by the English Government.]
+
+M. de Malesherbes, according to his promise to the King, went to the
+Temple at nine o'clock on the morning of the 17th?.
+
+     [Louis was fully prepared for his fate.  During the calling of the
+     votes he asked M. de Malesherbes, "Have you not met near the Temple
+     the White Lady?"--" What do you mean?" replied he.  "Do you not
+     know," resumed the King with a smile, "that when a prince of our
+     house is about to die, a female dressed in white is seen wandering
+     about the palace?  My friends," added he to his defenders, "I am
+     about to depart before you for the land of the just, but there, at
+     least, we shall be reunited."  In fact, his Majesty's only
+     apprehension seemed to be for his family.--ALISON.]
+
+"All is lost," he said to Clery.  "The King is condemned."  The King, who
+saw him arrive, rose to receive him.
+
+     [When M. de Malesherbes went to the Temple to announce the result of
+     the vote, he found Louis with his forehead resting on his hands, and
+     absorbed in a deep reverie.  Without inquiring concerning his fate,
+     he said: "For two hours I have been considering whether, during my
+     whole reign, I have voluntarily given any cause of complaint to my
+     subjects; and with perfect sincerity I declare that I deserve no
+     reproach at their hands, and that I have never formed a wish but for
+     their happiness."  LACRETELLE.]
+
+M. de Malesherbes, choked by sobs, threw himself at his feet.  The King
+raised him up and affectionately embraced him.  When he could control his
+voice, De Malesherbes informed the King of the decree sentencing him to
+death; he made no movement of surprise or emotion, but seemed only
+affected by the distress of his advocate, whom he tried to comfort.
+
+On the 20th of January, at two in the afternoon, Louis XVI. was awaiting
+his advocates, when he heard the approach of a numerous party.  He
+stopped with dignity at the door of his apartment, apparently unmoved:
+Garat then told him sorrowfully that he was commissioned to communicate
+to him the decrees of the Convention.  Grouvelle, secretary of the
+Executive Council, read them to him.  The first declared Louis XVI.
+guilty of treason against the general safety of the State; the second
+condemned him to death; the third rejected any appeal to the people; and
+the fourth and last ordered his execution in twenty-four hours.  Louis,
+looking calmly round, took the paper from Grouvelle, and read Garat a
+letter, in which he demanded from the Convention three days to prepare
+for death, a confessor to assist him in his last moments, liberty to see
+his family, and permission for them to leave France.  Garat took the
+letter, promising to submit it immediately to the Convention.
+
+Louis XVI. then went back into his room with great composure, ordered his
+dinner, and ate as usual.  There were no knives on the table, and his
+attendants refused to let him have any.  "Do they think me so cowardly,"
+he exclaimed, "as to lay violent hands on myself?  I am innocent, and I
+am not afraid to die."
+
+The Convention refused the delay, but granted some other demands which he
+had made.  Garat sent for Edgeworth de Firmont, the ecclesiastic whom
+Louis XVI. had chosen, and took him in his own carriage to the Temple.
+M. Edgeworth, on being ushered into the presence of the King, would have
+thrown himself at his feet, but Louis instantly raised him, and both shed
+tears of emotion.  He then, with eager curiosity, asked various questions
+concerning the clergy of France, several bishops, and particularly the
+Archbishop of Paris, requesting him to assure the latter that he died
+faithfully attached to his communion.--The clock having struck eight, he
+rose, begged M. Edgeworth to wait, and retired with emotion, saying that
+he was going to see his family.  The municipal officers, unwilling to
+lose sight of the King, even while with his family, had decided that he
+should see them in the dining-room, which had a glass door, through which
+they could watch all his motions without hearing what he said.  At half-
+past eight the door opened.  The Queen, holding the Dauphin by the hand,
+Madame Elisabeth, and Madame Royale rushed sobbing into the arms of Louis
+XVI.  The door was closed, and the municipal officers, Clery, and M.
+Edgeworth placed themselves behind it.  During the first moments, it was
+but a scene of confusion and despair.  Cries and lamentations prevented
+those who were on the watch from distinguishing anything.  At length the
+conversation became more calm, and the Princesses, still holding the King
+clasped in their arms, spoke with him in a low tone.  "He related his
+trial to my mother," says Madame Royale, "apologising for the wretches
+who had condemned him.  He told her that he would not consent to any
+attempt to save him, which might excite disturbance in the country.
+He then gave my brother some religious advice, and desired him, above
+all, to forgive those who caused his death; and he gave us his blessing.
+My mother was very desirous that the whole family should pass the night
+with my father, but he opposed this, observing to her that he much needed
+some hours of repose and quiet."  After a long conversation, interrupted
+by silence and grief, the King put an end to the painful meeting,
+agreeing to see his family again at eight the next morning.  "Do you
+promise that you will?"  earnestly inquired the Princesses.  "Yes, yes,"
+sorrowfully replied the King.
+
+     ["But when we were gone," says his daughter, "he requested that we
+     might not be permitted to return, as our presence afflicted him too
+     much."]
+
+At this moment the Queen held him by one arm, Madame Elisabeth by the
+other, while Madame Royale clasped him round the waist, and the Dauphin
+stood before him, with one hand in that of his mother.  At the moment of
+retiring Madame Royale fainted; she was carried away, and the King
+returned to M. Edgeworth deeply depressed by this painful interview.
+The King retired to rest about midnight; M. Edgeworth threw himself upon
+a bed, and Clery took his place near the pillow of his master.
+
+Next morning, the 21st of January, at five, the King awoke, called Clery,
+and dressed with great calmness.  He congratulated himself on having
+recovered his strength by sleep.  Clery kindled a fire,, and moved a
+chest of drawers, out of which he formed an altar.  M. Edgeworth put on
+his pontifical robes, and began to celebrate mass.  Clery waited on him,
+and the King listened, kneeling with the greatest devotion.  He then
+received the communion from the hands of M. Edgeworth, and after mass
+rose with new vigour, and awaited with composure the moment for going to
+the scaffold.  He asked for scissors that Clery might cut his hair; but
+the Commune refused to trust him with a pair.
+
+At this moment the drums were beating in the capital.  All who belonged
+to the armed sections repaired to their company with complete submission.
+It was reported that four or five hundred devoted men, were to make a
+dash upon the carriage, and rescue the King.  The Convention, the
+Commune, the Executive Council, and the Jacobins were sitting.  At eight.
+in the morning, Santerre, with a deputation from the Commune, the
+department, and the criminal tribunal, repaired to the Temple.  Louis
+XVI., on hearing them arrive, rose and prepared to depart.  He desired
+Clery to transmit his last farewell to his wife, his sister, and his
+children; he gave him a sealed packet, hair, and various trinkets, with
+directions to deliver these articles to them.
+
+     [In the course of the morning the King said to me: "You will give
+     this seal to my son and this ring to the Queen, and assure her that
+     it is with pain I part with it.  This little packet contains the
+     hair of all my family; you will give her that, too.  Tell the Queen,
+     my dear sister, and my children, that, although I promised to see
+     them again this morning, I have resolved to spare them the pang of
+     so cruel a separation.  Tell them how much it costs me to go away
+     without receiving their embraces once more!"  He wiped away some
+     tears, and then added, in the most mournful accents, "I charge you
+     to bear them my last farewell."--CLERY.]
+
+He then clasped his hand and thanked him for his services.  After this he
+addressed himself to one of the municipal officers, requesting him to
+transmit his last will to the Commune.  This officer, who had formerly
+been a priest, and was named Jacques Roux, brutally replied that his
+business was to conduct him to execution, and not to perform his
+commissions.  Another person took charge of it, and Louis, turning
+towards the party, gave with firmness the signal for starting.
+
+Officers of gendarmerie were placed on the front seat of the carriage.
+The King and M. Edgeworth occupied the back.  During the ride, which was
+rather long, the King read in M. Edgeworth's breviary the prayers for
+persons at the point of death; the two gendarmes were astonished at his
+piety and tranquil resignation.  The vehicle advanced slowly, and amidst
+universal silence.  At the Place de la Revolution an extensive space had
+been left vacant about the scaffold.  Around this space were planted
+cannon; the most violent of the Federalists were stationed about the
+scaffold; and the vile rabble, always ready to insult genius, virtue, and
+misfortune, when a signal is given it to do so, crowded behind the ranks
+of the Federalists, and alone manifested some outward tokens of
+satisfaction.
+
+At ten minutes past ten the carriage stopped.  Louis XVI., rising
+briskly, stepped out into the Place.  Three executioners came up; he
+refused their assistance, and took off his clothes himself.  But,
+perceiving that they were going to bind his hands, he made a movement of
+indignation, and seemed ready to resist.  M. Edgeworth gave him a last
+look, and said, "Suffer this outrage, as a last resemblance to that God
+who is about to be your reward."  At these words the King suffered
+himself to be bound and conducted to the scaffold.  All at once Louis
+hurriedly advanced to address the people.  "Frenchmen," said he, in a
+firm voice, "I die innocent of the crimes which are imputed to me; I
+forgive the authors of my death, and I pray that my blood may not fall
+upon France."  He would have continued, but the drums were instantly
+ordered to beat: their rolling drowned his voice; the executioners laid
+hold of him, and M. Edgeworth took his leave in these memorable words:
+"Son of Saint Louis, ascend to heaven!"  As soon as the blood flowed,
+furious wretches dipped their pikes and handkerchiefs in it, then
+dispersed throughout Paris, shouting "Vive la Republique!  Vive la
+Nation!"  and even went to the gates of the Temple to display brutal and
+factious joy.
+
+     [The body of Louis was, immediately after the execution, removed to
+     the ancient cemetery of the Madeleine.  Large quantities of
+     quicklime were thrown into the grave, which occasioned so rapid a
+     decomposition that, when his remains were nought for in 1816, it was
+     with difficulty any part could be recovered.  Over the spot where he
+     was interred Napoleon commenced the splendid Temple of Glory, after
+     the battle of Jena; and the superb edifice was completed by the
+     Bourbons, and now forms the Church of the Madeleine, the most
+     beautiful structure in Paris.  Louis was executed on the same ground
+     where the Queen, Madame Elisabeth, and so many other noble victims
+     of the Revolution perished; where Robespierre and Danton afterwards
+     suffered; and where the Emperor Alexander and the allied sovereigns
+     took their station, when their victorious troops entered Paris in
+     1814!  The history of modern Europe has not a scene fraught with
+     equally interesting recollections to exhibit.  It is now marked by
+     the colossal obelisk of blood-red granite which was brought from
+     Thebes, in Upper Egypt, in 1833, by the French Government.--
+     ALLISON.]
+
+
+
+
+     The Royal Prisoners.--Separation of the Dauphin from His Family.
+     --Removal of the Queen.
+
+On the morning of the King's execution, according to the narrative of
+Madame Royale, his family rose at six: "The night before, my mother had
+scarcely strength enough to put my brother to bed; She threw herself,
+dressed as she was, on her own bed, where we heard her shivering with
+cold and grief all night long.  At a quarter-past six the door opened; we
+believed that we were sent for to the King, but it was only the officers
+looking for a prayer-book for him.  We did not, however, abandon the hope
+of seeing him, till shouts of joy from the infuriated populace told us
+that all was over.  In the afternoon my mother asked to see Clery, who
+probably had some message for her; we hoped that seeing him would
+occasion a burst of grief which might relieve the state of silent and
+choking agony in which we saw her."  The request was refused, and the
+officers who brought the refusal said Clery was in "a frightful state of
+despair" at not being allowed to see the royal family; shortly afterwards
+he was dismissed from the Temple.
+
+"We had now a little more freedom," continues the Princess; "our guards
+even believed that we were about to be sent out of France; but nothing
+could calm my mother's agony; no hope could touch her heart, and life or
+death became indifferent to her.  Fortunately my own affliction increased
+my illness so seriously that it distracted her thoughts .  .  .  .
+My mother would go no more to the garden, because she must have passed
+the door of what had been my father's room, and that she could not bear.
+But fearing lest want of air should prove injurious to my brother and me,
+about the end of February she asked permission to walk on the leads of
+the Tower, and it was granted."
+
+The Council of the Commune, becoming aware of the interest which these
+sad promenades excited, and the sympathy with which they were observed
+from the neighbouring houses, ordered that the spaces between the
+battlements should be filled up with shutters, which intercepted the
+view.  But while the rules for the Queen's captivity were again made more
+strict, some of the municipal commissioners tried slightly to alleviate
+it, and by means of M. de Hue, who was at liberty in Paris, and the
+faithful Turgi, who remained in the Tower, some communications passed
+between the royal family and their friends.  The wife of Tison, who
+waited on the Queen, suspected and finally denounced these more lenient
+guardians,--[Toulan, Lepitre, Vincent, Bruno, and others.]--who were
+executed, the royal prisoners being subjected to a close examination.
+
+"On the 20th of April," says Madame Royale, "my mother and I had just
+gone to bed when Hebert arrived with several municipals.  We got up
+hastily, and these men read us a decree of the Commune directing that we
+should be searched.  My poor brother was asleep; they tore him from his
+bed under the pretext of examining it.  My mother took him up, shivering
+with cold.  All they took was a shopkeeper's card which my mother had
+happened to keep, a stick of sealing-wax from my aunt, and from me 'une
+sacre coeur de Jesus' and a prayer for the welfare of France.  The search
+lasted from half-past ten at night till four o'clock in the morning."
+
+The next visit of the officials was to Madame Elisabeth alone; they found
+in her room a hat which the King had worn during his imprisonment, and
+which she had begged him to give her as a souvenir.  They took it from
+her in spite of her entreaties.  "It was suspicious," said the cruel and
+contemptible tyrants.
+
+The Dauphin became ill with fever, and it was long before his mother,
+who watched by him night and day, could obtain medicine or advice for
+him.  When Thierry was at last allowed to see him his treatment relieved
+the most violent symptoms, but, says Madame Royale, "his health was never
+reestablished.  Want of air and exercise did him great mischief, as well
+as the kind of life which this poor child led, who at eight years of age
+passed his days amidst the tears of his friends, and in constant anxiety
+and agony."
+
+While the Dauphin's health was causing his family such alarm, they were
+deprived of the services of Tison's wife, who became ill, and finally
+insane, and was removed to the Hotel Dieu, where her ravings were
+reported to the Assembly and made the ground of accusations against the
+royal prisoners.
+
+     [This woman, troubled by remorse, lost her reason, threw herself at
+     the feet of the Queen, implored her pardon, and disturbed the Temple
+     for many days with the sight and the noise of her madness.  The
+     Princesses, forgetting the denunciations of this unfortunate being,
+     in consideration of her repentance and insanity, watched over her by
+     turns, and deprived themselves of their own food to relieve her.--
+     LAMARTINE, "History of the Girondists," vol. iii., p.140.]
+
+No woman took her place, and the Princesses themselves made their beds,
+swept their rooms, and waited upon the Queen.
+
+Far worse punishments than menial work were prepared for them.  On 3d
+July a decree of the Convention ordered that the Dauphin should be
+separated from his family and "placed in the most secure apartment of the
+Tower."  As soon as he heard this decree pronounced, says his sister, "he
+threw himself into my mother's arms, and with violent cries entreated not
+to be parted from her.  My mother would not let her son go, and she
+actually defended against the efforts of the officers the bed in which
+she had placed him.  The men threatened to call up the guard and use
+violence.  My mother exclaimed that they had better kill her than tear
+her child from her.  At last they threatened our lives, and my mother's
+maternal tenderness forced her to the sacrifice.  My aunt and I dressed
+the child, for my poor mother had no longer strength for anything.
+Nevertheless, when he was dressed, she took him up in her arms and
+delivered him herself to the officers, bathing him with her tears,
+foreseeing that she was never to behold him again.  The poor little
+fellow embraced us all tenderly, and was carried away in a flood of
+tears.  My mother's horror was extreme when she heard that Simon, a
+shoemaker by trade, whom she had seen as a municipal officer in the
+Temple, was the person to whom her child was confided .  .  .  .  The
+officers now no longer remained in my mother's apartment; they only came
+three times a day to bring our meals and examine the bolts and bars of
+our windows; we were locked up together night and day.  We often went up
+to the Tower, because my brother went, too, from the other side.  The
+only pleasure my mother enjoyed was seeing him through a crevice as he
+passed at a distance.  She would watch for hours together to see him as
+he passed.  It was her only hope, her only thought."
+
+The Queen was soon deprived even of this melancholy consolation.  On 1st
+August, 1793, it was resolved that she should be tried.  Robespierre
+opposed the measure, but Barere roused into action that deep-rooted
+hatred of the Queen which not even the sacrifice of her life availed to
+eradicate.  "Why do the enemies of the Republic still hope for success?"
+he asked.  "Is it because we have too long forgotten the crimes of the
+Austrian?  The children of Louis the Conspirator are hostages for the
+Republic .  .  .but behind them lurks a woman who has been the cause of
+all the disasters of France."
+
+At two o'clock on the morning of the following day, the municipal
+officers "awoke us," says Madame Royale, "to read to my mother the decree
+of the Convention, which ordered her removal to the Conciergerie,
+
+     [The Conciergerie was originally, as its name implies, the porter's
+     lodge of the ancient Palace of Justice, and became in time a prison,
+     from the custom of confining there persons who had committed
+     trifling offences about the Court.]
+
+preparatory to her trial.  She heard it without visible emotion, and
+without speaking a single word.  My aunt and I immediately asked to be
+allowed to accompany my mother, but this favour was refused us.  All the
+time my mother was making up a bundle of clothes to take with her, these
+officers never left her.  She was even obliged to dress herself before
+them, and they asked for her pockets, taking away the trifles they
+contained.  She embraced me, charging me to keep up my spirits and my
+courage, to take tender care of my aunt, and obey her as a second mother.
+She then threw herself into my aunt's arms, and recommended her children
+to her care; my aunt replied to her in a whisper, and she was then
+hurried away.  In leaving the Temple she struck her head against the
+wicket, not having stooped low enough.
+
+     [Mathieu, the gaoler, used to say, "I make Madame Veto and her
+     sister and daughter, proud though they are, salute me; for the door
+     is so low they cannot pass without bowing."]
+
+The officers asked whether she had hurt herself.  'No,' she replied,
+'nothing can hurt me now."
+
+
+
+
+                  The Last Moments of Marie Antoinette.
+
+We have already seen what changes had been made in the Temple.  Marie
+Antoinette had been separated from her sister, her daughter, and her Son,
+by virtue of a decree which ordered the trial and exile of the last
+members of the family of the Bourbons.  She had been removed to the
+Conciergerie, and there, alone in a narrow prison, she was reduced to
+what was strictly necessary, like the other prisoners.  The imprudence of
+a devoted friend had rendered her situation still more irksome.
+Michonnis, a member of the municipality, in whom she had excited a warm
+interest, was desirous of introducing to her a person who, he said,
+wished to see her out of curiosity.  This man, a courageous emigrant,
+threw to her a carnation, in which was enclosed a slip of very fine paper
+with these words: "Your friends are ready,"--false hope, and equally
+dangerous for her who received it, and for him who gave it!  Michonnis
+and the emigrant were detected and forthwith apprehended; and the
+vigilance exercised in regard to the unfortunate prisoner became from
+that day more rigorous than ever.
+
+     [The Queen was lodged in a room called the council chamber, which
+     was considered as the moat unwholesome apartment in the Conciergerie
+     on account of its dampness and the bad smells by which it was
+     continually affected.  Under pretence of giving her a person to wait
+     upon her they placed near her a spy,--a man of a horrible
+     countenance and hollow, sepulchral voice.  This wretch, whose name
+     was Barassin, was a robber and murderer by profession.  Such was the
+     chosen attendant on the Queen of France!  A few days before her
+     trial this wretch was removed and a gendarme placed in her chamber,
+     who watched over her night and day, and from whom she was not
+     separated, even when in bed, but by a ragged curtain.  In this
+     melancholy abode Marie Antoinette had no other dress than an old
+     black gown, stockings with holes, which she was forced to mend every
+     day; and she was entirely destitute of shoes.--DU  BROCA.]
+
+Gendarmes were to mount guard incessantly at the door of her prison, and
+they were expressly forbidden to answer anything that she might say to
+them.
+
+That wretch Hebert, the deputy of Chaumette, and editor of the disgusting
+paper Pere Duchesne, a writer of the party of which Vincent, Ronsin,
+Varlet, and Leclerc were the leaders--Hebert had made it his particular
+business to torment the unfortunate remnant of the dethroned family.
+He asserted that the family of the tyrant ought not to be better treated
+than any sans-culotte family; and he had caused a resolution to be passed
+by which the sort of luxury in which the prisoners in the Temple were
+maintained was to be suppressed.  They were no longer to be allowed
+either poultry or pastry; they were reduced to one sort of aliment for
+breakfast, and to soup or broth and a single dish for dinner, to two
+dishes for supper, and half a bottle of wine apiece.  Tallow candles were
+to be furnished instead of wag, pewter instead of silver plate, and delft
+ware instead of porcelain.  The wood and water carriers alone were
+permitted to enter their room, and that only accompanied by two
+commissioners.  Their food was to be introduced to them by means of a
+turning box.  The numerous establishment was reduced to a cook and an
+assistant, two men-servants, and a woman-servant to attend to the linen.
+
+As soon as this resolution was passed, Hebert had repaired to the Temple
+and inhumanly taken away from the unfortunate prisoners even the most
+trifling articles to which they attached a high value.  Eighty Louis
+which Madame Elisabeth had in reserve, and which she had received from
+Madame de Lamballe, were also taken away.  No one is more dangerous, more
+cruel, than the man without acquirements, without education, clothed with
+a recent authority.  If, above all, he possess a base nature, if, like
+Hebert, who was check-taker at the door of a theatre, and embezzled money
+out of the receipts, he be destitute of natural morality, and if he leap
+all at once from the mud of his condition into power, he is as mean as he
+is atrocious.  Such was Hebert in his conduct at the Temple.  He did not
+confine himself to the annoyances which we have mentioned.  He and some
+others conceived the idea of separating the young Prince from his aunt
+and sister.  A shoemaker named Simon and his wife were the instructors to
+whom it was deemed right to consign him for the purpose of giving him a
+sans-cullotte education.  Simon and his wife were shut up in the Temple,
+and, becoming prisoners with the unfortunate child, were directed to
+bring him up in their own way.  Their food was better than that of the
+Princesses, and they shared the table of the municipal commissioners who
+were on duty.  Simon was permitted to go down, accompanied by two
+commissioners, to the court of the Temple, for the purpose of giving the
+Dauphin a little exercise.
+
+Hebert conceived the infamous idea of wringing from this boy revelations
+to criminate his unhappy mother.  Whether this wretch imputed to the
+child false revelations, or abused his, tender age and his condition to
+extort from him what admissions soever he pleased, he obtained a
+revolting deposition; and as the youth of the Prince did not admit of his
+being brought before the tribunal, Hebert appeared and detailed the
+infamous particulars which he had himself either dictated or invented.
+
+It was on the 14th of October that Marie Antoinette appeared before her
+judges.  Dragged before the sanguinary tribunal by inexorable
+revolutionary vengeance, she appeared there without any chance of
+acquittal, for it was not to obtain her acquittal that the Jacobins had
+brought her before it.  It was necessary, however, to make some charges.
+Fouquier therefore collected the rumours current among the populace ever
+since the arrival of the Princess in France, and, in the act of
+accusation, he charged her with having plundered the exchequer, first for
+her pleasures, and afterwards in order to transmit money to her brother,
+the Emperor.  He insisted on the scenes of the 5th and 6th of October,
+and on the dinners of the Life Guards, alleging that she had at that
+period framed a plot, which obliged the people to go to Versailles to
+frustrate it.  He afterwards accused her of having governed her husband,
+interfered in the choice of ministers, conducted the intrigues with the
+deputies gained by the Court, prepared the journey to Varennes, provoked
+the war, and transmitted to the enemy's generals all our plans of
+campaign.  He further accused her of having prepared a new conspiracy on
+the 10th of August, of having on that day caused the people to be fired
+upon, having induced her husband to defend himself by taxing him with
+cowardice; lastly, of having never ceased to plot and correspond with
+foreigners since her captivity in the Temple, and of having there treated
+her young son as King.  We here observe how, on the terrible day of long-
+deferred vengeance, when subjects at length break forth and strike such
+of their princes as have not deserved the blow, everything is distorted
+and converted into crime.  We see how the profusion and fondness for
+pleasure, so natural to a young princess, how her attachment to her
+native country, her influence over her husband, her regrets, always more
+indiscreet in a woman than a man, nay, even her bolder courage, appeared
+to their inflamed or malignant imaginations.
+
+It was necessary to produce witnesses.  Lecointre, deputy of Versailles,
+who had seen what had passed on the 5th and 6th of October, Hebert, who
+had frequently visited the Temple, various clerks in the ministerial
+offices, and several domestic servants of the old Court were summoned..
+Admiral d'Estaing, formerly commandant of the guard of Versailles;
+Manuel, the ex-procureur of the Commune; Latour-du-Pin, minister of war
+in 1789; the venerable Bailly, who, it was said, had been, with La
+Fayette, an accomplice in the journey to Varennes; lastly, Valaze one of
+the Girondists destined to the scaffold, were taken from their prisons
+and compelled to give evidence.
+
+No precise fact was elicited.  Some had seen the Queen in high spirits
+when the Life Guards testified their attachment; others had seen her
+vexed and dejected while being conducted to Paris, or brought back from
+Varennes; these had been present at splendid festivities which must have
+cost enormous sums; those had heard it said in the ministerial offices
+that the Queen was adverse to the sanction of the decrees.  An ancient
+waiting-woman of the Queen had heard the Duc de Coigny say, in 1788, that
+the Emperor had already received two hundred millions from France to make
+war upon the Turks.
+
+The cynical Hebert, being brought before the unfortunate Queen, dared at
+length to prefer the charges wrung from the young Prince.  He said that
+Charles Capet had given Simon an account of the journey to Varennes, and
+mentioned La Fayette and Bailly as having cooperated in it.  He then
+added that this boy was addicted to odious and very premature vices for
+his age; that he had been surprised by Simon, who, on questioning him,
+learned that he derived from his mother the vices in which he indulged.
+Hebert said that it was no doubt the intention of Marie Antoinette, by
+weakening thus, early the physical constitution of her son, to secure to
+herself the means of ruling him in case he should ever ascend the throne.
+The rumours which had been whispered for twenty years by a malicious
+Court had given the people a most unfavourable opinion of the morals of
+the Queen.  That audience, however, though wholly Jacobin, was disgusted
+at the accusations of Hebert.
+
+     [Can there be a more infernal invention than that made against the.
+     Queen by Hdbert,-namely, that she had had an improper intimacy with
+     her own son?  He made use of this sublime idea of which he boasted
+     in order to prejudice the women against the Queen, and to prevent
+     her execution from exciting pity.  It had, however, no other effect
+     than that of disgusting all parties.--PRUDHOMME.]
+
+He nevertheless persisted in supporting them.
+
+     [Hebert did not long survive her in whose sufferings he had taken
+     such an infamous part.  He was executed on 26th March, 1794.]
+
+The unhappy mother made no reply.  Urged a new to explain herself, she
+said, with extraordinary emotion, "I thought that human nature would
+excuse me from answering such an imputation, but I appeal from it to the
+heart of every mother here present."  This noble and simple reply
+affected all who heard it.
+
+In the depositions of the witnesses, however, all was not so bitter for
+Marie Antoinette.  The brave D'Estaing, whose enemy she had been, would
+not say anything to inculpate her, and spoke only of the courage which
+she had shown on the 5th and 6th of October, and of the noble resolution
+which she had expressed, to die beside her husband rather than fly.
+Manuel, in spite of his enmity to the Court during the time of the
+Legislative Assembly, declared that he could not say anything against the
+accused.  When the venerable Bailly was brought forward, who formerly so
+often predicted to the Court the calamities which its imprudence must
+produce, he appeared painfully affected; and when he was asked if he knew
+the wife of Capet, "Yes," said he, bowing respectfully, "I have known
+Madame."  He declared that he knew nothing, and maintained that the
+declarations extorted from the young Prince relative to the journey to
+Varennes were false.  In recompense for his deposition he was assailed
+with outrageous reproaches, from which he might judge what fate would
+soon be awarded to himself.
+
+In all the evidence there appeared but two serious facts, attested by
+Latour-du-Pin and Valaze, who deposed to them because they could not help
+it.  Latour-du-Pin declared that Marie Antoinette had applied to him for
+an accurate statement of the armies while he was minister of war.
+Valaze, always cold, but respectful towards misfortune, would not say
+anything to criminate the accused; yet he could not help declaring that,
+as a member of the commission of twenty-four, being charged with his
+colleagues to examine the papers found at the house of Septeuil,
+treasurer of the civil list, he had seen bonds for various sums signed
+Antoinette, which was very natural; but he added that he had also seen a
+letter in which the minister requested the King to transmit to the Queen
+the copy of the plan of campaign which he had in his hands.  The most
+unfavourable construction was immediately put upon these two facts, the
+application for a statement of the armies, and the communication of the
+plan of campaign; and it was concluded that they could not be wanted for
+any other purpose than to be sent to the enemy, for it was not supposed
+that a young princess should turn her attention, merely for her own
+satisfaction, to matters of administration and military, plans.  After
+these depositions, several others were received respecting the expenses
+of the Court, the influence of the Queen in public affairs, the scene of
+the 10th of August, and what had passed in the Temple; and the most vague
+rumours and most trivial circumstances were eagerly caught at as proofs.
+
+Marie Antoinette frequently repeated, with presence of mind and firmness,
+that there was no precise fact against her;
+
+     [At first the Queen, consulting only her own sense of dignity, had
+     resolved on her trial to make no other reply to the questions of her
+     judges than "Assassinate me as you have already assassinated my
+     husband!"  Afterwards, however, she determined to follow the example
+     of the King, exert herself in her defence, and leave her judges
+     without any excuse or pretest for putting her to death.--WEBER'S
+     "Memoirs of Marie Antoinette."]
+
+that, besides, though the wife of Louis XVI., she was not answerable for
+any of the acts of his reign.  Fouquier nevertheless declared her to be
+sufficiently convicted; Chaveau-Lagarde made unavailing efforts to defend
+her; and the unfortunate Queen was condemned to suffer the same fate as
+her husband.
+
+Conveyed back to the Conciergerie, she there passed in tolerable
+composure the night preceding her execution, and, on the morning of the
+following day, the 16th of October,
+
+     [The Queen, after having written and prayed, slept soundly for some
+     hours.  On her waking, Bault's daughter dressed her and adjusted her
+     hair with more neatness than on other days.  Marie Antoinette wore a
+     white gown, a white handkerchief covered her shoulders, a white cap
+     her hair; a black ribbon bound this cap round her temples ....  The
+     cries, the looks, the laughter, the jests of the people overwhelmed
+     her with humiliation; her colour, changing continually from purple
+     to paleness, betrayed her agitation ....  On reaching the scaffold
+     she inadvertently trod on the executioner's foot.  "Pardon me," she
+     said, courteously.  She knelt for an instant and uttered a half-
+     audible prayer; then rising and glancing towards the towers of the
+     Temple, "Adieu, once again, my children," she said; "I go to rejoin
+     your father."--LAMARTINE.]
+
+she was conducted, amidst a great concourse of the populace, to the fatal
+spot where, ten months before, Louis XVI.  had perished.  She listened
+with calmness to the exhortations of the ecclesiastic who accompanied
+her, and cast an indifferent look at the people who had so often
+applauded her beauty and her grace, and who now as warmly applauded her
+execution.  On reaching the foot of the scaffold she perceived the
+Tuileries, and appeared to be moved; but she hastened to ascend the fatal
+ladder, and gave herself up with courage to the executioner.
+
+     [Sorrow had blanched the Queen's once beautiful hair; but her
+     features and air still commanded the admiration of all who beheld
+     her; her cheeks, pale and emaciated, were occasionally tinged with a
+     vivid colour at the mention of those she had lost.  When led out to
+     execution, she was dressed in white; she had cut off her hair with
+     her own hands.  Placed in a tumbrel, with her arms tied behind her,
+     she was taken by a circuitous route to the Place de la Revolution,
+     and she ascended the scaffold with a firm and dignified step, as if
+     she had been about to take her place on a throne by the side of her
+     husband.-LACRETELLE.]
+
+The infamous wretch exhibited her head to the people, as he was
+accustomed to do when he had sacrificed an illustrious victim.
+
+
+
+
+          The Last Separation.--Execution of Madame Elisabeth.
+          --Death of the Dauphin.
+
+The two Princesses left in the Temple were now almost inconsolable; they
+spent days and nights in tears, whose only alleviation was that they were
+shed together.  "The company of my aunt, whom I loved so tenderly," said
+Madame Royale, "was a great comfort to me.  But alas!  all that I loved
+was perishing around me, and I was soon to lose her also .  .  .  .  In
+the beginning of September I had an illness caused solely by my anxiety
+about my mother; I never heard a drum beat that I did not expect another
+3d of September."--[when the head of the Princesse de Lamballe was
+carried to the Temple.]
+
+In the course of the month the rigour of their captivity was much
+increased.  The Commune ordered that they should only have one room; that
+Tison (who had done the heaviest of the household work for them, and
+since the kindness they showed to his insane wife had occasionally given
+them tidings of the Dauphin) should be imprisoned in the turret; that
+they should be supplied with only the barest necessaries; and that no one
+should enter their room save to carry water and firewood.  Their quantity
+of firing was reduced, and they were not allowed candles.  They were also
+forbidden to go on the leads, and their large sheets were taken away,
+"lest--notwithstanding the gratings!--they should escape from the
+windows."
+
+On 8th October, 1793, Madame Royale was ordered to go downstairs, that
+she might be interrogated by some municipal officers.  "My aunt, who was
+greatly affected, would have followed, but they stopped her.  She asked
+whether I should be permitted to come up again; Chaumette assured her
+that I should.  'You may trust,' said he, 'the word of an honest
+republican.  She shall return.'  I soon found myself in my brother's
+room, whom I embraced tenderly; but we were torn asunder, and I was
+obliged to go into another room.--[This was the last time the brother and
+sister met] .  .  .  Chaumette then questioned me about a thousand
+shocking things of which they accused my mother and aunt; I was so
+indignant at hearing such horrors that, terrified as I was, I could not
+help exclaiming that they were infamous falsehoods.
+
+"But in spite of my tears they still pressed their questions.  There were
+some things which I did not comprehend, but of which I understood enough
+to make me weep with indignation and horror .  .  .  .  They then asked
+me about Varennes, and other things.  I answered as well as I could
+without implicating anybody.  I had always heard my parents say that it
+were better to die than to implicate anybody."  When the examination was
+over the Princess begged to be allowed to join her mother, but Chaumette
+said he could not obtain permission for her to do so.  She was then
+cautioned to say nothing about her examination to her aunt, who was next
+to appear before them.  Madame Elisabeth, her niece declares, "replied
+with still more contempt to their shocking questions."
+
+The only intimation of the Queen's fate which her daughter and her
+sister-in-law were allowed to receive was through hearing her sentence
+cried by the newsman.  But "we could not persuade ourselves that she was
+dead," writes Madame Royale.  "A hope, so natural to the unfortunate,
+persuaded us that she must have been saved.  For eighteen months I
+remained in this cruel suspense.  We learnt also by the cries of the
+newsman the death of the Duc d'Orleans.
+
+     [The Duo d'Orleans, the early and interested propagator of the
+     Revolution, was its next victim.  Billaud Varennes said in the
+     Convention: "The time has come when all the conspirators should be
+     known and struck.  I demand that we no longer pass over in silence a
+     man whom we seem to have forgotten, despite the numerous facts
+     against him.  I demand that D'ORLEANS be sent to the Revolutionary
+     Tribunal."  The Convention, once his hireling adulators, unanimously
+     supported the proposal.  In vain he alleged his having been
+     accessory to the disorders of 5th October, his support of the revolt
+     on 10th August, 1792, his vote against the King on 17th January,
+     1793.  His condemnation was pronounced.  He then asked only for a
+     delay of twenty-four hours, and had a repast carefully prepared, on
+     which he feasted with avidity.  When led out for execution he gazed
+     with a smile on the Palais Royal, the scene of his former orgies.
+     He was detained for a quarter of an hour before that palace by the
+     order of Robespierre, who had asked his daughter's hand, and
+     promised in return to excite a tumult in which the Duke's life
+     should be saved.  Depraved though he was, he would not consent to
+     such a sacrifice, and he met his fate with stoical fortitude.--
+     ALLISON, vol. iii., p. 172.]
+
+It was the only piece of news that reached us during the whole winter."
+
+The severity with which the prisoners were treated was carried into every
+detail of their life.  The officers who guarded them took away their
+chessmen and cards because some of them were named kings and queens, and
+all the books with coats of arms on them; they refused to get ointment
+for a gathering on Madame Elisabeth's arm; they, would not allow her to
+make a herb-tea which she thought would strengthen her niece; they
+declined to supply fish or eggs on fast-days or during Lent, bringing
+only coarse fat meat, and brutally replying to all remonstances, "None
+but fools believe in that stuff nowadays."  Madame Elisabeth never made
+the officials another request, but reserved some of the bread and cafe-
+au-fait from her breakfast for her second meal.  The time during which
+she could be thus tormented was growing short.
+
+On 9th May, 1794, as the Princesses were going to bed, the outside bolts
+of the door were unfastened and a loud knocking was heard.  "When my aunt
+was dressed," says Madame Royale, "she opened the door, and they said to
+her, 'Citoyenne, come down.'--'And my niece?'--'We shall take care of her
+afterwards.' She embraced me, and to calm my agitation promised to
+return.  'No, citoyenne,' said the men, 'bring your bonnet; you shall not
+return.'  They overwhelmed her with abuse, but she bore it patiently,
+embracing me, and exhorting me to trust in Heaven, and never to forget
+the last commands of my father and mother."
+
+Madame Elisabeth was then taken to the Conciergerie, where she was
+interrogated by the vice-president at midnight,' and then allowed to take
+some hours rest on the bed on which Marie Antoinette had slept for the
+last time.  In the morning she was brought before the tribunal, with
+twenty-four other prisoners, of varying ages and both sexes, some of whom
+had once been frequently seen at Court.
+
+"Of what has Elisabeth to complain?"  Fouquier-Tinville satirically
+asked.  "At the foot of the guillotine, surrounded by faithful nobility,
+she may imagine herself again at Versailles."
+
+"You call my brother a tyrant," the Princess replied to her accuser; "if
+he had been what you say, you would not be where you are, nor I before
+you!"
+
+She was sentenced to death, and showed neither surprise nor grief.  "I am
+ready to die," she said, "happy in the prospect of rejoining in a better
+world those whom I loved on earth."
+
+On being taken to the room where those condemned to suffer at the same
+time as herself were assembled, she spoke to them with so much piety and
+resignation that they were encouraged by her example to show calmness and
+courage like her own.  The women, on leaving the cart, begged to embrace
+her, and she said some words of comfort to each in turn as they mounted
+the scaffold, which she was not allowed to ascend till all her companions
+had been executed before her eyes.
+
+     [Madame Elisabeth was one of those rare personages only seen at
+     distant intervals during the course of ages; she set an example of
+     steadfast piety in the palace of kings, she lived amid her family
+     the favourite of all and the admiration of the world ....  When I
+     went to Versailles Madame Elisabeth was twenty-two years of age.
+     Her plump figure and pretty pink colour must have attracted notice,
+     and her air of calmness and contentment even more than her beauty.
+     She was fond of billiards, and her elegance and courage in riding
+     were remarkable.  But she never allowed these amusements to
+     interfere with her religious observances.  At that time her wish to
+     take the veil at St. Cyr was much talked of, but the King was too
+     fond of his sister to endure the separation.  There were also
+     rumours of a marriage between Madame Elisabeth and the Emperor
+     Joseph.  The Queen was sincerely attached to her brother, and loved
+     her sister-in-law most tenderly; she ardently desired this marriage
+     as a means of raising the Princess to one of the first thrones in
+     Europe, and as a possible means of turning the Emperor from his
+     innovations.  She had been very carefully educated, had talent in
+     music and painting, spoke Italian and a little Latin, and understood
+     mathematics....  Her last moments were worthy of her courage and
+     virtue.--D'HEZECQUES's "Recollections," pp. 72-75.]
+
+"It is impossible to imagine my distress at finding myself separated from
+my aunt," says Madame Royale.  "Since I had been able to appreciate her
+merits, I saw in her nothing but religion, gentleness, meekness, modesty,
+and a devoted attachment to her family; she sacrificed her life for them,
+since nothing could persuade her to leave the King and Queen.  I never
+can be sufficiently grateful to her for her goodness to me, which ended
+only with her life.  She looked on me as her child, and I honoured and
+loved her as a second mother.  I was thought to be very like her in
+countenance, and I feel conscious that I have something of her character.
+Would to God I might imitate her virtues, and hope that I may hereafter
+deserve to meet her, as well as my dear parents, in the bosom of our
+Creator, where I cannot doubt that they enjoy the reward of their
+virtuous lives and meritorious deaths."
+
+Madame Royale vainly begged to be allowed to rejoin her mother or her
+aunt, or at least to know their fate.  The municipal officers would tell
+her nothing, and rudely refused her request to have a woman placed with
+her.  "I asked nothing but what seemed indispensable, though it was often
+harshly refused," she says.  "But I at least could keep myself clean.  I
+had soap and water, and carefully swept out my room every day.  I had no
+light, but in the long days I did not feel this privation much .  .  .  .
+I had some religious works and travels, which I had read over and over.
+I had also some knitting, 'qui m'ennuyait beaucoup'."  Once, she
+believes, Robespierre visited her prison:
+
+     [It has been said that Robespierre vainly tried to obtain the hand
+     of Mademoiselle d'Orleans.  It was also rumoured that Madame Royale
+     herself owed her life to his matrimonial ambition.]
+
+"The officers showed him great respect; the people in the Tower did not
+know him, or at least would not tell me who he was.  He stared insolently
+at me, glanced at my books, and, after joining the municipal officers in
+a search, retired."
+
+     [On another occasion "three men in scarfs," who entered the
+     Princess's room, told her that they did not see why she should wish
+     to be released, as she seemed very comfortable!  "It is dreadful,'
+     I replied, 'to be separated for more than a year from one's mother,
+     without even hearing what has become of her or of my aunt.'--'You
+     are not ill?'--'No, monsieur, but the cruellest illness is that of
+     the heart'--' We can do nothing for you.  Be patient, and submit to
+     the justice and goodness of the French people: I had nothing more to
+     say."--DUCHESSE D'ANGOULEME, "Royal Memoirs," p. 273.]
+
+When Laurent was appointed by the Convention to the charge of the young
+prisoners, Madame Royale was treated with more consideration.  "He was
+always courteous," she says; he restored her tinderbox, gave her fresh
+books, and allowed her candles and as much firewood as she wanted, "which
+pleased me greatly."  This simple expression of relief gives a clearer
+idea of what the delicate girl must have suffered than a volume of
+complaints.
+
+But however hard Madame Royale's lot might be, that of the Dauphin was
+infinitely harder.  Though only eight years old when he entered the
+Temple, he was by nature and education extremely precocious; "his memory
+retained everything, and his sensitiveness comprehended everything."  His
+features "recalled the somewhat effeminate look of Louis XV., and the
+Austrian hauteur of Maria Theresa; his blue eyes, aquiline nose, elevated
+nostrils, well-defined mouth, pouting lips, chestnut hair parted in the
+middle and falling in thick curls on his shoulders, resembled his mother
+before her years of tears and torture.  All the beauty of his race, by
+both descents, seemed to reappear in him."--[Lamartine]--  For some time
+the care of his parents preserved his health and cheerfulness even in the
+Temple; but his constitution was weakened by the fever recorded by his
+sister, and his gaolers were determined that he should never regain
+strength.
+
+"What does the Convention intend to do with him?" asked Simon, when the
+innocent victim was placed in his clutches.  "Transport him?"
+
+"No."
+
+"Kill him?"
+
+"No."
+
+"Poison him?"
+
+"No."
+
+"What, then?"
+
+"Why, get rid of him."
+
+For such a purpose they could not have chosen their instruments better.
+"Simon and his wife, cut off all those fair locks that had been his
+youthful glory and his mother's pride.  This worthy pair stripped him of
+the mourning he wore for his father; and as they did so, they called it
+'playing at the game of the spoiled king.'  They alternately induced him
+to commit excesses, and then half starved him.  They beat him
+mercilessly; nor was the treatment by night less brutal than that by day.
+As soon as the weary boy had sunk into his first profound sleep, they
+would loudly call him by name, 'Capet!  Capet!' Startled, nervous, bathed
+in perspiration, or sometimes trembling with cold, he would spring up,
+rush through the dark, and present himself at Simon's bedside, murmuring,
+tremblingly, 'I am here, citizen.'--'Come nearer; let me feel you.'
+He would approach the bed as he was ordered, although he knew the
+treatment that awaited him.  Simon would buffet him on the head, or kick
+him away, adding the remark, 'Get to bed again, wolfs cub; I only wanted
+to know that you were safe.'  On one of these occasions, when the child
+had fallen half stunned upon his own miserable couch, and lay there
+groaning and faint with pain, Simon roared out with a laugh, 'Suppose you
+were king, Capet, what would you do to me?' The child thought of his
+father's dying words, and said, 'I would forgive you.'"--[THIERS]
+
+The change in the young Prince's mode of life, and the cruelties and
+caprices to which he was subjected, soon made him fall ill, says his
+sister.  "Simon forced him to eat to excess, and to drink large
+quantities of wine, which he detested .  .  .  .  He grew extremely fat
+without increasing in height or strength."  His aunt and sister, deprived
+of the pleasure of tending him, had the pain of hearing his childish
+voice raised in the abominable songs his gaolers taught him.  The
+brutality of Simon "depraved at once the body and soul of his pupil.  He
+called him the young wolf of the Temple.  He treated him as the young of
+wild animals are treated when taken from the mother and reduced to
+captivity,--at once intimidated by blows and enervated by taming.  He
+punished for sensibility; he rewarded meanness; he encouraged vice; he
+made the child wait on him at table, sometimes striking him on the face
+with a knotted towel, sometimes raising the poker and threatening to
+strike him with it."
+
+     [Simon left the Temple to become a municipal officer.  He was
+     involved in the overthrow of Robespierre, and guillotined the day
+     after him, 29th July, 1794.]
+
+Yet when Simon was removed the poor young Prince's condition became even
+worse.  His horrible loneliness induced an apathetic stupor to which any
+suffering would have been preferable.  "He passed his days without any
+kind of occupation; they did not allow him light in the evening.  His
+keepers never approached him but to give him food;" and on the rare
+occasions when they took him to the platform of the Tower, he was unable
+or unwilling to move about.  When, in November, 1794, a commissary named
+Gomin arrived at the Temple, disposed to treat the little prisoner with
+kindness, it was too late.  "He took extreme care of my brother," says
+Madame Royale.  "For a long time the unhappy child had been shut up in
+darkness, and he was dying of fright.  He was very grateful for the
+attentions of Gomin, and became much attached to him."  But his physical
+condition was alarming, and, owing to Gomin's representations, a
+commission was instituted to examine him.  "The commissioners appointed
+were Harmond, Mathieu, and Reverchon, who visited 'Louis Charles,' as he
+was now called, in the month of February, 1795.  They found the young
+Prince seated at a square deal table, at which he was playing with some
+dirty cards, making card houses and the like,--the materials having been
+furnished him, probably, that they might figure in the report as
+evidences of indulgence.  He did not look up from the table as the
+commissioners entered.  He was in a slate-coloured dress, bareheaded; the
+room was reported as clean, the bed in good condition, the linen fresh;
+his clothes were also reported as new; but, in spite of all these
+assertions, it is well known that his bed had not been made for months,
+that he had not left his room, nor was permitted to leave it, for any
+purpose whatever, that it was consequently uninhabitable, and that he was
+covered with vermin and with sores.  The swellings at his knees alone
+were sufficient to disable him from walking.  One of the commissioners
+approached the young Prince respectfully.  The latter did not raise his
+head.  Harmond in a kind voice begged him to speak to them.  The eyes of
+the boy remained fixed on the table before him.  They told him of the
+kindly intentions of the Government, of their hopes that he would yet be
+happy, and their desire that he would speak unreservedly to the medical
+man that was to visit him.  He seemed to listen with profound attention,
+but not a single word passed his lips.  It was an heroic principle that
+impelled that poor young heart to maintain the silence of a mute in
+presence of these men.  He remembered too well the days when three other
+commissaries waited on him, regaled him with pastry and wine, and
+obtained from him that hellish accusation against the mother that he
+loved.  He had learnt by some means the import of the act, so far as it
+was an injury to his mother.  He now dreaded seeing again three
+commissaries, hearing again kind words, and being treated again with fine
+promises.  Dumb as death itself he sat before them, and remained
+motionless as stone, and as mute." [THIERS]
+
+His disease now made rapid progress, and Gomin and Lasne, superintendents
+of the Temple, thinking it necessary to inform the Government of the
+melancholy condition of their prisoner, wrote on the register: "Little
+Capet is unwell."  No notice was taken of this account, which was renewed
+next day in more urgent terms: "Little Capet is dangerously ill."  Still
+there was no word from beyond the walls.  "We must knock harder," said
+the keepers to each other, and they added, "It is feared he will not
+live," to the words "dangerously ill."  At length, on Wednesday, 6th May,
+1795, three days after the first report, the authorities appointed M.
+Desault to give the invalid the assistance of his art.  After having
+written down his name on the register he was admitted to see the Prince.
+He made a long and very attentive examination of the unfortunate child,
+asked him many questions without being able to obtain an answer, and
+contented himself with prescribing a decoction of hops, to be taken by
+spoonfuls every half-hour, from six o'clock in the morning till eight in
+the evening.  On the first day the Prince steadily refused to take it.
+In vain Gomin several times drank off a glass of the potion in his
+presence; his example proved as ineffectual as his words.  Next day Lasne
+renewed his solicitations.  "Monsieur knows very well that I desire
+nothing but the good of his health, and he distresses me deeply by thus
+refusing to take what might contribute to it.  I entreat him as a favour
+not to give me this cause of grief."  And as Lasne, while speaking, began
+to taste the potion in a glass, the child took what he offered him out of
+his hands.  "You have, then, taken an oath that I should drink it," said
+he, firmly; "well, give it me, I will drink it."  From that moment he
+conformed with docility to whatever was required of him, but the policy
+of the Commune had attained its object; help had been withheld till it
+was almost a mockery to supply it.
+
+The Prince's weakness was excessive; his keepers could scarcely drag him
+to the, top of the Tower; walking hurt his tender feet, and at every step
+he stopped to press the arm of Lasne with both hands upon his breast.  At
+last he suffered so much that it was no longer possible for him to walk,
+and his keeper carried him about, sometimes on the platform, and
+sometimes in the little tower, where the royal family had lived at first.
+But the slight improvement to his health occasioned by the change of air
+scarcely compensated for the pain which his fatigue gave him.  On the
+battlement of the platform nearest the left turret, the rain had, by
+perseverance through ages, hollowed out a kind of basin.  The water that
+fell remained there for several days; and as, during the spring of 1795,
+storms were of frequent occurrence, this little sheet of water was kept
+constantly supplied.  Whenever the child was brought out upon the
+platform, he saw a little troop of sparrows, which used to come to drink
+and bathe in this reservoir.  At first they flew away at his approach,
+but from being accustomed to see him walking quietly there every day,
+they at last grew more familiar, and did not spread their wings for
+flight till he came up close to them.  They were always the same, he knew
+them by sight, and perhaps like himself they were inhabitants of that
+ancient pile.  He called them his birds; and his first action, when the
+door into the terrace was opened, was to look towards that side,--and
+the sparrows were always there.  He delighted in their chirping, and he
+must have envied them their wings.
+
+Though so little could be done to alleviate his sufferings, a moral
+improvement was taking place in him.  He was touched by the lively
+interest displayed by his physician, who never failed to visit him at
+nine o'clock every morning.  He seemed pleased with the attention paid
+him, and ended by placing entire confidence in M. Desault.  Gratitude
+loosened his tongue; brutality and insult had failed to extort a murmur,
+but kind treatment restored his speech he had no words for anger, but he
+found them to express his thanks.  M. Desault prolonged his visits as
+long as the officers of the municipality would permit.  When they
+announced the close of the visit, the child, unwilling to beg them to
+allow a longer time, held back M. Desault by the skirt of his coat.
+Suddenly M. Desault's visits ceased.  Several days passed and nothing was
+heard of him.  The keepers wondered at his absence, and the poor little
+invalid was much distressed at it.  The commissary on duty (M. Benoist)
+suggested that it would be proper to send to the physician's house to
+make inquiries as to the cause of so long an absence.  Gomin and Larne
+had not yet ventured to follow this advice, when next day M. Benoist was
+relieved by M. Bidault, who, hearing M. Desault's name mentioned as he
+came in, immediately said, "You must not expect to see him any more; he
+died yesterday."
+
+M. Pelletan, head surgeon of the Grand Hospice de l'Humanite, was next
+directed to attend the prisoner, and in June he found him in so alarming
+a state that he at once asked for a coadjutor, fearing to undertake the
+responsibility alone.  The physician--sent for form's sake to attend the
+dying child, as an advocate is given by law to a criminal condemned
+beforehand--blamed the officers of the municipality for not having
+removed the blind, which obstructed the light, and the numerous bolts,
+the noise of which never failed to remind the victim of his captivity.
+That sound, which always caused him an involuntary shudder, disturbed him
+in the last mournful scene of his unparalleled tortures.  M. Pelletan
+said authoritatively to the municipal on duty, "If you will not take
+these bolts and casings away at once, at least you can make no objection
+to our carrying the child into another room, for I suppose we are sent
+here to take charge of him."  The Prince, being disturbed by these words,
+spoken as they were with great animation, made a sign to the physician to
+come nearer.  "Speak lower, I beg of you," said he; "I am afraid they
+will hear you up-stairs, and I should be very sorry for them to know that
+I am ill, as it would give them much uneasiness."
+
+At first the change to a cheerful and airy room revived the Prince and
+gave him evident pleasure, but the improvement did not last.  Next day M.
+Pelletan learned that the Government had acceded to his request for a
+colleague.  M. Dumangin, head physician of the Hospice de l'Unite, made
+his appearance at his house on the morning of Sunday, 7th June, with the
+official despatch sent him by the committee of public safety.  They
+repaired together immediately to the Tower.  On their arrival they heard
+that the child, whose weakness was excessive, had had a fainting fit,
+which had occasioned fears to be entertained that his end was
+approaching.  He had revived a little, however, when the physicians went
+up at about nine o'clock.  Unable to contend with increasing exhaustion,
+they perceived there was no longer any hope of prolonging an existence
+worn out by so much suffering, and that all their art could effect would
+be to soften the last stage of this lamentable disease.  While standing
+by the Prince's bed, Gomin noticed that he was quietly crying, and asked
+him.  kindly what was the matter.  "I am always alone," he said.  "My
+dear mother remains in the other tower."  Night came,--his last night,--
+which the regulations of the prison condemned him to pass once more in
+solitude, with suffering, his old companion, only at his side.  This
+time, however, death, too, stood at his pillow.  When Gomin went up to
+the child's room on the morning of 8th June, he said, seeing him calm,
+motionless, and mute:
+
+"I hope you are not in pain just now?"
+
+"Oh, yes, I am still in pain, but not nearly so much,--the music is so
+beautiful!"
+
+Now there was no music to be heard, either in the Tower or anywhere near.
+
+Gomin, astonished, said to him, "From what direction do you hear this
+music?"
+
+"From above!"
+
+"Have you heard it long?"
+
+"Since you knelt down.  Do you not hear it?  Listen!  Listen!"  And the
+child, with a nervous motion, raised his faltering hand, as he opened his
+large eyes illuminated by delight.  His poor keeper, unwilling to destroy
+this last sweet illusion, appeared to listen also.
+
+After a few minutes of attention the child again started, and cried out,
+in intense rapture, "Amongst all the voices I have distinguished that of
+my mother!"
+
+These were almost his last words.  At a quarter past two he died, Lasne
+only being in the room.  at the time.  Lasne acquainted Gomin and Damont,
+the commissary on duty, with the event, and they repaired to the chamber
+of death.  The poor little royal corpse was carried from the room into
+that where he had suffered so long,--where for two years he had never
+ceased to suffer.  From this apartment the father had gone to the
+scaffold, and thence the son must pass to the burial-ground.  The remains
+were laid out on the bed, and the doors of the apartment were set open,--
+doors which had remained closed ever since the Revolution had seized on a
+child, then full of vigour and grace and life and health!
+
+At eight o'clock next morning (9th June) four members of the committee of
+general safety came to the Tower to make sure that the Prince was really
+dead.  When they were admitted to the death-chamber by Lasne and Damont
+they affected the greatest indifference.  "The event is not of the least
+importance," they repeated, several times over; "the police commissary of
+the section will come and receive the declaration of the decease; he will
+acknowledge it, and proceed to the interment without any ceremony; and
+the committee will give the necessary directions."  As they withdrew,
+some officers of the Temple guard asked to see the remains of little
+Capet.  Damont having observed that the guard would not permit the bier
+to pass without its being opened, the deputies decided that the officers
+and non-commissioned officers of the guard going off duty, together with
+those coming on, should be all invited to assure themselves of the
+child's death.  All having assembled in the room where the body lay, he
+asked them if they recognised it as that of the ex-Dauphin, son of the
+last King of France.  Those who had seen the young Prince at the
+Tuileries, or at the Temple (and most of them had), bore witness to its
+being the body of Louis XVII.  When they were come down into the council-
+room, Darlot drew up the minutes of this attestation, which was signed by
+a score of persons.  These minutes were inserted in the journal of the
+Temple tower, which was afterwards deposited in the office of the
+Minister of the Interior.
+
+During this visit the surgeons entrusted with the autopsy arrived at the
+outer gate of the Temple.  These were Dumangin, head physician of the
+Hospice de l'Unite; Pelletan, head surgeon of the Grand Hospice de
+l'Humanite; Jeanroy, professor in the medical schools of Paris; and
+Laasus, professor of legal medicine at the Ecole de Sante of Paris.
+The last two were selected by Dumangin and Pelletan because of the former
+connection of M. Lassus with Mesdames de France, and of M. Jeanroy with
+the House of Lorraine, which gave a peculiar weight to their signatures.
+Gomin received them in the council-room, and detained them until the
+National Guard, descending from the second floor, entered to sign the
+minutes prepared by Darlot.  This done, Lasne, Darlot, and Bouquet went
+up again with the surgeons, and introduced them into the apartment of
+Louis XVII., whom they at first examined as he lay on his death-bed; but
+M. Jeanroy observing that the dim light of this room was but little
+favourable to the accomplishment of their mission, the commissaries
+prepared a table in the first room, near the window, on which the corpse
+was laid, and the surgeons began their melancholy operation.
+
+At seven o'clock the police commissary ordered the body to be taken up,
+and that they should proceed to the cemetery.  It was the season of the
+longest days, and therefore the interment did not take place in secrecy
+and at night, as some misinformed narrators have said or written; it took
+place in broad daylight, and attracted a great concourse of people before
+the gates of the Temple palace.  One of the municipals wished to have the
+coffin carried out secretly by the door opening into the chapel
+enclosure; but M. Duaser, police commiasary, who was specially entrusted
+with the arrangement of the ceremony, opposed this indecorous measure,
+and the procession passed out through the great gate.  The crowd that was
+pressing round was kept back, and compelled to keep a line, by a
+tricoloured ribbon, held at short distances by gendarmes.  Compassion and
+sorrow were impressed on every countenance.
+
+A small detachment of the troops of the line from the garrison of Paris,
+sent by the authorities, was waiting to serve as an escort.  The bier,
+still covered with the pall, was carried on a litter on the shoulders of
+four men, who relieved each other two at a time; it was preceded by six
+or eight men, headed by a sergeant.  The procession was accompanied a
+long way by the crowd, and a great number of persona followed it even to
+the cemetery.  The name of "Little Capet," and the more popular title of
+Dauphin, spread from lip to lip, with exclamations of pity and
+compassion.  The funeral entered the cemetery of Ste. Marguerite, not by
+the church, as some accounts assert, but by the old gate of the cemetery.
+The interment was made in the corner, on the left, at a distance of eight
+or nine feet from the enclosure wall, and at an equal distance from a
+small house, which subsequently served as a school.  The grave was filled
+up,--no mound marked its place, and not even a trace remained of the
+interment!  Not till then did the commissaries of police and the
+municipality withdraw, and enter the house opposite the church to draw up
+the declaration of interment.  It was nearly nine o'clock, and still
+daylight.
+
+
+
+
+     Release of Madame Royale.--Her Marriage to the Duc d'Angouleme.
+     --Return to France.--Death.
+
+The last person to hear of the sad events in the Temple was the one for
+whom they had the deepest and most painful interest.  After her brother's
+death the captivity of Madame Royale was much lightened.  She was allowed
+to walk in the Temple gardens, and to receive visits from some ladies of
+the old Court, and from Madame de Chantereine, who at last, after several
+times evading her questions, ventured cautiously to tell her of the
+deaths of her mother, aunt, and brother.  Madame Royale wept bitterly,
+but had much difficulty in expressing her feelings.  "She spoke so
+confusedly," says Madame de la Ramiere in a letter to Madame de Verneuil,
+"that it was difficult to understand her.  It took her more than a
+month's reading aloud, with careful study of pronunciation, to make
+herself intelligible,--so much had she lost the power of expression."
+She was dressed with plainness amounting to poverty, and her hands were
+disfigured by exposure to cold and by the menial work she had been so
+long accustomed to do for herself, and which it was difficult to persuade
+her to leave off.  When urged to accept the services of an attendant, she
+replied, with a sad prevision of the vicissitudes of her future life,
+that she did not like to form a habit which she might have again to
+abandon.  She suffered herself, however, to be persuaded gradually to
+modify her recluse and ascetic habits.  It was well she did so, as a
+preparation for the great changes about to follow.
+
+Nine days after the death of her brother, the city of Orleans interceded
+for the daughter of Louis XVI., and sent deputies to the Convention to
+pray for her deliverance and restoration to her family.  Names followed
+this example; and Charette, on the part of the Vendeans, demanded, as a
+condition of the pacification of La Vendee, that the Princess should be
+allowed to join her relations.  At length the Convention decreed that
+Madame Royale should be exchanged with Austria for the representatives
+and ministers whom Dumouriez had given up to the Prince of Cobourg,--
+Drouet, Semonville, Maret, and other prisoners of importance.  At
+midnight on 19th December, 1795, which was her birthday, the Princess was
+released from prison, the Minister of the Interior, M. Benezech, to avoid
+attracting public attention and possible disturbance, conducting her on
+foot from the Temple to a neighbouring street, where his carriage awaited
+her.  She made it her particular request that Gomin, who had been so
+devoted to her brother, should be the commissary appointed to accompany
+her to the frontier; Madame de Soucy, formerly under-governess to the
+children of France, was also in attendance; and the Princess took with
+her a dog named Coco, which had belonged to Louis XVI.
+
+     [The mention of the little dog taken from the Temple by Madame
+     Royale reminds me how fond all the family were of these creatures.
+     Each Princess kept a different kind.  Mesdames had beautiful
+     spaniels; little grayhounds were preferred by Madame Elisabeth.
+     Louis XVI. was the only one of all his family who had no dogs in his
+     room.  I remember one day waiting in the great gallery for the
+     King's retiring, when he entered with all his family and the whole
+     pack, who were escorting him.  All at once all the dogs began to
+     bark, one louder than another, and ran away, passing like ghosts
+     along those great dark rooms, which rang with their hoarse cries.
+     The Princesses shouting, calling them, running everywhere after
+     them, completed a ridiculous spectacle, which made those august
+     persons very merry.--D'HEZECQUES, p. 49.]
+
+She was frequently recognised on her way through France, and always with
+marks of pleasure and respect.
+
+It might have been supposed that the Princess would rejoice to leave
+behind her the country which had been the scene of so many horrors and
+such bitter suffering.  But it was her birthplace, and it held the graves
+of all she loved; and as she crossed the frontier she said to those
+around her, "I leave France with regret, for I shall never cease to
+consider it my country."  She arrived in Vienna on 9th January, 1796, and
+her first care was to attend a memorial service for her murdered
+relatives.  After many weeks of close retirement she occasionally began
+to appear in public, and people looked with interest at the pale, grave,
+slender girl of seventeen, dressed in the deepest mourning, over whose
+young head such terrible storms had swept.  The Emperor wished her to
+marry the Archduke Charles of Austria, but her father and mother had,
+even in the cradle, destined her hand for her cousin, the Duc
+d'Angouleme, son of the Comte d'Artois, and the memory of their lightest
+wish was law to her.
+
+Her quiet determination entailed anger and opposition amounting to
+persecution.  Every effort was made to alienate her from her French
+relations.  She was urged to claim Provence, which had become her own if
+Louis XVIII.  was to be considered King of France.  A pressure of opinion
+was brought to bear upon her which might well have overawed so young a
+girl.  "I was sent for to the Emperor's cabinet," she writes, "where I
+found the imperial family assembled.  The ministers and chief imperial
+counsellors were also present .  .  .  .  When the Emperor invited me to
+express my opinion, I answered that to be able to treat fittingly of such
+interests I thought, I ought to be surrounded not only by my mother's
+relatives, but also by those of my father .  .  .  .  Besides, I said,
+I was above all things French, and in entire subjection to the laws of
+France, which had rendered me alternately the subject of the King my
+father, the King my brother, and the King my uncle, and that I would
+yield obedience to the latter, whatever might be his commands.  This
+declaration appeared very much to dissatisfy all who were present, and
+when they observed that I was not to be shaken, they declared that my
+right being independent of my will, my resistance would not be the
+slightest obstacle to the measures they might deem it necessary to adopt
+for the preservation of my interests."
+
+In their anxiety to make a German princess of Marie Therese, her imperial
+relations suppressed her French title as much as possible.  When, with
+some difficulty, the Duc de Grammont succeeded in obtaining an audience
+of her, and used the familiar form of address, she smiled faintly, and
+bade him beware.  "Call me Madame de Bretagne, or de Bourgogne, or de
+Lorraine," she said, "for here I am so identified with these provinces
+--[which the Emperor wished her to claim from her uncle Louis XVIII.]--
+that I shall end in believing in my own transformation."  After these
+discussions she was so closely watched, and so many restraints were
+imposed upon her, that she was scarcely less a prisoner than in the old
+days of the Temple, though her cage was this time gilded.  Rescue,
+however, was at hand.
+
+In 1798 Louis XVIII. accepted a refuge offered to him at Mittau by the
+Czar Paul, who had promised that he would grant his guest's first
+request, whatever it might be.  Louis begged the Czar to use his
+influence with the Court of Vienna to allow his niece to join him.
+"Monsieur, my brother," was Paul's answer, "Madame Royale shall be
+restored to you, or I shall cease to be Paul I."  Next morning the Czar
+despatched a courier to Vienna with a demand for the Princess, so
+energetically worded that refusal must have been followed by war.
+Accordingly, in May, 1799, Madame Royale was allowed to leave the capital
+which she had found so uncongenial an asylum.
+
+In the old ducal castle of Mittau, the capital of Courland, Louis XVIII.
+and his wife, with their nephews, the Ducs d'Angouleme
+
+     [The Duc d'Angonleme was quiet and reserved.  He loved hunting as
+     means of killing time; was given to early hours and innocent
+     pleasures.  He was a gentleman, and brave as became one.  He had not
+     the "gentlemanly vices" of his brother, and was all the better for
+     it.  He was ill educated, but had natural good sense, and would have
+     passed for having more than that had he cared to put forth
+     pretensions.  Of all his family he was the one most ill spoken of,
+     and least deserving of it.--DOCTOR DORAN.]
+
+and de Berri, were awaiting her, attended by the Abbe Edgeworth, as chief
+ecclesiastic, and a little Court of refugee nobles and officers.  With
+them were two men of humbler position, who must have been even more
+welcome to Madame Royale,--De Malden, who had acted as courier to Louis
+XVI. during the flight to Varennes, and Turgi, who had waited on the
+Princesses in the Temple.  It was a sad meeting, though so long anxiously
+desired, and it was followed on 10th June, 1799, by an equally sad
+wedding,--exiles, pensioners on the bounty of the Russian monarch,
+fulfilling an engagement founded, not on personal preference, but on
+family policy and reverence for the wishes of the dead, the bride and
+bridegroom had small cause for rejoicing.  During the eighteen months of
+tranquil seclusion which followed her marriage, the favourite occupation
+of the Duchess was visiting and relieving the poor.  In January, 1801,
+the Czar Paul, in compliance with the demand of Napoleon, who was just
+then the object of his capricious enthusiasm, ordered the French royal
+family to leave Mittau.  Their wanderings commenced on the 21st, a day of
+bitter memories; and the young Duchess led the King to his carriage
+through a crowd of men, women, and children, whose tears and blessings
+attended them on their way.
+
+     [The Queen was too ill to travel.  The Duc d'Angouleme took another
+     route to join a body of French gentlemen in arms for the Legitimist
+     cause.]
+
+The exiles asked permission from the King of Prussia to settle in his
+dominions, and while awaiting his answer at Munich they were painfully
+surprised by the entrance of five old soldiers of noble birth, part of
+the body-guard they had left behind at Mittau, relying on the protection
+of Paul.  The "mad Czar" had decreed their immediate expulsion, and,
+penniless and almost starving, they made their way to Louis XVIII.  All
+the money the royal family possessed was bestowed on these faithful
+servants, who came to them in detachments for relief, and then the
+Duchess offered her diamonds to the Danish consul for an advance of two
+thousand ducats, saying she pledged her property "that in our common
+distress it may be rendered of real use to my uncle, his faithful
+servants, and myself."  The Duchess's consistent and unselfish kindness
+procured her from the King, and those about him who knew her best, the
+name of "our angel."
+
+Warsaw was for a brief time the resting-place of the wanderers, but there
+they were disturbed in 1803 by Napoleon's attempt to threaten and bribe
+Louis XVIII. into abdication.  It was suggested that refusal might bring
+upon them expulsion from Prussia.  "We are accustomed to suffering," was
+the King's answer, "and we do not dread poverty.  I would, trusting in
+God, seek another asylum."  In 1808, after many changes of scene, this
+asylum was sought in England, Gosfield Hall, Essex, being placed at their
+disposal by the Marquis of Buckingham.  From Gosfield, the King moved to
+Hartwell Hall, a fine old Elizabethan mansion rented from Sir George Lee
+for L 500 a year.  A yearly grant of L 24,000 was made to the exiled
+family by the British Government, out of which a hundred and forty
+persons were supported, the royal dinner-party generally numbering two
+dozen.
+
+At Hartwell, as in her other homes, the Duchess was most popular amongst
+the poor.  In general society she was cold and reserved, and she disliked
+the notice of strangers.  In March, 1814, the royalist successes at
+Bordeaux paved the way for the restoration of royalty in France, and
+amidst general sympathy and congratulation, with the Prince Regent
+himself to wish them good fortune, the King, the Duchess, and their suite
+left Hartwell in April, 1814.  The return to France was as triumphant as
+a somewhat half-hearted and doubtful enthusiasm could make it, and most
+of such cordiality as there was fell to the share of the Duchess.  As she
+passed to Notre-Dame in May, 1814, on entering Paris, she was
+vociferously greeted.  The feeling of loyalty, however, was not much
+longer-lived than the applause by which it was expressed; the Duchess had
+scarcely effected one of the strongest wishes of her heart,--the
+identification of what remained of her parents' bodies, and the
+magnificent ceremony with which they were removed from the cemetery of
+the Madeleine to the Abbey of St. Denis,--when the escape of Napoleon
+from Elba in February,1815, scattered the royal family and their
+followers like chaff before the wind.  The Duc d'Angouleme, compelled to
+capitulate at Toulouse, sailed from Cette in a Swedish vessel.  The Comte
+d'Artois, the Duc de Berri, and the Prince de Conde withdrew beyond the
+frontier.  The King fled from the capital.  The Duchesse d'Angouleme,
+then at Bordeaux celebrating the anniversary of the Proclamation of Louis
+XVIII., alone of all her family made any stand against the general panic.
+Day after day she mounted her horse and reviewed the National Guard.  She
+made personal and even passionate appeals to the officers and men,
+standing firm, and prevailing on a handful of soldiers to remain by her,
+even when the imperialist troops were on the other side of the river and
+their cannon were directed against the square where the Duchess was
+reviewing her scanty followers.
+
+     ["It was the Duchesse d'Angouleme who saved you," said the gallant
+     General Clauzel, after these events, to a royalist volunteer;
+     "I could not bring myself to order such a woman to be fired upon,
+     at the moment when she was providing material for the noblest page
+     in her history."--"Fillia Dolorosa," vol. vii., p. 131.]
+
+With pain and difficulty she was convinced that resistance was vain;
+Napoleon's banner soon floated over Bordeaux; the Duchess issued a
+farewell proclamation to her "brave Bordelais," and on the 1st April,
+1815, she started for Pouillac, whence she embarked for Spain.  During a
+brief visit to England she heard that the reign of a hundred days was
+over, and the 27th of July, 1815, saw her second triumphal return to the
+Tuileries.  She did not take up her abode there with any wish for State
+ceremonies or Court gaieties.  Her life was as secluded as her position
+would allow.  Her favourite retreat was the Pavilion, which had been
+inhabited by her mother, and in her little oratory she collected relics
+of her family, over which on the anniversaries of their deaths she wept
+and prayed.  In her daily drives through Paris she scrupulously avoided
+the spot on which they had suffered; and the memory of the past seemed to
+rule all her sad and self-denying life, both in what she did and what she
+refrained from doing.
+
+     [She was so methodical and economical, though liberal in her
+     charities, that one of her regular evening occupations was to tear
+     off the seals from the letters she had received during the day, in
+     order that the wax might be melted down and sold; the produce made
+     one poor family "passing rich with forty pounds a year."--See "Filia
+     Dolorosa," vol. ii., p. 239.]
+
+Her somewhat austere goodness was not of a nature to make her popular.
+The few who really understood her loved her, but the majority of her
+pleasure-seeking subjects regarded her either with ridicule or dread.
+She is said to have taken no part in politics, and to have exerted no
+influence in public affairs, but her sympathies were well known, and "the
+very word liberty made her shudder;" like Madame Roland, she had seen "so
+many crimes perpetrated under that name."
+
+The claims of three pretended Dauphins--Hervagault, the son of the tailor
+of St. Lo; Bruneau, son of the shoemaker of Vergin; and Naundorf or
+Norndorff, the watchmaker somewhat troubled her peace, but never for a
+moment obtained her sanction.  Of the many other pseudo-Dauphins (said to
+number a dozen and a half) not even the names remain.  In February,1820,
+a fresh tragedy befell the royal family in the assassination of the Duc
+de Berri, brother-in-law of the Duchesse d'Angouleme, as he was seeing
+his wife into her carriage at the door of the Opera-house.  He was
+carried into the theatre, and there the dying Prince and his wife were
+joined by the Duchess, who remained till he breathed his last, and was
+present when he, too, was laid in the Abbey of St. Denis.  She was
+present also when his son, the Duc de Bordeaux, was born, and hoped that
+she saw in him a guarantee for the stability of royalty in France.  In
+September, 1824, she stood by the death-bed of Louis XVIII., and
+thenceforward her chief occupation was directing the education of the
+little Duc de Bordeaux, who generally resided with her at Villeneuve
+l'Etang, her country house near St.  Cloud.  Thence she went in July,
+1830, to the Baths of Vichy, stopping at Dijon on her way to Paris, and
+visiting the theatre on the evening of the 27th.  She was received with
+"a roar of execrations and seditious cries," and knew only too well what
+they signified.  She instantly left the theatre and proceeded to Tonnere,
+where she received news of the rising in Paris, and, quitting the town by
+night, was driven to Joigny with three attendants.  Soon after leaving
+that place it was thought more prudent that the party should separate and
+proceed on foot, and the Duchess and M. de Foucigny, disguised as
+peasants, entered Versailles arm-in-arm, to obtain tidings of the King.
+The Duchess found him at Rambouillet with her husband, the Dauphin, and
+the King met her with a request for "pardon," being fully conscious, too
+late, that his unwise decrees and his headlong flight had destroyed the
+last hopes of his family.  The act of abdication followed, by which the
+prospect of royalty passed from the Dauphin and his wife, as well as from
+Charles X.--Henri V. being proclaimed King, and the Duc d'Orleans (who
+refused to take the boy monarch under his personal protection)
+lieutenant-general of the kingdom.
+
+Then began the Duchess's third expatriation.  At Cherbourg the royal
+family, accompanied by the little King without a kingdom, embarked in the
+'Great Britain', which stood out to sea.  The Duchess, remaining on deck
+for a last look at the coast of France, noticed a brig which kept, she
+thought, suspiciously near them.
+
+"Who commands that vessel?" she inquired.
+
+"Captain Thibault."
+
+And what are his orders?"
+
+"To fire into and sink the vessels in which we sail, should any attempt
+be made to return to France."
+
+Such was the farewell of their subjects to the House of Bourbon.  The
+fugitives landed at Weymouth; the Duchesse d'Angouleme under the title of
+Comtesse de Marne, the Duchesse de Berri as Comtesse de Rosny, and her
+son, Henri de Bordeaux, as Comte de Chambord, the title he retained till
+his death, originally taken from the estate presented to him in infancy
+by his enthusiastic people.  Holyrood, with its royal and gloomy
+associations, was their appointed dwelling.  The Duc and Duchesse
+d'Angouleme, and the daughter of the Duc de Berri, travelled thither by
+land, the King and the young Comte de Chambord by sea.  "I prefer my
+route to that of my sister," observed the latter, "because I shall see the
+coast of France again, and she will not."
+
+The French Government soon complained that at Holyrood the exiles were
+still too near their native land, and accordingly, in 1832, Charles X.,
+with his son and grandson, left Scotland for Hamburg, while the Duchesse
+d'Angouleme and her niece repaired to Vienna.  The family were reunited
+at Prague in 1833, where the birthday of the Comte de Chambord was
+celebrated with some pomp and rejoicing, many Legitimists flocking
+thither to congratulate him on attaining the age of thirteen, which the
+old law of monarchical France had fixed as the majority of her princes.
+Three years later the wanderings of the unfortunate family recommenced;
+the Emperor Francis II. was dead, and his successor, Ferdinand, must
+visit Prague to be crowned, and Charles X. feared that the presence of a
+discrowned monarch might be embarrassing on such an occasion.  Illness
+and sorrow attended the exiles on their new journey, and a few months
+after they were established in the Chateau of Graffenburg at Goritz,
+Charles X. died of cholera, in his eightieth year.  At Goritz, also, on
+the 31st May, 1844, the Duchesse d'Angouleme, who had sat beside so many
+death-beds, watched over that of her husband.  Theirs had not been a
+marriage of affection in youth, but they respected each other's virtues,
+and to a great extent shared each other's tastes; banishment and
+suffering had united them very closely, and of late years they had been
+almost inseparable,--walking, riding, and reading together.  When the
+Duchesse d'Angouleme had seen her husband laid by his father's side in
+the vault of the Franciscan convent, she, accompanied by her nephew and
+niece, removed to Frohsdorf, where they spent seven tranquil years.  Here
+she was addressed as "Queen" by her household for the first time in her
+life, but she herself always recognised Henri, Comte de Chambord, as her
+sovereign.  The Duchess lived to see the overthrow of Louis Philippe, the
+usurper of the inheritance of her family.  Her last attempt to exert
+herself was a characteristic one.  She tried to rise from a sick-bed in
+order to attend the memorial service held for her mother, Marie
+Antoinette, on the 16th October, the anniversary of her execution.  But
+her strength was not equal to the task; on the 19th she expired, with her
+hand in that of the Comte de Chambord, and on 28th October, 1851, Marie
+Therese Charlotte, Duchesse d'Angouleme, was buried in the Franciscan
+convent.
+
+
+
+
+                        The Ceremony of Expiation.
+
+"In the spring of 1814 a ceremony took place in Paris at which I was
+present because there was nothing in it that could be mortifying to a
+French heart.  The death of Louis XVI.  had long been admitted to be one
+of the most serious misfortunes of the Revolution.  The Emperor Napoleon
+never spoke of that sovereign but in terms of the highest respect, and
+always prefixed the epithet unfortunate to his name.  The ceremony to
+which I allude was proposed by the Emperor of Russia and the King of
+Prussia.  It consisted of a kind of expiation and purification of the
+spot on which Louis XVI. and his Queen were beheaded.  I went to see the
+ceremony, and I had a place at a window in the Hotel of Madame de
+Remusat, next to the Hotel de Crillon, and what was termed the Hotel de
+Courlande.
+
+"The expiation took place on the 10th of April.  The weather was
+extremely fine and warm for the season.  The Emperor of Russia and King
+of Prussia, accompanied by Prince Schwartzenberg, took their station at
+the entrance of the Rue Royale; the King of Prussia being on the right of
+the Emperor Alexander, and Prince Schwartzenberg on his left.  There was
+a long parade, during which the Russian, Prussian and Austrian military
+bands vied with each other in playing the air, 'Vive Henri IV.!'
+The cavalry defiled past, and then withdrew into the Champs Elysees;
+but the infantry ranged themselves round an altar which was raised in the
+middle of the Place, and which was elevated on a platform having twelve
+or fifteen steps.  The Emperor of Russia alighted from his horse, and,
+followed by the King of Prussia, the Grand Duke Constantine, Lord
+Cathcart, and Prince Schwartzenberg, advanced to the altar.  When the
+Emperor had nearly reached the altar the "Te Deum" commenced.  At the
+moment of the benediction, the sovereigns and persons who accompanied
+them, as well as the twenty-five thousand troops who covered the Place,
+all knelt down.  The Greek priest presented the cross to the Emperor
+Alexander, who kissed it; his example was followed by the individuals who
+accompanied him, though they were not of the Greek faith.  On rising, the
+Grand Duke Constantine took off his hat, and immediately salvoes of
+artillery were heard."
+
+
+
+
+NOTE.
+
+The following titles have the signification given below during the period
+covered by this work:
+
+MONSEIGNEUR........... The Dauphin.
+
+MONSIEUR.............. The eldest brother of the King, Comte de Provence,
+                       afterwards Louis XVIII.
+
+MONSIEUR LE PRINCE.... The Prince de Conde, head of the House of Conde.
+
+MONSIEUR LE DUC....... The Duc de Bourbon, the eldest son of the Prince
+                       de Condo (and the father of the Duc d'Enghien shot
+                       by Napoleon).
+
+MONSIEUR LE GRAND..... The Grand Equerry under the ancien regime.
+
+MONSIEUR LE PREMIER... The First Equerry under the ancien regime.
+
+ENFANS DE FRANCE...... The royal children.
+
+MADAME & MESDAMES..... Sisters or daughters of the King, or Princesses
+near the Throne (sometimes used also for the wife of Monsieur, the eldest
+brother of the King, the Princesses Adelaide, Victoire, Sophie, Louise,
+daughters of Louis XV., and aunts of Louis XVI.)
+
+MADAME ELISABETH...... The Princesse Elisabeth, sister of Louis XVI.
+
+MADAME ROYALE......... The Princesse Marie Therese, daughter of Louis
+                       XVI., afterwards Duchesse d'Angouleme.
+
+MADEMOISELLE.......... The daughter of Monsieur, the brother of the King.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Allowed her candles and as much firewood as she wanted
+Better to die than to implicate anybody
+Duc d'Orleans, when called on to give his vote for death of King
+Formed rather to endure calamity with patience than to contend
+How can I have any regret when I partake your misfortunes
+Louis Philippe, the usurper of the inheritance of her family
+My father fortunately found a library which amused him
+No one is more dangerous than a man clothed with recent authority
+Rabble, always ready to insult genius, virtue, and misfortune
+So many crimes perpetrated under that name (liberty)
+Subjecting the vanquished to be tried by the conquerors
+
+
+
+
+End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, v7
+by Madame Campan
+
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