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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old-Time Gardens, by Alice Morse Earle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Old-Time Gardens
+       Newly Set Forth
+
+Author: Alice Morse Earle
+
+Release Date: March 4, 2012 [EBook #39049]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD-TIME GARDENS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Cathy Maxam and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Old Time Gardens
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+  OLD-TIME GARDENS
+
+  _Newly set forth_
+        _by_
+
+  ALICE MORSE EARLE
+
+    _A BOOK OF_
+  THE SWEET O' THE YEAR
+
+  "_Life is sweet, brother! There's day and night, brother!
+  both sweet things: sun, moon and stars, brother! all
+  sweet things: There is likewise a wind on the heath._"
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+        NEW YORK
+    THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+  LONDON MACMILLAN & CO LTD
+          MCMII
+
+  _All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1901,
+  BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
+
+     Set up and electrotyped November, 1901. Reprinted December, 1901;
+     January, 1902.
+
+  _Norwood Press_
+  _J. S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith_
+  _Norwood, Mass., U.S.A._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: TO MY DAUGHTER
+
+ALICE CLARY EARLE
+
+TO WHOSE KNOWLEDGE OF FLOWERS
+
+AND LOVE OF FLOWER LORE
+
+I OWE MANY PAGES OF THIS BOOK....]
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                        PAGE
+
+      I. COLONIAL GARDEN-MAKING                     1
+
+     II. FRONT DOORYARDS                           38
+
+    III. VARIED GARDENS FAIR                       54
+
+     IV. BOX EDGINGS                               91
+
+      V. THE HERB GARDEN                          107
+
+     VI. IN LILAC TIDE                            132
+
+    VII. OLD FLOWER FAVORITES                     161
+
+   VIII. COMFORT ME WITH APPLES                   192
+
+     IX. GARDENS OF THE POETS                     215
+
+      X. THE CHARM OF COLOR                       233
+
+     XI. THE BLUE FLOWER BORDER                   252
+
+    XII. PLANT NAMES                              280
+
+   XIII. TUSSY-MUSSIES                            296
+
+    XIV. JOAN SILVER-PIN                          309
+
+     XV. CHILDHOOD IN A GARDEN                    326
+
+    XVI. MEETIN' SEED AND SABBATH DAY POSIES      341
+
+   XVII. SUN-DIALS                                353
+
+  XVIII. GARDEN FURNISHINGS                       383
+
+    XIX. GARDEN BOUNDARIES                        399
+
+     XX. A MOONLIGHT GARDEN                       415
+
+    XXI. FLOWERS OF MYSTERY                       433
+
+   XXII. ROSES OF YESTERDAY                       459
+
+         INDEX                                    479
+
+
+
+
+List of Illustrations
+
+
+The end papers of this book bear a design of the flower Ambrosia.
+
+The vignette on the title-page is re-drawn from one in _The Compleat
+Body of Husbandry_, Thomas Hale, 1756. It represents "Love laying out
+the surface of the earth in a garden."
+
+The device of the dedication is an ancient garden-knot for flowers, from
+_A New Orchard and Garden_, William Lawson, 1608.
+
+The chapter initials are from old wood-cut initials in the English
+Herbals of Gerarde, Parkinson, and Cole.
+
+                                                      PAGE
+
+  _Garden of Johnson Mansion, Germantown. Photographed
+    by Henry Troth_      facing 4
+
+  _Garden at Grumblethorp, Home of Charles J. Wister, Esq.,
+    Germantown, Pennsylvania_      7
+
+  _Garden of Bartram House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania_      9
+
+  _Garden of Abigail Adams, Quincy, Massachusetts_      10
+
+  _Garden at Mount Vernon-on-the-Potomac, Virginia. Home of
+    George Washington_      facing 12
+
+  _Gate and Hedge of Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina_      15
+
+  _Fountain Path in Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina_      18
+
+  _Door in Wall of Kitchen Garden at Van Cortlandt Manor.
+    Croton-on-Hudson, New York. Photographed by J.
+    Horace McFarland_      facing 20
+
+  _Garden of Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed by J. Horace
+    McFarland_      facing 24
+
+  _Garden at Prince Homestead, Flushing, Long Island_      28
+
+  _Old Dutch Garden of Bergen Homestead, Bay Ridge, Long
+    Island_      facing 32
+
+  _Garden at Duck Cove, Narragansett, Rhode Island_      35
+
+  _The Flowering Almond under the Window. Photographed by
+    Eva E. Newell_      39
+
+  _Peter's Wreath. Photographed by Eva E. Newell_      41
+
+  _Peonies in Garden of John Robinson, Esq., Salem, Massachusetts.
+    Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      facing 42
+
+  _White Peonies. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      42
+
+  _Yellow Day Lilies. Photographed by Clifton Johnson_      facing 48
+
+  _Orange Lilies. Photographed by Eva E. Newell_      50
+
+  _Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina_      facing 54
+
+  _Box-edged Parterre at Hampton, County Baltimore, Maryland.
+    Home of Mrs. John Ridgely. Photographed by Elizabeth
+    W. Trescot_      57
+
+  _Parterre and Clipped Box at Hampton, County Baltimore,
+    Maryland. Home of Mrs. John Ridgely. Photographed
+    by Elizabeth W. Trescot_      60
+
+  _Garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Waldstein, Fairfield,
+    Connecticut. Photographed by Mabel Osgood Wright_      63
+
+  _A Shaded Walk. In the Garden of Miss Harriet P. F. Burnside,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel
+    F. Davis_      facing 64
+
+  _Roses and Larkspur in the Garden of Miss Harriet P. F.
+    Burnside, Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by
+    Herschel F. Davis_      65
+
+  _The Homely Back Yard. Photographed by Henry Troth_      facing 66
+
+  _Covered Well at Home of Bishop Berkeley, Whitehall, Newport,
+    Rhode Island_      68
+
+  _Kitchen Doorway and Porch at The Hedges, New Hope, County
+    Bucks, Pennsylvania_      70
+
+  _Greenwood, Thomasville, Georgia_      73
+
+  _Roses and Violets in Garden of Greenwood, Thomasville,
+    Georgia_      facing 74
+
+  _Water Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New York.
+    Home of Miss Cornelia Horsford_      75
+
+  _Garden at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania. Country-seat
+    of Charles E. Mather, Esq. Photographed by
+    J. Horace McFarland_      facing 76
+
+  _Terrace Wall at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey.
+    Country-seat of M. Taylor Pyne, Esq._      76
+
+  _Garden at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey. Country-seat
+    of M. Taylor Pyne, Esq._      77
+
+  _Sun-dial at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania.
+    Country-seat of Charles E. Mather, Esq. Photographed
+    by J. Horace McFarland_      facing 80
+
+  _Entrance Porch and Gate to the Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga,
+    New York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq.
+    Photographed by Gustave Lorey_      82
+
+  _Pergola and Terrace Walk in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga,
+    New York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq.
+    Photographed by Gustave Lorey_      83
+
+  _Statue of Christalan in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New
+    York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed
+    by Gustave Lorey_      84
+
+  _Sun-dial in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York.
+    Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed by
+    Gustave Lorey_      86
+
+  _Bronze Dial-face in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New
+    York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed
+    by Gustave Lorey_      87
+
+  _Ancient Pine in Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York.
+    Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed by
+    Gustave Lorey_      89
+
+  _House and Garden at Napanock, County Ulster, New York.
+    Photographed by Edward Lamson Henry, N. A._      facing 92
+
+  _Box Parterre at Hampton, County Baltimore, Maryland.
+    Home of Mrs. John Ridgely. Photographed by Elizabeth
+    W. Trescot_      95
+
+  _Sun-dial in Box at Broughton Castle, Banbury, England.
+    Garden of Lady Lennox_      98
+
+  _Sun-dial in Box at Ascott, near Leighton Buzzard, England.
+    Country-seat of Mr. Leopold Rothschild_      facing 100
+
+  _Garden at Tudor Place, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
+    Home of Mrs. Beverly Kennon. Photographed by Elizabeth
+    W. Trescot_      103
+
+  _Anchor-shaped Flower Beds, Kingston, Rhode Island. Photographed
+    by Sarah P. Marchant_      104
+
+  _Ancient Box at Tuckahoe, Virginia_      105
+
+  _Herb Garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois_      108
+
+  _Garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois_      111
+
+  _Garden of Manning Homestead, Salem, Massachusetts_      facing 112
+
+  _Under the Garret Eaves of Ward Homestead, Shrewsbury,
+    Massachusetts_      116
+
+  _A Gatherer of Simples. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+    Paschall_      facing 120
+
+  _Sage. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      126
+
+  _Tansy. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      129
+
+  _Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing, Albany, New York. Photographed
+    by Gustave Lorey_      facing 130
+
+  _Ladies' Delights. Photographed by Eva E. Newell_      133
+
+  _Garden House and Long Walk in Garden of Hon. William
+    H. Seward, Auburn, New York_      facing 134
+
+  _Sun-dial in Garden of Hon. William H. Seward, Auburn,
+    New York_      136
+
+  _Lilacs in Midsummer. In Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing,
+    Albany, New York. Photographed by Gustave
+    Lorey_      facing 138
+
+  _Lilacs at Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Home
+    of Longfellow. Photographed by Arthur N. Wilmarth_      141
+
+  _Box-edged Garden at Home of Longfellow, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+    Photographed by Arthur N. Wilmarth_      142
+
+  _Joepye-weed and Queen Anne's Laces. Photographed by Mary
+    F. C. Paschall_      145
+
+  _Boneset. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      146
+
+  _Magnolias in Garden of William Brown, Esq., Flatbush, Long
+    Island_      facing 148
+
+  _Lilacs at Hopewell_      149
+
+  _Persian Lilacs and Peonies in Garden of Kimball Homestead,
+    Portsmouth, New Hampshire_      151
+
+  _Opyn-tide, the Thought of Spring. Garden of Mrs. Abraham
+    Lansing, Albany, New York. Photographed by Pirie
+    MacDonald_      facing 154
+
+  _A Thought of Winter's Snows. Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury,
+    Esq., Waterbury, Connecticut_      157
+
+  _Larkspur and Phlox. Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts_      162
+
+  _Sweet William and Foxglove_      163
+
+  _Plume Poppy_      164
+
+  _Meadow Rue_      167
+
+  _Money-in-both-Pockets_      171
+
+  _Box Walk in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq., Waterbury,
+    Connecticut_      173
+
+  _Lunaria in Garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Fairfield,
+    Connecticut. Photographed by Mabel Osgood Wright_
+        facing 174
+
+  _Dahlia Walk at Ravensworth, County Fairfax, Virginia.
+    Home of Mrs. W. R. Fitzhugh Lee. Photographed by
+    Elizabeth W. Trescot_      177
+
+  _Petunias_      180
+
+  _Virgin's Bower, in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts_      184
+
+  _Matrimony Vine at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed by
+    J. Horace McFarland_      186
+
+  _White Chinese Wistaria, in Garden of Mortimer Howell, Esq.,
+    West Hampton Beach, Long Island_      188
+
+  _Spiræa Van Houtteii. Photographed by J. Horace McFarland_
+    facing 190
+
+  _Old Apple Tree at Whitehall. Home of Bishop Berkeley,
+    near Newport, Rhode Island_      194
+
+  "_The valley stretching below
+    Is white with blossoming Apple trees,
+    As if touched with lightest snow._"
+    _Photographed by T. E. M. and G. F. White_      197
+
+  _Old Hand-power Cider Mill. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+    Paschall_      198
+
+  _Pressing out the Cider in Old Hand Mill_      200
+
+  _Old Cider Mill with Horse Power. Photographed by T. E. M.
+    and G. F. White_      203
+
+  _Straining off the Cider into Barrels_      204
+
+  _Drying Apples. Photographed by T. E. M. and G. F. White_
+    facing 208
+
+  _Ancient Apple Picker, Apple Racks, Apple Parers, Apple
+    Butter Kettle, Apple Butter Paddle, Apple Butter Stirrer,
+    Apple Butter Crocks. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+    Paschall_      211
+
+  _Making Apple Butter. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_
+    facing 214
+
+  _Shakespeare Border in Garden at Hillside, Menand's, near
+    Albany, New York. Photographed by Gustave Lorey_      216
+
+  _Long Border at Hillside, Menand's, near Albany, New York.
+    Photographed by Gustave Lorey_      facing 218
+
+  _The Beauty of Winter Lilacs. In Garden of Mrs. Abraham
+    Lansing, Albany, New York. Photographed by Pirie MacDonald_      220
+
+  _Garden of Mrs. Frank Robinson, Wakefield, Rhode Island_      222
+
+  _The Parson's Walk_      225
+
+  _Garden of Mary Washington_      228
+
+  _Box and Phlox. Garden of Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island,
+    New York_      230
+
+  _Within the Weeping Beech. Photographed by E. C. Nichols_
+    facing 232
+
+  _Spring Snowflake, Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F.
+    Davis_      234
+
+  _Star of Bethlehem, in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F.
+    Davis_      237
+
+  _"The Pearl" Achillæa_      238
+
+  _Pyrethrum. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      242
+
+  _Terraced Garden of the Misses Nichols, Salem, Massachusetts.
+    Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      246
+
+  _Arbor in a Salem Garden_      250
+
+  _Scilla in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse, Worcester,
+    Massachusetts_      254
+
+  _Sweet Alyssum Edging of White Border at Indian Hill, Newburyport,
+    Massachusetts_      256
+
+  _Bachelor's Buttons in a Salem Garden. Home of Mrs. Edward
+    B. Peirson_      258
+
+  _A "Sweet Garden-side" in Salem, Massachusetts, Home of
+    John Robinson, Esq._      facing 260
+
+  _Salpiglossis in Garden at Indian Hill, Newburyport, Massachusetts.
+    Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      261
+
+  _The Old Campanula, Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts_      263
+
+  _Chinese Bellflower. Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      264
+
+  _Garden at Tudor Place, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
+    Home of Mrs. Beverly Kennon. Photographed by Elizabeth
+    W. Trescot_      facing 266
+
+  _Light as a Loop of Larkspur, in Garden of Judge Oliver Wendell
+    Holmes, Beverly, Massachusetts_      269
+
+  _Viper's Bugloss. Photographed by Henry Troth_      274
+
+  _The Prim Precision of Leaf and Flower of Lupine. Photographed
+    by Henry Troth_      276
+
+  _The Garden's Friend. Photographed by Clifton Johnson_      281
+
+  _Edging of Striped Lilies in a Salem Garden. Photographed by
+    Herschel F. Davis_      283
+
+  _Garden Seat at Avonwood Court. Photographed by J. Horace
+    McFarland_      facing 286
+
+  _Terraced Garden of the Misses Nichols, Salem, Massachusetts_      288
+
+  _"A Running Ribbon of Perfumed Snow which the Sun is
+    melting rapidly." At Marchant Farm, Kingston, Rhode
+    Island. Photographed by Sarah F. Marchant_      292
+
+  _Fountain Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New
+    York_      facing 294
+
+  _Hawthorn Arch at Holly House, Peace Dale, Rhode Island.
+    Home of Rowland G. Hazard, Esq._      298
+
+  _Thyme-covered Graves. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      301
+
+  "_White Umbrellas of Elder_"      305
+
+  _Lower Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New York_
+    facing 308
+
+  "_Black-heart Amorous Poppies_"      310
+
+  _Valerian. Photographed by E. C. Nichols_      314
+
+  _Old War Office in Garden at Salem, New Jersey_      319
+
+  _Crown Imperial. Page from Gerarde's Herball_      facing 324
+
+  _The Children's Garden_     facing 330
+
+  _Foxgloves in a Narragansett Garden_      333
+
+  _Hollyhocks in Garden of Kimball Homestead, Portsmouth, New
+    Hampshire_      facing 334
+
+  _Autumn View of an Old Worcester Garden_      facing 338
+
+  _Hollyhocks at Tudor Place, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
+    Home of Mrs. Beverly Kennon_      339
+
+  _An Old Worcester Garden. Home of Edwin A. Fawcett, Esq._
+    facing 340
+
+  _Caraway_      342
+
+  _Sun-dial of Jonathan Fairbanks, Esq., Dedham, Massachusetts_      344
+
+  _Bronze Sun-dial on Dutch Reformed Church, West End
+    Avenue, New York_      346
+
+  _Sun-dial mounted on Boulder, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania_      347
+
+  _Buckthorn Arch in Garden of Mrs. Edward B. Peirson,
+    Salem, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F.
+    Davis_      facing 348
+
+  _Sun-dial at Emery Place, Brightwood, District of Columbia.
+    Photographed by William Van Zandt Cox_      349
+
+  _Sun-dial at Travellers' Rest, Virginia. Home of Mrs. Bowie
+    Gray. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot_      350
+
+  _Two Old Cronies; the Sun-dial and Bee skepe. Photographed
+    by Eva E. Newell_      354
+
+  _Portable Sun-dial from Collection of the Author_      356
+
+  _Sun-dial in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq., Waterbury,
+    Connecticut_      358
+
+  _Sun-dial at Morristown, New Jersey. Designed by W. Gedney
+    Beatty, Esq._      359
+
+  "_Yes, Toby, it's Three o'clock._" _Judge Daly and his Sun-dial
+    at Sag Harbor, Long Island. Drawn by Edward Lamson
+    Henry, N.A._      361
+
+  _Face of Dial at Sag Harbor, Long Island_      362
+
+  _Sun-dial in Garden of Grace Church Rectory, New York.
+    Photographed by J. W. Dow_      364
+
+  _Fugio Bank-note_      365
+
+  _Sun-dial at "Washington House," Little Brington, England_      367
+
+  _Dial-face from Mount Vernon. Owned by William F. Havemeyer,
+    Jr._      368
+
+  _Sun-dial from Home of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg,
+    Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot_      369
+
+  _Kenmore, the Home of Betty Washington Lewis, Fredericksburg,
+    Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot_      371
+
+  _Sun-dial in Garden of Charles T. Jenkins, Esq., Germantown,
+    Pennsylvania_      373
+
+  _Sun-dial at Ophir Farm, White Plains, New York. Country-seat
+    of Hon. Whitelaw Reid_      375
+
+  _Sun-dial at Hillside, Menand's, near Albany, New York_      378
+
+  _Old Brass and Pewter Dial-faces from Collection of Author_      379
+
+  _Beata Beatrix_      facing 380
+
+  _The Faithful Gardener_      381
+
+  _A Garden Lyre at Waterford, Virginia_      facing 384
+
+  _A Virginia Lyre with Vines_      386
+
+  _Old Iron Gates at Westover-on-James, Virginia. Photographed
+    by George S. Cook_      388
+
+  _Ironwork in Court of Colt Mansion, Bristol, Rhode Island.
+    Photographed by J. W. Dow_      390
+
+  _Sharpening the Old Dutch Scythe. Photographed by Mary
+    F. C. Paschall_      facing 392
+
+  _Summer-house at Ravensworth, County Fairfax, Virginia.
+    Home of Mrs. W. H. Fitzhugh Lee. Photographed by
+    Elizabeth W. Trescot_      392
+
+  _Beehives at Waterford, Virginia. Photographed by Henry
+    Troth_      facing 394
+
+  _Beehives under the Trees. Photographed by Henry Troth_      395
+
+  _Spring House at Johnson Homestead, Germantown, Pennsylvania.
+    Photographed by Henry Troth_      facing 396
+
+  _Dovecote at Shirley-on-James, Virginia. From_ Some Colonial
+    Mansions and Those who lived in Them. _Published by
+    Henry T. Coates & Co., Philadelphia_      397
+
+  _The Peacock in his Pride_      398
+
+  _The Guardian of the Garden_      400
+
+  _Brick Terrace Wall at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+    by J. Horace McFarland_      facing 402
+
+  _Rail Fence Corner_      403
+
+  _Topiary Work at Levens Hall_      404
+
+  _Oval Pergola at Arlington, Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth
+    W. Trescot_      facing 406
+
+  _French Homestead, Kingston, Rhode Island, with Old Stone
+    Terrace Wall. Photographed by Sarah F. Marchant_      407
+
+  _Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts. Country-seat of
+    Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq._      facing 408
+
+  _Marble Steps in Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts_      410
+
+  _Topiary Work in California_      412
+
+  _Serpentine Brick Wall at University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
+    Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot_      413
+
+  _Chestnut Path in Garden at Indian Hill, Newburyport, Massachusetts.
+    Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      facing 418
+
+  _Foxgloves in Lower Garden at Indian Hill, Newburyport,
+    Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      421
+
+  _Dame's Rocket. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      424
+
+  _Snakeroot. Photographed by Mary F. C Paschall_      426
+
+  _Title-page of Parkinson's_ Paradisi in Solis, _etc._
+    facing 428
+
+  _Yuccas, like White Marble against the Evergreens_      430
+
+  _Fraxinella in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse, Worcester,
+    Massachusetts_      facing 432
+
+  _Love-in-a-Mist. Photographed by Henry Troth_      436
+
+  _Spiderwort in an Old Worcester Garden. Photographed by
+    Herschel F. Davis_      facing 438
+
+  _Gardener's Garters at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+    by J. Horace McFarland_      440
+
+  _Garden Walk at The Manse, Deerfield, Massachusetts. Photographed
+    by Clifton Johnson_      facing 442
+
+  _London Pride. Photographed by Eva E. Newell_      445
+
+  _White Fritillaria in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts_      448
+
+  _Bouncing Bet_      451
+
+  _Overgrown Garden at Llanerck, Pennsylvania. Photographed
+    by Henry Troth_      facing 454
+
+  _Fountain at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York. Country-seat of
+    Spencer Trask, Esq._      455
+
+  _Avenue of White Pines at Wellesley, Massachusetts. Country-seat
+    of Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq._      456
+
+  _Violets in Silver Double Coaster_      461
+
+  _York and Lancaster Rose at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+    by J. Horace McFarland_      facing 462
+
+  _Cinnamon Roses. Photographed by Mabel Osgood Wright_      465
+
+  _Cottage Garden with Roses. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+    Paschall_      facing 468
+
+  _Madame Plantier Rose. Photographed by Mabel Osgood
+    Wright_      474
+
+  _Sun-dial and Roses at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+    by J. Horace McFarland_      facing 476
+
+
+
+
+
+Old Time Gardens
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+COLONIAL GARDEN-MAKING
+
+     "There is not a softer trait to be found in the character of those
+     stern men than that they should have been sensible of these
+     flower-roots clinging among the fibres of their rugged hearts, and
+     felt the necessity of bringing them over sea, and making them
+     hereditary in the new land."
+
+     --_American Note-book_, NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.
+
+
+After ten wearisome weeks of travel across an unknown sea, to an equally
+unknown world, the group of Puritan men and women who were the founders
+of Boston neared their Land of Promise; and their noble leader, John
+Winthrop, wrote in his Journal that "we had now fair Sunshine Weather
+and so pleasant a sweet Aire as did much refresh us, and there came a
+smell off the Shore like the Smell of a Garden."
+
+A _Smell of a Garden_ was the first welcome to our ancestors from their
+new home; and a pleasant and perfect emblem it was of the life that
+awaited them. They were not to become hunters and rovers, not to be
+eager to explore quickly the vast wilds beyond; they were to settle down
+in the most domestic of lives, as tillers of the soil, as makers of
+gardens.
+
+What must that sweet air from the land have been to the sea-weary
+Puritan women on shipboard, laden to them with its promise of a garden!
+for I doubt not every woman bore with her across seas some little
+package of seeds and bulbs from her English home garden, and perhaps a
+tiny slip or plant of some endeared flower; watered each day, I fear,
+with many tears, as well as from the surprisingly scant water supply
+which we know was on board that ship.
+
+And there also came flying to the _Arbella_ as to the Ark, a Dove--a
+bird of promise--and soon the ship came to anchor.
+
+    "With hearts revived in conceit new Lands and Trees they spy,
+     Scenting the Cædars and Sweet Fern from heat's reflection dry,"
+
+wrote one colonist of that arrival, in his _Good Newes from New
+England_. I like to think that Sweet Fern, the characteristic wild
+perfume of New England, was wafted out to greet them. And then all went
+on shore in the sunshine of that ineffable time and season,--a New
+England day in June,--and they "gathered store of fine strawberries,"
+just as their Salem friends had on a June day on the preceding year
+gathered strawberries and "sweet Single Roses" so resembling the English
+Eglantine that the hearts of the women must have ached within them with
+fresh homesickness. And ere long all had dwelling-places, were they but
+humble log cabins; and pasture lands and commons were portioned out; and
+in a short time all had garden-plots, and thus, with sheltering
+roof-trees, and warm firesides, and with gardens, even in this lonely
+new world, they had _homes_. The first entry in the Plymouth Records is
+a significant one; it is the assignment of "Meresteads and
+Garden-Plotes," not meresteads alone, which were farm lands, but home
+gardens: the outlines of these can still be seen in Plymouth town. And
+soon all sojourners who bore news back to England of the New-Englishmen
+and New-Englishwomen, told of ample store of gardens. Ere a year had
+passed hopeful John Winthrop wrote, "My Deare Wife, wee are here in a
+Paradise." In four years the chronicler Wood said in his _New England's
+Prospect_, "There is growing here all manner of herbs for meat and
+medicine, and that not only in planted gardens, but in the woods,
+without the act and help of man." Governor Endicott had by that time a
+very creditable garden.
+
+And by every humble dwelling the homesick goodwife or dame, trying to
+create a semblance of her fair English home so far away, planted in her
+"garden plot" seeds and roots of homely English flowers and herbs, that
+quickly grew and blossomed and smiled on bleak New England's rocky
+shores as sturdily and happily as they had bloomed in the old gardens
+and by the ancient door sides in England. What good cheer they must have
+brought! how they must have been beloved! for these old English garden
+flowers are such gracious things; marvels of scent, lavish of bloom,
+bearing such genial faces, growing so readily and hardily, spreading so
+quickly, responding so gratefully to such little care: what pure
+refreshment they bore in their blossoms, what comfort in their seeds;
+they must have seemed an emblem of hope, a promise of a new and happy
+home. I rejoice over every one that I know was in those little colonial
+gardens, for each one added just so much measure of solace to what seems
+to me, as I think upon it, one of the loneliest, most fearsome things
+that gentlewomen ever had to do, all the harder because neither by
+poverty nor by unavoidable stress were they forced to it; they came
+across-seas willingly, for conscience' sake. These women were not
+accustomed to the thought of emigration, as are European folk to-day;
+they had no friends to greet them in the new land; they were to
+encounter wild animals and wild men; sea and country were unknown--they
+could scarce expect ever to return: they left everything, and took
+nothing of comfort but their Bibles and their flower seeds. So when I
+see one of the old English flowers, grown of those days, blooming now in
+my garden, from the unbroken chain of blossom to seed of nearly three
+centuries, I thank the flower for all that its forbears did to comfort
+my forbears, and I cherish it with added tenderness.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of the Johnson Mansion, Germantown, Pennsylvania.]
+
+We should have scant notion of the gardens of these New England
+colonists in the seventeenth century were it not for a cheerful
+traveller named John Josselyn, a man of everyday tastes and much
+inquisitiveness, and the pleasing literary style which comes from
+directness, and an absence of self-consciousness. He published in 1672 a
+book entitled _New England's Rarities discovered_, etc., and in 1674
+another volume giving an account of his two voyages hither in 1638 and
+1663. He made a very careful list of vegetables which he found thriving
+in the new land; and since his flower list is the earliest known, I will
+transcribe it in full; it isn't long, but there is enough in it to make
+it a suggestive outline which we can fill in from what we know of the
+plants to-day, and form a very fair picture of those gardens.
+
+  "Spearmint,
+  Rew, will hardly grow
+  Fetherfew prospereth exceedingly;
+  Southernwood, is no Plant for this Country, Nor
+  Rosemary. Nor
+  Bayes.
+  White-Satten groweth pretty well, so doth
+  Lavender-Cotton. But
+  Lavender is not for the Climate.
+  Penny Royal
+  Smalledge.
+  Ground Ivey, or Ale Hoof.
+  Gilly Flowers will continue two Years.
+  Fennel must be taken up, and kept in a Warm Cellar all Winter
+  Horseleek prospereth notably
+  Holly hocks
+  Enula Canpana, in two years time the Roots rot.
+  Comferie, with White Flowers.
+  Coriander, and
+  Dill, and
+  Annis thrive exceedingly, but Annis Seed, as also the seed of
+  Fennel seldom come to maturity; the Seed of Annis is commonly eaten
+    with a Fly.
+  Clary never lasts but one Summer, the Roots rot with the Frost.
+  Sparagus thrives exceedingly, so does
+  Garden Sorrel, and
+  Sweet Bryer or Eglantine
+  Bloodwort but sorrily, but
+  Patience and
+  English Roses very pleasantly.
+  Celandine, by the West Country now called Kenning Wort grows but slowly.
+  Muschater, as well as in England
+  Dittander or Pepperwort flourisheth notably and so doth
+  Tansie."
+
+These lists were published fifty years after the landing of the Pilgrims
+at Plymouth; from them we find that the country was just as well stocked
+with vegetables as it was a hundred years later when other travellers
+made lists, but the flowers seem few; still, such as they were, they
+formed a goodly sight. With rows of Hollyhocks glowing against the rude
+stone walls and rail fences of their little yards; with clumps of
+Lavender Cotton and Honesty and Gillyflowers blossoming freely; with
+Feverfew "prospering" to sow and slip and pot and give to neighbors just
+as New England women have done with Feverfew every year of the centuries
+that have followed; with "a Rose looking in at the window"--a
+Sweetbrier, Eglantine, or English Rose--these colonial dames might well
+find "Patience growing very pleasantly" in their hearts as in their
+gardens.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Grumblethorp, Germantown, Pennsylvania.]
+
+They had plenty of pot herbs for their accustomed savoring; and plenty
+of medicinal herbs for their wonted dosing. Shakespeare's "nose-herbs"
+were not lacking. Doubtless they soon added to these garden flowers many
+of our beautiful native blooms, rejoicing if they resembled any beloved
+English flowers, and quickly giving them, as we know, familiar old
+English plant-names.
+
+And there were other garden inhabitants, as truly English as were the
+cherished flowers, the old garden weeds, which quickly found a home and
+thrived in triumph in the new soil. Perhaps the weed seeds came over in
+the flower-pot that held a sheltered plant or cutting; perhaps a few
+were mixed with garden seeds; perhaps they were in the straw or other
+packing of household goods: no one knew the manner of their coming, but
+there they were, Motherwort, Groundsel, Chickweed, and Wild Mustard,
+Mullein and Nettle, Henbane and Wormwood. Many a goodwife must have
+gazed in despair at the persistent Plantain, "the Englishman's foot,"
+which seems to have landed in Plymouth from the Mayflower.
+
+Josselyn made other lists of plants which he found in America, under
+these headings:--
+
+  "Such plants as are common with us in England.
+  Such plants as are proper to the Country.
+  Such plants as are proper to the Country and have no name.
+  Such plants as have sprung up since the English planted, and kept cattle
+    in New England."
+
+In these lists he gives a surprising number of English weeds which had
+thriven and rejoiced in their new home.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of the Bartram House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.]
+
+Mr. Tuckerman calls Josselyn's list of the fishes of the new world a
+poor makeshift; his various lists of plants are better, but they are the
+lists of an herbalist, not of a botanist. He had some acquaintance with
+the practice of physic, of which he narrates some examples; and an
+interest in kitchen recipes, and included a few in his books. He said
+that Parkinson or another botanist might have "found in New England a
+thousand, at least, of plants never heard of nor seen by any Englishman
+before," and adds that he was himself an indifferent observer. He
+certainly lost an extraordinary opportunity of distinguishing himself,
+indeed of immortalizing himself; and it is surprising that he was so
+heedless, for Englishmen of that day were in general eager botanists.
+The study of plants was new, and was deemed of such absorbing interest
+and fascination that some rigid Puritans feared they might lose their
+immortal souls through making their new plants their idols.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Abigail Adams.]
+
+When Josselyn wrote, but few of our American flowers were known to
+European botanists; Indian Corn, Pitcher Plant, Columbine, Milkweed,
+Everlasting, and Arbor-vitæ had been described in printed books, and the
+Evening Primrose. A history of Canadian and other new plants, by Dr.
+Cornuti, had been printed in Europe, giving thirty-seven of our plants;
+and all English naturalists were longing to add to the list; the ships
+which brought over homely seeds and plants for the gardens of the
+colonists carried back rare American seeds and plants for English physic
+gardens.
+
+In Pennsylvania, from the first years of the settlement, William Penn
+encouraged his Quaker followers to plant English flowers and fruit in
+abundance, and to try the fruits of the new world. Father Pastorius, in
+his Germantown settlement, assigned to each family a garden-plot of
+three acres, as befitted a man who left behind him at his death a
+manuscript poem of many thousand words on the pleasures of gardening,
+the description of flowers, and keeping of bees. George Fox, the founder
+of the Friends, or Quakers, died in 1690. He had travelled in the
+colonies; and in his will he left sixteen acres of land to the Quaker
+meeting in the city of Philadelphia. Of these sixteen acres, ten were
+for "a close to put Friends' horses in when they came afar to the
+Meeting, that they may not be Lost in the Woods," while the other six
+were for a site for a meeting-house and school-house, and "for a
+Playground for the Children of the town to Play on, and for a Garden to
+plant with Physical Plants, for Lads and Lasses to know Simples, and to
+learn to make Oils and Ointments." Few as are these words, they convey a
+positive picture of Fox's intent, and a pleasing picture it is. He had
+seen what interest had been awakened and what instruction conveyed
+through the "Physick-Garden" at Chelsea, England; and he promised to
+himself similar interest and information from the study of plants and
+flowers by the Quaker "lads and lasses" of the new world. Though
+nothing came from this bequest, there was a later fulfilment of Fox's
+hopes in the establishment of a successful botanic garden in
+Philadelphia, and, in the planting, growth, and flourishing in the
+province of Pennsylvania of the loveliest gardens in the new world;
+there floriculture reached by the time of the Revolution a very high
+point; and many exquisite gardens bore ample testimony to the "pride of
+life," as well as to the good taste and love of flowers of Philadelphia
+Friends. The garden at Grumblethorp, the home of Charles J. Wister,
+Esq., of Germantown, Pennsylvania, shown on page 7, dates to colonial
+days and is still flourishing and beautiful.
+
+In 1728 was established, by John Bartram, in Philadelphia, the first
+botanic garden in America. The ground on which it was planted, and the
+stone dwelling-house he built thereon in 1731, are now part of the park
+system of Philadelphia. A view of the garden as now in cultivation is
+given on page 9. Bartram travelled much in America, and through his
+constant correspondence and flower exchanges with distinguished
+botanists and plant growers in Europe, many native American plants
+became well known in foreign gardens, among them the Lady's Slipper and
+Rhododendron. He was a Quaker,--a quaint and picturesque figure,--and
+his example helped to establish the many fine gardens in the vicinity of
+Philadelphia. The example and precept of Washington also had important
+influence; for he was constant in his desire and his effort to secure
+every good and new plant, grain, shrub, and tree for his home at
+Mount Vernon. A beautiful tribute to his good taste and that of his wife
+still exists in the Mount Vernon flower garden, which in shape, Box
+edgings, and many details is precisely as it was in their day. A view of
+its well-ordered charms is shown opposite page 12. Whenever I walk in
+this garden I am deeply grateful to the devoted women who keep it in
+such perfection, as an object-lesson to us of the dignity, comeliness,
+and beauty of a garden of the olden times.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Mount Vernon-on-the-Potomac. Home of George
+Washington.]
+
+There is little evidence that a general love and cultivation of flowers
+was as common in humble homes in the Southern colonies as in New England
+and the Middle provinces. The teeming abundance near the tropics
+rendered any special gardening unnecessary for poor folk; flowers grew
+and blossomed lavishly everywhere without any coaxing or care. On
+splendid estates there were splendid gardens, which have nearly all
+suffered by the devastations of war--in some towns they were thrice thus
+scourged. So great was the beauty of these Southern gardens and so vast
+the love they provoked in their owners, that in more than one case the
+life of the garden's master was merged in that of the garden. The
+British soldiers during the War of the Revolution wantonly destroyed the
+exquisite flowers at "The Grove," just outside the city of Charleston,
+and their owner, Mr. Gibbes, dropped dead in grief at the sight of the
+waste.
+
+The great wealth of the Southern planters, their constant and
+extravagant following of English customs and fashions, their fertile
+soil and favorable climate, and their many slaves, all contributed to
+the successful making of elaborate gardens. Even as early as 1682 South
+Carolina gardens were declared to be "adorned with such Flowers as to
+the Smell or Eye are pleasing or agreeable, as the Rose, Tulip, Lily,
+Carnation, &c." William Byrd wrote of the terraced gardens of Virginia
+homes. Charleston dames vied with each other in the beauty of their
+gardens, and Mrs. Logan, when seventy years old, in 1779, wrote a
+treatise called _The Gardener's Kalendar_. Eliza Lucas Pinckney of
+Charleston was devoted to practical floriculture and horticulture. Her
+introduction of indigo raising into South Carolina revolutionized the
+trade products of the state and brought to it vast wealth. Like many
+other women and many men of wealth and culture at that time, she kept up
+a constant exchange of letters, seeds, plants, and bulbs with English
+people of like tastes. She received from them valuable English seeds and
+shrubs; and in turn she sent to England what were so eagerly sought by
+English flower raisers, our native plants. The good will and national
+pride of ship captains were enlisted; even young trees of considerable
+size were set in hogsheads, and transported, and cared for during the
+long voyage.
+
+[Illustration: Gate and Hedge of Preston Garden.]
+
+The garden at Mount Vernon is probably the oldest in Virginia still in
+original shape. In Maryland are several fine, formal gardens which do
+not date, however, to colonial days; the beautiful one at Hampton, the
+home of the Ridgelys, in Baltimore County, is shown on pages 57, 60 and
+95. In both North and South Carolina the gardens were exquisite. Many
+were laid out by competent landscape gardeners, and were kept in order
+by skilled workmen, negro slaves, who were carefully trained from
+childhood to special labor, such as topiary work. In Camden and
+Charleston the gardens vied with the finest English manor-house gardens.
+Remains of their beauty exist, despite devastating wars and earthquakes.
+Views of the Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina, are shown on
+pages 15 and 18 and facing page 54. They are now the grounds of the
+Presbyterian College for Women. The hedges have been much reduced
+within a few years; but the garden still bears a surprising resemblance
+to the Garden of the Generalife, Granada. The Spanish garden has fewer
+flowers and more fountains, yet I think it must have been the model for
+the Preston Garden. The climax of magnificence in Southern gardens has
+been for years, at Magnolia-on-the-Ashley, the ancestral home of the
+Draytons since 1671. It is impossible to describe the affluence of color
+in this garden in springtime; masses of unbroken bloom on giant
+Magnolias; vast Camellia Japonicas, looking, leaf and flower, thoroughly
+artificial, as if made of solid wax; splendid Crape Myrtles, those
+strange flower-trees; mammoth Rhododendrons; Azaleas of every Azalea
+color,--all surrounded by walls of the golden Banksia Roses, and hedges
+covered with Jasmine and Honeysuckle. The Azaleas are the special glory
+of the garden; the bushes are fifteen to twenty feet in height, and
+fifty or sixty feet in circumference, with rich blossoms running over
+and crowding down on the ground as if color had been poured over the
+bushes; they extend in vistas of vivid hues as far as the eye can reach.
+All this gay and brilliant color is overhung by a startling contrast,
+the most sombre and gloomy thing in nature, great Live-oaks heavily
+draped with gray Moss; the avenue of largest Oaks was planted two
+centuries ago.
+
+I give no picture of this Drayton Garden, for a photograph of these many
+acres of solid bloom is a meaningless thing. Even an oil painting of it
+is confused and disappointing. In the garden itself the excess of color
+is as cloying as its surfeit of scent pouring from the thousands of open
+flower cups; we long for green hedges, even for scanter bloom and for
+fainter fragrance. It is not a garden to live in, as are our
+box-bordered gardens of the North, our cheerful cottage borders, and our
+well-balanced Italian gardens, so restful to the eye; it is a garden to
+look at and wonder at.
+
+The Dutch settlers brought their love of flowering bulbs, and the bulbs
+also, to the new world. Adrian Van der Donck, a gossiping visitor to New
+Netherland when the little town of New Amsterdam had about a thousand
+inhabitants, described the fine kitchen gardens, the vegetables and
+fruits, and gave an interesting list of garden flowers which he found
+under cultivation by the Dutch vrouws. He says:
+
+     "OF THE FLOWERS. The flowers in general which the Netherlanders
+     have introduced there are the white and red roses of different
+     kinds, the cornelian roses, and stock roses; and those of which
+     there were none before in the country, such as eglantine, several
+     kinds of gillyflowers, jenoffelins, different varieties of fine
+     tulips, crown imperials, white lilies, the lily frutularia,
+     anemones, baredames, violets, marigolds, summer sots, etc. The
+     clove tree has also been introduced, and there are various
+     indigenous trees that bear handsome flowers, which are unknown in
+     the Netherlands. We also find there some flowers of native growth,
+     as, for instance, sunflowers, red and yellow lilies, mountain
+     lilies, morning stars, red, white, and yellow maritoffles (a very
+     sweet flower), several species of bell flowers, etc., to which I
+     have not given particular attention, but _amateurs_ would hold
+     them in high estimation and make them widely known."
+
+[Illustration: Fountain Path in Preston Garden, Columbia, South
+Carolina.]
+
+I wish I knew what a Cornelian Rose was, and Jenoffelins, Baredames, and
+Summer Sots; and what the Lilies were and the Maritoffles and Bell
+Flowers. They all sound so cheerful and homelike--just as if they
+bloomed well. Perhaps the Cornelian Rose may have been striped red and
+white like cornelian stone, and like our York and Lancaster Rose.
+
+Tulips are on all seed and plant lists of colonial days, and they were
+doubtless in every home dooryard in New Netherland. Governor Peter
+Stuyvesant had a fine farm on the Bouwerie, and is said to have had a
+flower garden there and at his home, White Hall, at the Battery, for he
+had forty or fifty negro slaves who were kept at work on his estate. In
+the city of New York many fine formal gardens lingered, on what are now
+our most crowded streets, till within the memory of persons now living.
+One is described as full of "Paus bloemen of all hues, Laylocks, and
+tall May Roses and Snowballs intermixed with choice vegetables and herbs
+all bounded and hemmed in by huge rows of neatly-clipped Box-edgings."
+
+An evidence of increase in garden luxury in New York is found in the
+advertisement of one Theophilus Hardenbrook, in 1750, a practical
+surveyor and architect, who had an evening school for teaching
+architecture. He designed pavilions, summer-houses, and garden seats,
+and "Green-houses for the preservation of Herbs with winding Funnels
+through the walls so as to keep them warm." A picture of the green-house
+of James Beekman, of New York, 1764, still exists, a primitive little
+affair. The first glass-house in North America is believed to be one
+built in Boston for Andrew Faneuil, who died in 1737.
+
+Mrs. Anne Grant, writing of her life near Albany in the middle of the
+eighteenth century, gives a very good description of the Schuyler
+garden. Skulls of domestic animals on fence posts, would seem astounding
+had I not read of similar decorations in old Continental gardens. Vines
+grew over these grisly fence-capitals and birds built their nests in
+them, so in time the Dutch housewife's peaceful kitchen garden ceased
+to resemble the kraal of an African chieftain; to this day, in South
+Africa, natives and Dutch Boers thus set up on gate posts the skulls of
+cattle.
+
+Mrs. Grant writes of the Dutch in Albany:--
+
+     "The care of plants, such as needed peculiar care or skill to rear
+     them, was the female province. Every one in town or country had a
+     garden. Into this garden no foot of man intruded after it was dug
+     in the Spring. I think I see yet what I have so often beheld--a
+     respectable mistress of a family going out to her garden, on an
+     April morning, with her great calash, her little painted basket of
+     seeds, and her rake over her shoulder to her garden of labours. A
+     woman in very easy circumstances and abundantly gentle in form and
+     manners would sow and plant and rake incessantly."
+
+We have happily a beautiful example of the old Dutch manor garden, at
+Van Cortlandt Manor, at Croton-on-Hudson, New York, still in the
+possession of the Van Cortlandt family. It is one of the few gardens in
+America that date really to colonial days. The manor house was built in
+1681; it is one of those fine old Dutch homesteads of which we still
+have many existing throughout New York, in which dignity, comfort, and
+fitness are so happily combined. These homes are, in the words of a
+traveller of colonial days, "so pleasant in their building, and
+contrived so delightful." Above all, they are so suited to their
+surroundings that they seem an intrinsic part of the landscape, as they
+do of the old life of this Hudson River Valley.
+
+[Illustration: Door in Wall of Kitchen Garden at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+I do not doubt that this Van Cortlandt garden was laid out when the
+house was built; much of it must be two centuries old. It has been
+extended, not altered; and the grass-covered bank supporting the upper
+garden was replaced by a brick terrace wall about sixty years ago. Its
+present form dates to the days when New York was a province. The upper
+garden is laid out in formal flower beds; the lower border is rich in
+old vines and shrubs, and all the beloved old-time hardy plants. There
+is in the manor-house an ancient portrait of the child Pierre Van
+Cortlandt, painted about the year 1732. He stands by a table bearing a
+vase filled with old garden flowers--Tulip, Convolvulus, Harebell, Rose,
+Peony, Narcissus, and Flowering Almond; and it is the pleasure of the
+present mistress of the manor, to see that the garden still holds all
+the great-grandfather's flowers.
+
+There is a vine-embowered old door in the wall under the piazza (see
+opposite page 20) which opens into the kitchen and fruit garden; a
+wall-door so quaint and old-timey that I always remind me of
+Shakespeare's lines in _Measure for Measure_:--
+
+    "He hath a garden circummured with brick,
+     Whose western side is with a Vineyard back'd;
+     And to that Vineyard is a planchéd gate
+     That makes his opening with this bigger key:
+     The other doth command a little door
+     Which from the Vineyard to the garden leads."
+
+The long path is a beautiful feature of this garden (it is shown in the
+picture of the garden opposite page 24); it dates certainly to the
+middle of the eighteenth century. Pierre Van Cortlandt, the son of the
+child with the vase of flowers, and grandfather of the present
+generation bearing his surname, was born in 1762. He well recalled
+playing along this garden path when he was a child; and that one day he
+and his little sister Ann (Mrs. Philip Van Rensselaer) ran a race along
+this path and through the garden to see who could first "see the baby"
+and greet their sister, Mrs. Beekman, who came riding to the manor-house
+up the hill from Tarrytown, and through the avenue, which shows on the
+right-hand side of the garden-picture. This beautiful young woman was
+famed everywhere for her grace and loveliness, and later equally so for
+her intelligence and goodness, and the prominent part she bore in the
+War of the Revolution. She was seated on a pillion behind her husband,
+and she carried proudly in her arms her first baby (afterward Dr.
+Beekman) wrapped in a scarlet cloak. This is one of the home-pictures
+that the old garden holds. Would we could paint it!
+
+In this garden, near the house, is a never failing spring and well. The
+house was purposely built near it, in those days of sudden attacks by
+Indians; it has proved a fountain of perpetual youth for the old Locust
+tree, which shades it; a tree more ancient than house or garden, serene
+and beautiful in its hearty old age. Glimpses of this manor-house garden
+and its flowers are shown on many pages of this book, but they cannot
+reveal its beauty as a whole--its fine proportions, its noble
+background, its splendid trees, its turf, its beds of bloom. Oh! How
+beautiful a garden can be, when for two hundred years it has been loved
+and cherished, ever nurtured, ever guarded; how plainly it shows such
+care!
+
+Another Dutch garden is pictured opposite page 32, the garden of the
+Bergen Homestead, at Bay Ridge, Long Island. Let me quote part of its
+description, written by Mrs. Tunis Bergen:--
+
+     "Over the half-open Dutch door you look through the vines that
+     climb about the stoop, as into a vista of the past. Beyond the
+     garden is the great Quince orchard of hundreds of trees in pink and
+     white glory. This orchard has a story which you must pause in the
+     garden to hear. In the Library at Washington is preserved, in
+     quaint manuscript, 'The Battle of Brooklyn,' a farce written and
+     said to have been performed during the British occupation. The
+     scene is partly laid in 'the orchard of one Bergen,' where the
+     British hid their horses after the battle of Long Island--this is
+     the orchard; but the blossoming Quince trees tell no tale of past
+     carnage. At one side of the garden is a quaint little building with
+     moss-grown roof and climbing hop-vine--the last slave kitchen left
+     standing in New York--on the other side are rows of homely
+     beehives. The old Locust tree overshadowing is an ancient
+     landmark--it was standing in 1690. For some years it has worn a
+     chain to bind its aged limbs together. All this beauty of tree and
+     flower lived till 1890, when it was swept away by the growing city.
+     Though now but a memory, it has the perfume of its past flowers
+     about it."
+
+The Locust was so often a "home tree" and so fitting a one, that I have
+grown to associate ever with these Dutch homesteads a light-leaved
+Locust tree, shedding its beautiful flickering shadows on the long roof.
+I wonder whether there was any association or tradition that made the
+Locust the house-friend in old New York!
+
+The first nurseryman in the new world was stern old Governor Endicott of
+Salem. In 1644 he wrote to Governor Winthrop, "My children burnt mee at
+least 500 trees by setting the ground on fire neere them"--which was a
+very pretty piece of mischief for sober Puritan children. We find all
+thoughtful men of influence and prominence in all the colonies raising
+various fruits, and selling trees and plants, but they had no
+independent business nurseries.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+If tradition be true, it is to Governor Endicott we owe an indelible dye
+on the landscape of eastern Massachusetts in midsummer. The Dyer's-weed
+or Woad-waxen (_Genista tinctoria_), which, in July, covers hundreds of
+acres in Lynn, Salem, Swampscott, and Beverly with its solid growth and
+brilliant yellow bloom, is said to have been brought to this country as
+the packing of some of the governor's household belongings. It is far
+more probable that he brought it here to raise it in his garden for
+dyeing purposes, with intent to benefit the colony, as he did other
+useful seeds and plants. Woadwaxen, or Broom, is a persistent thing; it
+needs scythe, plough, hoe, and bitter labor to eradicate it. I cannot
+call it a weed, for it has seized only poor rock-filled land, good for
+naught else; and the radiant beauty of the Salem landscape for many
+weeks makes us forgive its persistence, and thank Endicott for bringing
+it here.
+
+                      "The Broom,
+    Full-flowered and visible on every steep,
+    Along the copses runs in veins of gold."
+
+The Broom flower is the emblem of mid-summer, the hottest yellow flower
+I know--it seems to throw out heat. I recall the first time I saw it
+growing; I was told that it was "Salem Wood-wax." I had heard of
+"Roxbury Waxwork," the Bitter-sweet, but this was a new name, as it was
+a new tint of yellow, and soon I had its history, for I find Salem
+people rather proud both of the flower and its story.
+
+Oxeye Daisies (Whiteweed) are also by vague tradition the children of
+Governor Endicott's planting. I think it far more probable that they
+were planted and cherished by the wives of the colonists, when their
+beloved English Daisies were found unsuited to New England's climate and
+soil. We note the Woad-waxen and Whiteweed as crowding usurpers, not
+only because they are persistent, but because their great expanses of
+striking bloom will not let us forget them. Many other English plants
+are just as determined intruders, but their modest dress permits them to
+slip in comparatively unobserved.
+
+It has ever been characteristic of the British colonist to carry with
+him to any new home the flowers of old England and Scotland, and
+characteristic of these British flowers to monopolize the earth.
+Sweetbrier is called "the missionary-plant," by the Maoris in New
+Zealand, and is there regarded as a tiresome weed, spreading and
+holding the ground. Some homesick missionary or his more homesick wife
+bore it there; and her love of the home plant impressed even the savage
+native. We all know the story of the Scotch settlers who carried their
+beloved Thistles to Tasmania "to make it seem like home," and how they
+lived to regret it. Vancouver's Island is completely overrun with Broom
+and wild Roses from England.
+
+The first commercial nursery in America, in the sense of the term as we
+now employ it, was established about 1730 by Robert Prince, in Flushing,
+Long Island, a community chiefly of French Huguenot settlers, who
+brought to the new world many French fruits by seed and cuttings, and
+also a love of horticulture. For over a century and a quarter these
+Prince Nurseries were the leading ones in America. The sale of fruit
+trees was increased in 1774 (as we learn from advertisements in the _New
+York Mercury_ of that year), by the sale of "Carolina Magnolia flower
+trees, the most beautiful trees that grow in America, and 50 large
+Catalpa flower trees; they are nine feet high to the under part of the
+top and thick as one's leg," also other flowering trees and shrubs.
+
+The fine house built on the nursery grounds by William Prince suffered
+little during the Revolution. It was occupied by Washington and
+afterwards house and nursery were preserved from depredations by a guard
+placed by General Howe when the British took possession of Flushing. Of
+course, domestic nursery business waned in time of war; but an
+excellent demand for American shrubs and trees sprung up among the
+officers of the British army, to send home to gardens in England and
+Germany. Many an English garden still has ancient plants and trees from
+the Prince Nurseries.
+
+The "Linnæan Botanic Garden and Nurseries" and the "Old American
+Nursery" thrived once more at the close of the war, and William Prince
+the second entered in charge; one of his earliest ventures of importance
+was the introduction of Lombardy Poplars. In 1798 he advertises ten
+thousand trees, ten to seventeen feet in height. These became the most
+popular tree in America, the emblem of democracy--and a warmly hated
+tree as well. The eighty acres of nursery grounds were a centre of
+botanic and horticultural interest for the entire country; every tree,
+shrub, vine, and plant known to England and America was eagerly sought
+for; here the important botanical treasures of Lewis and Clark found a
+home. William Prince wrote several notable horticultural treatises; and
+even his trade catalogues were prized. He established the first
+steamboats between Flushing and New York, built roads and bridges on
+Long Island, and was a public-spirited, generous citizen as well as a
+man of science. His son, William Robert Prince, who died in 1869, was
+the last to keep up the nurseries, which he did as a scientific rather
+than a commercial establishment. He botanized the entire length of the
+Atlantic States with Dr. Torrey, and sought for collections of trees and
+wild flowers in California with the same eagerness that others there
+sought gold. He was a devoted promoter of the native silk industry,
+having vast plantations of Mulberries in many cities; for one at
+Norfolk, Virginia, he was offered $100,000. It is a curious fact that
+the interest in Mulberry culture and the practice of its cultivation was
+so universal in his neighborhood (about the year 1830), that cuttings of
+the Chinese Mulberry (_Morus multicaulis_) were used as currency in all
+the stores in the vicinity of Flushing, at the rate of 12-1/2 cents
+each.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Prince Homestead, Flushing, Long Island.]
+
+The Prince homestead, a fine old mansion, is here shown; it is still
+standing, surrounded by that forlorn sight, a forgotten garden. This is
+of considerable extent, and evidences of its past dignity appear in the
+hedges and edgings of Box; one symmetrical great Box tree is fifty feet
+in circumference. Flowering shrubs, unkempt of shape, bloom and beautify
+the waste borders each spring, as do the oldest Chinese Magnolias in the
+United States. Gingkos, Paulownias, and weeping trees, which need no
+gardener's care, also flourish and are of unusual size. There are some
+splendid evergreens, such as Mt. Atlas Cedars; and the oldest and finest
+Cedar of Lebanon in the United States. It seemed sad, as I looked at the
+evidences of so much past beauty and present decay, that this historic
+house and garden should not be preserved for New York, as the house and
+garden of John Bartram, the Philadelphia botanist, have been for his
+native city.
+
+While there are few direct records of American gardens in the eighteenth
+century, we have many instructing side glimpses through old business
+letter-books. We find Sir Harry Frankland ordering Daffodils and Tulips
+for the garden he made for Agnes Surriage; and it is said that the first
+Lilacs ever seen in Hopkinton were planted by him for her. The gay young
+nobleman and the lovely woman are in the dust, and of all the beautiful
+things belonging to them there remain a splendid Portuguese fan, which
+stands as a memorial of that tragic crisis in their life--the great
+Lisbon earthquake; and the Lilacs, which still mark the site of her
+house and blossom each spring as a memorial of the shadowed romance of
+her life in New England.
+
+Let me give two pages from old letters to illustrate what I mean by side
+glimpses at the contents of colonial gardens. The fine Hancock mansion
+in Boston had a carefully-filled garden long previous to the Revolution.
+Such letters as the following were sent by Mr. Hancock to England to
+secure flowers for it:--
+
+     "My Trees and Seeds for Capt. Bennett Came Safe to Hand and I like
+     them very well. I Return you my hearty Thanks for the Plumb Tree
+     and Tulip Roots you were pleased to make me a Present off, which
+     are very Acceptable to me. I have Sent my friend Mr. Wilks a mmo.
+     to procure for me 2 or 3 Doz. Yew Trees, Some Hollys and Jessamine
+     Vines, and if you have Any Particular Curious Things not of a high
+     Price, will Beautifye a flower Garden Send a Sample with the Price
+     or a Catalogue of 'em, I do not intend to spare Any Cost or Pains
+     in making my Gardens Beautifull or Profitable.
+
+     "P.S. The Tulip Roots you were Pleased to make a present off to me
+     are all Dead as well."
+
+We find Richard Stockton writing in 1766 from England to his wife at
+their beautiful home "Morven," in Princeton, New Jersey:--
+
+     "I am making you a charming collection of bulbous roots, which
+     shall be sent over as soon as the prospect of freezing on your
+     coast is over. The first of April, I believe, will be time enough
+     for you to put them in your sweet little flower garden, which you
+     so fondly cultivate. Suppose I inform you that I design a ride to
+     Twickenham the latter end of next month principally to view Mr.
+     Pope's gardens and grotto, which I am told remain nearly as he left
+     them; and that I shall take with me a gentleman who draws well, to
+     lay down an exact plan of the whole."
+
+The fine line of Catalpa trees set out by Richard Stockton, along the
+front of his lawn, were in full flower when he rode up to his house on a
+memorable July day to tell his wife that he had signed the Declaration
+of American Independence. Since then Catalpa trees bear everywhere in
+that vicinity the name of Independence trees, and are believed to be
+ever in bloom on July 4th.
+
+[Illustration: Old Box at Prince Homestead.]
+
+In the delightful diary and letters of Eliza Southgate Bowne (_A Girl's
+Life Eighty Years Ago_), are other side glimpses of the beautiful
+gardens of old Salem, among them those of the wealthy merchants of the
+Derby family. Terraces and arches show a formality of arrangement, for
+they were laid out by a Dutch gardener whose descendants still live in
+Salem. All had summer-houses, which were larger and more important
+buildings than what are to-day termed summer-houses; these latter were
+known in Salem and throughout Virginia as bowers. One summer-house had
+an arch through it with three doors on each side which opened into
+little apartments; one of them had a staircase by which you could ascend
+into a large upper room, which was the whole size of the building. This
+was constructed to command a fine view, and was ornamented with Chinese
+articles of varied interest and value; it was used for tea-drinkings. At
+the end of the garden, concealed by a dense Weeping Willow, was a
+thatched hermitage, containing the life-size figure of a man reading a
+prayer-book; a bed of straw and some broken furniture completed the
+picture. This was an English fashion, seen at one time in many old
+English gardens, and held to be most romantic. Apparently summer
+evenings were spent by the Derby household and their visitors wholly in
+the garden and summer-house. The diary keeper writes naïvely, "The moon
+shines brighter in this garden than anywhere else."
+
+[Illustration: Old Dutch Garden of Bergen Homestead.]
+
+The shrewd and capable women of the colonies who entered so freely and
+successfully into business ventures found the selling of flower seeds a
+congenial occupation, and often added it to the pursuit of other
+callings. I think it must have been very pleasant to buy packages of
+flower seed at the same time and place where you bought your best
+bonnet, and have all sent home in a bandbox together; each would
+prove a memorial of the other; and long after the glory of the bonnet
+had departed, and the bonnet itself was ashes, the thriving Sweet Peas
+and Larkspur would recall its becoming charms. I have often seen the
+advertisements of these seedswomen in old newspapers; unfortunately they
+seldom gave printed lists of their store of seeds. Here is one list
+printed in a Boston newspaper on March 30, 1760:--
+
+  Lavender.
+  Palma Christi.
+  Cerinthe or Honeywort, loved of bees.
+  Tricolor.
+  Indian Pink.
+  Scarlet Cacalia.
+  Yellow Sultans.
+  Lemon African Marigold.
+  Sensitive Plants.
+  White Lupine.
+  Love Lies Bleeding.
+  Patagonian Cucumber.
+  Lobelia.
+  Catchfly.
+  Wing-peas.
+  Convolvulus.
+  Strawberry Spinage.
+  Branching Larkspur.
+  White Chrysanthemum.
+  Nigaella Romano.
+  Rose Campion.
+  Snap Dragon.
+  Nolana prostrata.
+  Summer Savory.
+  Hyssop.
+  Red Hawkweed.
+  Red and White Lavater.
+  Scarlet Lupine.
+  Large blue Lupine.
+  Snuff flower.
+  Caterpillars.
+  Cape Marigold.
+  Rose Lupine.
+  Sweet Peas.
+  Venus' Navelwort.
+  Yellow Chrysanthemum.
+  Cyanus minor.
+  Tall Holyhock.
+  French Marigold.
+  Carnation Poppy.
+  Globe Amaranthus.
+  Yellow Lupine.
+  Indian Branching Coxcombs.
+  Iceplants.
+  Thyme.
+  Sweet Marjoram.
+  Tree Mallows.
+  Everlasting.
+  Greek Valerian.
+  Tree Primrose.
+  Canterbury Bells.
+  Purple Stock.
+  Sweet Scabiouse.
+  Columbine.
+  Pleasant-eyed Pink.
+  Dwarf Mountain Pink.
+  Sweet Rocket.
+  Horn Poppy.
+  French Honeysuckle.
+  Bloody Wallflower.
+  Sweet William.
+  Honesty (to be sold in small parcels that every one may have a little).
+  Persicaria.
+  Polyanthos.
+  50 Different Sorts of mixed Tulip Roots.
+  Ranunculus.
+  Gladiolus.
+  Starry Scabiouse.
+  Curled Mallows.
+  Painted Lady topknot peas.
+  Colchicum.
+  Persian Iris.
+  Star Bethlehem.
+
+This list is certainly a pleasing one. It gives opportunity for flower
+borders of varied growth and rich color. There is a quality of some
+minds which may be termed historical imagination. It is the power of
+shaping from a few simple words or details of the faraway past, an ample
+picture, full of light and life, of which these meagre details are but a
+framework. Having this list of the names of these sturdy old annuals and
+perennials, what do you perceive besides the printed words? I see that
+the old mid-century garden where these seeds found a home was a cheerful
+place from earliest spring to autumn; that it had many bulbs, and
+thereafter a constant succession of warm blooms till the Coxcombs,
+Marigolds, Colchicums and Chrysanthemums yielded to New England's
+frosts. I know that the garden had beehives and that the bees were
+loved; for when they sallied out of their straw bee-skepes, these happy
+bees found their favorite blossoms planted to welcome them: Cerinthe,
+dropping with honey; Cacalia, a sister flower; Lupine, Larkspur, Sweet
+Marjoram, and Thyme--I can taste the Thyme-scented classic honey from
+that garden! There was variety of foliage as well as bloom, the dovelike
+Lavender, the glaucous Horned Poppy, the glistening Iceplants, the dusty
+Rose Campion.
+
+[Illustration: Old Garden at Duck Cove Farm in Narragansett.]
+
+Stately plants grew from the little seed-packets; Hollyhocks, Valerian,
+Canterbury Bells, Tree Primroses looked down on the low-growing herbs of
+the border; and there were vines of Convolvulus and Honeysuckle. It was
+a garden overhung by clouds of perfume from Thyme, Lavender, Sweet Peas,
+Pleasant-eyed Pink, and Stock. The garden's mistress looked well after
+her household; ample store of savory pot herbs grow among the finer
+blossoms.
+
+It was a garden for children to play in. I can see them; little boys
+with their hair tied in queues, in knee breeches and flapped coats like
+their stately fathers, running races down the garden path, as did the
+Van Cortlandt children; and demure little girls in caps and sacques and
+aprons, sitting in cubby houses under the Lilac bushes. I know what
+flowers they played with and how they played, for they were my
+great-grandmothers and grandfathers, and they played exactly what I did,
+and sang what I did when I was a child in a garden. And suddenly my
+picture expands, as a glow of patriotic interest thrills me in the
+thought that in this garden were sheltered and amused the boys of one
+hundred and forty years ago, who became the heroes of our American
+Revolution; and the girls who were Daughters of Liberty, who spun and
+wove and knit for their soldiers, and drank heroically their miserable
+Liberty tea. I fear the garden faded when bitter war scourged the land,
+when the women turned from their flower beds to the plough and the
+field, since their brothers and husbands were on the frontier.
+
+But when that winter of gloom to our country and darkness to the garden
+was ended, the flowers bloomed still more brightly, and to the cheerful
+seedlings of the old garden is now given perpetual youth and beauty;
+they are fated never to grow faded or neglected or sad, but to live and
+blossom and smile forever in the sunshine of our hearts through the
+magic power of a few printed words in a time-worn old news-sheet.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+FRONT DOORYARDS
+
+     "There are few of us who cannot remember a front yard garden which
+     seemed to us a very paradise in childhood. Whether the house was a
+     fine one and the enclosure spacious, or whether it was a small
+     house with only a narrow bit of ground in front, the yard was kept
+     with care, and was different from the rest of the land
+     altogether.... People do not know what they lose when they make way
+     with the reserve, the separateness, the sanctity, of the front yard
+     of their grandmothers. It is like writing down family secrets for
+     any one to read; it is like having everybody call you by your first
+     name, or sitting in any pew in church."
+
+     --_Country Byways_, SARAH ORNE JEWETT, 1881.
+
+
+Old New England villages and small towns and well-kept New England farms
+had universally a simple and pleasing form of garden called the front
+yard or front dooryard. A few still may be seen in conservative
+communities in the New England states and in New York or Pennsylvania. I
+saw flourishing ones this summer in Gloucester, Marblehead, and Ipswich.
+Even where the front yard was but a narrow strip of land before a tiny
+cottage, it was carefully fenced in, with a gate that was kept rigidly
+closed and latched. There seemed to be a law which shaped and bounded
+the front yard; the side fences extended from the corners of the house
+to the front fence on the edge of the road, and thus formed naturally
+the guarded parallelogram. Often the fence around the front yard was the
+only one on the farm; everywhere else were boundaries of great stone
+walls; or if there were rail fences, the front yard fence was the only
+painted one. I cannot doubt that the first gardens that our foremothers
+had, which were wholly of flowering plants, were front yards, little
+enclosures hard won from the forest.
+
+[Illustration: The Flowering Almond under the Window.]
+
+The word yard, not generally applied now to any enclosure of elegant
+cultivation, comes from the same root as the word garden. Garth is
+another derivative, and the word exists much disguised in orchard. In
+the sixteenth century yard was used in formal literature instead of
+garden; and later Burns writes of "Eden's bonnie yard, Where yeuthful
+lovers first were pair'd."
+
+This front yard was an English fashion derived from the forecourt so
+strongly advised by Gervayse Markham (an interesting old English writer
+on floriculture and husbandry), and found in front of many a yeoman's
+house, and many a more pretentious house as well in Markham's day.
+Forecourts were common in England until the middle of the eighteenth
+century, and may still be seen. The forecourt gave privacy to the house
+even when in the centre of a town. Its readoption is advised with
+handsome dwellings in England, where ground-space is limited,--and why
+not in America, too?
+
+[Illustration: Peter's Wreath.]
+
+The front yard was sacred to the best beloved, or at any rate the most
+honored, garden flowers of the house mistress, and was preserved by its
+fences from inroads of cattle, which then wandered at their will and
+were not housed, or even enclosed at night. The flowers were often of
+scant variety, but were those deemed the gentlefolk of the flower world.
+There was a clump of Daffodils and of the Poet's Narcissus in early
+spring, and stately Crown Imperial; usually, too, a few scarlet and
+yellow single Tulips, and Grape Hyacinths. Later came Phlox in
+abundance--the only native American plant,--Canterbury Bells, and ample
+and glowing London Pride. Of course there were great plants of white and
+blue Day Lilies, with their beautiful and decorative leaves, and purple
+and yellow Flower de Luce. A few old-fashioned shrubs always were seen.
+By inflexible law there must be a Lilac, which might be the aristocratic
+Persian Lilac. A Syringa, a flowering Currant, or Strawberry bush made
+sweet the front yard in spring, and sent wafts of fragrance into the
+house-windows. Spindling, rusty Snowberry bushes were by the gate, and
+Snowballs also, or our native Viburnums. Old as they seem, the Spiræas
+and Deutzias came to us in the nineteenth century from Japan; as did the
+flowering Quinces and Cherries. The pink Flowering Almond dates back to
+the oldest front yards (see page 39), and Peter's Wreath certainly seems
+an old settler and is found now in many front yards that remain. The
+lovely full-flowered shrub of Peter's Wreath, on page 41, which was
+photographed for this book, was all that remained of a once-loved front
+yard.
+
+The glory of the front yard was the old-fashioned early red "Piny,"
+cultivated since the days of Pliny. I hear people speaking of it with
+contempt as a vulgar flower,--flaunting is the conventional derogatory
+adjective,--but I glory in its flaunting. The modern varieties, of every
+tint from white through flesh color, coral, pink, ruby color, salmon,
+and even yellow, to deep red, are as beautiful as Roses. Some are
+sweet-scented; and they have no thorns, and their foliage is ever
+perfect, so I am sure the Rose is jealous.
+
+I am as fond of the Peony as are the Chinese, among whom it is flower
+queen. It is by them regarded as an aristocratic flower; and in old New
+England towns fine Peony plants in an old garden are a pretty good
+indication of the residence of what Dr. Holmes called New England
+Brahmins. In Salem and Portsmouth are old "Pinys" that have a hundred
+blossoms at a time--a glorious sight. A Japanese name is
+"Flower-of-prosperity"; another name, "Plant-of-twenty-days," because
+its glories last during that period of time.
+
+[Illustration: Peonies in a Salem Garden.]
+
+Rhododendrons are to the modern garden what the Peony was in the
+old-fashioned flower border; and I am glad the modern flower cannot
+drive the old one out. They are equally varied in coloring, but the
+Peony is a much hardier plant, and I like it far better. It has no
+blights, no bugs, no diseases, no running out, no funguses; it
+doesn't have to be covered in winter, and it will bloom in the shade. No
+old-time or modern garden is to me fully furnished without Peonies; see
+how fair they are in this Salem garden. I would grow them in some corner
+of the garden for their splendid healthy foliage if they hadn't a
+blossom. The _Pæonia tenuifolia_ in particular has exquisite feathery
+foliage. The great Tree Peony, which came from China, grows eight feet
+or more in height, and is a triumph of the flower world; but it was not
+known to the oldest front yards. Some of the Tree Peonies have finely
+displayed leafage of a curious and very gratifying tint of green. Miss
+Jekyll, with her usual felicity, compares its blue cast with pinkish
+shading to the vari-colored metal alloys of the Japanese bronze
+workers--a striking comparison. The single Peonies of recent years are
+of great beauty, and will soon be esteemed here as in China.
+
+Not the least of the Peony's charms is its exceeding trimness and
+cleanliness. The plants always look like a well-dressed, well-shod,
+well-gloved girl of birth, breeding, and of equal good taste and good
+health; a girl who can swim, and skate, and ride, and play golf. Every
+inch has a well-set, neat, cared-for look which the shape and growth of
+the plant keeps from seeming artificial or finicky. See the white Peony
+on page 44; is it not a seemly, comely thing, as well as a beautiful
+one?
+
+No flower can be set in our garden of more distinct antiquity than the
+Peony; the Greeks believed it to be of divine origin. A green arbor of
+the fourteenth century in England is described as set around with
+Gillyflower, Tansy, Gromwell, and "Pyonys powdered ay betwene"--just as
+I like to see Peonies set to this day, "powdered" everywhere between all
+the other flowers of the border.
+
+[Illustration: White Peonies.]
+
+I am pleased to note of the common flowers of the New England front
+yard, that they are no new things; they are nearly all Elizabethan of
+date--many are older still. Lord Bacon in his essay on gardens names
+many of them, Crocus, Tulip, Hyacinth, Daffodil, Flower de Luce, double
+Peony, Lilac, Lily of the Valley.
+
+A favorite flower was the yellow garden Lily, the Lemon Lily,
+_Hemerocallis_, when it could be kept from spreading. Often its
+unbounded luxuriance exiled it from the front yard to the kitchen
+dooryard as befell the clump shown facing page 48. Its pretty
+old-fashioned name was Liricon-fancy, given, I am told, in England to
+the Lily of the Valley. I know no more satisfying sight than a good bank
+of these Lemon Lilies in full flower. Below Flatbush there used to be a
+driveway leading to an old Dutch house, set at regular intervals with
+great clumps of Lemon Lilies, and their full bloom made them glorious.
+Their power of satisfactory adaptation in our modern formal garden is
+happily shown facing page 76, in the lovely garden of Charles E. Mather,
+Esq., in Haverford, Pennsylvania.
+
+The time of fullest inflorescence of the nineteenth century front yard
+was when Phlox and Tiger Lilies bloomed; but the pinkish-orange colors
+of the latter (the oddest reds of any flower tints) blended most vilely
+and rampantly with the crimson-purple of the Phlox; and when London
+Pride joined with its glowing scarlet, the front yard fairly ached.
+Nevertheless, an adaptation of that front yard bloom can be most
+effective in a garden border, when white Phlox only is planted, and the
+Tiger Lily or cultivated stalks of our wild nodding Lily rise above the
+white trusses of bloom. These wild Lilies grow very luxuriantly in the
+garden, often towering above our heads and forming great candelabra
+bearing two score or more blooms. It is no easy task to secure their
+deep-rooted rhizomes in the meadow. I know a young man who won his
+sweetheart by the patience and assiduity with which he dug for her all
+one broiling morning to secure for her the coveted Lily roots, and
+collapsed with mild sunstroke at the finish. Her gratitude and remorse
+were equal factors in his favor.
+
+The Tiger Lily is usually thought upon as a truly old-fashioned flower,
+a veritable antique; it is a favorite of artists to place as an
+accessory in their colonial gardens, and of authors for their
+flower-beds of Revolutionary days, but it was not known either in formal
+garden or front yard, until after "the days when we lived under the
+King." The bulbs were first brought to England from Eastern Asia in 1804
+by Captain Kirkpatrick of the East India Company's Service, and shared
+with the Japan Lily the honor of being the first Eastern Lilies
+introduced into European gardens. A few years ago an old gentleman, Mr.
+Isaac Pitman, who was then about eighty-five years of age, told me that
+he recalled distinctly when Tiger Lilies first appeared in our gardens,
+and where he first saw them growing in Boston. So instead of being an
+old-time flower, or even an old-comer from the Orient, it is one of the
+novelties of this century. How readily has it made itself at home, and
+even wandered wild down our roadsides!
+
+The two simple colors of Phlox of the old-time front yard, white and
+crimson-purple, are now augmented by tints of salmon, vermilion, and
+rose. I recall with special pleasure the profuse garden decoration at
+East Hampton, Long Island, of a pure cherry-colored Phlox, generally a
+doubtful color to me, but there so associated with the white blooms of
+various other plants, and backed by a high hedge covered solidly with
+blossoming Honeysuckle, that it was wonderfully successful.
+
+To other members of the Phlox family, all natives of our own continent,
+the old front yard owed much; the Moss Pink sometimes crowded out both
+Grass and its companion the Periwinkle; it is still found in our
+gardens, and bountifully also in our fields; either in white or pink, it
+is one of the satisfactions of spring, and its cheerful little blossom
+is of wonderful use in many waste places. An old-fashioned bloom, the
+low-growing _Phlox amoena_, with its queerly fuzzy leaves and bright
+crimson blossoms, was among the most distinctly old-fashioned flowers of
+the front yard. It was tolerated rather than cultivated, as was its
+companion, the Arabis or Rock Cress--both crowding, monopolizing
+creatures. I remember well how they spread over the beds and up the
+grass banks in my mother's garden, how sternly they were uprooted, in
+spite of the pretty name of the Arabis--"Snow in Summer."
+
+Sometimes the front yard path had edgings of sweet single or lightly
+double white or tinted Pinks, which were not deemed as choice as Box
+edgings. Frequently large Box plants clipped into simple and natural
+shapes stood at the side of the doorstep, usually in the home of the
+well-to-do. A great shell might be on either side of the door-sill, if
+there chanced to be seafaring men-folk who lived or visited under the
+roof-tree. Annuals were few in number; sturdy old perennial plants of
+many years' growth were the most honored dwellers in the front yard,
+true representatives of old families. The Roses were few and poor, for
+there was usually some great tree just without the gate, an Elm or
+Larch, whose shadow fell far too near and heavily for the health of
+Roses. Sometimes there was a prickly semidouble yellow Rose, called by
+us a Scotch Rose, a Sweet Brier, or a rusty-flowered white Rose,
+similar, though inferior, to the Madame Plantier. A new fashion of
+trellises appeared in the front yard about sixty years ago, and crimson
+Boursault Roses climbed up them as if by magic.
+
+One marked characteristic of the front yard was its lack of weeds; few
+sprung up, none came to seed-time; the enclosure was small, and it was a
+mark of good breeding to care for it well. Sometimes, however, the earth
+was covered closely under shrubs and plants with the cheerful little
+Ladies' Delights, and they blossomed in the chinks of the bricked path
+and under the Box edges. Ambrosia, too, grew everywhere, but these were
+welcome--they were not weeds.
+
+Our old New England houses were suited in color and outline to their
+front yards as to our landscape. Lowell has given in verse a good
+description of the kind of New England house that always had a front
+dooryard of flowers.
+
+[Illustration: Yellow Day Lilies.]
+
+                        "On a grass-green swell
+    That towards the south with sweet concessions fell,
+    It dwelt retired, and half had grown to be
+    As aboriginal as rock or tree.
+    It nestled close to earth, and seemed to brood
+    O'er homely thoughts in a half-conscious mood.
+    If paint it e'er had known, it knew no more
+    Than yellow lichens spattered thickly o'er
+    That soft lead gray, less dark beneath the eaves,
+    Which the slow brush of wind and weather leaves.
+    The ample roof sloped backward to the ground
+    And vassal lean-tos gathered thickly round,
+    Patched on, as sire or son had felt the need.
+    But the great chimney was the central thought.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    It rose broad-shouldered, kindly, debonair,
+    Its warm breath whitening in the autumn air."
+
+Sarah Orne Jewett, in the plaint of _A Mournful Villager_, has drawn a
+beautiful and sympathetic picture of these front yards, and she deplores
+their passing. I mourn them as I do every fenced-in or hedged-in garden
+enclosure. The sanctity and reserve of these front yards of our
+grandmothers was somewhat emblematic of woman's life of that day: it was
+restricted, and narrowed to a small outlook and monotonous likeness to
+her neighbor's; but it was a life easily satisfied with small pleasures,
+and it was comely and sheltered and carefully kept, and pleasant to the
+home household; and these were no mean things.
+
+The front yard was never a garden of pleasure; children could not play
+in these precious little enclosed plots, and never could pick the
+flowers--front yard and flowers were both too much respected. Only
+formal visitors entered therein, visitors who opened the gate and closed
+it carefully behind them, and knocked slowly with the brass knocker, and
+were ushered in through the ceremonious front door and the little
+ill-contrived entry, to the stiff fore-room or parlor. The parson and
+his wife entered that portal, and sometimes a solemn would-be
+sweetheart, or the guests at a tea party. It can be seen that every one
+who had enough social dignity to have a front door and a parlor, and
+visitors thereto, also desired a front yard with flowers as the external
+token of that honored standing. It was like owning a pew in church; you
+could be a Christian without having a pew, but not a respected one.
+Sometimes when there was a "vendue" in the house, reckless folk opened
+the front gate, and even tied it back. I attended one where the
+auctioneer boldly set the articles out through the windows under the
+Lilac bushes and even on the precious front yard plants. A vendue and a
+funeral were the only gatherings in country communities when the entire
+neighborhood came freely to an old homestead, when all were at liberty
+to enter the front dooryard. At the sad time when a funeral took place
+in the house, the front gate was fastened widely open, and solemn
+men-neighbors, in Sunday garments, stood rather uncomfortably and
+awkwardly around the front yard as the women passed into the house of
+mourning and were seated within. When the sad services began, the men
+too entered and stood stiffly by the door. Then through the front door,
+down the mossy path of the front yard, and through the open front gate
+was borne the master, the mistress, and then their children, and
+children's children. All are gone from our sight, many from our memory,
+and often too from our ken, while the Lilacs and Peonies and Flowers de
+Luce still blossom and flourish with perennial youth, and still claim us
+as friends.
+
+At the side of the house or by the kitchen door would be seen many
+thrifty blooms: poles of Scarlet Runners, beds of Portulacas and
+Petunias, rows of Pinks, bunches of Marigolds, level expanses of Sweet
+Williams, banks of cheerful Nasturtiums, tangles of Morning-glories and
+long rows of stately Hollyhocks, which were much admired, but were
+seldom seen in the front yard, which was too shaded for them. Weeds grew
+here at the kitchen door in a rank profusion which was hard to conquer;
+but here the winter's Fuchsias or Geraniums stood in flower pots in the
+sunlight, and the tubs of Oleanders and Agapanthus Lilies.
+
+The flowers of the front yard seemed to bear a more formal, a "company"
+aspect; conventionality rigidly bound them. Bachelor's Buttons might
+grow there by accident, but Marigolds never were tolerated,--they were
+pot herbs. Sunflowers were not even permitted in the flower beds at the
+side of the house unless these stretched down to the vegetable beds.
+Outside the front yard would be a rioting and cheerful growth of pink
+Bouncing Bet, or of purple Honesty, and tall straggling plants of a
+certain small flowered, ragged Campanula, and a white Mallow with
+flannelly leaves which, doubtless, aspired to inhabit the sacred bounds
+of the front yard (and probably dwelt there originally), and often were
+gladly permitted to grow in side gardens or kitchen dooryards, but which
+were regarded as interloping weeds by the guardians of the front yard,
+and sternly exiled. Sometimes a bed of these orange-tawny Day Lilies
+which had once been warmly welcomed from the Orient, and now were not
+wanted anywhere by any one, kept company with the Bouncing Bet, and
+stretched cheerfully down the roadside.
+
+[Illustration: Orange Day Lilies.]
+
+When the fences disappeared with the night rambles of the cows, the
+front yards gradually changed character; the tender blooms vanished,
+but the tall shrubs and the Peonies and Flower de Luce sturdily grew and
+blossomed, save where that dreary destroyer of a garden crept in--the
+desire for a lawn. The result was then a meagre expanse of poorly kept
+grass, with no variety, color, or change,--neither lawn nor front yard.
+It is ever a pleasure to me when driving in a village street or a
+country road to find one of these front yards still enclosed, or even to
+note in front of many houses the traces of a past front yard still
+plainly visible in the flourishing old-fashioned plants of many years'
+growth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+VARIED GARDENS FAIR
+
+    "And all without were walkes and alleys dight
+     With divers trees enrang'd in even rankes;
+     And here and there were pleasant arbors pight
+     And shadie seats, and sundry flowering bankes
+     To sit and rest the walkers wearie shankes."
+
+    --_Faerie Queene_, EDMUND SPENSER.
+
+
+Many simple forms of gardens were common besides the enclosed front
+yard; and as wealth poured in on the colonies, the beautiful gardens so
+much thought of in England were copied here, especially by wealthy
+merchants, as is noted in the first chapter of this book, and by the
+provincial governors and their little courts; the garden of Governor
+Hutchinson, in Milford, Massachusetts, is stately still and little
+changed.
+
+[Illustration: Preston Garden.]
+
+English gardens, at the time of the settlement of America, had passed
+beyond the time when, as old Gervayse Markham said, "Of all the best
+Ornaments used in our English gardens, Knots and Mazes are the most
+ancient." A maze was a placing of low garden hedges of Privet, Box, or
+Hyssop, usually set in concentric circles which enclosed paths, that
+opened into each other by such artful contrivance that it was difficult
+to find one's way in and out through these bewildering paths. "When well
+formed, of a man's height, your friend may perhaps wander in gathering
+berries as he cannot recover himself without your help."
+
+The maze was not a thing of beauty, it was "nothing for sweetness and
+health," to use Lord Bacon's words; it was only a whimsical notion of
+gardening amusement, pleasing to a generation who liked to have hidden
+fountains in their gardens to sprinkle suddenly the unwary. I doubt if
+any mazes were ever laid out in America, though I have heard vague
+references to one in Virginia. Knots had been the choice adornment of
+the Tudor garden. They were not wholly a thing of the past when we had
+here our first gardens, and they have had a distinct influence on garden
+laying-out till our own day.
+
+An Elizabethan poet wrote:--
+
+    "My Garden sweet, enclosed with walles strong,
+     Embanked with benches to sitt and take my rest;
+     The knots so enknotted it cannot be expressed
+     The arbores and alyes so pleasant and so dulce."
+
+These garden knots were not flower beds edged with Box or Rosemary, with
+narrow walks between the edgings, as were the parterres of our later
+formal gardens. They were square, ornamental beds, each of which had a
+design set in some close-growing, trim plant, clipped flatly across the
+top, and the design filled in with colored earth or sand; and with no
+dividing paths. Elaborate models in complicated geometrical pattern were
+given in gardeners' books, for setting out these knots, which were first
+drawn on paper and subdivided into squares; then the square of earth was
+similarly divided, and set out by precise rules. William Lawson, the
+Izaak Walton of gardeners, gave, as a result of forty-eight years of
+experience, some very attractive directions for large "knottys" with
+different "thrids" of flowers, each of one color, which made the design
+appear as if "made of diverse colored ribands." One of his knots, from
+_A New Orchard and Garden_ 1618, being a garden fashion in vogue when my
+forbears came to America, I have chosen as a device for the dedication
+of this book, thinking it, in Lawson's words, "so comely, and orderly
+placed, and so intermingled, that one looking thereon cannot but
+wonder." His knots had significant names, such as "Cinkfoyle; Flower de
+Luce; Trefoyle; Frette; Lozenge; Groseboowe; Diamond; Ovall; Maze."
+
+Gervayse Markham gives various knot patterns to be bordered with Box cut
+eighteen inches broad at the bottom and kept flat at the top--with the
+ever present thought for the fine English linen. He has a varied list of
+circular, diamond-shaped, mixed, and "single impleated knots."
+
+[Illustration: Box-edged Parterre at Hampton.]
+
+These garden knots were mildly sneered at by Lord Bacon; he said, "they
+be but toys, you see as good sights many times in tarts;" still I think
+they must have been quaint, and I should like to see a garden laid out
+to-day in these pretty Elizabethan knots, set in the old patterns, and
+with the old flowers. Nor did Parkinson and other practical gardeners
+look with favor on "curiously knotted gardens," though all gave designs
+to "satisfy the desires" of their readers. "Open knots" were preferred;
+these were made with borders of lead, tiles, boards, or even the
+shankbones of sheep, "which will become white and prettily grace out the
+garden,"--a fashion I saw a few years ago around flower beds in
+Charlton, Massachusetts. "Round whitish pebble stones" for edgings were
+Parkinson's own invention, and proud he was of it, simple as it seems to
+us. These open knots were then filled in, but "thin and sparingly," with
+"English Flowers"; or with "Out-Landish Flowers," which were flowers
+fetched from foreign parts.
+
+The parterre succeeded the knot, and has been used in gardens till the
+present day. Parterres were of different combinations, "well-contriv'd
+and ingenious." The "parterre of cut-work" was a Box-bordered formal
+flower garden, of which the garden at Hampton, Maryland (pages 57, 60,
+and 95), is a striking and perfect example; also the present garden at
+Mount Vernon (opposite page 12), wherein carefully designed flower beds,
+edged with Box, are planted with variety of flowers, and separated by
+paths. Sometimes, of old, fine white sand was carefully strewn on the
+earth under the flowers. The "parterre à l'Anglaise" had an elaborate
+design of vari-shaped beds edged with Box, but enclosing grass instead
+of flowers. In the "parterre de broderie" the Box-edged beds were filled
+with vari-colored earths and sands. Black earth could be made of iron
+filings; red earth of pounded tiles. This last-named parterre differed
+from a knot solely in having the paths among the beds. The _Retir'd
+Gard'ner_ gives patterns for ten parterres.
+
+The main walks which formed the basis of the garden design had in
+ancient days a singular name--forthrights; these were ever to be
+"spacious and fair," and neatly spread with colored sands or gravel.
+Parkinson says, "The fairer and larger your allies and walks be the more
+grace your garden should have, the lesse harm the herbes and flowers
+shall receive, and the better shall your weeders cleanse both the bed
+and the allies." "Covert-walks," or "shade-alleys," had trees meeting in
+an arch over them.
+
+A curious term, found in references to old American flower beds and
+garden designs, as well as English ones, is the "goose-foot." A
+"goose-foot" consisted of three flower beds or three avenues radiating
+rather closely together from a small semicircle; and in some places and
+under some conditions it is still a charming and striking design, as you
+stand at the heel of the design and glance down the three avenues.
+
+[Illustration: Parterre and Clipped Box at Hampton.]
+
+In all these flower beds Box was the favorite edging, but many other
+trim edgings have been used in parterres and borders by those who love
+not Box. Bricks were used, and boards; an edging of boards was not as
+pretty as one of flowers, but it kept the beds trimly in place; a garden
+thus edged is shown on page 63 which realizes this description of the
+pleasure-garden in the _Scots Gard'ner_: "The Bordures box'd and planted
+with variety of fine Flowers orderly Intermixt, Weeded, Mow'd, Rolled
+and Kept all Clean and Handsome." Germander and Rosemary were old
+favorites for edging. I have seen snowy edgings of Candy-tuft and Sweet
+Alyssum, setting off well the vari-colored blooms of the border. One of
+Sweet Alyssum is shown on page 256. Ageratum is a satisfactory edging.
+Thyme is of ancient use, but rather unmanageable; one garden owner has
+set his edgings of Moneywort, otherwise Creeping-jenny. I should be loth
+to use Moneywort as an edging; I would not care for its yellow flowers
+in that place, though I find them very kindly and cheerful on dull banks
+or in damp spots, under the drip of trees and eaves, or better still,
+growing gladly in the flower pot of the poor. I fear if Moneywort
+thrived enough to make a close, suitable edging, that it would thrive
+too well, and would swamp the borders with its underground runners. The
+name Moneywort is akin to its older title Herb-twopence, or Twopenny
+Grass. Turner (1548) says the latter name was given from the leaves all
+"standying together of ech syde of the stalke lyke pence." The striped
+leaves of one variety of Day Lily make pretty edgings. Those from a
+Salem garden are here shown.
+
+We often see in neglected gardens in New England, or by the roadside
+where no gardens now exist, a dense gray-green growth of Lavender
+Cotton, "the female plant of Southernwood," which was brought here by
+the colonists and here will ever remain. It was used as an edging, and
+is very pretty when it can be controlled. I know two or three old
+gardens where it is thus employed.
+
+Sometimes in driving along a country road you are startled by a
+concentration of foliage and bloom, a glimpse of a tiny farm-house, over
+which are clustered and heaped, and round which are gathered, close
+enough to be within touch from door or window, flowers in a crowded
+profusion ample to fill a large flower bed. Such is the mass of June
+bloom at Wilbur Farm in old Narragansett (page 290)--a home of flowers
+and bees. Often by the side of the farm-house is a little garden or
+flower bed containing some splendid examples of old-time flowers. The
+splendid "running ribbons" of Snow Pinks, on page 292, are in another
+Narragansett garden that is a bower of blossoms. Thrift has been a
+common edging since the days of the old herbalist Gerarde.
+
+    "We have a bright little garden, down on a sunny slope,
+     Bordered with sea-pinks and sweet with the songs and blossoms of
+       hope."
+
+The garden of Secretary William H. Seward (in Auburn, New York), so
+beloved by him in his lifetime, is shown on page 146 and facing page
+134. In this garden some beds are edged with Periwinkle, others with
+Polyanthus, and some with Ivy which Mr. Seward brought from Abbotsford
+in 1836. This garden was laid out in its present form in 1816, and the
+sun-dial was then set in its place. The garden has been enlarged, but
+not changed, the old "George II. Roses" and York and Lancaster Roses
+still grow and blossom, and the lovely arches of single Michigan Roses
+still flourish. In it are many flowers and fruits unusual in America,
+among them a bed of Alpine strawberries.
+
+King James I. of Scotland thus wrote of the garden which he saw from his
+prison window in Windsor Castle:--
+
+    "A Garden fair, and in the Corners set
+     An Herbere greene, with Wandis long and small
+     Railit about."
+
+These wandis were railings which were much used before Box edgings
+became universal. Sometimes they were painted the family colors, as at
+Hampton Court they were green and white, the Tudor colors. These
+"wandis" still are occasionally seen. In the Berkshire Hills I drove
+past an old garden thus trimly enclosed in little beds. The rails were
+painted a dull light brown, almost the color of some tree trunks; and
+Larkspur, Foxglove, and other tall flowers crowded up to them and hung
+their heads over the top rails as children hang over a fence or a gate.
+I thought it a neat, trim fashion, not one I would care for in my own
+garden, yet not to be despised in the garden of another.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Waldstein, Fairfield,
+Conn.]
+
+A garden enclosed! so full of suggestion are these simple words to me,
+so constant is my thought that an ideal flower garden must be an
+enclosed garden, that I look with regret upon all beautiful flower beds
+that are not enclosed, not shut in a frame of green hedges, or high
+walls, or vine-covered fences and dividing trees. It may be selfish to
+hide so much beauty from general view; but until our dwelling-houses are
+made with uncurtained glass walls, that all the world may see
+everything, let those who have ample grounds enclose at least a portion
+for the sight of friends only.
+
+In the heart of Worcester there is a fine old mansion with ample lawns,
+great trees, and flowering shrubs that all may see over the garden fence
+as they pass by. Flowers bloom lavishly at one side of the house; and
+the thoughtless stroller never knows that behind the house, stretching
+down between the rear gardens and walls of neighboring homes, is a long
+enclosure of loveliness--sequestered, quiet, full of refreshment to the
+spirits. We think of the "Old Garden" of Margaret Deland:--
+
+                          "The Garden glows
+    And 'gainst its walls the city's heart still beats.
+    And out from it each summer wind that blows
+    Carries some sweetness to the tired streets!"
+
+[Illustration: Shaded Walk in Garden of Miss Harriet P. F. Burnside,
+Worcester, Massachusetts.]
+
+There is a shaded walk in this garden which is a thing of solace and
+content to all who tread its pathway; a bit is shown opposite this page,
+overhung with shrubs of Lilac, Syringa, Strawberry Bush, Flowering
+Currant, all the old treelike things, so fair-flowered and sweet-scented
+in spring, so heavy-leaved and cool-shadowing in midsummer: what
+pleasure would there be in this shaded walk if this garden were
+separated from the street only by stone curbing or a low rail? And there
+is an old sun-dial too in this enclosed garden! I fear the street imps
+of a crowded city would quickly destroy the old monitor were it in an
+open garden; and they would make sad havoc, too, of the Roses and
+Larkspurs (page 65) so tenderly reared by the two sisters who
+together loved and cared for this "garden enclosed." Great trees are at
+the edges of this garden, and the line of tall shrubs is carried out by
+the lavish vines and Roses on fences and walls. Within all this border
+of greenery glow the clustered gems of rare and beautiful flowers, till
+the whole garden seems like some rich jewel set purposely to be worn in
+honor over the city's heart--a clustered jewel, not one to be displayed
+carelessly and heedlessly.
+
+[Illustration: Roses and Larkspur in the Garden of Miss Harriet P. F.
+Burnside, Worcester, Massachusetts.]
+
+Salem houses and gardens are like Salem people. Salem houses present to
+you a serene and dignified front, gracious yet reserved, not thrusting
+forward their choicest treasures to the eyes of passing strangers; but
+behind the walls of the houses, enclosed from public view, lie cherished
+gardens, full of the beauty of life. Such, in their kind, are Salem
+folk.
+
+I know no more speaking, though silent, criticism than those old Salem
+gardens afford upon the modern fashion in American towns of pulling down
+walls and fences, removing the boundaries of lawns, and living in full
+view of every passer-by, in a public grassy park. It is pleasant, I
+suppose, for the passer-by; but homes are not made for passers-by. Old
+Salem gardens lie behind the house, out of sight--you have to hunt for
+them. They are terraced down if they stretch to the water-side; they are
+enclosed with hedges, and set behind high vine-covered fences, and low
+out-buildings; and planted around with great trees: thus they give to
+each family that secluded centring of family life which is the very
+essence and being of a home. I sat through a June afternoon in a Salem
+garden whose gate is within a stone's throw of a great theatre, but a
+few hundred feet from lines of electric cars and a busy street of trade,
+scarce farther from lines of active steam cars, and with a great power
+house for a close neighbor. Yet we were as secluded, as embowered in
+vines and trees, with beehives and rabbit hutches and chicken coops for
+happy children at the garden's end, as truly in beautiful privacy, as if
+in the midst of a hundred acres. Could the sense of sound be as
+sheltered by the enclosing walls as the sense of sight, such a garden
+were a city paradise.
+
+[Illustration: The Homely Back Yard.]
+
+There is scant regularity in shape in Salem gardens; there is no search
+for exact dimensions. Little narrow strips of flower beds run down from
+the main garden in any direction or at any angle where the fortunate
+owner can buy a few feet of land. Salem gardens do not change with the
+whims of fancy, either in the shape or the planting. A few new flowers
+find place there, such as the _Anemone Japonica_ and the Japanese
+shrubs; for they are akin in flower sentiment, and consort well with the
+old inhabitants. There are many choice flowers and fruits in these
+gardens. In the garden of the Manning homestead (opposite page 112)
+grows a flourishing Fig tree, and other rare fruits; for fifty years ago
+this garden was known as the Pomological Garden. It is fitting it should
+be the home of two Robert Mannings--both well-known names in the history
+of horticulture in Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: Covered Well at Home of Bishop Berkeley, Whitehall, Rhode
+Island.]
+
+The homely back yard of an old house will often possess a trim and
+blooming flower border cutting off the close approach of the vegetable
+beds (see opposite page 66). These back yards, with the covered Grape
+arbors, the old pumps, and bricked paths, are cheerful, wholesome
+places, generally of spotless cleanliness and weedless flower beds. I
+know one such back yard where the pump was the first one set in the
+town, and children were taken there from a distance to see the wondrous
+sight. Why are all the old appliances for raising water so pleasing? A
+well-sweep is of course picturesque, with its long swinging pole, and
+you seem to feel the refreshment and purity of the water when you see it
+brought up from such a distance; and an old roofed well with bucket,
+such as this one still in use at Bishop Berkeley's Rhode Island home is
+ever a homelike and companionable object. But a pump is really an
+awkward-looking piece of mechanism, and hasn't a vestige of beauty in
+its lines; yet it has something satisfying about it; it may be its
+domesticity, its homeliness, its simplicity. We have gained infinitely
+in comfort in our perfect water systems and lavish water of to-day, but
+we have lost the gratification of the senses which came from the sight
+and sound of freshly drawn or running water. Much of the delight in a
+fountain comes, not only from the beauty of its setting and the graceful
+shape of its jets, but simply from the sight of the water.
+
+Sometimes a graceful and picturesque growth of vines will beautify gate
+posts, a fence, or a kitchen doorway in a wonderfully artistic and
+pleasing fashion. On page 70 is shown the sheltered doorway of the
+kitchen of a fine old stone farm-house called, from its hedges of Osage
+Orange, "The Hedges." It stands in the village of New Hope, County
+Bucks, Pennsylvania. In 1718 the tract of which this farm of over two
+hundred acres is but a portion was deeded by the Penns to their kinsman,
+the direct ancestor of the present owner, John Schofield Williams, Esq.
+This is but one of the scores of examples I know where the same estate
+has been owned in one family for nearly two centuries, sometimes even
+for two hundred and fifty years; and in several cases where the deed
+from the Indian sachem to the first colonist is the only deed there has
+ever been, the estate having never changed ownership save by direct
+bequest. I have three such cases among my own kinsfolk.
+
+[Illustration: Kitchen Doorway and Porch at the Hedges.]
+
+Another form of garden and mode of planting which was in vogue in the
+"early thirties" is shown facing page 92. This pillared house and the
+stiff garden are excellent types; they are at Napanock, County Ulster,
+New York. Such a house and grounds indicated the possession of
+considerable wealth when they were built and laid out, for both were
+costly. The semicircular driveway swept up to the front door, dividing
+off Box-edged parterres like those of the day of Queen Anne. These
+parterres were sparsely filled, the sunnier beds being set with Spring
+bulbs; and there were always the yellow Day Lilies somewhere in the
+flower beds, and the white and blue Day Lilies, the common Funkias.
+Formal urns were usually found in the parterres and sometimes a great
+cone or ball of clipped Box. These gardens had some universal details,
+they always had great Snowball bushes, and Syringas, and usually white
+Roses, chiefly Madame Plantiers; the piazza trellises had old climbing
+Roses, the Queen of the Prairie or Boursault Roses. These gardens are
+often densely overshadowed with great evergreen trees grown from the
+crowded planting of seventy years ago; none are cut down, and if one
+dies its trunk still stands, entwined with Woodbine. I don't know that
+we would lay out and plant just such a garden to-day, any more than we
+would build exactly such a house; but I love to see both, types of the
+refinement of their day, and I deplore any changes. An old Southern
+house of allied form is shown on page 72, and its garden facing page
+70,--Greenwood, in Thomasville, Georgia; but of course this garden has
+far more lavish and rich bloom. The decoration of this house is most
+interesting--a conventionalized Magnolia, and the garden is surrounded
+with splendid Magnolias and Crape Myrtles. The border edgings in this
+garden are lines of bricks set overlapping in a curious manner. They
+serve to keep the beds firmly in place, and the bricks are covered over
+with an inner edging of thrifty Violets. Curious tubs and boxes for
+plants are made of bricks set solidly in mortar. The garden is glorious
+with Roses, which seem to consort so well with Magnolias and Violets.
+
+[Illustration: Greenwood, Thomasville, Georgia.]
+
+I love a Dutch garden, "circummured" with brick. By a Dutch garden, I
+mean a small garden, oblong or square, sunk about three or four feet in
+a lawn--so that when surrounded by brick walls they seem about two feet
+high when viewed outside, but are five feet or more high from within the
+garden. There are brick or stone steps in the middle of each of the four
+walls by which to descend to the garden, which may be all planted with
+flowers, but preferably should have set borders of flowers with a
+grass-plot in the centre. On either side of the steps should be brick
+posts surmounted by Dutch pots with plants, or by balls of stone.
+Planted with bulbs, these gardens in their flowering time are, as old
+Parkinson said, a "perfect fielde of delite." We have very pretty Dutch
+gardens, so called, in America, but their chief claim to being Dutch is
+that they are set with bulbs, and have Delft or other earthen pots or
+boxes for formal plants or shrubs.
+
+Sunken gardens should be laid out under the supervision of an
+intelligent landscape architect; and even then should have a reason for
+being sunken other than a whim or increase in costliness. I visited last
+summer a beautiful estate which had a deep sunken Dutch garden with a
+very low wall. It lay at the right side of the house at a little
+distance; and beyond it, in full view of the peristyle, extended the
+only squalid objects in the horizon. A garden on the level, well
+planted, with distant edging of shrubbery, would have hidden every ugly
+blemish and been a thing of beauty. As it is now, there can be seen from
+the house nothing of the Dutch garden but a foot or two of the tops of
+several clipped trees, looking like very poor, stunted shrubs. I must
+add that this garden, with its low wall, has been a perfect man-trap. It
+has been evident that often, on dark nights, workmen who have sought a
+"short cut" across the grounds have fallen over the shallow wall, to the
+gardener's sorrow, and the bulbs' destruction. Once, at dawn, the
+unhappy gardener found an ancient horse peacefully feeding among the
+Hyacinths and Tulips. He said he didn't like the grass in his new
+pasture nor the sudden approach to it; that he was too old for such
+new-fangled ways. I know another estate near Philadelphia, where the
+sinking of a garden revealed an exquisite view of distant hills; such a
+garden has reason for its form.
+
+[Illustration: Roses and Violets in Garden at Greenwood, Thomasville,
+Georgia.]
+
+We have had few water-gardens in America till recent years; and there
+are some drawbacks to their presence near our homes, as I was vividly
+aware when I visited one in a friend's garden early in May this year.
+Water-hyacinths were even then in bloom, and two or three exquisite
+Lilies; and the Lotus leaves rose up charmingly from the surface of the
+tank. Less charmingly rose up also a cloud of vicious mosquitoes, who
+greeted the newcomer with a warm chorus of welcome. As our newspapers at
+that time were filled with plans for the application of kerosene to
+every inch of water-surface, such as I saw in these Lily tanks,
+accompanied by magnified drawings of dreadful malaria-bearing insects, I
+fled from them, preferring to resign both _Nymphæa_ and _Anopheles_.
+
+[Illustration: Water Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New
+York.]
+
+After the introduction to English folk of that wonder of the world, the
+Victoria Regia, it was cultivated by enthusiastic flower lovers in
+America, and was for a time the height of the floral fashion. Never has
+the glorious Victoria Regia and scarce any other flower been described
+as by Colonel Higginson, a wonderful, a triumphant word picture. I was a
+very little child when I saw that same lovely Lily in leaf and flower
+that he called his neighbor; but I have never forgotten it, nor how
+afraid I was of it; for some one wished to lift me upon the great leaf
+to see whether it would hold me above the water. We had heard that the
+native children in South America floated on the leaves. I objected to
+this experiment with vehemence; but my mother noted that I was no more
+frightened than was the faithful gardener at the thought of the possible
+strain on his precious plant of the weight of a sturdy child of six or
+seven years. I have seen the Victoria Regia leaves of late years, but
+I seldom hear of its blossoming; but alas! we take less heed of the
+blooming of unusual plants than we used to thirty or forty years ago.
+Then people thronged a greenhouse to see a new Rose or Camellia
+Japonica; even a Night-blooming Cereus attracted scores of visitors to
+any house where it blossomed. And a fine Cactus of one of our neighbors
+always held a crowded reception when in rich bloom. It was a part of the
+"Flower Exchange," an interest all had for the beautiful flowers of
+others, a part of the old neighborly life.
+
+[Illustration: Terrace Wall at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey.]
+
+Within the past five or six years there have been laid out in America,
+at the country seats of men of wealth and culture, a great number of
+formal gardens,--Italian gardens, some of them are worthily named, as
+they have been shaped and planted in conformity with the best laws and
+rules of Italian garden-making--that special art. On this page is shown
+the finely proportioned terrace wall, and opposite the upper terrace and
+formal garden of Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey, the country seat
+of M. Taylor Pyne, Esq. This garden affords a good example of the accord
+which should ever exist between the garden and its surroundings. The
+name, Drumthwacket--a wooded hill--is a most felicitous one; the place
+is part of the original grant to William Penn, and has remained in the
+possession of one family until late in the nineteenth century. From this
+beautifully wooded hill the terrace-garden overlooks the farm buildings,
+the linked ponds, the fertile fields and meadows; a serene pastoral
+view, typical of the peaceful landscape of that vicinity--yet it was
+once the scene of fiercest battle. For the Drumthwacket farm is the
+battle-ground of that important encounter of 1777 between the British
+and the Continental troops, known as the Battle of Princeton, the
+turning point of the Revolution, in which Washington was victorious. To
+this day, cannon ball and grape shot are dug up in the Drumthwacket
+fields. The Lodge built in 1696 was, at Washington's request, the
+shelter for the wounded British officers; and the Washington Spring in
+front of the Lodge furnished water to Washington. The group of trees on
+the left of the upper pond marks the sheltered and honored graves of the
+British soldiers, where have slept for one hundred and twenty-four
+years those killed at this memorable encounter. If anything could cement
+still more closely the affections of the English and American peoples,
+it would be the sight of the tenderly sheltered graves of British
+soldiers in America, such as these at Drumthwacket and other historic
+fields on our Eastern coast. At Concord how faithfully stand the
+sentinel pines over the British dead of the Battle of Concord, who thus
+repose, shut out from the tread of heedless feet yet ever present for
+the care and thought of Concord people.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania,
+Country-seat of Charles E. Mather, Esq.]
+
+We have older Italian gardens. Some of them are of great loveliness,
+among them the unique and dignified garden of Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq.,
+but many of the newer ones, even in their few summers, have become of
+surprising grace and beauty, and their exquisite promise causes a glow
+of delight to every garden lover. I have often tried to analyze and
+account for the great charm of a formal garden, to one who loves so well
+the unrestrained and lavished blossoming of a flower border crowded with
+nature-arranged and disarranged blooms. A chance sentence in the letter
+of a flower-loving friend, one whose refined taste is an inherent
+portion of her nature, runs thus:--
+
+     "I have the same love, the same sense of perfect satisfaction, in
+     the old formal garden that I have in the sonnet in poetry, in the
+     Greek drama as contrasted with the modern drama; something within
+     me is ever drawn toward that which is restrained and classic."
+
+In these few words, then, is defined the charm of the formal garden--a
+well-ordered, a classic restraint.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey.]
+
+Some of the new formal gardens seem imperfect in design and inadequate
+in execution; worse still, they are unsuited to their surroundings; but
+gracious nature will give even to these many charms of color, fragrance,
+and shape through lavish plant growth. I have had given to me sets of
+beautiful photographs of these new Italian gardens, which I long to
+include with my pictures of older flower beds; but I cannot do so in
+full in a book on Old-time Gardens, though they are copied from far
+older gardens than our American ones. I give throughout my book
+occasional glimpses of detail in modern formal gardens; and two examples
+may be fitly illustrated and described in comparative fulness in this
+book, because they are not only unusual in their beauty and promise, but
+because they have in plan and execution some bearing on my special
+presentation of gardens. These two are the gardens of Avonwood Court in
+Haverford, Pennsylvania, the country-seat of Charles E. Mather, Esq., of
+Philadelphia; and of Yaddo, in Saratoga, New York, the country-seat of
+Spencer Trask, Esq., of New York.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania.]
+
+The garden at Avonwood Court was designed and laid out in 1896 by Mr.
+Percy Ash. The flower planting was done by Mr. John Cope; and the garden
+is delightsome in proportions, contour, and aspect. Its claim to
+illustrative description in this book lies in the fact that it is
+planted chiefly with old-fashioned flowers, and its beds are laid out
+and bordered with thriving Box in a truly old-time mode. It affords a
+striking example of the beauty and satisfaction that can come from the
+use of Box as an edging, and old-time flowers as a filling of these
+beds. Among the two hundred different plants are great rows of yellow
+Day Lilies shown in the view facing page 76; regular plantings of
+Peonies; borders of Flower de Luce; banks of Lilies of the Valley; rows
+of white Fraxinella and Lupine, beds of fringed Poppies, sentinels of
+Yucca--scores of old favorites have grown and thriven in the cheery
+manner they ever display when they are welcome and beloved. The sun-dial
+in this garden is shown facing page 82; it was designed by Mr. Percy
+Ash, and can be regarded as a model of simple outlines, good
+proportions, careful placing, and symmetrical setting. By placing I mean
+that it is in the right site in relation to the surrounding flower beds,
+and to the general outlines of the garden; it is a dignified and
+significant garden centre. By setting I mean its being raised to proper
+prominence in the garden scheme, by being placed at the top of a
+platform formed of three circular steps of ample proportion and suitable
+height, that its pedestal is also of the right size and not so high but
+one can, when standing on the top step, read with ease the dial's
+response to our question, "What's the time o' the day?" The hedges and
+walls of Honeysuckle, Roses, and other flowering vines that surround
+this garden have thriven wonderfully in the five years of the garden's
+life, and look like settings of many years. The simple but graceful wall
+seat gives some idea of the symmetrical and simple garden
+furnishings, as well as the profusion of climbing vines that form the
+garden's boundaries.
+
+[Illustration: Entrance Porch and Gate to the Rose Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+This book bears on the title-page a redrawing of a charming old woodcut
+of the eighteenth century, a very good example of the art thought and
+art execution of that day, being the work of a skilful designer. It is
+from an old stilted treatise on orchards and gardens, and it depicts a
+cheerful little Love, with anxious face and painstaking care, measuring
+and laying out the surface of the earth in a garden. On his either side
+are old clipped Yews; and at his feet a spade and pots of garden
+flowers, among them the Fritillary so beloved of all flower lovers and
+herbalists of that day, a significant flower--a flower of meaning and
+mystery. This drawing may be taken as an old-time emblem, and a happy
+one, to symbolize the making of the beautiful modern Rose Garden at
+Yaddo; where Love, with tenderest thought, has laid out the face of the
+earth in an exquisite garden of Roses, for the happiness and recreation
+of a dearly loved wife. The noble entrance gate and porch of this Rose
+Garden formed a happy surprise to the garden's mistress when unveiled at
+the dedication of the garden. They are depicted on page 81, and there
+may be read the inscription which tells in a few well-chosen words the
+story of the inspiration of the garden; but "between the lines," to
+those who know the Rose Garden and its makers, the inscription speaks
+with even deeper meaning the story of a home whose beauty is only
+equalled by the garden's spirit. To all such readers the Rose Garden
+becomes a fitting expression of the life of those who own it and care
+for it. This quality of expression, of significance, may be seen in many
+a smaller and simpler garden, even in a tiny cottage plot; you can
+perceive, through the care bestowed upon it, and its responsive
+blossoming, a _something_ which shows the life of the garden owners; you
+know that they are thoughtful, kindly, beauty-loving, home-loving.
+
+[Illustration: Pergola and Terrace Walk in Rose Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+Behind the beautiful pergola of the Yaddo garden, set thickly with
+Crimson Rambler, a screenlike row of poplars divides the Rose Garden
+from a luxuriant Rock Garden, and an Old-fashioned Garden of large
+extent, extraordinary profusion, and many years' growth. Perhaps the
+latter-named garden might seem more suited to my pages, since it is more
+advanced in growth and apparently more akin to my subject; but I wish to
+write specially of the Rose Garden, because it is an unusual example of
+what can be accomplished without aid of architect or landscape gardener,
+when good taste, careful thought, attention to detail, a love of
+flowers, and _intent to attain perfection_ guide the garden's makers. It
+is happily placed in a country of most charming topography, but it must
+not be thought that the garden shaped itself; its beautiful proportions,
+contour, and shape were carefully studied out and brought to the present
+perfection by the same force that is felt in the garden's smallest
+detail, the power of Love. The Rose Garden is unusually large for a
+formal garden; with its vistas and walks, the connected Daffodil Dell,
+and the Rock Garden, it fills about ten acres. But the estate is over
+eight hundred acres, and the house very large in ground extent, so the
+garden seems well-proportioned. This Rose Garden has an unusual
+attraction in the personal interest of every detail, such as is found in
+few American gardens of great size, and indeed in few English gardens.
+The gardens of the Countess Warwick, at Easton Lodge, in Essex, possess
+the same charm, a personal meaning and significance in the statues and
+fountains, and even in the planting of flower borders. The illustration
+on page 83 depicts the general shape of the Yaddo Rose Garden, as seen
+from the upper terrace; but it does not show how the garden stretches
+down the fine marble steps, past the marble figures of Diana and Paris,
+and along the paths of standard Roses, past the shallow fountain which
+is not so large as to obscure what speaks the garden's story, the statue
+of Christalan, that grand creation in one of Mrs. Trask's idyls, _Under
+King Constantine_. This heroic figure, showing to full extent the genius
+of the sculptor, William Ordway Partridge, also figures the genius of
+the poet-creator, and is of an inexpressible and impressive nobility.
+With hand and arm held to heaven, Christalan shows against the
+background of rich evergreens as the true knight of this garden of
+sentiment and chivalry.
+
+[Illustration: Statue of Christalan in Rose Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+    "The sunlight slanting westward through the trees
+     Fell first upon his lifted, golden head,
+     Making a shining helmet of his curls,
+     And then upon the Lilies in his hand.
+     His eyes had a defiant, fearless glow;
+     Against the sombre background of the wood
+     He looked scarce human."
+
+The larger and more impressive fountain at Yaddo is shown on these
+pages. It is one hundred feet long and seventy feet wide, and is in
+front of the house, to the east. Its marble figures signify the Dawn;
+it will be noted that on this site its beauties show against a suited
+and ample background, and its grand proportions are not permitted to
+obscure the fine statue of Christalan from the view of those seated on
+the terrace or walking under the shade of the pergola.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Rose Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+Especially beautiful is the sun-dial on the upper terrace, shown on page
+86. The metal dial face is supported by a marble slab resting on two
+carved standards of classic design representing conventionalized lions,
+these being copies of those two splendid standards unearthed at Pompeii,
+which still may be seen by the side of the impluvium in the atrium or
+main hall of the finest Græco-Roman dwelling-place which has been
+restored in that wonderful city. These sun-dial standards at Yaddo were
+made by the permission and under the supervision of the Italian
+government. I can conceive nothing more fitting or more inspiring to the
+imagination than that, telling as they do the story of the splendor of
+ancient Pompeii and of the passing centuries, they should now uphold to
+our sight a sun-dial as if to bid us note the flight of time and the
+vastness of the past.
+
+[Illustration: Bronze Face of Dial in Rose Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+The entire sun-dial, with its beautiful adjuncts of carefully shaped
+marble seats, stands on a semicircular plaza of marble at the head of
+the noble flight of marble steps. The engraved metal dial face bears
+two exquisite verses--the gift of one poet to another--of Dr. Henry Van
+Dyke to the garden's mistress, Katrina Trask. These dial mottoes are
+unusual, and perfect examples of that genius which with a few words can
+shape a lasting gem of our English tongue. At the edge of the dial face
+is this motto:
+
+    "Hours fly,
+     Flowers die,
+     New Days,
+     New Ways,
+     Pass by;
+     Love stays."
+
+At the base of the gnomon is the second motto:--
+
+            Time is
+    Too Slow for those who Wait,
+    Too Swift for those who Fear,
+    Too Long for those who Grieve,
+    Too Short for those who Rejoice;
+    But for those who Love,
+            Time is
+            Eternity.
+
+I have for years been a student of sun-dial lore, a collector of
+sun-dial mottoes and inscriptions, of which I have many hundreds. I know
+nowhere, either in English, on English or Scotch sun-dials, or in the
+Continental tongues, any such exquisite dial legends as these two--so
+slight of form, so simple in wording, so pure in diction, yet of
+sentiment, of thought, how full! how impressive! They stamp themselves
+forever on the memory as beautiful examples of what James Russell Lowell
+called verbal magic; that wonderful quality which comes, neither from
+chosen words, nor from their careful combination into sentences, but
+from something which is as inexplicable in its nature as it is in its
+charm.
+
+[Illustration: Ancient Pine in Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+To tree lovers the gardens and grounds at Yaddo have glorious charms in
+their splendid trees; but one can be depicted here--the grand native
+Pine, over eight feet in diameter, which, with other stately sentinels
+of its race, stands a sombrely beautiful guard over all this
+loveliness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+BOX EDGINGS
+
+     "They walked over the crackling leaves in the garden, between the
+     lines of Box, breathing its fragrance of eternity; for this is one
+     of the odors which carry us out of time into the abysses of the
+     unbeginning past; if we ever lived on another ball of stone than
+     this, it must be that there was Box growing on it."
+
+     --_Elsie Venner_, OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, 1861.
+
+
+To many of us, besides Dr. Holmes, the unique aroma of the Box, cleanly
+bitter in scent as in taste, is redolent of the eternal past; it is
+almost hypnotic in its effect. This strange power is not felt by all,
+nor is it a present sensitory influence; it is an hereditary memory,
+half-known by many, but fixed in its intensity in those of New England
+birth and descent, true children of the Puritans; to such ones the Box
+breathes out the very atmosphere of New England's past. I cannot see in
+clear outline those prim gardens of centuries ago, nor the faces of
+those who walked and worked therein; but I know, as I stroll to-day
+between our old Box-edged borders, and inhale the beloved bitterness of
+fragrance, and gather a stiff sprig of the beautiful glossy leaves, that
+in truth the garden lovers and garden workers of other days walk beside
+me, though unseen and unheard.
+
+About thirty years ago a bright young Yankee girl went to the island of
+Cuba as a governess to the family of a sugar planter. It was regarded as
+a somewhat perilous adventure by her home-staying folk, and their
+apprehensions of ill were realized in her death there five years later.
+This was not, however, all that happened to her. The planter's wife had
+died in this interval of time, and she had been married to the widower.
+A daughter had been born, who, after her mother's death, was reared in
+the Southern island, in Cuban ways, having scant and formal
+communication with her New England kin. When this girl was twenty years
+old, she came to the little Massachusetts town where her mother had been
+reared, and met there a group of widowed and maiden aunts, and
+great-aunts. After sitting for a time in her mother's room in the old
+home, the reserve which often exists between those of the same race who
+should be friends but whose lives have been widely apart, and who can
+never have more than a passing sight of each other, made them in
+semi-embarrassment and lack of resources of mutual interest walk out
+into the garden. As they passed down the path between high lines of Box,
+the girl suddenly stopped, looked in terror at the gate, and screamed
+out in fright, "The dog, the dog, save me, he will kill me!" _No dog was
+there_, but on that very spot, between those Box hedges, thirty years
+before, her mother had been attacked and bitten by an enraged dog, to
+the distress and apprehension of the aunts, who all recalled the
+occurrence, as they reassured the fainting and bewildered girl. She, of
+course, had never known aught of this till she was told it by the old
+Box.
+
+[Illustration: House and Garden at Napanock. County Ulster, New York.]
+
+Many other instances of the hypnotic effect of Box are known, and also
+of its strong influence on the mind through memory. I know of a man who
+travelled a thousand miles to renew acquaintance and propose marriage to
+an old sweetheart, whom he had not seen and scarcely thought of for
+years, having been induced to this act wholly through memories of her,
+awakened by a chance stroll in an old Box-edged garden such as those of
+his youth; at the gate of one of which he had often lingered, after
+walking home with her from singing-school. I ought to be able to add
+that the twain were married as a result of this sentimental
+memory-awakening through the old Box; but, in truth, they never came
+very close to matrimony. For when he saw her he remained absolutely
+silent on the subject of marriage; the fickle creature forgot the Box
+scent and the singing-school, while she openly expressed to her friends
+her surprise at his aged appearance, and her pity for his dulness. For
+the sense of sight is more powerful than that of smell, and the Box
+might prove a master hand at hinting, but it failed utterly in permanent
+influence.
+
+Those who have not loved the Box for centuries in the persons and with
+the partial noses of their Puritan forbears, complain of its curious
+scent, say, like Polly Peacham, that "they can't abear it," and declare
+that it brings ever the thought of old graveyards. I have never seen
+Box in ancient burying-grounds, they were usually too neglected to be
+thus planted; but it was given a limited space in the cemeteries of the
+middle of this century. Even those borders have now generally been dug
+up to give place to granite copings.
+
+The scent of Box has been aptly worded by Gabriel d'Annunzio, in his
+_Virgin of the Rocks_, in his description of a neglected garden. He
+calls it a "bitter sweet odor," and he notes its influence in making his
+wanderers in this garden "reconstruct some memory of their far-off
+childhood."
+
+The old Jesuit poet Rapin writing in the seventeenth century tells a
+fanciful tale that--
+
+    "Gardens of old, nor Art, nor Rules obey'd,
+     But unadorn'd, or wild Neglect betray'd;"
+
+that Flora's hair hung undressed, neglected "in artless tresses," until
+in pity another nymph "around her head wreath'd a Boxen Bough" from the
+fields; which so improved her beauty that trim edgings were placed ever
+after--"where flowers disordered once at random grew."
+
+He then describes the various figures of Box, the way to plant it, its
+disadvantages, and the associate flowers that should be set with it, all
+in stilted verse.
+
+Queen Anne was a royal enemy of Box. By her order many of the famous Box
+hedges at Hampton Court were destroyed; by her example, many old
+Box-edged gardens throughout England were rooted up. There are manifold
+objections raised to Box besides the dislike of its distinctive odor:
+heavy edgings and hedges of Box "take away the heart of the ground" and
+flowers pine within Box-edged borders; the roots of Box on the inside of
+the flower knot or bed, therefore, have to be cut and pulled out in
+order to leave the earth free for flower roots. It is also alleged that
+Box harbors slugs--and I fear it does.
+
+[Illustration: Box Parterre at Hampton.]
+
+We are told that it is not well to plant Box edgings in our gardens,
+because Box is so frail, is so easily winter-killed, that it dies down
+in ugly fashion. Yet see what great trees it forms, even when untrimmed,
+as in the Prince Garden (page 31). It is true that Box does not always
+flourish in the precise shape you wish, but it has nevertheless a
+wonderfully tenacious hold on life. I know nothing more suggestive of
+persistence and of sad sentiment than the view often seen in forlorn
+city enclosures, as you drive past, or rush by in an electric car, of an
+aged bush of Box, or a few feet of old Box hedge growing in the beaten
+earth of a squalid back yard, surrounded by dirty tenement houses. Once
+a fair garden there grew; the turf and flowers and trees are vanished;
+but spared through accident, or because deemed so valueless, the Box
+still lives. Even in Washington and other Southern cities, where the
+negro population eagerly gather Box at Christmas-tide, you will see
+these forlorn relics of the garden still growing, and their bitter
+fragrance rises above the vile odors of the crowded slums.
+
+Box formed an important feature of the garden of Pliny's favorite villa
+in Tuscany, which he described in his letter to Apollinaris. How I
+should have loved its formal beauty! On the southern front a terrace was
+bordered with a Box hedge and "embellished with various figures in Box,
+the representation of divers animals." Beyond was a circus formed around
+by ranges of Box rising in walls of varied heights. The middle of this
+circus was ornamented with figures of Box. On one side was a hippodrome
+set with a plantation of Box trees backed with Plane trees; thence ran a
+straight walk divided by Box hedges into alleys. Thus expanses were
+enclosed, one of which held a beautiful meadow, another had "knots of
+Plane tree," another was "set with Box a thousand different forms." Some
+of these were letters expressing the name of the owner of all this
+extravagance; or the initials of various fair Roman dames, a very
+gallant pleasantry of young Pliny. Both Plane tree and Box tree of such
+ancient gardens were by tradition nourished with wine instead of water.
+Initials of Box may be seen to-day in English gardens, and heraldic
+devices. French gardens vied with English gardens in curious patterns in
+Box. The garden of Versailles during the reign of Louis XIV. had a stag
+chase, in clipped Box, with greyhounds in chase. Globes, pyramids,
+tubes, cylinders, cones, arches, and other shapes were cut in Box as
+they were in Yew.
+
+A very pretty conceit in Box was--
+
+    "Horizontal dials on the ground
+     In living Box by cunning artists traced."
+
+Reference is frequent enough to these dials of Box to show that they
+were not uncommon in fine old English gardens. There were sun-dials
+either of Box or Thrift, in the gardens of colleges both at Oxford and
+Cambridge, as may be seen in Loggan's _Views_. Two modern ones are
+shown; one, on page 98, is in the garden of Lady Lennox, at Broughton
+Castle, Banbury, England. Another of exceptionally fine growth and trim
+perfection in the garden at Ascott, the seat of Mr. Leopold de
+Rothschild (opposite page 100.) These are curious rather than beautiful,
+but display well that quality given in the poet's term "the tonsile
+Box."
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Box at Broughton Castle.]
+
+Writing of a similar sun-dial, Lady Warwick says:--
+
+     "Never was such a perfect timekeeper as my sun-dial, and the
+     figures which record the hours are all cut out and trimmed in Box,
+     and there again on its outer ring is a legend which read in
+     whatever way you please: Les heures heureuses ne se comptent pas.
+     They were outlined for me, those words, in baby sprigs of Box by a
+     friend who is no more, who loved my garden and was good to it."
+
+Box hedges were much esteemed in England--so says Parkinson, to dry
+linen on, affording the raised expanse and even surface so much desired.
+It can always be noted in all domestic records of early days that the
+vast washing of linen and clothing was one of the great events of the
+year. Sometimes, in households of plentiful supply, these washings were
+done but once a year; in other homes, semi-annually. The drying and
+bleaching linen was an unceasing attraction to rascals like Autolycus,
+who had a "pugging tooth"--that is, a prigging tooth. These linen
+thieves had a special name, they were called "prygmen"; they wandered
+through the country on various pretexts, men and their doxies, and were
+the bane of English housewives.
+
+The Box hedges were also in constant use to hold the bleaching webs of
+homespun and woven flaxen and hempen stuff, which were often exposed for
+weeks in the dew and sunlight. In 1710 a reason given for the disuse and
+destruction of "quicksetted arbors and hedges" was that they "agreed
+very ill with the ladies' muslins."
+
+Box was of little value in the apothecary shop, was seldom used in
+medicine. Parkinson said that the leaves and dust of boxwood "boyld in
+lye" would make hair to be "of an Aborne or Abraham color"--that is,
+auburn. This was a very primitive hair dye, but it must have been a
+powerful one.
+
+Boxwood was a firm, beautiful wood, used to make tablets for
+inscriptions of note. The mottled wood near the root was called dudgeon.
+Holland's translation of Pliny says, "The Box tree seldome hath any
+grain crisped damaske-wise, and never but about the root, the which is
+dudgin." From its esteemed use for dagger hilts came the word
+dudgeon-dagger, and the terms "drawn-dudgeon" and "high-dudgeon,"
+meaning offence or discord.
+
+I plead for the Box, not for its fragrance, for you may not be so
+fortunate as to have a Puritan sense of smell, nor for its weird
+influence, for that is intangible; but because it is the most becoming
+of all edgings to our garden borders of old-time flowers. The clear
+compact green of its shining leaves, the trim distinctness of its
+clipped lines, the attributes that made Pope term it the "shapely Box,"
+make it the best of all foils for the varied tints of foliage, the many
+colors of bloom, and the careless grace in growth of the flowers within
+the border.
+
+Box edgings are pleasant, too, in winter, showing in grateful relief
+against the tiresome monotony of the snow expanse. And they bear
+sometimes a crown of lightest snow wreaths, which seem like a white
+blossoming in promise of the beauties of the border in the coming
+summer. Pick a bit of this winter Box, even with the mercury below zero.
+Lo! you have a breath of the hot dryness of the midsummer garden.
+
+Box grows to great size, even twenty feet in height. In Southern
+gardens, where it is seldom winter-killed, it is often of noble
+proportions. In the lovely garden of Martha Washington at Mount Vernon
+the Box is still preserved in the beauty and interest of its original
+form.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Box at Ascott.]
+
+The Box edgings and hedges of many other Southern gardens still are
+in good condition; those of the old Preston homestead at Columbia, South
+Carolina (shown on pages 15 and 18, and facing page 54), owe their
+preservation during the Civil War to the fact that the house was then
+the refuge of a sisterhood of nuns. The Ridgely estate, Hampton, in
+County Baltimore, Maryland, has a formal garden in which the perfection
+of the Box is a delight. The will of Captain Charles Ridgely, in 1787,
+made an appropriation of money and land for this garden. The high
+terrace which overlooks the garden and the shallow ones which break the
+southern slope and mark the boundaries of each parterre are fine
+examples of landscape art, and are said to be the work of Major Chase
+Barney, a famous military engineer. By 1829 the garden was an object of
+beauty and much renown. A part only of the original parterre remains,
+but the more modern flower borders, through the unusual perspective and
+contour of the garden, do not clash with the old Box-edged beds. These
+edgings were reset in 1870, and are always kept very closely cut. The
+circular domes of clipped box arise from stems at least a hundred years
+old. The design of the parterre is so satisfactory that I give three
+views of it in order to show it fully. (See pages 57, 60, and 95.)
+
+A Box-edged garden of much beauty and large extent existed for some
+years in the grounds connected with the County Jail in Fitchburg,
+Massachusetts. It was laid out by the wife of the warden, aided by the
+manual labor of convicted prisoners, with her earnest hope that working
+among flowers would have a benefiting and softening influence on these
+criminals. She writes rather dubiously: "They all enjoyed being out of
+doors with their pipes, whether among the flowers or the vegetables; and
+no attempt at escape was ever made by any of them while in the
+comparative freedom of the flower-garden." She planted and marked
+distinctly in this garden over seven hundred groups of annuals and hardy
+perennials, hoping the men would care to learn the names of the flowers,
+and through that knowledge, and their practise in the care of Box
+edgings and hedges, be able to obtain positions as under-gardeners when
+their terms of imprisonment expired.
+
+The garden at Tudor Place, the home of Mrs. Beverley Kennon (page 103),
+displays fine Box; and the garden of the poet Longfellow which is said
+to have been laid out after the Box-edged parterres at Versailles.
+Throughout this book are scattered several good examples of Box from
+Salem and other towns; in a sweet, old garden on Kingston Hill, Rhode
+Island (page 104) the flower-beds are anchor-shaped.
+
+In favorable climates Box edgings may grow in such vigor as to entirely
+fill the garden beds. An example of this is given on page 105, showing
+the garden at Tuckahoe. The beds were laid out over a large space of
+ground in a beautiful design, which still may be faintly seen by
+examining the dark expanse beside the house, which is now almost solid
+Box. The great hedges by the avenue are also Box; between similar ones
+at Upton Court in Camden, South Carolina, riders on horseback cannot be
+seen nor see over it. New England towns seldom show such growth of Box;
+but in Hingham, Massachusetts, at the home of Mrs. Robbins, author of
+that charming book, _The Rescue of an Old Place_, there is a Box bower,
+with walls of Box fifteen feet in height. These walls were originally
+the edgings of a flower bed on the "Old Place." Read Dr. John Brown's
+charming account of the Box bower of the "Queen's Maries."
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Tudor Place.]
+
+Box grows on Long Island with great vigor. At Brecknock Hall, the family
+residence of Mrs. Albert Delafield at Greenport, Long Island, the
+hedges of plain and variegated Box are unusually fine, and the paths are
+well laid out. Some of them are entirely covered by the closing together
+of the two hedges which are often six or seven feet in height.
+
+[Illustration: Anchor-shaped Flower-beds. Kingston, Rhode Island.]
+
+In spite of the constant assertion of the winter-killing of Box in the
+North, the oldest Box in the country is that at Sylvester Manor, Shelter
+Island, New York. The estate is now owned by the tenth mistress of the
+manor, Miss Cornelia Horsford; the first mistress of the manor, Grissel
+Sylvester, who had been Grissel Gardiner, came there in 1652. It is
+told, and is doubtless true, that she brought there the first Box
+plants, to make, in what was then a far-away island, a semblance of her
+home garden. It is said that this Box was thriving in Madam Sylvester's
+garden when George Fox preached there to the Indians. The oldest Box is
+fifteen or eighteen feet high; not so tall, I think, as the neglected
+Box at Vaucluse, the old Hazard place near Newport, but far more massive
+and thrifty and shapely. Box needs unusual care and judgment, an
+instinct almost, for the removal of certain portions. It sends out tiny
+rootlets at the joints of the sprays, and these grow readily. The
+largest and oldest Box bushes at Sylvester Manor garden are a study in
+their strong, hearty stems, their perfect foliage, their symmetry; they
+show their care of centuries.
+
+[Illustration: Ancient Box at Tuckahoe.]
+
+The delightful Box-edged flower beds were laid out in their present form
+about seventy years ago by the grandfather of the present owner. There
+is a Lower Garden, a Terrace Garden, which are shown on succeeding
+pages, a Fountain Garden, a Rose Garden, a Water Garden; a bit of the
+latter is on page 75. In some portions of these gardens, especially on
+the upper terrace, the Box is so high, and set in such quaint and
+rambling figures, that it closely approaches an old English maze; and it
+was a pretty sight to behold a group of happy little children running in
+and out among these Box hedges that extended high over their heads,
+searching long and eagerly for the central bower where their little tea
+party was set.
+
+Over these old garden borders hangs literally an atmosphere of the past;
+the bitter perfume stimulates the imagination as we walk by the side of
+these splendid Box bushes, and think, as every one must, of what they
+have seen, of what they know; on this garden is written the history of
+over two centuries of beautiful domestic home life. It is well that we
+still have such memorials to teach us the nobility and beauty of such a
+life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE HERB GARDEN
+
+     "To have nothing here but Sweet Herbs, and those only choice ones
+     too, and every kind its bed by itself."
+
+     --DESIDERIUS ERASMUS, 1500.
+
+
+In Montaigne's time it was the custom to dedicate special chapters of
+books to special persons. Were it so to-day, I should dedicate this
+chapter to the memory of a friend who has been constantly in my mind
+while writing it; for she formed in her beautiful garden, near our
+modern city, Chicago, the only perfect herb garden I know,--a garden
+that is the counterpart of the garden of Erasmus, made four centuries
+ago; for in it are "nothing but Sweet Herbs, and choice ones too, and
+every kind its bed by itself." A corner of it is shown on page 108. This
+herb garden is so well laid out that I will give directions therefrom
+for a bed of similar planting. It may be placed at the base of a grass
+bank or at the edge of a garden. Let two garden walks be laid out, one
+at the lower edge, perhaps, of the bank, the other parallel, ten,
+fifteen, twenty feet away. Let narrow paths be left at regular intervals
+running parallel from walk to walk, as do the rounds of a ladder from
+the two side bars. In the narrow oblong beds formed by these paths plant
+solid rows of herbs, each variety by itself, with no attempt at
+diversity of design. You can thus walk among them, and into them, and
+smell them in their concentrated strength, and you can gather them at
+ease. On the bank can be placed the creeping Thyme, and other
+low-running herbs. Medicinal shrubs should be the companions of the
+herbs; plant these as you will, according to their growth and habit,
+making them give variety of outline to the herb garden.
+
+[Illustration: Herb Garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois.]
+
+There are few persons who have a strong enough love of leaf scents, or
+interest in herbs, to make them willing to spend much time in working in
+an herb garden. The beauty and color of flowers would compensate them,
+but not the growth or scent of leafage. It is impossible to describe to
+one who does not feel by instinct "the lure of green things growing,"
+the curious stimulation, the sense of intoxication, of delight, brought
+by working among such green-growing, sweet-scented things. The maker of
+this interesting garden felt this stimulation and delight; and at her
+city home on a bleak day in December we both revelled in holding and
+breathing in the scent of tiny sprays of Rue, Rosemary, and Balm which,
+still green, had been gathered from beneath fallen leaves and stalks in
+her country garden, as a tender and grateful attention of one herb lover
+to another. Thus did she prove Shakespeare's words true even on the
+shores of Lake Michigan:--
+
+    "Rosemary and Rue: these keep
+     Seeming and savor all the winter long."
+
+There is ample sentiment in the homely inhabitants of the herb garden.
+The herb garden of the Countess of Warwick is called by her a Garden of
+Sentiment. Each plant is labelled with a pottery marker, swallow-shaped,
+bearing in ineradicable colors the flower name and its significance.
+Thus there is Balm for sympathy, Bay for glory, Foxglove for sincerity,
+Basil for hatred.
+
+A recent number of _The Garden_ deplored the dying out of herbs in old
+English gardens; so I think it may prove of interest to give the list of
+herbs and medicinal shrubs and trees which grew in this friend's herb
+garden in the new world across the sea.
+
+     Arnica, Anise, Ambrosia, Agrimony, Aconite.
+
+     Belladonna, Black Alder, Betony, Boneset or Thorough-wort, Sweet
+     Basil, Bryony, Borage, Burnet, Butternut, Balm, _Melissa
+     officinalis_, Balm (variegated), Bee-balm, or Oswego tea, mild,
+     false, and true Bergamot, Burdock, Bloodroot, Black Cohosh,
+     Barberry, Bittersweet, Butterfly-weed, Birch, Blackberry,
+     Button-Snakeroot, Buttercup.
+
+     Costmary, or Sweet Mary, Calamint, Choke-cherry, Comfrey,
+     Coriander, Cumin, Catnip, Caraway, Chives, Castor-oil Bean,
+     Colchicum, Cedronella, Camomile, Chicory, Cardinal-flower,
+     Celandine, Cotton, Cranesbill, Cow-parsnip, High-bush Cranberry.
+
+     Dogwood, Dutchman's-pipe, Dill, Dandelion, Dock, Dogbane.
+
+     Elder, Elecampane, Slippery Elm.
+
+     Sweet Fern, Fraxinella, Fennel, Flax, Fumitory, Fig, Sweet Flag,
+     Blue Flag, Foxglove.
+
+     Goldthread, Gentian, Goldenrod.
+
+     Hellebore, Henbane, Hops, Horehound, Hyssop, Horseradish,
+     Horse-chestnut, Hemlock, Small Hemlock or Fool's Parsley.
+
+     American Ipecac, Indian Hemp, Poison Ivy, wild, false, and blue
+     Indigo, wild yellow Indigo, wild white Indigo.
+
+     Juniper, Joepye-weed.
+
+     Lobelia, Lovage, Lavender Lemon Verbena, Lemon, Mountain Laurel,
+     Yellow Lady's-slippers, Lily of the Valley, Liverwort, Wild
+     Lettuce, Field Larkspur, Lungwort.
+
+     Mosquito plant, Wild Mint, Motherwort, Mullein, Sweet Marjoram,
+     Meadowsweet, Marshmallow, Mandrake, Mulberry, black and white
+     Mustard, Mayweed, Mugwort, Marigold.
+
+     Nigella.
+
+     Opium Poppy, Orange, Oak.
+
+     Pulsatilla, Pellitory or Pyrethrum, Red Pepper, Peppermint,
+     Pennyroyal, False Pennyroyal, Pope-weed, Pine, Pigweed, Pumpkin,
+     Parsley, Prince's-pine, Peony, Plantain.
+
+     Rhubarb, Rue, Rosemary, Rosa gallica, Dog Rose.
+
+     Sassafras, Saxifrage, Sweet Cicely, Sage (common blue), Sage (red),
+     Summer Savory, Winter Savory, Santonin, Sweet Woodruff, Saffron,
+     Spearmint, wild Sarsaparilla, Black Snakeroot, Squills, Senna,
+     St.-John's-Wort, Sorrel, Spruce Fir, Self-heal, Southernwood.
+
+     Thorn Apple, Tansy, Thyme, Tobacco, Tarragon.
+
+     Valerian, Dogtooth Violet, Blue Violet.
+
+     Witchhazel, Wormwood, Wintergreen, Willow, Walnut.
+
+     Yarrow.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at White Birches. Elmhurst, Illinois.]
+
+It will be noted that some common herbs and medicinal plants are
+missing; there is, for instance, no Box; it will not live in that
+climate; and there are many other herbs which this garden held for a
+short time, but which succumbed under the fierce winter winds from Lake
+Michigan.
+
+It is interesting to compare this list with one made in rhyme three
+centuries ago, the garland of herbs of the nymph Lelipa in Drayton's
+_Muse's Elyzium_.
+
+    "A chaplet then of Herbs I'll make
+       Than which though yours be braver,
+     Yet this of mine I'll undertake
+       Shall not be short in savour.
+     With Basil then I will begin,
+       Whose scent is wondrous pleasing:
+     This Eglantine I'll next put in
+       The sense with sweetness seizing.
+     Then in my Lavender I lay
+       Muscado put among it,
+     With here and there a leaf of Bay,
+       Which still shall run along it.
+     Germander, Marjoram and Thyme,
+       Which uséd are for strewing;
+     With Hyssop as an herb most prime
+       Here in my wreath bestowing.
+     Then Balm and Mint help to make up
+       My chaplet, and for trial
+     Costmary that so likes the Cup,
+       And next it Pennyroyal.
+     Then Burnet shall bear up with this,
+       Whose leaf I greatly fancy;
+     Some Camomile doth not amiss
+       With Savory and some Tansy.
+     Then here and there I'll put a sprig
+       Of Rosemary into it,
+     Thus not too Little nor too Big,
+       'Tis done if I can do it."
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Manning Homestead, Salem, Massachusetts.]
+
+Another name for the herb garden was the olitory; and the word herber,
+or herbar, would at first sight appear to be an herbarium, an herb
+garden; it was really an arbor. I have such satisfaction in herb
+gardens, and in the herbs themselves, and in all their uses, all their
+lore, that I am confirmed in my belief that I really care far less for
+Botany than for that old-time regard and study of plants covered by the
+significant name, Wort-cunning. Wort was a good old common English word,
+lost now in our use, save as the terminal syllable of certain
+plant-names; it is a pity we have given it up since its equivalent,
+herb, seems so variable in application, especially in that very trying
+expression of which we weary so of late--herbaceous border. This seems
+an architect's phrase rather than a florist's; you always find it on the
+plans of fine houses with gardens. To me it annihilates every
+possibility of sentiment, and it usually isn't correct, since many of
+the plants in these borders are woody perennials instead of annuals;
+any garden planting that is not "bedding-out" is wildly named "an
+herbaceous border."
+
+Herb gardens were no vanity and no luxury in our grandmothers' day; they
+were a necessity. To them every good housewife turned for nearly all
+that gave variety to her cooking, and to fill her domestic
+pharmacopoeia. The physician placed his chief reliance for supplies on
+herb gardens and the simples of the fields. An old author says, "Many an
+old wife or country woman doth often more good with a few known and
+common garden herbs, than our bombast physicians, with all their
+prodigious, sumptuous, far-fetched, rare, conjectural medicines." Doctor
+and goodwife both had a rival in the parson. The picture of the country
+parson and his wife given by old George Herbert was equally true of the
+New England minister and his wife:--
+
+     "In the knowledge of simples one thing would be carefully observed,
+     which is to know what herbs may be used instead of drugs of the
+     same nature, and to make the garden the shop; for home-bred
+     medicines are both more easy for the parson's purse, and more
+     familiar for all men's bodies. So when the apothecary useth either
+     for loosing Rhubarb, or for binding Bolearmana, the parson useth
+     damask or white Rose for the one, and Plantain, Shepherd's Purse,
+     and Knot-grass for the other; and that with better success. As for
+     spices, he doth not only prefer home-bred things before them, but
+     condemns them for vanities, and so shuts them out of his family,
+     esteeming that there is no spice comparable for herbs to Rosemary,
+     Thyme, savory Mints, and for seeds to Fennel and Caraway.
+     Accordingly, for salves, his wife seeks not the city, but prefers
+     her gardens and fields before all outlandish gums."
+
+Simples were medicinal plants, so called because each of these vegetable
+growths was held to possess an individual virtue, to be an element, a
+simple substance constituting a single remedy. The noun was generally
+used in the plural.
+
+You must not think that sowing, gathering, drying, and saving these
+herbs and simples in any convenient or unstudied way was all that was
+necessary. Not at all; many and manifold were the rules just when to
+plant them, when to pick them, how to pick them, how to dry them, and
+even how to keep them. Gervayse Markham was very wise in herb lore, in
+the suited seasons of the moon, and hour of the day or night, for herb
+culling. In the garret of every old house, such as that of the Ward
+Homestead, shown on page 116, with the wreckage of house furniture, were
+hung bunches of herbs and simples, waiting for winter use.
+
+The still-room was wholly devoted to storing these herbs and
+manufacturing their products. This was the careful work of the house
+mistress and her daughters. It was not intrusted to servants. One book
+of instruction was entitled, _The Vertuouse Boke of Distyllacyon of the
+Waters of all Manner of Herbs_.
+
+Thomas Tusser wrote:--
+
+    "Good huswives provide, ere an sickness do come,
+     Of sundrie good things in house to have some,
+     Good aqua composita, vinegar tart,
+     Rose water and treacle to comfort the heart,
+     Good herbes in the garden for agues that burn,
+     That over strong heat to good temper turn."
+
+[Illustration: Under the Garret Eaves of the Ward Homestead. Shrewsbury,
+Massachusetts.]
+
+Both still-room and simple-closet of a dame of the time of Queen
+Elizabeth or Queen Anne had crowded shelves. Many an herb and root,
+unused to-day, was deemed then of sovereign worth. From a manuscript
+receipt book I have taken names of ingredients, many of which are
+seldom, perhaps never, used now in medicine. Unripe Blackberries, Ivy
+berries, Eglantine berries, "Ashen Keys," Acorns, stones of Sloes,
+Parsley seed, Houseleeks, unripe Hazelnuts, Daisy roots, Strawberry
+"strings," Woodbine tops, the inner bark of Oak and of red Filberts,
+green "Broom Cod," White Thorn berries, Turnips, Barberry bark, Dates,
+Goldenrod, Gourd seed, Blue Lily roots, Parsnip seed, Asparagus roots,
+Peony roots.
+
+From herbs and simples were made, for internal use, liquid medicines
+such as wines and waters, syrups, juleps; and solids, such as conserves,
+confections, treacles, eclegms, tinctures. There were for external use,
+amulets, oils, ointments, liniments, plasters, cataplasms, salves,
+poultices; also sacculi, little bags of flowers, seeds, herbs, etc., and
+pomanders and posies.
+
+That a certain stimulus could be given to the brain by inhaling the
+scent of these herbs will not be doubted, I think, by the herb lover
+even of this century. In the _Haven of Health_, 1636, cures were
+promised by sleeping on herbs, smelling of them, binding the leaves on
+the forehead, and inhaling the vapors of their boiling or roasting. Mint
+was "a good Posie for Students to oft smell." Pennyroyal "quickened the
+brain by smelling oft." Basil cleared the wits, and so on.
+
+The use of herbs in medicine is far from being obsolete; and when we
+give them more stately names we swallow the same dose. Dandelion bitters
+is still used for diseases caused by an ill-working liver. Wintergreen,
+which was universally made into tea or oil for rheumatism, appears now
+in prescriptions for the same disease under the name of Gaultheria.
+Peppermint, once a sovereign cure for heartburn and "nuralogy," serves
+us decked with the title of Menthol. "Saffern-tea" never has lost its
+good standing as a cure for the "jarnders." In country communities
+scores of old herbs and simples are used in vast amounts; and in every
+village is some aged man or woman wise in gathering, distilling, and
+compounding these "potent and parable medicines," to use Cotton Mather's
+words. One of these gatherers of simples is shown opposite page 120, a
+quaint old figure, seen afar as we drive through country by-roads, as
+she bends over some dense clump of weeds in distant meadow or pasture.
+
+In our large city markets bunches of sweet herbs are still sold; and
+within a year I have seen men passing my city home selling great bunches
+of Catnip and Mint, in the spring, and dried Sage, Marjoram, and other
+herbs in the autumn. In one case I noted that it was the same man,
+unmistakably a real countryman, whom I had noted selling quail on the
+street, when he had about forty as fine quail as I ever saw. I never saw
+him sell quail, nor herbs. I think his customers are probably all
+foreigners--emigrants from continental Europe, chiefly Poles and
+Italians.
+
+The use of herbs as component parts of love philters and charms is a
+most ancient custom, and lingered into the nineteenth century in country
+communities. I knew but one case of the manufacture and administering
+of a love philter, and it was by a person to whom such an action would
+seem utterly incongruous. A very gentle, retiring girl in a New England
+town eighty years ago was deeply in love with the minister whose church
+she attended, and of which her father was the deacon. The parson was a
+widower, nearly of middle age, and exceedingly sombre and reserved in
+character--saddened, doubtless, by the loss of his two young children
+and his wife through that scourge of New England, consumption; but he
+was very handsome, and even his sadness had its charm. His house, had
+burned down as an additional misfortune, and he lived in lodgings with
+two elderly women of his congregation. Therefore church meetings and
+various gatherings of committees were held at the deacon's house, and
+the deacon's daughter saw him day after day, and grew more desperately
+in love. Desperate certainly she was when she dared even to think of
+giving a love philter to a minister. The recipe was clearly printed on
+the last page of an old dream book; and she carried it out in every
+detail. It was easy to introduce it into the mug of flip which was
+always brewed for the meeting, and the parson drank it down
+abstractedly, thinking that it seemed more bitter than usual, but
+showing no sign of this thought. The philter was promised to have effect
+in making the drinker love profoundly the first person of opposite sex
+whom he or she saw after drinking it; and of course the minister saw
+Hannah as she stood waiting for his empty tankard. The dull details of
+parish work were talked over in the usual dragging way for half an
+hour, when the minister became conscious of an intense coldness which
+seemed to benumb him in every limb; and he tried to walk to the
+fireplace. Suddenly all in the room became aware that he was very ill,
+and one called out, "He's got a stroke." Luckily the town doctor was
+also a deacon, and was therefore present; and he promptly said, "He's
+poisoned," and hot water from the teakettle, whites of eggs, mustard,
+and other domestic antidotes were administered with promptitude and
+effect. It is useless to detail the days of agony to the wretched girl,
+during which the sick man wavered between life and death, nor her
+devoted care of him. Soon after his recovery he solemnly proposed
+marriage to her, and was refused. But he never wavered in his love for
+her; and every year he renewed his offer and told his wishes, to be met
+ever with a cold refusal, until ten years had passed; when into his
+brain there entered a perception that her refusal had some extraordinary
+element in it. Then, with a warmth of determination worthy a younger
+man, he demanded an explanation, and received a confession of the
+poisonous love philter. I suppose time had softened the memory of his
+suffering, at any rate they were married--so the promise of the love
+charm came true, after all.
+
+[Illustration: A Gatherer of Simples.]
+
+Amos Bronson Alcott was another author of Concord, a sweet philosopher
+whom I shall ever remember with deepest gratitude as the only person who
+in my early youth ever imagined any literary capacity in me (and in that
+he was sadly mistaken, for he fancied I would be a poet). I have read
+very faithfully all his printed writings, trying to believe him a great
+man, a seer; but I cannot, in spite of my gratitude for his flattering
+though unfulfilled prophecy, discover in his books any profound signs of
+depth or novelty of thought. In his _Tablets_ are some very pleasant, if
+not surprisingly wise, essays on domestic subjects; one, on "Sweet
+Herbs," tells cheerfully of the womanly care of the herb garden, but
+shows that, when written--about 1850--borders of herbs were growing
+infrequent.
+
+One great delight of old English gardens is never afforded us in New
+England; we do not grow Lavender beds. I have of course seen single
+plants of Lavender, so easily winter-killed, but I never have seen a
+Lavender bed, nor do I know of one. It is a great loss. A bed or hedge
+of Lavender is pleasing in the same way that the dress of a Quaker lady
+is pleasing; it is reposeful, refined. It has a soft effect at the edge
+of a garden, like a blue-gray haze, and always reminds me of doves. The
+power of association or some inherent quality of the plant, makes
+Lavender always suggest freshness and cleanliness.
+
+We may linger a little with a few of these old herb favorites. One of
+the most balmy and beautiful of all the sweet breaths borne by leaves or
+blossoms is that of Basil, which, alas! I see so seldom. I have always
+loved it, and can never pass it without pressing its leaves in my hand;
+and I cannot express the satisfaction, the triumph, with which I read
+these light-giving lines of old Thomas Tusser, which showed me why I
+loved it:--
+
+    "Faire Basil desireth it may be hir lot
+     To growe as the gilly flower trim in a pot
+     That Ladies and Gentils whom she doth serve
+     May help hir as needeth life to preserve."
+
+An explanation of this rhyme is given by _Tusser Redivivus_: "Most
+people stroak Garden Basil which leaves a grateful smell on the hand and
+he will have it that Stroaking from a fair lady preserves the life of
+the Basil."
+
+This is a striking example of floral telepathy; you know what the Basil
+wishes, and the Basil knows and craves your affection, and repays your
+caress with her perfume and growth. It is a case of mutual attraction;
+and I beg the "Gentle Reader" never to pass a pot or plant of Basil
+without "stroaking" it; that it may grow and multiply and forever retain
+its relations with fair women, as a type of the purest, the most
+clinging, and grateful love.
+
+One amusing use of Basil (as given in one of my daughter's old Herbals)
+was intended to check obesity:--
+
+     "TO MAKE THAT A WOMAN SHALL EAT OF NOTHING THAT IS SET UPON THE
+     TABLE:--Take a little green Basil, and when Men bring the Dishes to
+     the Table put it underneath them that the Woman perceive it not; so
+     Men say that she will eat of none of that which is in the Dish
+     whereunder the Basil lieth."
+
+I cannot understand why so sinister an association was given to a pot of
+Basil by Boccaccio, who makes the unhappy Isabella conceal the head of
+her murdered lover in a flower pot under a plant of Basil; for in Italy
+Basil is ever a plant of love, not of jealousy or crime. One of its
+common names is _Bacia, Nicola_--Kiss me, Nicholas. Peasant girls always
+place Basil in their hair when they go to meet their sweethearts, and an
+offered sprig of Basil is a love declaration. It is believed that
+Boccaccio obtained this tale from some tradition of ancient Greece,
+where Basil is a symbol of hatred and despair. The figure of poverty was
+there associated with a Basil plant as with rags. It had to be sown with
+abuse, with cursing and railing, else it would not flourish. In India
+its sanctity is above all other herbs. A pious Indian has at death a
+leaf of Basil placed in his bosom as his reward. The house surrounded by
+Basil is blessed, and all who cherish the plant are sure of heaven.
+
+Mithridate was a favorite medicine of our Puritan ancestors; there were
+various elaborate compound rules for its manufacture, in which Rue
+always took a part. It was simple enough in the beginning, when King
+Mithridates invented it as an antidote against poison: twenty leaves of
+Rue pounded with two Figs, two dried Walnuts and a grain of salt; which
+receipt may be taken _cum grano salis_. Rue also entered into the
+composition of the famous "Vinegar of the Four Thieves." These four
+rascals, at the time of the Plague in Marseilles, invented this vinegar,
+and, protected by its power, entered infected houses and carried away
+property without taking the disease. Rue had innumerable virtues. Pliny
+says eighty-four remedies were made of it. It was of special use in case
+of venomous bites, and to counteract "Head-Ach" from over indulgence in
+wine, especially if a little Sage were added. It promoted love in man
+and diminished it in woman; it was good for the ear-ache, eye-ache,
+stomach-ache, leg-ache, back-ache; good for an ague, good for a surfeit;
+indeed, it would seem wise to make Rue a daily article of food and thus
+insure perpetual good health.
+
+The scent of Rue seems never dying. A sprig of it was given me by a
+friend, and it chanced to lie for a single night on the sheets of paper
+upon which this chapter is written. The scent has never left them, and
+indeed the odor of Rue hangs literally around this whole book.
+
+Summer Savory and Sweet Marjoram are rarely employed now in American
+cooking. They are still found in my kitchen, and are used in scant
+amount as a flavoring for stuffing of fowl. Many who taste and like the
+result know not the old-fashioned materials used to produce that flavor,
+and "of the younger sort" the names even are wholly unrecognized.
+
+Sage is almost the only plant of the English kitchen garden which is
+ordinarily grown in America. I like its fresh grayness in the garden. In
+the days of our friend John Gerarde, the beloved old herbalist, there
+was no fixed botanical nomenclature; but he scarcely needed botanical
+terms, for he had a most felicitous and dextrous use of words. "Sage
+hath broad leaves, long, wrinkled, rough, and whitish, like in roughness
+to woollen cloth threadbare." What a description! it is far more vivid
+than the picture here shown. Sage has never lost its established place
+as a flavoring for the stuffing for ducks, geese, and for sausages; but
+its universal employment as a flavoring for Sage cheese is nearly
+obsolete. In my childhood home, we always had Sage cheese with other
+cheeses; it was believed to be an aid in digestion. I had forgotten its
+taste; and I must say I didn't like it when I ate it last summer, in New
+Hampshire.
+
+[Illustration: Our Friend, John Gerarde.]
+
+Tansy was highly esteemed in England as a medicine, a cosmetic, and a
+flavoring and ingredient in cooking. It was rubbed over raw meat to keep
+the flies away and prevent decay, for in those days of no refrigerators
+there had to be strong measures taken for the preservation of all
+perishable food. Its strong scent and taste would be deemed intolerable
+to us, who can scarce endure even the milder Sage in any large quantity.
+A good folk name for it is "Bitter Buttons." Gerarde wrote of Tansy, "In
+the spring time, are made with the leaves hereof newly sprung up, and
+with Eggs, cakes or Tansies, which be pleasant in Taste and goode for
+the Stomach."
+
+[Illustration: Sage.]
+
+"To Make a Tansie the Best Way," I learn from _The Accomplisht Cook_,
+was thus:--
+
+     "Take twenty Eggs, and take away five whites, strain them with a
+     quart of good sweet thick Cream, and put to it a grated nutmeg, a
+     race of ginger grated, as much cinnamon beaten fine, and a penny
+     white loaf grated also, mix them all together with a little salt,
+     then stamp some green wheat with some tansie herbs, strain it into
+     the cream and eggs and stir all together; then take a clean
+     frying-pan, and a quarter of a pound of butter, melt it, and put in
+     the tansie, and stir it continually over the fire with a slice,
+     ladle, or saucer, chop it, and break it as it thickens, and being
+     well incorporated put it out of the pan into a dish, and chop it
+     very fine; then make the frying-pan very clean, and put in some
+     more butter, melt it, and fry it whole or in spoonfuls; being
+     finely fried on both sides, dish it up and sprinkle it with
+     rose-vinegar, grape-verjuyce, elder-vinegar, cowslip-vinegar, or
+     the juyce of three or four oranges, and strow on a good store of
+     fine sugar."
+
+To all of this we can say that it would certainly be a very good
+dish--without the Tansy. Another mediæval recipe was of Tansy, Feverfew,
+Parsley, and Violets mixed with eggs, fried in butter, and sprinkled
+with sugar.
+
+The Minnow-Tansie of old Izaak Walton, a "Tanzie for Lent," was made
+thus:--
+
+     "Being well washed with salt and cleaned, and their heads and tails
+     cut off, and not washed after, they prove excellent for that use;
+     that is being fried with the yolks of eggs, the flowers of cowslips
+     and of primroses, and a little tansy, thus used they make a dainty
+     dish."
+
+The name Tansy was given afterward to a rich fruit cake which had no
+Tansy in it. It was apparently a favorite dish of Pepys. A certain
+derivative custom obtained in some New England towns--certainly in
+Hartford and vicinity. Tansy was used to flavor the Fast Day pudding.
+One old lady recalls that it was truly a bitter food to the younger
+members of the family; Miss Shelton, in her entertaining book, _The Salt
+Box House_, tells of Tansy cakes, and says children did not dislike
+them. Tansy bitters were made of Tansy leaves placed in a bottle with
+New England rum. They were a favorite spring tonic, where all physicians
+and housewives prescribed "the bitter principle" in the spring time.
+
+No doubt Tansy was among the earliest plants brought over by the
+settlers; it was carefully cherished in the herb garden, then spread to
+the dooryard and then to farm lanes. As early as 1746 the traveller Kalm
+noted Tansy growing wild in hedges and along roads in Pennsylvania. Now
+it extends its sturdy growth for miles along the country road, one of
+the rankest of weeds. It still is used in the manufacture of proprietary
+medicines, and for this purpose is cut with a sickle in great armfuls
+and gathered in cartloads. I have always liked its scent; and its
+leaves, as Gerarde said, "infinitely jagged and nicked and curled"; and
+its cheerful little "bitter buttons" of gold. Some old flowers adapt
+themselves to modern conditions and look up-to-date; but to me the
+Tansy, wherever found, is as openly old-fashioned as a betty-lamp or a
+foot-stove.
+
+[Illustration: Tansy.]
+
+On July 1, 1846, an old grave was opened in the ancient "God's Acre"
+near the halls of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This
+grave was a brick vault covered with irregularly shaped flagstones about
+three inches thick. Over it was an ancient slab of peculiar stone,
+unlike any others in the cemetery save those over the graves of two
+presidents of the College, Rev. Dr. Chauncy and Dr. Oakes. As there were
+headstones near this slab inscribed with the names of the
+great-grandchildren of President Dunster, it was believed that this was
+the grave of a third President, Dr. Dunster. He died in the year 1659;
+but his death took place in midwinter; and when this coffin was opened,
+the skeleton was found entirely surrounded with common Tansy, in seed, a
+portion of which had been pulled up by the roots, and it was therefore
+believed by many who thought upon the matter that it was the coffin and
+grave of President Mitchell, who died in July, 1668, of "an extream
+fever." The skeleton was found still wrapped in a cerecloth, and in the
+record of the church is a memorandum of payment "for a terpauling to
+wrap Mr. Mitchell." The Tansy found in this coffin, placed there more
+than two centuries ago, still retained its shape and scent.
+
+This use of Tansy at funerals lingered long in country neighborhoods in
+New England, in some vicinities till fifty years ago. To many older
+persons the Tansy is therefore so associated with grewsome sights and
+sad scenes, that they turn from it wherever seen, and its scent to them
+is unbearable. One elderly friend writes me: "I never see the leaves of
+Tansy without recalling also the pale dead faces I have so often seen
+encircled by the dank, ugly leaves. Often as a child have I been sent to
+gather all the Tansy I could find, to be carried by my mother to the
+house of mourning; and I gathered it, loathing to touch it, but not
+daring to refuse, and I loathe it still."
+
+Tansy not only retains its scent for a long period, but the "golden
+buttons" retain their color; I have seen them in New England parlors
+forming part of a winter posy; this, I suppose, in neighborhoods where
+Tansy was little used at funerals.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing, Albany, New York.]
+
+If an herb garden had no other reason for existence, let me commend it
+to the attention of those of ample grounds and kindly hearts, for a
+special purpose--as a garden for the blind. Our many flower-charities
+furnish flowers throughout the summer to our hospitals, but what
+sweet-scented flowers are there for those debarred from any sight of
+beauty? Through the past summer my daughters sent several times a week,
+by the generous carriage of the Long Island Express Company, boxes of
+wild flowers to any hospital of their choice. What could we send to the
+blind? The midsummer flowers of field and meadow gratified the sight,
+but scent was lacking. A sprig of Sweet Fern or Bayberry was the only
+resource. Think of the pleasure which could be given to the sightless by
+a posy of sweet-scented leaves, by Southernwood, Mint, Balm, or Basil,
+and when memory was thereby awakened in those who once had seen, what
+tender thoughts! If this book could influence the planting of an herb
+garden for the solace of those who cannot see the flowers of field and
+garden, then it will not have been written in vain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+IN LILAC TIDE
+
+    "Ere Man is aware
+     That the Spring is here
+     The Flowers have found it out."
+
+    --_Ancient Chinese Saying._
+
+
+"A flower opens, and lo! another Year," is the beautiful and suggestive
+legend on an old vessel found in the Catacombs. Since these words were
+written, how many years have begun! how many flowers have opened! and
+yet nature has never let us weary of spring and spring flowers. My
+garden knows well the time o' the year. It needs no almanac to count the
+months.
+
+    "The untaught Spring is wise
+     In Cowslips and Anemonies."
+
+While I sit shivering, idling, wondering when I can "start the
+garden"--lo, there are Snowdrops and spring starting up to greet me.
+
+Ever in earliest spring are there days when there is no green in grass,
+tree, or shrub; but when the garden lover is conscious that winter is
+gone and spring is waiting. There is in every garden, in every
+dooryard, as in the field and by the roadside, in some indefinable way a
+look of spring. One hint of spring comes even before its flowers--you
+can smell its coming. The snow is gone from the garden walks and some of
+the open beds; you walk warily down the softened path at midday, and you
+smell the earth as it basks in the sun, and a faint scent comes from
+some twigs and leaves. Box speaks of summer, not of spring; and the
+fragrance from that Cedar tree is equally suggestive of summer. But
+break off that slender branch of Calycanthus--how fresh and welcome its
+delightful spring scent. Carry it into the house with branches of
+Forsythia, and how quickly one fills its leaf buds and the other
+blossoms.
+
+[Illustration: Ladies' Delights.]
+
+For several years the first blossom of the new year in our garden was
+neither the Snowdrop nor Crocus, but the Ladies' Delight, that laughing,
+speaking little garden face, which is not really a spring flower, it is
+a stray from summer; but it is such a shrewd, intelligent little
+creature that it readily found out that spring was here ere man or other
+flowers knew it. This dear little primitive of the Pansy tribe has
+become wonderfully scarce save in cherished old gardens like those of
+Salem, where I saw this year a space thirty feet long and several feet
+wide, under flowering shrubs and bushes, wholly covered with the
+everyday, homely little blooms of Ladies' Delights. They have the
+party-colored petal of the existing strain of English Pansies, distinct
+from the French and German Pansies, and I doubt not are the descendants
+of the cherished garden children of the English settlers. Gerarde
+describes this little English Pansy or Heartsease in 1587 under the name
+of _Viola tricolor_:--
+
+     "The flouers in form and figure like the Violet, and for the most
+     part of the same Bignesse, of three sundry colours, purple, yellow
+     and white or blew, by reason of the beauty and braverie of which
+     colours they are very pleasing to the eye, for smel they have
+     little or none."
+
+In Breck's _Book of Flowers_, 1851, is the first printed reference
+I find to the flower under the name Ladies' Delight. In my
+childhood I never heard it called aught else; but it has a score
+of folk names, all testifying to an affectionate intimacy: Bird's-eye;
+Garden-gate; Johnny-jump-up; None-so-pretty; Kitty-come; Kit-run-about;
+Three-faces under-a-hood; Come-and-cuddle-me; Pink-of-my-Joan;
+Kiss-me; Tickle-my-fancy; Kiss-me-ere-I rise; Jump-up-and-kiss-me.
+To our little flower has also been given this folk name,
+Meet-her-in-the-entry-kiss-her-in-the-buttery, the longest
+plant name in the English language, rivalled only by Miss
+Jekyll's triumph of nomenclature for the Stonecrop, namely:
+Welcome-home-husband-be-he-ever-so-drunk.
+
+[Illustration: Garden House in Garden of Hon. William H. Seward, Auburn,
+New York.]
+
+These little Ladies' Delights have infinite variety of expression; some
+are laughing and roguish, some sharp and shrewd, some surprised, others
+worried, all are animated and vivacious, and a few saucy to a degree.
+They are as companionable as people--nay, more; they are as
+companionable as children. No wonder children love them; they recognize
+kindred spirits. I know a child who picked unbidden a choice Rose, and
+hid it under her apron. But as she passed a bed of Ladies' Delights
+blowing in the wind, peering, winking, mocking, she suddenly threw the
+Rose at them, crying out pettishly, "Here! take your old flower!"
+
+The Dandelion is to many the golden seal of spring, but it blooms the
+whole circle of the year in sly garden corners and in the grass. Of it
+might have been written the lines:--
+
+    "It smiles upon the lap of May,
+       To sultry August spreads its charms,
+     Lights pale October on its way,
+       And twines December's arms."
+
+I have picked both Ladies' Delights and Dandelions every month in the
+year.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Garden of Hon. William H. Seward, Auburn, New
+York.]
+
+I suppose the common Crocus would not be deemed a very great garden
+ornament in midsummer, in its lowly growth; but in its spring blossoming
+it is--to use another's words--"most gladsome of the early flowers." A
+bed of Crocuses is certainly a keen pleasure, glowing in the sun, almost
+as grateful to the human eye as to the honey-gathering bees that come
+unerringly, from somewhere, to hover over the golden cups. How welcome
+after winter is the sound of that humming.
+
+In the garden's story, there are ever a few pictures which stand out
+with startling distinctness. When the year is gone you do not recall
+many days nor many flowers with precision; often a single flower seems
+of more importance than a whole garden. In the day book of 1900 I have
+but few pictures; the most vivid was the very first of the season. It
+could have been no later than April, for one or two Snowdrops still
+showed white in the grass, when a splendid ribbon of Chionodoxa--Glory
+of the Snow--opened like blue fire burning from plant to plant, the
+bluest thing I ever saw in any garden. It was backed with solid masses
+of equally vivid yellow Alyssum and chalk-white Candy-tuft, both of
+which had had a good start under glass in a temporary forcing bed. These
+three solid masses of color surrounded by bare earth and showing little
+green leafage made my eyes ache, but a picture was burnt in which will
+never leave my brain. I always have a sense of importance, of actual
+ownership of a plant, when I can recall its introduction--as I do of the
+Chionodoxa, about 1871. It is said to come up and bloom in the snow, but
+I have never seen it in blossom earlier than March, and never then
+unless the snow has vanished. It has much of the charm of its relative,
+the Scilla.
+
+We all have flower favorites, and some of us have flower antipathies, or
+at least we are indifferent to certain flowers; but I never knew any one
+but loved the Daffodil. Not only have poets and dramatists sung it, but
+it is a common favorite, as shown by its homely names in our everyday
+speech. I am always touched in _Endymion_ that the only flowers named as
+"a thing of beauty that is a joy forever" are Daffodils "with the green
+world they live in."
+
+In Daffodils I like the "old fat-headed sort with nutmeg and cinnamon
+smell and old common English names--Butter-and-eggs, Codlins-and-cream,
+Bacon and eggs." The newer ones are more slender in bud and bloom, more
+trumpet-shaped, and are commonplace of name instead of common. In
+Virginia the name of a variety has become applied to a family, and all
+Daffodils are called Butter-and-eggs by the people.
+
+On spring mornings the Tulips fairly burn with a warmth, which makes
+them doubly welcome after winter. Emerson--ever able to draw a picture
+in two lines--to show the heart of everything in a single sentence--thus
+paints them:--
+
+    "The gardens fire with a joyful blaze
+     Of Tulips in the morning's rays."
+
+"Tulipase do carry so stately and delightful a form, and do abide so
+long in their bravery, that there is no Lady or Gentleman of any worth
+that is not caught with this delight,"--wrote the old herbalist
+Parkinson. Bravery is an ideal expression for Tulips.
+
+[Illustration: Lilacs in Midsummer in Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing,
+Albany, New York.]
+
+It is with something of a shock that we read the words of Philip
+Hamerton in _The Sylvan Year_, that nature is not harmonious in the
+spring, but is only in the way of becoming so. He calls it the time of
+crudities, like the adolescence of the mind. He says, "The green is
+good for us, and we welcome it with uncritical gladness; but when we
+think of painting, it may be doubted whether any season of the year is
+less propitious to the broad and noble harmonies which are the secrets
+of all grand effects in art." And he compares the season to the
+uncomfortable hour in a household when the early risers are walking
+about, not knowing what to do with themselves, while others have not yet
+come down to breakfast.
+
+I must confess that an undiversified country landscape in spring has
+upon me the effect asserted by Hamerton. I recall one early spring week
+in the Catskills, when I fairly complained, "Everything is so green
+here." I longed for rocks, water, burnt fields, bare trees, anything to
+break that glimmering green of new grass and new Birches. But in the
+spring garden there is variety of shape and color; the Peony leaf buds
+are red, some sprouting leaves are pink, and there are vast varieties of
+brown and gray and gold in leaf.
+
+Let me give the procession of spring in the garden in the words of a
+lover of old New England flowers, Dr. Holmes. It is a vivid word picture
+of the distinctive forms and colors of budding flowers and leaves.
+
+    "At first the snowdrop's bells are seen,
+       Then close against the sheltering wall
+     The tulip's horn of dusky green,
+       The peony's dark unfolding ball.
+
+    "The golden-chaliced crocus burns;
+       The long narcissus blades appear;
+     The cone-beaked hyacinth returns
+       To light her blue-flamed chandelier.
+
+    "The willow's whistling lashes, wrung
+       By the wild winds of gusty March,
+     With sallow leaflets lightly strung,
+       Are swaying by the tufted larch.
+
+    "See the proud tulip's flaunting cup,
+       That flames in glory for an hour,--
+     Behold it withering, then look up--
+       How meek the forest-monarchs flower!
+
+    "When wake the violets, Winter dies;
+       When sprout the elm buds, Spring is near;
+     When lilacs blossom, Summer cries,
+       'Bud, little roses, Spring is here.'"
+
+The universal flower in the old-time garden was the Lilac; it was the
+most beloved bloom of spring, and gave a name to Spring--Lilac tide. The
+Lilac does not promise "spring is coming"; it is the emblem of the
+_presence_ of spring. Dr. Holmes says, "When Lilacs blossom, Summer
+cries, '_Spring is here_'" in every cheerful and lavish bloom. Lilacs
+shade the front yard; Lilacs grow by the kitchen doorstep; Lilacs spring
+up beside the barn; Lilacs shade the well; Lilacs hang over the spring
+house; Lilacs crowd by the fence side and down the country road. In many
+colonial dooryards it was the only shrub--known both to lettered and
+unlettered folk as Laylock, and spelt Laylock too. Walter Savage Landor,
+when Laylock had become antiquated, still clung to the word, and used it
+with a stubborn persistence such as he alone could compass, and which
+seems strange in the most finished classical scholar of his day.
+
+[Illustration: Lilacs at Craigie House, the Home of Longfellow.]
+
+"I shall not go to town while the Lilacs bloom," wrote Longfellow; and
+what Lilac lover could have left a home so Lilac-embowered as Craigie
+House! A view of its charms in Lilac tide is given in outline on this
+page; the great Lilac trees seem wondrously suited to the fine old
+Revolutionary mansion.
+
+[Illustration: Box-edged Garden at the Home of Longfellow.]
+
+There is in Albany, New York, a lovely garden endeared to those who know
+it through the memory of a presence that lighted all places associated
+with it with the beauty of a noble life. It is the garden of the home of
+Mrs. Abraham Lansing, and was planted by her father and mother, General
+and Mrs. Peter Gansevoort, in 1846, having been laid out with taste and
+an art that has borne the test of over half a century's growth. In the
+garden are scores of old-time favorites: Flower de Luce, Peonies,
+Daffodils, and snowy Phlox; but instead of bending over the flower
+borders, let us linger awhile in the wonderful old Lilac walk. It is a
+glory of tender green and shaded amethyst and grateful hum of bees, the
+very voice of Spring. Every sense is gratified, even that of touch, when
+the delicate plumes of the fragrant Lilac blossoms brush your cheek as
+you walk through its path; there is no spot of fairer loveliness than
+this Lilac walk in May. It is a wonderful study of flickering light and
+grateful shade in midsummer. Look at its full-leaf charms opposite page
+138; was there ever anything lovelier in any garden, at any time, than
+the green vista of this Lilac walk in July? But for the thoughtful
+garden-lover it has another beauty still, the delicacy and refinement of
+outline when the Lilac walk is bare of foliage, as is shown on page 220
+and facing page 154. The very spirit of the Lilacs seems visible, etched
+with a purity of touch that makes them sentient, speaking beings,
+instead of silent plants. See the outlines of stem and branch against
+the tender sky of this April noon. Do you care for color when you have
+such beauty of outline? Surely this Lilac walk is loveliest in April,
+with a sensitive etherealization beyond compare. How wonderfully these
+pictures have caught the look of tentative spring--spring waiting for a
+single day to burst into living green. There is an ancient Saxon name
+for springtime--Opyn-tide--thus defined by an old writer, "Whenne that
+flowres think on blowen"--when the flowers begin to think of budding and
+blowing; and so I name this picture Opyn-tide, the Thought of Spring.
+
+For many years Lilacs were planted for hedges; they were seldom
+satisfactory if clipped, for the broad-spreading leaves were always gray
+with dust, and they often had a "rust" which wholly destroyed their
+beauty. The finest clipped Lilac hedge I ever saw is at Indian Hill,
+Newburyport. It was set out about 1850, and is compact and green as
+Privet; the leaves are healthy, and the growth perfect down to the
+ground; it is an unusual example of Lilac growth--a perfect hedge. An
+unclipped Lilac hedge is lovely in its blooming; a beautiful one grows
+by the side of the old family home of Mr. Mortimer Howell at West
+Hampton Beach, Long Island. To this hedge in May come a-begging dusky
+city flower venders, who break off and carry away wagon loads of blooms.
+As the fare from and to New York is four dollars, and a wagon has to be
+hired to convey the flowers from the hedge two miles to the railroad
+station, there must be a high price charged for these Lilacs to afford
+any profit; but the Italian flower sellers appear year after year.
+
+[Illustration: Joepye-weed and Queen Anne's Lace.]
+
+Lilacs bloom not in our ancient literature; they are not named by
+Shakespeare, nor do I recall any earlier mention of them than in the
+essay of Lord Bacon on "Gardens," published about 1610, where he spelled
+it Lelacke. Blue-pipe tree was the ancient name of the Lilac, a reminder
+of the time when pipes were made of its wood; I heard it used in modern
+speech once. An old Narragansett coach driver called out to me, "Ye set
+such store on flowers, don't ye want to pick that Blue-pipe in Pender
+Zeke's garden?"--a deserted garden and home at Pender Zeke's Corner.
+This man had some of the traits of Mrs. Wright's delightful
+"Time-o'-Day," and he knew well my love of flowers; for he had been my
+charioteer to the woods where Rhododendron and Rhodora bloom, and he had
+revealed to me the pond where grew the pink Water Lilies. And from a
+chance remark of mine he had conveyed to me a wagon load of Joepye-weed
+and Boneset, to the dismay of my younger children, who had apprehensions
+of unlimited gallons of herb tea therefrom. Let me steal a few lines
+from my spring Lilacs to write of these two "Sisters of Healing," which
+were often planted in the household herb garden. From July to September
+in the low lying meadows of every state from the Bay of Fundy to the
+Gulf of Mexico, can be found Joepye-weed and Boneset. The dull pink
+clusters of soft fringy blooms of Joepye-weed stand up three to eight
+feet in height above the moist earth, catching our eye and the visit of
+every passing butterfly, and commanding attention for their fragrance,
+and a certain dignity of carriage notable even among the more striking
+hues of the brilliant Goldenrod and vivid Sunflowers. Joe Pye was an
+Indian medicine-man of old New England, famed among his white neighbors
+for his skill in curing the devastating typhoid fevers which, in those
+days of no drainage and ignorance of sanitation, vied with so-called
+"hereditary" consumption in exterminating New England families. His
+cure-all was a bitter tea decocted from leaves and stalks of this
+_Eupatorium purpureum_, and in token of his success the plant bears
+everywhere his name, but it is now wholly neglected by the simpler and
+herb-doctor. The sister plant, the _Eupatorium perfoliatum_, known as
+Thoroughwort, Boneset, Ague-weed, or Indian Sage, grows everywhere by
+its side, and is also used in fevers. It was as efficacious in "break
+bone fever" in the South a century ago as it is now for the grippe, for
+it still is used, North and South, in many a country home. Neltje
+Blanchan and Mrs. Dana Parsons call Thoroughwort or Boneset tea a
+"nauseous draught," and I thereby suspect that neither has tasted it. I
+have many a time, and it has a clear, clean bitter taste, no stronger
+than any bitter beer or ale. Every year is Boneset gathered in old
+Narragansett; but swamp edges and meadows that are easy of access have
+been depleted of the stately growth of saw-edged wrinkled leaves, and
+the Boneset gatherer must turn to remote brooksides and inaccessible
+meadows for his harvest. The flat-topped terminal cymes of leaden white
+blooms are not distinctive as seen from afar, and many flowers of
+similar appearance lure the weary simpler here and there, until at last
+the welcome sight of the connate perfoliate leaves, surrounding the
+strong stalk, distinctive of the Boneset, show that his search is
+rewarded.
+
+[Illustration: Boneset.]
+
+After these bitter draughts of herb tea, we will turn, as do children,
+to sweets, to our beloved Lilac blooms. The Lilac has ever been a flower
+welcomed by English-speaking folk since it first came to England by the
+hand of some mariner. It is said that a German traveller named Busbeck
+brought it from the Orient to the continent in the sixteenth century. I
+know not when it journeyed to the new world, but long enough ago so that
+it now grows cheerfully and plentifully in all our states of temperate
+clime and indeed far south. It even grows wild in some localities,
+though it never looks wild, but plainly shows its escape or exile from
+some garden. It is specially beloved in New England, and it seems so
+much more suited in spirit to New England than to Persia that it ought
+really to be a native plant. Its very color seems typical of New
+England; some parts of celestial blue, with more of warm pink, blended
+and softened by that shading of sombre gray ever present in New England
+life into a distinctive color known everywhere as lilac--a color
+grateful, quiet, pleasing, what Thoreau called a "tender, civil,
+cheerful color." Its blossoming at the time of Election Day, that
+all-important New England holiday, gave it another New England
+significance.
+
+There is no more emblematic flower to me than the Lilac; it has an
+association of old homes, of home-making and home interests. On the
+country farm, in the village garden, and in the city yard, the lilac was
+planted wherever the home was made, and it attached itself with deepest
+roots, lingering sometimes most sadly but sturdily, to show where the
+home once stood.
+
+[Illustration: Magnolias.]
+
+Let me tell of two Lilacs of sentiment. One of them is shown on page
+149; a glorious Lilac tree which is one of a group of many
+full-flowered, pale-tinted ones still growing and blossoming each spring
+on a deserted homestead in old Narragansett. They bloom over the grave
+of a fine old house, and the great chimney stands sadly in their midst
+as a gravestone. "Hopewell," ill-suited of name, was the home of a
+Narragansett Robinson famed for good cheer, for refinement and luxury,
+and for a lovely garden, laid out with cost and care and filled with
+rare shrubs and flowers. Perhaps these Lilacs were a rare variety in
+their day, being pale of tint; now they are as wild as their
+companions, the Cedar hedges.
+
+[Illustration: Lilacs at Hopewell.]
+
+Gathering in the front dooryard of a fallen farm-house some splendid
+branches of flowering Lilac, I found a few feet of cellar wall and
+wooden house side standing, and the sills of two windows. These window
+sills, exposed for years to the bleaching and fading of rain and sun and
+frost, still bore the circular marks of the flower pots which, filled
+with houseplants, had graced the kitchen windows for many a winter under
+the care of a flower-loving house mistress. A few days later I learned
+from a woman over ninety years of age--an inmate of the "Poor
+House"--the story of the home thus touchingly indicated by the Lilac
+bushes and the stains of the flower pots. Over eighty years ago she had
+brought the tiny Lilac-slip to her childhood's home, then standing in a
+clearing in the forest. She carried it carefully in her hands as she
+rode behind her father on a pillion after a visit to her grandmother.
+She and her little brothers and sisters planted the tiny thing "of two
+eyes only," as she said, in the shadow of the house, in the little front
+yard. And these children watered it and watched it, as it rooted and
+grew, till the house was surrounded each spring with its vivacious
+blooms, its sweet fragrance. The puny slip has outlived the house and
+all its inmates save herself, outlived the brothers and sisters, their
+children and grandchildren, outlived orchard and garden and field. And
+it will live to tell a story to every thoughtful passer-by till a second
+growth of forest has arisen in pasture and garden and even in the
+cellar-hole, when even then the cheerful Lilac will not be wholly
+obliterated.
+
+A bunch of early Lilacs was ever a favorite gift to "teacher," to be
+placed in a broken-nosed pitcher on her desk. And Lilac petals made such
+lovely necklaces, thrust within each other or strung with needle and
+thread. And there was a love divination by Lilacs which we children
+solemnly observed. There will occasionally appear a tiny Lilac flower,
+usually a white Lilac, with five divisions of the petal instead of
+four--this is a Luck Lilac. This must be solemnly swallowed. If it goes
+down smoothly, the dabbler in magic cries out, "He loves me;" if she
+chokes at her floral food, she must say sadly, "He loves me not." I
+remember once calling out, with gratification and pride, "He loves me!"
+"Who is he?" said my older companions. "Oh, I didn't know he had to be
+somebody," I answered in surprise, to be met by derisive laughter at my
+satisfaction with a lover in general and not in particular. It was a
+matter of Lilac-luck-etiquette that the lover's name should be
+pronounced mentally before the petal was swallowed.
+
+[Illustration: Persian Lilacs and Peonies in Garden of the Kimball
+Homestead, Portsmouth, New Hampshire.]
+
+In the West Indies the Lilac is a flower of mysterious power; its
+perfume keeps away evil spirits, ghosts, banshees. If it grows not in
+the dooryard, its protecting branches are hung over the doorway. I think
+of this when I see it shading the door of happy homes in New England.
+
+In our old front yards we had only the common Lilacs, and occasionally
+a white one; and as a rarity the graceful, but sometimes rather
+spindling, Persian Lilacs, known since 1650 in gardens, and shown on
+page 151. How the old gardens would have stared at the new double
+Lilacs, which have luxuriant plumes of bloom twenty inches long.
+
+The "pensile Lilac" has been sung by many poets; but the spirit of the
+flower has been best portrayed in verse by Elizabeth Akers. I can quote
+but a single stanza from so many beautiful ones.
+
+    "How fair it stood, with purple tassels hung,
+       Their hue more tender than the tint of Tyre;
+     How musical amid their fragrance rung
+       The bee's bassoon, keynote of spring's glad choir!
+     O languorous Lilac! still in time's despite
+     I see thy plumy branches all alight
+       With new-born butterflies which loved to stay
+       And bask and banquet in the temperate ray
+     Of springtime, ere the torrid heats should be:
+       For these dear memories, though the world grow gray,
+     I sing thy sweetness, lovely Lilac tree!"
+
+Another poet of the Lilac is Walt Whitman. He tells his delight in "the
+Lilac tall and its blossoms of mastering odor." He sings: "with the
+birds a warble of joy for Lilac-time." That noble, heroic dirge, the
+_Burial Hymn of Lincoln_, begins:--
+
+    "When Lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd."
+
+The poet stood under the blossoming Lilacs when he learned of the death
+of Lincoln, and the scent and sight of the flowers ever bore the sad
+association. In this poem is a vivid description of--
+
+    "The Lilac bush, tall growing, with heart-shaped leaves of rich green,
+     With many a pointed blossom, rising delicate with the perfume strong
+       I love.
+     With every leaf a miracle."
+
+Thomas William Parsons could turn from his profound researches and
+loving translations of Dante to write with deep sympathy of the Lilac.
+His verses have to me an additional interest, since I believe they were
+written in the house built by my ancestor in 1740, and occupied still by
+his descendants. In its front dooryard are Lilacs still standing under
+the windows of Dr. Parsons' room, in which he loved so to write.
+
+Hawthorne felt a sort of "ludicrous unfitness in the idea of a
+time-stricken and grandfatherly Lilac bush." He was dissatisfied with
+aged Lilacs, though he knew not whether his heart, judgment, or rural
+sense put him in that condition. He felt the flower should either
+flourish in immortal youth or die. Apple trees could grow old and feeble
+without his reproach, but an aged Lilac was improper.
+
+I fancy no one ever took any care of Lilacs in an old garden. As soon
+water or enrich the Sumach and Elder growing by the roadside! But care
+for your Lilacs nowadays, and see how they respond. Make them a _garden_
+flower, and you will never regret it. There be those who prefer grafted
+Lilacs--the stock being usually a Syringa; they prefer the single trunk,
+and thus get rid of the Lilac suckers. But compare a row of grafted
+Lilacs to a row of natural fastigate growth, as shown on page 220, and I
+think nature must be preferred.
+
+"Methinks I see my contemplative girl now in the garden watching the
+gradual approach of Spring," wrote Sterne. My contemplative girl lives
+in the city, how can she know that spring is here? Even on those few
+square feet of mother earth, dedicated to clotheslines and posts, spring
+sets her mark. Our Lilacs seldom bloom, but they put forth lovely fresh
+green leaves; and even the unrolling of the leaves of our Japanese ivies
+are a pleasure.
+
+Our poor little strips of back yard in city homes are apt to be too
+densely shaded for flower blooms, but some things will grow, even there.
+Some wild flowers will live, and what a delight they are in spring. We
+have a Jack-in-the-pulpit who comes up just as jauntily there as in the
+wild woods; Dog-tooth Violet and our common wild Violet also bloom. A
+city neighbor has Trillium which blossoms each year; our Trillium shows
+leaves, but no blossoms, and does not increase in spread of roots.
+Bloodroot, a flower so shy when gathered in the woods, and ever loving
+damp sites, flourishes in the dryest flower bed, grows coarser in leaf
+and bloom, and blossoms earlier, and holds faster its snowy petals.
+Corydalis in the garden seems so garden-bred that you almost forget the
+flower was ever wild.
+
+[Illustration: Opyn-tide, the Thought of Spring.]
+
+The approach of spring in our city parks is marked by the appearance of
+the Dandelion gatherers. It is always interesting to see, in May, on the
+closely guarded lawns and field expanses of our city parks, the hundreds
+of bareheaded, gayly-dressed Italian and Portuguese women and children
+eagerly gathering the young Dandelion plants to add to their meagre
+fare as a greatly-loved delicacy. They collect these "greens" in
+highly-colored kerchiefs, in baskets, in squares of sheeting; I have
+seen the women bearing off a half-bushel of plants; even their stumpy
+little children are impressed to increase the welcome harvest, and with
+a broken knife dig eagerly in the greensward. The thrifty park
+commissioners, in Dandelion-time, relax their rigid rules, "Keep Off the
+Grass," and turn the salad-loving Italians loose to improve the public
+lawns by freeing them from weeds.
+
+The earliest sign of spring in the fields and woods in my childhood was
+the appearance of the Willow catkins, and was heralded by the cry of one
+child to another,--"Pussy-willows are out." How eagerly did those who
+loved the woods and fields turn, after the storm, whiteness, and chill
+of a New England winter, to Pussy-willows as a promise of summer and
+sunshine. Some of their charm ever lingers to us as we see them in the
+baskets of swarthy street venders in New York.
+
+Magnolia blossoms are sold in our city streets to remind city dwellers
+of spring. "Every flower its own bow-kwet," is the call of the vender.
+Bunches of Locust blossoms follow, awkwardly tied together. Though the
+Magnolia is earlier, I do not find it much more splendid as a flowering
+tree for the garden than our northern Dogwood; and the Dogwood when in
+bloom seems just as tropical. It is then the glory of the landscape; and
+its radiant starry blossoms turn into ideal beauty even our sombre
+cemeteries.
+
+The Magnolia has been planted in northern gardens for over a century.
+Gardens on Long Island have many beautiful old specimens, doubtless
+furnished by the Prince Nurseries. These seem thoroughly at home; just
+as does the Locust brought from Virginia, a century ago, by one Captain
+Sands of Sands Point, to please his Virginia bride with the presence of
+the trees of her girlhood's home. These Locusts have spread over every
+rood of Long Island earth, and seem as much at home as Birch or Willow.
+The three Magnolia trees on Mr. Brown's lawn in Flatbush are as large as
+any I know in the North, and were exceptionally full of bloom this year,
+this photograph (shown facing page 148) being taken when they were past
+their prime. I saw children eagerly gathering the waxy petals which had
+fallen, and which show so plainly in the picture. But the flower is not
+common enough here for northern children to learn the varied attractions
+of the Magnolia.
+
+The flower lore of American children is nearly all of English
+derivation; but children invent as well as copy. In the South the lavish
+growth of the Magnolia affords multiform playthings. The beautiful broad
+white petals give a snowy surface for the inditing of messages or
+valentines, which are written with a pin, when the letters turn dark
+brown. The stamens of the flower--waxlike with red tips--make mock
+illuminating matches. The leaves shape into wonderful drinking cups, and
+the scarlet seeds give a glowing necklace.
+
+[Illustration: A Thought of Winter's Snows.]
+
+The glories of a spring garden are not in the rows of flowering bulbs,
+beautiful as they are; but in the flowering shrubs and trees. The old
+garden had few shrubs, but it had unsurpassed beauty in its rows of
+fruit trees which in their blossoming give the spring garden, as here
+shown, that lovely whiteness which seems a blending of the seasons--a
+thought of winter's snows. The perfection of Apple blossoms I have told
+in another chapter. Earlier to appear was the pure white, rather chilly,
+blooms of the Plum tree, to the Japanese "the eldest brother of an
+hundred flowers." They are faintly sweet-scented with the delicacy
+found in many spring blossoms. A good example of the short verses of the
+Japanese poets tells of the Plum blossom and its perfume.
+
+    "In springtime, on a cloudless night,
+       When moonbeams throw their silver pall
+       O'er wooded landscapes, veiling all
+     In one soft cloud of misty white,
+     'Twere vain almost to hope to trace
+       The Plum trees in their lovely bloom
+       Of argent; 'tis their sweet perfume
+     Alone which leads me to their place."
+
+The lovely family of double white Plum blossoms which now graces our
+gardens is varied by tinted ones; there are sixty in all which the
+nineteenth century owes to Japan.
+
+The Peach tree has a flower which has given name to one of the loveliest
+colors in the world. The Peach has varieties with wonderful double
+flowers of glorious color. Cherry trees bear a more cheerful white
+flower than Plum trees.
+
+    "The Cherry boughs above us spread
+       The whitest shade was ever seen;
+     And flicker, flicker came and fled
+       Sun-spots between."
+
+I do not recall the Judas tree in my childhood. I am told there were
+many in Worcester; but there were none in our garden, nor in our
+neighborhood, and that was my world. Orchids might have hung from the
+trees a mile from my home, and would have been no nearer me than the
+tropics. I had a small world, but it was large enough, since it was
+bounded by garden walls.
+
+Almond trees are seldom seen in northern gardens; but the Flowering
+Almond flourishes as one of the purest and loveliest familiar shrubs.
+Silvery pink in bloom when it opens, the pink darkens till when in full
+flower it is deeply rosy. It was, next to the Lilac, the favorite shrub
+of my childhood. I used to call the exquisite little blooms "fairy
+roses," and there were many fairy tales relating to the Almond bush.
+This made the flower enhaloed with sentiment and mystery, which charmed
+as much as its beauty. The Flowering Almond seemed to have a special
+place under a window in country yards and gardens, as it is shown on
+page 39. A fitting spot it was, since it never grew tall enough to shade
+the little window panes.
+
+With Pussy-willows and Almond blossoms and Ladies' Delights, with
+blossoming playhouse Apple trees and sweet-scented Lilac walks, spring
+was certainly Paradise in our childhood. Would it were an equally happy
+season in mature years; but who, garden-bred, can walk in the springtime
+through the garden of her childhood without thought of those who cared
+for the garden in its youth, and shared the care of their children with
+the care of their flowers, but now are seen no more.
+
+    "Oh, far away in some serener air,
+     The eyes that loved them see a heavenly dawn:
+     How can they bloom without her tender care?
+     Why should they live when her sweet life is gone?"
+
+I have written of the gladness of spring, but I know nothing more
+overwhelming than the heartache of spring, the sadness of a
+fresh-growing spring garden. Where is the dear one who planted it and
+loved it, and he who helped her in the care, and the loving child who
+played in it and left it in the springtime? All that is good and
+beautiful has come again to us with the sunlight and warmth, save those
+whom we still love but can see no more. By that very measure of
+happiness poured for us in childhood in Lilac tide, is our cup of
+sadness now filled.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+OLD FLOWER FAVORITES
+
+    "God does not send us strange flowers every year.
+     When the spring winds blow o'er the pleasant places
+     The same dear things lift up the same fair faces;
+       The Violet is here.
+
+    "It all comes back; the odor, grace, and hue
+     Each sweet relation of its life repeated;
+     No blank is left, no looking-for is cheated;
+       It is the thing we knew."
+
+    --ADELINE D. T. WHITNEY, 1861.
+
+
+Not only do I love to see the same dear things year after year, and to
+welcome the same odor, grace, and hue; but I love to find them in the
+same places. I like a garden in which plants have been growing in one
+spot for a long time, where they have a fixed home and surroundings. In
+our garden the same flowers shoulder each other comfortably and crowd
+each other a little, year after year. They look, my sister says, like
+long-established neighbors, like old family friends, not as if they had
+just "moved in," and didn't know each other's names and faces. Plants
+grow better when they are among flower friends. I suppose we have to
+transplant some plants, sometimes; but I would try to keep old friends
+together even in those removals. They would be lonely when they opened
+their eyes after the winter's sleep, and saw strange flower forms and
+unknown faces around them.
+
+[Illustration: Larkspur and Phlox.]
+
+For flowers have friendships, and antipathies as well. How Canterbury
+Bells and Foxgloves love to grow side by side! And Sweet Williams, with
+Foxgloves, as here shown. And in my sister's garden Larkspur always
+starts up by white Phlox--see a bit of the border on this page. Whatever
+may influence these docile alliances, it isn't a proper sense of fitness
+of color; for Tiger Lilies dearly love to grow by crimson-purple Phlox,
+a most inharmonious association, and you can hardly separate them. If a
+flower dislikes her neighbor in the garden, she moves quietly away, I
+don't know where or how. Sometimes she dies, but at any rate she is
+gone. It is so queer; I have tried every year to make Feverfew grow in
+this bed, and it won't do it, though it grows across the path. There is
+some flower here that the pompous Feverfew doesn't care to associate
+with. Not the Larkspur, for they are famous friends--perhaps it is the
+Sweet William, who is rather a plain fellow. In general flowers are very
+sociable with each other, but they have some preferences, and these are
+powerful ones.
+
+[Illustration: Sweet William and Foxglove.]
+
+It is amusing to read in no less than five recent English
+"garden-books," by flower-loving souls, the solemn advice that if you
+wish a beautiful garden effect you "must plant the great Oriental Poppy
+by the side of the White Lupine."
+
+    "Thou say'st an undisputed thing
+     In such a solemn way."
+
+The truth is, you have very little to do with it. That Poppy chooses to
+keep company with the White Lupine, and to that impulse you owe your
+fine garden effect. The Poppy is the slyest magician of the whole
+garden. He comes and goes at will. This year a few blooms, nearly all in
+one corner; next year a blaze of color banded across the middle of the
+garden like the broad sash of a court chamberlain. Then a single grand
+blossom quite alone in the pansy bed, while another pushes up between
+the tight close leaves of the box edging:--the Poppy is _queer_.
+
+[Illustration: Plume Poppy.]
+
+Some flowers have such a hatred of man they cannot breathe and live in
+his presence, others have an equal love of human companionship. The
+white Clover clings here to our pathway as does the English Daisy across
+seas. And in our garden Ladies' Delights and Ambrosia tell us, without
+words, of their love for us and longing to be by our side; just as
+plainly as a child silently tells us his love and dependence on us by
+taking our hand as we walk side by side. There is not another gesture of
+childhood, not an affectionate word which ever touched my heart as did
+that trustful holding of the hand. One of my children throughout his
+brief life never walked by my side without clinging closely--I think
+without conscious intent--with his little hand to mine. I can never
+forget the affection, the trust of that vanished hand.
+
+I find that my dearest flower loves are the old flowers,--not only old
+to me because I knew them in childhood, but old in cultivation.
+
+    "Give me the good old weekday blossoms
+       I used to see so long ago,
+     With hearty sweetness in their bosoms,
+       Ready and glad to bud and blow."
+
+Even were they newcomers, we should speedily care for them, they are so
+lovable, so winning, so endearing. If I had seen to-day for the first
+time a Fritillaria, a Violet, a Lilac, a Bluebell, or a Rose, I know it
+would be a case of love at first sight. But with intimacy they have
+grown dearer still.
+
+The sense of long-continued acquaintance and friendship which we feel
+for many garden flowers extends to a few blossoms of field and forest.
+It is felt to an inexplicable degree by all New Englanders for the
+Trailing Arbutus, our Mayflower; and it is this unformulated sentiment
+which makes us like to go to the same spot year after year to gather
+these beloved flowers. I am sensible of this friendship for Buttercups,
+they seem the same flowers I knew last year; and I have a distinct
+sympathy with Owen Meredith's poem:--
+
+    "I pluck the flowers I plucked of old
+     About my feet--yet fresh and cold
+     The Buttercups do bend;
+     The selfsame Buttercups they seem,
+     Thick in the bright-eyed green, and such
+     As when to me their blissful gleam
+     Was all earth's gold--how much!"
+
+We have little of the intense sentiment, the inspiration which filled
+flower-lovers of olden times. We admire flowers certainly as beautiful
+works of nature, as objects of wonder in mechanism and in the profusion
+of growth, and we are occasionally roused to feelings of gratitude to
+the Maker and Giver of such beauty; but it is not precisely the same
+regard that the old gardeners and "flowerists" had, which is expressed
+in this quotation from Gerarde of "the gallant grace of violets":--
+
+     "They admonish and stir up a man to that which is comelie and
+     honest; for flowers through their beautie, varietie of colour and
+     exquisite forme doe bring to a liberall and gentlemanly mind, the
+     remembrance of honestie, comelinesse and all kinds of virtues."
+
+It was a virtue to be comely in those days; as it is indeed a virtue
+now; and to the pious old herbalists it seemed an impossible thing that
+any creation which was beautiful should not also be good.
+
+[Illustration: Meadow Rue.]
+
+All flowers cannot be loved with equal warmth; it is possible to have a
+wholesome liking for a flower, a wish to see it around you, which would
+make you plant it in your borders and treat it well, but which would not
+be at all akin to love. For others you have a placid tolerance; others
+you esteem--good, virtuous, worthy creatures, but you cannot warm toward
+them. Sometimes they have been sung with passion by poets (Swinburne is
+always glowing over very unresponsive flower souls) and they have been
+painted with fervor by artists--and still you do not love them. I do not
+love Tulips, but I welcome them very cordially in my garden. Others have
+loved them; the Tulip has had her head turned by attention.
+
+Some flowers we like at first sight, but they do not wear well. This is
+a hard truth; and I shall not shame the garden-creatures who have done
+their best to please by betraying them to the world, save in a single
+case to furnish an example. In late August the Bergamot blossoms in
+luxuriant heads of white and purplish pink bloom, similar in tint to the
+abundant Phlox. Both grow freely in the garden of Sylvester Manor. When
+the Bergamot has romped in your borders for two or three years, you may
+wish to exile it to a vegetable garden, near the blackberry vines. Is
+this because it is an herb instead of a purely decorative flower? You
+never thus thrust out Phlox. A friend confesses to me that she exiled
+even the splendid scarlet Bergamot after she had grown it for three
+years in her flower-beds; such subtle influences control our
+flower-loves.
+
+Beautiful and noble as are the grand contributions of the nineteenth
+century to us from the garden and fields of Japan and China, we seldom
+speak of loving them. Thus the Chinese White Wistaria is similar in
+shape of blossom to the Scotch Laburnum, though a far more elegant, more
+lavish flower; but the Laburnum is the loved one. I used to read
+longingly of the Laburnum in volumes of English poetry, especially in
+Hood's verses, beginning:--
+
+    "I remember, I remember,
+     The house where I was born,"
+
+Ella Partridge had a tall Laburnum tree at her front door; it peeped in
+the second-story windows. It was so cherished, that I doubt whether its
+blooms were ever gathered. She told us with conscious pride and
+rectitude that it was a "yellow Wistaria tree which came from China"; I
+saw no reason to doubt her words, and as I never chanced to speak to my
+parents about it, I ever thought of it as a yellow Wistaria tree until I
+went out into the world and found it was a Scotch Laburnum.
+
+Few garden owners plant now the Snowberry, _Symphoricarpus racemosus_,
+once seen in every front yard, and even used for hedges. It wasn't a
+very satisfactory shrub in its habit; the oval leaves were not a
+cheerful green, and were usually pallid with mildew. The flowers were
+insignificant, but the clusters of berries were as pure as pearls. In
+country homes, before the days of cheap winter flowers and omnipresent
+greenhouses, these snowy clusters were cherished to gather in winter to
+place on coffins and in hands as white and cold as the berries. Its
+special offence in our garden was partly on account of this funereal
+association, but chiefly because we were never permitted to gather its
+berries to string into necklaces. They were rigidly preserved on the
+stem as a garden decoration in winter; though they were too closely akin
+in color to the encircling snowdrifts to be of any value.
+
+In country homes in olden times were found several universal winter
+posies. On the narrow mantel shelves of farm and village parlors, both
+in England and America, still is seen a winter posy made of dried stalks
+of the seed valves of a certain flower; they are shown on the opposite
+page. Let us see how our old friend, Gerarde, describes this plant:--
+
+     "The stalkes are loden with many flowers like the
+     stocke-gilliflower, of a purple colour, which, being fallen, the
+     seede cometh foorthe conteined in a flat thinne cod, with a sharp
+     point or pricke at one end, in fashion of the moone, and somewhat
+     blackish. This cod is composed of three filmes or skins whereof the
+     two outermost are of an overworne ashe colour, and the innermost,
+     or that in the middle whereon the seed doth hang or cleave, is thin
+     and cleere shining, like a piece of white satten newly cut from the
+     peece."
+
+In the latter clause of this striking description is given the reason
+for the popular name of the flower, Satin-flower or White Satin, for the
+inner septum is a shining membrane resembling white satin. Another
+interesting name is Pricksong-flower. All who have seen sheets of music
+of Elizabethan days, when the notes of music were called pricks, and the
+whole sheet a pricksong, will readily trace the resemblance to the seeds
+of this plant.
+
+Gerarde says it was named "Penny-floure, Money-floure, Silver-plate,
+Sattin, and among our women called Honestie." The last name was commonly
+applied at the close of the eighteenth century. It is thus named in
+writings of Rev. William Hanbury, 1771, and a Boston seedsman then
+advertised seeds of Honestie "in small quantities, that all might have
+some." In 1665, Josselyn found White Satin planted and growing
+plentifully in New England gardens, where I am sure it formed, in garden
+and house, a happy reminder of their English homes to the wives of the
+colonists. Since that time it has spread so freely in some localities,
+especially in southern Connecticut, that it grows wild by the wayside.
+It is seldom seen now in well-kept gardens, though it should be, for it
+is really a lovely flower, showing from white to varied and rich light
+purples. I was charmed with its fresh beauty this spring in the garden
+of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright; a photograph of one of her borders
+containing Honesty is shown opposite page 174.
+
+[Illustration: Money-in-both-pockets.]
+
+At Belvoir Castle in England, in the "Duchess's Garden," the
+Satin-flower can be seen in full variety of tint, and fills an important
+place. It is carefully cultivated by seed and division, all inferior
+plants being promptly destroyed, while the superior blossoms are
+cherished.
+
+The flower was much used in charms and spells, as was everything
+connected with the moon. Drayton's Clarinax sings of Lunaria:--
+
+    "Enchanting lunarie here lies
+     In sorceries excelling."
+
+As a child this Lunaria was a favorite flower, for it afforded to us
+juvenile money. Indeed, it was generally known among us as Money-flower
+or Money-seed, or sometimes as Money-in-both-pockets. The seed valves
+formed our medium of exchange and trade, passing as silver dollars.
+
+Through the streets of a New England village there strolled, harmless
+and happy, one who was known in village parlance as a "softy," one of
+"God's fools," a poor addle-pated, simple-minded creature, witless--but
+neither homeless nor friendless; for children cared for him, and
+feeble-minded though he was, he managed to earn, by rush-seating chairs
+and weaving coarse baskets, and gathering berries, scant pennies enough
+to keep him alive; and he slept in a deserted barn, in a field full of
+rocks and Daisies and Blueberry bushes,--a barn which had been built by
+one but little more gifted with wits than himself. Poor Elmer never was
+able to understand that the money which he and the children saved so
+carefully each autumn from the money plants was not equal in value to
+the great copper cents of the village store; and when he asked gleefully
+for a loaf of bread or a quart of molasses, was just as apt to offer the
+shining seed valves in payment as he was to give the coin of the land;
+and it must be added that his belief received apparent confirmation in
+the fact that he usually got the bread whether he gave seeds or cents.
+
+[Illustration: Box Walk in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq.
+Waterbury, Connecticut.]
+
+He lost his life through his poor simple notion. In the village he was
+kindly treated by all, clothed, fed, and warmed; but one day there came
+skulking along the edge of the village what were then rare visitors, two
+tramps, who by ill-chance met poor Elmer as he was gathering chestnuts.
+And as the children lingered on their way home from school to take toll
+of Elmer's store of nuts, they heard him boasting gleefully of his
+wealth, "hundreds and hundreds of dollars all safe for winter." The
+children knew what his dollars were, but the tramps did not. Three days
+of heavy rain passed by, and Elmer did not appear at the store or any
+house. Then kindly neighbors went to his barn in the distant field, and
+found him cruelly beaten, with broken ribs and in a high fever, while
+scattered around him were hundreds of the seeds of his autumnal store of
+the money plant; these were all the silver dollars his assailants found.
+He was carried to the almshouse and died in a few weeks, partly from the
+beating, partly from exposure, but chiefly, I ever believed, from
+homesickness in his enforced home. His old house has fallen down, but
+his well still is open, and around it grows a vast expanse of Lunaria,
+which has spread and grown from the seeds poor Elmer saved, and every
+year shoots of the tender lilac blooms mingle so charmingly with the
+white Daisies that the sterile field is one of the show-places of the
+village, and people drive from afar to see it.
+
+[Illustration: Lunaria in Garden at Waldstein.]
+
+There grow in profusion in our home garden what I always called the
+Mullein Pink, the Rose Campion (_Lychnis coronaria_). I never heard any
+one speak of this plant with special affection or admiration; but as
+a child I loved its crimson flower more than any other flower in the
+garden. Perhaps I should say I loved the royal color rather than the
+flower. I gathered tight bunches without foliage into a glowing mass of
+color unequalled in richness of tint by anything in nature. I have seen
+only in a stained glass window flooded with high sunlight a crimson
+approaching that of the Mullein Pink. Gerarde calls the flower the
+"Gardener's Delight or Gardner's Eie." It was known in French as the Eye
+of God; and the Rose of Heaven. We used to rub our cheeks with the
+woolly leaves to give a beautiful rosy blush, and thereby I once skinned
+one cheek.
+
+Snapdragons were a beloved flower--companions of my childhood in our
+home garden, but they have been neglected a bit by nearly every one of
+late years. Plant a clump of the clear yellow and one of pure white
+Snapdragons, and see how beautiful they are in the garden, and how fresh
+they keep when cut. We had such a satisfying bunch of them on the dinner
+table to-day, in a milk-white glazed Chinese jar; yellow Snapdragons,
+with "borrowed leaves" of Virgin's-bower (_Adlumia_) and a haze of
+Gypsophila over all.
+
+A flower much admired in gardens during the early years of the
+nineteenth century was the Plume Poppy (_Bocconia_). It has a pretty
+pinkish bloom in general shape somewhat like Meadow Rue (see page 164
+and page 167). A friend fancied a light feathery look over certain of
+her garden borders, and she planted plentifully Plume Poppy and Meadow
+Rue; this was in 1895. In 1896 the effect was exquisite; in 1897 the
+garden feathered out with far too much fulness; in 1901 all the combined
+forces of all the weeds of the garden could not equal these two flowers
+in utter usurpment and close occupation of every inch of that garden.
+The Plume Poppy has a strong tap-root which would be a good symbol of
+the root of the tree Ygdrassyl--the Tree of Life, that never dies. You
+can go over the borders with scythe and spade and hoe, and even with
+manicure-scissors, but roots of the Plume Poppy will still hide and send
+up vigorous growth the succeeding year.
+
+We have grown so familiar with some old doubled blossoms that we think
+little of their being double. One such, symmetrical of growth, beautiful
+of foliage, and gratifying of bloom, is the Double Buttercup. It is to
+me distinctly one of our most old-fashioned flowers in aspect. A hardy
+great clump of many years' growth is one of the ancient treasures of our
+garden; its golden globes are known in England as Bachelor's Buttons,
+and are believed by many to be the Bachelor's Buttons of Shakespeare's
+day.
+
+[Illustration: Dahlia Walk at Ravensworth.]
+
+Dahlias afford a striking example of the beauty of single flowers when
+compared to their doubled descendants. Single Dahlias are fine flowers,
+the yellow and scarlet ones especially so. I never thought double
+Dahlias really worth the trouble spent on them in our Northern gardens;
+so much staking and tying, and fussing, and usually an autumn storm
+wrenches them round and breaks the stem or a frost nips them just as
+they are in bloom. A Dahlia hedge or a walk such as this one at
+Ravensworth, Virginia, is most stately and satisfying. I like, in
+moderation, many of the smaller single and double Sunflowers. Under the
+reign of _Patience_, the Sunflower had a fleeting day of popularity, and
+flaunted in garden and parlor. Its place was false. It was never a
+garden flower in olden times, in the sense of being a flower of ornament
+or beauty; its place was in the kitchen garden, where it belongs.
+
+Peas have ever been favorites in English gardens since they were brought
+to England. We have all seen the print, if not the portrait, of Queen
+Elizabeth garbed in a white satin robe magnificently embroidered with
+open pea-pods and butterflies. A "City of London Madam" had a delightful
+head ornament of open pea-pods filled with peas of pearls; this was worn
+over a hood of gold-embroidered muslin, and with dyed red hair, must
+have been a most modish affair. Sweet Peas have had a unique history.
+They have been for a century a much-loved flower of the people both in
+England and America, and they were at home in cottage borders and fine
+gardens; were placed in vases, and carried in nosegays and posies; were
+loved of poets--Keats wrote an exquisite characterization of them. They
+had beauty of color, and a universally loved perfume--but florists have
+been blind to them till within a few years. A bicentenary exhibition of
+Sweet Peas was given in London in July, 1900; now there is formed a
+Sweet Pea Society. But no societies and no exhibitions ever will make
+them a "florist's flower"; they are of value only for cutting; their
+habit of growth renders them useless as a garden decoration.
+
+We all take notions in regard to flowers, just as we do in regard to
+people. I hear one friend say, "I love every flower that grows," but I
+answer with emphasis, "I don't!" I have ever disliked the Portulaca,--I
+hate its stems. It is my fate never to escape it. I planted it once to
+grow under Sweet Alyssum in the little enclosure of earth behind my city
+home; when I returned in the autumn, everything was covered, blanketed,
+overwhelmed with Portulaca. Since then it comes up even in the grass,
+and seems to thrive by being trampled upon. The Portulaca was not a
+flower of colonial days; I am glad to learn our great-grandmothers were
+not pestered with it; it was not described in the _Botanical Magazine_
+till 1829.
+
+I do not care for the Petunia close at hand on account of its sickish
+odor. But in the dusky border the flowers shine like white stars (page
+180), and make you almost forgive their poor colors in the daylight. I
+never liked the Calceolaria. Every child in our town used to have a
+Calceolaria in her own small garden plot, but I never wanted one. I care
+little for Chrysanthemums; they fill in the border in autumn, and they
+look pretty well growing, but I like few of the flowers close at hand.
+By some curious twist of a brain which, alas! is apt not to deal as it
+is expected and ought to, with sensations furnished to it, I have felt
+this distaste for Chrysanthemums since I attended a Chrysanthemum Show.
+Of course, I ought to love them far more, and have more eager interest
+in them--but I do not. Their sister, the China Aster, I care little for.
+The Germans call Asters "death-flowers." The Empress of Austria at the
+Swiss hotel where she lodged just before she was murdered, found the
+rooms decorated with China Asters. She said to her attendant that the
+flowers were in Austria termed death-flowers--and so they proved. The
+Aster is among the flowers prohibited in Japan for felicitous occasions,
+as are the Balsam, Rhododendron, and Azalea.
+
+[Illustration: Petunias.]
+
+Those who read these pages may note perhaps that I say little of Lilies.
+I do not care as much for them as most garden lovers do. I like all our
+wild Lilies, especially the yellow Nodding Lily of our fields; and the
+Lemon Lily of our gardens is ever a delight; but the stately Lilies
+which are such general favorites, Madonna Lilies, Japan Lilies, the
+Gold-banded Lilies, are not especially dear to me.
+
+I love climbing vines, whether of delicate leaf or beautiful flower. In
+a room I place all the decoration that I can on the walls, out of the
+way, leaving thus space to move around without fear of displacement or
+injury of fragile things; so in a limited garden space, grass room under
+our feet, with flowering vines on the surrounding walls are better than
+many crowded flower borders. A tiny space can quickly be made delightful
+with climbing plants. The common Morning-glory, called in England the
+Bell-bind, is frequently advertised by florists of more encouragement
+than judgment, as suitable to plant freely in order to cover fences and
+poor sandy patches of ground with speedy and abundant leafage and bloom.
+There is no doubt that the Morning-glory will do all this and far more
+than is promised. It will also spread above and below ground from the
+poor strip of earth to every other corner of garden and farm. This it
+has done till, in our Eastern states, it is now classed as a wild
+flower. It will never look wild, however, meet it where you will. It is
+as domestic and tame as a barnyard fowl, which, wandering in the wildest
+woodland, could never be mistaken as game. The garden at Claymont, the
+Virginia home of Mr. Frank R. Stockton, afforded a striking example of
+the spreading and strangling properties of the Morning-glory, not under
+encouragement, but simply under toleration. Mr. Stockton tells me that
+the entire expanse of his yards and garden, when he first saw them, was
+a solid mass of Morning-glory blooms. Every stick, every stem, every
+stalk, every shrub and blade of grass, every vegetable growth, whether
+dead or alive, had its encircling and overwhelming Morning-glory
+companion, set full of tiny undersized blossoms of varied tints. It was
+a beautiful sight at break of day,--a vast expanse of acres jewelled
+with Morning-glories--but it wasn't the new owner's notion of a flower
+garden.
+
+In my childhood flower agents used to canvass country towns from house
+to house. Sometimes they had a general catalogue, and sold many plants,
+trees, and shrubs. Oftener they had but a single plant which they were
+"booming." I suspect that their trade came through the sudden
+introduction of so many and varied flowers and shrubs from China and
+Japan. I am told that the first Chinese Wistarias and a certain Fringe
+tree were sold in this manner; and I know the white Hydrangea was, for I
+recall it, though I do not know that this was its first sale. I remember
+too that suddenly half the houses in town, on piazza or trellis, had the
+rich purple blooms of the _Clematis Jackmanni_; for a very persuasive
+agent had gone through the town the previous year. Of course people of
+means bought then, as now, at nurseries; but at many humble homes, whose
+owners would never have thought of buying from a greenhouse, he sold his
+plants. It gave an agreeable rivalry, when all started plants together,
+to see whose flourished best and had the amplest bloom. Thoreau recalled
+the pleasant emulation of many owners in Concord of a certain
+Rhododendron, sold thus sweepingly by an agent. The purple Clematis
+displaced an old climbing favorite, the Trumpet Honeysuckle, once seen
+by every door. It was so beloved of humming-birds and so beautiful, I
+wonder we could ever destroy it. Its downfall was hastened by its being
+infested by a myriad of tiny green aphides, which proceeded from it to
+our Roses. I recall well these little plant insects, for I was very fond
+of picking the tubes of the Honeysuckle for the drop of pure honey
+within, and I had to abandon reluctantly the sweet morsels.
+
+We have in our garden, and it is shown on the succeeding page, a vine
+which we carefully cherished in seedlings from year to year, and took
+much pride in. It came to us with the Ambrosia from the Walpole garden.
+It was not common in gardens in our neighborhood, and I always looked
+upon it as something very choice, and even rare, as it certainly was
+something very dainty and pretty. We called it Virgin's-bower. When I
+went out into the world I found that it was not rare, that it grew wild
+from Connecticut to the far West; that it was Climbing Fumitory, or
+Mountain Fringe, _Adlumia_. When Mrs. Margaret Deland asked if we had
+Alleghany Vine in our garden, I told her I had never seen it, when all
+the while it was our own dear Virgin's-bower. It doesn't seem hardy
+enough to be a wild thing; how could it make its way against the fierce
+vines and thorns of the forest when it hasn't a bit of woodiness in its
+stems and its leaves and flowers are so tender! I cannot think any
+garden perfect without it, no matter what else is there, for its
+delicate green Rue-like leaves lie so gracefully on stone or brick
+walls, or on fences, and it trails its slender tendrils so lightly over
+dull shrubs that are out of flower, beautifying them afresh with an
+alien bloom of delicate little pinkish blossoms like tiny
+Bleeding-hearts.
+
+[Illustration: Virgin's-bower.]
+
+Another old favorite was the Balloon-vine, sometimes called Heartseed
+or Heart-pea, with its seeds like fat black hearts, with three lobes
+which made them globose instead of flat. This, too, had pretty compound
+leaves, and the whole vine, like our Virgin's-bower, lay lightly on what
+it covered; but the Dutchman's-pipe had a leafage too heavy save to make
+a thick screen or arch quickly and solidly. It did well enough in
+gardens which had not had a long cultivated past, or made little
+preparation for a cherished future; but it certainly was not suited to
+our garden, where things were not planted for a day. These three are
+native vines of rich woods in our Central and Western states. The
+Matrimony-vine was an old favorite; one from the porch of the Van
+Cortlandt manor-house, over a hundred years old, is shown on the next
+page. Often you see a straggling, sprawling growth; but this one is as
+fine as any vine could be.
+
+Patient folk--as were certainly those of the old-time gardens, tried to
+keep the Rose Acacia as a favorite. It was hardy enough, but so
+hopelessly brittle in wood that it was constantly broken by the wind and
+snow of our Northern winters, even though it was sheltered under some
+stronger shrub. At the end of a lovely Salem garden, I beheld this June
+a long row of Rose Acacias in full bloom. I am glad I possess in my
+memory the exquisite harmony of their shimmering green foliage and rosy
+flower clusters. Miss Jekyll, ever resourceful, trains the Rose Acacia
+on a wall; and fastens it down by planting sturdy Crimson Ramblers by
+its side; her skilful example may well be followed in America and thus
+restore to our gardens this beautiful flower.
+
+[Illustration: Matrimony-vine at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+One flower, termed old-fashioned by nearly every one, is really a recent
+settler of our gardens. A popular historical novel of American life at
+the time of the Revolution makes the hero and heroine play a very pretty
+love scene over a spray of the Bleeding-heart, the Dielytra, or
+Dicentra. Unfortunately for the truth of the novelist's picture, the
+Dielytra was not introduced to the gardens of English-speaking folk
+till 1846, when the London Horticultural Society received a single plant
+from the north of China. How quickly it became cheap and abundant; soon
+it bloomed in every cottage garden; how quickly it became beloved! The
+graceful racemes of pendant rosy flowers were eagerly welcomed by
+children; they have some inexplicable, witching charm; even young
+children in arms will stretch out their little hands and attempt to
+grasp the Dielytra, when showier blossoms are passed unheeded. Many tiny
+playthings can be formed of the blossoms: only deft fingers can shape
+the delicate lyre in the "frame." One of its folk names is "Lyre
+flower"; the two wings can be bent back to form a gondola.
+
+We speak of modern flowers, meaning those which have recently found
+their way to our gardens. Some of these clash with the older occupants,
+but one has promptly been given an honored place, and appears so allied
+to the older flowers in form and spirit that it seems to belong by their
+side--the _Anemone Japonica_. Its purity and beauty make it one of the
+delights of the autumn garden; our grandmothers would have rejoiced in
+it, and have divided the plants with each other till all had a row of it
+in the garden borders. In its red form it was first pictured in the
+_Botanical Magazine_, in 1847, but it has been commonly seen in our
+gardens for only twenty or thirty years.
+
+[Illustration: White Wistaria.]
+
+These two flowers, the _Dielytra spectabilis_ and _Anemone Japonica_,
+are among the valuable gifts which our gardens received through the
+visits to China of that adventurous collector, Robert Fortune. He went
+there first in 1842, and for some years constantly sent home fresh
+treasures. Among the best-known garden flowers of his introducing are
+the two named above, and _Kerria Japonica_, _Forsythia viridissima_,
+_Weigela rosea_, _Gardenia Fortuniana_, _Daphne Fortunei_, _Berberis
+Fortunei_, _Jasminum nudiflorum_, and many varieties of Prunus,
+Viburnum, Spiræa, Azalea, and Chrysanthemum. The fine yellow Rose known
+as Fortune's Yellow was acquired by him during a venturesome trip which
+he took, disguised as a Chinaman. The white Chinese Wistaria is regarded
+as the most important of his collections. It is deemed by some
+flower-lovers the most exquisite flower in the entire world. The Chinese
+variety is distinguished by the length of its racemes, sometimes three
+feet long. The lower part of a vine of unusual luxuriance and beauty is
+shown above. This special vine flowers in full richness of bloom every
+alternate year, and this photograph was taken during its "poor year";
+for in its finest inflorescence its photograph would show simply a mass
+of indistinguishable whiteness. Mr. Howell has named it The Fountain,
+and above the pouring of white blossoms shown in this picture is an
+upper cascade of bloom. This Wistaria is not growing in an
+over-favorable locality, for winter winds are bleak on the southern
+shores of Long Island; but I know no rival of its beauty in far warmer
+and more sheltered sites.
+
+Many of the Deutzias and Spiræas which beautify our spring gardens were
+introduced from Japan before Fortune's day by Thunberg, the great
+exploiter of Japanese shrubs, who died in 1828. The Spiræa Van Houtteii
+(facing page 190) is perhaps the most beautiful of all. Dean Hole names
+the Spiræas, Deutzias, Weigelas, and Forsythias as having been brought
+into his ken in English gardens within his own lifetime, that is within
+fourscore years.
+
+In New England gardens the Forsythia is called 'Sunshine Bush'--and
+never was folk name better bestowed, or rather evolved. For in the eager
+longing for spring which comes in the bitterness of March, when we cry
+out with the poet, "O God, for one clear day, a Snowdrop and sweet air,"
+in our welcome to fresh life, whether shown in starting leaf or frail
+blossom, the Forsythia shines out a grateful delight to the eyes and
+heart, concentrating for a week all the golden radiance of sunlight,
+which later will be shared by sister shrubs and flowers. _Forsythia
+suspensa_, falling in long sweeps of yellow bells, is in some favorable
+places a cascade of liquid light. No shrub in our gardens is more
+frequently ruined by gardeners than these Forsythias. It takes an
+artist to prune the _Forsythia suspensa_. You can steal the sunshine for
+your homes ere winter is gone by breaking long sprays of the Sunshine
+Bush and placing them in tall deep jars of water. Split up the ends of
+the stems that they may absorb plentiful water, and the golden plumes
+will soon open to fullest glory within doors.
+
+There is another yellow flowered shrub, the Corchorus, which seems as
+old as the Lilac, for it is ever found in old gardens; but it proves to
+be a Japanese shrub which we have had only a hundred years. The little,
+deep yellow, globular blossoms appear in early spring and sparsely
+throughout the whole summer. The plant isn't very adorning in its usual
+ragged growth, but it was universally planted.
+
+It may be seen from the shrubs of popular growth which I have named that
+the present glory of our shrubberies is from the Japanese and Chinese
+shrubs, which came to us in the nineteenth century through Thunberg,
+Fortune, and other bold collectors. We had no shrub-sellers of
+importance in the eighteenth century; the garden lover turned wholly to
+the seedsman and bulb-grower for garden supplies, just as we do to-day
+to fill our old-fashioned gardens. The new shrubs and plants from China
+and Japan did not clash with the old garden flowers, they seemed like
+kinsfolk who had long been separated and rejoiced in being reunited;
+they were indeed fellow-countrymen. We owed scores of our older flowers
+to the Orient, among them such important ones as the Lilac, Rose, Lily,
+Tulip, Crown Imperial.
+
+[Illustration: Spiræa Van Houtteii.]
+
+We can fancy how delighted all these Oriental shrubs and flowers were to
+meet after so many years of separation. What pleasant greetings all the
+cousins must have given each other; I am sure the Wistaria was glad to
+see the Lilac, and the Fortune's Yellow Rose was duly respectful to his
+old cousin, the thorny yellow Scotch Rose. And I seem to hear a bit of
+scandal passing from plant to plant! Listen! it is the Bleeding-heart
+gossiping with the Japanese Anemone: "Well! I never thought that Lilac
+girl would grow to be such a beauty. So much color! Do you suppose it
+can be natural? Mrs. Tulip hinted to me yesterday that the girl used
+fertilizers, and it certainly looks so. But she can't say much
+herself--I never saw such a change in any creatures as in those Tulips.
+You remember how commonplace their clothes were? Now such extravagance!
+Scores of gowns, and all made abroad, and at _her_ age! Here are you and
+I, my dear, both young, and we really ought to have more clothes. I
+haven't a thing but this pink gown to put on. It's lucky you had a white
+gown, for no one liked your pink one. Here comes Mrs. Rose! How those
+Rose children have grown! I never should have known them."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+COMFORT ME WITH APPLES
+
+     "What can your eye desire to see, your eares to heare, your mouth
+     to taste, or your nose to smell, that is not to be had in an
+     Orchard? with Abundance and Variety? What shall I say? 1000 of
+     Delights are in an Orchard; and sooner shall I be weary than I can
+     reckon the least part of that pleasure which one, that hath and
+     loves an Orchard, may find therein."
+
+     --_A New Orchard_, WILLIAM LAWSON, 1618.
+
+
+In every old-time garden, save the revered front yard, the borders
+stretched into the domain of the Currant and Gooseberry bushes, and into
+the orchard. Often a row of Crabapple trees pressed up into the garden's
+precincts and shaded the Sweet Peas. Orchard and garden could scarcely
+be separated, so closely did they grow up together. Every old garden
+book had long chapters on orchards, written _con amore_, with a zest
+sometimes lacking on other pages. How they loved in the days of Queen
+Elizabeth and of Queen Anne to sit in an orchard, planted, as Sir Philip
+Sidney said, "cunningly with trees of taste-pleasing fruits." How
+charming were their orchard seats, "fachoned for meditacon!" Sometimes
+these orchard seats were banks of the strongly scented Camomile, a
+favorite plant of Lord Bacon's day. Wordsworth wrote in jingling
+rhyme:--
+
+    "Beneath these fruit-tree boughs that shed
+     Their snow-white blossoms on my head,
+     With brightest sunshine round me spread
+       Of spring's unclouded weather,
+     In this sequester'd nook how sweet
+     To sit upon my orchard seat;
+     And flowers and birds once more to greet,
+       My last year's friends together."
+
+The incomparable beauty of the Apple tree in full bloom has ever been
+sung by the poets, but even their words cannot fitly nor fully tell the
+delight to the senses of the close view of those exquisite pink and
+white domes, with their lovely opalescent tints, their ethereal
+fragrance; their beauty infinitely surpasses that of the vaunted Cherry
+plantations of Japan. In the hand the flowers show a distinct ruddiness,
+a promise of future red cheeks; but a long vista of trees in bloom
+displays no tint of pink, the flowers seem purest white. Looking last
+May across the orchard at Hillside, adown the valley of the Hudson with
+its succession of blossoming orchards, we could paraphrase the words of
+Longfellow's _Golden Legend_:--
+
+                                    "The valley stretching below
+    Is white with blossoming Apple trees, as if touched with lightest
+      snow."
+
+In the darkest night flowering Apple trees shine with clear radiance,
+and an orchard of eight hundred acres, such as may be seen in Niagara
+County, New York, shows a white expanse like a lake of quicksilver.
+This county, and its neighbor, Orleans County, form an Apple
+paradise--with their orchards of fifty and even a hundred thousand
+trees.
+
+[Illustration: Apple Trees at White Hall, the Home of Bishop Berkeley.]
+
+The largest Apple tree in New England is in Cheshire, Connecticut. Its
+trunk measures, one foot above all root enlargements, thirteen feet
+eight inches in circumference.
+
+Its age is traced back a hundred and fifty years. At White Hall, the
+old home of Bishop Berkeley in the island of Rhode Island, still stand
+the Apple trees of his day. A picture of them is shown on page 194.
+
+The sedate and comfortable motherliness of old Apple trees is felt by
+all Apple lovers. John Burroughs speaks of "maternal old Apple trees,
+regular old grandmothers, who have seen trouble." James Lane Allen, amid
+his apostrophes to the Hemp plant, has given us some beautiful glimpses
+of Apple trees and his love for them. He tells of "provident old tree
+mothers on the orchard slope, whose red-cheeked children are autumn
+Apples." It is this motherliness, this domesticity, this homeliness that
+makes the Apple tree so cherished, so beloved. No scene of life in the
+country ever seems to me homelike if it lacks an Apple orchard--this
+doubtless, because in my birthplace in New England they form a part of
+every farm scene, of every country home. Apple trees soften and humanize
+the wildest country scene. Even in a remote pasture, or on a mountain
+side, they convey a sentiment of home; and after being lost in the mazes
+of close-grown wood-roads Apple trees are inexpressibly welcome as
+giving promise of a sheltering roof-tree. Thoreau wrote of wild Apples,
+but to me no Apples ever look wild. They may be the veriest Crabs,
+growing in wild spots, unbidden, and savage and bitter in their tang,
+but even these seedling Pippins are domestic in aspect.
+
+On the southern shores of Long Island, where meadow, pasture, and farm
+are in soil and crops like New England, the frequent absence of Apple
+orchards makes these farm scenes unsatisfying, not homelike. No other
+fruit trees can take their place. An Orange tree, with its rich glossy
+foliage, its perfumed ivory flowers and buds, and abundant golden fruit,
+is an exquisite creation of nature; but an Orange grove has no ideality.
+All fruit trees have a beautiful inflorescence--few have sentiment. The
+tint of a blossoming Peach tree is perfect; but I care not for a Peach
+orchard. Plantations of healthy Cherry trees are lovely in flower and
+fruit time, whether in Japan or Massachusetts, and a Cherry tree is full
+of happy child memories; but their tree forms in America are often
+disfigured with that ugly fungous blight which is all the more
+disagreeable to us since we hear now of its close kinship to disease
+germs in the animal world.
+
+I cannot see how they avoid having Apple trees on these Long Island
+farms, for the Apple is fully determined to stand beside every home and
+in every garden in the land. It does not have to be invited; it will
+plant and maintain itself. Nearly all fruits and vegetables which we
+prize, depend on our planting and care, but the Apple is as independent
+as the New England farmer. In truth Apple trees would grow on these
+farms if they were loved or even tolerated, for I find them forced into
+Long Island hedge-rows as relentlessly as are forest trees.
+
+The Indians called the Plantain the "white man's foot," for it sprung up
+wherever he trod; the Apple tree might be called the white man's shadow.
+It is the Vine and Fig tree of the temperate zone, and might be chosen
+as the totem of the white settlers. Our love for the Apple is natural,
+for it was the characteristic fruit of Britain; the clergy were its
+chief cultivators; they grew Apples in their monastery gardens, prayed
+for them in special religious ceremonies, sheltered the fruit by laws,
+and even named the Apple when pronouncing the blessings of God upon
+their princes and rulers.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    "The valley stretching below
+     Is white with blossoming Apple trees, as if touched with lightest
+       snow."]
+
+Thoreau described an era of luxury as one in which men cultivate the
+Apple and the amenities of the garden. He thought it indicated relaxed
+nerves to read gardening books, and he regarded gardening as a civil and
+social function, not a love of nature. He tells of his own love for
+freedom and savagery--and he found what he so deemed at Walden Pond. I
+am told his haunts are little changed since the years when he lived
+there; and I had expected to find Walden Pond a scene of much wild
+beauty, but it was the mildest of wild woods; it seemed to me as
+thoroughly civilized and social as an Apple orchard.
+
+[Illustration: Old Hand-power Cider Mill.]
+
+Thoreau christened the Apple trees of his acquaintance with appropriate
+names in the _lingua vernacula_: the Truant's Apple, the Saunterer's
+Apple, December Eating, Wine of New England, the Apple of the Dell in
+the Wood, the Apple of the Hollow in the Pasture, the Railroad Apple,
+the Cellar-hole Apple, the Frozen-thawed, and many more; these he loved
+for their fruit; to them let me add the Playhouse Apple trees, loved
+solely for their ingeniously twisted branches, an Apple tree of the
+garden, often overhanging the flower borders. I recall their glorious
+whiteness in the spring, but I cannot remember that they bore any fruit
+save a group of serious little girls. I know there were no Apples on the
+Playhouse Apple trees in my garden, nor on the one in Nelly Gilbert's or
+Ella Partridge's garden. There is no play place for girls like an old
+Apple tree. The main limbs leave the trunk at exactly the right height
+for children to reach, and every branch and twig seems to grow and turn
+only to form delightful perches for children to climb among and cling
+to. Some Apple trees in our town had a copy of an Elizabethan garden
+furnishing; their branches enclosed tree platforms about twelve feet
+from the ground, reached by a narrow ladder or flight of steps. These
+were built by generous parents for their children's playhouses, but
+their approach of ladder was too unhazardous, their railings too
+safety-assuring, to prove anything but conventional and uninteresting.
+The natural Apple tree offered infinite variety, and a slight sense of
+daring to the climber. Its possibility of accident was fulfilled; untold
+number of broken arms and ribs--juvenile--were resultant from falls from
+Apple trees.
+
+[Illustration: Pressing out Cider in Old Hand Mill.]
+
+One of Thoreau's Apples was the Green Apple (_Malus viridis_, or
+_Cholera morbifera puerelis delectissima_). I know not for how many
+centuries boys (and girls too) have eaten and suffered from green
+apples. A description was written in 1684 which might have happened any
+summer since; I quote it with reminiscent delight, for I have the same
+love for the spirited relation that I had in my early youth when I
+never, for a moment, in spite of the significant names, deemed the
+entire book anything but a real story; the notion that _Pilgrim's
+Progress_ was an allegory never entered my mind.
+
+     "Now there was on the other side of the wall a _Garden_. And some
+     of the Fruit-Trees that grew in the Garden shot their Branches over
+     the Wall, and being mellow, they that found them did gather them up
+     and oft eat of them to their hurt. So _Christiana's_ Boys, _as Boys
+     are apt to do_, being _pleas'd_ with the Trees did _Plash_ them and
+     began to eat. Their Mother did also chide them for so doing, but
+     still the Boys went on. Now _Matthew_ the Eldest Son of
+     _Christiana_ fell sick.... There dwelt not far from thence one Mr.
+     _Skill_ an Ancient and well approved Physician. So Christiana
+     desired it and they sent for him and he came. And when he was
+     entered the Room and a little observed the Boy he concluded that he
+     was sick of the Gripes. Then he said to his Mother, _What Diet has
+     Matthew of late fed upon_? _Diet_, said Christiana, _nothing but
+     which is wholesome_. The Physician answered, _This Boy has been
+     tampering with something that lies in his Maw undigested_.... Then
+     said Samuel, _Mother, Mother, what was that which my brother did
+     gather up and eat. You know there was an Orchard and my Brother did
+     plash and eat. True, my child_, said Christiana, _naughty boy as he
+     was. I did chide him and yet he would eat thereof._"
+
+The realistic treatment of Mr. Skill and Matthew's recovery thereby need
+not be quoted.
+
+An historic Apple much esteemed in Connecticut and Rhode Island, and
+often planted at the edge of the flower garden, is called the Sapson, or
+Early Sapson, Sapson Sweet, Sapsyvine, and in Pennsylvania, Wine-sap.
+The name is a corruption of the old English Apple name, Sops-o'-wine. It
+is a charming little red-cheeked Apple of early autumn, slightly larger
+than a healthy Crab-apple. The clear red of its skin perfuses in
+coral-colored veins and beautiful shadings to its very core. It has a
+condensed, spicy, aromatic flavor, not sharp like a Crab-apple, but it
+makes a better jelly even than the Crab-apple--jelly of a ruby color
+with an almost wine-like flavor, a true Sops-of-wine. This fruit is
+deemed so choice that I have known the sale of a farm to halt for some
+weeks until it could be proved that certain Apple trees in the orchard
+bore the esteemed Sapsyvines.
+
+Under New England and New York farm-houses was a cellar filled with bins
+for vegetables and apples. As the winter passed on there rose from these
+cellars a curious, earthy, appley smell, which always seemed most
+powerful in the best parlor, the room least used. How Schiller, who
+loved the scent of rotten apples, would have rejoiced! The cellar also
+contained many barrels of cider; for the beauty of the Apple trees, and
+the use of their fruit as food, were not the only factors which
+influenced the planting of the many Apple orchards of the new world;
+they afforded a universal drink--cider. I have written at length, in my
+books, _Home Life in Colonial Days_ and _Stage-Coach and Tavern Days_,
+the history of the vogue and manufacture of cider in the new world. The
+cherished Apple orchards of Endicott, Blackstone, Wolcott, and Winthrop
+were so speedily multiplied that by 1670 cider was plentiful and cheap
+everywhere. By the opening of the eighteenth century it had wholly
+crowded out beer and metheglin; and was the drink of old and young on
+all occasions.
+
+[Illustration: Old Horse-lever Cider Mill.]
+
+At first, cider was made by pounding the Apples by hand in wooden
+mortars; then simple mills were formed of a hollowed log and a spring
+board. Rude hand presses, such as are shown on pages 198 and 200, were
+known in 1660, and lingered to our own day. Kalm, the Swedish
+naturalist, saw ancient horse presses (like the one depicted on this
+page) in use in the Hudson River Valley in 1749. In autumn the whole
+country-side was scented with the sour, fruity smell from these cider
+mills; and the gift of a draught of sweet cider to any passer-by was as
+ample and free as of water from the brookside. The cider when barrelled
+and stored for winter was equally free to all comers, as well it might
+be, when many families stored a hundred barrels for winter use.
+
+[Illustration: "Straining off" the Cider.]
+
+The Washingtonian or Temperance reform which swept over this country
+like a purifying wind in the first quarter of the nineteenth century,
+found many temporizers who tried to exclude cider from the list of
+intoxicating drinks which converts pledged themselves to abandon. Some
+farmers who adopted this much-needed movement against the
+all-prevailing vice of drunkenness received it with fanatic zeal. It
+makes the heart of the Apple lover ache to read that in this spirit they
+cut down whole orchards of flourishing Apple trees, since they could
+conceive no adequate use for their apples save for cider. That any
+should have tried to exclude cider from the list of intoxicating
+beverages seems barefaced indeed to those who have tasted that most
+potent of all spirits--frozen cider. I once drank a small modicum of
+Jericho cider, as smooth as Benedictine and more persuasive, which made
+a raw day in April seem like sunny midsummer. I afterward learned from
+the ingenuous Long Island farmer whose hospitality gave me this liqueur
+that it had been frozen seven times. Each time he had thrust a red-hot
+poker into the bung-hole of the barrel, melted all the watery ice and
+poured it out; therefore the very essence of the cider was all that
+remained.
+
+It is interesting to note the folk customs of Old England which have
+lingered here, such as domestic love divinations. The poet Gay wrote:--
+
+    "I pare this Pippin round and round again,
+     My shepherd's name to flourish on the plain.
+     I fling th' unbroken paring o'er my head,
+     Upon the grass a perfect L. is read."
+
+I have seen New England schoolgirls, scores of times, thus toss an
+"unbroken paring." An ancient trial of my youth was done with Apple
+seeds; these were named for various swains, then slightly wetted and
+stuck on the cheek or forehead, while we chanted:--
+
+    "Pippin! Pippin! Paradise!
+     Tell me where my true love lies!"
+
+The seed that remained longest in place indicated the favored and
+favoring lover.
+
+With the neglect in this country of Saints' Days and the Puritanical
+frowning down of all folk customs connected with them, we lost the
+delightful wassailing of the Apple trees. This, like many another
+religious observance, was a relic of heathen sacrifice, in this case to
+Pomona. It was celebrated with slight variations in various parts of
+England; and was called an Apple howling, a wassailing, a youling, and
+other terms. The farmer and his workmen carried to the orchard great
+jugs of cider or milk pans filled with cider and roasted apples.
+Encircling in turn the best bearing trees, they drank from
+"clayen-cups," and poured part of the contents on the ground under the
+trees. And while they wassailed the trees they sang:--
+
+             "Here's to thee, old Apple tree!
+    Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow,
+    And whence thou mayst bear Apples enow!
+              Hats full! caps full,
+              Bushel--Bushel--sacks full,
+              And my pockets full too."
+
+Another Devonshire rhyme ran:--
+
+    "Health to thee, good Apple tree!
+     Well to bear pocket-fulls, hat-fulls,
+     Peck-fulls, bushel bag-fulls."
+
+The wassailing of the trees gave place in America to a jovial autumnal
+gathering known as an Apple cut, an Apple paring, or an Apple bee. The
+cheerful kitchen of the farm-house was set out with its entire array of
+empty pans, pails, tubs, and baskets. Heaped-up barrels of apples stood
+in the centre of the room. The many skilful hands of willing neighbors
+emptied the barrels, and with sharp knives or an occasional Apple parer,
+filled the empty vessels with cleanly pared and quartered apples.
+
+When the work was finished, divinations with Apple parings and Apple
+seeds were tried, simple country games were played; occasionally there
+was a fiddler and a dance. An autumnal supper was served from the three
+zones of the farm-house: nuts from the attic, Apples from the pantry,
+and cider from the cellar. The apple-quarters intended for drying were
+strung on homespun linen thread and hung out of doors on clear drying
+days. A humble hillside home in New Hampshire thus quaintly festooned is
+shown in the illustration opposite page 208--a characteristic New
+Hampshire landscape. When thoroughly dried in sun and wind, these sliced
+apples were stored for the winter by being hung from rafter to rafter of
+various living rooms, and remained thus for months (gathering vast
+accumulations of dust and germs for our blissfully ignorant and
+unsqueamish grandparents) until the early days of spring, when Apple
+sauce, Apple butter, and the stores of Apple bin and Apple pit were
+exhausted, and they then afforded, after proper baths and soakings, the
+wherewithal for that domestic comestible--dried Apple pie. The Swedish
+parson, Dr. Acrelius, writing home to Sweden in 1758 an account of the
+settlement of Delaware, said:--
+
+     "Apple pie is used throughout the whole year, and when fresh Apples
+     are no longer to be had, dried ones are used. It is the evening
+     meal of children. House pie, in country places, is made of Apples
+     neither peeled nor freed from their cores, and its crust is not
+     broken if a wagon wheel goes over it."
+
+I always had an undue estimation of Apple pie in my childhood, from an
+accidental cause: we were requested by the conscientious teacher in our
+Sunday-school to "take out" each week without fail from the "Select
+Library" of the school a "Sabbath-school Library Book." The colorless,
+albeit pious, contents of the books classed under that title are well
+known to those of my generation; even such a child of the Puritans as I
+was could not read them. There were two anchors in that sea of
+despair,--but feeble holds would they seem to-day,--the first volumes of
+_Queechy_ and _The Wide, Wide World_. With the disingenuousness of
+childhood I satisfied the rules of the school and my own conscience by
+carrying home these two books, and no others, on alternate Sundays for
+certainly two years. The only wonder in the matter was that the
+transaction escaped my Mother's eye for so long a time. I read only
+isolated scenes; of these the favorite was the one wherein Fleda carries
+to the woods for the hungry visitor, who was of the English nobility,
+several large and toothsome sections of green Apple pie and cheese. The
+prominence given to that Apple pie in that book and in my two years
+of reading idealized it. On a glorious day last October I drove to New
+Canaan, the town which was the prototype of Queechy. Hungry as ever in
+childhood from the clear autumnal air and the long drive from Lenox, we
+asked for luncheon at what was reported to be a village hostelry. The
+exact counterpart of Miss Cynthia Gall responded rather sourly that she
+wasn't "boarding or baiting" that year. Humble entreaties for provender
+of any kind elicited from her for each of us a slice of cheese and a
+large and truly noble section of Apple pie, the very pie of Fleda's
+tale, which we ate with a bewildered sense as of a previous existence.
+This was intensified as we strolled to the brook under the Queechy Sugar
+Maples, and gathered there the great-grandchildren of Fleda's
+Watercresses, and heard the sound of Hugh's sawmills.
+
+[Illustration: Drying Apples.]
+
+Six hundred years ago English gentlewomen and goodwives were cooking
+Apples just as we cook them now--they even had Apple pie. A delightful
+recipe of the fourteenth century was for "Appeluns for a Lorde, in
+opyntide." Opyntide was springtime; this was, therefore, a spring dish
+fit for a lord.
+
+Apple-moy and Apple-mos, Apple Tansy, and Pommys-morle were delightful
+dishes and very rich food as well. The word pomatum has now no
+association with _pomum_, but originally pomatum was made partly of
+Apples. In an old "Dialog between Soarness and Chirurgi," written by one
+Dr. Bulleyne in the days of Queen Elizabeth, is found this question and
+its answer:--
+
+     "_Soarness._ How make you pomatum?
+
+     "_Chirurgi._ Take the fat of a yearly kyd one pound, temper it with
+     the water of musk-roses by the space of foure dayes, then take five
+     apples, and dresse them, and cut them in pieces, and lard them with
+     cloves, then boyl them altogeather in the same water of roses in
+     one vessel of glasse set within another vessel, let it boyl on the
+     fyre so long tyll it all be white, then wash them with the same
+     water of muske-roses, this done kepe it in a glasse and if you will
+     have it to smell better, then you must put in a little civet or
+     musk, or both, or ambergrice. Gentil women doe use this to make
+     theyr faces fayr and smooth, for it healeth cliftes in the lippes,
+     or in any places of the hands and face."
+
+With the omission of the civet or musk I am sure this would make to-day
+a delightful cream; but there is one condition which the "gentil woman"
+of to-day could scarcely furnish--the infinite patience and leisure
+which accompanied and perfected all such domestic work three centuries
+ago. A pomander was made of "the maste of a sweet Apple tree being
+gathered betwixt two Lady days," mixed with various sweet-scented drugs
+and gums and Rose leaves, and shaped into a ball or bracelet.
+
+The successor of the pomander was the Clove Apple, or "Comfort Apple,"
+an Apple stuck solidly with cloves. In country communities, one was
+given as an expression of sympathy in trouble or sorrow. Visiting a
+country "poorhouse" recently, we were shown a "Comfort-apple" which had
+been sent to one of the inmates by a friend; for even paupers have
+friends.
+
+"Taffaty tarts" were of paste filled with Apples sweetened and seasoned
+with Lemon, Rose-water, and Fennel seed. Apple-sticklin',
+Apple-stucklin, Apple-twelin, Apple-hoglin, are old English provincial
+names of Apple pie; Apple-betty is a New England term. The Apple Slump
+of New England homes was not the "slump-pye" of old England, which was a
+rich mutton pie flavored with wine and jelly, and covered with a rich
+confection of nuts and fruit.
+
+[Illustration: Ancient Apple Picker, Apple Racks, Apple Parers,
+Apple-butter Kettle, Apple-butter Paddle, Apple-butter Stirrer,
+Apple-butter Crocks.]
+
+In Pennsylvania, among the people known as the Pennsylvania Dutch, the
+Apple frolic was universal. Each neighbor brought his or her own Apple
+parer. This people make great use of Apples and cider in their food, and
+have many curious modes of cooking them. Dr. Heilman in his paper on
+"The Old Cider Mill" tells of their delicacy of "cider time" called
+cider soup, made of equal parts of cider and water, boiled and thickened
+with sweet cream and flour; when ready to serve, bits of bread or toast
+are placed in it. "Mole cider" is made of boiling cider thickened to a
+syrup with beaten eggs and milk. But of greatest importance, both for
+home consumption and for the market, is the staple known as Apple
+butter. This is made from sweet cider boiled down to about one-third its
+original quantity. To this is added an equal weight of sliced Apples,
+about a third as much of molasses, and various spices, such as cloves,
+ginger, mace, cinnamon or even pepper, all boiled together for twelve or
+fifteen hours. Often the great kettle is filled with cider in the
+morning, and boiled and stirred constantly all day, then the sliced
+Apples are added at night, and the monotonous stirring continues till
+morning, when the butter can be packed in jars and kegs for winter use.
+This Apple butter is not at all like Apple sauce; it has no granulated
+appearance, but is smooth and solid like cheese and dark red in color.
+Apple butter is stirred by a pole having upon one end a perforated blade
+or paddle set at right angles. Sometimes a bar was laid from rim to rim
+of the caldron, and worked by a crank that turned a similar paddle. A
+collection of ancient utensils used in making Apple butter is shown on
+page 211; these are from the collections of the Bucks County Historical
+Society. Opposite page 214 is shown an ancient open-air fireplace and an
+old couple making Apple butter just as they have done for over half a
+century.
+
+In New England what the "hired man" on the farm called "biled cider
+Apple sass," took the place of Apple butter. Preferably this was made in
+the "summer kitchen," where three kettles, usually of graduated sizes,
+could be set over the fire; the three kettles could be hung from a
+crane, or trammels. All were filled with cider, and as the liquid boiled
+away in the largest kettle it was filled from the second and that from
+the third. The fresh cider was always poured into the third kettle, thus
+the large kettle was never checked in its boiling. This continued till
+the cider was as thick as molasses. Apples (preferably Pound Sweets or
+Pumpkin Sweets) had been chosen with care, pared, cored, and quartered,
+and heated in a small kettle. These were slowly added to the thickened
+cider, in small quantities, in order not to check the boiling. The rule
+was to cook them till so softened that a rye straw could be run into
+them, and yet they must retain their shape. This was truly a critical
+time; the slightest scorched flavor would ruin the whole kettleful. A
+great wooden, long-handled, shovel-like ladle was used to stir the sauce
+fiercely until it was finished in triumph. Often a barrel of this was
+made by our grandmothers, and frozen solid for winter use. The farmer
+and "hired men" ate it clear as a relish with meats; and it was suited
+to appetites and digestions which had been formed by a diet of salted
+meats, fried breads, many pickles, and the drinking of hot cider
+sprinkled with pepper.
+
+Emerson well named the Apple the social fruit of New England. It ever
+has been and is still the grateful promoter and unfailing aid to
+informal social intercourse in the country-side; but the Apple tree is
+something far nobler even than being the sign of cheerful and cordial
+acquaintance; it is the beautiful rural emblem of industrious and
+temperate home life. Hence, let us wassail with a will:--
+
+            "Here's to thee, old Apple tree!
+    Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow,
+    And whence thou mayst bear Apples enow!"
+
+[Illustration: Making Apple Butter.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+GARDENS OF THE POETS
+
+     "The chief use of flowers is to illustrate quotations from the
+     poets."
+
+
+All English poets have ever been ready to sing English flowers until
+jesters have laughed, and to sing garden flowers as well as wild
+flowers. Few have really described a garden, though the orderly
+distribution of flowers might be held to be akin to the restraint of
+rhyme and rhythm in poetry.
+
+[Illustration: Shakespeare Border at Hillside.]
+
+It has been the affectionate tribute and happy diversion of those who
+love both poetry and flowers to note the flowers beloved of various
+poets, and gather them together, either in a book or a garden. The pages
+of Milton cannot be forced, even by his most ardent admirers, to
+indicate any intimate knowledge of flowers. He certainly makes some very
+elegant classical allusions to flowers and fruits, and some amusingly
+vague ones as well. "The Flowers of Spenser," and "A Posy from Chaucer,"
+are the titles of most readable chapters in _A Garden of Simples_, but
+the allusions and quotations from both authors are pleasing and
+interesting, rather than informing as to the real variety and
+description of the flowers of their day. Nearly all the older English
+poets, though writing glibly of woods and vales, of shepherds and
+swains, of buds and blossoms, scarcely allude to a flower in a natural
+way. Herrick was truly a flower lover, and, as the critic said, "many
+flowers grow to illustrate quotations from his works." The flowers named
+of Shakespeare have been written about in varied books, _Shakespeare's
+Garden_, _Shakespeare's Bouquet_, _Flowers from Stratford-on-Avon_, etc.
+These are easily led in fulness of detail, exactness of information, and
+delightful literary quality by that truly perfect book, beloved of all
+garden lovers, _The Plant Lore and Garden Craft of Shakespeare_, by
+Canon Ellacombe. Of it I never weary, and for it I am ever grateful.
+
+Shakespeare Gardens, or Shakespeare Borders, too, are laid out and set
+with every tree, shrub, and flower named in Shakespeare, and these are
+over two hundred in number. A distinguishing mark of the Shakespeare
+Border of Lady Warwick is the peculiar label set alongside each plant.
+This label is of pottery, greenish-brown in tint, shaped like a
+butterfly, bearing on its wings a quotation of a few words and the play
+reference relating to each special plant. Of course these words have
+been fired in and are thus permanent. Pretty as they are in themselves
+they must be disfiguring to the borders--as all labels are in a garden.
+
+In the garden at Hillside, near Albany, New York, grows a green and
+flourishing Shakespeare Border, gathered ten years ago by the mistress
+of the garden. I use the terms green and flourishing with exactness in
+this connection, for a great impression made by this border is of its
+thriving health, and also of the predominance of green leafage of every
+variety, shape, manner of growth, and oddness of tint. In this latter
+respect it is infinitely more beautiful than the ordinary border,
+varying from silvery glaucous green through greens of yellow or brownish
+shade to the blue-black greens of some herbs; and among these green
+leaves are many of sweet or pungent scent, and of medicinal qualities,
+such as are seldom grown to-day save in some such choice and chosen
+spot. There is less bloom in this Shakespeare Border than in our modern
+flower beds, and the flowers are not so large or brilliant as our
+modern favorites; but, quiet as they are, they are said to excel the
+blossoms of the same plants of Shakespeare's own day, which we learn
+from the old herbalists were smaller and less varied in color and of
+simpler tints than those of their descendants. At the first glance this
+Shakespeare Border shines chiefly in the light of the imagination, as
+stirred by the poet's noble words; but do not dwell on this border as a
+whole, as something only to be looked at; read the pages of this garden,
+dwell on each leafy sentence, and you are entranced with its beautiful
+significance. It was not gathered with so much thought, and each plant
+and seed set out and watched and reared like a delicate child, to become
+a show place; it appeals for a more intimate regard; and we find that
+its detail makes its charm.
+
+Such a garden as this appeals warmly to anyone who is sensitive to the
+imaginative element of flower beauty. Many garden makers forget that a
+flower bed is a group of living beings--perhaps of sentient beings--as
+well as a mass of beautiful color. Modern gardens tend far too much
+toward the display of the united effect of growing plants, to a striving
+for universal brilliancy, rather than attention to and love for separate
+flowers. There was refreshment of spirit as well as of the senses in the
+old-time garden of flowers, such as these planted in this Shakespeare
+Border, and it stirred the heart of the poet as could no modern flower
+gardens.
+
+[Illustration: Long Border at Hillside.]
+
+The scattering inflorescence and the tiny size of the blossoms give to
+this Shakespeare Border an unusual aspect of demureness and delicacy,
+and the plants seem to cling with affection and trust to the path of
+their human protector; they look simple and confiding, and seem close
+both to nature and to man. This homelike and modest quality is shown, I
+think, even in the presentation in black and white given on page 216 and
+opposite page 218, though it shows still more in the garden when the
+wide range of tint of foliage is added.
+
+A most appropriate companion of the old flowers in this Shakespeare
+Border is the sun-dial, which is an exact copy of the one at Abbotsford,
+Scotland. It bears the motto [Greek: ERCHETAI GAR NYX] meaning, "For
+the night cometh." It was chosen by Sir Walter Scott, for his sun-dial,
+as a solemn monitor to himself of the hour "when no man can work." It
+was copied from a motto on the dial-plate of the watch of the great Dr.
+Samuel Johnson; and it is curious that in both cases the word [Greek:
+GAR] should be introduced, for it is not in the clause in the New
+Testament from which the motto was taken. It is a beautiful motto and
+one of singular appropriateness for a sun-dial. The pedestal of this
+sun-dial is of simple lines, but it is dignified and pleasing, aside
+from the great interest of association which surrounds it.
+
+[Illustration: The Beauty of Winter Lilacs.]
+
+I had a happy sense, when walking through this garden, that, besides my
+congenial living companionship, I had the company of some noble
+Elizabethan ghosts; and I know that if Shakespeare and Jonson and
+Herrick were to come to Hillside, they would find the garden so familiar
+to them; they would greet the plants like old friends, they would note
+how fine grew the Rosemary this year, how sweet were the Lady's-smocks,
+how fair the Gillyflowers. And Gerarde and Parkinson would ponder, too,
+over all the herbs and simples of their own Physick Gardens, and compare
+notes. Above all I seemed to see, walking soberly by my side, breathing
+in with delight the varied scents of leaf and blossom, that lover and
+writer of flowers and gardens, Lord Bacon--and not in the disguise of
+Shakespeare either. For no stronger proofs can be found of the existence
+of two individualities than are in the works of each of these men, in
+their sentences and pages which relate to gardens and flowers.
+
+This fair garden and Shakespeare Border are loveliest in the cool of the
+day, in the dawn or at early eve; and those who muse may then remember
+another Presence in a garden in the cool of the day. And then I recall
+that gem of English poesy which always makes me pitiful of its author;
+that he could write this, and yet, in his hundreds of pages of English
+verse, make not another memorable line:--
+
+    "A Garden is a lovesome thing, God wot;
+       Rose plot,
+     Fringed pool,
+       Ferned grot,
+     The veriest school of Peace;
+     And yet the fool
+       Contends that God is not in gardens.
+     Not in gardens! When the eve is cool!
+       Nay, but I have a sign.
+     'Tis very sure God walks in mine."
+
+Shakespeare Borders grow very readily and freely in England, save in the
+case of the few tropical flowers and trees named in the pages of the
+great dramatist; but this Shakespeare Border at Hillside needs much
+cherishing. The plants of Heather and Broom and Gorse have to be
+specially coddled by transplanting under cold frames during the long
+winter months in frozen Albany; and thus they find vast contrast to
+their free, unsheltered life in Great Britain.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Mrs. Frank Robinson, Wakefield, Rhode Island.]
+
+Persistent efforts have been made to acclimate both Heather and Gorse in
+America. We have seen how Broom came uninvited and spread unasked on the
+Massachusetts coast; but Gorse and Heather have proved shy creatures. On
+the beautiful island of Naushon the carefully planted Gorse may be found
+spread in widely scattered spots and also on the near-by mainland, but
+it cannot be said to have thrived markedly. The Scotch Heather, too, has
+been frequently planted, and watched and pushed, but it is slow to
+become acclimated. It is not because the winters are too cold, for it is
+found in considerable amount in bitter Newfoundland; perhaps it prefers
+to live under a crown.
+
+Modern authors have seldom given their names to gardens, not even
+Tennyson with his intimate and extended knowledge of garden flowers. A
+Mary Howitt Garden was planned, full of homely old blooms, such as she
+loves to name in her verse; but it would have slight significance save
+to its maker, since no one cares to read Mary Howitt nowadays. In that
+charming book, _Sylvana's Letters to an Unknown Friend_ (which I know
+were written to me), the author, E. V. B., says, "The very ideal of a
+garden, and the only one I know, is found in Shelley's _Sensitive
+Plant_." With quick championing of a beloved poet, I at once thought of
+the radiant garden of flowers in Keats's heart and poems. Then I reread
+the _Sensitive Plant_ in a spirit of utmost fairness and critical
+friendliness, and I am willing to yield the Shelley Garden to Sylvana,
+while I keep, for my own delight, my Keats garden of sunshine, color,
+and warmth.
+
+That Keats had a profound knowledge and love of flowers is shown in his
+letters as well as his poems. Only a few months before his death, when
+stricken with and fighting a fatal disease, he wrote:--
+
+     "How astonishingly does the chance of leaving the world impress a
+     sense of its natural beauties upon me! Like poor Falstaff, though I
+     do not babble, I think of green fields. I muse with greatest
+     affection on every flower I have known from my infancy--their
+     shapes and colors are as new to me as if I had just created them
+     with a superhuman fancy. It is because they are connected with the
+     most thoughtless and the happiest moments of my life."
+
+Near the close of his _Endymion_ he wrote:--
+
+                "Nor much it grieves
+    To die, when summer dies on the cold sward.
+    Why, I have been a butterfly, a lord
+    Of flowers, garlands, love-knots, silly posies,
+    Groves, meadows, melodies, and arbor roses;
+    My kingdom's at its death, and just it is
+    That I should die with it."
+
+In the summer of 1816, under the influence of a happy day at Hampstead,
+he wrote that lovely poem, "I stood tiptoe upon a little hill." After a
+description of the general scene, a special corner of beauty is thus
+told:--
+
+    "A bush of May flowers with the bees about them--
+     Ah, sure no bashful nook could be without them--
+     And let a lush Laburnum oversweep them,
+     And let long grass grow round the roots to keep them
+     Moist, cool, and green; and shade the Violets
+     That they may bind the moss in leafy nets.
+     A Filbert hedge with Wild-brier over trim'd,
+     And clumps of Woodbine taking the soft wind,
+     Upon their summer thrones...."
+
+Then come these wonderful lines, which belittle all other descriptions
+of Sweet Peas:--
+
+    "Here are Sweet Peas, on tiptoe for a flight,
+     With wings of gentle flush o'er delicate white,
+     And taper fingers catching at all things
+     To bind them all about with tiny wings."
+
+Keats states in his letters that his love of flowers was wholly for
+those of the "common garden sort," not for flowers of the greenhouse or
+difficult cultivation, nor do I find in his lines any evidence of
+extended familiarity with English wild flowers. He certainly does not
+know the flowers of woods and fields as does Matthew Arnold.
+
+[Illustration: The Parson's Walk.]
+
+The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table says: "Did you ever hear a poet who
+did not talk flowers? Don't you think a poem which for the sake of being
+original should leave them out, would be like those verses where the
+letter _a_ or _e_, or some other, is omitted? No; they will bloom over
+and over again in poems as in the summer fields, to the end of time,
+always old and always new." The Autocrat himself knew well a poet who
+never talked flowers in his poems, a poet beloved of all other
+poets,--Arthur Hugh Clough,--though he loved and knew all flowers. From
+Matthew Arnold's beautiful tribute to him, are a few of his wonderful
+flower lines, cut out from their fellows:--
+
+    "Through the thick Corn the scarlet Poppies peep,
+     And round green roots and yellowing stalks I see
+       Pale blue Convolvulus in tendrils creep,
+         And air-swept Lindens yield
+       Their scent, and rustle down their perfumed showers
+       Of bloom...,
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Soon will the high midsummer pomps come on,
+       Soon will the Musk Carnations break and swell.
+     Soon shall we have gold-dusted Snapdragon,
+       Sweet-william with his homely cottage smell,
+         And Stocks in fragrant blow."
+
+Oh, what a master hand! Where in all English verse are fairer flower
+hues? And where is a more beautiful description of a midsummer evening,
+than Arnold's exquisite lines beginning:--
+
+    "The evening comes; the fields are still;
+     The tinkle of the thirsty rill."
+
+Dr. Holmes was also a master in the description of garden flowers. I
+should know, had I never been told save from his verses, just the kind
+of a Cambridge garden he was reared in, and what flowers grew in it.
+Lowell, too, gives ample evidence of a New England childhood in a
+garden.
+
+The gardens of Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_ and of Thomson's poems come
+to our minds without great warmth of welcome from us; while Clare's
+lines are full of charm:--
+
+    "And where the Marjoram once, and Sage and Rue,
+     And Balm, and Mint, with curl'd leaf Parsley grew,
+     And double Marigolds, and silver Thyme,
+     And Pumpkins 'neath the window climb.
+     And where I often, when a child, for hours
+     Tried through the pales to get the tempting flowers,
+     As Lady's Laces, everlasting Peas,
+     True-love-lies-bleeding, with the Hearts-at-ease
+     And Goldenrods, and Tansy running high,
+     That o'er the pale tops smiled on passers by."
+
+A curious old seventeenth-century poet was the Jesuit, René Rapin. The
+copy of his poem entitled _Gardens_ which I have seen, is the one in my
+daughter's collection of garden books; it was "English'd by the
+Ingenious Mr. Gardiner," and published in 1728. Hallam in his
+_Introduction to the Literature of Europe_ gives a capital estimate of
+this long poem of over three thousand lines. I find them pretty dull
+reading, with much monotony of adjectives, and very affected notions for
+plant names. I fancy he manufactured all his tedious plant traditions
+himself.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Mary Washington.]
+
+A pleasing little book entitled _Dante's Garden_ has collected evidence,
+from his writings, of Dante's love of green, growing things. The title
+is rather strained, since he rarely names individual flowers, and only
+refers vaguely to their emblematic significance. I would have entitled
+the book _Dante's Forest_, since he chiefly refers to trees; and the
+Italian gardens of his days were of trees rather than flowers. There are
+passages in his writings which have led some of his worshippers to
+believe that his childhood was passed in a garden; but these references
+are very indeterminate.
+
+The picture of a deserted garden, with its sad sentiment has charmed the
+fancy of many a poet. Hood, a true flower-lover, wrote this jingle in
+his _Haunted House_:--
+
+    "The Marigold amidst the nettles blew,
+       The Gourd embrac'd the Rose bush in its ramble.
+     The Thistle and the Stock together grew,
+       The Hollyhock and Bramble.
+
+    "The Bearbine with the Lilac interlaced,
+       The sturdy Burdock choked its tender neighbor,
+     The spicy Pink. All tokens were effaced
+       Of human care and labor."
+
+These lines are a great contrast to the dignified versification of The
+Old Garden, by Margaret Deland, a garden around which a great city has
+grown.
+
+    "Around it is the street, a restless arm
+     That clasps the country to the city's heart."
+
+No one could read this poem without knowing that the author is a true
+garden lover, and knowing as well that she spent her childhood in a
+garden.
+
+Another American poet, Edith Thomas, writes exquisitely of old gardens
+and garden flowers.
+
+    "The pensile Lilacs still their favors throw.
+     The Star of Lilies, plenteous long ago,
+     Waits on the summer dusk, and faileth not.
+     The legions of the grass in vain would blot
+     The spicy Box that marks the garden row.
+     Let but the ground some human tendance know,
+     It long remaineth an engentled spot."
+
+Let me for a moment, through the suggestion of her last two lines, write
+of the impress left on nature through flower planting. "The garden long
+remaineth an engentled spot." You cannot for years stamp out the mark of
+a garden; intentional destruction may obliterate the garden borders, but
+neglect never. The delicate flowers die, but some sturdy things spring
+up happily and seem gifted with everlasting life. Fifteen years ago a
+friend bought an old country seat on Long Island; near the site of the
+new house, an old garden was ploughed deep and levelled to a lawn. Every
+year since then the patient gardeners pull up, on this lawn, in
+considerable numbers, Mallows, Campanulas, Star of Bethlehem,
+Bouncing-bets and innumerable Asparagus shoots, and occasionally the
+seedlings of other flowers which have bided their time in the dark
+earth. Traces of the residence of Sir Walter Raleigh in Ireland may
+still be seen in the growth of richly perfumed wall-flowers which he
+brought from the Azores. The Affane Cherry is found where he planted it,
+and some of his Cedars are living. The summer-house of Yew trees
+sheltered him when he smoked in the garden, and in this garden he
+planted Tobacco. Near by is the famous spot where he planted what were
+then called Virginian Potatoes. By that planting they acquired the name
+of Irish Potatoes.
+
+I have spoken of the Prince Nurseries in Flushing; the old nurserymen
+left a more lasting mark than their Nurseries, in the rare trees and
+plants now found on the roads, and in the fields and gardens for many
+miles around Flushing. With the Parsons family, who have been, since
+1838, distributors of unusual plants, especially the splendid garden
+treasures from China and Japan, they have made Flushing a delightful
+nature-study.
+
+In the humblest dooryard, and by the wayside in outlying parts of the
+town, may be seen rare and beautiful old trees: a giant purple Beech is
+in a laborer's yard; fine Cedars, Salisburias, red-flowered
+Horse-chestnuts, Japanese flowering Quinces and Cherries, and even rare
+Japanese Maples are to be found; a few survivors of the Chinese Mulberry
+have a romantic interest as mementoes of a giant bubble of ruin. The
+largest Scotch Laburnum I ever saw, glorious in golden bloom, is behind
+an unkempt house. On the Parsons estate is a weeping Beech of unusual
+size. Its branches trail on the ground in a vast circumference of 222
+feet, forming a great natural arbor. The beautiful vernal light in this
+tree bower may be described in Andrew Marvell's words:--
+
+    "Annihilating all that's made
+     To a green thought in a green shade."
+
+[Illustration: Box and Phlox.]
+
+The photograph of it, shown opposite page 232, gives some scant idea of
+its leafy walls; it has been for years the fit trysting-place of lovers,
+as is shown by the initials carved on the great trunk. Great Judas
+trees, sadly broken yet bravely blooming; decayed hedges of several
+kinds of Lilacs, Syringas, Snowballs, and Yuccas of princely size and
+bearing still linger. Everywhere are remnants of Box hedges. One unkempt
+dooryard of an old Dutch farm-house was glorified with a broad double
+row of yellow Lily at least sixty feet in length. Everywhere is
+Wistaria, on porches, fences, houses, and trees; the abundant Dogwood
+trees are often overgrown with Wistaria. The most exquisite sight of the
+floral year was the largest Dogwood tree I have ever seen, radiant with
+starry white bloom, and hung to the tip of every white-flowered branch
+with the drooping amethystine racemes of Wistaria of equal luxuriance.
+Golden-yellow Laburnum blooms were in one case mingled with both purple
+and white Wistaria. These yellow, purple, and white blooms of similar
+shape were a curious sight, as if a single plant had been grafted. As I
+rode past so many glimpses of loveliness mingled with so much present
+squalor, I could but think of words of the old hymn:--
+
+    "Where every prospect pleases
+     And only man is vile."
+
+Could the hedges, trees, and vines which came from the Prince and
+Parsons Nurseries have been cared for, northeastern Long Island, which
+is part of the city of Greater New York, would still be what it was
+named by the early explorers, "The Pearl of New Netherland."
+
+[Illustration: Within the Weeping Beech.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE CHARM OF COLOR
+
+    "How strange are the freaks of memory,
+       The lessons of life we forget.
+     While a trifle, a trick of color,
+       In the wonderful web is set."
+
+    --JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.
+
+
+The quality of charm in color is most subtle; it is like the human
+attribute known as fascination, "whereof," says old Cotton Mather, "men
+have more Experience than Comprehension." Certainly some alliance of
+color with a form suited or wonted to it is necessary to produce a
+gratification of the senses. Thus in the leaves of plants every shade of
+green is pleasing; then why is there no charm in a green flower? The
+green of Mignonette bloom would scarcely be deemed beautiful were it not
+for our association of it with the delicious fragrance. White is the
+absence of color. In flowers a pure chalk-white, and a snow-white (which
+is bluish) is often found; but more frequently the white flower blushes
+a little, or is warmed with yellow, or has green veins.
+
+Where green runs into the petals of a white flower, its beauty hangs by
+a slender thread. If the green lines have any significance, as have the
+faint green checkerings of the Fritillary, which I have described
+elsewhere in this book, they add to its interest; but ordinarily they
+make the petals seem undeveloped. The Snowdrop bears the mark of one of
+the few tints of green which we like in white flowers; its "heart-shaped
+seal of green," sung by Rossetti, has been noted by many other poets.
+Tennyson wrote:--
+
+    "Pure as lines of green that streak the white
+     Of the first Snowdrop's inner leaves."
+
+[Illustration: Spring Snowflake.]
+
+A cousin of the Snowdrop, is the "Spring Snowflake" or Leucojum, called
+also by New England country folk "High Snowdrop." It bears at the end of
+each snowy petal a tiny exact spot of green; and I think it must have
+been the flower sung by Leigh Hunt:--
+
+    "The nice-leaved lesser Lilies,
+     Shading like detected light
+     Their little green-tipt lamps of white."
+
+The illustration on page 234 shows the graceful growth of the flower and
+its exquisitely precise little green-dotted petals, but it has not
+caught its luminous whiteness, which seems almost of phosphorescent
+brightness in each little flower.
+
+The Star of Bethlehem is a plant in which the white and green of the
+leaf is curiously repeated in the flower. Gardeners seldom admit this
+flower now to their gardens, it so quickly crowds out everything else;
+it has become on Long Island nothing but a weed. The high-growing Star
+of Bethlehem is a pretty thing. A bed of it in my sister's garden is
+shown on page 237.
+
+It is curious that when all agree that green flowers have no beauty and
+scant charm, that a green flower should have been one of the best-loved
+flowers of my home garden. But this love does not come from any thought
+of the color or beauty of the flower, but from association. It was my
+mother's favorite, hence it is mine. It was her favorite because she
+loved its clear, pure, spicy fragrance. This ever present and ever
+welcome scent which pervades the entire garden if leaf or flower of the
+loved Ambrosia be crushed, is curious and characteristic, a true
+"ambrosiack odor," to use Ben Jonson's words.
+
+A vivid description of Ambrosia is that of Gerarde in his delightful
+_Herball_.
+
+     "Oke of Jerusalem, or Botrys, hath sundry small stems a foote and a
+     halfe high dividing themselves into many small branches. The leafe
+     very much resembling the leafe of an Oke, which hath caused our
+     English women to call it Oke of Jerusalem. The upper side of the
+     leafe is a deepe greene and somewhat rough and hairy, but
+     underneath it is of a darke reddish or purple colour. The seedie
+     floures grow clustering about the branches like the yong clusters
+     or blowings of the Vine. The roote is small and thriddy. The whole
+     herbe is of a pleasant smell and savour, and the whole plant dieth
+     when the seed is ripe. Oke of Jerusalem is of divers called
+     Ambrosia."
+
+Ambrosia has been loved for many centuries by Englishwomen; it is in the
+first English list of names of plants, which was made in 1548 by one Dr.
+Turner; and in this list it is called "Ambrose." He says of it:--
+
+     "Botrys is called in englishe, Oke of Hierusalem, in duche, trauben
+     kraute, in french pijmen. It groweth in gardines muche in England."
+
+Ambrosia has now died out "in gardines muche in England." I have had
+many letters from English flower lovers telling me they know it not; and
+I have had the pleasure of sending the seeds to several old English and
+Scotch gardens, where I hope it will once more grow and flourish, for I
+am sure it must feel at home.
+
+[Illustration: Star of Bethlehem.]
+
+The seeds of this beloved Ambrosia, which filled my mother's garden in
+every spot in which it could spring, and which overflowed with cheerful
+welcome into the gardens of our neighbors, was given her from the garden
+of a great-aunt in Walpole, New Hampshire. This Walpole garden was a
+famous gathering of old-time favorites, and it had the delightful
+companionship of a wild garden. On a series of terraces with shelving
+banks, which reached down to a stream, the boys of the family planted,
+seventy years ago, a myriad of wild flowers, shrubs, and trees, from the
+neighboring woods. By the side of the garden great Elm trees sheltered
+scores of beautiful gray squirrels; and behind the house and garden an
+orchard led to the wheat fields, which stretched down to the broad
+Connecticut River. All flowers thrived there, both in the Box-bordered
+beds and in the wild garden, perhaps because the morning mists from the
+river helped out the heavy buckets of water from the well during the hot
+summer weeks. Even in winter the wild garden was beautiful from the
+brilliant Bittersweet which hung from every tree.
+
+[Illustration: "The Pearl."]
+
+Here Ambrosia was plentiful, but is plentiful no longer; and Walpole
+garden lovers seek seeds of it from the Worcester garden. I think it
+dies out generally when all the weeding and garden care is done by
+gardeners; they assume that the little plants of such modest bearing
+are weeds, and pull them up, with many other precious seedlings of the
+old garden, in their desire to have ample expanse of naked dirt. One of
+the charms which was permitted to the old garden was its fulness. Nature
+there certainly abhorred a vacant space. The garden soil was full of
+resources; it had a seed for every square inch; it seemed to have a
+reserve store ready to crowd into any space offered by the removal or
+dying down of a plant at any time.
+
+Let me tell of a curious thing I found in an old book, anent our
+subject--green flowers. It shows that we must not accuse our modern
+sensation lovers, either in botany or any other science, of being the
+only ones to add artifice to nature. The green Carnation has been chosen
+to typify the decadence and monstrosity of the end of the nineteenth
+century; but nearly two hundred years ago a London fruit and flower
+grower, named Richard Bradley, wrote a treatise upon field husbandry and
+garden culture, and in it he tells of a green Carnation which "a certayn
+fryar" produced by grafting a Carnation upon a Fennel stalk. The flowers
+were green for several years, then nature overcame decadent art.
+
+There be those who are so enamoured of the color green and of foliage,
+that they care little for flowers of varied tint; even in a garden, like
+the old poet Marvell, they deem,--
+
+    "No white nor red was ever seen
+     So amorous as this lovely green."
+
+Such folk could scarce find content in an American garden; for our
+American gardeners must confess, with Shakespeare's clown: "I am no
+great Nebuchadnezzar, sir, I have not much skill in grass." Our lawns
+are not old enough.
+
+A charming greenery of old English gardens was the bowling-green. We
+once had them in our colonies, as the name of a street in our greatest
+city now proves; and I deem them a garden fashion well-to-be-revived.
+
+The laws of color preference differ with the size of expanses. Our broad
+fields often have pleasing expanses of leafage other than green, and
+flowers that are as all-pervading as foliage. Many flowers of the field
+have their day, when each seems to be queen, a short day, but its rights
+none dispute. Snow of Daisies, yellow of Dandelions, gold of Buttercups,
+purple pinkness of Clover, Innocence, Blue-eyed Grass, Milkweed, none
+reign more absolutely in every inch of the fields than that poverty
+stricken creature, the Sorrel. William Morris warns us that "flowers in
+masses are mighty strong color," and must be used with much caution in a
+garden. But there need be no fear of massed color in a field, as being
+ever gaudy or cloying. An approach to the beauty and satisfaction of
+nature's plentiful field may be artificially obtained as an adjunct to
+the garden in a flower-close sown or set with a solid expanse of bloom
+of some native or widely adopted plant. I have seen a flower-close of
+Daisies, another of Buttercups, one of Larkspur, one of Coreopsis. A new
+field tint, and a splendid one, has been given to us within a few
+years, by the introduction of the vivid red of Italian clover. It is
+eagerly welcomed to our fields, so scant of scarlet. This clover was
+brought to America in the years 1824 _et seq._, and is described in
+contemporary publications in alluring sentences. I have noted the
+introduction of several vegetables, grains, fruits, berries, shrubs, and
+flowers in those years, and attribute this to the influence of the visit
+of Lafayette in 1824. Adored by all, his lightest word was heeded; and
+he was a devoted agriculturist and horticulturist, ever exchanging
+ideas, seeds, and plants with his American fellow-patriots and
+fellow-farmers. I doubt if Italian clover then became widely known; but
+our modern farmers now think well of it, and the flower lover revels in
+it.
+
+The exigencies of rhyme and rhythm force us to endure some very curious
+notions of color in the poets. I think no saying of poet ever gave
+greater check to her lovers than these lines of Emily Dickinson:--
+
+    "Nature rarer uses yellow
+       Than another hue;
+     Saves she all of that for sunsets,
+       Prodigal of blue.
+     Spending scarlet like a woman,
+       Yellow she affords
+     Only scantly and selectly,
+       Like a lover's words."
+
+I read them first with a sense of misapprehension that I had not seen
+aright; but there the words stood out, "Nature rarer uses yellow than
+another hue." The writer was such a jester, such a tricky elf that I
+fancy she wrote them in pure "contrariness," just to see what folks
+would say, how they would dispute over her words. For I never can doubt
+that, with all her recluse life, she knew intuitively that some time her
+lines would be read by folks who would love them.
+
+[Illustration: Pyrethrum.]
+
+The scarcity of red wild flowers is either a cause or an effect; at any
+rate it is said to be connected with the small number of humming-birds,
+who play an important part in the fertilization of many of the red
+flowers. There are no humming-birds in Europe; and the Aquilegia, red
+and yellow here, is blue there, and is then fertilized by the assistance
+of the bumblebee. Without humming-birds the English successfully
+accomplish one glorious sweep of red in the Poppies of the field;
+Parkinson called them "a beautiful and gallant red"--a very happy
+phrase. Ruskin, that master of color and of its description, and above
+all master of the description of Poppies, says:--
+
+     "The Poppy is the most transparent and delicate of all the blossoms
+     of the field. The rest, nearly all of them, depend on the texture
+     of their surface for color. But the Poppy is painted glass; it
+     never glows so brightly as when the sun shines through it. Whenever
+     it is seen, against the light or with the light, it is a flame, and
+     warms the wind like a blown ruby."
+
+There is one quality of the Oriental Poppies which is very palpable to
+me. They have often been called insolent--Browning writes of the
+"Poppy's red affrontery"; to me the Poppy has an angry look. It is
+wonderfully haughty too, and its seed-pod seems like an emblem of its
+rank. This great green seed-pod stands one inch high in the centre of
+the silken scarlet robe, and has an antique crown of purple bands with
+filling of lilac, just like the crown in some ancient kingly portraits,
+when the bands of gold and gems radiating from a great jewel in the
+centre are filled with crimson or purple velvet. Around this splendid
+crowned seed-vessel are rows of stamens and purple anthers of richest
+hue.
+
+We must not let any scarlet flower be dropped from the garden, certainly
+not the Geranium, which just at present does not shine so bravely as a
+few years ago. The general revulsion of feeling against "bedding out"
+has extended to the poor plants thus misused, which is unjust. I find I
+have spoken somewhat despitefully of the Coleus, Lobelia, and
+Calceolaria, so I hasten to say that I do not include the Geranium with
+them. I love its clean color, in leaf and blossom; its clean fragrance;
+its clean beauty, its healthy growth; it is a plant I like to have near
+me.
+
+It has been the custom of late to sneer at crimson in the garden,
+especially if its vivid color gets a dash of purple and becomes what
+Miss Jekyll calls "malignant magenta." It is really more vulgar than
+malignant, and has come to be in textile products a stamp and symbol of
+vulgarity, through the forceful brilliancy of our modern aniline dyes.
+But this purple crimson, this amarant, this magenta, especially in the
+lighter shades, is a favorite color in nature. The garden is never weary
+of wearing it. See how it stands out in midsummer! It is rank in Ragged
+Robin, tall Phlox, and Petunias; you find it in the bed of Drummond
+Phlox, among the Zinnias; the Portulacas, Balsams, and China Asters
+prolong it. Earlier in the summer the Rhododendrons fill the garden with
+color that on some of the bushes is termed sultana and crimson, but it
+is in fact plain magenta. One of the good points of the Peony is that
+you never saw a magenta one.
+
+This color shows that time as well as place affects our color notions,
+for magenta is believed to be the honored royal purple of the ancients.
+Fifty years ago no one complained of magenta. It was deemed a cheerful
+color, and was set out boldly and complacently by the side of pink or
+scarlet, or wall flower colors. Now I dislike it so that really the
+printed word, seen often as I glance back through this page, makes the
+black and white look cheap. If I could turn all magenta flowers pink or
+purple, I should never think further about garden harmony, all other
+colors would adjust themselves.
+
+It has been the fortune of some communities to be the home of men in
+nature like Thoreau of Concord and Gilbert White of Selborne, men who
+live solely in love of out-door things, birds, flowers, rocks, and
+trees. To all these nature lovers is not given the power of writing down
+readily what they see and know, usually the gift of composition is
+denied them; but often they are just as close and accurate observers as
+the men whose names are known to the world by their writings. Sometimes
+these naturalists boldly turn to nature, their loved mother, and earn
+their living in the woods and fields. Sometimes they have a touch of the
+hermit in them, they prefer nature to man; others are genial, kindly
+men, albeit possessed of a certain reserve. I deem the community blest
+that has such a citizen, for his influence in promoting a love and study
+of nature is ever great. I have known one such ardent naturalist, Arba
+Peirce, ever since my childhood. He lives the greater part of his waking
+hours in the woods and fields, and these waking hours are from sunrise.
+From the earliest bloom of spring to the gay berry of autumn, he knows
+all beautiful things that grow, and where they grow, for hundreds of
+miles around his home.
+
+[Illustration: Terraced Garden of Misses Nichols, Salem, Massachusetts.]
+
+I speak of him in this connection because he has acquired through his
+woodland life a wonderful power of distinguishing flowers at great
+distance with absolute accuracy. Especially do his eyes have the power
+of detecting those rose-lilac tints which are characteristic of our
+rarest, our most delicate wild flowers, and which I always designate to
+myself as Arethusa color. He brought me this June a royal gift--a great
+bunch of wild fringed Orchids, another of Calopogon, and one of
+Arethusa. What a color study these three made! At the time their
+lilac-rose tints seemed to me far lovelier than any pure rose colors. In
+those wild princesses were found every tone of that lilac-rose from the
+faint blush like the clouds of a warm sunset, to a glow on the lip of
+the Arethusa, like the crimson glow of Mullein Pink.
+
+My friend of the meadow and wildwood had gathered that morning a
+glorious harvest, over two thousand stems of Pogonia, from his own
+hidden spot, which he has known for forty years and from whence no other
+hand ever gathers. For a little handful of these flower heads he easily
+obtains a dollar. He has acquired gradually a regular round of
+customers, for whom he gathers a successive harvest of wild flowers from
+Pussy Willows and Hepatica to winter berries. It is not easily earned
+money to stand in heavy rubber boots in marsh mud and water reaching
+nearly to the waist, but after all it is happy work. Jeered at in his
+early life by fools for his wood-roving tastes, he has now the pleasure
+and honor of supplying wild flowers to our public schools, and being the
+authority to whom scholars and teachers refer in vexed questions of
+botany.
+
+I think the various tints allied to purple are the most difficult to
+define and describe of any in the garden. To begin with, all these
+pinky-purple, these arethusa tints are nameless; perhaps orchid color is
+as good a name as any. Many deem purple and violet precisely the same.
+Lavender has much gray in its tint. Miss Jekyll deems mauve and lilac
+the same; to me lilac is much pinker, much more delicate. Is heliotrope
+a pale bluish purple? Some call it a blue faintly tinged with red. Then
+there are the orchid tints, which have more pink than blue. It is a
+curious fact that, with all these allied tints which come from the union
+of blue with red, the color name comes from a flower name. Violet,
+lavender, lilac, heliotrope, orchid, are examples; each is an exact
+tint. Rose and pink are color names from flowers, and flowers of much
+variety of colors, but the tint name is unvarying.
+
+Edward de Goncourt, of all writers on flowers and gardens, seems to have
+been most frankly pleased with the artificial side of the gardener's
+art. He viewed the garden with the eye of a colorist, setting a palette
+of varied greens from the deep tones of the evergreens, the Junipers and
+Cryptomerias through the variegated Hollies, Privets and Spindle trees;
+and he said that an "elegantly branched coquettishly variegated bush"
+seemed to him like a piece of bric-a-brac which should be hunted out and
+praised like some curio hidden on the shelf of a collector.
+
+A lack of color perception seems to have been prevalent of ancient days,
+as it is now in some Oriental countries. The Bible offers evidence of
+this, and it has also been observed that the fragrance of flowers is
+nowhere noted until we reach the Song of Solomon. It is believed that in
+earliest time archaic men had no sense of color; that they knew only
+light and darkness. Mr. Gladstone wrote a most interesting paper on the
+lack of color sense in Homer, whose perception of brilliant light was
+good, especially in the glowing reflections of metals, but who never
+names blue or green even in speaking of the sky, or trees, while his
+reds and purples are hopelessly mixed. Some German scientists have
+maintained that as recently as Homer's day, our ancestors were (to use
+Sir John Lubbock's word) blue-blind, which fills me, as it must all blue
+lovers, with profound pity.
+
+[Illustration: Arbor in a Salem Garden.]
+
+The influence of color has ever been felt by other senses than that of
+sight. In the _Cotton Manuscripts_, written six hundred years ago, the
+relations and effects of color on music and coat-armor were laboriously
+explained: and many later writers have striven to show the effect of
+color on the health, imagination, or fortune. I see no reason for
+sneering at these notions of sense-relation; I am grateful for borrowed
+terms of definition for these beautiful things which are so hard to
+define. When an artist says to me, "There is a color that sings," I know
+what he means; as I do when my friend says of the funeral music in
+_Tristan_ that "it always hurts her eyes." Musicians compose symphonies
+in color, and artists paint pictures in symphonies. Musicians and
+authors acknowledge the domination of color and color terms; a glance at
+a modern book catalogue will prove it. Stephen Crane and other modern
+extremists depend upon color to define and describe sounds, smells,
+tastes, feelings, ideas, vices, virtues, traits, as well as sights.
+Sulphur-yellow is deemed an inspiring color, and light green a clean
+color; every one knows the influence of bright red upon many animals and
+birds; it is said all barnyard fowl are affected by it. If any one can
+see a sunny bed of blue Larkspur in full bloom without being moved
+thereby, he must be color blind and sound deaf as well, for that indeed
+is a sight full of music and noble inspiration, a realization of Keats'
+beautiful thought:--
+
+    "Delicious symphonies, like airy flowers
+     Budded, and swell'd, and full-blown, shed full showers
+     Of light, soft unseen leaves of sound divine."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE BLUE FLOWER BORDER
+
+    "Blue thou art, intensely blue!
+     Flower! whence came thy dazzling hue?
+     When I opened first mine eye,
+     Upward glancing to the sky,
+     Straightway from the firmament
+     Was the sapphire brilliance sent."
+
+    --JAMES MONTGOMERY.
+
+
+Questions of color relations in a garden are most opinion-making and
+controversy-provoking. Shall we plant by chance, or by a flower-loving
+instinct for sheltered and suited locations, as was done in all old-time
+gardens, and with most happy and most unaffected results? or shall we
+plant severely by colors--all yellow flowers in a border together? all
+red flowers side by side? all pink flowers near each other? This might
+be satisfactory in small gardens, but I am uncertain whether any
+profound gratification or full flower succession would come from such
+rigid planting in long flower borders.
+
+William Morris warns us that flowers in masses are "mighty strong
+color," and must be used with caution. A still greater cause for
+hesitation would be the ugly jarring of juxtaposing tints of the same
+color. Yellows do little injury to each other; but I cannot believe that
+a mixed border of red flowers would ever be satisfactory or scarcely
+endurable; and few persons would care for beds of all white flowers. But
+when I reach the Blue Border, then I can speak with decision; I know
+whereof I write, I know the variety and beauty of a garden bed of blue
+flowers. In blue you may have much difference in tint and quality
+without losing color effect. The Persian art workers have accomplished
+the combining of varying blues most wonderfully and successfully:
+purplish blues next to green-blues, and sapphire-blues alongside; and
+blues seldom clash in the flower beds.
+
+Blue is my best beloved color; I love it as the bees love it. Every blue
+flower is mine; and I am as pleased as with a tribute of praise to a
+friend to learn that scientists have proved that blue flowers represent
+the most highly developed lines of descent. These learned men believe
+that all flowers were at first yellow, being perhaps only developed
+stamens; then some became white, others red; while the purple and blue
+were the latest and highest forms. The simplest shaped flowers, open to
+be visited by every insect, are still yellow or white, running into red
+or pink. Thus the Rose family have simple open symmetrical flowers; and
+there are no blue Roses--the flower has never risen to the blue stage.
+In the Pea family the simpler flowers are yellow or red; while the
+highly evolved members, such as Lupines, Wistaria, Everlasting Pea, are
+purple or blue, varying to white. Bees are among the highest forms of
+insect life, and the labiate flowers are adapted to their visits; these
+nearly all have purple or blue petals--Thyme, Sage, Mint, Marjoram,
+Basil, Prunella, etc.
+
+Of course the Blue Border runs into tints of pale lilac and purple and
+is thereby the gainer; but I would remove from it the purple Clematis,
+Wistaria, and Passion-flower, all of which a friend has planted to cover
+the wall behind her blue flower bed. Sometimes the line between blue and
+purple is hard to define. Keats invented a word, _purplue_, which he
+used for this indeterminate color.
+
+I would not, in my Blue Border, exclude an occasional group of flowers
+of other colors; I love a border of all colors far too well to do that.
+Here, as everywhere in my garden, should be white flowers, especially
+tall white flowers: white Foxgloves, white Delphinium, white Lupine,
+white Hollyhock, white Bell-flower, nor should I object to a few spires
+at one end of the bed of sulphur-yellow Lupines, or yellow Hollyhocks,
+or a group of Paris Daisies. I have seen a great Oriental Poppy growing
+in wonderful beauty near a mass of pale blue Larkspur, and Shirley
+Poppies are a delight with blues; and any one could arrange the
+pompadour tints of pink and blue in a garden who could in a gown.
+
+[Illustration: Scilla.]
+
+Let me name some of the favorites of the Blue Border. The earliest but
+not the eldest is the pretty spicy Scilla in several varieties, and most
+satisfactory it is in perfection of tint, length of bloom, and great
+hardiness. It would be welcomed as we eagerly greet all the early spring
+blooms, even if it were not the perfect little blossom that is pictured
+on page 254, the very little Scilla that grew in my mother's garden.
+
+The early spring blooming of the beloved Grape Hyacinth gives us an
+overflowing bowl of "blue principle"; the whole plant is imbued and
+fairly exudes blue. Ruskin gave the beautiful and appropriate term
+"blue-flushing" to this plant and others, which at the time of their
+blossoming send out through their veins their blue color into the
+surrounding leaves and the stem; he says they "breathe out" their color,
+and tells of a "saturated purple" tint.
+
+[Illustration: Sweet Alyssum Edging.]
+
+Not content with the confines of the garden border, the Grape Hyacinth
+has "escaped the garden," and become a field flower. The "seeing eye,"
+ever quick to feel a difference in shade or color, which often proves
+very slight upon close examination, viewed on Long Island a splendid sea
+of blue; and it seemed neither the time nor tint for the expected
+Violet. We found it a field of Grape Hyacinth, blue of leaf, of stem, of
+flower. While all flowers are in a sense perfect, some certainly do not
+appear so in shape, among the latter those of irregular sepals. Some
+flowers seem imperfect without any cause save the fancy of the one who
+is regarding them; thus to me the Balsam is an imperfect flower. Other
+flowers impress me delightfully with a sense of perfection. Such is the
+Grape Hyacinth, doubly grateful in this perfection in the time it comes
+in early spring. The Grape Hyacinth is the favorite spring flower of my
+garden--but no! I thought a minute ago the Scilla was! and what place
+has the Violet? the Flower de Luce? I cannot decide, but this I know--it
+is some blue flower.
+
+Ruskin says of the Grape Hyacinth, as he saw it growing in southern
+France, its native home, "It was as if a cluster of grapes and a hive of
+honey had been distilled and pressed together into one small boss of
+celled and beaded blue." I always think of his term "beaded blue" when I
+look at it. There are several varieties, from a deep blue or purple to
+sky-blue, and one is fringed with the most delicate feathery petals.
+Some varieties have a faint perfume, and country folk call the flower
+"Baby's Breath" therefrom.
+
+[Illustration: Bachelor's Buttons in a Salem Garden.]
+
+Purely blue, too, are some of our garden Hyacinths, especially a rather
+meagre single Hyacinth which looks a little chilly; and Gavin Douglas
+wrote in the springtime of 1500, "The Flower de Luce forth spread his
+heavenly blue." It always jars upon my sense of appropriateness to hear
+this old garden favorite called Fleur de Lis. The accepted derivation
+of the word is that given by Grandmaison in his _Heraldic Dictionary_.
+Louis VII. of France, whose name was then written Loys, first gave the
+name to the flower, "Fleur de Loys"; then it became Fleur de Louis, and
+finally, Fleur de Lis. Our flower caught its name from Louis. Tusser in
+his list of flowers for windows and pots gave plainly Flower de Luce;
+and finally Gerarde called the plant Flower de Luce, and he advised its
+use as a domestic remedy in a manner which is in vogue in country homes
+in New England to-day. He said that the root "stamped plaister-wise,
+doth take away the blewnesse or blacknesse of any stroke" that is, a
+black and blue bruise. Another use advised of him is as obsolete as the
+form in which it was rendered. He said it was "good in a loch or licking
+medicine for shortness of breath." Our apothecaries no longer make, nor
+do our physicians prescribe, "licking medicines." The powdered root was
+urged as a complexion beautifier, especially to remove morphew, and as
+orris-root may be found in many of our modern skin lotions.
+
+Ruskin most beautifully describes the Flower de Luce as the flower of
+chivalry--"with a sword for its leaf, and a Lily for its heart." These
+grand clumps of erect old soldiers, with leafy swords of green and
+splendid cuirasses and plumes of gold and bronze and blue, were planted
+a century ago in our grandmothers' garden, and were then Flower de Luce.
+A hundred years those sturdy sentinels have stood guard on either side
+of the garden gates--still Flower de Luce. There are the same clean-cut
+leaf swords, the same exquisite blossoms, far more beautiful than our
+tropical Orchids, though similar in shape; let us not change now their
+historic name, they still are Flower de Luce--the Flower de Louis.
+
+The Violet family, with its Pansies and Ladies' Delights, has honored
+place in our Blue Border, though the rigid color list of a prosaic
+practical dyer finds these Violet allies a debased purple instead of
+blue.
+
+Our wild Violets, the blue ones, have for me a sad lack for a Violet,
+that of perfume. They are not as lovely in the woodlands as their
+earlier coming neighbor, the shy, pure Hepatica. Bryant, calling the
+Hepatica Squirrelcups (a name I never heard given them elsewhere), says
+they form "a graceful company hiding in their bells a soft aerial blue."
+Of course, they vary through blue and pinky purple, but the blue is well
+hidden, and I never think of them save as an almost white flower. Nor
+are the Violets as lovely on the meadow and field slopes, as the mild
+Innocence, the Houstonia, called also Bluets, which is scarcely a
+distinctly blue expanse, but rather "a milky way of minute stars." An
+English botanist denies that it is blue at all. A field covered with
+Innocence always looks to me as if little clouds and puffs of blue-white
+smoke had descended and rested on the grass.
+
+[Illustration: A "Sweet Garden-side" in Salem, Massachusetts.]
+
+I well recall when the Aquilegia, under the name of California
+Columbine, entered my mother's garden, to which its sister, the red and
+yellow Columbine, had been brought from a rocky New England pasture when
+the garden was new. This Aquilegia came to us about the year 1870. I
+presume old catalogues of American florists would give details and dates
+of the journey of the plant from the Pacific to the Atlantic. It chanced
+that this first Aquilegia of my acquaintance was of a distinct light
+blue tint; and it grew apace and thrived and was vastly admired, and
+filled the border with blueness of that singular tint seen of late years
+in its fullest extent and most prominent position in the great masses of
+bloom of the blue Hydrangea, the show plant of such splendid summer
+homes as may be found at Newport. These blue Hydrangeas are ever to me a
+color blot. They accord with no other flower and no foliage. I am
+ever reminded of blue mould, of stale damp. I looked with inexpressible
+aversion on a photograph of Cecil Rhodes' garden at Cape Town--several
+solid acres set with this blue Hydrangea and nothing else, unbroken by
+tree or shrub, and scarce a path, growing as thick as a field sown with
+ensilage corn, and then I thought what would be the color of that mass!
+that crop of Hydrangeas! Yet I am told that Rhodes is a flower-lover and
+flower-thinker. Now this Aquilegia was of similar tint; it was blue, but
+it was not a pleasing blue, and additional plants of pink, lilac, and
+purple tints had to be added before the Aquilegia was really included in
+our list of well-beloveds.
+
+[Illustration: Salpiglossis.]
+
+There are other flowers for the blue border. It is pleasant to plant
+common Flax, if you have ample room; it is a superb blue; to many
+persons the blossom is unfamiliar, and is always of interest. Its lovely
+flowers have been much sung in English verse. The Salpiglossis, shown on
+the opposite page, is in its azure tint a lovely flower, though it is a
+kinsman of the despised Petunia.
+
+How the Campanulaceæ enriched the beauty and the blueness of the garden.
+We had our splendid clusters of Canterbury Bells, both blue and white. I
+have told elsewhere of our love for them in childhood. Equally dear to
+us was a hardy old Campanula whose full name I know not, perhaps it is
+the Pyramidalis; it is shown on page 263, the very plant my mother set
+out, still growing and blooming; nothing in the garden is more gladly
+welcomed from year to year. It partakes of the charm shared by every
+bell-shaped flower, a simple form, but an ever pleasing one. We had also
+the _Campanula persicifolia_ and _trachelium_, and one we called
+Bluebells of Scotland, which was not the correct name. It now has died
+out, and no one recalls enough of its exact detail to learn its real
+name. The showiest bell-flower was the _Platycodon grandiflorum_, the
+Chinese or Japanese Bell-flower, shown on page 264. Another name is the
+Balloon-flower, this on account of the characteristic buds shaped like
+an inflated balloon. It is a lovely blue in tint, though this photograph
+was taken from a white-flowered plant in the white border at Indian
+Hill. The Giant Bell-flower is a _fin de siècle_ blossom named
+_Ostrowskia_, with flowers four inches deep and six inches in diameter;
+it has not yet become common in our gardens, where the _Platycodon_
+rules in size among its bell-shaped fellows.
+
+[Illustration: The Old Campanula.]
+
+There are several pretty low-growing blue flowers suitable for edgings,
+among them the tiny stars of the Swan River Daisy (_Brachycome
+iberidifolia_) sold as purple, but as brightly blue as Scilla. The
+dwarf Ageratum is also a long-blossoming soft-tinted blue flower; it
+made a charming edging in my sister's garden last summer; but I should
+never put either of them on the edge of the blue border.
+
+[Illustration: Chinese Bell-flower.]
+
+The dull blue, sparsely set flowers of the various members of the Mint
+family have no beauty in color, nor any noticeable elegance; the Blue
+Sage is the only vivid-hued one, and it is a true ornament to the
+border. Prunella was ever found in old gardens, now it is a wayside
+weed. Thoreau loved the Prunella for its blueness, its various lights,
+and noted that its color deepened toward night. This flower, regarded
+with indifference by nearly every one, and distaste by many, always to
+him suggested coolness and freshness by its presence. The Prunella was
+beloved also by Ruskin, who called it the soft warm-scented Brunelle,
+and told of the fine purple gleam of its hooded blossom: "the two
+uppermost petals joined like an old-fashioned enormous hood or bonnet;
+the lower petal torn deep at the edges into a kind of fringe,"--and he
+said it was a "Brownie flower," a little eerie and elusive in its
+meaning. I do not like it because it has such a disorderly, unkempt
+look, it always seems bedraggled.
+
+The pretty ladder-like leaf of Jacob's Ladder is most delicate and
+pleasing in the garden, and its blue bell-flowers are equally refined.
+This is truly an old-fashioned plant, but well worth universal
+cultivation.
+
+In answer to the question, What is the bluest flower in the garden or
+field? one answered Fringed Gentian; another the Forget-me-not, which
+has much pink in its buds and yellow in its blossoms; another Bee
+Larkspur; and the others _Centaurea cyanus_ or Bachelor's Buttons, a
+local American name for them, which is not even a standard folk name,
+since there are twenty-one English plants called Bachelor's Buttons.
+Ragged Sailor is another American name. Corn-flower, Blue-tops, Blue
+Bonnets, Bluebottles, Loggerheads are old English names. Queerer still
+is the title Break-your-spectacles. Hawdods is the oldest name of all.
+Fitzherbert, in his _Boke of Husbandry_, 1586, thus describes briefly
+the plant:--
+
+     "Hawdod hath a blewe floure, and a few lytle leaves, and hath fyve
+     or syxe branches floured at the top."
+
+In varied shades of blue, purple, lilac, pink, and white, Bachelor's
+Buttons are found in every old garden, growing in a confused tangle of
+"lytle leaves" and vari-colored flowers, very happily and with very good
+effect. The illustration on page 258 shows their growth and value in the
+garden.
+
+In _The Promise of May_ Dora's eyes are said to be as blue as the
+Bluebell, Harebell, Speedwell, Bluebottle, Succory, Forget-me-not, and
+Violets; so we know what flowers Tennyson deemed blue.
+
+Another poet named as the bluest flower, the Monk's-hood, so wonderful
+of color, one of the very rarest of garden tints; graceful of growth,
+blooming till frost, and one of the garden's delights. In a list of
+garden flowers published in Boston, in 1828, it is called Cupid's Car.
+Southey says in _The Doctor_, of Miss Allison's garden: "The Monk's-hood
+of stately growth Betsey called 'Dumbledores Delight,' and was not aware
+that the plant, in whose helmet--rather than cowl-shaped flowers, that
+busy and best-natured of all insects appears to revel more than any
+other, is the deadly Aconite of which she read in poetry." The
+dumbledore was the bumblebee, and this folk name was given, as many
+others have been, from a close observance of plant habits; for the
+fertilization of the Monk's-hood is accomplished only by the aid of the
+bumblebee.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Tudor Place.]
+
+Many call Chicory or Succory our bluest flower. Thoreau happily termed
+it "a cool blue." It is not often the fortune of a flower to be brought
+to notice and affection because of a poem; we expect the poem to
+celebrate the virtues of flowers already loved. The Succory is an
+example of a plant, known certainly to flower students, yet little
+thought of by careless observers until the beautiful poem of Margaret
+Deland touched all who read it. I think this a gem of modern poesy,
+having in full that great element of a true poem, the most essential
+element indeed of a short poem--the power of suggestion. Who can read it
+without being stirred by its tenderness and sentiment, yet how few are
+the words.
+
+    "Oh, not in ladies' gardens,
+       My peasant posy,
+     Shine thy dear blue eyes;
+     Nor only--nearer to the skies
+       In upland pastures, dim and sweet,
+     But by the dusty road,
+       Where tired feet
+     Toil to and fro,
+       Where flaunting Sin
+     May see thy heavenly hue,
+       Or weary Sorrow look from thee
+     Toward a tenderer blue."
+
+I recall perfectly every flower I saw in pasture, swamp, forest, or lane
+when I was a child; and I know I never saw Chicory save in old gardens.
+It has increased and spread wonderfully along the roadside within twenty
+years. By tradition it was first brought to us from England by Governor
+Bowdoin more than a century ago, to plant as forage.
+
+In our common Larkspur, the old-fashioned garden found its most constant
+and reliable blue banner, its most valuable color giver. Self-sown,
+this Larkspur sprung up freely every year; needing no special cherishing
+or nourishing, it grew apace, and bloomed with a luxuriance and length
+of flowering that cheerfully blued the garden for the whole summer. It
+was a favorite of children in their floral games, and pretty in the
+housewife's vases, but its chief hold on favor was in its democracy and
+endurance. Other flowers drew admirers and lost them; some grew very
+ugly in their decay; certain choice seedlings often had stunted
+development, garden scourges attacked tender beauties; fierce July suns
+dried up the whole border, all save the Larkspur, which neither withered
+nor decayed; and often, unaided, saved the midsummer garden from scanty
+unkemptness and dire disrepute.
+
+The graceful line of Dr. Holmes, "light as a loop of Larkspur," always
+comes to my mind as I look at a bed of Larkspur; and I am glad to show
+here a "loop of Larkspur," growing by the great boulder which he loved
+in the grounds of his country home at Beverly Farms. I liked to fancy
+that Dr. Holmes's expression was written by him from his memory of the
+little wreaths and garlands of pressed Larkspur that have been made so
+universally for over a century by New England children. But that careful
+flower observer, Mrs. Wright, notes that in a profuse growth of the Bee
+Larkspur, the strong flower spikes often are in complete loops before
+full expansion into a straight spire; some are looped thrice. Dr. Holmes
+was a minute observer of floral characteristics, as is shown in his poem
+on the _Coming of Spring_, and doubtless saw this curious growth of the
+Larkspur.
+
+[Illustration: "Light as a Loop of Larkspur."]
+
+Common annual Larkspurs now are planted in every one's garden, and
+deservedly grow in favor yearly. The season of their flowering can be
+prolonged, renewed in fact, by cutting away the withered flower stems.
+They respond well to all caretaking, to liberal fertilizing and
+watering, just as they dwindle miserably with neglect. There are a
+hundred varieties in all; among them the "Rocket-flowered" and
+"Ranunculus flowered" Larkspurs or Delphiniums are ever favorites. A
+friend burst forth in railing at being asked to admire a bed of
+Delphinium. "Why can't she call them the good old-time name of Larkspur,
+and not a stiff name cooked up by the botanists." I answered naught, but
+I remembered that Parkinson in his _Garden of Pleasant Flowers_ gives a
+chapter to Delphinium, with Lark's-heel as a second thought. "Their most
+usual name with us," he states, "is Delphinium." There is meaning in the
+name: the flower is dolphin-like in shape. Of the perennial varieties
+the _Delphinium brunonianum_ has lovely clear blue, musk-scented
+flowers; the Chinese or Branching Larkspur is of varied blue tints and
+tall growth, and blooms from midsummer until frost. And loveliest of
+all, an old garden favorite, the purely blue Bee Larkspur, with a bee in
+the heart of each blossom. In an ancient garden in Deerfield I saw this
+year a splendid group of plants of the old _Delphinium Belladonna_: it
+is a weak-kneed, weak-backed thing; but give it unobtrusive crutches and
+busks and backboards (in their garden equivalents), and its incomparable
+blue will reward your care. There is something singular in the blue of
+Larkspur. Even on a dark night you can see it showing a distinct blue
+in the garden like a blue lambent flame.
+
+    "Larkspur lifting turquoise spires
+     Bluer than the sorcerer's fires."
+
+Mrs. Milne-Home says her old Scotch gardener called the white Delphinium
+Elijah's Chariot--a resounding, stately title. Helmet-flower is another
+name. I think the Larkspur Border, and the Blue Border both gain if a
+few plants of the pure white Delphinium, especially the variety called
+the Emperor, bloom by the blue flowers. In our garden the common blue
+Larkspur loves to blossom by the side of the white Phlox. A bit of the
+border is shown on page 162. In another corner of the garden the pink
+and lilac Larkspur should be grown; for their tints, running into blue,
+are as varied as those of an opal.
+
+I have never seen the wild Larkspur which grows so plentifully in our
+middle Southern states; but I have seen expanses of our common garden
+Larkspur which has run wild. Nor have I seen the glorious fields of
+Wyoming Larkspur, so poisonous to cattle; nor the magnificent Larkspur,
+eight feet high, described so radiantly to us by John Muir, which blues
+those wonders of nature, the hanging meadow gardens of California.
+
+I am inclined to believe that Lobelia is the least pleasing blue flower
+that blossoms. I never see it in any place or juxtaposition that it
+satisfies me. When you take a single flower of it in your hand, its
+single little delicate bloom is really just as pretty as Blue-eyed
+Grass, or Innocence, or Scilla, and the whole plant regarded closely by
+itself isn't at all bad; but whenever and wherever you find it growing
+in a garden, you never want it in _that_ place, and you shift it here
+and there. I am convinced that the Lobelia is simply impossible; it is
+an alien, wrong in some subtle way in tint, in habit of growth, in time
+of blooming. The last time I noted it in any large garden planting, it
+was set around the roots of some standard Rose bushes; and the gardener
+had displayed some thought about it; it was only at the base of white or
+cream-yellow Roses; but it still was objectionable. I think I would
+exterminate Lobelia if I could, banish it and forget it. In the minds of
+many would linger a memory of certain ornate garden vases, each crowded
+with a Pandanus-y plant, a pink Begonia, a scarlet double Geranium, a
+purple Verbena or a crimson Petunia, all gracefully entwined with
+Nasturtiums and Lobelia--while these folks lived, the Lobelia would not
+be forgotten.
+
+You will have some curious experiences with your Blue Border; kindly
+friends, pleased with its beauty or novelty, will send to you plants and
+seeds to add to its variety of form "another bright blue flower." You
+will usually find you have added variety of tint as well, ranging into
+crimson and deep purple, for color blindness is far more general than is
+thought.
+
+The loveliest blue flowers are the wild ones of fields and meadows;
+therefore the poor, says Alphonse Karr, with these and the blue of the
+sky have the best and the most of all blueness. Yet we are constantly
+hearing folks speak of the lack of the color blue among wild flowers,
+which always surprises me; I suppose I see blue because I love blue. In
+pure cobalt tint it is rare; in compensation, when it does abound, it
+makes a permanent imprint on our vision, which never vanishes. Recalling
+in midwinter the expanses of color in summer waysides, I do not see them
+white with Daisies, or yellow with Goldenrod, but they are in my mind's
+vision brightly, beautifully blue. One special scene is the blue of
+Fringed Gentians, on a sunny October day, on a rocky hill road in
+Royalston, Massachusetts, where they sprung up, wide open, a solid mass
+of blue, from stone wall to stone wall, with scarcely a wheel rut
+showing among them. Even thus, growing in as lavish abundance as any
+weed, the Fringed Gentian still preserved in collective expanse, its
+delicate, its distinctly aristocratic bearing.
+
+Bryant asserts of this flower:--
+
+    "Thou waitest late, and com'st alone
+     When woods are bare, and birds are flown."
+
+But by this roadside the woods were far from bare. Many Asters,
+especially the variety I call Michaelmas Daisies, Goldenrod,
+Butter-and-eggs, Turtle Head, and other flowers, were in ample bloom.
+And the same conditions of varied flower companionship existed when I
+saw the Fringed Gentian blooming near Bryant's own home at Cummington.
+
+[Illustration: Viper's Bugloss.]
+
+Another vast field of blue, ever living in my memory, was that of the
+Viper's Bugloss, which I viewed with surprise and delight from the
+platform of a train, returning from the Columbian Exposition; when I
+asked a friendly brakeman what the flower was called, he answered
+"Vilets," as nearly all workingmen confidently name every blue flower;
+and he sprang from the train while the locomotive was swallowing water,
+and brought to me a great armful of blueness. I am not wont to like new
+flowers as well as my childhood's friends, but I found this new friend,
+the Viper's Bugloss, a very welcome and pleasing acquaintance. Curious,
+too, it is, with the red anthers exserted beyond the bright blue
+corolla, giving the field, when the wind blew across it, a new aspect
+and tint, something like a red and blue changeable silk. The Viper's
+Bugloss seems to have the pervasive power of many another blue and
+purple flower, Lupine, Iris, Innocence, Grape Hyacinth, Vervain, Aster,
+Spiked Loosestrife; it has become in many states a tiresome weed. On the
+Esopus Creek (which runs into the Hudson River) and adown the Hudson,
+acre after acre of meadow and field by the waterside are vivid with its
+changeable hues, and the New York farmers' fields are overrun by the
+newcomer.
+
+I have seen the Viper's Bugloss often since that day on the railroad
+train, now that I know it, and think of it. Thoreau noted the fact that
+in a large sense we find only what we look for. And he defined well our
+powers of perception when he said that many an object will not be seen,
+even when it comes within the range of our visual ray, because it does
+not come within the range of our intellectual ray.
+
+Last spring, having to spend a tiresome day riding the length of Long
+Island, I beguiled the hours by taking with me Thoreau's _Summer_ to
+compare his notes of blossomings with those we passed. It was June 5,
+and I read:--
+
+     "The Lupine is now in its glory. It is the more important because
+     it occurs in such extensive patches, even an acre or more
+     together.... It paints a whole hillside with its blue, making such
+     a field, if not a meadow, as Proserpine might have wandered in. Its
+     leaf was made to be covered with dewdrops. I am quite excited by
+     this prospect of blue flowers in clumps, with narrow intervals;
+     such a profusion of the heavenly, the Elysian color, as if these
+     were the Elysian Fields. That is the value of the Lupine. The earth
+     is blued with it.... You may have passed here a fortnight ago and
+     the field was comparatively barren. Now you come, and these
+     glorious redeemers appear to have flashed out here all at once. Who
+     plants the seeds of Lupines in the barren soil? Who watereth the
+     Lupines in the field?"
+
+[Illustration: The Precision of Leaf and Flower of Lupine.]
+
+I looked from a car window, and lo! the Long Island Railroad ran also
+through an Elysian Field of Lupines, nay, we sailed a swift course
+through a summer sea of blueness, and I seem to see it still, with its
+prim precision of outline and growth of both leaf and flower. The Lupine
+is beautiful in the garden border as it is in the landscape, whether the
+blossom be blue, yellow, or white.
+
+Thoreau was the slave of color, but he was the master of its
+description. He was as sensitive as Keats to the charm of blue, and left
+many records of his love, such as the paragraphs above quoted. He noted
+with delight the abundance of "that principle which gives the air its
+azure color, which makes the distant hills and meadows appear blue," the
+"great blue presence" of Monadnock and Wachusett with its "far blue
+eye." He loved Lowell's
+
+      "Sweet atmosphere of hazy blue,
+    So leisurely, so soothing, so forgiving,
+    That sometimes makes New England fit for living."
+
+He revelled in the blue tints of water, of snow, of ice; in "the
+blueness and softness of a mild winter day." The constant blueness of
+the sky at night thrilled him with "an everlasting surprise," as did the
+blue shadows within the woods and the blueness of distant woods. How he
+would have rejoiced in Monet's paintings, how true he would have found
+their tones. He even idealized blueberries, "a very innocent ambrosial
+taste, as if made of ether itself, as they are colored with it."
+
+Thoreau was ever ready in thought of Proserpina gathering flowers. He
+offers to her the Lupine, the Blue-eyed Grass, and the Tufted Vetch,
+"blue, inclining in spots to purple"; it affected him deeply to see such
+an abundance of blueness in the grass. "Celestial color, I see it afar
+in masses on the hillside near the meadow--so much blue."
+
+I usually join with Thoreau in his flower loves; but I cannot understand
+his feeling toward the blue Flag; that, after noting the rich fringed
+recurved parasols over its anthers, and its exquisite petals, that he
+could say it is "a little too showy and gaudy, like some women's
+bonnets." I note that whenever he compares flowers to women it is in no
+flattering humor to either; which is, perhaps, what we expect from a man
+who chose to be a bachelor and a hermit. His love of obscure and small
+flowers might explain his sentiment toward the radiant and dominant blue
+Flag.
+
+The most valued flower of my childhood, outside the garden, was a little
+sister of the Iris--the Blue-eyed Grass. To find it blooming was a
+triumph, for it was not very profuse of growth near my home; to gather
+it a delight; why, I know not, since the tiny blooms promptly closed and
+withered as soon as we held them in our warm little hands. Colonel
+Higginson writes wittily of the Blue-eyed Grass, "It has such an
+annoying way of shutting up its azure orbs the moment you gather it; and
+you reach home with a bare stiff blade which deserves no better name
+than _Sisyrinchium anceps_."
+
+The only time I ever played truant was to run off one June morning to
+find "the starlike gleam amid the grass and dew"; to pick Blue-eyed
+Grass in a field to which I was conducted by another naughty girl. I was
+simple enough to come home at mid-day with my hands full of the stiff
+blades and tightly closed blooms; and at my mother's inquiry as to my
+acquisition of these treasures, I promptly burst into tears. I was then
+told, in impressive phraseology adapted to my youthful comprehension,
+and with the flowers as eloquent proof, that all stolen pleasures were
+ever like my coveted flowers, withered and unsightly as soon as
+gathered--which my mother believed was true.
+
+The blossoms of this little Iris seem to lie on the surface of the grass
+like a froth of blueness; they gaze up at the sky with a sort of
+intimacy as if they were a part of it. Thoreau called it an "air of easy
+sympathy." The slightest clouding or grayness of atmosphere makes them
+turn away and close.
+
+The naming of Proserpina leads me to say this: that to grow in love and
+knowledge of flowers, and above all of blue flowers, you must read
+Ruskin's _Proserpina_. It is a book of botany, of studies of plants, but
+begemmed with beautiful sentences and thoughts and expressions, with
+lessons of pleasantness which you can never forget, of pictures which
+you never cease to see, such sentences and pictures as this:--
+
+     "Rome. My father's Birthday. I found the loveliest blue Asphodel I
+     ever saw in my life in the fields beyond Monte Mario--a spire two
+     feet high, of more than two hundred stars, the stalks of them all
+     deep blue as well as the flowers. Heaven send all honest people the
+     gathering of the like, in the Elysian Fields, some day!"
+
+Oh, the power of written words! when by these few lines I can carry
+forever in my inner vision this spire of starry blueness. To that
+writer, now in the Elysian Fields, an honest teacher if ever one lived,
+I send my thanks for this beautiful vision of blueness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+PLANT NAMES
+
+     "The fascination of plant names is founded on two instincts,--love
+     of Nature and curiosity about Language."
+
+     --_English Plant Names_, REV. JOHN EARLE, 1880.
+
+
+Verbal magic is the subtle mysterious power of certain words. This power
+may come from association with the senses; thus I have distinct sense of
+stimulation in the word scarlet, and pleasure in the words lucid and
+liquid. The word garden is a never ceasing delight; it seems to me
+Oriental; perhaps I have a transmitted sense from my grandmother Eve of
+the Garden of Eden. I like the words, a Garden of Olives, a Garden of
+Herbs, the Garden of the Gods, a Garden enclosed, Philosophers of the
+Garden, the Garden of the Lord. As I have written on gardens, and
+thought on gardens, and walked in gardens, "the very music of the name
+has gone into my being." How beautiful are Cardinal Newman's words:--
+
+     "By a garden is meant mystically a place of spiritual repose,
+     stillness, peace, refreshment, delight."
+
+There was, in Gerarde's day, no fixed botanical nomenclature of any of
+the parts or attributes of a plant. Without using botanical terms, try
+to describe a plant so as to give an exact notion of it to a person who
+has never seen it, then try to find common words to describe hundreds of
+plants; you will then admire the vocabulary of the old herbalist, his
+"fresh English words," for you will find that it needs the most dextrous
+use of words to convey accurately the figure of a flower. That felicity
+and facility Gerarde had; "a bleak white color"--how clearly you see it!
+The Water Lily had "great round leaves like a buckler." The Cat-tail
+Flags "flower and bear their mace or torch in July and August." One
+plant had "deeply gashed leaves." The Marigold had "fat thick crumpled
+leaves set upon a gross and spongious stalke." Here is the Wake-robin,
+"a long hood in proportion like the ear of a hare, in middle of which
+hood cometh forth a pestle or clapper of a dark murry or pale purple
+color." The leaves of the Corn-marigold are "much hackt and cut into
+divers sections and placed confusedly." Another plant had leaves of "an
+overworne green," and Pansy leaves were "a bleak green." The leaves of
+Tansy are also vividly described as "infinitely jagged and nicked and
+curled with all like unto a plume of feathers."
+
+[Illustration: The Garden's Friend.]
+
+The classification and naming of flowers was much thought and written
+upon from Gerarde's day, until the great work of Linnæus was finished.
+Some very original schemes were devised. _The Curious and Profitable
+Gardner_, printed in 1730, suggested this plan: That all plants should
+be named to indicate their color, and that the initials of their names
+should be the initials of their respective colors; thus if a plant were
+named William the Conqueror it would indicate that the name was of a
+white flower with crimson lines or shades. "Virtuous Oreada would
+indicate a violet and orange flower; Charming Phyllis or Curious
+Plotinus a crimson and purple blossom." S. was to indicate Black or
+Sable, and what letter was Scarlet to have? The "curious ingenious
+Gentleman" who published this plan urged also the giving of "pompous
+names" as more dignified; and he made the assertion that French and
+Flemish "Flowerists" had adopted his system.
+
+[Illustration: Edging of Striped Lilies in a Salem Garden.]
+
+These were all forerunners of Ruskin, with his poetical notions of plant
+nomenclature, such as this; that feminine forms of names ending in _a_
+(as Prunella, Campanula, Salvia, Kalmia) and _is_ (Iris, Amarylis)
+should be given only to plants "that are pretty and good"; and that real
+names, Lucia, Clarissa, etc., be also given. Masculine names in _us_
+should be given to plants of masculine qualities,--strength, force,
+stubbornness; neuter endings in _um_, given to plants indicative of evil
+or death.
+
+I have a fancy anent many old-time flower names that they are also the
+names of persons. I think of them as persons bearing various traits and
+characteristics. On the other hand, many old English Christian names
+seem so suited for flowers, that they might as well stand for flowers as
+for persons. Here are a few of these quaint old names, Collet, Colin,
+Emmot, Issot, Doucet, Dobinet, Cicely, Audrey, Amice, Hilary, Bryde,
+Morrice, Tyffany, Amery, Nowell, Ellice, Digory, Avery, Audley, Jacomin,
+Gillian, Petronille, Gresel, Joyce, Lettice, Cibell, Avice, Cesselot,
+Parnell, Renelsha. Do they not "smell sweet to the ear"? The names of
+flowers are often given as Christian names. Children have been
+christened by the names Dahlia, Clover, Hyacinth, Asphodel, Verbena,
+Mignonette, Pansy, Heartsease, Daisy, Zinnia, Fraxinella, Poppy,
+Daffodil, Hawthorn.
+
+What power have the old English names of garden flowers, to unlock old
+memories, as have the flowers themselves! Dr. Earle writes, "The
+fascination of plant names is founded on two instincts; love of Nature,
+and curiosity about Language." To these I should add an equally strong
+instinct in many persons--their sensitiveness to associations.
+
+I am never more filled with a sense of the delight of old English
+plant-names than when I read the liquid verse of Spenser:--
+
+    "Bring hether the pincke and purple Cullembine
+            ... with Gellifloures,
+     Bring hether Coronations and Sops-in-wine
+            Worne of paramours.
+     Sow me the ground with Daffadowndillies
+     And Cowslips and Kingcups and loved Lilies,
+            The pretty Pawnce
+            The Chevisaunce
+     Shall match with the fayre Flour Delice."
+
+Why, the names are a pleasure, though you know not what the Sops-in-wine
+or the Chevisaunce were. Gilliflowers were in the verses of every poet.
+One of scant fame, named Plat, thus sings:--
+
+    "Here spring the goodly Gelofors,
+       Some white, some red in showe;
+     Here pretie Pinks with jagged leaves
+       On rugged rootes do growe;
+     The Johns so sweete in showe and smell,
+       Distinct by colours twaine,
+     About the borders of their beds
+       In seemlie sight remaine."
+
+If there ever existed any difference between Sweet-johns and
+Sweet-williams, it is forgotten now. They have not shared a revival of
+popularity with other old-time favorites. They were one of the "garland
+flowers" of Gerarde's day, and were "esteemed for beauty, to deck up the
+bosoms of the beautiful, and for garlands and crowns of pleasure." In
+the gardens of Hampton Court in the days of King Henry VIII., were
+Sweet-williams, for the plants had been bought by the bushel.
+Sweet-williams are little sung by the poets, and I never knew any one
+to call the Sweet-william her favorite flower, save one person. Old
+residents of Worcester will recall the tiny cottage that stood on the
+corner of Chestnut and Pleasant streets, since the remote years when the
+latter-named street was a post-road. It was occupied during my childhood
+by friends of my mother--a century-old mother, and her ancient unmarried
+daughter. Behind the house stretched one of the most cheerful gardens I
+have ever seen; ever, in my memory, bathed in glowing sunlight and
+color. Of its glories I recall specially the long spires of vivid Bee
+Larkspur, the varied Poppies of wonderful growth, and the rioting
+Sweet-williams. The latter flowers had some sentimental association to
+the older lady, who always asserted with emphasis to all visitors that
+they were her favorite flower. They overran the entire garden, crowding
+the grass plot where the washed garments were hung out to dry, even
+growing in the chinks of the stone steps and between the flat stone
+flagging of the little back yard, where stood the old well with its
+moss-covered bucket. They spread under the high board fence and appeared
+outside on Chestnut Street; and they extended under the dense Lilac
+bushes and Cedars and down the steep grass bank and narrow steps to
+Pleasant Street. The seed was carefully gathered, especially of one
+glowing crimson beauty, the color of the Mullein Pink, and a gift of it
+was highly esteemed by other garden owners. Old herbals say the
+Sweet-williams are "worthy the Respect of the Greatest Ladies who are
+Lovers of Flowers." They certainly had the respect and love of these
+two old ladies, who were truly Lovers of Flowers.
+
+[Illustration: Garden Seat at Avonwood Court.]
+
+I recall an objection made to Sweet-williams, by some one years ago,
+that they were of no use or value save in the garden; that they could
+never be combined in bouquets, nor did they arrange well in vases. It is
+a place of honor, some of us believe, to be a garden flower as well as a
+vase flower. This garden was the only one I knew when a child which
+contained plants of Love-lies-bleeding--it had even then been deemed
+old-fashioned and out of date. And it also held a few Sunflowers, which
+had not then had a revival of attention, and seemed as obsolete as the
+Love-lies-bleeding. The last-named flower I always disliked, a
+shapeless, gawky creature, described in florists' catalogues and like
+publications as "an effective plant easily attaining to a splendid form
+bearing many plume-tufts of rich lustrous crimson." It is the "immortal
+amarant" chosen by Milton to crown the celestial beings in _Paradise
+Lost_. Poor angels! they have had many trying vagaries of attire
+assigned to them.
+
+I can contribute to plant lore one fantastic notion in regard to
+Love-lies-bleeding--though I can find no one who can confirm this memory
+of my childhood. I recall distinctly expressions of surprise and regret
+that these two old people in Worcester should retain the
+Love-lies-bleeding in their garden, because "the house would surely be
+struck with lightning." Perhaps this fancy contributed to the exile of
+the flower from gardens.
+
+[Illustration: Terraced Garden of the Misses Nichols, Salem,
+Massachusetts.]
+
+There be those who write, and I suppose they believe, that a love of
+Nature and perception of her beauties and a knowledge of flowers, are
+the dower of those who are country born and bred; by which is meant
+reared upon a farm. I have not found this true. Farm children have
+little love for Nature and are surprisingly ignorant about wild flowers,
+save a very few varieties. The child who is garden bred has a happier
+start in life, a greater love and knowledge of Nature. It is a principle
+of Froebel that one must limit a child's view in order to coördinate his
+perceptions. That is precisely what is done in a child's regard of
+Nature by his life in a garden; his view is limited and he learns to
+know garden flowers and birds and insects thoroughly, when the vast and
+bewildering variety of field and forest would have remained
+unappreciated by him.
+
+It is a distressing condition of the education of farmers, that they
+know so little about the country. The man knows about his crops and his
+wife about the flowers, herbs, and vegetables of her garden; but no
+countrymen know the names of wild flowers--and few countrywomen, save of
+medicinal herbs. I asked one farmer the name of a brilliant autumnal
+flower whose intense purple was then unfamiliar to me--the Devil's-bit.
+He answered, "Them's Woilets." Violet is the only word in which the
+initial V is ever changed to W by native New Englanders. Every pink or
+crimson flower is a Pink. Spring blossoms are "Mayflowers." A frequent
+answer is, "Those ain't flowers, they're weeds." They are more knowing
+as to trees, though shaky about the evergreen trees, having little idea
+of varieties and inclined to call many Spruce. They know little about
+the reasons for names of localities, or of any historical traditions
+save those of the Revolution. One exclaims in despair, "No one in the
+country knows anything about the country."
+
+This is no recent indifference and ignorance; Susan Cooper wrote in her
+_Rural Hours_ in 1848:--
+
+     "When we first made acquaintance with the flowers of the
+     neighborhood we asked grown persons--learned perhaps in many
+     matters--the common names of plants they must have seen all their
+     lives, and we found they were no wiser than the children or
+     ourselves. It is really surprising how little country people know
+     on such subjects. Farmers and their wives can tell you nothing on
+     these matters. The men are at fault even among the trees on their
+     own farms, if they are at all out of the common way; and as for
+     smaller native plants, they know less about them than Buck or
+     Brindle, their own oxen."
+
+[Illustration: Kitchen Dooryard at Wilbour Farm, Kingston, Rhode
+Island.]
+
+In that delightful book, _The Rescue of an Old Place_, the author has a
+chapter on the love of flowers in America. It was written anent the
+everpresent statements seen in metropolitan print that Americans do not
+love flowers because they are used among the rich and fashionable in
+large cities for extravagant display rather than for enjoyment; and that
+we accept botanical names for our indigenous plants instead of calling
+them by homely ones such as familiar flowers are known by in older
+lands.
+
+Two more foolish claims could scarcely be made. In the first place, the
+doings of fashionable folk in large cities are fortunately far from
+being a national index or habit. Secondly, in ancient lands the people
+named the flowers long before there were botanists, here the botanists
+found the flowers and named them for the people. Moreover, country folk
+in New England and even in the far West call flowers by pretty
+folk-names, if they call them at all, just as in Old England.
+
+The fussing over the use of the scientific Latin names for plants
+apparently will never cease; many of these Latin names are very
+pleasant, have become so from constant usage, and scarcely seem Latin;
+thus Clematis, Tiarella, Rhodora, Arethusa, Campanula, Potentilla,
+Hepatica. When I know the folk-names of flowers I always speak thus of
+them--and _to them_; but I am grateful too for the scientific
+classification and naming, as a means of accurate distinction. For any
+flower student quickly learns that the same English folk-name is given
+in different localities to very different plants. For instance, the name
+Whiteweed is applied to ten different plants; there are in England ten
+or twelve Cuckoo-flowers, and twenty-one Bachelor's Buttons. Such names
+as Mayflower, Wild Pink, Wild Lily, Eyebright, Toad-flax, Ragged Robin,
+None-so-pretty, Lady's-fingers, Four-o'clocks, Redweed, Buttercups,
+Butterflower, Cat's-tail, Rocket, Blue-Caps, Creeping-jenny, Bird's-eye,
+Bluebells, apply to half a dozen plants.
+
+The old folk-names are not definite, but they are delightful; they tell
+of mythology and medicine, of superstitions and traditions; they show
+trains of relationship, and associations; in fact, they appeal more to
+the philologist and antiquarian than to the botanist. Among all the
+languages which contribute to the variety and picturesqueness of English
+plant names, Dr. Prior deems Maple the only one surviving from the
+Celtic language. Gromwell and Wormwood may possibly be added.
+
+[Illustration: "A running ribbon of perfumed snow which the sun is
+melting rapidly."]
+
+There are some Anglo-Saxon words; among them Hawthorn and Groundsel.
+French, Dutch, and Danish names are many, Arabic and Persian are more.
+Many plant names are dedicatory; they embody the names of the saints and
+a few the names of the Deity. Our Lady's Flowers are many and
+interesting; my daughter wrote a series of articles for the _New York
+Evening Post_ on Our Lady's Flowers, and the list swelled to a
+surprising number. The devil and witches have their shares of flowers,
+as have the fairies.
+
+I have always regretted deeply that our botanists neglected an
+opportunity of great enrichment in plant nomenclature when they ignored
+the Indian names of our native plants, shrubs, and trees. The first
+names given these plants were not always planned by botanists; they were
+more often invented in loving memory of English plants, or sometimes
+from a fancied resemblance to those plants. They did give the
+wonderfully descriptive name of Moccasin-flower to that creature of the
+wild-woods; and a far more appropriate title it is than Lady's-slipper,
+but it is not as well known. I have never found the Lady's-slipper as
+beautiful a flower as do nearly all my friends, as did my father and
+mother, and I was pleased at Ruskin's sharp comment that such a slipper
+was only fit for very gouty old toes.
+
+Pappoose-root utilizes another Indian word. Very few Indian plant names
+were adopted by the white men, fewer still have been adopted by the
+scientists. The _Catalpa speciosa_ (Catalpa); the _Zea mays_ (Maize);
+and _Yucca filamentosa_ (Yucca), are the only ones I know. Chinkapin,
+Cohosh, Hackmatack, Kinnikinnik, Tamarack, Persimmon, Tupelo, Squash,
+Puccoon, Pipsissewa, Musquash, Pecan, the Scuppernong and Catawba
+grapes, are our only well-known Indian plant names that survive. Of
+these Maize, the distinctive product of the United States, will ever
+link us with the vanishing Indian. It will be noticed that only Puccoon,
+Cohosh, Pipsissewa, Hackmatack, and Yucca are names of flowering plants;
+of these Yucca is the only one generally known. I am glad our stately
+native trees, Tupelo, Hickory, Catalpa, bear Indian names.
+
+A curious example of persistence, when so much else has perished, is
+found in the word "Kiskatomas," the shellbark nut. This Algonquin word
+was heard everywhere in the state of New York sixty years ago, and is
+not yet obsolete in families of Dutch descent who still care for the nut
+itself.
+
+We could very well have preserved many Indian names, among them
+Hiawatha's
+
+    "Beauty of the springtime,
+     The Miskodeed in blossom,"
+
+I think Miskodeed a better name than Claytonia or Spring Beauty. The
+Onondaga Indians had a suggestive name for the Marsh Marigold,
+"It-opens-the-swamps," which seems to show you the yellow stars "shining
+in swamps and hollows gray." The name Cowslip has been transferred to it
+in some localities in New England, which is not strange when we find
+that the flower has fifty-six English folk-names; among them are
+Drunkards, Crazy Bet, Meadow-bright, Publicans and Sinners, Soldiers'
+Buttons, Gowans, Kingcups, and Buttercups. Our Italian street venders
+call them Buttercups. In erudite Boston, in sight of Boston Common, the
+beautiful Fringed Gentian is not only called, but labelled, French
+Gentian. To hear a lovely bunch of the Arethusa called Swamp Pink is not
+so strange. The Sabbatia grows in its greatest profusion in the vicinity
+of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and is called locally, "The Rose of
+Plymouth." It is sold during its season of bloom in the streets of that
+town and is used to dress the churches. Its name was given to honor an
+early botanist, Tiberatus Sabbatia, but in Plymouth there is an almost
+universal belief that it was named because the Pilgrims of 1620 first
+saw the flower on the Sabbath day. It thus is regarded as a religious
+emblem, and strong objection is made to mingling other flowers with it
+in church decoration. This legend was invented about thirty years ago by
+a man whose name is still remembered as well as his work.
+
+[Illustration: Fountain Garden at Sylvester Manor.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+TUSSY-MUSSIES
+
+     "There be some flowers make a delicious Tussie-Mussie or Nosegay
+     both for Sight and Smell."
+
+     --JOHN PARKINSON, _A Garden of all Sorts of Pleasant Flowers_, 1629.
+
+
+No following can be more productive of a study and love of word
+derivations and allied word meanings than gardening. An interest in
+flowers and in our English tongue go hand in hand. The old mediæval word
+at the head of this chapter has a full explanation by Nares as "A
+nosegay, a tuzzie-muzzie, a sweet posie." The old English form,
+_tussy-mose_ was allied with _tosty_, a bouquet, _tuss_ and _tusk_, a
+wisp, as of hay, _tussock_, and _tutty_, a nosegay. Thomas Campion
+wrote:--
+
+    "Joan can call by name her cows,
+     And deck her windows with green boughs;
+     She can wreathes and tuttyes make,
+     And trim with plums a bridal cake."
+
+Tussy-mussy was not a colloquial word; it was found in serious, even in
+religious, text. A tussy-mussy was the most beloved of nosegays, and was
+often made of flowers mingled with sweet-scented leaves.
+
+My favorite tussy-mussy, if made of flowers, would be of Wood Violet,
+Cabbage Rose, and Clove Pink. These are all beautiful flowers, but many
+of our most delightful fragrances do not come from flowers of gay dress;
+even these three are not showy flowers; flowers of bold color and growth
+are not apt to be sweet-scented; and all flower perfumes of great
+distinction, all that are unique, are from blossoms of modest color and
+bearing. The Calycanthus, called Virginia Allspice, Sweet Shrub, or
+Strawberry bush, has what I term a perfume of distinction, and its
+flowers are neither fine in shape, color, nor quality.
+
+I have often tried to define to myself the scent of the Calycanthus
+blooms; they have an aromatic fragrance somewhat like the ripest
+Pineapples of the tropics, but still richer; how I love to carry them in
+my hand, crushed and warm, occasionally holding them tight over my mouth
+and nose to fill myself with their perfume. The leaves have a similar,
+but somewhat varied and sharper, scent, and the woody stems another; the
+latter I like to nibble. This flower has an element of mystery in
+it--that indescribable quality felt by children, and remembered by
+prosaic grown folk. Perhaps its curious dark reddish brown tint may have
+added part of the queerness, since the "Mourning Bride," similar in
+color, has a like mysterious association. I cannot explain these
+qualities to any one not a garden-bred child; and as given in the
+chapter entitled The Mystery of Flowers, they will appear to many,
+fanciful and unreal--but I have a fraternity who will understand, and
+who will know that it was this same undefinable quality that made a
+branch of Strawberry bush, or a handful of its stemless blooms, a gift
+significant of interest and intimacy; we would not willingly give
+Calycanthus blossoms to a child we did not like, or to a stranger.
+
+[Illustration: Hawthorn Arch at Holly House, Peace Dale, Rhode Island.
+Home of Rowland G. Hazard, Esq.]
+
+A rare perfume floats from the modest yellow Flowering Currant. I do not
+see this sweet and sightly shrub in many modern gardens, and it is our
+loss. The crowding bees are goodly and cheerful, and the flowers are
+pleasant, but the perfume is of the sort you can truly say you love it;
+its aroma is like some of the liqueurs of the old monks.
+
+The greatest pleasure in flower perfumes comes to us through the first
+flowers of spring. How we breathe in their sweetness! Our native wild
+flowers give us the most delicate odors. The Mayflower is, I believe,
+the only wild flower for which all country folk of New England have a
+sincere affection; it is not only a beautiful, an enchanting flower, but
+it is so fresh, so balmy of bloom. It has the delicacy of texture and
+form characteristic of many of our native spring blooms, Hepatica,
+Anemone, Spring Beauty, Polygala.
+
+The Arethusa was one of the special favorites of my father and mother,
+who delighted in its exquisite fragrance. Hawthorne said of it: "One of
+the delicatest, gracefullest, and in every manner sweetest of the whole
+race of flowers. For a fortnight past I have found it in the swampy
+meadows, growing up to its chin in heaps of wet moss. Its hue is a
+delicate pink, of various depths of shade, and somewhat in the form of a
+Grecian helmet."
+
+It pleases me to fancy that Hawthorne was like the Arethusa, that it was
+a fit symbol of the nature of our greatest New England genius. Perfect
+in grace and beauty, full of sentiment, classic and elegant of shape, it
+has a shrinking heart; the sepals and petals rise over it and shield it,
+and the whole flower is shy and retiring, hiding in marshes and quaking
+bogs.
+
+It is one of our flowers which we ever regard singly, as an individual,
+a rare and fine spirit; we never think of it as growing in an expanse or
+even in groups. This lovely flower has, as Landor said of the flower of
+the vine, "a scent so delicate that it requires a sigh to inhale it."
+
+The faintest flower scents are the best. You find yourself longing for
+just a little more, and you bury your face in the flowers and try to
+draw out a stronger breath of balm. Apple blossoms, certain Violets, and
+Pansies have this pale perfume.
+
+In the front yard of my childhood's home grew a Larch, an exquisitely
+graceful tree, one now little planted in Northern climates. I recall
+with special delight the faint fragrance of its early shoots. The next
+tree was a splendid pink Hawthorn. What a day of mourning it was when it
+had to be cut down, for trees had been planted so closely that many must
+be sacrificed as years went on and all grew in stature.
+
+There are some smells that are strangely pleasing to the country lover
+which are neither from fragrant flower nor leaf; one is the scent of the
+upturned earth, most heartily appreciated in early spring. The smell of
+a ploughed field is perhaps the best of all earthy scents, though what
+Bliss Carman calls "the racy smell of the forest loam" is always good.
+Another is the burning of weeds of garden rakings,
+
+                    "The spicy smoke
+    Of withered weeds that burn where gardens be."
+
+A garden "weed-smother" always makes me think of my home garden, and my
+father, who used to stand by this burning weed-heap, raking in the
+withered leaves. Many such scents are pleasing chiefly through the power
+of association.
+
+[Illustration: Thyme-covered Graves.]
+
+The sense of smell in its psychological relations is most subtle:--
+
+    "The subtle power in perfume found,
+       Nor priest nor sibyl vainly learned;
+     On Grecian shrine or Aztec mound
+       No censer idly burned.
+
+    "And Nature holds in wood and field
+       Her thousand sunlit censers still;
+     To spells of flower and shrub we yield
+       Against or with our will."
+
+Dr. Holmes notes that memory, imagination, sentiment, are most readily
+touched through the sense of smell. He tells of the associations borne
+to him by the scent of Marigold, of Life-everlasting, of an herb
+closet.
+
+Notwithstanding all these tributes to sweet scents and to the sense of
+smell, it is not deemed, save in poetry, wholly meet to dwell much on
+smells, even pleasant ones. To all who here sniff a little disdainfully
+at a whole chapter given to flower scents, let me repeat the Oriental
+proverb:--
+
+    "To raise Flowers is a Common Thing,
+     God alone gives them Fragrance."
+
+Balmier far, and more stimulating and satisfying than the perfumes of
+most blossoms, is the scent of aromatic or balsamic leaves, of herbs, of
+green growing things. Sweetbrier, says Thoreau, is thus "thrice crowned:
+in fragrant leaf, tinted flower, and glossy fruit." Every spring we
+long, as Whittier wrote--
+
+    "To come to Bayberry scented slopes,
+       And fragrant Fern and Groundmat vine,
+     Breathe airs blown o'er holt and copse,
+       Sweet with black Birch and Pine."
+
+All these scents of holt and copse are dear to New Englanders.
+
+I have tried to explain the reason for the charm to me of growing Thyme.
+It is not its beautiful perfume, its clear vivid green, its tiny fresh
+flowers, or the element of historic interest. Alphonse Karr gives
+another reason, a sentiment of gratitude. He says:--
+
+     "Thyme takes upon itself to embellish the parts of the earth which
+     other plants disdain. If there is an arid, stony, dry soil, burnt
+     up by the sun, it is there Thyme spreads its charming green beds,
+     perfumed, close, thick, elastic, scattered over with little balls
+     of blossom, pink in color, and of a delightful freshness."
+
+Thyme was, in older days, spelt Thime and Time. This made the poet call
+it "pun-provoking Thyme." I have an ancient recipe from an old herbal
+for "Water of Time to ease the Passions of the Heart." This remedy is
+efficacious to-day, whether you spell it time or thyme.
+
+There are shown on page 301 some lonely graves in the old Moravian
+burying-ground in Bethlehem, overgrown with the pleasant perfumed Thyme.
+And as we stand by their side we think with a half smile--a tender
+one--of the never-failing pun of the old herbalists.
+
+Spenser called Thyme "bee-alluring," "honey-laden." It was the symbol of
+sweetness; and the Thyme that grew on the sunny slopes of Mt. Hymettus
+gave to the bees the sweetest and most famed of all honey. The plant
+furnished physic as well as perfume and puns and honey. Pliny named
+eighteen sovereign remedies made from Thyme. These cured everything from
+the "bite of poysonful spidars" to "the Apoplex." There were so many
+recipes in the English _Compleat Chirurgeon_, and similar medical books,
+that you would fancy venomous spiders were as thick as gnats in England.
+These spider cure-alls are however simply a proof that the recipes were
+taken from dose-books of Pliny and various Roman physicians, with whom
+spider bites were more common and more painful than in England.
+
+_The Haven of Health_, written in 1366, with a special view to the
+curing of "Students," says that Wild Thyme has a great power to drive
+away heaviness of mind, "to purge melancholly and splenetick humours."
+And the author recommends to "sup the leaves with eggs." The leaves were
+used everywhere "to be put in puddings and such like meates, so that in
+divers places Thime was called Pudding-grass." Pudding in early days was
+the stuffing of meat and poultry, while concoctions of eggs, milk,
+flour, sugar, etc., like our modern puddings, were called whitpot.
+
+Many traditions hang around Thyme. It was used widely in incantations
+and charms. It was even one of the herbs through whose magic power you
+could see fairies. Here is a "Choice Proven Secret made Known" from the
+Ashmolean Mss.
+
+     How to see Fayries
+
+     "Rx. A pint of Sallet-Oyle and put it into a
+     vial-glasse but first wash it with Rose-water and Marygolde-water
+     the Flowers to be gathered toward the East. Wash it until teh Oyle
+     come white. Then put it in the glasse, _ut supra_: Then put thereto
+     the budds of Holyhocke, the flowers of Marygolde, the flowers or
+     toppers of Wild Thyme, the budds of young Hazle: and the time must
+     be gathered neare the side of a Hill where Fayries used to be: and
+     take the grasse off a Fayrie throne. Then all these put into the
+     Oyle into the Glasse, and sette it to dissolve three dayes in the
+     Sunne and then keep for thy use _ut supra_."
+
+[Illustration: "White Umbrellas of Elder."]
+
+"I know a bank whereon the Wild Thyme blows"--it is not in old England,
+but on Long Island; the dense clusters of tiny aromatic flowers form a
+thick cushioned carpet under our feet. Lord Bacon says in his essay on
+Gardens:--
+
+     "Those which perfume the air most delightfully, not passed by as
+     the rest, but being trodden upon and crushed are three: that is,
+     Burnet, Wild Thyme, and Water-Mints. Therefore you are to set whole
+     alleys of them, to have the pleasure when you walk or tread."
+
+Here we have an alley of Thyme, set by nature, for us to tread upon and
+enjoy, though Thyme always seems to me so classic a plant, that it is
+far too fine to walk upon; one ought rather to sleep and dream upon it.
+
+Great bushes of Elder, another flower of witchcraft, grow and blossom
+near my Thyme bank. Old Thomas Browne, as long ago as 1685 called the
+Elder bloom "white umbrellas"--which has puzzled me much, since we are
+told to assign the use and knowledge of umbrellas in England to a much
+later date; perhaps he really wrote umbellas. Now it is a well-known
+fact--sworn to in scores of old herbals, that any one who stands on Wild
+Thyme, by the side of an Elder bush, on Midsummer Eve, will "see great
+experiences"; his eyes will be opened, his wits quickened, his vision
+clarified; and some have even seen fairies, pixies--Shakespeare's
+elves--sporting over the Thyme at their feet.
+
+I shall not tell whom I saw walking on my Wild Thyme bank last Midsummer
+Eve. I did not need the Elder bush to open my eyes. I watched the twain
+strolling back and forth in the half-light, and I heard snatches of talk
+as they walked toward me, and I lost the responses as they turned from
+me. At last, in a louder voice:--
+
+     HE. "What is this jolly smell all around here? Just like a
+     mint-julep! Some kind of a flower?"
+
+     SHE. "It's Thyme, Wild Thyme; it has run into the edge of the lawn
+     from the field, and is just ruining the grass."
+
+     HE (_stooping to pick it_). "Why, so it is. I thought it came from
+     that big white flower over there by the hedge."
+
+     SHE. "No, that is Elder."
+
+     HE (_after a pause_). "I had to learn a lot of old Arnold's poetry
+     at school once, or in college, and there was some just like
+     to-night:--
+
+    "'The evening comes--the fields are still,
+     The tinkle of the thirsty rill,
+     Unheard all day, ascends again.
+     Deserted is the half-mown plain,
+     And from the Thyme upon the height,
+     And from the Elder-blossom white,
+     And pale Dog Roses in the hedge,
+     And from the Mint-plant in the sedge,
+     In puffs of balm the night air blows
+     The perfume which the day foregoes--
+     And on the pure horizon far
+     See pulsing with the first-born star
+     The liquid light above the hill.
+     The evening comes--the fields are still.'"
+
+Then came the silence and half-stiffness which is ever apt to follow any
+long quotation, especially any rare recitation of verse by those who are
+notoriously indifferent to the charms of rhyme and rhythm, and are of
+another sex than the listener. It seems to indicate an unusual condition
+of emotion, to be a sort of barometer of sentiment, and the warning of
+threatening weather was not unheeded by her; hence her response was
+somewhat nervous in utterance, and instinctively perverse and
+contradictory.
+
+     SHE. "That line, 'The liquid light above the hill,' is very lovely,
+     but I can't see that it's any of it at all like to-night."
+
+     HE (_stoutly and resentfully_). "Oh, no! not at all! There's the
+     field, all still, and here's Thyme, and Elder, and there are wild
+     Roses!--and see! the moon is coming up--so there's your liquid
+     light."
+
+     SHE. "Well! Yes, perhaps it is; at any rate it is a lovely night.
+     You've read _Lavengro_? No? Certainly you must have heard of it.
+     The gipsy in it says: 'Life is sweet, brother. There's day and
+     night, brother, both sweet things; sun, moon, and stars, brother,
+     all sweet things; there is likewise a wind on the heath.'"
+
+     HE (_dubiously_). "That's rather queer poetry, if it is poetry--and
+     you must know I do not like to hear you call me brother."
+
+Whereupon I discreetly betrayed my near presence on the piazza, to prove
+that the field, though still, was not deserted. And soon the twain said
+they would walk to the club house to view the golf prizes; and they left
+the Wild Thyme and Elder blossoms white, and turned their backs on the
+moon, and fell to golf and other eminently unromantic topics, far safer
+for Midsummer Eve than poesy and other sweet things.
+
+[Illustration: Lower Garden at Sylvester Manor.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+JOAN SILVER-PIN
+
+     "Being of many variable colours, and of great beautie, although of
+     evill smell, our gentlewomen doe call them Jone Silver-pin."
+
+     --JOHN GERARDE, _Herball_, 1596.
+
+
+Garden Poppies were the Joan Silver-pin of Gerarde, stigmatized also by
+Parkinson as "Jone Silver-pinne, _subauditur_; faire without and foule
+within." In Elizabeth's day Poppies met universal distrust and aversion,
+as being the source of the dreaded opium. Spenser called the flower
+"dead-sleeping" Poppy; Morris "the black heart, amorous Poppy"--which
+might refer to the black spots in the flower's heart.
+
+Clare, in his _Shepherd's Calendar_ also asperses them:--
+
+    "Corn-poppies, that in crimson dwell,
+     Called Head-aches from their sickly smell."
+
+Forby adds this testimony: "Any one by smelling of it for a very short
+time may convince himself of the propriety of the name." Some fancied
+that the dazzle of color caused headaches--that vivid scarlet, so fine
+a word as well as color that it is annoying to hear the poets change it
+to crimson.
+
+[Illustration: "Black Heart, Amorous Poppies."]
+
+This regard of and aversion to the Poppy lingered among elderly folks
+till our own day; and I well recall the horror of a visitor of antique
+years in our mother's garden during our childhood, when we were found
+cheerfully eating Poppy seeds. She viewed us with openly expressed
+apprehension that we would fall into a stupor; and quite terrified us
+and our relatives, in spite of our assertions that we "always ate them,"
+which indeed we always did and do to this day; and very pleasant of
+taste they are, and of absolutely no effect, and not at all of evil
+smell to our present fancy, either in blossom or seed, though distinctly
+medicinal in odor.
+
+Returned missionaries were frequent and honored visitors in our town and
+our house in those days; and one of these good men reassured us and
+reinstated in favor our uncanny feast by telling us that in the East,
+Poppy seeds were eaten everywhere, and were frequently baked with
+wheaten flour into cakes. A dislike of the scent of Field Poppies is
+often found among English folk. The author of _A World in a Garden_
+speaks in disgust of "the pungent and sickly odor of the flaring
+Poppies--they positively nauseate me"; but then he disliked their color
+too.
+
+There is something very fine about a Poppy, in the extraordinary
+combination of boldness of color and great size with its slender
+delicacy of stem, the grace of the set of the beautiful buds, the fine
+turn of the flower as it opens, and the wonderful airiness of poise of
+so heavy a flower. The silkiness of tissue of the petals, and their
+semi-transparency in some colors, and the delicate fringes of some
+varieties, are great charms.
+
+    "Each crumpled crêpe-like leaf is soft as silk;
+       Long, long ago the children saw them there,
+     Scarlet and rose, with fringes white as milk,
+       And called them 'shawls for fairies' dainty wear';
+     They were not finer, those laid safe away
+       In that low attic, neath the brown, warm eaves."
+
+And when the flowers have shed, oh, so lightly! their silken petals,
+there is still another beauty, a seed vessel of such classic shape that
+it wears a crown.
+
+I have always rejoiced in the tributes paid to the Poppy by Ruskin and
+Mrs. Thaxter. She deemed them the most satisfactory flower among the
+annuals "for wondrous variety, certain picturesque qualities, for color
+and form, and a subtle air of mystery."
+
+There is a line of Poppy colors which is most entrancing; the gray,
+smoke color, lavender, mauve, and lilac Poppies, edged often and freaked
+with tints of red, are rarely beautiful things. There are fine white
+Poppies, some fringed, some single, some double--the Bride is the
+appropriate name of the fairest. And the pinks of Poppies, that
+wonderful red-pink, and a shell-pink that is almost salmon, and the
+sunset pinks of our modern Shirley Poppies, with quality like finest
+silken gauze! The story of the Shirley Poppies is one of magic, that a
+flower-loving clergyman who in 1882 sowed the seed of one specially
+beautiful Poppy which had no black in it, and then sowed those of its
+fine successors, produced thus a variety which has supplied the world
+with beauty. Rev. Mr. Wilks, their raiser, gives these simply worded
+rules anent his Shirley Poppies:--
+
+     "1, They are single; 2, always have a white base; 3, with yellow or
+     white stamens, anthers, or pollen; 4, and never have the smallest
+     particle of black about them."
+
+The thought of these successful and beautiful Poppies is very
+stimulating to flower raisers of moderate means, with no profound
+knowledge of flowers; it shows what can be done by enthusiasm and
+application and patience. It gives something of the same comfort found
+in Keats's fine lines to the singing thrush:--
+
+        "Oh! fret not after knowledge.
+    I have none, _and yet the evening listens_."
+
+Notwithstanding all this distinction and beauty, these fine things of
+the garden were dubbed Joan Silver-pin. I wonder who Joan Silver-pin
+was! I have searched faithfully for her, but have not been able to get
+on the right scent. Was she of real life, or fiction? I have looked
+through the lists of characters of contemporary plays, and read a few
+old jest books and some short tales of that desperately colorless sort,
+wherein you read page after page of the printed words with as little
+absorption of signification as if they were Choctaw. But never have I
+seen Joan Silver-pin's name; it was a bit of Elizabethan slang, I
+suspect,--a cant term once well known by every one, now existing solely
+through this chance reference of the old herbalists.
+
+[Illustration: Valerian.]
+
+No garden can aspire to be named An Old-fashioned Garden unless it
+contains that beautiful plant the Garden Valerian, known throughout New
+England to-day as Garden Heliotrope; as Setwall it grew in every old
+garden, as it was in every pharmacopoeia. It was termed
+"drink-quickening Setuale" by Spenser, from the universal use of its
+flowers to flavor various enticing drinks. Its lovely blossoms are
+pinkish in bud and open to pure white; its curiously penetrating
+vanilla-like fragrance is disliked by many who are not cats. I find it
+rather pleasing of scent when growing in the garden, and not at all like
+the extremely nasty-smelling medicine which is made from it, and which
+has been used for centuries for "histerrick fits," and is still
+constantly prescribed to-day for that unsympathized-with malady. Dr.
+Holmes calls it, "Valerian, calmer of hysteric squirms." It is a
+stately plant when in tall flower in June; my sister had great clumps of
+bloom like the ones shown above, but alas! the cats caught them before
+the photographer did. The cats did not have to watch the wind and sun
+and rain, to pick out plates and pack plate-holders, and gather
+ray-fillers and cloth and lens, and adjust the tripod, and fix the
+camera and focus, and think, and focus, and think, and then wait--till
+the wind ceased blowing. So when they found it, they broke down every
+slender stalk and rolled in it till the ground was tamped down as hard
+as if one of our lazy road-menders had been at it. Valerian has in
+England as an appropriate folk name, "Cats'-fancy." The pretty little
+annual, Nemophila, makes also a favorite rolling-place for our cat;
+while all who love cats have given them Catnip and seen the singular
+intoxication it brings. The sight of a cat in this strange ecstasy over
+a bunch of Catnip always gives me a half-sense of fear; she becomes such
+a truly wild creature, such a miniature tiger.
+
+In _The Art of Gardening_, by J. W., Gent., 1683, the author says of
+Marigolds: "There are divers sorts besides the common as the African
+Marigold, a Fair bigge Yellow Flower, but of a very Naughty Smell." I
+cannot refrain, ere I tell more of the Marigold's naughtiness, to copy a
+note written in this book by a Massachusetts bride whose new husband
+owned and studied the book two hundred years ago; for it gives a little
+glimpse of old-time life. In her exact little handwriting are these
+words:--
+
+     "Planted in Potts, 1720: An Almond Stone, an English Wallnut,
+     Cittron Seeds, Pistachica nutts, Red Damsons, Leamon seeds, Oring
+     seeds and Daits."
+
+Poor Anne! she died before she had time to become any one's grandmother.
+I hope her successor in matrimony, our forbear, cherished her little
+seedlings and rejoiced in the Lemon and Almond trees, though Anne
+herself was so speedily forgotten. She is, however, avenged by Time; for
+she is remembered better than the wife who took her place, through her
+simple flower-loving words.
+
+I am surprised at this aspersion on the Marigold as to its smell, for
+all the traditions of this flower show it to have been a great favorite
+in kitchen gardens; and I have found that elderly folk are very apt to
+like its scent. My father loved the flower and the fragrance, and liked
+to have a bowl of Marigolds stand beside him on his library table. It
+was constantly carried to church as a "Sabbath-day posy," and its petals
+used as flavoring in soups and stews. Charles Lamb said it poisoned
+them. Canon Ellacombe writes that it has been banished in England to the
+gardens of cottages and old farm-houses; it had a waning popularity in
+America, but was never wholly despised.
+
+How Edward Fitzgerald loved the African Marigold! "Its grand color is so
+comfortable to us Spanish-like Paddies," he writes to Fanny Kemble in
+letters punctuated with little references to his garden flowers: letters
+so cheerful, too, with capitals; "I love the old way of Capitals for
+Names," he says--and so do I; letters bearing two surprises, namely, the
+infrequent references to Omar Khayyam; and the fact that Nasturtiums,
+not Roses, were his favorite flower.
+
+The question of the agreeableness of a flower scent is a matter of
+public opinion as well as personal choice. Environment and education
+influence us. In olden times every one liked certain scents deemed
+odious to-day. Parkinson's praise of Sweet Sultans was, "They are of so
+exceeding sweet a scent as it surpasses the best civet that is." Have
+you ever smelt civet? You will need no words to tell you that the civet
+is a little cousin of the skunk. Cowper could not talk with civet in the
+room; most of us could not even breathe. The old herbalists call Privet
+sweet-scented. I don't know that it is strange to find a generation who
+loved civet and musk thinking Privet pleasant-scented. Nearly all our
+modern botanists have copied the words of their predecessors; but I
+scarcely know what to say or to think when I find so exact an observer
+as John Burroughs calling Privet "faintly sweet-scented." I find it
+rankly ill-scented.
+
+The men of Elizabethan days were much more learned in perfumes and
+fonder of them than are most folk to-day. Authors and poets dwelt
+frankly upon them without seeming at all vulgar. Of course herbalists,
+from their choice of subject, were free to write of them at length, and
+they did so with evident delight. Nowadays the French realists are the
+only writers who boldly reckon with the sense of smell. It isn't deemed
+exactly respectable to dwell too much on smells, even pleasant ones; so
+this chapter certainly must be brief.
+
+I suppose nine-tenths of all who love flower scents would give Violets
+as their favorite fragrance; yet how quickly, in the hothouse Violets,
+can the scent become nauseous. I recall one formal luncheon whereat the
+many tables were mightily massed with violets; and though all looked as
+fresh as daybreak to the sight, some must have been gathered for a day
+or more, and the stale odor throughout the room was unbearable. But it
+is scarcely fair to decry a flower because of its scent in decay.
+Shakespeare wrote:--
+
+    "Lilies festered smell far worse than weeds."
+
+Many of our Compositæ are vile after standing in water in vases; Ox-eye
+Daisies, Rudbeckia, Zinnia, Sunflower, and even the wholesome Marigold.
+Delicate as is the scent of the Pansy, the smell of a bed of ancient
+Pansy plants is bad beyond words. The scent of the flowers of
+fruit-bearing trees is usually delightful; but I cannot like the scent
+of Pear blossoms.
+
+I dislike much the rank smell of common yellow Daffodils and of many of
+that family. I can scarcely tolerate them even when freshly picked, upon
+a dinner table. Some of the Jonquils are as sickening within doors as
+the Tuberose, though in both cases it is only because the scent is
+confined that it is cloying. In the open air, at a slight distance, they
+smell as well as many Lilies, and the Poet's Narcissus is deemed by many
+delightful.
+
+[Illustration: Old "War Office."]
+
+I have ever found the scent of Lilacs somewhat imperfect, not well
+rounded, not wholly satisfying; but one of my friends can never find in
+a bunch of our spring Lilacs any odor save that of illuminating gas. I
+do wish he had not told me this! Now when I stand beside my Lilac bush I
+feel like looking around anxiously to see where the gas is escaping.
+Linnæus thought the perfume of Mignonette the purest ambrosia. Another
+thinks that Mignonette has a doggy smell, as have several flowers; this
+is not wholly to their disparagement. Our cocker spaniel is sweeter than
+some flowers, but he is not a Mignonette. There be those who love most
+of all the scent of Heliotrope, which is to me a close, almost musty
+scent. I have even known of one or two who disliked the scent of Roses,
+and the Rose itself has been abhorred. Marie de' Medici would not even
+look at a painting or carving of a Rose. The Chevalier de Guise had a
+loathing for Roses. Lady Heneage, one of the maids of honor to Queen
+Elizabeth, was made very ill by the presence or scent of Roses. This
+illness was not akin to "Rose cold," which is the baneful companion of
+so many Americans, and which can conquer its victims in the most sudden
+and complete manner.
+
+Even my affection for Roses, and my intense love of their fragrance,
+shown in its most ineffable sweetness in the old pink Cabbage Rose, will
+not cause me to be silent as to the scent of some of the Rose sisters.
+Some of the Tea Roses, so lovely of texture, so delicate of hue, are
+sickening; one has a suggestion of ether which is most offensive. "A
+Rose by any other name would smell as sweet," but not if its name (and
+its being) was the Persian Yellow. This beautiful double Rose of rich
+yellow was introduced to our gardens about 1830. It is infrequent now,
+though I find it in florists' lists; and I suspect I know why. Of late
+years I have not seen it, but I have a remembrance of its uprootal from
+our garden. Mrs. Wright confirms my memory by calling it "a horrible
+thing--the Skunk Cabbage of the garden." It smells as if foul insects
+were hidden within it, a disgusting smell. I wonder whether poor Marie
+de' Medici hadn't had a whiff of it. A Persian Rose! it cannot be
+possible that Omar Khayyam ever smelt it, or any of the Rose singers of
+Persia, else their praises would have turned to loathing as they fled
+from its presence. There are two or three yellow Roses which are not
+pleasing, but are not abhorrent as is the Persian Yellow.
+
+One evening last May I walked down the garden path, then by the shadowy
+fence-side toward the barn. I was not wandering in the garden for sweet
+moonlight, for there was none; nor for love of flowers, nor in
+admiration of any of nature's works, for it was very cold; we even spoke
+of frost, as we ever do apprehensively on a chilly night in spring. The
+kitten was lost. She was in the shrubbery at the garden end, for I could
+hear her plaintive yowling; and I thus traced her. I gathered her up,
+purring and clawing, when I heard by my side a cross rustling of leaves
+and another complaining voice. It was the Crown-imperial, unmindful or
+unwitting of my presence, and muttering peevishly: "Here I am, out of
+fashion, and therefore out of the world! torn away from the honored
+border by the front door path, and even set away from the broad garden
+beds, and thrust with sunflowers and other plants of no social position
+whatever down here behind the barn, where, she dares to say, we 'can all
+smell to heaven together.'
+
+"What airs, forsooth! these twentieth century children put on! Smell to
+heaven, indeed! I wish her grandfather could have heard her! He didn't
+make such a fuss about smells when I was young, nor did any one else; no
+one's nose was so over-nice. Every spring when I came up, glorious in my
+dress of scarlet and green, and hung with my jewels of pearls, they were
+all glad to see me and to smell me, too; and well they might be, for
+there was a rotten-appley, old-potatoey smell in the cellar which
+pervaded the whole house when doors were closed. And when the frost came
+up from the ground the old sink drain at the kitchen door rendered up
+to the spring sunshine all the combined vapors of all the dish-water of
+all the winter. The barn and hen-house and cow-house reeked in the
+sunlight, but the pigpen easily conquered them all. There was an ancient
+cesspool far too near the kitchen door, underground and not to be seen,
+but present, nevertheless. A hogshead of rain-water stood at the cellar
+door, and one at the end of the barn--to water the flowers with--they
+fancied rotten rain-water made flowers grow! A foul dye-tub was ever
+reeking in every kitchen chimney corner, a culminating horror in
+stenches; and vessels of ancient soap grease festered in the outer shed,
+the grease collected through the winter and waiting for the spring
+soap-making. The vapor of sour milk, ever present, was of little
+moment--when there was so much else so much worse. There wasn't a
+bath-tub in the grandfather's house, nor in any other house in town, nor
+any too much bathing in winter, either, I am sure, in icy well-water in
+icier sleeping rooms. The windows were carefully closed all winter long,
+but the open fireplaces managed to save the life of the inmates, though
+the walls and rafters were hung with millions of germs which every one
+knows are all the wickeder when they don't smell, because you take no
+care, fancying they are not there. But the grandfather knew naught of
+germs--and was happy. The trees shaded the house so that the roof was
+always damp. Oh, how those germs grew and multiplied in the grateful
+shade of those lovely trees, and how mould and rust rejoiced. Well might
+people turn from all these sights and scents to me. The grandfather and
+his wife, when they were young, as when they were in middle age, and
+when they were old, walked every early spring day at set of sun, slowly
+down the front path, looking at every flower, every bud; pulling a tiny
+weed, gathering a choice flower, breaking a withered sprig; and they
+ever lingered long and happily by my side. And he always said, 'Wife!
+isn't this Crown-imperial a glorious plant? so stately, so perfect in
+form, such an expression of life, and such a personification of spring!'
+'Yes, father,' she would answer quickly, 'but don't pick it.' Why, I
+should have resented even that word had she referred to my perfume. She
+meant that the garden border could not spare me. The children never
+could pick me, even the naughtiest ones did not dare to; but they could
+pull all the little upstart Ladies' Delights and Violets they wished.
+And yet, with all this family homage which should make me a family
+totem, here I am, stuck down by the barn--I, who sprung from the blood
+of a king, the great Gustavus Adolphus--and was sung by a poet two
+centuries ago in the famous _Garland of Julia_. The old Jesuit poet
+Rapin said of me, 'No flower aspires in pomp and state so high.'
+
+"Read this page from that master-herbalist, John Gerarde, telling of the
+rare beauties within my golden cup.
+
+"A very intelligent and respectable old gentleman named Parkinson, who
+knew far more about flowers than flighty folk do nowadays, loved me well
+and wrote of me, 'The Crown-imperial, for its stately beautifulnesse
+deserveth the first place in this our garden of delight to be here
+entreated of before all other Lilies.' He had good sense. It was not I
+who was stigmatized by him as Joan Silver-pin. He spoke very plainly and
+very sensibly of my perfume; there was no nonsense in his notions, he
+told the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth: 'The whole
+plant and every part thereof, as well as rootes as leaves and floures
+doe smell somewhat strong, as it were the savour of a foxe, so that if
+any doe but near it, he can but smell it, yet is not unwholesome.'
+
+"How different all is to-day in literature, as well as in flower
+culture. Now there are low, coarse attempts at wit that fairly wilt a
+sensitive nature like mine. There is one miserable Man who comes to this
+garden, and who _thinks_ he is a Poet; I will not repeat his wretched
+rhymes. But only yesterday, when he stood looking superciliously down
+upon us, he said sneeringly, 'Yes, spring is here, balmy spring; we know
+her presence without seeing her face or hearing her voice; for the Skunk
+Cabbage is unfurled in the swamps, and the Crown-imperial is blooming in
+the garden.' Think of his presuming to set me alongside that low Skunk
+Cabbage--me with my 'stately beautifulness.'
+
+[Illustration: Crown Imperial. A Page from Gerarde's _Herball_.]
+
+"Little do people nowadays know about scents anyway, when their
+botanists and naturalists write that the Privet bloom is 'pleasingly
+fragrant,' and one dame set last summer a dish of Privet on her dining
+table before many guests. Privet! with its ancient and fishlike smell!
+And another tells of the fragrant delight of flowering Buckwheat--may
+the breezes blow such fragrance far from me! But why dwell on perfumes;
+flowers were made to look at, not to smell; sprays of Sweet Balm or
+Basil leaves outsweeten every flower, and make no pretence or thought of
+beauty; render to each its own virtues, and try not to engross the charm
+of another.
+
+"I was indeed the queen of the garden, and here I am exiled behind the
+barn. Life is not worth living. I won't come up again. She will walk
+through the garden next May and say, 'How dull and shabby the garden
+looks this year! the spring is backward, everything has run to leaves,
+nothing is in bloom, we must buy more fertilizer, we must get a new
+gardener, we must get more plants and slips and seeds and bulbs, it is
+fearfully discouraging, I never saw anything so gone off!' then perhaps
+she will remember, and regret the friend of her grandparents, the
+Crown-imperial--whom she thrust from her Garden of Delight."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+CHILDHOOD IN A GARDEN
+
+    "I see the garden thicket's shade
+     Where all the summer long we played,
+     And gardens set and houses made,
+         Our early work and late."
+
+    --MARY HOWITT.
+
+
+How we thank God for the noble traits of our ancestors; and our hearts
+fill with gratitude for the tenderness, the patience, the loving
+kindness of our parents; I have an infinite deal for which to be
+sincerely grateful; but for nothing am I now more happy than that there
+were given to me a flower-loving father and mother. To that
+flower-loving father and mother I offer in tenderest memory equal
+gratitude for a childhood spent in a garden.
+
+Winter as well as summer gave us many happy garden hours. Sometimes a
+sudden thaw of heavy snow and an equally quick frost formed a miniature
+pond for sheltered skating at the lower end of the garden. A frozen
+crust of snow (which our winters nowadays so seldom afford) gave other
+joys. And the delights of making a snow man, or a snow fort, even of
+rolling great globes of snow, were infinite and varied. More subtle was
+the charm of shaping certain _things_ from dried twigs and evergreen
+sprigs, and pouring water over them to freeze into a beautiful
+resemblance of the original form. These might be the ornate initials or
+name of a dear girl friend, or a tiny tower or pagoda. I once had a real
+winter garden in miniature set in twigs of cedar and spruce, and frozen
+into a fairy garden.
+
+In summertime the old-fashioned garden was a paradise for a child; the
+long warm days saw the fresh telling of child to child, by that
+curiously subtle system of transmission which exists everywhere among
+happy children, of quaint flower customs known to centuries of
+English-speaking children, and also some newer customs developed by the
+fitness of local flowers for such games and plays.
+
+The Countess Potocka says the intense enjoyment of nature is a sixth
+sense. We are not born with this good gift, nor do we often acquire it
+in later life; it comes through our rearing. The fulness of delight in a
+garden is the bequest of a childhood spent in a garden. No study or
+possession of flowers in mature years can afford gratification equal to
+that conferred by childish associations with them; by the sudden
+recollection of flower lore, the memory of child friendships, the
+recalling of games or toys made of flowers: you cannot explain it; it
+seems a concentration, an extract of all the sunshine and all the beauty
+of those happy summers of our lives when the whole day and every day was
+spent among flowers. The sober teachings of science in later years can
+never make up the loss to children debarred of this inheritance, who
+have grown up knowing not when "the summer comes with bee and flower."
+
+[Illustration: Milkweed Seed.]
+
+A garden childhood gives more sources of delight to the senses in after
+life than come from beautiful color and fine fragrance. Have you
+pleasure in the contact of a flower? Do you like its touch as well as
+its perfume? Do you love to feel a Lilac spray brush your cheek in the
+cool of the evening? Do you like to bury your face in a bunch of Roses?
+How frail and papery is the Larkspur! And how silky is the Poppy! A
+Locust bloom is a fringe of sweetness; and how very doubtful is the
+touch of the Lily--an unpleasant thick sleekness. The Clove Carnation is
+the best of all. It feels just as it smells. These and scores more give
+me pleasure through their touch, the result of constant handling of
+flowers when I was a child.
+
+There were harmful flowers in the old garden--among them the
+Monk's-hood; we never touched it, except warily. Doubtless we were
+warned, but we knew it by instinct and did not need to be told. I always
+used to see in modest homes great tubs each with a flourishing Oleander
+tree. I have set out scores of little slips of Oleander, just as I
+planted Orange seeds. I seldom see Oleanders now; I wonder whether the
+plant has been banished on account of its poisonous properties. I heard
+of but one fatal case of Oleander poisoning--and that was doubtful. A
+little child, the sister of one of my playmates, died suddenly in great
+distress. Several months after her death the mother was told that the
+leaves of the Oleander were poisonous, when she recalled that the child
+had eaten them on the day of her death.
+
+Oleander blossoms were lovely in shape and color. Edward Fitzgerald
+writes to Fanny Kemble: "Don't you love the Oleander? So clean in its
+Leaves and Stem, as so beautiful in its Flower; loving to stand in water
+which it drinks up fast. I have written all my best Mss. with a Pen that
+has been held with its nib in water for more than a fortnight--Charles
+Keene's recipe for keeping Pens in condition--Oleander-like." This,
+written in 1882, must, even at that recent date, refer to quill pens.
+
+The lines of Mary Howitt's, quoted at the beginning of this chapter,
+ring to me so true; there is in them no mock sentiment, it is the real
+thing,--"the garden thicket's shade," little "cubby houses" under the
+close-growing stems of Lilac and Syringa, with an old thick shawl
+outspread on the damp earth for a carpet. Oh, how hot and scant the air
+was in the green light of those close "garden-thickets," those "Lilac
+ambushes," which were really not half so pleasant as the cooler seats on
+the grass under the trees, but which we clung to with a warmth equal to
+their temperature.
+
+[Illustration: The Children's Garden.]
+
+Let us peer into these garden thickets at these happy little girls,
+fantastic in their garden dress. Their hair is hung thick with Dandelion
+curls, made from pale green opal-tinted stems that have grown long under
+the shrubbery and Box borders. Around their necks are childish wampum,
+strings of Dandelion beads or Daisy chains. More delicate wreaths for
+the neck or hair were made from the blossoms of the Four-o'clock or
+the petals of Phlox or Lilacs, threaded with pretty alternation of
+color. Fuchsias were hung at the ears for eardrops, green leaves were
+pinned with leaf stems into little caps and bonnets and aprons,
+Foxgloves made dainty children's gloves. Truly the garden-bred child
+went in gay attire.
+
+That exquisite thing, the seed of Milkweed (shown on page 328),
+furnished abundant playthings. The plant was sternly exterminated in our
+garden, but sallies into a neighboring field provided supplies for fairy
+cradles with tiny pillows of silvery silk.
+
+One of the early impulses of infancy is to put everything in the mouth;
+this impulse makes the creeping days of some children a period of
+constant watchfulness and terror to their apprehensive guardians. When
+the children are older and can walk in the garden or edge of the woods,
+a fresh anxiety arises; for a certain savagery in their make-up makes
+them regard every growing thing, not as an object to look at or even to
+play with, but to eat. It is a relief to the mother when the child grows
+beyond the savage, and falls under the dominion of tradition and
+folk-lore, communicated to him by other children by that subtle power of
+enlightenment common to children, which seems more like instinct than
+instruction. The child still eats, but he makes distinctions, and seldom
+touches harmful leaves or seeds or berries. He has an astonishing range:
+roots, twigs, leaves, bark, tendrils, fruit, berries, flowers, buds,
+seeds, all alike serve for food. Young shoots of Sweetbrier and
+Blackberry are nibbled as well as the branches of young Birch. Grape
+tendrils, too, have an acid zest, as do Sorrel leaves. Wild Rose hips
+and the drupes of dwarf Cornel are chewed. The leaf buds of Spruce and
+Linden are also tasted. I hear that some children in some places eat the
+young fronds of Cinnamon Fern, but I never saw it done. Seeds of
+Pumpkins and Sunflowers were edible, as well as Hollyhock cheeses. There
+was one Slippery Elm tree which we know in our town, and we took ample
+toll of it. Cherry gum and Plum gum are chewed, as well as the gum of
+Spruce trees. There was a boy who used sometimes to intrude on our
+girl's paradise, since he was the son of a neighbor, and he said he ate
+raw Turnips, and something he called Pig-nuts--I wonder what they were.
+
+Those childish customs linger long in our minds, or rather in our
+subconsciousness. I never walk through an old garden without wishing to
+nibble and browse on the leaves and stems which I ate as a child,
+without sucking a drop of honey from certain flowers. I do it not with
+intent, but I waken to realization with the petal of Trumpet Honeysuckle
+in my hand and its drop of ambrosia on my lips.
+
+[Illustration: Foxgloves in a Narragansett Garden.]
+
+Children care far less for scent and perfection in a flower than they do
+for color, and, above all, for desirability and adaptability of form,
+this desirability being afforded by the fitness of the flower for the
+traditional games and plays. The favorite flowers of my childhood were
+three noble creatures, Hollyhocks, Canterbury Bells, and Foxgloves, all
+three were scentless. I cannot think of a child's summer in a garden
+without these three old favorites of history and folk-lore. Of course we
+enjoyed the earlier flower blooms and played happily with them ere our
+dearest treasures came to us; but never had we full variety, zest, and
+satisfaction till this trio were in midsummer bloom. There was a little
+gawky, crudely-shaped wooden doll of German manufacture sold in
+Worcester which I never saw elsewhere; they were kept for sale by old
+Waxler, the German basket maker, a most respected citizen, whose name I
+now learn was not Waxler but Weichsler. These dolls came in three
+sizes, the five-cent size was a midsummer favorite, because on its
+featureless head the blossoms of the Canterbury Bells fitted like a high
+azure cap. I can see rows of these wooden creatures sitting, thus
+crowned, stiffly around the trunk of the old Seckel Pear tree at a
+doll's tea-party.
+
+By the constant trampling of our childish feet the earth at the end of
+the garden path was hard and smooth under the shadow of the Lilac trees
+near our garden fence; and this hard path, remote from wanderers in the
+garden, made a splendid plateau to use for flower balls. Once we fitted
+it up as a palace; circular walls of Balsam flowers set closely together
+shaped the ball-room. The dancers were blue and white Canterbury Bells.
+Quadrilles were placed of little twigs, or strong flower stalks set
+firmly upright in the hard trodden earth, and on each of these a flower
+bell was hung so that the pretty reflexion of the scalloped edges of the
+corolla just touched the ground as the hooped petticoats swayed lightly
+in the wind.
+
+[Illustration: Hollyhocks in Garden of Kimball Homestead, Portsmouth,
+New Hampshire.]
+
+We used to catch bumblebees in the Canterbury Bells, and hear them buzz
+and bump and tear their way out to liberty. We held the edges of the
+flower tightly pinched together, and were never stung. Besides its
+adaptability as a toy for children, the Canterbury Bell was beloved for
+its beauty in the garden. An appropriate folk name for it is
+Fair-in-sight. Healthy clumps grow tall and stately, towering up as high
+as childish heads; and the firm stalks are hung so closely in bloom.
+Nowadays people plant expanses of Canterbury Bells; one at the
+beautiful garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois, is shown on page
+111. I do not like this as well as the planting in our home garden when
+they are set in a mixed border, as shown opposite page 416. Our tastes
+in the flower world are largely influenced by what we were wonted to in
+childhood, not only in the selection of flowers, but in their placing in
+our gardens. The Canterbury Bell has historical interest through its
+being named for the bells borne by pilgrims to the shrine at Canterbury.
+I have been delighted to see plants of these sturdy garden favorites
+offered for sale of late years in New York streets in springtime, by
+street venders, who now show a tendency to throw aside Callas, Lilies,
+Tuberoses, and flowers of such ilk, and substitute shrubs and seedlings
+of hardy growth and satisfactory flowering. But it filled me with
+regret, to hear the pretty historic name--Canterbury Bells--changed in
+so short a residence in the city, by these Italian and German tongues to
+Gingerbread Bells--a sad debasement. Native New Englanders have seldom
+forgotten or altered an old flower name, and very rarely transferred it
+to another plant, even in two centuries of everyday usage. But I am glad
+to know that the flower will bloom in the flower pot or soap box in the
+dingy window of the city poor, or in the square foot of earth of the
+city squatter, even if it be called Gingerbread Bells.
+
+I think we may safely affirm that the Hollyhock is the most popular, and
+most widely known, of all old-fashioned flowers. It is loved for its
+beauty, its associations, its adaptiveness. It is such a decorative
+flower, and looks of so much distinction in so many places. It is
+invaluable to the landscape gardener and to the architect; and might be
+named the wallflower, since it looks so well growing by every wall. I
+like it there, or by a fence-side, or in a corner, better than in the
+middle of flower beds. How many garden pictures have Hollyhocks? Sir
+Joshua Reynolds even used them as accessories of his portraits. They
+usually grow so well and bloom so freely. I have seen them in
+Connecticut growing wild--garden strays, standing up by ruined stone
+walls in a pasture with as much grace of grouping, as good form, as if
+they had been planted by our most skilful gardeners or architects. Many
+illustrations of them are given in this book; I need scarcely refer to
+them; opposite page 334 is shown a part of the four hundred stalks of
+rich bloom in a Portsmouth garden. There is a pretty semidouble
+Hollyhock with a single row of broad outer petals and a smaller double
+rosette for the centre; but the single flowers are far more effective. I
+like well the old single crimson flower, but the yellow ones are, I
+believe, the loveliest; a row of the yellow and white ones against an
+old brick wall is perfection. I can never repay to the Hollyhock the
+debt of gratitude I owe for the happy hours it furnished to me in my
+childhood. Its reflexed petals could be tied into such lovely
+silken-garbed dolls; its "cheeses" were one of the staple food supplies
+of our dolls' larder. I am sure in my childhood I would have warmly
+chosen the Hollyhock as my favorite flower.
+
+The sixty-two folk names of the Foxglove give ample proof of its
+closeness to humanity; it is a familiar flower, a home flower. Of these
+many names I never heard but two in New England, and those but once; an
+old Irish gardener called the flowers Fairy Thimbles, and an English
+servant, Pops--this from the well-known habit of popping the petals on
+the palm of the hand. We used to build little columns of these Foxgloves
+by thrusting one within another, alternating purple and white; and we
+wore them for gloves, and placed them as foolscaps on the heads of tiny
+dolls. The beauty of the Foxglove in the garden is unquestioned; the
+spires of white bloom are, as Cotton Mather said of a pious and painful
+Puritan preacher, "a shining and white light in a golden candlestick
+improved for the sweet felicity of Mankind and to the honour of our
+Maker."
+
+Opposite page 340 is a glimpse of a Box-edged garden in Worcester, whose
+blossoming has been a delight to me every summer of my entire life. In
+my childhood this home was that of flower-loving neighbors who had an
+established and constant system of exchange with my mother and other
+neighbors of flowers, plants, seeds, slips, and bulbs. The garden was
+serene with an atmosphere of worthy old age; you wondered how any man so
+old could so constantly plant, weed, prune, and hoe until you saw how he
+loved his flowers, and how his wife loved them. The Roses, Peonies, and
+Flower de Luce in this garden are sixty years old, and the Box also; the
+shrubs are almost trees. Nothing seems to be transplanted, yet all
+flourish; I suppose some plants must be pulled up, sometimes, else the
+garden would be a thicket. The varying grading of city streets has left
+this garden in a little valley sheltered from winds and open to the
+sun's rays. Here bloom Crocuses, Snowdrops, Grape Hyacinths, and
+sometimes Tulips, before any neighbor has a blossom and scarce a leaf.
+On a Sunday noon in April there are always flower lovers hanging over
+the low fences, and gazing at the welcome early blooms. Here if ever,
+
+    "Winter, slumbering in the open air,
+     Wears on his smiling face a dream of spring."
+
+A close cloud of Box-scent hangs over this garden, even in midwinter;
+sometimes the Box edgings grow until no one can walk between; then
+drastic measures have to be taken, and the rows look ragged for a time.
+
+[Illustration: An Autumn Path in a Worcester Garden.]
+
+I think much of my love of Box comes from happy associations with this
+garden. I used to like to go there with my mother when she went on what
+the Japanese would call "garden-viewing" visits, for at the lower end of
+the garden was a small orchard of the finest playhouse Apple trees I
+ever climbed (and I have had much experience), and some large trees
+bearing little globular early Pears; and there were rows of bushes of
+golden "Honeyblob" Gooseberries. The Apple trees are there still, but
+the Gooseberry bushes are gone. I looked for them this summer eagerly,
+but in vain; I presume the berries would have been sour had I found
+them.
+
+[Illustration: Hollyhocks at Tudor Place.]
+
+In many old New England gardens the close juxtaposition and even
+intermingling of vegetables and fruits with the flowers gave a sense of
+homely simplicity and usefulness which did not detract from the garden's
+interest, and added much to the child's pleasure. At the lower end of
+the long flower border in our garden, grew "Mourning Brides," white,
+pale lavender, and purple brown in tint. They opened under the shadow of
+a row of Gooseberry bushes. I seldom see Gooseberry bushes nowadays in
+any gardens, whether on farms or in nurseries; they seem to be an
+antiquated fruit.
+
+I have in my memory many other customs of childhood in the garden; some
+of them I have told in my book _Child Life in Colonial Days_, and there
+are scores more which I have not recounted, but most of them were
+peculiar to my own fanciful childhood, and I will not recount them here.
+
+One of the most exquisite of Mrs. Browning's poems is _The Lost Bower_;
+it is endeared to me because it expresses so fully a childish
+bereavement of my own, for I have a lost garden. Somewhere, in my
+childhood, I saw this beautiful garden, filled with radiant blossoms,
+rich with fruit and berries, set with beehives, rabbit hutches, and a
+dove cote, and enclosed about with hedges; and through it ran a purling
+brook--a thing I ever longed for in my home garden. All one happy summer
+afternoon I played in it, and gathered from its beds and borders at
+will--and I have never seen it since. When I was still a child I used to
+ask to return to it, but no one seemed to understand; and when I was
+grown I asked where it was, describing it in every detail, and the only
+answer was that it was a dream, I had never seen and played in such a
+garden. This lost garden has become to me an emblem, as was the lost
+bower to Mrs. Browning, of the losses of life; but I did not lose all;
+while memory lasts I shall ever possess the happiness of my childhood
+passed in our home garden.
+
+[Illustration: An Old Worcester Garden.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+MEETIN' SEED AND SABBATH DAY POSIES
+
+      "I touched a thought, I know
+     Has tantalized me many times.
+     Help me to hold it! First it left
+     The yellowing Fennel run to seed."
+
+    --ROBERT BROWNING.
+
+
+My "thought" is the association of certain flowers with Sunday; the fact
+that special flowers and leaves and seeds, Fennel, Dill, and
+Southernwood, were held to be fitting and meet to carry to the Sunday
+service. "Help me to hold it"--to record those simple customs of the
+country-side ere they are forgotten.
+
+In the herb garden grew three free-growing plants, all three called
+indifferently in country tongue, "meetin' seed." They were Fennel, Dill,
+and Caraway, and similar in growth and seed. Caraway is shown on page
+342. Their name was given because, in summer days of years gone by,
+nearly every woman and child carried to "meeting" on Sundays, bunches of
+the ripe seeds of one or all of these three plants, to nibble throughout
+the long prayers and sermon.
+
+It is fancied that these herbs were anti-soporific, but I find no record
+of such power. On the contrary, Galen says Dill "procureth sleep,
+wherefore garlands of Dill are worn at feasts." A far more probable
+reason for its presence at church was the quality assigned to it by
+Pliny and other herbalists down to Gerarde, that of staying the "yeox or
+hicket or hicquet," otherwise the hiccough. If we can judge by the
+manifold remedies offered to allay this affliction, it was certainly
+very prevalent in ancient times. Cotton Mather wrote a bulky medical
+treatise entitled _The Angel of Bethesda_. It was never printed; the
+manuscript is owned by the American Antiquarian Society. The character
+of this medico-religious book may be judged by this opening sentence of
+his chapter on the hiccough:--
+
+     "The Hiccough or the Hicox rather, for it's a Teutonic word that
+     signifies to sob, appears a Lively Emblem of the battle between the
+     Flesh and the Spirit in the Life of Piety. The Conflict in the
+     Pious Mind gives all the Trouble and same uneasiness as Hickox.
+     Death puts an end to the Conflict."
+
+[Illustration: Caraway.]
+
+Parson Mather gives Tansy and Caraway as remedies for the hiccough, but
+far better still--spiders, prepared in various odious ways; I prefer
+Dill.
+
+Peter Parley said that "a sprig of Fennel was the theological
+smelling-bottle of the tender sex, and not unfrequently of the men, who
+from long sitting in the sanctuary, after a week of labor in the field,
+found themselves tempted to sleep, would sometimes borrow a sprig of
+Fennel, to exorcise the fiend that threatened their spiritual welfare."
+
+Old-fashioned folk kept up a constant nibbling in church, not only of
+these three seeds, but of bits of Cinnamon or Lovage root, or, more
+commonly still, the roots of Sweet Flag. Many children went to
+brooksides and the banks of ponds to gather these roots. This pleasure
+was denied to us, but we had a Flag root purveyor, our milkman's
+daughter. This milkman, who lived on a lonely farm, used often to take
+with him on his daily rounds his little daughter. She sat with him on
+the front seat of his queer cart in summer and his queerer pung in
+winter, an odd little figure, with a face of gypsylike beauty which
+could scarcely be seen in the depths of the Shaker sunbonnet or pumpkin
+hood. If my mother chanced to see her, she gave the child an orange, or
+a few figs, or some little cakes, or almonds and raisins; in return the
+child would throw out to us violently roots of Sweet Flag, Wild Ginger,
+Snakeroot, Sassafras, and Apples or Pears, which she carried in a deep
+detached pocket at her side. She never spoke, and the milkman confided
+to my mother that he "took her around because she was so wild," by
+which he meant timid. We were firmly convinced that the child could not
+walk nor speak, and had no ears; and we were much surprised when she
+walked down the aisle of our church one Sunday as actively as any child
+could, displaying very natural ears. Her father had bought a home in the
+town that she might go to school. He was rewarded by her development
+into one of those scholars of phenomenal brilliancy, such as are
+occasionally produced from New England farmers' families. She also
+became a beauty of most unusual type. At her father's death she "went
+West." I have always expected to read of her as of marked life in some
+way, but I never have. Of course her family name may have been changed
+by marriage; but her Christian name, Appoline, was so unusual I could
+certainly trace her. If my wild and beautiful little milk girl reads
+these lines, I hope she will forgive me, for she certainly was queer.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial of Jonathan Fairbanks.]
+
+When her residence was in town, Appoline did not cease her gifts of
+country treasures. She brought on spring Sundays a very delightful
+addition to our Sabbath day nibblings and browsings, the most delicious
+mouthful of all the treasures of New England woods, what we called
+Pippins, the first tender leaves of the aromatic Checkerberry. In the
+autumn the spicy berries of the same plant filled many a paper
+cornucopia which was secretly conveyed to us.
+
+It was also a universal custom among the elder folk to carry a Sunday
+posy; the stems were discreetly enwrapped with the folded handkerchief
+which also concealed the sprig of Fennel. Dean Hole tells us that a
+sprig of Southernwood was always seen in the Sunday smocks of English
+farm folk. Mary Howitt, in her poem, _The Poor Man's Garden_, has this
+verse:--
+
+    "And here on Sabbath mornings
+     The goodman comes to get
+     His Sunday nosegay--Moss Rose bud,
+     White Pink, and Mignonette."
+
+This shows to me that the church posy was just as common in England as
+in America; in domestic and social customs we can never disassociate
+ourselves from England; our ways, our deeds, are all English.
+
+Thoreau noted with pleasure when, at the last of June, the young men of
+Concord "walked slowly and soberly to church, in their best clothes,
+each with a Pond Lily in his hand or bosom, with as long a stem as he
+could get." And he adds thereto almost the only decorous and
+conventional picture he gives of himself, that he used in early life to
+go thus to church, smelling a Pond Lily, "its odor contrasting with and
+atoning for that of the sermon." He associated this universal bearing of
+the Lily with a very natural act, that of the first spring swim and
+bath, and pictured with delight the quiet Sabbath stillness and the pure
+opening flowers. He said the flower had become typical to him equally of
+a Sunday morning swim and of church-going. He adds that the young women
+carried on this floral Sunday, as a companion flower, their first Rose.
+
+[Illustration: Bronze Sun-dial on Dutch Reformed Church. West End
+Avenue, New York.]
+
+This Sabbath bearing of the early Water Lilies may have been a local
+custom; a few miles from Walden Pond and Concord an old kinsman of mine
+throughout his long life (which closed twenty years ago) carried Water
+Lilies on summer Sundays to church; and starting with neighborly intent
+a short time before the usual hour of church service, he placed a
+single beautiful Lily in the pew of each of his old friends. All knew
+who was the flower bearer, and gentle smiles and nods of thanks would
+radiate across the old church to him. These lilies were gathered for him
+freshly each Sabbath morning by the young men of his family, who, as
+Thoreau tells, all took their morning bath in the pond throughout the
+summer.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial on Boulder, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania.]
+
+There were conventions in these Sunday posies. I never heard of carrying
+sprays of Lemon Verbena or Rose Geranium, or any of the strong-scented
+herbs of the Mint family; but throughout eastern Massachusetts,
+especially in Concord and Wayland, a favorite posy was a spray of the
+refreshing, soft-textured leaves from what country folk called the
+Tongue plant--which was none other than Costmary, also called Beaver
+tongue, and Patagonian mint. As there has been recently much interest
+and discussion anent this Tongue plant, I here give its botanical name
+_Chrysanthemum balsamita_, var. _tanacetoides_. A far more popular
+Sunday posy than any blossom was a sprig of Southernwood, known also
+everywhere as Lad's-love, and occasionally as Old Man and
+Kiss-me-quick-and-go. It was also termed Meeting plant from this
+universal Sunday use.
+
+A restless little child was once handed during the church services in
+summer a bunch of Caraway seeds, and a goodly sprig of Southernwood. The
+little girl's mother listened earnestly to the long sermon, and was
+horrified at its close to find that her child had eaten the entire bunch
+of Caraway, stems and seeds, and all the bitter Southernwood. She was
+hurried out of church to the village doctor's, and spent a very unhappy
+hour or two as the result of her Nebuchadnezzar-like gorging.
+
+Like many New Englanders, I dearly love the scent of Southernwood:--
+
+                  "I'll give to him
+    Who gathers me, more sweetness than he knows
+    Without me--more than any Lily could,
+    I, that am flowerless, being Southernwood."
+
+Southernwood bears a balmier breath than is ever borne by many blossoms,
+for it is sweet with the fragrance of memory. The scent that has been
+loved for centuries, the leaves that have been pressed to the hearts of
+fair maids, as they questioned of love, are indeed endeared.
+
+[Illustration: Buckthorn Arch in an Old Salem Garden.]
+
+Southernwood was a plant of vast powers. It was named in the fourteenth
+century as potent to cure talking in sleep, and other "vanityes of
+the heade." An old Salem sea captain had this recipe for baldness: "Take
+a quantitye of Suthernwoode and put it upon kindled coale to burn and
+being made into a powder mix it with oyl of radiches, and anoynt a bald
+head and you shall see great experiences." The lying old _Dispensatory_
+of Culpepper gave a rule to mix the ashes of Southernwood with "Old
+Sallet Oyl" which "helpeth those that are hair-fallen and bald."
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Emery Place, Brightwood, District of
+Columbia.]
+
+Far pleasanter were the uses of the plant as a love charm. Pliny did not
+disdain to counsel putting Southernwood under the pillow to make one
+dream of a lover. A sprig of Southernwood in an unmarried girl's shoe
+would bring to her the sight of her husband-to-be before night.
+
+Sixty years ago two young country folk of New England were married. The
+twain built them a house and established their home. Since a sprig of
+Southernwood had played a romantic part in their courtship, each planted
+a bush at the side of the broad doorstone; and the husband, William,
+often thrust a bit of this Lad's-love from the flourishing bushes in the
+buttonhole of his woollen shirt, for he fancied the fresh scent of the
+leaves.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Traveller's Rest.]
+
+The twain had no children, and perhaps therefrom grew and increased in
+Hetty a fairly passionate love of exact order and neatness in her
+home--a trait which is not so common in New England housewives as many
+fancy, and which does not always find equal growth and encouragement in
+New England husbands. William chafed under the frequent and bitter
+reproofs for the muddy shoes, dusty garments, hanging straws and seeds
+which he brought into his wife's orderly paradise, and the jarring
+culminated one night over such a trifle, a green sprig of Lad's-love
+which he had dropped and trodden into the freshly washed floor of the
+kitchen, where it left a green stain on the spotless boards.
+
+The quarrel flamed high, and was followed by an ominous calm which was
+not broken at breakfast. It would be impossible to express in words
+Hetty's emotions when she crossed her threshold to set her shining milk
+tins in the morning sunlight, and saw on one side of the doorstone a
+yawning hole where had grown for ten years William's bunch of
+Lad's-love. He had driven to the next village to sell some grain, so she
+could search unseen for the vanished emblem of domestic felicity, and
+soon she found it, in the ditch by the public road, already withered in
+the hot sun.
+
+When her husband went at nightfall to feed and water his cattle, he
+found the other bush of Lad's-love, which had been planted with such
+affectionate sentiment, trodden in the mire of the pigpen, under the
+feet of the swine.
+
+They lived together for thirty years after this crowning indignity. The
+grass grew green over the empty holes by the doorside, but he never
+forgave her, and they never spoke to each other save in direst
+necessity, and then in fewest words. Yet they were not wicked folk. She
+cared for his father and mother in the last years of their life with a
+devotion that was fairly pathetic when it was seen that the old man was
+untidy to a degree, and absolutely oblivious of all her orderly ways and
+wishes. At their death he sent for and "homed," as the expression ran, a
+brother of hers who was almost blind, and paid the expenses of her
+nephew through college--but he died unforgiving; the sight of that
+beloved Southernwood--in the pigpen--forever killed his affection.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+SUN-DIALS
+
+    "'Tis an old dial, dark with many a stain,
+     In summer crowned with drifting orchard bloom,
+     Tricked in the autumn with the yellow rain,
+     And white in winter like a marble tomb.
+
+    "And round about its gray, time-eaten brow
+     Lean letters speak--a worn and shattered row:--
+     'I am a Shade; A Shadowe too arte thou;
+     I mark the Time; saye, Gossip, dost thou soe?'"
+
+    --AUSTIN DOBSON.
+
+
+A century or more ago, in the heart of nearly all English gardens, and
+in the gardens of our American colonies as well, there might be seen a
+pedestal of varying material, shape, and pretension, surmounted by the
+most interesting furnishing in "dead-works" of the garden, a sun-dial.
+In public squares, on the walls of public buildings, on bridges, and by
+the side of the way, other and simpler dials were found. On the walls of
+country houses and churches vertical sun-dials were displayed; every
+English town held them by scores. In Scotland, and to some extent in
+England, these sun-dials still are found; in fine old gardens the most
+richly carved dials are standing; but in America they have become so
+rare that many people have never seen one. In many of the formal gardens
+planned by our skilled architects, sun-dials are now springing afresh
+like mushroom growth of a single night, and some are objects of the
+greatest beauty and interest.
+
+[Illustration: Two Old Cronies, the Sun-dial and Bee Skepe.]
+
+If the claims of antiquity and historical association have aught to
+charm us, every sun-dial must be assured of our interest. The most
+primitive mode of knowing of the midday hour was by a "noon mark," a
+groove cut or line drawn on door or window sill which indicated the
+meridian hour through a shadow thrown on this noon mark. A good guess as
+to the hours near noon could be made by noting the distance of the
+shadow from the noon mark. I chanced to be near an old noon mark this
+summer as the sun warned that noon approached; I noted that the marking
+shadow crossed the line at twenty minutes before noon by our
+watches--which, I suppose, was near enough to satisfy our "early to
+rise" ancestors. Meridian lines were often traced with exactness on the
+floors of churches in Continental Europe.
+
+An advance step in accuracy and elegance was made when a simple metal
+sun-dial was affixed to the window sill instead of cutting the rude noon
+mark. Soon the sun-dial was set on a simple pedestal near the kitchen
+window, so that the active worker within might glance at the dial face
+without ceasing in her task. Such a sun-dial is shown on page 354, as it
+stands under the "buttery" window cosily hobnobbing with its old crony
+of many years, the bee skepe. One could wish to be a bee, and live in
+that snug home under the Syringa bush.
+
+Portable sun-dials succeeded fixed dials; they have been known as long
+as the Christian era; shepherds' dials were the "Kalendars" or
+"Cylindres" about which treatises were written as early as the
+thirteenth century. They were small cylinders of wood or ivory, having
+at the top a kind of stopper with a hinged gnomon; they are still used
+in the Pyrenees. Pretty little "ring-dials" of brass, gold, or silver,
+are constructed on the same principle. The exquisitely wrought portable
+dial shown on this page is a very fine piece of workmanship, and must
+have been costly. It is dated 1764, and is eleven inches in diameter. It
+is a perfect example of the advanced type of dial made in Italy, which
+had a simpler form as early certainly as A.D. 300. The compass was added
+in the thirteenth century. The compass-needle is missing on this dial,
+its only blemish. The Italians excelled in dial-making; among their
+interesting forms were the cross-shaped dials evidently a reliquary.
+
+[Illustration: Portable Sun-dial.]
+
+Portable dials were used instead of watches. There is at the Washington
+headquarters at Morristown a delicately wrought oval silver case, with
+compass and sun-dial, which was carried by one of the French officers
+who came here with Lafayette; George Washington owned and carried one.
+
+The colonists came here from a land set with dials, whether they sailed
+from Holland or England. Charles I had a vast fancy for dials, and had
+them placed everywhere; the finest and most curious was the splendid
+master dial placed in his private gardens at Whitehall; this had five
+dials set in the upper part, four in the four corners, and a great
+horizontal concave dial; among these were scattered equinoctial dials,
+vertical dials, declining dials, polar dials, plane dials, cylindrical
+dials, triangular dials; each was inscribed with explanatory verses in
+Latin. Equally beautiful and intricate were the dials of Charles II, the
+most marvellous being the vast pyramid dial bearing 271 different dial
+faces.
+
+Those who wish to learn of English sun-dials should read Mrs. Gatty's
+_Book of Sun-dials_, a massive and fascinating volume. No such extended
+record could be made of American sun-dials; but it pleases me that I
+know of over two hundred sun-dials in America, chiefly old ones; that I
+have photographs of many of them; that I have copies of many hundred
+dial mottoes, and also a very fair collection of the old dial faces, of
+various metals and sizes.
+
+I know of no public collection of sun-dials in America save that in the
+Smithsonian Institution, and that is not a large one. Several of our
+Historical Societies own single sun-dials. In the Essex Institute is the
+sun-dial of Governor Endicott; another, shown on page 344, was once the
+property of my far-away grandfather, Jonathan Fairbanks; it is in the
+Dedham Historical Society.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq.]
+
+All forms of sun-dials are interesting. A simple but accurate one was
+set on Robins Island by the late Samuel Bowne Duryea, Esq., of Brooklyn.
+Taking the flagpole of the club house as a stylus, he laid the lines and
+figures of the dial-face with small dark stones on a ground of
+light-hued stones, all set firmly in the earth at the base of the pole.
+Thus was formed, with the simplest materials, by one who ever strove to
+give pleasure and stimulate knowledge in all around him, an object which
+not only told the time o' the day, but afforded gratification, elicited
+investigation, and awakened sentiment in all who beheld it.
+
+A similar use of a vertical pole as a primitive gnomon for a sun-dial
+seems to have been common to many uncivilized peoples. In upper Egypt
+the natives set up a palm rod in open ground, and arrange a circle of
+stones or pegs around it, calling it an _alka_, and thus mark the hours.
+The ploughman leaves his buffalo standing in the furrow while he learns
+the progress of time from this simple dial--and we recall the words of
+Job, "As a servant earnestly desireth a shadow."
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Morristown, New Jersey.]
+
+The Labrador Indians, when on the hunt or the march, set an upright
+stick or spear in the snow, and draw the line of the shadow thus cast.
+They then stalk on their way; and the women, heavily laden with
+provisions, shelter, and fuel, come slowly along two or three hours
+later, note the distance between the present shadow and the line drawn
+by their lords, and know at once whether they must gather up the stick
+or spear and hurry along, or can rest for a short time on their weary
+march. This is a primitive but exact chronometer.
+
+There are serious objections to quoting from Charles Lamb: you are never
+willing to end the transcription--you long to add just one phrase, one
+clause more. Then, too, the purity of the pearl which you choose seems
+to render duller than their wont the leaden sentences with which you
+enclose it as a setting. Still, who could write of sun-dials without
+choosing to transcribe these words of Lamb's?
+
+     "What a dead thing is a clock, with its ponderous embowelments of
+     lead or brass, its pert or solemn dulness of communication,
+     compared with the simple altar-like structure and silent
+     heart-language of the old dial! It stood as the garden god of
+     Christian gardens. Why is it almost everywhere banished? If its
+     business use be suspended by more elaborate inventions, its moral
+     uses, its beauty, might have pleaded for its continuance. It spoke
+     of moderate labors, of pleasures not protracted after sunset, of
+     temperance and good hours. It was the primitive clock, the horologe
+     of the first world. Adam could scarce have missed it in Paradise.
+     The 'shepherd carved it out quaintly in the sun,' and turning
+     philosopher by the very occupation, provided it with mottoes more
+     touching than tombstones."
+
+[Illustration: Yes, Toby! It's Three O'clock.]
+
+Sun-dial mottoes still can be gathered by hundreds; and they are one
+record of a force in the development of our literate people. For it was
+long after we had printing ere we had any general class of folk, who, if
+they could read, read anything save the Bible. To many the knowledge of
+reading came from the deciphering of what has been happily termed the
+Literature of the Bookless. This literature was placed that he who ran
+might read; and its opening chapters were in the form of inscriptions
+and legends and mottoes which were placed, not only on buildings and
+walls, and pillars and bridges, but on household furniture and table
+utensils.
+
+The inscribing of mottoes on sun-dials appears to have sprung up with
+dial-making; and where could a strict moral lesson, a suggestive or
+inspiring thought, be better placed? Even the most heedless or
+indifferent passer-by, or the unwilling reader could not fail to see the
+instructive words when he cast his glance to learn the time.
+
+The mottoes were frequently in Latin, a few in Greek or Hebrew; but the
+old English mottoes seem the most appealing.
+
+    ABUSE ME NOT I DO NO ILL
+    I STAND TO SERVE THEE WITH GOOD WILL
+    AS CAREFUL THEN BE SURE THOU BE
+    TO SERVE THY GOD AS I SERVE THEE.
+
+    A CLOCK THE TIME MAY WRONGLY TELL
+    I NEVER IF THE SUN SHINE WELL.
+
+    AS A SHADOW SUCH IS LIFE.
+
+    I COUNT NONE BUT SUNNY HOURS.
+
+    BE THE DAY WEARY, BE THE DAY LONG
+    SOON IT SHALL RING TO EVEN SONG.
+
+Scriptural verses have ever been favorites, especially passages from the
+Psalms: "Man is like a thing of nought, his time passeth away like a
+shadow." "My time is in Thy hand." "Put not off from day to day." "Oh,
+remember how short my time is." Some of the Latin mottoes are very
+beautiful.
+
+[Illustration: Face of Dial at Sag Harbor, Long Island.]
+
+Poets have written special verses for sun-dials. These noble lines are
+by Walter Savage Landor:--
+
+    IN HIS OWN IMAGE THE CREATOR MADE,
+    HIS OWN PURE SUNBEAM QUICKENED THEE, O MAN!
+    THOU BREATHING DIAL! SINCE THE DAY BEGAN
+    THE PRESENT HOUR WAS EVER MARKED WITH SHADE.
+
+The motto, _Horas non numero nisi serenas_, in various forms and
+languages, has ever been a favorite. From an old album I have received
+this poem written by Professor S. F. B. Morse; there is a note with it
+in Professor Morse's handwriting, saying he saw the motto on a sun-dial
+at Worms:--
+
+    TO A. G. E.
+
+    _Horas non numero nisi serenas._
+
+    The sun when it shines in a clear cloudless sky
+      Marks the time on my disk in figures of light;
+    If clouds gather o'er me, unheeded they fly,
+      I note not the hours except they be bright.
+
+    So when I review all the scenes that have past
+      Between me and thee, be they dark, be they light,
+    I forget what was dark, the light I hold fast;
+      I note not the hours except they be bright.
+
+    SAMUEL F. B. MORSE,
+    Washington, March, 1845.
+
+The sun-dial seems too classic an object, and too serious a teacher, to
+bear a jesting motto. This sober pun was often seen:--
+
+    LIFE'S BUT A SHADOWE
+      MAN'S BUT DUST
+    THIS DYALL SAYES
+      DY ALL WE MUST.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Garden of Grace Church Rectory, New York.]
+
+The sun-dial does not lure to "idle dalliance." Nine-tenths of the
+sun-dial mottoes tersely warn you not to linger, to haste away, that
+time is fleeting, and your hours are numbered, and therefore to "be
+about your business." In a single moment and at a single glance the
+sun-dial has said its lesson, has told its absolute message, and there
+is no reason for you to gaze at it longer. Its very position, too, in
+the unshaded rays of the sun, does not invite you to long companionship,
+as do the shady lengths of a pergola, or a green orchard seat. Still, I
+would ever have a garden seat near a sun-dial, especially when it is a
+work of art to be studied, and with mottoes to be remembered. For even
+in hurrying America the sun-dial seems--like a guide-post--a half-human
+thing, for which we can feel an almost personal interest.
+
+[Illustration: Fugio Bank-note.]
+
+The figure of a sun-dial played an interesting part in the early history
+of the United States. In the first set of notes issued for currency by
+the American Congress was one for the value of one third of a dollar.
+One side has the chain of links bearing the names of the thirteen
+states, enclosing a sunburst bearing the words, _American Congress, We
+are One_. The reverse side is shown on this page. It bears a print of a
+sun-dial, with the motto, _Fugio, Mind Your Business_. The so-called
+"Franklin cent" has a similar design of a sun-dial with the same motto,
+and there was a beautiful "Fugio dollar" cast in silver, bronze, and
+pewter. Though this design and motto were evidently Franklin's taste,
+the motto in its use on a sun-dial was not original with Franklin, nor
+with any one else in the Congress, for it had been seen on dials on many
+English churches and houses. In the form, "Begone about Your Business,"
+it was on a house in the Inner Temple; this is the tradition of the
+origin of this motto. The dialler sent for a motto to place under the
+dial, as he had been instructed by the Benchers; when the man arrived at
+the Library, he found but one surly old gentleman poring over a musty
+book. To him he said, "Please, sir, the gentlemen told me to call this
+hour for a motto for the sun-dial." "Begone about your business," was
+the testy answer. So the man painted the words under the dial; and the
+chance words seemed so appropriate to the Benchers that they were never
+removed. It is told of Dean Cotton of Bangor that he had a cross old
+gardener who always warded off unwelcome visitors to the deanery by
+saying to every one who approached, "Go about your business!" After the
+gardener's death the dean had this motto engraved around the sun-dial in
+the garden, "Goa bou tyo urb us in ess, 1838." Thus the gardener's growl
+became his epitaph. Another form was, "Be about Your Business," and it
+is a suggestive fact that it was on a dial on the General Post-office in
+London in 1756. Franklin's interest in and knowledge of postal matters,
+his long residence in London, and service under the crown as American
+postmaster general, must have familiarized him with this dial, and I am
+convinced it furnished to him the notion for the design on the first
+bank-note and coins of the new nation.
+
+An interesting bit of history allied to America is given to us in the
+finding of a sun-dial which gives to American students of heraldic
+antiquities another dated shield of the Washington "stars and stripes."
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at "Washington House," Little Brington,
+England.]
+
+In Little Brington, Northamptonshire, stands a house known as "The
+Washington House," which gave shelter to the Washingtons of Sulgrave
+after the fall of their fortunes. Within a stone's throw of the house
+has recently been found a sun-dial having the Washington arms (argent)
+two bars, and in chief three mullets (gules) carved upon it, with the
+date 1617. The existence of this stone has been known for forty years;
+but it has never been closely examined and noted till recently. It is a
+circular slab of sandstone three inches thick and sixteen inches in
+diameter. The gnomon is lacking. The lines, figures, and shield are
+incised, and the letters R. W. can be dimly seen. These were probably
+the initials of Robert Washington, great uncle of the two emigrants to
+Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: Dial-face from Mount Vernon.]
+
+Through the kindness of Mr. A. L. Y. Morley, a faithful antiquary of
+Great Barrington, I have the pleasure of giving, on page 367, a
+representation of this interesting dial. It is shown leaning against
+the "pump-stand" in the yard of the "Washington House"; and the pump
+seems as ancient as the dial.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia.]
+
+In this book are three other sun-dials associated with George
+Washington. At Mount Vernon there stands at the front of the entrance
+door a modern sun-dial. The fine old metal dial-face, about ten inches
+in diameter, which in Washington's day was placed on the same site, is
+now the property of Mr. William F. Havemeyer, Jr., of New York. It was
+given to him by Mr. Custis; a picture of it is shown on page 368. This
+dial-face is a splendid relic; one closely associated with Washington's
+everyday life, and full of suggestion and sentiment to every thoughtful
+beholder. The sun-dial which stood in the old Fredericksburg garden of
+Mary Washington, the mother of George Washington, still stands in
+Fredericksburg, in the grounds of Mr. Doswell. A photograph of it is
+reproduced on page 369. The fourth historic dial is on page 371. It is
+the one at Kenmore, the home built by Fielding Lewis for his bride,
+Betty Washington, the sister of George Washington, on ground adjoining
+her mother's home. A part of the garden which connected these two
+Washington homes is shown on page 228. These three American sun-dials
+afford an interesting proof of the universal presence of sun-dials in
+Virginian homes of wealth, and they also show the kind of dial-face
+which was generally used. Another ancient dial (page 350) at Travellers'
+Rest, a near-by Virginian country seat, is similar in shape to these
+three, and differs but little in mounting.
+
+In Pennsylvania and Virginia sun-dials have lingered in use in front of
+court-houses, on churches, and in a few old garden dials. In New England
+I scarcely know an old garden dial still standing in its original place
+on its original pedestal. Four old ones of brass or pewter are shown in
+the illustration on page 379. These once stood in New England gardens or
+on the window sills of old houses; one was taken from a sunny window
+ledge to give to me.
+
+Perhaps the attention paid the doings of the American Philosophical
+Society, and the number of scientists living near Philadelphia, may
+account for the many sun-dials set up in the vicinity of the town.
+Godfrey, the maker of Godfrey's Quadrant, was one of those scientific
+investigators, and must have been a famous "dialler."
+
+[Illustration: Kenmore, the Home of Betty Washington Lewis.]
+
+On page 373 is shown an ancient sun-dial in the garden of Charles F.
+Jenkins, Esq., in Germantown, Pennsylvania. This sun-dial originally
+belonged to Nathan Spencer, who lived in Germantown prior to and during
+the Revolutionary War. Hepzibah Spencer, his daughter, married, and took
+the sun-dial to Byberry. Her daughter carried the sun-dial to Gwynedd
+when her name was changed to Jenkins; and their grandson, the present
+owner, rescued it from the chicken house with the gnomon missing, which
+was afterward found. Its inscription, "Time waits for No Man," is an old
+punning device on the word gnomon.
+
+At one time dialling was taught by many a country schoolmaster, and
+excellent and accurate sun-dials were made and set up by country
+workmen, usually masons of slight education. In Scotland the making of
+sun-dials has never died out. In America many pewter sun-dials were cast
+in moulds of steatite or other material. A few dial-makers still remain;
+one in lower New York makes very interesting-looking sun-dials of brass,
+which, properly discolored and stained, find a ready sale in uptown
+shops. I doubt if these are ever made for any special geographical
+point, but there is in a small Pennsylvania town an old Quaker who makes
+carefully calculated and accurate sun-dials, computed by logarithms for
+special places. I should like to see him "sit like a shepherd carving
+out dials, quaintly point by point." I have a very pretty circular brass
+dial of his making, about eight inches in diameter. He writes me that
+"the dial sent thee is a good students' dial, fit to set outside the
+window for a young man to use and study by in college," which would
+indicate to me that my Quaker dialler knows another type of collegian
+from those of my acquaintance, who would find the time set by a sun-dial
+rather slow.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Garden of Charles F. Jenkins, Esq.,
+Germantown, Pennsylvania.]
+
+There have been those who truly loved sun-dials. Sir William Temple
+ordered that after his death his heart should be buried under the
+sun-dial in his garden--where his heart had been in life. 'Tis not
+unusual to see a sun-dial over the gate to a burial ground, and a noble
+emblem it is in that place; one at Mount Auburn Cemetery, near Boston,
+bears a pleasing motto written originally by John G. Whittier for his
+friend, Dr. Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, and inscribed on a beautiful
+silver sun-dial now owned by Dr. Vincent Y. Bowditch of Boston,
+Massachusetts. A facsimile of this dial was also placed before the Manor
+House on the island of Naushon by Mr. John M. Forbes in memory of Dr.
+Bowditch. The lines run thus:--
+
+    WITH WARNING HAND I MARK TIME'S RAPID FLIGHT
+    FROM LIFE'S GLAD MORNING TO ITS SOLEMN NIGHT.
+    YET, THROUGH THE DEAR GOD'S LOVE I ALSO SHOW
+    THERE'S LIGHT ABOVE ME, BY THE SHADE BELOW.
+
+A sun-dial is to me, in many places, a far more inspiring memorial than
+a monument or tablet. Let me give as an example the fine sun-dial,
+designed by W. Gedney Beatty, Esq., and shown on page 359, which was
+erected on the grounds of the Memorial Hospital at Morristown, New
+Jersey, by the Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, to
+mark the spot where Washington partook of the Communion.
+
+What dignified and appropriate church appointments sun-dials are. A
+simple and impressive bronze vertical dial on the wall of the Dutch
+Reformed Church on West End Avenue, New York, is shown on page 346. The
+sun-dial standing before the rectory of Grace Church on Broadway, New
+York, is on page 364.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Ophir Farm, White Plains, New York,
+Country-seat of Hon. Whitelaw Reid.]
+
+There is ever much question as to a suitable pedestal for garden
+sun-dials: it must not stand so high that the dial-face cannot be looked
+down upon by grown persons; it must not be so light as to seem rickety,
+nor so heavy as to be clumsy. A very good rule is to err on the side of
+simplicity in sun-dials for ordinary gardens. What I regard as a very
+satisfactory pedestal and mounting in every particular may be seen in
+the illustration facing page 80, showing the sun-dial in the garden of
+Charles E. Mather, Esq., at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania.
+Sometimes the pillars of old balustrades, old fence posts, and even
+parts of old tombs and monuments, have been used as pedestals for
+sun-dials. How pleasantly Sylvana in her _Letters to an Unknown Friend_,
+tells us and shows to us her cheerful sun-dial mounted on the four
+corners of an old tombstone with this fine motto cut into the upper
+step, _Lux et umbra vicissim sed semper amor_. I mean to search the
+stone-cutters' waste heap this summer and see whether I cannot rob the
+grave to mark the hours of my life. Charles Dickens had at Gadshill a
+sun-dial set on one of the pillars of the balustrade of Old Rochester
+Bridge. From Italy and Greece marble pillars have been sent from ancient
+ruins to be set up as dial pedestals.
+
+If possible, the pedestal as well as the dial-face of a handsome
+sun-dial should have some significance through association, suggestion,
+or history. At Ophir Farm, White Plains, New York, the country-seat of
+Hon. Whitelaw Reid, may be seen a sun-dial full of exquisite
+significance. It is shown on page 375. The signs of the Zodiac in finely
+designed bronze are set on the symmetrical marble pedestal, and seem
+wonderfully harmonious and appropriate. This sun-dial is a literal
+exemplification of the words of Emerson:--
+
+              "A calendar
+    Exact to days, exact to hours,
+    Counted on the spacious dial
+    Yon broidered Zodiac girds."
+
+The dial-face is upheld by a carefully modelled tortoise in bronze,
+which is an equally suggestive emblem, connected with the tradition,
+folk-lore, and religious beliefs of both primitive and cultured peoples;
+it is specially full of meaning in this place. The whole sun-dial shows
+much thought and æsthetic perception in the designer and owner, and
+cannot fail to prove gratifying to all observers having either
+sensibility or judgment.
+
+Occasionally a very unusual and beautiful sun-dial standard may be seen,
+like the one in the Rose garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York, a copy of
+rarely beautiful Pompeian carvings. A representation of this is shown on
+page 86. Copies of simpler antique carvings make excellent sun-dial
+pedestals; a safe rule to follow is to have a reproduction made of some
+well-proportioned English or Scotch pedestal. The latter are well suited
+to small gardens. I have drawings of several Scotch sun-dials and
+pedestals which would be charming in American gardens. In the gardens at
+Hillside, by the side of the Shakespeare Border is a sun-dial (page 378)
+which is an exact reproduction of the one in the garden at Abbotsford,
+the home of Sir Walter Scott. This pedestal is suited to its
+surroundings, is well proportioned; and has historic interest. It forms
+an excellent example of Charles Lamb's "garden-altar."
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Hillside, Menand's, near Albany, New York.]
+
+On a lawn or in any suitable spot the dial-face can be mounted on a
+boulder; one is here shown. I prefer a pedestal. For gardens of limited
+size, much simplicity of design is more pleasing and more fitting than
+any elaborate carving. In an Italian garden, or in any formal garden
+whose work in stone or marble is costly and artistic, the sun-dial
+pedestal should be the climax in richness of carving of all the garden
+furnishing. I like the pedestal set on a little platform, so two or
+three steps may be taken up to it from the garden level; but after all,
+no rules can be given for the dial's setting. It may be planted with
+vines, or stand unornamented; it may be set low, and be looked down
+upon, or it may be raised high up on a side wall; but wherever it is, it
+must not be for a single minute in shadow; no trees or overhanging
+shrubs should be near it; it is a child of the sun, and lives only in
+the sun's full rays.
+
+[Illustration: Old Brass and Pewter Dial-faces.]
+
+In the lovely old garden at the home of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq., at
+Waterbury, Conn., is a sun-dial bearing the motto, "_Horas non numero
+nisi serenas_," and the dates 1739-1751,--the dates of the building of
+the old and new houses on land that has been in the immediate family
+since 1739. Around this dial is a crescent-shaped bed of Zinnias, and
+very satisfactory do they prove. This garden has fine Box edgings; one
+is shown on page 173, a Box walk, set in 1851 with ancient Box brought
+from the garden of Mr. Kingsbury's great-great-grandfather.
+
+The gnomon of a sun-dial is usually a simple plate of metal in the
+general shape of a right-angled triangle, cut often in some pierced
+design, and occasionally inscribed with a motto, name, or date.
+Sometimes the dial-maker placed on the gnomon various Masonic
+symbols--the compass, square, and triangle, or the coat of arms of the
+dial owner.
+
+One old English dial fitting we have never copied in America. It was the
+taste of the days of the Stuart kings, days of constant jesting and
+amusement and practical jokes. Concealed water jets were placed which
+wet the clothing of the unwary one who lingered to consult the
+dial-face.
+
+The significance of the sun-dial, as well as its classicism, was sure to
+be felt by artists. In the paintings of Holbein, of Albert Dürer, dials
+may be seen, not idly painted, but with symbolic meaning. The mystic
+import of a sun-dial is shown in full effect in that perfect picture,
+_Beata Beatrix_, by Dante Gabriel Rossetti. I have chosen to show here
+(facing page 380) the _Beata Beatrix_ owned by Charles L. Hutchinson,
+Esq., of Chicago, as being less photographed and known than the one of
+the British Gallery, from which it varies slightly and also because it
+has the beautiful predella. In this picture, in the words of its
+poet-painter:--
+
+    "Love's Hour stands.
+            Its eyes invisible
+     Watch till the dial's thin brown shade
+     Be born--yea, till the journeying line be laid
+     Upon the point."
+
+[Illustration: Beata Beatrix.]
+
+Andrew Marvell wrote two centuries ago of the floral sun-dials which
+were the height of the gardening mode of his day:--
+
+      "How well the skilful gardener drew
+       Of flowers and herbs this dial new.
+       When from above the milder sun
+       Does through a fragrant zodiac run;
+       And as it works the industrious bee
+       Computes its time as well as we!
+    How could such sweet and wholesome hours
+    Be reckoned but with herbs and flowers!"
+
+These were sometimes set of diverse flowers, sometimes of Mallows. Two
+of growing Box are described and displayed in the chapter on Box
+edgings.
+
+[Illustration: The Faithful Gardener.]
+
+Linnæus made a list of forty-six flowers which constituted what he
+termed the Horologe or Watch of Flora, and he gave what he called their
+exact hours of rising and setting. He divided them into three classes:
+Meteoric, Tropical, and Equinoctial flowers. Among those which he named
+are:--
+
+  ===========================================================
+                             | OPENING HOUR. | CLOSING HOUR.
+  -----------------------------------------------------------
+  Dandelion                  |    5-6 A.M.   |    8-9 P.M.
+  Mouse-ear Hawkweed         |      8 A.M.   |      2 P.M.
+  Sow Thistle                |      5 A.M.   |  11-12 P.M.
+  Yellow Goat-beard          |    3-5 A.M.   |   9-10 (?)
+  White Water Lily           |      7 A.M.   |      7 P.M.
+  Day Lily                   |      5 A.M.   |    7-8 P.M.
+  Convolvulus                |    5-6 A.M.   |
+  Mallow                     |   9-10 A.M.   |
+  Pimpernel                  |    7-8 A.M.   |
+  Portulaca                  |   9-10 A.M.   |
+  Pink (_Dianthus prolifer_) |      8 A.M.   |      1 P.M.
+  Succory                    |    4-5 A.M.   |
+  Calendula                  |      7 A.M.   |    3-4 P.M.
+  ===========================================================
+
+Of course these hours would vary in this country. And I must say very
+frankly that I think we should always be behind time if we trusted to
+Flora's Horologe. This floral clock of Linnæus was calculated for
+Upsala, Sweden; De Candolle gave another for Paris, and one has been
+arranged for our Eastern states.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+GARDEN FURNISHINGS
+
+     "Furnished with whatever may make the place agreeable, melancholy,
+     and country-like."
+
+     --_Forest Trees_, JOHN EVELYN, 1670.
+
+
+Quaint old books of garden designers show us that much more was
+contained in a garden two centuries ago, than now; it had many more
+adjuncts, more furnishings; a very full list of them has been given by
+Batty Langley in his _New Principles of Gardening_, etc., 1728. Some
+seem amusing--as haystacks and woodpiles, which he terms "rural
+enrichments." Of water adornments there were to be purling streams,
+basins, canals, fountains, cascades, cold baths. There were to be
+aviaries, hare warrens, pheasant grounds, partridge grounds, dove-cotes,
+beehives, deer paddocks, sheep walks, cow pastures, and "manazeries"
+(menageries?); physic gardens, orchards, bowling-greens, hop gardens,
+orangeries, melon grounds, vineyards, parterres, fruit yards, nurseries,
+sun-dials, obelisks, statues, cabinets, etc., decorated the garden
+walks. There were to be land gradings of mounts, winding valleys, dales,
+terraces, slopes, borders, open plains, labyrinths, wildernesses,
+"serpentine meanders," "rude-coppices," precipices, amphitheatres. His
+"serpentine meanders" had large opening spaces at proper distances, in
+one of which might be placed a small fruit garden, a "cone of
+evergreens," or a "Paradice-Stocks,"--about which latter mysterious
+garden adornment I think we must be content to remain in ignorance,
+since he certainly has given us ample variety to choose from without it.
+
+Other "landscapists" placed in their gardens old ruins, misshapen rocks,
+and even dead trees, in order to look "natural."
+
+In 1608 Henry Ballard brought out _The Gardener's Labyrinth_--a pretty
+good book, shut away from the most of us by being printed in black
+letter. He says:--
+
+     "The framing of sundry herbs delectable, with waies and allies
+     artfully devised is an upright herbar."
+
+Herbars, or arbors, were of two kinds: an upright arbor, which was
+merely a covered lean-to attached to a fence or wall; and a winding or
+"arch-arbor" standing alone. He names "archherbs," which are simply
+climbing vines to set "winding in arch-manner on withie poles." "Walker
+and sitters there-under" are thereby comfortably protected from the heat
+of the sun. These upright arbors were in high favor; Ballard says they
+offered "fragrant savours, delectable sights, and sharpening of the
+memory."
+
+[Illustration: A Garden Lyre at Waterford, Virginia.]
+
+Tree arbors were in use in Elizabethan times, platforms built in the
+branches of large trees. Parkinson called one that would hold fifty men,
+"the goodliest spectacle that ever his eyes beheld." A distinction was
+made between arbors and bowers. The arbor might be round or square, and
+was domed over the top; while the long arched way was a bower. In our
+Southern states that special use of the word bower is still universal,
+especially in the term Rose bowers. A quaint and universal furnishing of
+old Southern gardens were the trellises known as garden lyres. Two are
+shown in this chapter, from Waterford, Virginia; one bearing little
+foliage and another embowered in vines, in order to show what a really
+good vine support they were. Garden lyres and Rose bowers are rotting on
+the ground in old Virginia gardens, and I fear they will never be
+replaced.
+
+The word pergola was seldom heard here a century ago, save as used by
+the few who had travelled in Italy; but pergolas were to be found in
+many an old American garden. An ancient oval pergola still stands at
+Arlington, that beautiful spot which was once the home of the Virginia
+Lees, and is now the home of the honored dead of our Civil War. This old
+pergola has remained unharmed through fierce conflict, and is wreathed
+each spring with the verdure of vines of many kinds. It is twenty feet
+wide between the pillars, and forms an oval one hundred feet long and
+seventy wide, and when in full greenery is a lovely thing. It was
+called--indeed it is still termed in the South--a "green gallery," a
+word and thing of mediæval days.
+
+[Illustration: A Virginia Lyre with Vines.]
+
+There are many pretty trellises and vine supports and arbors which can
+be made of light poles and rails, but I do not like to hear the
+pretentious name, pergola, applied to them. A pergola must not be a
+mean, light-built affair. It should be of good proportions and
+substantial materials. It need not be made with brick or marble pillars;
+natural tree trunks of good size serve as well. It should look as if it
+had been built with care and stability, and that the vines had been
+planted and trained by skilled gardeners. A pergola may have a
+dilapidated Present and be endurable; but it should show evidences of a
+substantial Past.
+
+Little sisters of the pergola are the _charmilles_, or bosquets, arches
+of growing trees, whose interlaced boughs have no supports of wood as
+have the pergolas. When these arches are carefully trained and pruned,
+and the ground underneath is laid with turf or gravel, they form a
+delightful shady walk.
+
+Charming covered ways can be easily made by polling and training Plum or
+Willow trees. Arches are far too rare in American gardens. The few we
+have are generally old ones. In Mrs. Pierson's garden in Salem the
+splendid arch of Buckthorn is a hundred and twenty five years old.
+Similar ones are at Indian Hill. Cedar was an old choice for hedges and
+arches. It easily winter-kills at the base, and that is ample reason for
+its rejection and disuse.
+
+The many garden seats of the old English garden were perhaps its chief
+feature in distinction from American garden furnishings to-day. In a
+letter written from Kenilworth in 1575 the writer told of garden seats
+where he sat in the heat of summer, "feeling the pleasant whisking
+wynde." I have walked through many a large modern garden in the summer
+heat, and longed in vain for a shaded seat from which to regard for a
+few moments the garden treasures and feel the whisking wind, and would
+gladly have made use of the temporary presence of a wheelbarrow.
+
+[Illustration: Old Iron Gate at Westover-on-James.]
+
+Seats of marble and stone are in many of our modern formal gardens; a
+pretty one is in the garden at Avonwood Court.
+
+Grottoes, arbors, and summer-houses were all of importance in those
+days, when in our latitude and climate men had not thought to build
+piazzas surrounding the house and shadowing all the ground floor rooms.
+We are beginning to think anew of the value of sunlight in the parlors
+and dining rooms of our summer homes, which for the past thirty or forty
+years have been so darkened by our wide piazzas. Now we have fewer
+piazzas and more peristyles, and soon we shall have summer-houses and
+garden houses also.
+
+There are preserved in the South, in spite of war and earthquake, a
+number of fine examples of old wrought-iron garden gates. King William
+of England introduced these artistic gates into England, and they were
+the height of garden fashion. Among them were the beautiful gates still
+at Hampton Court, and those of Bulwich, Northamptonshire. They were
+called _clair-voyees_ on account of the uninterrupted view they
+permitted to those without and within the walls. These were often
+painted blue; but in America they were more sober of tint, though
+portions were gilded. One of the old gates at Westover-on-James is here
+shown, and on page 390 the rich wrought-iron work in the courtyard at
+the home of Colonel Colt in Bristol, Rhode Island. This is as fine as
+the house, and that is a splendid example of the best work of the first
+years of the nineteenth century.
+
+Fountains were seen usually in handsome gardens in the South; simple
+water jets falling in a handsome basin of marble or stone. Statuary of
+marble or lead was never common in old American gardens, though
+pretentious gardens had examples. To-day, in our carefully thought-out
+gardens, the garden statuary is a thing of beauty and often of meaning,
+as the figure shown on page 84. Usually our statues are of marble,
+sometimes a Japanese bronze is seen.
+
+[Illustration: Iron-work in Court of Colt Mansion, Bristol, Rhode
+Island.]
+
+In the old black letter _Gardener's Labyrinth_, a very full description
+is given of old modes of watering a garden. There was a primitive and
+very limited system of irrigation, the water being raised by
+"well-swipes"; there were very handy puncheons, or tubs on wheels, which
+could be trundled down the garden walk. There was also a formidable
+"Great Squirt of Tin," which was said to take "mighty strength" to
+handle, and which looked like a small cannon; with it was an ingenious
+bent tube of tin by which the water could be thrown in "great droppes"
+like a fountain. The author says of ordinary means of garden watering:--
+
+     "The common Watring Pot with us hath a narrow Neck, a Big Belly,
+     Somewhat large Bottome, and full of little holes with a proper hole
+     forced in the head to take in the water; which filled full and the
+     Thumbe laid on the hole to keep in the aire may in such wise be
+     carried in handsome Manner."
+
+Garden tools have changed but little since Tudor days; spade and rake
+were like ours to-day, so were dibble and mattock. Even grafting and
+pruning tools, shown in books of husbandry, were surprisingly like our
+own. Scythes were much heavier and clumsier. An old fellow is here shown
+sharpening in the ancient manner a scythe about three hundred years old.
+
+The art of grafting, known since early days, formed an important part of
+the gardener's craft. Large share of ancient garden treatises is devoted
+to minute instructions therein. To this day in New England towns a good
+grafter is a local autocrat.
+
+[Illustration: Summer-house at Ravensworth.]
+
+Beehives were once found in every garden; bee-skepes they were called
+when made of straw. Picturesque and homely were the old straw beehives,
+and still are they used in England; the old one shown in the chapter on
+sun-dials can scarcely be mated in America. They served as a
+conventional emblem of industry. They were made of welts or ropes of
+twisted straw, as were the heavy winnowing skepes once used for
+winnowing grain. In Maine, in a few out-of-the-way communities, ancient
+men still winnow grain with these skepes. I saw a man last autumn, a
+giant in stature, standing in a dull light on the crown of a hill
+winnowing wheat in one of these great skepes with an indescribably
+free and noble gesture. He was a classic, a relic of Homer's age, no
+longer a farmer, but a husbandman. Bees and honey were of much value in
+ancient days. Honey was the chief ingredient in many wholesome and
+pleasing drinks--mead, metheglin, bragget (or braket), morat,
+erboule--all very delightful in their ingredients, redolent of meadows
+and hedge-rows; thus Cowslip mead was made of Cowslip "pips," honey,
+Lemon juice, and "a handful of Sweetbrier." "Athol porridge," demure of
+name, was as potent as pleasing--potent as good honey, good cream, and
+good whiskey could make it.
+
+[Illustration: Sharpening the Old Dutch Scythe.]
+
+Rows of typical Southern beehives are shown in the two succeeding
+illustrations. From their home by the side of a White Rose and under an
+old Sweet Apple tree these Waterford bees did not wish to swarm out in a
+hurry to find a new home. These beehives are not very ancient in shape,
+but when I see a row of them set thus under the trees, or in a
+hive-shelter, they seem to tell of olden days. The very bees flying in
+and out seem steady-going, respectable old fellows. Such hives have a
+cosy look, with rows of Hollyhocks behind them, and hundreds of spires
+of Larkspur for these old bees to bury their heads in.
+
+[Illustration: Beehives at Waterford, Virginia.]
+
+The sadly picturesque old superstition of "telling the bees" of a death
+in a family and hanging a bit of black cloth on the hives as a
+mourning-weed still is observed in some country communities. Whittier's
+poem on the subject is wonderfully "countrified" in atmosphere, using
+the word chore-girl, so seldom heard even in familiar speech to-day and
+never found in verse elsewhere than in this rustic poem. I saw one
+summer in Narragansett, on Stony Lane, not far from the old
+Six-Principle Church, a row of beehives hung with strips of black cloth;
+the house mistress was dead--the friend of bird and beast and bee--who
+had reared the guardian of the garden told of on page 396 _et seq._
+
+[Illustration: Beehives under the Trees.]
+
+A pretty and appropriate garden furnishing was the dove-cote. The
+possession of a dove-cote in England, and the rearing of pigeons, was
+free only to lords of the manor and noblemen. When the colonists came to
+America, many of them had never been permitted to keep pigeons. In
+Scotland persistent attempts at pigeon-raising by folks of humble
+station might be punished with death. The settlers must have revelled in
+the freedom of the new land, as well as in the plenty of pigeons, both
+wild and domestic. In old England the dove-cote was often built close to
+the kitchen door, that squab and pigeon might be near the hand of the
+cook. Dove-cotes in America were often simple boxes or houses raised on
+stout posts. Occasionally might be seen a fine brick dove-cote like the
+one still standing at Shirley-on-the-James, in Virginia, which is shaped
+without and within like several famous old dove-cotes in England, among
+them the one at Athelhampton Hall, Dorchester, England. The English
+dove-cote has within a revolving ladder hung from a central post while
+the Virginian squab catcher uses an ordinary ladder. The shelves for the
+birds to rest upon and the square recesses for the nests made by the
+ingenious placing of the bricks are alike in both cotes.
+
+[Illustration: Spring House at Johnson Homestead, Germantown,
+Pennsylvania.]
+
+A beautiful and fitting tenant of old formal gardens was the peacock,
+"with his aungelis federys bryghte." On large English estates peacocks
+were universally kept. A fine peacock, with full-spread tail, makes many
+a gay flower bed pale before his panoply of iridescence and color. The
+peahen is a demurely pretty creature. Peacocks are not altogether
+grateful to garden owners; on the old Narragansett farm whose garden is
+shown on page 35, they were always kept, and it was one of the prides
+and pleasures of formal hospitality to offer a roasted peacock to
+visitors. But, save when roasted, the vain creatures would not keep
+silence, and when they squawked the glory of their plumage was
+forgotten. They had an odious habit, too, of wandering off to distant
+groves on the farm, usually selecting the nights of bitterest cold, and
+roosting in some very high tree, in some very inaccessible spot. They
+could not be left in this ill-considered sleeping-place, else they would
+all freeze to death; and words fail to tell the labor in lowering
+twilight and temperature of discovering their retreat, the dislodging,
+capturing, and imprisoning them.
+
+[Illustration: Dove-cote at Shirley-on-James.]
+
+In Narragansett there is a charming old farm garden, which I often visit
+to note and admire its old-time blossoms. This garden has a guardian,
+who haunts the garden walks as did the terrace peacock of old England;
+no watch-dog ever was so faithful, and none half so acute. When I visit
+the garden I always ask "Where is Job?" I am answered that he is in the
+field with the cattle. Sometimes this is true, but at other times Job
+has left the field and is attending to his assumed duties. As he is not
+encouraged, he has learned great slyness and dissimulation. Immovable,
+and in silence, Job is concealed behind a Syringa hedge or in a Lilac
+ambush, and as you stroll peacefully and unwittingly down the paths,
+sniffing the honeyed sweetness of the dense edging of Sweet Alyssum, all
+is as balmy as the blossoms. But stoop for an instant, to gather some
+leaves of Sweet Basil or Sweet Brier, or to collect a dozen seed-pods of
+that specially delicate Sweet Pea, and lo! the enemy is upon you,
+like a fierce whirlwind. He looks mild and demure enough in his kitchen
+yard retreat, whereto, upon piercing outcry for help, the farmer and his
+two sons have haled him, and where the camera has caught him. But far
+from meek is his aspect when you are dodging him around the great Tree
+Peony, or flying frantically before him down the side path to the garden
+gate. This fierce wild beast was once that mildest of creatures--a pet
+lamb; the constant companion of the farm-wife, as she weeded and watered
+her loved garden. Her husband says, "He seems to think folks are
+stealing her flowers, if they stop to look." The wife and mother of
+these three great men has gone from her garden forever; but a tenderness
+for all that she loved makes them not only care for her flowers, but
+keeps this rampant guardian of the garden at the kitchen door, just as
+she kept him when he was a little lamb. I knew this New England farmer's
+wife, a noble woman, of infinite tenderness, strength, and endurance; a
+lover of trees and flowers and all living things, and I marvel not that
+they keep her memory green.
+
+[Illustration: The Peacock in His Pride.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+GARDEN BOUNDARIES
+
+    "A garden fair ... with Wandis long and small
+     Railèd about, and so with treès set
+     Was all the place; and Hawthorne hedges knet,
+     That lyf was none walking there forbye
+     That might within scarce any wight espy."
+
+    --_Kings Qubair_, KING JAMES I OF SCOTLAND.
+
+
+One who reads what I have written in these pages of a garden enclosed,
+will scarcely doubt that to me every garden must have boundaries,
+definite and high. Three old farm boundaries were of necessity garden
+boundaries in early days--our stone walls, rail fences, and hedge-rows.
+The first two seem typically American; the third is an English hedge
+fashion. Throughout New England the great boulders were blasted to clear
+the rocky fields; and these, with the smaller loose stones, were
+gathered into vast stone walls. We still see these walls around fields
+and as the boundaries of kitchen gardens and farm flower gardens, and
+delightful walls they are, resourceful of beauty to the inventive
+gardener. I know one lovely garden in old Narragansett, on a farm which
+is now the country-seat of folk of great wealth, where the old stone
+walls are the pride of the place; and the carefully kept garden seems
+set in a beautiful frame of soft gray stones and flowering vines. These
+walls would be more beautiful still if our climate would let us have the
+wall gardens of old England, but everything here becomes too dry in
+summer for wall gardens to flourish.
+
+[Illustration: The Guardian of the Garden.]
+
+Rhode Island farmers for two centuries have cleared and sheltered the
+scanty soil of their state by blasting the ledges, and gathering the
+great stones of ledge and field into splendid stone walls. Their beauty
+is a gift to the farmer's descendants in reward for his hours of bitter
+and wearying toil. One of these fine stone walls, six feet in height,
+has stood secure and unbroken through a century of upheavals of winter
+frosts--which it was too broad and firmly built to heed. It stretches
+from the Post Road in old Narragansett, through field and meadow, and by
+the side of the oak grove, to the very edge of the bay. To the waterside
+one afternoon in June there strolled, a few years ago, a beautiful young
+girl and a somewhat conscious but determined young man. They seated
+themselves on the stone wall under the flickering shadow of a great
+Locust tree, then in full bloom. The air was sweet with the honeyed
+fragrance of the lovely pendent clusters of bloom, and bird and bee and
+butterfly hovered around,--it was paradise. The beauty and fitness of
+the scene so stimulated the young man's fancy to thoughts and words of
+love that he soon burst forth to his companion in an impassioned avowal
+of his desire to make her his wife. He had often pictured to himself
+that some time he would say to her these words, and he had seen also in
+his hopes the looks of tender affection with which she would reply. What
+was his amazement to behold that, instead of blushes and tender glances,
+his words of love were met by an apparently frenzied stare of horror and
+disgust, that seemed to pierce through him, as his beloved one sprung at
+one bound from her seat by his side on the high stone wall, and ran away
+at full speed, screaming out, "Oh, kill him! kill him!"
+
+Now that was certainly more than disconcerting to the warmest of lovers,
+and with a half-formed dread that the suddenness of his proposal of love
+had turned her brain, he ran after her, albeit somewhat coolly, and soon
+learned the reason for her extraordinary behavior. Emulous of the
+tempting serpent of old, a great black snake, Mr. _Bascanion
+constrictor_, had said complaisantly to himself: "Now here are a fair
+young Adam and Eve who have entered uninvited my Garden of Eden, and the
+man fancies it is not good for him to be alone, but I will have a word
+to say about that. I will come to her with honied words." So he thrust
+himself up between the stones of the wall, and advanced persuasively
+upon them, behind the man's back. But a Yankee Eve of the year 1890 A.D.
+is not that simple creature, the Eve of the year ---- B.C.; and even the
+Father of Evil would have to be great of guile to succeed in his wiles
+with her.
+
+A farm servant was promptly despatched to watch for the ill-mannered and
+intrusive snake who--as is the fashion of a snake--had grown to be as
+big as a boa-constrictor after he vanished; and at the end of the week
+once more the heel of man had bruised the serpent's head, and the third
+party in this love episode lay dead in his six feet of ugliness, a
+silent witness to the truth of the story.
+
+Throughout Narragansett, Locust trees have a fashion of fringing the
+stone walls with close young growth, and shading them with occasional
+taller trees.
+
+[Illustration: Terrace Wall at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+These form an ideal garden boundary. The stone walls also gather a
+beautiful growth of Clematis, Brier, wild Peas, and Grapes; but they
+form a clinging-place for that devil's brood, Poison Ivy, which is so
+persistent in growth and so difficult to exterminate.
+
+The old worm fence was distinctly American; it had a zigzag series of
+chestnut rails, with stakes of twisted cedar saplings which were
+sometimes "chunked" by moss-covered boulders just peeping from the
+earth. This worm fence secured to the nature lover and to wild life a
+strip of land eight or ten feet wide, whereon plant, bird, beast,
+reptile, and insect flourished and reproduced. It has been, within a few
+years, a gardening fashion to preserve these old "Virginia" fences on
+country places of considerable elegance. Planted with Clematis,
+Honeysuckle, Trumpet vine, Wistaria, and the free-growing new Japanese
+Roses, they are wonderfully effective.
+
+[Illustration: Rail Fence Corner.]
+
+On Long Island, east of Riverhead, where there are few stones to form
+stone walls, are curious and picturesque hedge-rows, which are a most
+interesting and characteristic feature of the landscape, and they are
+beautiful also, as I have seen them once or twice, at the end of an old
+garden. These hedge-rows were thus formed: when a field was cleared, a
+row of young saplings of varied growth, chiefly Oak, Elder, and Ash, was
+left to form the hedge. These young trees were cut and bent over
+parallel to the ground, and sometimes interlaced together with dry
+branches and vines. Each year these trees were lopped, and new sprouts
+and branches permitted to grow only in the line of the hedge. Soon a
+tangle of briers and wild vines overgrew and netted them all into a
+close, impenetrable, luxuriant mass. They were, to use Wordsworth's
+phrase, "scarcely hedge-rows, but lines of sportive woods run wild." In
+this close green wall birds build their nests, and in their shelter
+burrow wild hares, and there open Violets and other firstlings of the
+spring. The twisted tree trunks in these old hedges are sometimes three
+or four feet in diameter one way, and but a foot or more the other; they
+were a shiftless field-border, as they took up so much land, but they
+were sheep-proof. The custom of making a dividing line by a row of bent
+and polled trees still remains, even where the close, tangled hedge-row
+has disappeared with the flocks of sheep.
+
+[Illustration: Topiary Work at Levens Hall.]
+
+These hedge-rows were an English fashion seen in Hertfordshire and
+Suffolk. On commons and reclaimed land they took the place of the
+quickset hedges seen around richer farm lands. The bending and
+interlacing was called plashing; the polling, shrouding. English farmers
+and gardeners paid infinite attention to their hedges, both as a
+protection to their fields and as a means of firewood.
+
+There is something very pleasant in the thought that these English
+gentlemen who settled eastern Long Island, the Gardiners, Sylvesters,
+Coxes, and others, retained on their farm lands in the new world the
+customs of their English homes, pleasanter still to know that their
+descendants for centuries kept up these homely farm fashions. The old
+hedge-rows on Long Island are an historical record, a landmark--long may
+they linger. On some of the finest estates on the island they have been
+carefully preserved, to form the lower boundary of a garden, where,
+laid out with a shaded, grassy walk dividing it from the flower beds,
+they form the loveliest of garden limits. Planted skilfully with great
+Art to look like great Nature, with edging of Elder and Wild Rose, with
+native vines and an occasional congenial garden ally, they are truly
+unique.
+
+[Illustration: Oval Pergola at Arlington.]
+
+Yew was used for the most famous English hedges; and as neither Yew nor
+Holly thrive here--though both will grow--I fancy that is why we have
+ever had in comparison so few hedges, and have really no very ancient
+ones, though in old letters and account books we read of the planting of
+hedges on fine estates. George Washington tried it, so did Adams, and
+Jefferson, and Quincy. Osage Orange, Barberry, and Privet were in
+nurserymen's lists, but it has not been till within twenty or thirty
+years that Privet has become so popular. In Southern gardens, Cypress
+made close, good garden hedges; and Cedar hedges fifty or sixty years
+old are seen. Lilac hedges were unsatisfactory, save in isolated cases,
+as the one at Indian Hill. The Japan Quinces, and other of the Japanese
+shrubs, were tried in hedges in the mid-century, with doubtful success
+as hedges, though they form lovely rows of flowering shrubs. Snowballs
+and Snowberries, Flowering Currant, Altheas, and Locust, all have been
+used for hedge-planting, so we certainly have tried faithfully enough to
+have hedges in America. Locust hedges are most graceful, they cannot be
+clipped closely. I saw one lovely creation of Locust, set with an
+occasional Rose Acacia--and the Locust thus supported the brittle
+Acacia. If it were successful, it would be, when in bloom, a dream of
+beauty. Hemlock hedges are ever fine, as are hemlock trees everywhere,
+but will not bear too close clipping. Other evergreens, among them the
+varied Spruces, have been set in hedges, but have not proved
+satisfactory enough to be much used.
+
+[Illustration: French Homestead with old Stone Terrace, Kingston, Rhode
+Island.]
+
+Buckthorn was a century ago much used for hedges and arches. When Josiah
+Quincy, President of Harvard College, was in Congress in 1809, he
+obtained from an English gardener, in Georgetown, Buckthorn plants for
+hedges in his Massachusetts home, which hedges were an object of great
+beauty for many years.
+
+The traveller Kalm found Privet hedges in Pennsylvania in 1760. In
+Scotland Privet is called Primprint. Primet and Primprivet were other
+old names. Box was called Primpe. These were all derivative of prim,
+meaning precise. Our Privet hedges, new as they are, are of great beauty
+and satisfaction, and soon will rival the English Yew hedges.
+
+I have never yet seen the garden in which there was not some boundary or
+line which could be filled to advantage by a hedge. In garden great or
+garden small, the hedge should ever have a place. Often a featureless
+garden, blooming well, yet somehow unattractive, has been completely
+transformed by the planting of hedges. They seem, too, to give such an
+orderly aspect to the garden. In level countries hedges are specially
+valuable. I cannot understand why some denounce clipped hedges and trees
+as against nature. A clipped hedge is just as natural as the cut grass
+of a lawn, and is closely akin to it. Others think hedges "too set"; to
+me their finality is their charm.
+
+Hedges need to be well kept to be pleasing. Chaucer in his day in
+praising a "hegge" said that:--
+
+    "Every branche and leaf must grow by mesure
+     Pleine as a bord, of an height by and by."
+
+In England, hedge-clipping has ever been a gardening art.
+
+[Illustration: Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts.]
+
+In the old English garden the topiarist was an important functionary.
+Besides his clipping shears he had to have what old-time cooks called
+_judgment_ or _faculty_. In English gardens many specimens of topiary
+work still exist, maintained usually as relics of the past rather than
+as a modern notion of the beautiful. The old gardens at Levens Hall,
+page 404, contain some of the most remarkable examples.
+
+In a few old gardens in America, especially in Southern towns, traces of
+the topiary work of early years can be seen; these overgrown, uncertain
+shapes have a curious influence, and the sentiment awakened is
+beautifully described by Gabriele d' Annunzio:--
+
+     "We walked among evergreens, among ancient Box trees, Laurels,
+     Myrtles, whose wild old age had forgotten its early discipline. In
+     a few places here and there was some trace of the symmetrical
+     shapes carved once upon a time by the gardener's shears, and with a
+     melancholy not unlike his who searches on old tombstones for the
+     effigies of the forgotten dead, I noted carefully among the silent
+     plants those traces of humanity not altogether obliterated."
+
+The height of topiary art in America is reached in the lovely garden,
+often called the Italian garden, of Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq., at
+Wellesley, Massachusetts. Vernon Lee tells in her charming essay on
+"Italian Gardens" of the beauty of gardens without flowers, and this
+garden of Mr. Hunnewell is an admirable example. Though the effect of
+the black and white of the pictured representations shown on these pages
+is perhaps somewhat sombre, there is nothing sad or sombre in the garden
+itself. The clear gleam of marble pavilions and balustrades, the formal
+rows of flower jars with their hundreds of Century plants, and the
+lovely light on the lovely lake, serve as a delightful contrast to the
+clear, clean lusty green of the clipped trees. This garden is a
+beautiful example of the art of the topiarist, not in its grotesque
+forms, but in the shapes liked by Lord Bacon, pyramids, columns, and
+"hedges in welts," carefully studied to be both stately and graceful. I
+first saw this garden thirty years ago; it was interesting then in its
+well thought-out plan, and in the perfection of every inch of its slow
+growth; but how much more beautiful now, when the garden's promise is
+fulfilled.
+
+[Illustration: Steps in Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts.]
+
+The editor of _Country Life_ says that the most notable attempt at
+modern topiary work in England is at Ascott, the seat of Mr. Leopold de
+Rothschild, but the examples there have not attained a growth at all
+approaching those at Wellesley. Mr. Hunnewell writes thus of his
+garden:--
+
+     "It was after a visit to Elvaston nearly fifty years ago that I
+     conceived the idea of making a collection of trees for topiary work
+     in imitation of what I had witnessed at that celebrated estate. As
+     suitable trees for that purpose could not be obtained at the
+     nurseries in this country, and as the English Yew is not reliable
+     in our New England climate, I was obliged to make the best
+     selection possible from such trees as had proved hardy here--the
+     Pines, Spruces, Hemlocks, Junipers, Arbor-vitæ, Cedars, and
+     Japanese Retinosporas. The trees were all very small, and for the
+     first twenty years their growth was shortened twice annually,
+     causing them to take a close and compact habit, comparing favorably
+     in that respect with the Yew. Many of them are now more than forty
+     feet in height and sixty feet in circumference, the Hemlocks
+     especially proving highly successful."
+
+This beautiful example of art in nature is ever open to visitors, and
+the number of such visitors is very large. It is, however, but one of
+the many beauties of the great estate, with its fine garden of Roses,
+its pavilion of splendid Rhododendrons and Azaleas, its uncommon and
+very successful rock garden, and its magnificent plantation of rare
+trees. There are also many rows of fine hedges and arches in various
+portions of the grounds, hedges of clipped Cedar and Hemlock, many of
+them twenty feet high, which compare well in condition, symmetry, and
+extent with the finest English hedges on the finest English estates.
+
+[Illustration: Topiary Work in California.]
+
+Through the great number of formal gardens laid out within a few years
+in America, the topiary art has had a certain revival. In California,
+with the lavish foliage, it may be seen in considerable perfection,
+though of scant beauty, as here shown.
+
+[Illustration: Serpentine Brick Wall at University of Virginia,
+Charlottesville.]
+
+Happy is the garden surrounded by a brick wall or with terrace wall of
+brick. How well every color looks by the side of old brick; even
+scarlet, bright pink, and rose-pink flowers, which seem impossible, do
+very well when held to the wall by clear green leaves. Flowering vines
+are perfect when trained on old soft-red brick enclosing walls;
+white-flowered vines are specially lovely thereon, Clematis, white
+Roses, and the rarely beautiful white Wistaria. How lovely is my
+Virgin's-bower when growing on brick; how Hollyhocks stand up beside it.
+Brick posts, too, are good in a fence, and, better still, in a pergola.
+A portion of the fine terrace wall at Van Cortlandt Manor is shown
+facing page 286. This wall was put in about fifty years ago; ere that
+there had been a grass bank, which is ever a trial in a garden; for it
+is hard to mow the grass on such a bank, and it never looks neat; it
+should be planted with some vine.
+
+A very curious garden wall is the serpentine brick wall still standing
+at the University of Virginia, at Charlottesville. It is about seven
+feet high, and closes in the garden and green of the row of houses
+occupied by members of the faculty; originally it may have extended
+around the entire college grounds. I present a view from the street in
+order to show its contour distinctly; within the garden its outlines are
+obscured by vines and flowers. The first thought in the mind of the
+observer is that its reason for curving is that it could be built much
+more lightly, and hence more cheaply, than a straight wall; then it
+seems a possible idealization in brick of the old Virginia rail fence.
+But I do not look to domestic patterns and influences for its
+production; it is to me a good example of the old-time domination of
+French ideas which was so marked and so disquieting in America. In
+France, after the peace of 1762, the Marquis de Geradin was
+revolutionizing gardening. His own garden at Ermenonville and his
+description of it exercised important influence in England and America,
+as in France. Jefferson was the planner and architect of the University
+of Virginia; and it is stated that he built this serpentine wall.
+Whether he did or not, it is another example of French influences in
+architecture in the United States. This French school, above everything
+else, replaced straight lines with carefully curving and winding lines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+A MOONLIGHT GARDEN
+
+        "How sweetly smells the Honeysuckle
+    In the hush'd night, as if the world were one
+    Of utter peace and love and gentleness."
+
+    --WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
+
+
+Gardens fanciful of name, a Saint's Garden, a Friendship Garden, have
+been planted and cherished. I plant a garden like none other; not an
+everyday garden, nor indeed a garden of any day, but a garden for "brave
+moonshine," a garden of twilight opening and midnight bloom, a garden of
+nocturnal blossoms, a garden of white blossoms, and the sweetest garden
+in the world. It is a garden of my dreams, but I know where it lies, and
+it now is smiling back at this very harvest moon.
+
+The old house of Hon. Ben. Perley Poore--Indian Hill--at Newburyport,
+Massachusetts, has been for many years one of the loveliest of New
+England's homes. During his lifetime it had extraordinary charms, for on
+the noble hillside, where grew scattered in sunny fields and pastures
+every variety of native tree that would winter New England's snow and
+ice, there were vast herds of snow-white cows, and flocks of white
+sheep, and the splendid oxen were white. White pigeons circled in the
+air around ample dove-cotes, and the farmyard poultry were all white; an
+enthusiastic chronicler recounts also white peacocks on the wall, but
+these are also denied.
+
+On every side were old terraced walls covered with Roses and flowering
+vines, banked with shrubs, and standing in beds of old-time flowers
+running over with bloom; but behind the house, stretching up the lovely
+hillside, was The Garden, and when we entered it, lo! it was a White
+Garden with edgings of pure and seemly white Candytuft from the forcing
+beds, and flowers of Spring Snowflake and Star of Bethlehem and
+Jonquils; and there were white-flowered shrubs of spring, the earliest
+Spiræas and Deutzias; the doubled-flowered Cherries and Almonds and old
+favorites, such as Peter's Wreath, all white and wonderfully expressive
+of a simplicity, a purity, a closeness to nature.
+
+I saw this lovely farmstead and radiant White Garden first in glowing
+sunlight, but far rarer must have been its charm in moonlight; though
+the white beasts (as English hinds call cattle) were sleeping in careful
+shelter; and the white dog, assured of their safety, was silent; and the
+white fowl were in coop and cote; and
+
+    "Only the white sheep were sometimes seen
+     To cross the strips of moon-blanch'd green."
+
+But the White Garden, ah! then the garden truly lived; it was like
+lightest snow wreaths bathed in silvery moonshine, with every radiant
+flower adoring the moon with wide-open eyes, and pouring forth incense
+at her altar. And it was peopled with shadowy forms shaped of pearly
+mists and dews; and white night moths bore messages for them from flower
+to flower--this garden then was the garden of my dreams.
+
+Thoreau complained to himself that he had not put duskiness enough into
+his words in his description of his evening walks. He longed to have the
+peculiar and classic severity of his sentences, the color of his style,
+tell his readers that his scene was laid at night without saying so in
+exact words. I, too, have not written as I wished, by moonlight; I can
+tell of moonlight in the garden, but I desire more; I want you to see
+and feel this moonlight garden, as did Emily Dickinson her garden by
+moonlight:--
+
+    "And still within the summer's night
+     A something so transporting bright
+     I clap my hands to see."
+
+But perhaps I can no more gather it into words than I can bottle up the
+moonlight itself.
+
+This lovely garden, varied in shape, and extending in many and diverse
+directions and corners, bears as its crown a magnificent double flower
+border over seven hundred feet long; with a broad straight path trimly
+edged with Box adown through its centre, and with a flower border twelve
+feet wide on either side. This was laid out and planted in 1833 by the
+parents of Major Poore, after extended travel in England, and doubtless
+under the influences of the beautiful English flower gardens they had
+seen. Its length was originally broken halfway up the hill and crowned
+at the top of the hill by some formal parterres of careful design, but
+these now are removed. There are graceful arches across the path, one of
+Honeysuckle on the crown of the hill, from which you look out perhaps
+into Paradise--for Indian Hill in June is a very close neighbor to
+Paradise; it is difficult to define the boundaries between the two, and
+to me it would be hard to choose between them.
+
+Standing in this arch on this fair hill, you can look down the long
+flower borders of color and perfume to the old house, lying in the heart
+of the trees and vines and flowers. To your left is the hill-sweep,
+bearing the splendid grove, an arboretum of great native trees, planted
+by Major Poore, and for which he received the prize awarded by his
+native state to the finest plantation of trees within its bounds. Turn
+from the house and garden, and look through this frame of vines formed
+by the arch upon this scene,--the loveliest to me of any on earth,--a
+fair New England summer landscape. Fields of rich corn and grain, broken
+at times with the gray granite boulders which show what centuries of
+grand and sturdy toil were given to make these fertile fields; ample
+orchards full of promise of fruit; placid lakes and mill-dams and narrow
+silvery rivers, with low-lying red brick mills embowered in trees; dark
+forests of sombre Pine and Cedar and Oak; narrow lanes and broad
+highways shaded with the livelier green of Elm and Maple and Birch;
+gray farm-houses with vast barns; little towns of thrifty white houses
+clustered around slender church-spires which, set thickly over this
+sunny land, point everywhere to heaven, and tell, as if speaking, the
+story of New England's past, of her foundation on love of God, just as
+the fields and orchards and highways speak of thrift and honesty and
+hard labor; and the houses, such as this of Indian Hill, of kindly
+neighborliness and substantial comfort; and as this old garden speaks of
+a love of the beautiful, a refinement, an æsthetic and tender side of
+New England character which _we_ know, but into which--as Mr. Underwood
+says in _Quabbin_, that fine study of New England life--"strangers and
+Kiplings cannot enter."
+
+Seven hundred feet of double flower border, fourteen hundred feet of
+flower bed, twelve feet wide! "It do swallow no end of plants," says the
+gardener.
+
+[Illustration: Chestnut Path in Garden at Indian Hill.]
+
+In spite of the banishing dictum of many artists in regard to white
+flowers in a garden, the presence of ample variety of white flowers is
+to me the greatest factor in producing harmony and beauty both by night
+and day. White seems to be as important a foil in some cases as green.
+It may sometimes be given to the garden in other ways than through
+flower blossoms, by white marble statues, vases, pedestals, seats.
+
+We all like the approval of our own thoughts by men of genius; with my
+love of white flowers I had infinite gratification in these words of
+Walter Savage Landor's, written from Florence in regard to a friend's
+garden:--
+
+     "I like white flowers better than any others; they resemble fair
+     women. Lily, Tuberose, Orange, and the truly English Syringa are my
+     heart's delight. I do not mean to say that they supplant the Rose
+     and Violet in my affections, for these are our first loves, before
+     we grew _too fond of considering_; and too fond of displaying our
+     acquaintance with others of sounding titles."
+
+In Japan, where flowers have rank, white flowers are the aristocrats. I
+deem them the aristocrats in the gardens of the Occident also.
+
+Having been informed of Tennyson's dislike of white flowers, I have
+amused myself by trying to discover in his poems evidence of such
+aversion. I think one possibly might note an indifference to white
+blossoms; but strong color sense, his love of ample and rich color,
+would naturally make him name white infrequently. A pretty line in
+_Walking to the Mail_ tells of a girl with "a skin as clean and white as
+Privet when it flowers"; and there were White Lilies and Roses and
+milk-white Acacias in Maud's garden.
+
+In _The Last Tournament_ the street-ways are depicted as hung with white
+samite, and "children sat in white," and the dames and damsels were all
+"white-robed in honor of the stainless child." A "swarthy one" cried out
+at last:--
+
+    "The snowdrop only, flowering thro' the year,
+     Would make the world as blank as wintertide.
+     Come!--let us gladden their sad eyes
+     With all the kindlier colors of the field.
+     So dame and damsel glitter'd at the feast
+     Variously gay....
+     So dame and damsel cast the simple white,
+     And glowing in all colors, the live grass,
+     Rose-campion, King-cup, Bluebell, Poppy, glanced
+     About the revels."
+
+[Illustration: Foxgloves in Lower Garden at Indian Hill.]
+
+In the garden borders is a commonplace little plant, gray of foliage,
+with small, drooping, closed flowers of an indifferently dull tint, you
+would almost wonder at its presence among its gay garden fellows. Let us
+glance at it in the twilight, for it seems like the twilight, a soft,
+shaded gray; but the flowers have already lifted their heads and opened
+their petals, and they now seem like the twilight clouds of palest pink
+and lilac. It is the Night-scented Stock, and lavishly through the still
+night it pours forth its ineffable fragrance. A single plant, thirty
+feet from an open window, will waft its perfume into the room. This
+white Stock was a favorite flower of Marie Antoinette, under its French
+name the Julienne. "Night Violets," is its appropriate German name.
+Hesperis! the name shows its habit. Dame's Rocket is our title for this
+cheerful old favorite of May, which shines in such snowy beauty at
+night, and throws forth such a compelling fragrance. It is rarely found
+in our gardens, but I have seen it growing wild by the roadside in
+secluded spots; not in ample sheets of growth like Bouncing Bet, which
+we at first glance thought it was; it is a shyer stray, blossoming
+earlier than comely Betsey.
+
+The old-fashioned single, or slightly double, country Pink, known as
+Snow Pink or Star Pink, was often used as an edging for small borders,
+and its bluish green, almost gray, foliage was quaint in effect and
+beautiful in the moonlight. When seen at night, the reason for the
+folk-name is evident. Last summer, on a heavily clouded night in June,
+in a cottage garden at West Hampton, borders of this Snow Pink shone out
+of the darkness with a phosphorescent light, like hoar-frost, on every
+grassy leaf; while the hundreds of pale pink blossoms seemed softly
+shining stars. It was a curious effect, almost wintry, even in
+midsummer. The scent was wafted down the garden path, and along the
+country road, like a concentrated essence, rather than a fleeting breath
+of flowers. One of these cottage borders is shown on page 292, and I
+have named it from these lines from _The Garden that I Love_:--
+
+    "A running ribbon of perfumed snow
+     Which the sun is melting rapidly."
+
+At sundown the beautiful white Day Lily opens and gives forth all night
+an overwhelming sweetness; I have never seen night moths visiting it,
+though I know they must, since a few seed capsules always form. In the
+border stand--
+
+                "Clumps of sunny Phlox
+    That shine at dusk, and grow more deeply sweet."
+
+These, with white Petunias, are almost unbearably cloying in their heavy
+odor. It is a curious fact that some of these night-scented flowers are
+positively offensive in the daytime; try your _Nicotiana affinis_ next
+midday--it outpours honeyed sweetness at night, but you will be glad it
+withholds its perfume by day. The plants of Nicotiana were first
+introduced to England for their beauty, sweet scent, and medicinal
+qualities, not to furnish smoke. Parkinson in 1629 writes of Tobacco,
+"With us it is cherished for medicinal qualities as for the beauty of
+its flowers," and Gerarde, in 1633, after telling of the beauty, etc.,
+says that the dried leaves are "taken in a pipe, set on fire, the smoke
+suckt into the stomach, and thrust forth at the noshtrils."
+
+Snake-root, sometimes called Black Cohosh (_Cimicifuga racemosa_), is
+one of the most stately wild flowers, and a noble addition to the
+garden. A picture of a single plant gives little impression of its
+dignity of habit, its wonderfully decorative growth; but the succession
+of pure white spires, standing up several feet high at the edge of a
+swampy field, or in a garden, partake of that compelling charm which
+comes from tall trees of slender growth, from repetition and
+association, such as pine trees, rows of bayonets, the gathered masts of
+a harbor, from stalks of corn in a field, from rows of Foxglove--from
+all "serried ranks." I must not conceal the fact of its horrible odor,
+which might exile it from a small garden.
+
+[Illustration: Dame's Rocket.]
+
+Among my beloved white flowers, a favorite among those who are all
+favorites, is the white Columbine. Some are double, but the common
+single white Columbines picture far better the derivation of their
+name; they are like white doves, they seem almost an emblematic flower.
+William Morris says:--
+
+     "Be very shy of double flowers; choose the old Columbine where the
+     clustering doves are unmistakable and distinct, not the double one,
+     where they run into mere tatters. Don't be swindled out of that
+     wonder of beauty, a single Snowdrop; there is no gain and plenty of
+     loss in the double one."
+
+There are some extremists, such as Dr. Forbes Watson, who condemn all
+double flowers. One thing in the favor of double blooms is that their
+perfume is increased with their petals. Double Violets, Roses, and Pinks
+seem as natural now as single flowers of their kinds. I confess a
+distinct aversion to the thought of a double Lilac. I have never seen
+one, though the Ranoncule, said to be very fine, costs but forty cents a
+plant, and hence must be much grown.
+
+[Illustration: Snake-root.]
+
+There is a curious influence of flower-color which I can only explain by
+giving an example. We think of Iris, Gladiolus, Lupine, and even
+Foxglove and Poppy as flowers of a warm and vivid color; so where we see
+them a pure white, they have a distinct and compelling effect on us,
+pleasing, but a little eerie; not a surprise, for we have always known
+the white varieties, yet not exactly what we are wonted to. This has
+nothing of the grotesque, as is produced by the albino element in the
+animal world; it is simply a trifle mysterious. White Pansies and White
+Violets possess this quality to a marked degree. I always look and look
+again at growing White Violets. A friend says: "Do you think they will
+speak to you?" for I turn to them with such an expectancy of something.
+
+The "everlasting" white Pea is a most satisfactory plant by day or
+night. Hedges covered with it are a pure delight. Do not fear to plant
+it with liberal hand. Be very liberal, too, in your garden of white
+Foxgloves. Even if the garden be small, there is room for many graceful
+spires of the lovely bells to shine out everywhere, piercing up through
+green foliage and colored blooms of other plants. They are not only
+beautiful, but they are flowers of sentiment and association, endeared
+to childhood, visited of bees, among the best beloved of old-time
+favorites. They consort well with nearly every other flower, and
+certainly with every other color, and they seem to clarify many a
+crudely or dingily tinted flower; they are as admirable foils as they
+are principals in the garden scheme. In England, where they readily grow
+wild, they are often planted at the edge of a wood, or to form vistas in
+a copse. I doubt whether they would thrive here thus planted, but they
+are admirable when set in occasional groups to show in pure whiteness
+against a hedge. I say in occasional groups, for the Foxglove should
+never be planted in exact rows. The White Iris, the Iris of the
+Florentine Orris-root, is one of the noblest plants of the whole world;
+its pure petals are truly hyaline like snow-ice, like translucent white
+glass; and the indescribably beautiful drooping lines of the flowers are
+such a contrast with the defiant erectness of the fresh green leaves.
+Small wonder that it was a sacred flower of the Greeks. It was called
+by the French _la flambe blanche_, a beautiful poetic title--the White
+Torch of the Garden.
+
+A flower of mystery, of wonderment to children, was the Evening
+Primrose; I knew the garden variety only with intimacy. Possibly the
+wild flower had similar charms and was equally weird in the gloaming,
+but it grew by country roadsides, and I was never outside our garden
+limits after nightfall, so I know not its evening habits. We had in our
+garden a variety known as the California Evening Primrose--a giant
+flower as tall as our heads. My mother saw its pale yellow stars shining
+in the early evening in a cottage garden on Cape Ann, and was there
+given, out of the darkness, by a fellow flower lover, the seeds which
+have afforded to us every year since so much sentiment and pleasure. The
+most exquisite description of the Evening Primrose is given by Margaret
+Deland in her _Old Garden_:--
+
+    "There the primrose stands, that as the night
+     Begins to gather, and the dews to fall,
+     Flings wide to circling moths her twisted buds,
+     That shine like yellow moons with pale cold glow,
+     And all the air her heavy fragrance floods,
+     And gives largess to any winds that blow.
+     Here in warm darkness of a night in June, ... children came
+     To watch the primrose blow. Silently they stood
+     Hand clasped in hand, in breathless hush around,
+     And saw her slyly doff her soft green hood
+     And blossom--with a silken burst of sound."
+
+[Illustration: The Title-page of Parkinson's _Paradisi in Solis_,
+etc.]
+
+The wild Primrose opens slowly, hesitatingly, it trembles open, but the
+garden Primrose flares open.
+
+The Evening Primrose is usually classed with sweet-scented flowers, but
+that exact observer, E. V. B., tells of its "repulsive smell. At night
+if the stem be shaken, or if the flower-cup trembles at the touch of a
+moth as it alights, out pours the dreadful odor." I do not know that any
+other garden flower opens with a distinct sound. Owen Meredith's poem,
+_The Aloe_, tells that the Aloe opened with such a loud explosive report
+that the rooks shrieked and folks ran out of the house to learn whence
+came the sound.
+
+The tall columns of the Yucca or Adam's Needle stood like shafts of
+marble against the hedge trees of the Indian Hill garden. Their
+beautiful blooms are a miniature of those of the great Century Plant. In
+the daytime the Yucca's blossoms hang in scentless, greenish white
+bells, but at night these bells lift up their heads and expand with
+great stars of light and odor--a glorious plant. Around their spire of
+luminous bells circle pale night moths, lured by the rich fragrance.
+Even by moonlight we can see the little white detached fibres at the
+edge of the leaves, which we are told the Mexican women used as thread
+to sew with. And we children used to pull off the strong fibres and put
+them in a needle and sew with them too.
+
+When I see those Yuccas in bloom I fully believe that they are the
+grandest flowers of our gardens; but happily, I have a short garden
+memory, so I mourn not the Yucca when I see the _Anemone japonica_ or
+any other noble white garden child.
+
+[Illustration: Yucca, like White Marble against the Evergreens.]
+
+Here at the end of the garden walk is an arbor dark with the shadow of
+great leaves, such as Gerarde calls "leaves round and big like to a
+buckler." But out of that shadowed background of leaf on leaf shine
+hundreds of pure, pale stars of sweetness and light,--a true flower of
+the night in fragrance, beauty, and name,--the Moon-vine. It is a flower
+of sentiment, full of suggestion.
+
+Did you ever see a ghost in a garden? I do so wish I could. If I had the
+placing of ghosts, I would not make them mope round in stuffy old
+bedrooms and garrets; but would place one here in this arbor in my
+Moonlight Garden. But if I did, I have no doubt she would take up a hoe
+or a watering-pot, and proceed to do some very unghostlike
+deed--perhaps, grub up weeds. Longfellow had a ghost in his garden (page
+142). He must have mourned when he found it was only a clothes-line and
+a long night-gown.
+
+It was the favorite tale of a Swedish old lady who lived to be
+ninety-six years old, of a discovery of her youth, in the year 1762, of
+strange flashes of light which sparkled out of the flowers of the
+Nasturtium one sultry night. I suppose the average young woman of the
+average education of the day and her country might not have heeded or
+told of this, but she was the daughter of Linnæus, the great botanist,
+and had not the everyday education.
+
+Then great Goethe saw and wrote of similar flashes of light around
+Oriental Poppies; and soon other folk saw them also--naturalists and
+everyday folk. Usually yellow flowers were found to display this
+light--Marigolds, orange Lilies, and Sunflowers. Then the daughter of
+Linnæus reported another curious discovery; she certainly turned her
+nocturnal rambles in her garden to good account. She averred she had
+set fire to a certain gas which formed and hung around the Fraxinella,
+and that the ignition did not injure the plant. This assertion was met
+with open scoffing and disbelief, which has never wholly ceased; yet the
+popular name of Gas Plant indicates a widespread confidence in this
+quality of the Fraxinella and it is easily proved true.
+
+Another New England name for the Fraxinella, given me from the owner of
+the herb-garden at Elmhurst, is "Spitfire Plant," because the seed-pods
+sizzle so when a lighted match is applied to them.
+
+The Fraxinella is a sturdy, hardy flower. There are some aged plants in
+old New England gardens; I know one which has outlived the man who
+planted it, his son, grandson, and great-grandson. The Fraxinella bears
+a tall stem with Larkspur-like flowers of white or a curious dark pink,
+and shining Ash-like leaves, whence its name, the little Ash. It is one
+of the finest plants of the old-fashioned garden; fine in bloom, fine in
+habit of growth, and it even has decorative seed vessels. It is as ready
+of scent as anything in the garden; if you but brush against leaf, stem,
+flower, or seed, as you walk down the garden path, it gives forth a
+penetrating perfume, that you think at first is like Lemon, then like
+Anise, then like Lavender; until you finally decide it is like nothing
+save Fraxinella. As with the blossoms of the Calycanthus shrub, you can
+never mistake the perfume, when once you know it, for anything else. It
+is a scent of distinction. Through this individuality it is, therefore,
+full of associations, and correspondingly beloved.
+
+[Illustration: Fraxinella.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+FLOWERS OF MYSTERY
+
+    "Let thy upsoaring vision range at large
+     This garden through: for so by ray divine
+     Kindled, thy ken a magic flight shall mount."
+
+    --CARY'S Translation of Dante.
+
+
+Bogies and fairies, a sense of eeriness, came to every garden-bred child
+of any imagination in connection with certain flowers. These flowers
+seemed to be regarded thus through no special rule or reason. With some
+there may have been slight associations with fairy lore, or medicinal
+usage, or a hint of meretriciousness. Sometimes the child hardly
+formulated his thought of the flower, yet the dread or dislike or
+curiosity existed. My own notions were absolutely baseless, and usually
+absurd. I doubt if we communicated these fancies to each other save in a
+few cases, as of the Monk's-hood, when we had been warned that the
+flower was poisonous.
+
+I have read with much interest Dr. Forbes Watson's account of plants
+that filled his childish mind with mysterious awe and wonder; among them
+were the Spurge, Henbane, Rue, Dogtooth Violet, Nigella, and pink Marsh
+Mallow. The latter has ever been to me one of the most cheerful of
+blossoms. I did not know it in my earliest childhood, and never saw it
+in gardens till recent years. It is too close a cousin of the Hollyhock
+ever to seem to me aught but a happy flower. Henbane and Rue I did not
+know, but I share his feeling toward the others, though I could not
+carry it to the extent of fancying these the plants which a young man
+gathered, distilled, and gave to his betrothed as a poison.
+
+There has ever been much uncanny suggestion in the Cypress Spurge. I
+never should have picked it had I found it in trim gardens; but I saw it
+only in forlorn and neglected spots. Perhaps its sombre tinge may come
+now from association, since it is often seen in country graveyards; and
+I heard a country woman once call it "Graveyard Ground Pine." But this
+association was not what influenced my childhood, for I never went then
+to graveyards.
+
+In driving along our New England roads I am ever reminded of Parkinson's
+dictum that "Spurge once planted will hardly be got rid out again." For
+by every decaying old house, in every deserted garden, and by the
+roadside where houses may have been, grows and spreads this Cypress
+Spurge. I know a large orchard in Narragansett from which grass has
+wholly vanished; it has been crowded out by the ugly little plant, which
+has even invaded the adjoining woods.
+
+I wonder why every one in colonial days planted it, for it is said to
+be poisonous in its contact to some folks, and virulently poisonous to
+eat--though I am sure no one ever wanted to eat it. The colonists even
+brought it over from England, when we had here such lovely native
+plants. It seldom flowers. Old New England names for it are
+Love-in-a-huddle and Seven Sisters; not over significant, but of
+interest, as folk-names always are.
+
+I join with Dr. Forbes Watson in finding the Nigella uncanny. It has a
+half-spidery look, that seems ungracious in a flower. Its names are
+curious: Love-in-a-mist, Love-in-a-puzzle, Love-in-a-tangle,
+Puzzle-love, Devil-in-a-bush, Katherine-flowers--another of the many
+allusions to St. Katherine and her wheel; and the persistent styles do
+resemble the spokes of a wheel. A name given it in a cottage garden in
+Wayland was Blue Spider-flower, which seems more suited than that of
+Spiderwort for the Tradescantia. Spiderwort, like all "three-cornered"
+flowers, is a flower of mystery; and so little cared for to-day that it
+is almost extinct in our gardens, save where it persists in
+out-of-the-way spots. A splendid clump of it is here shown, which grows
+still in the Worcester garden I so loved in my childhood. In this plant
+the old imagined tracings of spider's legs in the leaves can scarce be
+seen. With the fanciful notion of "like curing like" ever found in old
+medical recipes, Gerarde says, vaguely, the leaves are good for "the
+Bite of that Great Spider," a creature also of mystery.
+
+Perhaps if the clear blue flowers kept open throughout the day, the
+Spiderwort would be more tolerated, for this picture certainly has a
+Japanesque appearance, and what we must acknowledge was far more
+characteristic of old-time flowers than of many new ones, a wonderful
+individuality; there was no sameness of outline. I could draw the
+outline of a dozen blossoms of our modern gardens, and you could not in
+a careless glance distinguish one from the other: Cosmos, _Anemone
+japonica_, single Dahlias, and Sunflowers, Gaillardia, Gazanias, all
+such simple Rose forms.
+
+[Illustration: Love-in-a-mist.]
+
+There was a quaint and mysterious annual in ancient gardens, called
+Shell flower, or Molucca Balm, which is not found now even on seedsmen's
+special lists of old-fashioned plants. The flower was white,
+pink-tipped, and set in a cup-shaped calyx an inch long, which was
+bigger than the flower itself. The plant stood two or three feet high,
+and the sweet-scented flowers were in whorls of five or six on a stem.
+It is a good example of my assertion that the old flowers had queerer
+shapes than modern ones, and were made of queer materials; the calyx of
+this Shell flower is of such singular quality and fibre.
+
+The Dog-tooth Violet always had to me a sickly look, but its leaves give
+it its special offensiveness; all spotted leaves, or flower petals which
+showed the slightest resemblance to the markings of a snake or lizard,
+always filled me with dislike. Among them I included Lungwort
+(Pulmonaria), a flower which seems suddenly to have disappeared from
+many gardens, even old-fashioned ones, just as it has disappeared from
+medicine. Not a gardener could be found in our public parks in New York
+who had ever seen it, or knew it, though there is in Prospect Park a
+well-filled and noteworthy "Old-fashioned Garden." Let me add, in
+passing, that nothing in the entire park system--greenhouses, water
+gardens, Italian gardens--affords such delight to the public as this
+old-fashioned garden.
+
+The changing blue and pink flowers of the Lungwort, somewhat
+characteristic of its family, are curious also. This plant was also
+known by the singular name of Joseph-and-Mary; the pink flowers being
+the emblem of Joseph; the blue of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Lady's-tears
+was an allied name, from a legend that the Virgin Mary's tears fell on
+the leaves, causing the white spots to grow in them, and that one of
+her blue eyes became red from excessive weeping. It was held to be
+unlucky even to destroy the plant. Soldier-and-his-wife also had
+reference to the red and blue tints of the flower.
+
+A cousin of the Lungwort, our native _Mertensia virginica_, has in the
+young plant an equally singular leafage; every ordinary process of leaf
+progress is reversed: the young shoots are not a tender green, but are
+almost black, and change gradually in leaf, stem, and flower calyx to an
+odd light green in which the dark color lingers in veins and spots until
+the plant is in its full flower of tender blue, lilac, and pink. "Blue
+and pink ladies" we used to call the blossoms when we hung them on pins
+for a fairy dance.
+
+The Alstroemeria is another spotted flower of the old borders, curious
+in its funnel-shaped blooms, edged and lined with tiny brown and green
+spots. It is more grotesque than beautiful, but was beloved in a day
+that deemed the Tiger Lily the most beautiful of all lilies.
+
+[Illustration: Spiderwort.]
+
+The aversion I feel for spotted leaves does not extend to striped ones,
+though I care little for variegated or striped foliage in a garden. I
+like the striped white and green leaves of one variety of our garden
+Iris, and of our common Sweet Flag (Calamus), which are decorative to a
+most satisfactory degree. The firm ribbon leaves of the striped Sweet
+Flag never turn brown in the driest summer, and grow very tall; a tub of
+it kept well watered is a thing of surprising beauty, and the plants are
+very handsome in the rock garden. I wonder what the bees seek in the
+leaves! they throng its green and white blades in May, finding
+something, I am sure, besides the delightful scent; though I do not note
+that they pierce the veins of the plant for the sap, as I have known
+them to do along the large veins of certain palm leaves. I have seen
+bees often act as though they were sniffing a flower with appreciation,
+not gathering honey. The only endeared striped leaf was that of the
+Striped Grass--Gardener's Garters we called it. Clumps of it growing at
+Van Cortlandt Manor are here shown. We children used to run to the great
+plants of Striped Grass at the end of the garden as to a toy ribbon
+shop. The long blades of Grass looked like some antique gauze ribbons.
+They were very modish for dolls' wear, very useful to shape
+pin-a-sights, those very useful things, and very pretty to tie up
+posies. Under favorable circumstances this garden child might become a
+garden pest, a spreading weed. I never saw a more curious garden stray
+than an entire dooryard and farm garden--certainly two acres in extent,
+covered with Striped Grass, save where a few persistent Tiger Lilies
+pierced through the striped leaves. Even among the deserted hearthstones
+and tumble-down chimneys the striped leaves ran up among the roofless
+walls.
+
+Let me state here that the suggestion of mystery in a flower did not
+always make me dislike it; sometimes it added a charm. The
+Periwinkle--Ground Myrtle we used to call it--was one of the most
+mysterious and elusive flowers I knew, and other children thus regarded
+it; but I had a deep affection for its lovely blue stars and clean,
+glossy leaves, a special love, since it was the first flower I saw
+blooming out of doors after a severe illness, and it seemed to welcome
+me back to life.
+
+[Illustration: Gardener's Garters, at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+The name is from the French Pervenche, which suffers sadly by being
+changed into the clumsy Periwinkle. Everywhere it is a flower of
+mystery; it is the "Violette des Sorciers" of the French. Sadder is its
+Tuscan name, "Flower of death," for it is used there as garlands at the
+burial of children; and is often planted on graves, just as it is here.
+A far happier folk-name was Joy-of-the-ground, and to my mind better
+suited to the cheerful, healthy little plant.
+
+An ancient medical manuscript gives this description of the Periwinkle,
+which for directness and lucidity can scarcely be excelled:--
+
+    "Parwyke is an erbe grene of colour,
+     In tyme of May he bereth blue flour.
+     Ye lef is thicke, schinede and styf,
+     As is ye grene jwy lefe.
+     Vnder brod and uerhand round,
+     Men call it ye joy of grownde."
+
+On the list of the Boston seedsman (given on page 33 _et seq._) is
+Venus'-navelwort. I lingered this summer by an ancient front yard in
+Marblehead, and in the shade of the low-lying gray-shingled house I saw
+a refined plant with which I was wholly unacquainted, lying like a
+little dun cloud on the border, a pleasing plant with cinereous foliage,
+in color like the silvery gray of the house, shaded with a bluer tint
+and bearing a dainty milk-white bloom. This modest flower had that power
+of catching the attention in spite of the high and striking colors of
+its neighbors, such as a simple gown of gray and white, if of graceful
+cut and shape, will have among gay-colored silk attire--the charm of
+Quaker garb, even though its shape be ugly. You know how ready is the
+owner of such a garden to talk of her favorites, and soon I was told
+that this plant was "Navy-work." I accepted this name in this old
+maritime town as possibly a local folk-name, yet I was puzzled by a
+haunting memory of having heard some similar title. A later search in a
+botany revealed the original, Venus'-navelwort.
+
+I deem it right to state in this connection that any such corruption of
+the old name of a flower is very unusual in Massachusetts, where the
+English tongue is spoken by all of Massachusetts descent in much purity
+of pronunciation.
+
+There is no doubt that all the flowers of the old garden were far more
+suggestive, more full of meaning, than those given to us by modern
+florists. This does not come wholly from association, as many fancy, but
+from an inherent quality of the flower itself. I never saw Honeywort
+(Cerinthe) till five years ago, and then it was not in an old-fashioned
+garden; but the moment I beheld the graceful, drooping flowers in the
+flower bed, the yellow and purple-toothed corolla caught my eye, as it
+caught my fancy; it seemed to mean something. I was not surprised to
+learn that it was an ancient favorite of colonial days. The leaves of
+Honeywort are often lightly spotted, which may be one of its elements of
+mystery. Honeywort is seldom seen even in our oldest gardens; but it is
+a beautiful flower and a most hardy annual, and deserves to be
+reintroduced.
+
+[Illustration: Garden Walk at The Manse, Deerfield, Massachusetts.]
+
+A great favorite in the old garden was the splendid scarlet Lychnis, to
+which in New England is given the name of London Pride. There are two
+old varieties: one has four petals with squared ends, and is called,
+from the shape of the expanded flower, the Maltese Cross; the other,
+called Scarlet Lightning, is shown on a succeeding page; it has five
+deeply-nicked petals. It is a flower of midsummer eve and magic power,
+and I think it must have some connection with the Crusaders, being
+called by Gerarde Floure of Jerusalem, and Flower of Candy. The
+five-petalled form is rarely seen; in one old family I know it is so
+cherished, and deemed so magic a home-maker, that every bride who has
+gone from that home for over a hundred years has borne away a plant of
+that London Pride; it has really become a Family Pride.
+
+Another plant of mysterious suggestion was the common Plantain. This was
+not an unaided instinct of my childhood, but came to me through an
+explanation of the lines in the chapter, "The White Man's Foot," in
+_Hiawatha_:--
+
+    "Whereso'er they tread, beneath them
+     Springs a flower unknown among us;
+     Springs the White Man's Foot in blossom."
+
+After my father showed me the Plantain as the "White Man's Foot," I ever
+regarded it with a sense of its unusual power; and I used often to
+wonder, when I found it growing in the grass, who had stepped there. I
+have permanently associated with the Plantain or Waybred a curious and
+distasteful trick of my memory. We recall our American humorist's
+lament over the haunting lines from the car-conductor's orders, which
+filled his brain and ears from the moment he read them, wholly by
+chance, and which he tried vainly to forget. A similar obsession filled
+me when I read the spirited apostrophe to the Plantain or Waybred, in
+Cockayne's translation of Ælfric's _Lacunga_, a book of leech-craft of
+the eleventh century:--
+
+    "And thou Waybroad,
+     Mother of worts,
+     Over thee carts creaked,
+     Over thee Queens rode,
+     Over thee brides bridalled,
+     Over thee bulls breathed,
+     All these thou withstoodst,
+     Venom and vile things,
+     And all the loathly things,
+     That through the land rove."
+
+I could not thrust them out of my mind; worse still, I kept
+manufacturing for the poem scores of lines of similar metre. I never
+shall forget the Plantain, it won't let me forget it.
+
+[Illustration: London Pride.]
+
+The Orpine was a flower linked with tradition and mystery in England,
+there were scores of fanciful notions connected with it. It has grown to
+be a spreading weed in some parts of New England, but it has lost both
+its mystery and its flowers. The only bed of flowering Orpine I ever saw
+in America was in the millyard of Miller Rose at Kettle Hole--and a
+really lovely expanse of bloom it was, broken only by old worn
+millstones which formed the doorsteps. He told with pride that his
+grandmother planted it, and "it was the flowering variety that no one
+else had in Rhode Island, not even in greenhouses in Newport." Miller
+Rose ground corn meal and flour with ancient millstones, and infinitely
+better were his grindings than "store meal." He could tell you, with
+prolonged detail, of the new-fangled roller he bought and used one week,
+and not a decent Johnny-cake could be made from the meal, and it shamed
+him. So he threw away all the meal he hadn't sold; and then the new
+machinery was pulled out and the millstones replaced, "to await the
+Lord's coming," he added, being a Second Adventist--or by his own title
+a "Christadelphian and an Old Bachelor." He was a famous preacher,
+having a pulpit built of heavy stones, in the woods near his mill. A
+little trying it was to hear the outpourings of his long sermons on
+summer afternoons, while you waited for him to come down from his pulpit
+and his prophesyings to give you your bag of meal. A tithing of time he
+gave each day to the Lord, two hours and a half of preaching--and
+doubtless far more than a tithe of his income to the poor. In
+sentimental association with his name, he had a few straggling Roses
+around his millyard--all old-time varieties; and, with Orpine and
+Sweetbrier, he could gather a very pretty posy for all who came to
+Kettle Hole.
+
+We constantly read of Fritillaries in the river fields sung of Matthew
+Arnold. In a charming book of English country life, _Idlehurst_, I read
+how closely the flower is still associated with Oxford life, recalling
+ever the Iffley and Kensington meadows to all Oxford men. The author
+tells that "quite unlikely sorts of men used to pick bunches of the
+flowers, and we would come up the towpath with our spoils." Fritillaries
+grew in my mother's garden; I cannot now recall another garden in
+America where I have ever seen them in bloom. They certainly are not
+common. On a succeeding page are shown the blossoms of the white
+Fritillary my mother planted and loved. Can you not believe that we love
+them still? They have spread but little, neither have they dwindled nor
+died. Each year they seem to us the very same blossoms she loved.
+
+Our cyclopædias of gardening tell us that the Fritillaries spread
+freely; but E. V. B. writes of them in her exquisite English: "Slow in
+growth as the Fritillaries are, they are ever sure. When they once take
+root, there they stay forever, with a constancy unknown in our human
+world. They may be trusted, however late their coming. In the fresh
+vigor of its youth was there ever seen any other flower planned so
+exquisitely, fashioned so slenderly! The pink symmetry of Kalmia perhaps
+comes nearest this perfection, with the delicately curved and rounded
+angles of its bloom."
+
+In no garden, no matter how modern, could the Fritillaries ever look to
+me aught but antique and classic. They are as essentially of the past,
+even to the careless eye, as an antique lamp or brazier. Quaint, too, is
+the fabric of their coats, like some old silken stuff of paduasoy or
+sarsenet. All are checkered, as their name indicates. Even the white
+flowers bear little birthmarks of checkered lines. They were among the
+famous dancers in my mother's garden, and I can tell you that a country
+dance of Fritillaries in plaided kirtles and green caps is a lively
+sight. Another name for this queer little flower is Guinea-hen Flower.
+Gerarde, with his felicity of description, says:--
+
+     "One square is of a greenish-yellow colour, the other purple,
+     keeping the same order as well on the back side of the flower as on
+     the inside; although they are blackish in one square, and of a
+     violet colour in another: in so much that every leafe (of the
+     flower) seemeth to be the feather of a Ginnie hen, whereof it took
+     its name."
+
+A strong personal trait of the Fritillaries (for I may so speak of
+flowers I love) is their air of mystery. They mean something I cannot
+fathom; they look it, but cannot tell it. Fritillaries were a flower of
+significance even in Elizabethan days. They were made into little
+buttonhole posies, and, as Parkinson says, "worn abroad by curious
+lovers of these delights." In California grow wild a dozen varieties;
+the best known of these is recurved, but it does not droop, and is to
+all outward glance an Anemone, and has lost in that new world much the
+mystery of the old herbalist's "Checker Lily," save the checkers; these
+always are visible.
+
+[Illustration: White Fritillaria.]
+
+The Cyclamen and Dodecatheon lay their ears back like a vicious horse.
+Both have an eerie aspect, as if turned upside down, as has also the
+Nightshade. I knew a little child, a flower lover from babyhood, who
+feared to touch the Cyclamen, and even cried if any attempt was made to
+have her touch the flower. When older, she said that she had feared the
+flower would sting her.
+
+I have often a sense of mysterious meaning in a vine, it seems so
+plainly to reach out to attract your attention. I recall once being
+seated on the doorstep of a deserted farm-house, musing a little over
+the sad thought of this lost home, when suddenly some one tapped me on
+the cheek--I suppose I ought to say some thing, though it seemed a human
+touch. It was a spray of Matrimony vine, twenty feet long or more, that
+had reached around a corner, and helped by a breeze, had appealed to me
+for sympathy and companionship. I answered by following it around the
+corner. It had been trained up to a little shelf-like ledge or roof,
+over what had been a pantry window, and hung in long lines of heavy
+shade. It said to me: "Here once lived a flower-loving woman and a man
+who cared for her comfort and pleasure. She planted me when she, and the
+man, and the house were young, and he made the window shelter, and
+trained me over it, to make cool and green the window where she worked.
+I was the symbol of their happy married love. See! there they lie, under
+the gray stone beneath those cedars. Their children all are far away,
+but every year I grow fresh and green, though I find it lonely here
+now." To me, the Matrimony vine is ever a plant of interest, and it may
+be very beautiful, if cared for. On page 186 is shown the lovely growth
+on the porch at Van Cortlandt Manor.
+
+With a sentiment of wonder and inquiry, not unmixed with mystery, do we
+regard many flowers, which are described in our botanies as Garden
+Escapes. This Matrimony vine is one of the many creeping, climbing
+things that have wandered away from houses. Honeysuckles and
+Trumpet-vines are far travellers. I saw once in a remote and wild spot
+a great boulder surrounded with bushes and all were covered with the old
+Coral or Trumpet Honeysuckle; it had such a familiar air, and yet seemed
+to have gained a certain knowingness by its travels.
+
+This element of mystery does not extend to the flowers which I am told
+once were in trim gardens, but which I have never seen there, such as
+Ox-eye Daisies, Scotch Thistles, Chamomile, Tansy, Bergamot, Yarrow, and
+all of the Mint family; they are to me truly wild. But when I find
+flowers still cherished in our gardens, growing also in some wild spot,
+I regard them with wonder. A great expanse of Coreopsis, a field of
+Grape Hyacinth or Star of Bethlehem, roadsides of Coronilla or
+Moneywort, rows of red Day Lily and Tiger Lily, patches of Sunflowers or
+Jerusalem Artichokes, all are matters of thought; we long to trace their
+wanderings, to have them tell whence and how they came. Bouncing Bet is
+too cheerful and rollicking a wanderer to awaken sentiment. How gladly
+has she been welcomed to our fields and roadsides. I could not willingly
+spare her in our country drives, even to become again a cherished garden
+dweller. She rivals the Succory in beautifying arid dust heaps and
+barren railroad cuts, with her tender opalescent pink tints. How
+wholesome and hearty her growth, how pleasant her fragrance. We can
+never see her too often, nor ever stigmatize her, as have been so many
+of our garden escapes, as "Now a dreaded weed."
+
+[Illustration: Bouncing Bet.]
+
+One of the weirdest of all flowers to me is the Butter-and-eggs, the
+Toad-flax, which was once a garden child, but has run away from gardens
+to wander in every field in the land. I haven't the slightest reason for
+this regard of Butter-and-eggs, and I believe it is peculiar to myself,
+just as is Dr. Forbes Watson's regard of the Marshmallow to him. I have
+no uncanny or sad associations with it, and I never heard anything
+"queer" about it. Thirty years ago, in a locality I knew well in central
+Massachusetts, Butter-and-eggs was far from common; I even remember the
+first time I saw it and was told its quaint name; now it grows there and
+everywhere; it is a persistent weed. John Burroughs calls it "the
+hateful Toad-flax," and old Manasseh Cutler, in a curious mixture of
+compliment and slur, "a common, handsome, tedious weed." It travels
+above ground and below ground, and in some soils will run out the grass.
+It knows how to allure the bumblebee, however, and has honey in its
+heart. I think it a lovely flower, though it is queer; and it is a
+delight to the scientific botanist, in the delicate perfection of its
+methods and means of fertilization.
+
+The greatest beauty of this flower is in late autumn, when it springs up
+densely in shaven fields. I have seen, during the last week in October,
+fields entirely filled with its exquisite sulphur-yellow tint, one of
+the most delicate colors in nature; a yellow that is luminous at night,
+and is rivalled only by the pale yellow translucent leaves of the
+Moosewood in late autumn, which make such a strange pallid light in old
+forests in the North--a light which dominates over every other autumn
+tint, though the trees which bear them are so spindling and low, and
+little noted save in early spring in their rare pinkness, and in this
+their autumn etherealization. And the Moosewood shares the mystery of
+the Butter-and-eggs as well as its color. I should be afraid to drive or
+walk alone in a wood road, when the Moosewood leaves were turning yellow
+in autumn. I shall never forget them in Dublin, New Hampshire, driving
+through what our delightful Yankee charioteer and guide called "only a
+cat-road."
+
+This was to me a new use of the word cat as a prænomen, though I knew,
+as did Dr. Holmes and Hosea Biglow, and every good New Englander, that
+"cat-sticks" were poor spindling sticks, either growing or in a load of
+cut wood. I heard a country parson say as he regarded ruefully a gift of
+a sled load of firewood, "The deacon's load is all cat-sticks." Of
+course a cat-stick was also the stick used in the game of ball called
+tip-cat. Myself when young did much practise another loved ball game,
+"one old cat," a local favorite, perhaps a local name. "Cat-ice," too,
+is a good old New England word and thing; it is the thin layer of
+brittle ice formed over puddles, from under which the water has
+afterward receded. If there lives a New Englander too old or too hurried
+to rejoice in stepping upon and crackling the first "cat-ice" on a late
+autumn morning, then he is a man; for no New England girl, a century
+old, could be thus indifferent. It is akin to rustling through the
+deep-lying autumn leaves, which affords a pleasure so absurdly
+disproportioned and inexplicable that it is almost mysterious. Some of
+us gouty ones, alas! have had to give up the "cat-slides" which were
+also such a delight; the little stretches of glare ice to which we ran a
+few steps and slid rapidly over with the impetus. But I must not let my
+New England folk-words lure me away from my subject, even on a tempting
+"cat-slide."
+
+[Illustration: Overgrown Garden at Llanerck, Pennsylvania.]
+
+Though garden flowers run everywhere that they will, they are not easily
+forced to become wild flowers. We hear much of the pleasure of sowing
+garden seeds along the roadside, and children are urged to make
+beautiful wild gardens to be the delight of passers-by. Alphonse Karr
+wrote most charmingly of such sowings, and he pictured the delight and
+surprise of country folk in the future when they found the choice
+blooms, and the confusion of learned botanists in years to come. The
+delight and surprise and confusion would have been if any of his seeds
+sprouted and lived! A few years ago a kindly member of our United States
+Congress sent to me from the vast seed stores of our national
+Agricultural Department, thousands of packages of seeds of common garden
+flowers to be given to the poor children in public kindergartens and
+primary schools in our great city. The seeds were given to hundreds of
+eager flower lovers, but starch boxes and old tubs and flower pots
+formed the limited gardens of those Irish and Italian children, and the
+Government had sent to me such "hats full, sacks full, bushel-bags
+full," that I was left with an embarrassment of riches. I sent them to
+Narragansett and amused myself thereafter by sowing several pecks of
+garden seeds along the country roadsides; never, to my knowledge, did
+one seed live and produce a plant. I watched eagerly for certain
+plantings of Poppies, Candytuft, Morning-glories, and even the
+indomitable Portulaca; not one appeared. I don't know why I should think
+I could improve on nature; for I drove through that road yesterday and
+it was radiant with Wild Rose bloom, white Elder, and Meadow Beauty; a
+combination that Thoreau thought and that I think could not be excelled
+in a cultivated garden. Above all, these are the right things in the
+right place, which my garden plants would not have been. I am sure
+that if they had lived and crowded out these exquisite wild flowers I
+should have been sorry enough.
+
+[Illustration: Fountain at Yaddo.]
+
+The hardy Colchicum or Autumnal Crocus is seldom seen in our gardens;
+nor do I care for its increase, even when planted in the grass. It bears
+to me none of the delight which accompanies the spring Crocus, but seems
+to be out of keeping with the autumnal season. Rising bare of leaves, it
+has but a seminatural aspect, as if it had been stuck rootless in the
+ground like the leafless, stemless blooms of a child's posy bed. Its
+English name--Naked Boys--seems suited to it. The Colchicum is
+associated in my mind with the Indian Pipe and similar growths; it is
+curious, but it isn't pleasing. As the Indian Pipe could not be lured
+within garden walls, I will not write of it here, save to say that no
+one could ever see it growing in its shadowy home in the woods without
+yielding to its air of mystery. It is the weirdest flower that grows, so
+palpably ghastly that we feel almost a cheerful satisfaction in the
+perfection of its performance and our own responsive thrill, just as we
+do in a good ghost story.
+
+[Illustration: Avenue of White Pines at Wellesley, Mass., the
+Country-seat of Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq.]
+
+Many wild flowers which we have transplanted to our gardens are full of
+magic and charm. In some, such as Thyme and Elder, these elements come
+from English tradition. In other flowers the quality of mystery is
+inherent. In childhood I absolutely abhorred Bloodroot; it seemed to me
+a fearsome thing when first I picked it. I remember well my dismay, it
+was so pure, so sleek, so innocent of face, yet bleeding at a touch,
+like a murdered man in the Blood Ordeal.
+
+The Trillium, Wake-robin, is a wonderful flower. I have seen it growing
+in a luxuriance almost beyond belief in lonely Canadian forests on the
+Laurentian Mountains. At this mining settlement, so remote that it was
+unvisited even by the omnipresent and faithful Canadian priest, was a
+wealth of plant growth which seemed fairly tropical. The starry flowers
+of the Trillium hung on long peduncles, and the two-inch diameter of the
+ordinary blossom was doubled. The Painted Trillium bore rich flowers of
+pink and wine color, and stood four or five feet from the ground. I
+think no one had ever gathered their blooms, for there were no women in
+this mining camp save a few French-Indian servants and one Irish cook,
+and no educated white woman had ever been within fifty, perhaps a
+hundred, miles of the place. Every variety of bloom seemed of
+exaggerated growth, but the Trillium exceeded all. An element of mystery
+surrounds this plant, a quality which appertains to all "three-cornered"
+flowers; perhaps there may be some significance in the three-sided
+form. I felt this influence in the extreme when in the presence of this
+Canadian Trillium, so much so that I was depressed by it when wandering
+alone even in the edge of the forest; and when by light o' the moon I
+peered in on this forest garden, it was like the vision of a troop of
+trembling white ghosts, stimulating to the fancy. It was but a part of
+the whole influence of that place, which was full of eerie mystery. For
+after the countless eons of time during which "the earth was without
+form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the earth," the waters
+at last were gathered together and dry land appeared. And that dry land
+which came up slowly out of the face of the waters was this Laurentian
+range. And when at God's command "on the third day" the earth brought
+forth grass, and herb yielded seed--lo, among the things which were good
+and beautiful there shone forth upon the earth the first starry flowers
+of the white Trillium.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+ROSES OF YESTERDAY
+
+    "Each morn a thousand Roses brings, you say;
+     Yes, but where leaves the Rose of Yesterday?"
+
+    --_Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam_, translated by EDWARD FITZGERALD, 1858.
+
+
+The answer can be given the Persian poet that the Rose of Yesterday
+leaves again in the heart. The subtle fragrance of a Rose can readily
+conjure in our minds a dream of summers past, and happy summers to come.
+Many a flower lover since Chaucer has felt as did the poet:--
+
+    "The savour of the Roses swote
+     Me smote right to the herte rote."
+
+The old-time Roses possess most fully this hidden power. Sweetest of all
+was the old Cabbage Rose--called by some the Provence Rose--for its
+perfume "to be chronicled and chronicled, and cut and chronicled, and
+all-to-be-praised." Its odor is perfection; it is the standard by which
+I compare all other fragrances. It is not too strong nor too cloying, as
+are some Rose scents; it is the idealization of that distinctive
+sweetness of the Rose family which other Roses have to some degree. The
+color of the Cabbage Rose is very warm and pleasing, a clear, happy
+pink, and the flower has a wholesome, open look; but it is not a
+beautiful Rose by florists' standards,--few of the old Roses are,--and
+it is rather awkward in growth. The Cabbage Rose is said to have been a
+favorite in ancient Rome. I wish it had a prettier name; it is certainly
+worthy one.
+
+The Hundred-leaved Rose was akin to the Cabbage Rose, and shared its
+delicious fragrance. In its rather irregular shape it resembled the
+present Duke of Sussex Rose.
+
+One of the rarest of old-time Roses in our gardens to-day is the red and
+white mottled York and Lancaster. It is as old as the sixteenth century.
+Shakespeare writes in the _Sonnets_:--
+
+    "The Roses fearfully in thorns did stand
+     One blushing shame, another white despair.
+     A third, nor red, nor white, had stol'n of both."
+
+They are what Chaucer loved, "sweitie roses red, brode, and open also."
+Roses of a broad, flat expanse when in full bloom; they have a cheerier,
+heartier, more gracious look than many of the new Roses that never open
+far from bud, that seem so pinched and narrow. What ineffable fragrance
+do they pour out from every wide-open flower, a fragrance that is the
+very spirit of the Oriental Attar of Roses; all the sensuous sweetness
+of the attar is gone, and only that which is purest and best remains. I
+believe, in thinking of it, that it equals the perfume of the Cabbage
+Rose, which, ere now, I have always placed first. This York and
+Lancaster Rose is the _Rosa mundi_,--the rose of the world. A fine plant
+is growing in Hawthorne's old home in Salem.
+
+[Illustration: Violets in Silver Double Coaster.]
+
+Opposite page 462 is an unusual depiction of the century-old York and
+Lancaster Rose still growing and flourishing in the old garden at Van
+Cortlandt Manor. It is from one of the few photographs which I have ever
+seen which make you forgive their lack of color. The vigor, the grace,
+the richness of this wonderful Rose certainly are fully shown, though
+but in black and white. I have called this Rose bush a century old; it
+is doubtless much older, but it does not seem old; it is gifted with
+everlasting youth. We know how the Persians gather before a single plant
+in flower; they spread their rugs, and pray before it; and sit and
+meditate before it; sip sherbet, play the lute and guitar in the
+moonlight; bring their friends and stand as in a vision, then talk in
+praises of it, and then all serenade it with an ode from Hafiz and
+depart. So would I gather my friends around this lovely old Rose, and
+share its beauty just as my friends at the manor-house share it with me;
+and as the Persians, we would praise it in sunlight and by moonlight,
+and sing its beauty in verses. This York and Lancaster Rose was known to
+Parkinson in his day; it is his _Rosa versicolor_. I wonder why so few
+modern gardens contain this treasure. I know it does not rise to all the
+standards of the modern Rose growers; but it possesses something
+better--it has a living spirit; it speaks of history, romance,
+sentiment; it awakens inspiration and thought, it has an ever living
+interest, a significance. I wonder whether a hundred years from now any
+one will stand before some Crimson Rambler, which will then be ancient,
+and feel as I do before this York and Lancaster goddess.
+
+[Illustration: York and Lancaster Rose.]
+
+The fragrance of the sweetest Roses--the Damask, the Cabbage, the York
+and Lancaster--is beyond any other flower-scent, it is irresistible,
+enthralling; you cannot leave it. You can push aside a Syringa, a
+Honeysuckle, even a Mignonette, but there is a magic something which
+binds you irrevocably to the Rose. I have never doubted that the Rose
+has some compelling quality shared not by other flowers. I know not
+whether it comes from centuries of establishment as a race-symbol, or
+from some inherent witchery of the plant, but it certainly exists.
+
+The variety of Roses known to old American gardens, as to English
+gardens, was few. The English Eglantine was quickly established here in
+gardens and spread to roadsides. The small, ragged, cheerful little
+Cinnamon Rose, now chiefly seen as a garden stray, is undoubtedly old.
+This Rose diffuses its faint "sinamon smelle" when the petals are dried.
+Nearly all of the Roses vaguely thought to be one or two hundred years
+old date only, within our ken, to the earlier years of the nineteenth
+century. The Seven Sisters Rose, imagined by the owner of many a
+Southern garden to belong to colonial days, is one of the family _Rosa
+multiflora_, introduced from Japan to England by Thunberg. Its catalogue
+name is Greville. I think the Seven Sisters dates back to 1822. The
+clusters of little double blooms of the Seven Sisters are not among our
+beautiful Roses, but are planted by the house mistress of every Southern
+home from power of association, because they were loved by her
+grandmothers, if not by more distant forbears. The crimson Boursaults
+are no older. They came from the Swiss Alps and therefore are hardy, but
+they are fussy things, needing much pruning and pulling out. I recall
+that they had much longer prickles than the other roses in our garden.
+The beloved little Banksia Rose came from China in 1807. The Madame
+Plantier is a hybrid China Rose of much popularity. We have had it about
+seventy or eighty years. In the lovely garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood
+Wright, author of _Flowers and Trees in their Haunts_, I saw, this
+spring, a giant Madame Plantier which had over five thousand buds, and
+which could scarcely be equalled in beauty by any modern Roses. Its
+photograph gives scant idea of its size.
+
+What gratitude we have in spring to the Sweetbrier! How early in the
+year, from sprouting branch and curling leaf, it begins to give forth
+its pure odor! Gracious and lavish plant, beloved in scent by every one,
+you have no rival in the spring garden with its pale perfumes. The
+Sweetbrier and Shakespeare's Musk Rose (_Rosa moschata_) are said to be
+the only Roses that at evening pour forth their perfume; the others are
+what Bacon called "fast of their odor."
+
+The June Rose, called by many the Hedgehog Rose, was, I think, the first
+Rose of summer. A sturdy plant, about three feet in height; set thick
+with briers, it well deserved its folk name. The flowers opened into a
+saucer of richest carmine, as fragrant as an American Beauty, and the
+little circles of crimson resembling the _Rosa rugosa_ were seen in
+every front dooryard.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Roses.]
+
+In the Walpole garden from whence came to us our beloved Ambrosia, was
+an ample Box-edged flower bed which my mother and the great-aunt called
+The Rosery. One cousin, now living, recalls with distinctness its charms
+in 1830; for it was beautiful, though the vast riches of the Rose-world
+of China and Japan had not reached it. There grew in it, he remembers,
+Yellow Scotch Roses, Sweetbrier (or Eglantine), Cinnamon Roses, White
+Scotch Roses, Damask Roses, Blush Roses, Dog Roses (the Canker-bloom of
+Shakespeare), Black Roses, Burgundy Roses, and Moss Roses. The
+last-named sensitive creatures, so difficult to rear with satisfaction
+in such a climate, found in this Rosery by the river-side some exact
+fitness of soil or surroundings, or perhaps of fostering care, which in
+spite of the dampness and the constant tendency of all Moss Roses to
+mildew, made them blossom in unrivalled perfection. I remember their
+successors, deplored as much inferior to the Roses of 1830, and they
+were the finest Moss Roses I ever saw blooming in a garden. An amusing
+saying of some of the village passers-by (with smaller gardens and
+education) showed the universal acknowledgment of the perfection of
+these Roses. These people thought the name was Morse Roses and always
+thus termed them, fancying they were named for the family for whom the
+flowers bloomed in such beauty and number.
+
+Among the other Roses named by my cousin I recall the White Scotch Rose,
+sometimes called also the Burnet-leaved Rose. It was very fragrant, and
+was often chosen for a Sunday posy. There were both single and double
+varieties.
+
+The Blush Rose (_Rosa alba_), known also as Maiden's blush, was much
+esteemed for its exquisite color; it could be distinguished readily by
+the glaucous hue of the foliage, which always looked like the leaves of
+artificial roses. It was easily blighted; and indeed we must acknowledge
+that few of the old Roses were as certain as their sturdy descendants.
+
+The Damask Rose was the only one ever used in careful families and by
+careful housekeepers for making rose-water. There was a Velvet Rose,
+darker than the Damask and low-growing, evidently the same Rose. Both
+showed plentiful yellow stamens in the centres, and had exquisite rich
+dark leaves.
+
+The old Black Rose of The Rosery was so suffused with color-principle,
+so "color-flushing," that even the wood had black and dark red streaks.
+Its petals were purple-black.
+
+The Burgundy Rose was of the Cabbage Rose family; its flowers were very
+small, scarce an inch in diameter. There were two varieties: the one my
+cousin called Little Burgundy had clear dark red blossoms; the other,
+white with pink centres. Both were low-growing, small bushes with small
+leaves. They are practically vanished Roses--wholly out of cultivation.
+
+We had other tiny roses; one was a lovely little Rose creature called a
+Fairy Rose. I haven't seen one for years. As I recall them, the Rose
+plants were never a foot in height, and had dainty little flower
+rosettes from a quarter to half an inch in diameter set in thick
+clusters. But the recalled dimensions of youth vary so when seen
+actually in the cold light of to-day that perhaps I am wrong in my
+description. This was also called a Pony Rose. This Fairy Rose was not
+the Polyantha which also has forty or fifty little roses in a cluster.
+The single Polyantha Rose looks much like its cousin, the Blackberry
+blossom.
+
+Another small Rose was the Garland Rose. This was deemed extremely
+elegant, and rightfully so. It has great corymbs of tiny white blossoms
+with tight little buff buds squeezing out among the open Roses.
+
+Another old favorite was the Rose of Four Seasons--known also by its
+French name, _Rose de Quartre Saisons_--which had occasional blooms
+throughout the summer. It may have been the foundation of our Hybrid
+Perpetual Roses. The Bourbon Roses were vastly modish; their round
+smooth petals and oval leaves easily distinguish them from other
+varieties.
+
+Among the several hundred things I have fully planned out to do, to
+solace my old age after I have become a "centurion," is a series of
+water-color drawings of all these old-time Roses, for so many of them
+are already scarce.
+
+The Michigan Rose which covered the arches in Mr. Seward's garden, has
+clusters of deep pink, single, odorless flowers, that fade out nearly
+white after they open. It is our only native Rose that has passed into
+cultivation. From it come many fine double-flowered Roses, among them
+the beautiful Baltimore Belle and Queen of the Prairies, which were
+named about 1836 by a Baltimore florist called Feast. All its vigorous
+and hardy descendants are scentless save the Gem of the Prairies. It is
+one of the ironies of plant-nomenclature when we have so few plant names
+saved to us from the picturesque and often musical speech of the
+American Indians, that the lovely Cherokee Rose, Indian of name, is a
+Chinese Rose. It ought to be a native, for everywhere throughout our
+Southern states its pure white flowers and glossy evergreen leaves love
+to grow till they form dense thickets.
+
+People who own fine gardens are nowadays unwilling to plant the old
+"Summer Roses" which bloom cheerfully in their own Rose-month and then
+have no more blossoming till the next year; they want a Remontant Rose,
+which will bloom a second time in the autumn, or a Perpetual Rose, which
+will give flowers from June till cut off by the frost. But these
+latter-named Roses are not only of fine gardens but of fine gardeners;
+and folk who wish the old simple flower garden which needs no
+highly-skilled care, still are happy in the old Summer Roses I have
+named.
+
+[Illustration: Cottage Garden with Roses.]
+
+A Rose hedge is the most beautiful of all garden walls and the most
+ancient. Professor Koch says that long before men customarily surrounded
+their gardens with walls, that they had Rose hedges. He tells us that
+each of the four great peoples of Asia owned its own beloved Rose,
+carried in all wanderings, until at last the four became common to all
+races of men. Indo-Germanic stock chose the hundred-leaved red Rose,
+_Rosa gallica_ (the best Rose for conserves). _Rosa damascena_, which
+blooms twice a year, and the Musk Rose were cherished by the Semitic
+people; these were preferred for attar of Roses and Rose water. The
+yellow Rose, _Rosa lutea_, or Persian Rose, was the flower of the
+Turkish Mongolian people. Eastern Asia is the fatherland of the Indian
+and Tea Roses. The Rose has now become as universal as sunlight. Even in
+Iceland and Lapland grows the lovely _Rosa nitida_.
+
+We say these Roses are common to all peoples, but we have never in
+America been able to grow yellow Roses in ample bloom in our gardens.
+Many that thrive in English gardens are unknown here. The only yellow
+garden Rose common in old gardens was known simply as the "old yellow
+Rose," or Scotch Rose, but it came from the far East. In a few
+localities the yellow Eglantine was seen.
+
+The picturesque old custom of paying a Rose for rent was known here. In
+Manheim, Pennsylvania, stands the Zion Lutheran Church, which was
+gathered together by Baron William Stiegel, who was the first glass and
+iron manufacturer of note in this country. He came to America in 1750,
+with a fortune which would be equal to-day to a million dollars, and
+founded and built and named Manheim. He was a man of deep spiritual and
+religious belief, and of profound sentiment, and when in 1771 he gave
+the land to the church, this clause was in the indenture:--
+
+     "Yielding and paying therefor unto the said Henry William Stiegel,
+     his heirs or assigns, at the said town of Manheim, in the Month of
+     June Yearly, forever hereafter, the rent of _One Red Rose_, if the
+     same shall be lawfully demanded."
+
+Nothing more touching can be imagined than the fulfilment each year of
+this beautiful and symbolic ceremony of payment. The little town is rich
+in Roses, and these are gathered freely for the church service, when One
+Red Rose is still paid to the heirs of the sainted old baron, who died
+in 1778, broken in health and fortunes, even having languished in jail
+some time for debt. A new church was erected on the site of the old one
+in 1892, and in a beautiful memorial window the decoration of the Red
+Rose commemorates the sentiment of its benefactor.
+
+The Rose Tavern, in the neighboring town of Bethlehem, stands on land
+granted for the site of a tavern by William Penn, for the yearly rental
+of One Red Rose.
+
+In England the payment of a Rose as rent was often known. The Bishop of
+Ely leased Ely house in 1576 to Sir Christopher Hatton, Queen
+Elizabeth's handsome Lord Chancellor, for a Red Rose to be paid on
+Midsummer Day, ten loads of hay and ten pounds per annum, and he and his
+Episcopal successors reserved the right of walking in the gardens and
+gathering twenty bushels of Roses yearly. In France there was a feudal
+right to demand a payment of Roses for the making of Rose water.
+
+Two of our great historians, George Bancroft and Francis Parkman, were
+great rose-growers and rose-lovers. I never saw Mr. Parkman's Rose
+Garden, but I remember Mr. Bancroft's well; the Tea Roses were
+especially beautiful. Mr. Bancroft's Rose Garden in its earliest days
+had no rivals in America.
+
+The making of potpourri was common in my childhood. While the petals of
+the Cabbage Rose were preferred, all were used. Recipes for making
+potpourri exist in great number; I have seen several in manuscript in
+old recipe books, one dated 1690. The old ones are much simpler than the
+modern ones, and have no strong spices such as cinnamon and clove, and
+no bergamot or mints or strongly scented essences or leaves. The best
+rules gave ambergris as one of the ingredients; this is not really a
+perfume, but gives the potpourri its staying power. There is something
+very pleasant in opening an old China jar to find it filled with
+potpourri, even if the scent has wholly faded. It tells a story of a day
+when people had time for such things. I read in a letter a century and
+a half old of a happy group of people riding out to the house of the
+provincial governor of New York; all gathered Rose leaves in the
+governor's garden, and the governor's wife started the distilling of
+these Rose leaves, in her new still, into Rose water, while all drank
+syllabubs and junkets--a pretty Watteau-ish scene.
+
+The hips of wild Roses are a harvest--one unused in America in modern
+days, but in olden times they were stewed with sugar and spices, as were
+other fruits. Sauce Saracen, or Sarzyn, was made of Rose hips and
+Almonds pounded together, cooked in wine and sweetened. I believe they
+are still cooked by some folks in England, but I never heard of their
+use in America save by one person, an elderly Irish woman on a farm in
+Narragansett. Plentiful are the references and rules in old cookbooks
+for cooking Rose hips. Parkinson says: "Hippes are made into a conserve,
+also a paste like licoris. Cooks and their Mistresses know how to
+prepare from them many fine dishes for the Table." Gerarde writes
+characteristically of the Sweetbrier, "The fruit when it is ripe maketh
+most pleasant meats and banqueting dishes, as tarts and such-like; the
+making whereof I commit to the cunning cooke, and teeth to eat them in
+the rich man's mouth."
+
+Children have ever nibbled Rose hips:--
+
+    "I fed on scarlet hips and stony haws--
+     Hard fare, but such as boyish appetite
+     Disdains not."
+
+The Rose bush furnished another comestible for the children's larder,
+the red succulent shoots of common garden and wild Roses. These were
+known by the dainty name of "brier candy," a name appropriate and
+characteristic, as the folk-names devised by children frequently are.
+
+[Illustration: Madame Plantier Rose.]
+
+On the post-road in southern New Hampshire stands an old house, which
+according to its license was once "improved" as a tavern, and was famous
+for its ghost and its Roses. The tavern was owned by a family of two
+brothers and two sisters, all unmarried, as was rather a habit in the
+Mason family; though when any of the tribe did marry, a vast throng of
+children quickly sprung up to propagate the name and sturdy qualities of
+the race. The men were giants, and both men and women were hard-working
+folk of vast endurance and great thrift, and, like all of that ilk in
+New England, they prospered and grew well-to-do; great barns and
+out-buildings, all well filled, stretched down along the roadside below
+the house. Joseph Mason could lay more feet of stone wall in a day,
+could plough more land, chop down more trees, pull more stumps, than any
+other man in New Hampshire. His sisters could bake and brew, make soap,
+weed the garden, spin and weave, unceasingly and untiringly. Their
+garden was a source of purest pleasure to them, as well as of hard work;
+its borders were so stocked with medicinal herbs that it could supply a
+township; and its old-time flowers furnished seeds and slips and bulbs
+to every other garden within a day's driving distance; but its glory was
+a garden side to gladden the heart of Omar Khayyam, where two or three
+acres of ground were grown over heavily with old-fashioned Roses. These
+were only the common Cinnamon Rose, the beloved Cabbage Rose, and a pale
+pink, spicily scented, large-petalled, scarcely double Rose, known to
+them as the Apothecaries' Rose. Farmer-neighbors wondered at this waste
+of the Masons' good land in this unprofitable Rose crop, but it had a
+certain use. There came every June to this Rose garden all the children
+of the vicinity, bearing milk-pails, homespun bags, birch baskets, to
+gather Rose petals. They nearly all had Roses at their homes, but not
+the Mason Roses. These Rose leaves were carried carefully to each home,
+and were packed in stone jars with alternate layers of brown or scant
+maple sugar. Soon all conglomerated into a gummy, brown, close-grained,
+not over alluring substance to the vision, which was known among the
+children by the unromantic name of "Rose tobacco." This cloying
+confection was in high repute. It was chipped off and eaten in tiny
+bits, and much treasured--as a love token, or reward of good behavior.
+
+The Mason house was a tavern. It was not one of the regular
+stopping-places on the turnpike road, being rather too near the town to
+gather any travel of teamsters or coaches; but passers-by who knew the
+house and the Masons loved to stop there. Everything in the well-kept,
+well-filled house and barns contributed to the comfort of guests, and it
+was known that the Masons cared more for the company of the traveller
+than for his pay.
+
+There was a shadow on this house. The youngest of the family, Hannah,
+had been jilted in her youth, "shabbed" as said the country folks. After
+several years of "constant company-keeping" with the son of a neighbor,
+during which time many a linen sheet and tablecloth, many a fine
+blanket, had been spun and woven, and laid aside with the tacit
+understanding that it was part of her wedding outfit, the man had fallen
+suddenly and violently in love with a girl who came from a neighboring
+town to sing a single Sunday in the church choir. He had driven to her
+home the following week, carried her off to a parson in a third town,
+married her, and brought her to his home in a triumph of enthusiasm and
+romance, which quickly fled before the open dislike and reprehension of
+his upright neighbors, who abhorred his fickleness, and before the years
+of ill health and ill temper of the hard-worked, faded wife. Many
+children were born to them; two lived, sickly little souls, who,
+unconscious of the blemish on their parents' past, came with the other
+children every June, and gathered Rose leaves under Hannah Mason's
+window.
+
+Hannah Mason was called crazy. After her desertion she never entered any
+door save that of her own home, never went to a neighbor's house either
+in time of joy or sorrow; queerer still, never went to church. All her
+life, her thoughts, her vast strength, went into hard work. No labor was
+too heavy or too formidable for her. She would hetchel flax for weeks,
+spin unceasingly, and weave on a hand loom, most wearing of women's
+work, without thought of rest. No single household could supply work for
+such an untiring machine, especially when all labored industriously--so
+work was brought to her from the neighbors. Not a wedding outfit for
+miles around was complete without one of Hannah Mason's fine
+tablecloths. Every corpse was buried in one of her linen shrouds.
+Sailmakers and boat-owners in Portsmouth sent up to her for strong duck
+for their sails. Lads went up to Dartmouth College in suits of her
+homespun. Many a teamster on the road slept under Hannah Mason's heavy
+gray woollen blankets, and his wagon tilts were covered with her canvas.
+Her bank account grew rapidly--she became rich as fast as her old
+lover became poor. But all this cast a shadow on the house. Sojourners
+would waken and hear throughout the night some steady sound, a
+scratching of the cards, a whirring of the spinning-wheel, the
+thump-thump of the loom. Some said she never slept, and could well grow
+rich when she worked all night.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial and Roses at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+At last the woman who had stolen her lover--the poor, sickly wife--died.
+The widower, burdened hopelessly with debts, of course put up in her
+memory a fine headstone extolling her virtues. One wakeful night, with a
+sentiment often found in such natures, he went to the graveyard to view
+his proud but unpaid-for possession. The grass deadened his footsteps,
+and not till he reached the grave did there rise up from the ground a
+tall, ghostly figure dressed all in undyed gray wool of her own weaving.
+It was Hannah Mason. "Hannah," whimpered the widower, trying to take her
+hand,--with equal thought of her long bank account and his unpaid-for
+headstone,--"I never really loved any one but you." She broke away from
+him with an indescribable gesture of contempt and dignity, and went
+home. She died suddenly four days later of pneumonia, either from the
+shock or the damp midnight chill of the graveyard.
+
+As months passed on travellers still came to the tavern, and the story
+began to be whispered from one to another that the house was haunted by
+the ghost of Hannah Mason. Strange sounds were heard at night from the
+garret where she had always worked; most plainly of all could be heard
+the whirring of her great wool wheel. When this rumor reached the
+brothers' ears, they determined to investigate the story and end it
+forever. That night their vigil began, and soon the sound of the wheel
+was heard. They entered the garret, and to their surprise found the
+wheel spinning round. Then Joseph Mason went to the garret and seated
+himself for closer and more determined watch. He sat in the dark till
+the wheel began to revolve, then struck a sudden light and found the
+ghost. A great rat had run out on the spoke of the wheel and when he
+reached the broad rim had started a treadmill of his own--which made the
+ghostly sound as it whirred around. Soon this rat grew so tame that he
+would come out on the spinning-wheel in the daytime, and several others
+were seen to run around in the wheel as if it were a pleasant
+recreation.
+
+The old brick house still stands with its great grove of Sugar Maples,
+but it is silent, for the Masons all sleep in the graveyard behind the
+church high up on the hillside; no travellers stop within the doors, the
+ghost rats are dead, the spinning-wheel is gone, but the garden still
+blossoms with eternal youth. Though children no longer gather rose
+leaves for Rose tobacco, the "Roses of Yesterday" bloom every year; and
+each June morn, "a thousand blossoms with the day awake," and fling
+their spicy fragrance on the air.
+
+
+
+
+Index
+
+
+  Abbotsford, Ivy from, 62;
+    sun-dial from, 219, 377.
+
+  Achillæa, 238.
+
+  Aconite, 266.
+
+  Acrelius, Dr., quoted, 208.
+
+  Adam's Needle. _See_ Yucca.
+
+  Adlumia, 183.
+
+  Agapanthus, 52.
+
+  Ageratum, as edging, 60, 264.
+
+  Ague-weed, 146.
+
+  Akers, Elizabeth, quoted, 152.
+
+  Alcott, A. B., cited, 120.
+
+  Alka, 359.
+
+  Alleghany Vine. _See_ Adlumia.
+
+  Allen, James Lane, quoted, 195.
+
+  Almond, flowering, 39, 41, 159.
+
+  Aloe, 429.
+
+  Alpine Strawberries, 62.
+
+  Alstroemeria, 438.
+
+  Alyssum, sweet, 59-60, 179;
+    yellow, 137.
+
+  Ambrosia, 48, 235 _et seq._
+
+  _Anemone japonica_, 67, 187.
+
+  Annunzio, G. d', quoted, 94.
+
+  Apple betty, 211.
+
+  Apple butter, 212-213.
+
+  Apple frolic, 211 _et seq._
+
+  Apple hoglin, 211.
+
+  Apple-luns, 209.
+
+  Apple mose, 209.
+
+  Apple moy, 209.
+
+  Apple paring, 207.
+
+  Apple pie, 208.
+
+  Apple sauce, 213.
+
+  Apple slump, 211.
+
+  Apple stucklin, 211.
+
+  Apple tansy, 209.
+
+  Aquilegia, 260.
+
+  Arabis, 47.
+
+  Arbors, 384.
+
+  Arbutus, trailing, 166, 291, 299.
+
+  Arches, 384, 387, 418.
+
+  Arch-herbs, 384.
+
+  Arethusa, 247 _et seq._, 295, 299 _et seq._
+
+  Arlington, pergola at, 385.
+
+  Arnold, Matthew, quoted, 225, 226.
+
+  Ascott, sun-dial at, 98.
+
+  Asters, 179, 180.
+
+  Athol porridge, 393.
+
+  Azalea, 16.
+
+
+  Baby's Breath, 257.
+
+  Bachelor's Buttons, 52, 176, 265, 291.
+
+  Back-yard, flowers in, 154.
+
+  Bacon-and-eggs, 138.
+
+  Bacon, Lord, cited, 44-45, 55, 56, 144.
+
+  Balloon Flower. _See_ _Platycodon grandiflorum_.
+
+  Balloon Vine, 183-184.
+
+  Balsams, 257.
+
+  Baltimore Belle Rose, 468.
+
+  Bancroft, George, Rose Garden of, 471.
+
+  Banksia Rose, 463.
+
+  Bare-dames, 17.
+
+  Barney, Major, landscape art of, 101.
+
+  Bartram, John, 12.
+
+  Basil, sweet, 121 _et seq._
+
+  Battle of Princeton, 78.
+
+  Batty Langley, cited, 383.
+
+  Bayberry, 302.
+
+  Beata Beatrix, 380.
+
+  Beaver-tongue, 347-348.
+
+  Beech, weeping, 231.
+
+  Bee-hives, 354, 391 _et seq._
+
+  Beekman, James, greenhouse of, 19.
+
+  Bee Larkspur, 265, 268.
+
+  Bell-bind, 181, 182.
+
+  Bell Flower, Chinese or Japanese. _See_ _Platycodon grandiflorum_.
+
+  Belvoir Castle, Lunaria at, 171-172.
+
+  Bergamot, 166.
+
+  Bergen Homestead, garden of, 23.
+
+  Berkeley, Bishop, Apple trees of, 194-195.
+
+  Bitter Buttons. _See_ Tansy.
+
+  Bitter-sweet, 25, 238.
+
+  Black Cohosh, 423-424.
+
+  Black Roses, 466.
+
+  Bleeding-heart. _See_ Dielytra.
+
+  Blind, herb-garden for, 131.
+
+  Bloodroot, 154, 457.
+
+  Bluebottles, 265.
+
+  Blue-eyed Grass, 278-279.
+
+  Blue-pipe tree, 144.
+
+  Blue Roses, 253.
+
+  Blue Sage, 264.
+
+  Blue Spider-flower, 435.
+
+  Bluetops, 265.
+
+  Bluets, 260.
+
+  Blue-weed. _See_ Viper's Bugloss.
+
+  Blush Roses, 466.
+
+  Bocconia. _See_ Plume Poppy.
+
+  Boneset, 145 _et seq._
+
+  Bosquets, 387.
+
+  Botrys. _See_ Ambrosia.
+
+  Boulder, sun-dial mounted on, 377.
+
+  Bouncing Bet, 52, 450.
+
+  Bourbon Roses, 467.
+
+  Boursault Roses, 48, 463.
+
+  Bowers, 385.
+
+  Bowling greens, 240.
+
+  Bowne, Eliza Southgate, diary of, 31.
+
+  Box. _See_ Chapter IV.;
+    also 29, 47, 48, 54, 59, 71, 80, 112, 338.
+
+  Break-your-spectacles, 265.
+
+  Brecknock Hall, Box at, 103-104.
+
+  Bricks for edging, 59, 71;
+    for walls, 71-72, 412 _et seq._
+
+  Brier candy, 473.
+
+  British soldiers, graves of, 77 _et seq._
+
+  Broom. _See_ Woad-waxen.
+
+  Broughton Castle, Box sun-dial at, 97, 98.
+
+  Brown, Dr. John, cited, 103.
+
+  Browne, Sir Thomas, quoted, 306.
+
+  Brunelle. _See_ Prunella.
+
+  Buck-thorn, 387, 407.
+
+  Bulbs, 157.
+
+  Burgundy Roses, 465, 466, 467.
+
+  Burnet, 305.
+
+  Burnet-leaved Rose, 466.
+
+  Burroughs, J., quoted, 195, 451-452.
+
+  Burying-grounds,
+    Box in, 94;
+    Dogwood in, 155;
+    Thyme in, 303;
+    Spurge in, 434.
+
+  Butter-and-eggs. _See_ Toad-flax.
+
+  Buttercups, 166, 291, 294.
+
+
+  Cabbage Rose, 297, 320, 459, 460, 471.
+
+  Calceolarias, 179.
+
+  Calopogon, 247.
+
+  Calycanthus, 297.
+
+  Cambridge University, sun-dial at, 97.
+
+  Camden, South Carolina, gardens at, 15.
+
+  Camellia Japonica, 16.
+
+  Camomile, 192.
+
+  Campanula, 52, 262.
+
+  Candy-tuft, as edging, 59.
+
+  Canker-bloom, 465.
+
+  Canterbury Bells, 34, 162, 262, 333 _et seq._
+
+  Caraway, 341, 342.
+
+  Carnation, green, 239.
+
+  Catalpas, 26, 31, 293.
+
+  Cat-ice, 453.
+
+  Catnip, 315.
+
+  Cat road, 452.
+
+  Cat's-fancy, 315.
+
+  Cat-slides, 453.
+
+  Cat-sticks, 453.
+
+  Cedar hedges, 387.
+
+  Cedar of Lebanon, 29.
+
+  Centaurea Cyanus. _See_ Bachelor's Buttons.
+
+  Cerinthe. _See_ Honeywort.
+
+  Charles I. sun-dials of, 357.
+
+  Charles II. sun-dials of, 357.
+
+  Charlottesville, Virginia, wall at, 414.
+
+  Charmilles, 387.
+
+  Chaucer, Geoffrey, quoted, flowers of, 215.
+
+  Checkerberry, 345.
+
+  Checker lily. _See_ Fritillaria.
+
+  Chenopodium Botrys. _See_ Ambrosia.
+
+  Cherokee Rose, 468.
+
+  Cherry blossoms, 158, 193, 197.
+
+  Cheshire, Connecticut, Apple tree in, 194.
+
+  Chicory, 266 _et seq._
+
+  Chinese Bell Flower. _See_ _Platycodon grandiflorum_.
+
+  Chionodoxa, 137.
+
+  Chore-girl, 393.
+
+  Christalan, statue of, 84, 85.
+
+  Chrysanthemums, 179.
+
+  Cider, manufacture of, 202 _et seq._
+
+  Cider soup, 212.
+
+  Cinnamon Fern, 332.
+
+  Cinnamon Roses, 463, 465.
+
+  Civet, 317.
+
+  Clair-voyées, 389.
+
+  Clare, John, quoted, 227, 309.
+
+  Claymont, Virginia, garden at, 181, 182.
+
+  Claytonia, 294.
+
+  Clematis, Jackmanni, 182.
+
+  Clove apple, 210.
+
+  Clover, 165.
+
+  Clover, Italian, 241.
+
+  Codlins and Cream, 138.
+
+  Cohosh. _See_ Snakeroot.
+
+  Colchicum, 455.
+
+  Columbia, South Carolina, gardens at, 15.
+
+  Columbine, 260, 424-425.
+
+  Comfort Apple, 210.
+
+  Concord, Massachusetts, British dead at, 78;
+    Sunday observance in, 345 _et seq._
+
+  Cooper, Susan, quoted, 289.
+
+  Corchorus, 190.
+
+  Cornel, 332.
+
+  Cornelian Rose, 17.
+
+  Cornuti, Dr., list of plants, 10.
+
+  Corydalis, 154.
+
+  Costmary, 347-348.
+
+  Covert walks, 59.
+
+  Cowslips, 294.
+
+  Cowslip mead, 393.
+
+  Crab Apple trees, 192.
+
+  Craigie House, 141.
+
+  Crape Myrtle, 16, 71.
+
+  Creeping Jenny, 60.
+
+  Crocus, 136.
+
+  Crown Imperial, 40;
+    _loquitur_, 322 _et seq._
+
+  Culpepper, N., cited, 349.
+
+  Cupid's Car, 266.
+
+  Currant, flowering, 298.
+
+  Cyanus, 33.
+
+  Cyclamens, 448.
+
+  Cylindres, 355.
+
+  Cypress, 406.
+
+
+  Daffodil Dell, 84.
+
+  Daffodils, 137 _et seq._;
+    318.
+
+  Dahlias, 176 _et seq._
+
+  Daisies, 165.
+
+  Damask Roses, 462, 465, 466.
+
+  Dames' Rocket, 422.
+
+  Dandelion, 117, 135, 154-155, 330.
+
+  Dante's Garden, 228.
+
+  Deland, Margaret, quoted, 64, 229, 267, 429.
+
+  Delphinum. _See_ Larkspur.
+
+  Derby family, gardens of, 30-31.
+
+  Deutzias, 189.
+
+  Devil-in-a-bush, 435.
+
+  Devil's-bit, 289.
+
+  Dialling, taught, 372.
+
+  Dicentra. _See_ Dielytra.
+
+  Dickens, Charles, sun-dial of, 376.
+
+  Dickinson, Emily, quoted, 341, 417.
+
+  Dielytra, 185 _et seq._
+
+  Dill, 5, 341-343.
+
+  Dodocatheon, 448.
+
+  Dog Roses, 465.
+
+  Dogtooth Violet, 434, 437.
+
+  Dogwood, 155.
+
+  Double Buttercups, 176.
+
+  Double flowers, 425.
+
+  Douglas, Gavin, quoted, 257.
+
+  Dovecotes in England, 394;
+    at Shirley-on-James, 394 _et seq._
+
+  Draytons, garden of, 16.
+
+  Drumthwacket, garden at, 76 _et seq._
+
+  Drying Apples, 207.
+
+  Dudgeon, 99-100.
+
+  Dutch gardens, 19, 20 _et seq._, 71 _et seq._
+
+  Dutchman's Pipe, 184.
+
+  Dumbledore's Delight, 266.
+
+  Dyer's Weed. _See_ Woad-waxen.
+
+
+  Egyptians, sun-dials of, 359.
+
+  Elder, 304.
+
+  Election Day, lilacs bloom on, 148.
+
+  Elijah's Chariot, 271.
+
+  Ely Place, rental of, 471.
+
+  Emerson, R. W., quoted, 138, 376.
+
+  Endicott, Governor, garden of, 3;
+    nursery of, 24;
+    bequest of Woad-waxen, 24, 25;
+    sun-dial of, 358.
+
+  Erasmus quoted, 109.
+
+  Evening Primrose, 10, 428, 429.
+
+  Everlasting Pea, 427.
+
+
+  Fairbanks, Jonathan, sun-dial of, 344, 358.
+
+  Fairies, charm to see, 304.
+
+  Fair-in-sight, 334.
+
+  Fairy Roses, 467.
+
+  Fairy Thimbles, 337.
+
+  Faneuil, Andrew, glass house of, 19.
+
+  Fennel, 5, 341 _et seq._
+
+  Fitchburg, Massachusetts, garden at jail, 101, 102.
+
+  Fitzgerald, Edward, quoted, 316, 330.
+
+  Flag, sweet, striped, 438;
+    blue, 278.
+
+  Flagroot, 343 _et seq._
+
+  Flax, 262.
+
+  Flower closes, 240.
+
+  Flower de Luce, 257 _et seq._
+
+  Flowering Currant, 64.
+
+  Flower-of-death, 441.
+
+  Flower-of-prosperity, 42.
+
+  Flower toys, 156.
+
+  Flushing, Long Island, nurseries at, 26;
+    _et seq._, 156, 230 _et seq._
+
+  Fore court, 40.
+
+  Forget-me-not, 265.
+
+  Formal garden, 78 _et seq._
+
+  Forsythia, 133, 189, 190.
+
+  Forth rights, 58.
+
+  Fortune, Robert, 187 _et seq._
+
+  Fountains, 69, 85-86, 380, 389.
+
+  Fox, George, bequest of, 11;
+    at Sylvester Manor, 105.
+
+  Foxgloves, 162, 427.
+
+  Frankland, Sir Henry, 29.
+
+  Franklin cent, 365.
+
+  Fraxinella, 432.
+
+  Fringed Gentian, 265, 273, 294.
+
+  Fritillaria, 81, 165, 446 _et seq._
+
+  Fuchsias, 52, 331.
+
+  Fugio bank note, 364, 365.
+
+  Fumitory, Climbing, 183.
+
+  Funerals, in front yard, 51;
+    Tansy at, 128 _et seq._
+
+  Funkias, 70.
+
+
+  Gardener's Garters, 438.
+
+  Garden Heliotrope, 313.
+
+  Garden of Sentiment, 110.
+
+  Garden Pink. _See_ Pinks.
+
+  Garden, Significance of name, 280.
+
+  Garden-viewing, 338.
+
+  Gardiner, Grissel, 104.
+
+  Garland of Julia, 323.
+
+  Garland Roses, 467.
+
+  Garrets with herbs, 115.
+
+  Garth, 39.
+
+  Gas-plant. _See_ Fraxinella.
+
+  Gate of Yaddo, 81, 82;
+    at Westover-on-James, 388, 389;
+    at Bristol, Rhode Island, 389.
+
+  Gatherer of simples, 118.
+
+  Gaultheria, 118.
+
+  Gem of the Prairies Rose, 468.
+
+  Genista tinctoria. _See_ Woad-waxen.
+
+  Geraniums, 244.
+
+  Germander, 59.
+
+  Germantown, Pennsylvania, gardens at, 11, 12;
+    sun-dial at, 371 _et seq._
+
+  Ghosts in gardens, 431.
+
+  Gilly flowers, 5.
+
+  Ginger, Wild, 343.
+
+  _Girls' Life Eighty Years Ago_, 31.
+
+  Glory-of-the-snow, 137.
+
+  Gnomon of sun-dial, 379 _et seq._
+
+  Goethe, cited, 431.
+
+  Goncourt, Edmond de, quoted, 248, 249.
+
+  Gooseberries, 338, 339 _et seq._
+
+  Goosefoot, 59.
+
+  Gorse, 221, 222.
+
+  Grace Church Rectory, sun-dial of, 364, 374.
+
+  Grafting, 391.
+
+  Grape Hyacinth, 255 _et seq._
+
+  Graveyard Ground-pine, 434.
+
+  Green apples, 200 _et seq._
+
+  Green, color, 138, 233 _et seq._
+
+  Green galleries, 385.
+
+  Greenhouse, of James Beekman, 19;
+    of T. Hardenbrook, 19.
+
+  Ground Myrtle, 439.
+
+  Groundsel, 292.
+
+  Guinea-hen flower, 447.
+
+  Gypsophila, 175.
+
+
+  Hair-dye, of Box, 99.
+
+  Hampton Court, Box at, 94.
+
+  Hampton, garden at, 14, 58, 60, 95, 101.
+
+  Hancock garden, 30.
+
+  Hawdods, 265.
+
+  Hawthorn, 292, 300.
+
+  Hawthorne, Nathaniel, quoted, 153, 299.
+
+  Headaches, 309.
+
+  Heart pea, 184.
+
+  Heather, 221, 222.
+
+  Hedgehog Roses, 464.
+
+  Hedgerows, 399 _et seq._, 403 _et seq._
+
+  Hedges, of Box, 99;
+    of Lilac, 143-144, 406;
+    of Privet, 406, 408;
+    of Locust, 406.
+
+  Heliotrope, scent of, 319.
+
+  Hermerocallis. _See_ Lemon Lily.
+
+  Hemlock hedges, 406.
+
+  Henbane, 434.
+
+  Hepatica, 259.
+
+  Herbaceous border, 113 _et seq._
+
+  Herber, 113, 384.
+
+  Herbert, George, quoted, 114.
+
+  Herb twopence, 61.
+
+  Hermits, 245.
+
+  Herrick, flowers of, 216.
+
+  Hesperis, 421-422.
+
+  Hiccough, 342.
+
+  Higginson, T. W., quoted, 74.
+
+  Hips of Roses, 472.
+
+  Holly, 406.
+
+  Holmes, Oliver Wendell, quoted, 91, 139-140, 226, 268, 301, 313.
+
+  Hollyhocks, 5, 6, 33, 52, 332 _et seq._, 336.
+
+  Honesty. _See_ Lunaria.
+
+  Honeyblob gooseberries, 338.
+
+  Honey, from Thyme, 303;
+    in drinks, 393.
+
+  Honeysuckle, 182, 332, 450.
+
+  Honeywort, 33, 442.
+
+  Hood, quoted, 228-229.
+
+  Hopewell, Lilacs at, 148.
+
+  Houstonia, 260.
+
+  Howitt Garden, 223.
+
+  Howitt, Mary, quoted, 326, 330, 345.
+
+  Humming-birds, 243.
+
+  Hundred-leaved Rose, 460, 469.
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, garden of, 54.
+
+  Hyacinths, 257.
+
+  Hydrangea, 182;
+    blue, 260;
+    at Capetown, 261.
+
+  Hyssop, 54.
+
+
+  Iberis. _See_ Candy-tuft.
+
+  Independence Trees. _See_ Catalpa.
+
+  Indian Hill, 144, 415 _et seq._
+
+  Indian Pipe, 455.
+
+  Indian plant names, 293 _et seq._
+
+  Innocence. _See_ Houstonia.
+
+  Iris, 427. _See_ also Flower de Luce.
+
+  Italian gardens, 75 _et seq._
+
+
+  Jack-in-the-pulpit, 154.
+
+  Jacob's Ladder, 265.
+
+  James I., quoted, 62.
+
+  Japan, flowers from, 40, 67, 157, 158, 406.
+
+  Jenoffelins, 17.
+
+  Jewett, S. O., quoted, 38, 49.
+
+  Joepye-weed, 145 _et seq._
+
+  Johnson, Dr. Samuel, dial motto of, 219.
+
+  Jonquils, 318.
+
+  Joseph and Mary, 437, 438.
+
+  Josselyn, John, quoted, 4 _et seq._, 8.
+
+  Joy-of-the-ground, 441.
+
+  Judas tree, 158.
+
+  June Roses, 464.
+
+
+  Kalendars, 355.
+
+  Kalm, cited, 128, 203, 408.
+
+  Karr, Alphonse, quoted, 272, 302, 453, 454.
+
+  Katherine flowers, 435.
+
+  Keats, cited, 223 _et seq._
+
+  Kiskatomas nut, 294.
+
+  Kiss-me-at-the-garden-gate, 135.
+
+  Kitchen door, 69.
+
+  Knots, described, 54 _et seq._
+
+
+  Labels, 217.
+
+  Labrador Indians, sun-dials of, 359.
+
+  Laburnum, 168, 169, 231.
+
+  Ladies' Delights, 48, 133 _et seq._
+
+  Lad's Love. _See_ Southernwood.
+
+  Lady's Slipper, 293.
+
+  Lafayette, influence of, 241;
+    dial of, 357.
+
+  Lamb, Charles quoted, 360.
+
+  Landor, Walter Savage, quoted, 140, 362-363, 415, 420.
+
+  Larch, 300.
+
+  Larkspur, 33, 162, 267 _et seq._
+
+  Latin names, 291.
+
+  Lavender, 5, 33, 121.
+
+  Lavender Cotton, 5, 61.
+
+  Lawns, 53, 240.
+
+  Lawson, William, quoted, 56.
+
+  Lebanon, Cedar of, 29.
+
+  Lemon Lily, 45, 80.
+
+  Lennox, Lady, Box sun-dial of, 97-98.
+
+  Leucojum, 234-235.
+
+  Lilacs, at Hopkinton, 29, also 140-153, 318 _et seq._, 406.
+
+  Lilies, 180.
+
+  Linen, drying of, 99;
+    bleaching of, 99.
+
+  Linnæus, classification of, 282;
+    horologe of, 381-382;
+    discovery of daughter of, 431 _et seq._
+
+  Liricon-fancy, 45.
+
+  Little Burgundy Rose, 467.
+
+  Live-forever. _See_ Orpine.
+
+  Live Oaks, 16.
+
+  Lobelia, 33, 271-272.
+
+  Loch, 259.
+
+  Locust, as house friend, 22-23;
+    blossoms sold, 155;
+    on Long Island, 156;
+    in Narragansett, 401 _et seq._;
+    in a hedge, 406-407.
+
+  Loggerheads, 265.
+
+  Lombardy Poplars, 27.
+
+  London Pride, 45, 443.
+
+  Longfellow, quoted, 141;
+    garden of, 102, 431.
+
+  Lotus, 74.
+
+  Lovage-root, 343.
+
+  Love divination, with Lilacs, 150;
+    with Apples, 205 _et seq._;
+    with Southernwood, 349.
+
+  Love-in-a-huddle, 435.
+
+  Love-in-a-mist, 435.
+
+  Love lies bleeding, 287.
+
+  Love philtres, 118 _et seq._
+
+  Lowell, J. R., quoted, 48-49, 89, 227, 277.
+
+  Luck-lilac, 150.
+
+  Lunaria, 5, 33, 170 _et seq._
+
+  Lungwort, 437-438.
+
+  Lupines, 33, 163, 253, 275 _et seq._
+
+  Lychnis. _See_ Mullein Pink; also London Pride.
+
+  Lyre flower. _See_ Dielytra.
+
+  Lyres, 385, 386.
+
+
+  Madame Plantier Rose, 71, 463, 464.
+
+  Magnolia-on-the-Ashley, gardens at, 16.
+
+  Magnolias, 26, 71, 155-156.
+
+  Maiden's Blush Roses, 466.
+
+  Maize, 293-294.
+
+  Maltese Cross, 443.
+
+  Manheim, Rose for rent in, 470.
+
+  Maple, only Celtic plant name, 292.
+
+  Marigolds, 33, 52, 315 _et seq._
+
+  Maritoffles, 17.
+
+  Markham, Gervayse, cited, 40, 54, 115.
+
+  Marsh Mallow, 434.
+
+  Marsh Marigold, 294.
+
+  Marvell, Andrew, quoted, 231, 239, 381.
+
+  Mather, Cotton, quoted, 337, 342.
+
+  Matrimony Vine, 185, 449-450.
+
+  Mayflower, 166, 291, 299.
+
+  Maze, described, 54-55;
+    in America, 55;
+    at Sylvester Manor, 106.
+
+  Meadow Rue, 175-176.
+
+  Meet-her-in-the-entry, Kiss-her-in-the-buttery, 135.
+
+  Meeting-plant, 348.
+
+  Meet-me-at-the-garden-gate, 135.
+
+  Meredith, Owen, quoted, 166.
+
+  Meresteads, 3.
+
+  Meridian lines, 355.
+
+  Mertensia, 438.
+
+  Michigan Roses, 62, 468.
+
+  Mignonette, scent of, 319.
+
+  Milkweed silk, 328, 331.
+
+  Mills, for cider-making, 203.
+
+  Minnow-tansy, 127.
+
+  Mint family, 117-264.
+
+  Miskodeed, 294.
+
+  Missionary plant, 25.
+
+  Mitchell, Dr., disinterment of, 129 _et seq._
+
+  Mithridate, 123.
+
+  Moccasin flower, 293.
+
+  Mole cider, 212.
+
+  Molucca Balm, 436-437.
+
+  Money-in-both-pockets, 170 _et seq._
+
+  Moneywort, 60-61.
+
+  Monkshood, 266, 329, 433.
+
+  Moon vine, 430-431.
+
+  Moosewood, 452 _et seq._
+
+  Morning-glory, 181-182.
+
+  Morristown, sun-dial at, 359, 374.
+
+  Morris, William, quoted, 240, 425.
+
+  Morse, S. B. F., lines on sun-dial motto, 363.
+
+  Mosquitoes, 74.
+
+  Moss Roses, 345, 465, 466.
+
+  Mottoes on sun-dials, 88, 360, _et seq._
+
+  Mountain Fringe. _See_ Adlumia.
+
+  Mount Atlas Cedar, 29.
+
+  Mount Auburn Cemetery, sun-dial at, 373.
+
+  Mount Vernon, garden at, 11-12;
+    sun-dial at, 369.
+
+  Mourning Bride, 297, 339 _et seq._
+
+  Mulberries, 27.
+
+  Mullein Pink, 174.
+
+  Musk Roses, 464, 469.
+
+
+  Names, old English, 284 _et seq._
+
+  Naked Boys, 455.
+
+  Napanock, garden at, 69-70.
+
+  Naushon, Gorse on, 222;
+    sun-dial at, 374.
+
+  Nemophila, 315.
+
+  New Amsterdam, flowers of, 17-18.
+
+  _New England's Prospect_, 3.
+
+  New England's Rarities, 5.
+
+  Nicotiana, 423.
+
+  Nigella, 33, 434, 435.
+
+  Night-scented Stock, 421-422.
+
+  Nightshade, 448.
+
+  Night Violets, 422.
+
+  Noon-marks, 355.
+
+  None-so-pretty, 135.
+
+
+  Oak of Jerusalem. _See_ Ambrosia.
+
+  Obesity, cure for, 122.
+
+  Old Man. _See_ Southernwood.
+
+  Oleanders, 52, 329-330.
+
+  Olitory, 113.
+
+  Open knots, 57-58.
+
+  Ophir Farm, sun-dial at, 376 _et seq._
+
+  Opyn-tide, meaning of, 143.
+
+  Orange Lily, 50.
+
+  Orchard seats, 192.
+
+  Orpine, 444-445.
+
+  Orris-root, 259.
+
+  Osage Orange, 69, 406.
+
+  Ostrowskia, 262.
+
+  "Out-Landish Flowers," 58.
+
+  Oxeye Daisies, introduction to America, 25.
+
+  Oxford, sun-dial at, 97.
+
+
+  Pansies, 134, 318.
+
+  Pappoose-root, 293.
+
+  Parkman, Francis, Rose Garden of, 471.
+
+  Parley, Peter, quoted, 343.
+
+  Parsons, T. W., on Lilacs, 153.
+
+  Parterre, 58 _et seq._
+
+  Pastorius, Father, 11.
+
+  Patagonian Mint, 347-348.
+
+  Patience, 6.
+
+  Paulownias, 29.
+
+  Peach blossoms, 158.
+
+  Peacocks, 395 _et seq._
+
+  Pear blossoms, scent of, 318.
+
+  Pedestals for sun-dials, 374 _et seq._
+
+  Pennsylvania, sun-dials in, 370 _et seq._
+
+  Penn, William, encouraged gardens, 11.
+
+  Peony, 42 _et seq._
+
+  Peppermint, as medicine, 118.
+
+  Pergolas, 82-83, 385 _et seq._
+
+  Peristyle, 389.
+
+  Periwinkle, 62, 439 _et seq._
+
+  Perpetual Roses, 468.
+
+  Persians, colors of, 253;
+    plant names of, 292;
+    flower love of, 462.
+
+  Persian Lilac, 152.
+
+  Persian Yellow Rose, 320, 469.
+
+  Peter's Wreath, 41-42.
+
+  Petunias, 179, 423.
+
+  Phlox, 40, 45, 162, 423.
+
+  Piazzas, 388-389.
+
+  Pig-nuts, 332.
+
+  _Pilgrim's Progress_, quotations from, 201.
+
+  Pinckney, E. L., floriculture by, 14.
+
+  Pine at Yaddo, 90.
+
+  Pink-of-my-Joan, 135.
+
+  Pinks, as edgings, 34, 47, 61, 292, 422-423.
+
+  Pippins, 345.
+
+  Plane trees in Pliny's garden, 97.
+
+  Plantain, 197, 443-444.
+
+  Plant-of-twenty-days, 42.
+
+  _Platycodon grandiflorum_, 262.
+
+  Playhouse Apple tree, 199.
+
+  Pliny, quoted, 342, 349;
+    gardens of, 96-97.
+
+  Plum blossoms, 157-158.
+
+  Plume Poppy, 175 _et seq._
+
+  Plymouth, Massachusetts, early gardens at, 3.
+
+  Poet's Narcissus, 318.
+
+  Pogonia, 247.
+
+  Poison Ivy, 403.
+
+  Polling, of trees, 387.
+
+  Polyantha Rose, 467.
+
+  Polyanthus, as edging, 62.
+
+  Pomander, 212.
+
+  Pomatum, 209-210.
+
+  Pompeii, standards at, 87 _et seq._
+
+  Pond Lily, 345.
+
+  Pony Roses, 467.
+
+  Poppies, 163-164, 243-244, 309 _et seq._, 431.
+
+  Pops, 337.
+
+  Portable dials, 356-357.
+
+  Portulaca, 178-179.
+
+  Potatoes, planted by Raleigh, 230.
+
+  Potocka, Countess, quoted, 327.
+
+  Pot-pourri, 471.
+
+  Preston Garden, 15-16, 18, 24, 101.
+
+  Prick-song plant. _See_ Lunaria.
+
+  Primprint. _See_ Privet.
+
+  Prince Nurseries, 26 _et seq._, 230.
+
+  Privet, 54, 317, 406, 408.
+
+  Provence Roses, 459.
+
+  Prunella, 264-265.
+
+  Prygmen, 99.
+
+  Pudding, 304.
+
+  Pulmonaria, 437-438.
+
+  Pumps, old, 67-68.
+
+  Pussy Willows, 155, 247.
+
+  Puzzle-love, 435.
+
+  Pyrethrum, 242.
+
+
+  _Quabbin_, 419.
+
+  Queen Anne, hatred of Box, 94.
+
+  Queen's Maries, bower of, 103.
+
+  Queen of the Prairies Rose, 468.
+
+  Quincy, Josiah, 407.
+
+
+  Ragged Robin, 291.
+
+  Ragged Sailors, 265.
+
+  Rail fences, 399 _et seq._
+
+  Railings, 62.
+
+  Raleigh, Sir Walter, garden of, 230.
+
+  Rapin, René, quoted, 94, 323;
+    on gardens, 227.
+
+  Red, influence of, 251.
+
+  Remontant Roses, 468.
+
+  Rent, of a Rose, 469 _et seq._
+
+  _Rescue of an Old Place_, cited, 103, 290.
+
+  Rhodes, Cecil, garden of, 261.
+
+  Rhododendrons, 42, 182, 244, 245.
+
+  Ridgely Garden, 57, 60, 95, 101.
+
+  Ring dials, 356.
+
+  Rock Cress. _See_ Arabis.
+
+  Rocket. _See_ Dames' Rocket.
+
+  Rose Acacia, 185, 406.
+
+  Rose Campion, 33, 174, 175.
+
+  Rose Garden, at Yaddo, 81 _et seq._
+
+  Rosemary, 5, 55, 59, 110.
+
+  Rose of Four Seasons, 467.
+
+  Rose of Plymouth, 295.
+
+  Rose Tavern, 470.
+
+  Rose tobacco, 475.
+
+  Rose-water, 472.
+
+  Rossetti, D. G., picture by, 380;
+    quoted, 380.
+
+  Roxbury Waxwork. _See_ Bittersweet.
+
+  Rue, 5, 110, 123 _et seq_, 434.
+
+  Ruskin, John, quoted, 243, 283, 255, 279, 309.
+
+
+  Sabbatia, 295.
+
+  Saffron-tea, 118.
+
+  Sage, 125 _et seq._
+
+  Sag Harbor, sun-dial at, 362.
+
+  Salpiglossis, 262.
+
+  Salt Box House, 128.
+
+  Sand, in parterres, 56, 58.
+
+  Santolina. _See_ Lavender Cotton.
+
+  Sapson Apples, 201-202.
+
+  Sassafras, 343.
+
+  Satin-flower, 170 _et seq._
+
+  Sauce Saracen, 472.
+
+  Scarlet Lightning, 443.
+
+  Scilla, 255.
+
+  Scotch Roses, 48, 464, 469.
+
+  Scott, Sir Walter, sun-dial of, 219, 377.
+
+  Scythes, 391.
+
+  Seeds, sale of, 32 _et seq._
+
+  Serpentine Walls, 414.
+
+  Setwall. _See_ Valerian.
+
+  Seven Sisters, 435.
+
+  Seven Sisters Rose, 463.
+
+  Shade alleys, 59.
+
+  Shaded Walks, 64.
+
+  Shakespeare Border, 217 _et seq._
+
+  Sheep bones, as edgings, 57-58.
+
+  Shelley, Garden, 223.
+
+  Shell flower, 436-437.
+
+  Shirley Poppies, 255, 312.
+
+  Simples, 115.
+
+  Skepes, 354, 391 _et seq._
+
+  Slugs, in Box, 95.
+
+  Smithsonian Institution, sun-dials in, 357-358.
+
+  Snakeroot, 423-424.
+
+  Snapdragons, 33, 175.
+
+  Snowballs, 71.
+
+  Snowberry, 169.
+
+  Snowdrops, 234.
+
+  Snow in Summer, 47.
+
+  Snow Pink. _See_ Pinks.
+
+  Soldier and his Wife, 438.
+
+  Sops-o'-wine. _See_ Sapson.
+
+  Sorrel, 6, 240, 332.
+
+  South Carolina, gardens of, 14.
+
+  Southernwood, 5, 341, 348 _et seq._
+
+  Southey, Robert, quoted, 266.
+
+  Spenser, Edmund, quoted, 54;
+    flowers of, 215, 284.
+
+  Spider-flower. _See_ Love-in-a-mist.
+
+  Spiders in medicine, 303, 343.
+
+  Spiderwort, 435-436.
+
+  Spiræas, 189.
+
+  Spitfire Plant. _See_ Fraxinella.
+
+  Spring Beauty, 294.
+
+  Spring Snowflake, 234, 235.
+
+  Spruce gum, 332.
+
+  Spurge, Cypress, 434 _et seq._
+
+  Squirrel Cups, 260.
+
+  Squirt, for water, 390.
+
+  Star of Bethlehem, 34, 235.
+
+  Star Pink. _See_ Pink.
+
+  Statues in garden, 85, 389.
+
+  Stockton, Richard, letter of, 30-31.
+
+  Stones, for edging, 58.
+
+  Stonecrop, 135.
+
+  Stone walls, 399 _et seq._
+
+  Strawberry Bush. _See_ Calycanthus.
+
+  Striped Grass, 438-439.
+
+  Striped Lily, 61.
+
+  Stuyvesant, Peter, garden of, 18-19.
+
+  Succory. _See_ Chicory.
+
+  Summer-houses, 392.
+
+  Summer Roses, 468.
+
+  Summer savory, 124.
+
+  Summer-sots, 17.
+
+  Sun-dials of Box, 62, 80, 87, 88, 97 _et seq._
+
+  Sun-flowers, 178, 287.
+
+  Sunken gardens, 72-73.
+
+  Sunshine Bush, 189.
+
+  Swan River Daisy, 263, 264.
+
+  Sweet Alyssum. _See_ Alyssum.
+
+  Sweet Brier, 6, 25, 48, 302, 464, 465.
+
+  Sweet Fern, 2.
+
+  Sweet Flag, 343.
+
+  Sweet Johns, 285.
+
+  Sweet Marjoram, 124.
+
+  Sweet Peas, 33, 178, 224.
+
+  Sweet Rocket, 34.
+
+  Sweet Shrub. _See_ Calycanthus.
+
+  Sweet Williams, 34, 162, 285 _et seq._
+
+  Sylvester Manor, gardens at, 104 _et seq._
+
+  Syringas, 71.
+
+
+  Tansy, 6, 126 _et seq._
+
+  Tansy bitters, 128.
+
+  Tansy cakes, 128.
+
+  Tasmania, Thistles in, 26.
+
+  Tea Roses, 320, 469.
+
+  Telling the bees, 393.
+
+  Temperance Reform, 204.
+
+  Tennyson, on blue, 266;
+    on white, 420-421.
+
+  Thaxter, Celia, cited, 311.
+
+  Thistles, in Tasmania, 26.
+
+  Thomas, Edith, quoted, 229.
+
+  Thoreau, H. D., quoted, 148, 197, 198, 199, 275, 276, 345, 346, 417.
+
+  Thoroughwort, 145 _et seq._
+
+  Thrift, sun-dials in, 97;
+    as edging, 61-62.
+
+  Thyme, 34, 60, 302 _et seq._
+
+  Tiger Lilies, 45, 162.
+
+  Toad-flax, 450 _et seq._
+
+  Tobacco. _See_ Nicotiana.
+
+  Tongue-plant, 347-348.
+
+  Topiary work in England, 408;
+    at Wellesley, 409 _et seq._;
+    in California, 412.
+
+  Tradescantia. _See_ Spiderwort.
+
+  Trailing Arbutus, 299.
+
+  Traveller's Rest, sun-dial at, 350, 370.
+
+  Tree arbors, 199, 384-385.
+
+  Tree Peony. _See_ Peony.
+
+  Trillium, 154, 457, 458.
+
+  Trumpet vine, 449-450.
+
+  Tuckahoe, Box at, 102, 105.
+
+  Tudor gardens, 55.
+
+  Tudor Place, garden at, 103.
+
+  Tulips, 18, 138, 168.
+
+  Turner, cited, 61, 236.
+
+  Tusser, Thomas, quoted, 115.
+
+  Twopenny Grass, 61.
+
+
+  Valerian, 34, 313 _et seq._
+
+  Van Cortlandt Manor, garden at, 20 _et seq._
+
+  Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 21.
+
+  Vancouver's Island, 26.
+
+  Van der Donck, Adrian, quoted, 17-18.
+
+  Velvet Roses, 466.
+
+  Vendue, 50-51.
+
+  Venus' Navelwort, 33, 441-442.
+
+  Versailles, Box at, 97.
+
+  Victoria Regia, 74-75.
+
+  Vinca. _See_ Periwinkle.
+
+  Viola tricolor, 134.
+
+  Violets, edgings of, 71;
+    in backyard, 154;
+    gallant grace of, 166;
+    scent of, 259, 317-318.
+
+  Viper's Bugloss, 273-274.
+
+  Virginia Allspice. _See_ Calycanthus.
+
+  Virginia, sun-dials in, 369-370;
+    Rose-bowers in, 385;
+    lyres in, 385.
+
+  Virgin's Bower. _See_ Adlumia.
+
+
+  Wake Robin. _See_ Trillium.
+
+  Walden Pond, 198, 345.
+
+  Walpole, New Hampshire, garden in, 237 _et seq._, 464 _et seq._
+
+  Walton, Izaak, 127.
+
+  Wandis, 62.
+
+  Warwick, Lady, sun-dial of, 98;
+    gardens of, 84, 85, 110;
+    Shakespeare Border of, 217.
+
+  Washings, semi-annual, 99.
+
+  Washington, Betty, sun-dial of, 370.
+
+  Washington Family, in England, 367;
+    sun-dial of, 367 _et seq._
+
+  Washington, George, sun-dials of, 357, 368.
+
+  Washington, Martha, garden of, 12-13.
+
+  Washington, Mary, sun-dial of, 369;
+    garden of, 370.
+
+  Wassailing, 206.
+
+  Waterbury, Connecticut, sun-dial at, 379.
+
+  Waterford, Virginia, bee-hives at, 393.
+
+  Water gardens, 73-74.
+
+  Watering-pot, 391.
+
+  Watson, Forbes, cited, 425, 433.
+
+  Waybred, 443-444.
+
+  Weed-smother, 300.
+
+  Weeds of old garden, 8, 48, 52.
+
+  Wellesley, gardens at, 409 _et seq._
+
+  Well-sweeps, 68, 390.
+
+  White animals on farm; 416 _et seq._
+
+  White Garden, 415 _et seq._
+
+  Whitehall, home of Bishop Berkeley, 194, 195.
+
+  White Man's Foot, 443-444.
+
+  White Satin, 170 _et seq._
+
+  White, value in garden, 157, 255, 419.
+
+  Whiteweed, 291. _See_ Oxeye Daisy.
+
+  Whitman, Walt, quoted, 152-153.
+
+  Whittier, J. G., sun-dial motto by, 373-374.
+
+  Wild gardens, 237 _et seq._, 453-454.
+
+  Wine-sap. _See_ Sapson.
+
+  Winter, in a garden, 327 _et seq._
+
+  Winter posy, 131.
+
+  Winthrop, John, quoted, 1, 3.
+
+  Wistaria, 166, 182, 188 _et seq._, 232.
+
+  Woad-waxen, 24, 25.
+
+  Wordsworth, W., quoted, 193.
+
+  Wort, 113.
+
+  Wort-cunning, 113.
+
+
+  Yaddo, garden at, 81 _et seq._
+
+  Yew, 406.
+
+  York and Lancaster Rose, 62, 460 _et seq._
+
+  Yucca, 293, 429-430.
+
+
+  Zodiac, signs of, on sun-dial, 376.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:
+
+A prescription symbol on page 304 is represented in this text as "Rx".
+
+Obvious errors in spelling and punctuation have been corrected without
+comment. One example of an obvious error is on page 126 where the word
+"perservation" was changed to "preservation" in the phrase: "...
+preservation of all perishable food...."
+
+With the exception of obvious errors, inconsistencies in the author's
+spelling and use of punctuation and hyphenation are left unchanged,
+as in the original text.
+
+One error which has been retained in this version is on Page 415, where
+the attribution line for the poem reads "Walter Savage Landor" while the
+correct author of the poem is Alfred Lord Tennyson.
+
+Illustrations have been moved to the nearest, most appropriate paragraph
+break.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Old-Time Gardens, by Alice Morse Earle
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old-Time Gardens, by Alice Morse Earle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Old-Time Gardens
+       Newly Set Forth
+
+Author: Alice Morse Earle
+
+Release Date: March 4, 2012 [EBook #39049]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD-TIME GARDENS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Cathy Maxam and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="notes">
+<p>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:</p>
+
+<p>This e-book contains a few phrases in ancient Greek, which may not display
+properly depending on the fonts the user has installed. Hover the mouse over
+the Greek phrase to view a transliteration, e.g.,
+<span lang="el" title="Greek: logos">&#955;&#959;&#947;&#959;&#962;</span>.</p>
+
+<p>On <a href="#Page_304">page 304</a> is a prescription symbol (Rx). This symbol may not display
+properly, depending on the fonts the user has installed.</p>
+
+<p>The user can click on any picture (including the decorative dropcap letters)
+in order to view a larger version.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="title" name="title"></a>
+<img src="images/title.jpg" alt="title" />
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+<h1>Old Time Gardens</h1>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="logo" name="logo"></a>
+<img src="images/logo.jpg" alt="logo" />
+
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="bbox">
+<p class="center biggest ps">OLD-TIME GARDENS</p>
+
+<p class="center pb"><i>Newly set forth<br />
+       by</i><br />
+<span class="big">A L I C E &nbsp;&nbsp;M O R S E&nbsp;&nbsp; E A R L E</span></p>
+
+<p class="center ps">  <i>A BOOK OF</i><br />
+T H E&nbsp;&nbsp;  S W E E T&nbsp;&nbsp;  O' &nbsp;&nbsp; T H E &nbsp;&nbsp; Y E A R</p>
+
+<p class="ps pnm">"<i>Life is sweet, brother! There's day and night, brother!
+both sweet things: sun, moon and stars, brother! all
+sweet things: There is likewise a wind on the heath.</i>"</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="tplogo" name="tplogo"></a>
+<img src="images/tplogo.jpg" alt="logo" />
+
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="center pt"><span class="small">NEW YORK</span><br />
+THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br />
+<span class="smcap small">LONDON MACMILLAN &amp; CO ltd</span><br />
+<span class="small">MCMII</span></p>
+
+<p class="center small pb"><i>All rights reserved</i>
+</p></div>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+
+<p class="center smaller pt"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1901,</p>
+
+<p class="center small pb"><span class="smcap">By</span> THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller ps">Set up and electrotyped November, 1901. Reprinted December,
+1901; January, 1902.</p>
+
+<p class="center small ps"><i>Norwood Press</i><br />
+<i>J. S. Cushing &amp; Co.&mdash;Berwick &amp; Smith</i><br />
+<i>Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.</i>
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="ded" name="ded"></a>
+<img src="images/ded.jpg" alt="dedication" />
+
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<table summary="contents">
+
+<tr>
+<td class="center">CHAPTER</td>
+<td></td>
+<td class="tdrp">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+    <td class="tdr">I.</td>
+<td class="tdl"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"><span class="smcap">Colonial Garden-making</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">1</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="tdr">II.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_II"><span class="smcap">Front Dooryards</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">38</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr">III.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_III"><span class="smcap">Varied Gardens Fair</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">54</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="tdr">IV.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_IV"><span class="smcap">Box Edgings</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">91</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+    <td class="tdr">V.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_V"><span class="smcap">The Herb Garden</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">107</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="tdr">VI. </td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_VI"><span class="smcap">In Lilac Tide</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">132</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr">VII.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_VII"><span class="smcap">Old Flower Favorites</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">161</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="tdr">VIII.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII"><span class="smcap">Comfort Me with Apples</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">192</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="tdr">IX.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_IX"><span class="smcap">Gardens of the Poets</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">215</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+    <td class="tdr">X.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_X"><span class="smcap">The Charm of Color</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">233</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="tdr">XI.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XI"><span class="smcap">The Blue Flower Border</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">252</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XII.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XII"><span class="smcap">Plant Names</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">280</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="tdr">XIII.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XIII"><span class="smcap">Tussy-mussies</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">296</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XIV.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XIV"><span class="smcap">Joan Silver-pin</span></a> </td>
+<td class="tdrp">309</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="tdr">XV.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XV"><span class="smcap">Childhood in a Garden</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">326</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XVI.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XVI"><span class="smcap">Meetin' Seed and Sabbath Day Posies</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">341</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+ <td class="tdr">XVII.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XVII"><span class="smcap">Sun-dials</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">353</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">XVIII.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XVIII"><span class="smcap">Garden Furnishings</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">383</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XIX.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XIX"><span class="smcap">Garden Boundaries</span></a> </td>
+<td class="tdrp">399</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="tdr">XX.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XX"><span class="smcap">A Moonlight Garden</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">415</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr">XXI.</td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XXI"><span class="smcap">Flowers of Mystery</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">433</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"> XXII. </td>
+<td><a href="#CHAPTER_XXII"><span class="smcap">Roses of Yesterday</span></a></td>
+<td class="tdrp">459</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td></td>
+<td><a href="#Index"><span class="smcap">Index</span></a> </td>
+<td class="tdrp">479</td>
+</tr>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2>List of Illustrations</h2>
+
+
+<p>The end papers of this book bear a design of the flower Ambrosia.</p>
+
+<p>The vignette on the <a href="#title">title-page</a> is re-drawn from one in <i>The Compleat
+Body of Husbandry</i>, Thomas Hale, 1756. It represents "Love laying out
+the surface of the earth in a garden."</p>
+
+<p>The device of the <a href="#ded">dedication</a> is an ancient garden-knot for flowers, from
+<i>A New Orchard and Garden</i>, William Lawson, 1608.</p>
+
+<p>The chapter initials are from old wood-cut initials in the English
+Herbals of Gerarde, Parkinson, and Cole.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="right">PAGE</p>
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden of Johnson Mansion, Germantown. Photographed
+  by Henry Troth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i001">facing 4</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden at Grumblethorp, Home of Charles J. Wister, Esq.,
+  Germantown, Pennsylvania</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i002">7</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden of Bartram House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i003">9</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden of Abigail Adams, Quincy, Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i004">10</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden at Mount Vernon-on-the-Potomac, Virginia. Home of
+  George Washington</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i005">facing 12</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Gate and Hedge of Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i006">15</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Fountain Path in Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i007">18</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Door in Wall of Kitchen Garden at Van Cortlandt Manor.
+  Croton-on-Hudson, New York. Photographed by J.
+  Horace McFarland</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i008">facing 20</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden of Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed by J. Horace
+  McFarland</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i009">facing 24</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden at Prince Homestead, Flushing, Long Island</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i010">28</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Old Dutch Garden of Bergen Homestead, Bay Ridge, Long
+  Island</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i012">facing 32</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden at Duck Cove, Narragansett, Rhode Island</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i013">35</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The Flowering Almond under the Window. Photographed by
+  Eva E. Newell</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i014">39</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Peter's Wreath. Photographed by Eva E. Newell</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i015">41</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Peonies<span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>
+ in Garden of John Robinson, Esq., Salem, Massachusetts.
+  Photographed by Herschel F. Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i016">facing 42</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>White Peonies. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i017">42</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Yellow Day Lilies. Photographed by Clifton Johnson</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i018">facing 48</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Orange Lilies. Photographed by Eva E. Newell</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i019">50</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i020">facing 54</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Box-edged Parterre at Hampton, County Baltimore, Maryland.
+  Home of Mrs. John Ridgely. Photographed by Elizabeth
+  W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i021">57</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Parterre and Clipped Box at Hampton, County Baltimore,
+  Maryland. Home of Mrs. John Ridgely. Photographed
+  by Elizabeth W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i022">60</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Waldstein, Fairfield,
+  Connecticut. Photographed by Mabel Osgood Wright</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i023">63</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>A Shaded Walk. In the Garden of Miss Harriet P. F. Burnside,
+  Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel
+  F. Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i024">facing 64</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Roses and Larkspur in the Garden of Miss Harriet P. F.
+  Burnside, Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by
+  Herschel F. Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i025">65</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The Homely Back Yard. Photographed by Henry Troth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i026">facing 66</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Covered Well at Home of Bishop Berkeley, Whitehall, Newport,
+  Rhode Island</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i027">68</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Kitchen Doorway and Porch at The Hedges, New Hope, County
+  Bucks, Pennsylvania</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i028">70</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Greenwood, Thomasville, Georgia</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i029">73</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Roses and Violets in Garden of Greenwood, Thomasville,
+  Georgia</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i030">facing 74</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Water Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New York.
+  Home of Miss Cornelia Horsford</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i031">75</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania. Country-seat
+  of Charles E. Mather, Esq. Photographed by
+  J. Horace McFarland</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i033">facing 76</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Terrace Wall at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey.
+  Country-seat of M. Taylor Pyne, Esq.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i032">76</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey. Country-seat
+  of M. Taylor Pyne, Esq.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i034">77</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania.
+  Country-seat of Charles E. Mather, Esq. Photographed
+  by J. Horace McFarland</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i035">facing 80</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Entrance<span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span>
+ Porch and Gate to the Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga,
+  New York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq.
+  Photographed by Gustave Lorey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i036">82</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Pergola and Terrace Walk in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga,
+  New York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq.
+  Photographed by Gustave Lorey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i037">83</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Statue of Christalan in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New
+  York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed
+  by Gustave Lorey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i038">84</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York.
+  Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed by
+  Gustave Lorey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i039">86</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Bronze Dial-face in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New
+  York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed
+  by Gustave Lorey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i040">87</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Ancient Pine in Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York.
+  Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed by
+  Gustave Lorey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i041">89</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>House and Garden at Napanock, County Ulster, New York.
+  Photographed by Edward Lamson Henry, N. A.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i042">facing 92</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Box Parterre at Hampton, County Baltimore, Maryland.
+  Home of Mrs. John Ridgely. Photographed by Elizabeth
+  W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i043">95</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial in Box at Broughton Castle, Banbury, England.
+  Garden of Lady Lennox</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i044">98</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial in Box at Ascott, near Leighton Buzzard, England.
+  Country-seat of Mr. Leopold Rothschild</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i045">facing 100</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden at Tudor Place, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
+  Home of Mrs. Beverly Kennon. Photographed by Elizabeth
+  W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i046">103</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Anchor-shaped Flower Beds, Kingston, Rhode Island. Photographed
+  by Sarah P. Marchant</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i047">104</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Ancient Box at Tuckahoe, Virginia</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i048">105</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Herb Garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i049">108</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i050">111</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden of Manning Homestead, Salem, Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i051">facing 112</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Under the Garret Eaves of Ward Homestead, Shrewsbury,
+  Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i052">116</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>A Gatherer of Simples. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+  Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i053">facing 120</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sage.<span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>
+ Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i055">126</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Tansy. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i056">129</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing, Albany, New York. Photographed
+  by Gustave Lorey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i057">facing 130</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Ladies' Delights. Photographed by Eva E. Newell</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i058">133</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden House and Long Walk in Garden of Hon. William
+  H. Seward, Auburn, New York</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i059">facing 134</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial in Garden of Hon. William H. Seward, Auburn,
+  New York</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i060">136</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Lilacs in Midsummer. In Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing,
+  Albany, New York. Photographed by Gustave
+  Lorey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i061">facing 138</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Lilacs at Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Home
+  of Longfellow. Photographed by Arthur N. Wilmarth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i062">141</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Box-edged Garden at Home of Longfellow, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+  Photographed by Arthur N. Wilmarth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i063">142</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Joepye-weed and Queen Anne's Laces. Photographed by Mary
+  F. C. Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i064">145</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Boneset. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i065">146</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Magnolias in Garden of William Brown, Esq., Flatbush, Long
+  Island</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i066">facing 148</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Lilacs at Hopewell</i>
+ <span class="pgnum"><a href="#i067">149</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Persian Lilacs and Peonies in Garden of Kimball Homestead,
+  Portsmouth, New Hampshire</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i068">151</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Opyn-tide, the Thought of Spring. Garden of Mrs. Abraham
+  Lansing, Albany, New York. Photographed by Pirie
+  MacDonald</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i069">facing 154</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>A Thought of Winter's Snows. Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury,
+  Esq., Waterbury, Connecticut</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i070">157</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Larkspur and Phlox. Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+  Worcester, Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i071">162</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sweet William and Foxglove</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i072">163</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Plume Poppy</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i073">164</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Meadow Rue</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i074">167</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Money-in-both-Pockets</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i075">171</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Box Walk in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq., Waterbury,
+  Connecticut</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i076">173</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Lunaria in Garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Fairfield,
+  Connecticut. Photographed by Mabel Osgood Wright</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i077">facing 174</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Dahlia<span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>
+ Walk at Ravensworth, County Fairfax, Virginia.
+  Home of Mrs. W. R. Fitzhugh Lee. Photographed by
+  Elizabeth W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i078">177</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Petunias</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i079">180</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Virgin's Bower, in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+  Worcester, Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i080">184</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Matrimony Vine at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed by
+  J. Horace McFarland</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i081">186</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>White Chinese Wistaria, in Garden of Mortimer Howell, Esq.,
+  West Hampton Beach, Long Island</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i082">188</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Spiræa Van Houtteii. Photographed by J. Horace McFarland</i>
+  <span class="pgnum"><a href="#i083">facing 190</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Old Apple Tree at Whitehall. Home of Bishop Berkeley,
+  near Newport, Rhode Island</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i084">194</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="prm">
+"<i>The valley stretching below</i><br />
+<span class="ind1"><i>Is white with blossoming Apple trees</i>,<br /></span>
+<span class="ind1"><i>As if touched with lightest snow."</i><br /></span>
+<span class="ind"><i>Photographed by T. E. M. and G. F. White</i></span>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i085">197</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Old Hand-power Cider Mill. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+  Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i086">198</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Pressing out the Cider in Old Hand Mill</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i087">200</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Old Cider Mill with Horse Power. Photographed by T. E. M.
+  and G. F. White</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i088">203</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Straining off the Cider into Barrels</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i089">204</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Drying Apples. Photographed by T. E. M. and G. F. White</i>
+  <span class="pgnum"><a href="#i090">facing 208</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Ancient Apple Picker, Apple Racks, Apple Parers, Apple
+  Butter Kettle, Apple Butter Paddle, Apple Butter Stirrer,
+  Apple Butter Crocks. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+  Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i091">211</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Making Apple Butter. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall</i>
+  <span class="pgnum"><a href="#i092">facing 214</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Shakespeare Border in Garden at Hillside, Menand's, near
+  Albany, New York. Photographed by Gustave Lorey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i093">216</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Long Border at Hillside, Menand's, near Albany, New York.
+  Photographed by Gustave Lorey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i094">facing 218</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The Beauty of Winter Lilacs. In Garden of Mrs. Abraham
+  Lansing, Albany, New York. Photographed by Pirie MacDonald</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i095">220</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden of Mrs. Frank Robinson, Wakefield, Rhode Island</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i096">222</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The<span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>
+ Parson's Walk</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i097">225</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden of Mary Washington</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i098">228</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Box and Phlox. Garden of Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island,
+  New York</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i099">230</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Within the Weeping Beech. Photographed by E. C. Nichols</i>
+ <span class="pgnum"><a href="#i100">facing 232</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Spring Snowflake, Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+  Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F.
+  Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i101">234</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Star of Bethlehem, in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+  Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F.
+  Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i102">237</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>"The Pearl" Achillæa</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i103">238</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Pyrethrum. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i104">242</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Terraced Garden of the Misses Nichols, Salem, Massachusetts.
+  Photographed by Herschel F. Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i105">246</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Arbor in a Salem Garden</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i106">250</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Scilla in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse, Worcester,
+  Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i107">254</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sweet Alyssum Edging of White Border at Indian Hill, Newburyport,
+  Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i108">256</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Bachelor's Buttons in a Salem Garden. Home of Mrs. Edward
+  B. Peirson</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i109">258</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>A "Sweet Garden-side" in Salem, Massachusetts, Home of
+  John Robinson, Esq.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i110">facing 260</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Salpiglossis in Garden at Indian Hill, Newburyport, Massachusetts.
+  Photographed by Herschel F. Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i111">261</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The Old Campanula, Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+  Worcester, Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i112">263</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Chinese Bellflower. Photographed by Herschel F. Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i113">264</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden at Tudor Place, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
+  Home of Mrs. Beverly Kennon. Photographed by Elizabeth
+  W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i114">facing 266</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Light as a Loop of Larkspur, in Garden of Judge Oliver Wendell
+  Holmes, Beverly, Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i115">269</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Viper's Bugloss. Photographed by Henry Troth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i116">274</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The Prim Precision of Leaf and Flower of Lupine. Photographed
+  by Henry Troth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i117">276</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The Garden's Friend. Photographed by Clifton Johnson</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i118">281</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Edging<span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span>
+ of Striped Lilies in a Salem Garden. Photographed by
+  Herschel F. Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i119">283</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden Seat at Avonwood Court. Photographed by J. Horace
+  McFarland</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i120">facing 286</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Terraced Garden of the Misses Nichols, Salem, Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i121">288</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>"A Running Ribbon of Perfumed Snow which the Sun is
+  melting rapidly." At Marchant Farm, Kingston, Rhode
+  Island. Photographed by Sarah F. Marchant</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i123">292</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Fountain Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New
+  York</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i124">facing 294</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Hawthorn Arch at Holly House, Peace Dale, Rhode Island.
+  Home of Rowland G. Hazard, Esq.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i125">298</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Thyme-covered Graves. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i126">301</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm">"<i>White Umbrellas of Elder</i>"
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i127">305</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Lower Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New York</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i128">facing 308</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm">"<i>Black-heart Amorous Poppies</i>"
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i129">310</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Valerian. Photographed by E. C. Nichols</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i130">314</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Old War Office in Garden at Salem, New Jersey</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i131">319</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Crown Imperial. Page from Gerarde's Herball</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i132">facing 324</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The Children's Garden</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i134">facing 330</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Foxgloves in a Narragansett Garden</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i135">333</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Hollyhocks in Garden of Kimball Homestead, Portsmouth, New
+  Hampshire</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i136">facing 334</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Autumn View of an Old Worcester Garden</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i137">facing 338</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Hollyhocks at Tudor Place, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
+  Home of Mrs. Beverly Kennon</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i138">339</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>An Old Worcester Garden. Home of Edwin A. Fawcett, Esq.</i>
+  <span class="pgnum"><a href="#i139">facing 340</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Caraway</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i140">342</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial of Jonathan Fairbanks, Esq., Dedham, Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i141">344</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Bronze Sun-dial on Dutch Reformed Church, West End
+  Avenue, New York</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i142">346</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial mounted on Boulder, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i143">347</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Buckthorn Arch in Garden of Mrs. Edward B. Peirson,
+  Salem, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F.
+  Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i144">facing 348</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial at Emery Place, Brightwood, District of Columbia.
+  Photographed by William Van Zandt Cox</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i145">349</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial<span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span>
+ at Travellers' Rest, Virginia. Home of Mrs. Bowie
+  Gray. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i146">350</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Two Old Cronies; the Sun-dial and Bee skepe. Photographed
+  by Eva E. Newell</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i147">354</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Portable Sun-dial from Collection of the Author</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i148">356</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq., Waterbury,
+  Connecticut</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i149">358</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial at Morristown, New Jersey. Designed by W. Gedney
+  Beatty, Esq.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i150">359</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm">"<i>Yes, Toby, it's Three o'clock.</i>" <i>Judge Daly and his Sun-dial
+  at Sag Harbor, Long Island. Drawn by Edward Lamson
+  Henry, N.A.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i151">361</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Face of Dial at Sag Harbor, Long Island</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i152">362</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial in Garden of Grace Church Rectory, New York.
+  Photographed by J. W. Dow</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i153">364</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Fugio Bank-note</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i154">365</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial at "Washington House," Little Brington, England</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i155">367</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Dial-face from Mount Vernon. Owned by William F. Havemeyer,
+  Jr.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i156">368</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial from Home of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg,
+  Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i157">369</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Kenmore, the Home of Betty Washington Lewis, Fredericksburg,
+  Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i158">371</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial in Garden of Charles T. Jenkins, Esq., Germantown,
+  Pennsylvania</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i159">373</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial at Ophir Farm, White Plains, New York. Country-seat
+  of Hon. Whitelaw Reid</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i160">375</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial at Hillside, Menand's, near Albany, New York</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i161">378</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Old Brass and Pewter Dial-faces from Collection of Author</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i162">379</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Beata Beatrix</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i163">facing 380</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The Faithful Gardener</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i164">381</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>A Garden Lyre at Waterford, Virginia</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i165">facing 384</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>A Virginia Lyre with Vines</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i166">386</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Old Iron Gates at Westover-on-James, Virginia. Photographed
+  by George S. Cook</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i167">388</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Ironwork in Court of Colt Mansion, Bristol, Rhode Island.
+  Photographed by J. W. Dow</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i168">390</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sharpening the Old Dutch Scythe. Photographed by Mary
+  F. C. Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i170">facing 392</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Summer-house<span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span>
+ at Ravensworth, County Fairfax, Virginia.
+  Home of Mrs. W. H. Fitzhugh Lee. Photographed by
+  Elizabeth W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i169">392</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Beehives at Waterford, Virginia. Photographed by Henry
+  Troth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i171">facing 394</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Beehives under the Trees. Photographed by Henry Troth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i172">395</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Spring House at Johnson Homestead, Germantown, Pennsylvania.
+  Photographed by Henry Troth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i173">facing 396</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Dovecote at Shirley-on-James, Virginia. From</i> Some Colonial
+  Mansions and Those who lived in Them. <i>Published by
+  Henry T. Coates &amp; Co., Philadelphia</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i174">397</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The Peacock in his Pride</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i175">398</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>The Guardian of the Garden</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i176">400</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Brick Terrace Wall at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+  by J. Horace McFarland</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i177">facing 402</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Rail Fence Corner</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i178">403</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Topiary Work at Levens Hall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i179">404</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Oval Pergola at Arlington, Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth
+  W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i180">facing 406</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>French Homestead, Kingston, Rhode Island, with Old Stone
+  Terrace Wall. Photographed by Sarah F. Marchant</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i181">407</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts. Country-seat of
+  Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i182">facing 408</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Marble Steps in Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i183">410</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Topiary Work in California</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i184">412</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Serpentine Brick Wall at University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
+  Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i185">413</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Chestnut Path in Garden at Indian Hill, Newburyport, Massachusetts.
+  Photographed by Herschel F. Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i186">facing 418</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Foxgloves in Lower Garden at Indian Hill, Newburyport,
+  Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F. Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i187">421</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Dame's Rocket. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i188">424</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Snakeroot. Photographed by Mary F. C Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i189">426</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Title-page of Parkinson's</i> Paradisi in Solis, <i>etc.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i190">facing 428</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Yuccas, like White Marble against the Evergreens</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i191">430</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Fraxinella in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse, Worcester,
+  Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i192">facing 432</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Love-in-a-Mist. Photographed by Henry Troth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i193">436</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Spiderwort in an Old Worcester Garden. Photographed by
+  Herschel F. Davis</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i194">facing 438</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Gardener's<span class="pagenum2"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span>
+ Garters at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+  by J. Horace McFarland</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i195">440</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Garden Walk at The Manse, Deerfield, Massachusetts. Photographed
+  by Clifton Johnson</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i196">facing 442</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>London Pride. Photographed by Eva E. Newell</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i197">445</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>White Fritillaria in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+  Worcester, Massachusetts</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i198">448</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Bouncing Bet</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i199">451</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Overgrown Garden at Llanerck, Pennsylvania. Photographed
+  by Henry Troth</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i200">facing 454</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Fountain at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York. Country-seat of
+  Spencer Trask, Esq.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i201">455</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Avenue of White Pines at Wellesley, Massachusetts. Country-seat
+  of Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq.</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i202">456</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Violets in Silver Double Coaster</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i203">461</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>York and Lancaster Rose at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+  by J. Horace McFarland</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i204">facing 462</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Cinnamon Roses. Photographed by Mabel Osgood Wright</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i205">465</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Cottage Garden with Roses. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+  Paschall</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i206">facing 468</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Madame Plantier Rose. Photographed by Mabel Osgood
+  Wright</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i207">474</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="hang2 prm"><i>Sun-dial and Roses at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+  by J. Horace McFarland</i>
+<span class="pgnum"><a href="#i208">facing 476</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center biggest">Old Time Gardens</p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2>
+
+<p class="center">COLONIAL GARDEN-MAKING</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"There is not a softer trait to be found in the character of those
+stern men than that they should have been sensible of these flower-roots
+clinging among the fibres of their rugged hearts, and felt the
+necessity of bringing them over sea, and making them hereditary in
+the new land."</p>
+
+<p class="small attr2">
+&mdash;<i>American Note-book</i>, <span class="smcap">Nathaniel Hawthorne</span>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_a_large.png"><img src="images/drop_a.png" alt="A" width="102" height="100"
+class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">After ten wearisome weeks of
+travel across an unknown sea,
+to an equally unknown world,
+the group of Puritan men and
+women who were the founders
+of Boston neared their Land of
+Promise; and their noble leader,
+John Winthrop, wrote in his
+Journal that "we had now fair Sunshine Weather
+and so pleasant a sweet Aire as did much refresh us,
+and there came a smell off the Shore like the Smell
+of a Garden."</p></div>
+
+<p>A <i>Smell of a Garden</i> was the first welcome to our
+ancestors from their new home; and a pleasant and
+perfect emblem it was of the life that awaited them.
+They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+ were not to become hunters and rovers, not
+to be eager to explore quickly the vast wilds beyond;
+they were to settle down in the most domestic of
+lives, as tillers of the soil, as makers of gardens.</p>
+
+<p>What must that sweet air from the land have been
+to the sea-weary Puritan women on shipboard, laden
+to them with its promise of a garden! for I doubt
+not every woman bore with her across seas some
+little package of seeds and bulbs from her English
+home garden, and perhaps a tiny slip or plant of
+some endeared flower; watered each day, I fear,
+with many tears, as well as from the surprisingly
+scant water supply which we know was on board
+that ship.</p>
+
+<p>And there also came flying to the <i>Arbella</i> as to
+the Ark, a Dove&mdash;a bird of promise&mdash;and soon
+the ship came to anchor.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0q small">"With hearts revived in conceit new Lands and Trees they spy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0 small">Scenting the Cædars and Sweet Fern from heat's reflection dry,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>wrote one colonist of that arrival, in his <i>Good Newes
+from New England</i>. I like to think that Sweet
+Fern, the characteristic wild perfume of New England,
+was wafted out to greet them. And then all
+went on shore in the sunshine of that ineffable time
+and season,&mdash;a New England day in June,&mdash;and
+they "gathered store of fine strawberries," just as
+their Salem friends had on a June day on the preceding
+year gathered strawberries and "sweet Single
+Roses" so resembling the English Eglantine that the
+hearts of the women must have ached within them
+with fresh homesickness. And ere long all had
+dwelling-places,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+ were they but humble log cabins;
+and pasture lands and commons were portioned
+out; and in a short time all had garden-plots, and
+thus, with sheltering roof-trees, and warm firesides,
+and with gardens, even in this lonely new world,
+they had <i>homes</i>. The first entry in the Plymouth
+Records is a significant one; it is the assignment
+of "Meresteads and Garden-Plotes," not meresteads
+alone, which were farm lands, but home
+gardens: the outlines of these can still be seen in
+Plymouth town. And soon all sojourners who bore
+news back to England of the New-Englishmen and
+New-Englishwomen, told of ample store of gardens.
+Ere a year had passed hopeful John Winthrop
+wrote, "My Deare Wife, wee are here in a Paradise."
+In four years the chronicler Wood said in
+his <i>New England's Prospect</i>, "There is growing here
+all manner of herbs for meat and medicine, and that
+not only in planted gardens, but in the woods, without
+the act and help of man." Governor Endicott
+had by that time a very creditable garden.</p>
+
+<p>And by every humble dwelling the homesick
+goodwife or dame, trying to create a semblance of
+her fair English home so far away, planted in her
+"garden plot" seeds and roots of homely English
+flowers and herbs, that quickly grew and blossomed
+and smiled on bleak New England's rocky shores
+as sturdily and happily as they had bloomed in the
+old gardens and by the ancient door sides in England.
+What good cheer they must have brought!
+how they must have been beloved! for these old
+English garden flowers are such gracious things;
+marvels<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+ of scent, lavish of bloom, bearing such genial
+faces, growing so readily and hardily, spreading
+so quickly, responding so gratefully to such little
+care: what pure refreshment they bore in their blossoms,
+what comfort in their seeds; they must have
+seemed an emblem of hope, a promise of a new and
+happy home. I rejoice over every one that I know
+was in those little colonial gardens, for each one
+added just so much measure of solace to what seems
+to me, as I think upon it, one of the loneliest, most
+fearsome things that gentlewomen ever had to do,
+all the harder because neither by poverty nor by unavoidable
+stress were they forced to it; they came
+across-seas willingly, for conscience' sake. These
+women were not accustomed to the thought of emigration,
+as are European folk to-day; they had no
+friends to greet them in the new land; they were
+to encounter wild animals and wild men; sea and
+country were unknown&mdash;they could scarce expect
+ever to return: they left everything, and took
+nothing of comfort but their Bibles and their flower
+seeds. So when I see one of the old English
+flowers, grown of those days, blooming now in my
+garden, from the unbroken chain of blossom to seed
+of nearly three centuries, I thank the flower for all
+that its forbears did to comfort my forbears, and
+I cherish it with added tenderness.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i001" name="i001"></a>
+<a href="images/i001_large.jpg"><img src="images/i001.jpg" alt="" title="Click here to see enlarged image." /></a>
+
+<p class="caption"> Garden of the Johnson Mansion, Germantown, Pennsylvania.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We should have scant notion of the gardens of
+these New England colonists in the seventeenth
+century were it not for a cheerful traveller named
+John Josselyn, a man of everyday tastes and much
+inquisitiveness, and the pleasing literary style which
+comes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+ from directness, and an absence of self-consciousness.
+He published in 1672 a book entitled
+<i>New England's Rarities discovered</i>, etc., and
+in 1674 another volume giving an account of his
+two voyages hither in 1638 and 1663. He made a
+very careful list of vegetables which he found thriving
+in the new land; and since his flower list is the
+earliest known, I will transcribe it in full; it isn't
+long, but there is enough in it to make it a suggestive
+outline which we can fill in from what we know
+of the plants to-day, and form a very fair picture
+of those gardens.</p>
+
+<p class="small list">
+"Spearmint,<br />
+Rew, will hardly grow<br />
+Fetherfew prospereth exceedingly;<br />
+Southernwood, is no Plant for this Country, Nor<br />
+Rosemary. Nor<br />
+Bayes.<br />
+White-Satten groweth pretty well, so doth<br />
+Lavender-Cotton. But<br />
+Lavender is not for the Climate.<br />
+Penny Royal<br />
+Smalledge.<br />
+Ground Ivey, or Ale Hoof.<br />
+Gilly Flowers will continue two Years.<br />
+Fennel must be taken up, and kept in a Warm Cellar all Winter<br />
+Horseleek prospereth notably<br />
+Holly hocks<br />
+Enula Canpana, in two years time the Roots rot.<br />
+Comferie, with White Flowers.<br />
+Coriander, and<br />
+Dill, and<br />
+Annis<span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>
+ thrive exceedingly, but Annis Seed, as also the seed of<br />
+Fennel seldom come to maturity; the Seed of Annis is commonly eaten with a Fly.<br />
+Clary never lasts but one Summer, the Roots rot with the Frost.<br />
+Sparagus thrives exceedingly, so does<br />
+Garden Sorrel, and<br />
+Sweet Bryer or Eglantine<br />
+Bloodwort but sorrily, but<br />
+Patience and<br />
+English Roses very pleasantly.<br />
+Celandine, by the West Country now called Kenning Wort grows but slowly.<br />
+Muschater, as well as in England<br />
+Dittander or Pepperwort flourisheth notably and so doth<br />
+Tansie."
+</p>
+
+<p>These lists were published fifty years after the
+landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth; from them
+we find that the country was just as well stocked
+with vegetables as it was a hundred years later when
+other travellers made lists, but the flowers seem
+few; still, such as they were, they formed a goodly
+sight. With rows of Hollyhocks glowing against
+the rude stone walls and rail fences of their little
+yards; with clumps of Lavender Cotton and Honesty
+and Gillyflowers blossoming freely; with Feverfew
+"prospering" to sow and slip and pot and give to
+neighbors just as New England women have done
+with Feverfew every year of the centuries that have
+followed; with "a Rose looking in at the window"&mdash;a
+Sweetbrier, Eglantine, or English Rose&mdash;these
+colonial dames might well find "Patience
+growing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+ very pleasantly" in their hearts as in their
+gardens.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i002" name="i002"></a>
+<a href="images/i002_large.jpg"><img src="images/i002.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image." /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden at Grumblethorp, Germantown, Pennsylvania.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>They had plenty of pot herbs for their accustomed
+savoring; and plenty of medicinal herbs for their
+wonted dosing. Shakespeare's "nose-herbs" were
+not lacking. Doubtless they soon added to these
+garden flowers many of our beautiful native blooms,
+rejoicing if they resembled any beloved English
+flowers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+ and quickly giving them, as we know,
+familiar old English plant-names.</p>
+
+<p>And there were other garden inhabitants, as truly
+English as were the cherished flowers, the old garden
+weeds, which quickly found a home and thrived
+in triumph in the new soil. Perhaps the weed seeds
+came over in the flower-pot that held a sheltered
+plant or cutting; perhaps a few were mixed with
+garden seeds; perhaps they were in the straw or
+other packing of household goods: no one knew
+the manner of their coming, but there they were,
+Motherwort, Groundsel, Chickweed, and Wild Mustard,
+Mullein and Nettle, Henbane and Wormwood.
+Many a goodwife must have gazed in despair at
+the persistent Plantain, "the Englishman's foot,"
+which seems to have landed in Plymouth from the
+Mayflower.</p>
+
+<p>Josselyn made other lists of plants which he
+found in America, under these headings:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="small list">
+"Such plants as are common with us in England.<br />
+Such plants as are proper to the Country.<br />
+Such plants as are proper to the Country and have no name.<br />
+Such plants as have sprung up since the English planted, and kept cattle in New England."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>In these lists he gives a surprising number of
+English weeds which had thriven and rejoiced in
+their new home.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i003" name="i003"></a>
+<a href="images/i003_large.jpg"><img src="images/i003.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden of the Bartram House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Tuckerman calls Josselyn's list of the fishes
+of the new world a poor makeshift; his various
+lists of plants are better, but they are the lists of
+an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+ herbalist, not of a botanist. He had some acquaintance
+with the practice of physic, of which he narrates
+some examples; and an interest in kitchen recipes,
+and included a few in his books. He said that Parkinson
+or another botanist might have "found in
+New England a thousand, at least, of plants never
+heard of nor seen by any Englishman before," and
+adds that he was himself an indifferent observer.
+He certainly lost an extraordinary opportunity of
+distinguishing himself, indeed of immortalizing himself;
+and it is surprising that he was so heedless,
+for Englishmen of that day were in general eager
+botanists. The study of plants was new, and was
+deemed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+ of such absorbing interest and fascination
+that some rigid Puritans feared they might lose
+their immortal souls through making their new
+plants their idols.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i004" name="i004"></a>
+<a href="images/i004_large.jpg"><img src="images/i004.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden of Abigail Adams.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>When Josselyn wrote, but few of our American
+flowers were known to European botanists; Indian
+Corn, Pitcher Plant, Columbine, Milkweed, Everlasting,
+and Arbor-vitæ had been described in printed
+books, and the Evening Primrose. A history of
+Canadian and other new plants, by Dr. Cornuti, had
+been printed in Europe, giving thirty-seven of our
+plants; and all English naturalists were longing
+to add to the list; the ships which brought over
+homely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+ seeds and plants for the gardens of the
+colonists carried back rare American seeds and plants
+for English physic gardens.</p>
+
+<p>In Pennsylvania, from the first years of the settlement,
+William Penn encouraged his Quaker
+followers to plant English flowers and fruit in
+abundance, and to try the fruits of the new world.
+Father Pastorius, in his Germantown settlement,
+assigned to each family a garden-plot of three acres,
+as befitted a man who left behind him at his death
+a manuscript poem of many thousand words on the
+pleasures of gardening, the description of flowers,
+and keeping of bees. George Fox, the founder of
+the Friends, or Quakers, died in 1690. He had
+travelled in the colonies; and in his will he left
+sixteen acres of land to the Quaker meeting in
+the city of Philadelphia. Of these sixteen acres,
+ten were for "a close to put Friends' horses in
+when they came afar to the Meeting, that they
+may not be Lost in the Woods," while the other
+six were for a site for a meeting-house and school-house,
+and "for a Playground for the Children
+of the town to Play on, and for a Garden to plant
+with Physical Plants, for Lads and Lasses to know
+Simples, and to learn to make Oils and Ointments."
+Few as are these words, they convey a
+positive picture of Fox's intent, and a pleasing
+picture it is. He had seen what interest had been
+awakened and what instruction conveyed through
+the "Physick-Garden" at Chelsea, England; and
+he promised to himself similar interest and information
+from the study of plants and flowers by the
+Quaker<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+ "lads and lasses" of the new world. Though
+nothing came from this bequest, there was a later
+fulfilment of Fox's hopes in the establishment of
+a successful botanic garden in Philadelphia, and, in
+the planting, growth, and flourishing in the province
+of Pennsylvania of the loveliest gardens in the new
+world; there floriculture reached by the time of the
+Revolution a very high point; and many exquisite
+gardens bore ample testimony to the "pride of life,"
+as well as to the good taste and love of flowers
+of Philadelphia Friends. The garden at Grumblethorp,
+the home of Charles J. Wister, Esq., of
+Germantown, Pennsylvania, shown on <a href="#i002">page 7</a>, dates
+to colonial days and is still flourishing and beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>In 1728 was established, by John Bartram, in
+Philadelphia, the first botanic garden in America.
+The ground on which it was planted, and the stone
+dwelling-house he built thereon in 1731, are now
+part of the park system of Philadelphia. A view
+of the garden as now in cultivation is given on
+<a href="#i003">page 9</a>. Bartram travelled much in America, and
+through his constant correspondence and flower
+exchanges with distinguished botanists and plant
+growers in Europe, many native American plants
+became well known in foreign gardens, among them
+the Lady's Slipper and Rhododendron. He was a
+Quaker,&mdash;a quaint and picturesque figure,&mdash;and
+his example helped to establish the many fine gardens
+in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The example
+and precept of Washington also had important influence;
+for he was constant in his desire and his
+effort to secure every good and new plant, grain,
+shrub,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+ and tree for his home at Mount Vernon.
+A beautiful tribute to his good taste and that of
+his wife still exists in the Mount Vernon flower
+garden, which in shape, Box edgings, and many
+details is precisely as it was in their day. A view
+of its well-ordered charms is shown <a href="#i005">opposite page
+12</a>. Whenever I walk in this garden I am deeply
+grateful to the devoted women who keep it in such
+perfection, as an object-lesson to us of the dignity,
+comeliness, and beauty of a garden of the olden
+times.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i005" name="i005"></a>
+<a href="images/i005_large.jpg"><img src="images/i005.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden at Mount Vernon-on-the-Potomac. Home of George Washington.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>There is little evidence that a general love and
+cultivation of flowers was as common in humble
+homes in the Southern colonies as in New England
+and the Middle provinces. The teeming abundance
+near the tropics rendered any special gardening
+unnecessary for poor folk; flowers grew and
+blossomed lavishly everywhere without any coaxing
+or care. On splendid estates there were splendid
+gardens, which have nearly all suffered by the devastations
+of war&mdash;in some towns they were thrice
+thus scourged. So great was the beauty of these
+Southern gardens and so vast the love they provoked
+in their owners, that in more than one case
+the life of the garden's master was merged in that
+of the garden. The British soldiers during the
+War of the Revolution wantonly destroyed the exquisite
+flowers at "The Grove," just outside the
+city of Charleston, and their owner, Mr. Gibbes,
+dropped dead in grief at the sight of the waste.</p>
+
+<p>The great wealth of the Southern planters, their
+constant and extravagant following of English customs
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+ fashions, their fertile soil and favorable
+climate, and their many slaves, all contributed to
+the successful making of elaborate gardens. Even
+as early as 1682 South Carolina gardens were declared
+to be "adorned with such Flowers as to the
+Smell or Eye are pleasing or agreeable, as the Rose,
+Tulip, Lily, Carnation, &amp;c." William Byrd wrote
+of the terraced gardens of Virginia homes. Charleston
+dames vied with each other in the beauty of
+their gardens, and Mrs. Logan, when seventy years
+old, in 1779, wrote a treatise called <i>The Gardener's
+Kalendar</i>. Eliza Lucas Pinckney of Charleston
+was devoted to practical floriculture and horticulture.
+Her introduction of indigo raising into South Carolina
+revolutionized the trade products of the state
+and brought to it vast wealth. Like many other
+women and many men of wealth and culture at that
+time, she kept up a constant exchange of letters,
+seeds, plants, and bulbs with English people of like
+tastes. She received from them valuable English
+seeds and shrubs; and in turn she sent to England
+what were so eagerly sought by English flower
+raisers, our native plants. The good will and national
+pride of ship captains were enlisted; even
+young trees of considerable size were set in hogsheads,
+and transported, and cared for during the
+long voyage.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i006" name="i006"></a>
+<a href="images/i006_large.jpg"><img src="images/i006.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Gate and Hedge of Preston Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The garden at Mount Vernon is probably the
+oldest in Virginia still in original shape. In Maryland
+are several fine, formal gardens which do not
+date, however, to colonial days; the beautiful one
+at Hampton, the home of the Ridgelys, in Baltimore
+County,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+ is shown on <a href="#i021">pages 57</a>, <a href="#i022">60</a> and <a href="#i043">95</a>.
+In both North and South Carolina the gardens
+were exquisite. Many were laid out by competent
+landscape gardeners, and were kept in order
+by skilled workmen, negro slaves, who were carefully
+trained from childhood to special labor, such
+as topiary work. In Camden and Charleston the
+gardens vied with the finest English manor-house
+gardens. Remains of their beauty exist, despite devastating
+wars and earthquakes. Views of the Preston
+Garden, Columbia, South Carolina, are shown
+on <a href="#i006">pages 15</a> and <a href="#i007">18</a> and <a href="#i020">facing page 54</a>. They
+are now the grounds of the Presbyterian College
+for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+ Women. The hedges have been much reduced
+within a few years; but the garden still bears a
+surprising resemblance to the Garden of the Generalife,
+Granada. The Spanish garden has fewer
+flowers and more fountains, yet I think it must
+have been the model for the Preston Garden.
+The climax of magnificence in Southern gardens
+has been for years, at Magnolia-on-the-Ashley,
+the ancestral home of the Draytons since 1671.
+It is impossible to describe the affluence of color
+in this garden in springtime; masses of unbroken
+bloom on giant Magnolias; vast Camellia Japonicas,
+looking, leaf and flower, thoroughly artificial, as
+if made of solid wax; splendid Crape Myrtles,
+those strange flower-trees; mammoth Rhododendrons;
+Azaleas of every Azalea color,&mdash;all surrounded
+by walls of the golden Banksia Roses, and
+hedges covered with Jasmine and Honeysuckle.
+The Azaleas are the special glory of the garden;
+the bushes are fifteen to twenty feet in height, and
+fifty or sixty feet in circumference, with rich blossoms
+running over and crowding down on the
+ground as if color had been poured over the bushes;
+they extend in vistas of vivid hues as far as the eye
+can reach. All this gay and brilliant color is overhung
+by a startling contrast, the most sombre and
+gloomy thing in nature, great Live-oaks heavily
+draped with gray Moss; the avenue of largest Oaks
+was planted two centuries ago.</p>
+
+<p>I give no picture of this Drayton Garden, for a
+photograph of these many acres of solid bloom is a
+meaningless thing. Even an oil painting of it is
+confused<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+ and disappointing. In the garden itself
+the excess of color is as cloying as its surfeit of
+scent pouring from the thousands of open flower
+cups; we long for green hedges, even for scanter
+bloom and for fainter fragrance. It is not a garden
+to live in, as are our box-bordered gardens of the
+North, our cheerful cottage borders, and our well-balanced
+Italian gardens, so restful to the eye; it is
+a garden to look at and wonder at.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch settlers brought their love of flowering
+bulbs, and the bulbs also, to the new world.
+Adrian Van der Donck, a gossiping visitor to New
+Netherland when the little town of New Amsterdam
+had about a thousand inhabitants, described the fine
+kitchen gardens, the vegetables and fruits, and gave
+an interesting list of garden flowers which he found
+under cultivation by the Dutch vrouws. He says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"<span class="smcap">Of the Flowers.</span> The flowers in general which the
+Netherlanders have introduced there are the white and red
+roses of different kinds, the cornelian roses, and stock roses;
+and those of which there were none before in the country,
+such as eglantine, several kinds of gillyflowers, jenoffelins,
+different varieties of fine tulips, crown imperials, white
+lilies, the lily frutularia, anemones, baredames, violets, marigolds,
+summer sots, etc. The clove tree has also been
+introduced, and there are various indigenous trees that
+bear handsome flowers, which are unknown in the Netherlands.
+We also find there some flowers of native growth,
+as, for instance, sunflowers, red and yellow lilies, mountain
+lilies, morning stars, red, white, and yellow maritoffles
+(a very sweet flower), several species of bell flowers, etc.,
+to which I have not given particular attention, but <i>amateurs</i>
+would<span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+ hold them in high estimation and make them widely
+known."</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i007" name="i007"></a>
+<a href="images/i007_large.jpg"><img src="images/i007.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Fountain Path in Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>I wish I knew what a Cornelian Rose was, and
+Jenoffelins, Baredames, and Summer Sots; and
+what the Lilies were and the Maritoffles and Bell
+Flowers. They all sound so cheerful and homelike&mdash;just
+as if they bloomed well. Perhaps the Cornelian
+Rose may have been striped red and white
+like cornelian stone, and like our York and Lancaster
+Rose.</p>
+
+<p>Tulips are on all seed and plant lists of colonial
+days, and they were doubtless in every home dooryard
+in New Netherland. Governor Peter Stuyvesant
+had a fine farm on the Bouwerie, and is said
+to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+ have had a flower garden there and at his home,
+White Hall, at the Battery, for he had forty or fifty
+negro slaves who were kept at work on his estate.
+In the city of New York many fine formal gardens
+lingered, on what are now our most crowded streets,
+till within the memory of persons now living. One
+is described as full of "Paus bloemen of all hues,
+Laylocks, and tall May Roses and Snowballs intermixed
+with choice vegetables and herbs all bounded
+and hemmed in by huge rows of neatly-clipped Box-edgings."</p>
+
+<p>An evidence of increase in garden luxury in
+New York is found in the advertisement of one
+Theophilus Hardenbrook, in 1750, a practical surveyor
+and architect, who had an evening school
+for teaching architecture. He designed pavilions,
+summer-houses, and garden seats, and "Green-houses
+for the preservation of Herbs with winding Funnels
+through the walls so as to keep them warm." A
+picture of the green-house of James Beekman, of
+New York, 1764, still exists, a primitive little affair.
+The first glass-house in North America is believed
+to be one built in Boston for Andrew Faneuil, who
+died in 1737.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Anne Grant, writing of her life near Albany
+in the middle of the eighteenth century, gives a very
+good description of the Schuyler garden. Skulls
+of domestic animals on fence posts, would seem
+astounding had I not read of similar decorations
+in old Continental gardens. Vines grew over these
+grisly fence-capitals and birds built their nests in
+them, so in time the Dutch housewife's peaceful
+kitchen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+ garden ceased to resemble the kraal of an
+African chieftain; to this day, in South Africa, natives
+and Dutch Boers thus set up on gate posts the
+skulls of cattle.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Grant writes of the Dutch in Albany:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"The care of plants, such as needed peculiar care or
+skill to rear them, was the female province. Every one in
+town or country had a garden. Into this garden no foot of
+man intruded after it was dug in the Spring. I think I see
+yet what I have so often beheld&mdash;a respectable mistress
+of a family going out to her garden, on an April morning,
+with her great calash, her little painted basket of seeds, and
+her rake over her shoulder to her garden of labours. A
+woman in very easy circumstances and abundantly gentle
+in form and manners would sow and plant and rake incessantly."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We have happily a beautiful example of the old
+Dutch manor garden, at Van Cortlandt Manor, at
+Croton-on-Hudson, New York, still in the possession
+of the Van Cortlandt family. It is one of the
+few gardens in America that date really to colonial
+days. The manor house was built in 1681; it is
+one of those fine old Dutch homesteads of which
+we still have many existing throughout New York,
+in which dignity, comfort, and fitness are so happily
+combined. These homes are, in the words of
+a traveller of colonial days, "so pleasant in their
+building, and contrived so delightful." Above all,
+they are so suited to their surroundings that they
+seem an intrinsic part of the landscape, as they do
+of the old life of this Hudson River Valley.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i008" name="i008"></a>
+<a href="images/i008_large.jpg"><img src="images/i008.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Door in Wall of Kitchen Garden at Van Cortlandt Manor.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I do not doubt that this Van Cortlandt garden
+was laid out when the house was built; much of it
+must be two centuries old. It has been extended, not
+altered; and the grass-covered bank supporting the
+upper garden was replaced by a brick terrace wall
+about sixty years ago. Its present form dates to the
+days when New York was a province. The upper
+garden is laid out in formal flower beds; the lower
+border is rich in old vines and shrubs, and all the
+beloved old-time hardy plants. There is in the
+manor-house an ancient portrait of the child Pierre
+Van Cortlandt, painted about the year 1732. He
+stands by a table bearing a vase filled with old garden
+flowers&mdash;Tulip, Convolvulus, Harebell, Rose,
+Peony, Narcissus, and Flowering Almond; and it
+is the pleasure of the present mistress of the manor,
+to see that the garden still holds all the great-grandfather's
+flowers.</p>
+
+<p>There is a vine-embowered old door in the wall
+under the piazza (see <a href="#i008">opposite page 20</a>) which opens
+into the kitchen and fruit garden; a wall-door so
+quaint and old-timey that I always remind me of
+Shakespeare's lines in <i>Measure for Measure</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"He hath a garden circummured with brick,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Whose western side is with a Vineyard back'd;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And to that Vineyard is a planchéd gate<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That makes his opening with this bigger key:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The other doth command a little door<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Which from the Vineyard to the garden leads."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The long path is a beautiful feature of this garden
+(it is shown in the picture of the garden <a href="#i009">opposite
+page 24</a>);<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+ it dates certainly to the middle of
+the eighteenth century. Pierre Van Cortlandt, the
+son of the child with the vase of flowers, and grandfather
+of the present generation bearing his surname,
+was born in 1762. He well recalled playing along
+this garden path when he was a child; and that one
+day he and his little sister Ann (Mrs. Philip Van
+Rensselaer) ran a race along this path and through
+the garden to see who could first "see the baby"
+and greet their sister, Mrs. Beekman, who came
+riding to the manor-house up the hill from Tarrytown,
+and through the avenue, which shows on the
+right-hand side of the garden-picture. This beautiful
+young woman was famed everywhere for her
+grace and loveliness, and later equally so for her
+intelligence and goodness, and the prominent part
+she bore in the War of the Revolution. She was
+seated on a pillion behind her husband, and she carried
+proudly in her arms her first baby (afterward
+Dr. Beekman) wrapped in a scarlet cloak. This is
+one of the home-pictures that the old garden holds.
+Would we could paint it!</p>
+
+<p>In this garden, near the house, is a never failing
+spring and well. The house was purposely built
+near it, in those days of sudden attacks by Indians;
+it has proved a fountain of perpetual youth
+for the old Locust tree, which shades it; a tree more
+ancient than house or garden, serene and beautiful
+in its hearty old age. Glimpses of this manor-house
+garden and its flowers are shown on many
+pages of this book, but they cannot reveal its
+beauty as a whole&mdash;its fine proportions, its noble
+background,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+ its splendid trees, its turf, its beds of
+bloom. Oh! How beautiful a garden can be, when
+for two hundred years it has been loved and cherished,
+ever nurtured, ever guarded; how plainly it
+shows such care!</p>
+
+<p>Another Dutch garden is pictured <a href="#i012">opposite page
+32</a>, the garden of the Bergen Homestead, at Bay
+Ridge, Long Island. Let me quote part of its
+description, written by Mrs. Tunis Bergen:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"Over the half-open Dutch door you look through the
+vines that climb about the stoop, as into a vista of the
+past. Beyond the garden is the great Quince orchard of
+hundreds of trees in pink and white glory. This orchard
+has a story which you must pause in the garden to hear.
+In the Library at Washington is preserved, in quaint manuscript,
+'The Battle of Brooklyn,' a farce written and said
+to have been performed during the British occupation.
+The scene is partly laid in 'the orchard of one Bergen,'
+where the British hid their horses after the battle of Long
+Island&mdash;this is the orchard; but the blossoming Quince
+trees tell no tale of past carnage. At one side of the
+garden is a quaint little building with moss-grown roof and
+climbing hop-vine&mdash;the last slave kitchen left standing in
+New York&mdash;on the other side are rows of homely beehives.
+The old Locust tree overshadowing is an ancient
+landmark&mdash;it was standing in 1690. For some years it
+has worn a chain to bind its aged limbs together. All this
+beauty of tree and flower lived till 1890, when it was
+swept away by the growing city. Though now but a
+memory, it has the perfume of its past flowers about it."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Locust was so often a "home tree" and so
+fitting a one, that I have grown to associate ever
+with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+ these Dutch homesteads a light-leaved Locust
+tree, shedding its beautiful flickering shadows on
+the long roof. I wonder whether there was any
+association or tradition that made the Locust the
+house-friend in old New York!</p>
+
+<p>The first nurseryman in the new world was
+stern old Governor Endicott of Salem. In 1644
+he wrote to Governor Winthrop, "My children
+burnt mee at least 500 trees by setting the ground
+on fire neere them"&mdash;which was a very pretty piece
+of mischief for sober Puritan children. We find all
+thoughtful men of influence and prominence in all
+the colonies raising various fruits, and selling trees
+and plants, but they had no independent business
+nurseries.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i009" name="i009"></a>
+<a href="images/i009_large.jpg"><img src="images/i009.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden at Van Cortlandt Manor.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>If tradition be true, it is to Governor Endicott
+we owe an indelible dye on the landscape of eastern
+Massachusetts in midsummer. The Dyer's-weed
+or Woad-waxen (<i>Genista tinctoria</i>), which, in July,
+covers hundreds of acres in Lynn, Salem, Swampscott,
+and Beverly with its solid growth and brilliant
+yellow bloom, is said to have been brought to
+this country as the packing of some of the governor's
+household belongings. It is far more probable
+that he brought it here to raise it in his garden
+for dyeing purposes, with intent to benefit the colony,
+as he did other useful seeds and plants. Woadwaxen,
+or Broom, is a persistent thing; it needs
+scythe, plough, hoe, and bitter labor to eradicate
+it. I cannot call it a weed, for it has seized only
+poor rock-filled land, good for naught else; and the
+radiant beauty of the Salem landscape for many
+weeks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+ makes us forgive its persistence, and thank
+Endicott for bringing it here.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"The Broom,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Full-flowered and visible on every steep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Along the copses runs in veins of gold."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The Broom flower is the emblem of mid-summer,
+the hottest yellow flower I know&mdash;it seems to throw
+out heat. I recall the first time I saw it growing; I
+was told that it was "Salem Wood-wax." I had
+heard of "Roxbury Waxwork," the Bitter-sweet, but
+this was a new name, as it was a new tint of yellow,
+and soon I had its history, for I find Salem people
+rather proud both of the flower and its story.</p>
+
+<p>Oxeye Daisies (Whiteweed) are also by vague tradition
+the children of Governor Endicott's planting.
+I think it far more probable that they were planted
+and cherished by the wives of the colonists, when
+their beloved English Daisies were found unsuited
+to New England's climate and soil. We note the
+Woad-waxen and Whiteweed as crowding usurpers,
+not only because they are persistent, but because
+their great expanses of striking bloom will not let
+us forget them. Many other English plants are
+just as determined intruders, but their modest dress
+permits them to slip in comparatively unobserved.</p>
+
+<p>It has ever been characteristic of the British colonist
+to carry with him to any new home the flowers
+of old England and Scotland, and characteristic
+of these British flowers to monopolize the earth.
+Sweetbrier is called "the missionary-plant," by
+the Maoris in New Zealand, and is there regarded
+as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+ a tiresome weed, spreading and holding the
+ground. Some homesick missionary or his more
+homesick wife bore it there; and her love of the
+home plant impressed even the savage native. We
+all know the story of the Scotch settlers who carried
+their beloved Thistles to Tasmania "to make
+it seem like home," and how they lived to regret
+it. Vancouver's Island is completely overrun with
+Broom and wild Roses from England.</p>
+
+<p>The first commercial nursery in America, in the
+sense of the term as we now employ it, was established
+about 1730 by Robert Prince, in Flushing,
+Long Island, a community chiefly of French Huguenot
+settlers, who brought to the new world many
+French fruits by seed and cuttings, and also a love of
+horticulture. For over a century and a quarter these
+Prince Nurseries were the leading ones in America.
+The sale of fruit trees was increased in 1774
+(as we learn from advertisements in the <i>New York
+Mercury</i> of that year), by the sale of "Carolina
+Magnolia flower trees, the most beautiful trees that
+grow in America, and 50 large Catalpa flower trees;
+they are nine feet high to the under part of the top
+and thick as one's leg," also other flowering trees
+and shrubs.</p>
+
+<p>The fine house built on the nursery grounds by
+William Prince suffered little during the Revolution.
+It was occupied by Washington and afterwards
+house and nursery were preserved from
+depredations by a guard placed by General Howe
+when the British took possession of Flushing. Of
+course, domestic nursery business waned in time of
+war;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+ but an excellent demand for American shrubs
+and trees sprung up among the officers of the British
+army, to send home to gardens in England and Germany.
+Many an English garden still has ancient
+plants and trees from the Prince Nurseries.</p>
+
+<p>The "Linnæan Botanic Garden and Nurseries"
+and the "Old American Nursery" thrived once
+more at the close of the war, and William Prince
+the second entered in charge; one of his earliest
+ventures of importance was the introduction of
+Lombardy Poplars. In 1798 he advertises ten
+thousand trees, ten to seventeen feet in height.
+These became the most popular tree in America,
+the emblem of democracy&mdash;and a warmly hated
+tree as well. The eighty acres of nursery grounds
+were a centre of botanic and horticultural interest
+for the entire country; every tree, shrub, vine, and
+plant known to England and America was eagerly
+sought for; here the important botanical treasures
+of Lewis and Clark found a home. William Prince
+wrote several notable horticultural treatises; and
+even his trade catalogues were prized. He established
+the first steamboats between Flushing and
+New York, built roads and bridges on Long Island,
+and was a public-spirited, generous citizen
+as well as a man of science. His son, William
+Robert Prince, who died in 1869, was the last to
+keep up the nurseries, which he did as a scientific
+rather than a commercial establishment. He botanized
+the entire length of the Atlantic States with
+Dr. Torrey, and sought for collections of trees and
+wild flowers in California with the same eagerness
+that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+ others there sought gold. He was a devoted
+promoter of the native silk industry, having vast
+plantations of Mulberries in many cities; for one
+at Norfolk, Virginia, he was offered $100,000. It
+is a curious fact that the interest in Mulberry culture
+and the practice of its cultivation was so universal
+in his neighborhood (about the year 1830),
+that cuttings of the Chinese Mulberry (<i>Morus multicaulis</i>)
+were used as currency in all the stores in the
+vicinity of Flushing, at the rate of 12&frac12; cents each.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i010" name="i010"></a>
+<a href="images/i010_large.jpg"><img src="images/i010.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden at Prince Homestead, Flushing, Long Island.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The Prince homestead, a fine old mansion, is
+here shown; it is still standing, surrounded by that
+forlorn sight, a forgotten garden. This is of considerable
+extent, and evidences of its past dignity
+appear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+ in the hedges and edgings of Box; one
+symmetrical great Box tree is fifty feet in circumference.
+Flowering shrubs, unkempt of shape, bloom
+and beautify the waste borders each spring, as do the
+oldest Chinese Magnolias in the United States.
+Gingkos, Paulownias, and weeping trees, which need
+no gardener's care, also flourish and are of unusual
+size. There are some splendid evergreens, such as
+Mt. Atlas Cedars; and the oldest and finest Cedar
+of Lebanon in the United States. It seemed sad,
+as I looked at the evidences of so much past beauty
+and present decay, that this historic house and garden
+should not be preserved for New York, as the
+house and garden of John Bartram, the Philadelphia
+botanist, have been for his native city.</p>
+
+<p>While there are few direct records of American
+gardens in the eighteenth century, we have many instructing
+side glimpses through old business letter-books.
+We find Sir Harry Frankland ordering
+Daffodils and Tulips for the garden he made for
+Agnes Surriage; and it is said that the first Lilacs
+ever seen in Hopkinton were planted by him for
+her. The gay young nobleman and the lovely
+woman are in the dust, and of all the beautiful
+things belonging to them there remain a splendid
+Portuguese fan, which stands as a memorial of that
+tragic crisis in their life&mdash;the great Lisbon earthquake;
+and the Lilacs, which still mark the site of
+her house and blossom each spring as a memorial of
+the shadowed romance of her life in New England.</p>
+
+<p>Let me give two pages from old letters to illustrate
+what I mean by side glimpses at the contents
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+ colonial gardens. The fine Hancock mansion in
+Boston had a carefully-filled garden long previous
+to the Revolution. Such letters as the following
+were sent by Mr. Hancock to England to secure
+flowers for it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"My Trees and Seeds for Capt. Bennett Came Safe to
+Hand and I like them very well. I Return you my hearty
+Thanks for the Plumb Tree and Tulip Roots you were
+pleased to make me a Present off, which are very Acceptable
+to me. I have Sent my friend Mr. Wilks a mmo.
+to procure for me 2 or 3 Doz. Yew Trees, Some Hollys
+and Jessamine Vines, and if you have Any Particular Curious
+Things not of a high Price, will Beautifye a flower Garden
+Send a Sample with the Price or a Catalogue of 'em, I do
+not intend to spare Any Cost or Pains in making my
+Gardens Beautifull or Profitable.</p>
+
+<p class="small">"P.S. The Tulip Roots you were Pleased to make a
+present off to me are all Dead as well."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We find Richard Stockton writing in 1766
+from England to his wife at their beautiful home
+"Morven," in Princeton, New Jersey:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"I am making you a charming collection of bulbous roots,
+which shall be sent over as soon as the prospect of freezing
+on your coast is over. The first of April, I believe, will be
+time enough for you to put them in your sweet little flower
+garden, which you so fondly cultivate. Suppose I inform
+you that I design a ride to Twickenham the latter end of
+next month principally to view Mr. Pope's gardens and
+grotto, which I am told remain nearly as he left them;
+and that I shall take with me a gentleman who draws well,
+to lay down an exact plan of the whole."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+ fine line of Catalpa trees set out by Richard
+Stockton, along the front of his lawn, were in full
+flower when he rode up to his house on a memorable
+July day to tell his wife that he had signed
+the Declaration of American Independence. Since
+then Catalpa trees bear everywhere in that vicinity
+the name of Independence trees, and are believed
+to be ever in bloom on July 4th.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i011" name="i011"></a>
+<a href="images/i011_large.jpg"><img src="images/i011.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Old Box at Prince Homestead.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>In the delightful diary and letters of Eliza Southgate
+Bowne (<i>A Girl's Life Eighty Years Ago</i>), are
+other side glimpses of the beautiful gardens of old
+Salem, among them those of the wealthy merchants
+of the Derby family. Terraces and arches
+show<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+ a formality of arrangement, for they were laid
+out by a Dutch gardener whose descendants still
+live in Salem. All had summer-houses, which were
+larger and more important buildings than what are
+to-day termed summer-houses; these latter were
+known in Salem and throughout Virginia as bowers.
+One summer-house had an arch through it with three
+doors on each side which opened into little apartments;
+one of them had a staircase by which you
+could ascend into a large upper room, which was the
+whole size of the building. This was constructed
+to command a fine view, and was ornamented with
+Chinese articles of varied interest and value; it was
+used for tea-drinkings. At the end of the garden,
+concealed by a dense Weeping Willow, was a thatched
+hermitage, containing the life-size figure of a man
+reading a prayer-book; a bed of straw and some
+broken furniture completed the picture. This was
+an English fashion, seen at one time in many old
+English gardens, and held to be most romantic.
+Apparently summer evenings were spent by the
+Derby household and their visitors wholly in the
+garden and summer-house. The diary keeper writes
+naïvely, "The moon shines brighter in this garden
+than anywhere else."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i012" name="i012"></a>
+<a href="images/i012_large.jpg"><img src="images/i012.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Old Dutch Garden of Bergen Homestead.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The shrewd and capable women of the colonies
+who entered so freely and successfully into business
+ventures found the selling of flower seeds a congenial
+occupation, and often added it to the pursuit
+of other callings. I think it must have been very
+pleasant to buy packages of flower seed at the same
+time and place where you bought your best bonnet,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+ have all sent home in a bandbox together; each
+would prove a memorial of the other; and long
+after the glory of the bonnet had departed, and the
+bonnet itself was ashes, the thriving Sweet Peas and
+Larkspur would recall its becoming charms. I have
+often seen the advertisements of these seedswomen
+in old newspapers; unfortunately they seldom gave
+printed lists of their store of seeds. Here is one
+list printed in a Boston newspaper on March 30,
+1760:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="small" summary="data">
+<tr><td class="tdlist1">Lavender.<br />
+Palma Christi.<br />
+Cerinthe or Honeywort, loved of bees.<br />
+Tricolor.<br />
+Indian Pink.<br />
+Scarlet Cacalia.<br />
+Yellow Sultans.<br />
+Lemon African Marigold.<br />
+Sensitive Plants.<br />
+White Lupine.<br />
+Love Lies Bleeding.<br />
+Patagonian Cucumber.<br />
+Lobelia.<br />
+Catchfly.<br />
+Wing-peas.<br />
+Convolvulus.<br />
+Strawberry Spinage.<br />
+Branching Larkspur.<br />
+White Chrysanthemum.<br />
+Nigaella Romano.<br />
+Rose Campion.<br />
+Snap Dragon.<br />
+
+Thyme.<br />
+Sweet Marjoram.<br />
+Tree Mallows.<br />
+Everlasting.<br />
+Greek Valerian.<br />
+Tree Primrose.<br />
+Canterbury Bells.<br />
+Purple Stock.<br />
+Sweet Scabiouse.<br />
+Columbine.<br />
+Pleasant-eyed Pink.<br />
+Dwarf Mountain Pink.<br />
+Sweet Rocket.<br />
+Horn Poppy.<br />
+French Honeysuckle.<br />
+Bloody Wallflower.<br />
+</td>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<td class="tdlist2">Nolana prostrata.<br />
+Summer Savory.<br />
+Hyssop.<br />
+Red Hawkweed.<br />
+Red and White Lavater.<br />
+Scarlet Lupine.<br />
+Large blue Lupine.<br />
+Snuff flower.<br />
+Caterpillars.<br />
+Cape Marigold.<br />
+Rose Lupine.<br />
+Sweet Peas.<br />
+Venus' Navelwort.<br />
+Yellow Chrysanthemum.<br />
+Cyanus minor.<br />
+Tall Holyhock.<br />
+French Marigold.<br />
+Carnation Poppy.<br />
+Globe Amaranthus.<br />
+Yellow Lupine.<br />
+Indian Branching Coxcombs.<br />
+Iceplants.<br />
+
+
+
+
+
+Sweet William.<span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span><br />
+Honesty (to be sold in small parcels that every one may have a little).<br />
+Persicaria.<br />
+Polyanthos.<br />
+50 Different Sorts of mixed Tulip Roots.<br />
+Ranunculus.<br />
+Gladiolus.<br />
+Starry Scabiouse.<br />
+Curled Mallows.<br />
+Painted Lady topknot peas.<br />
+Colchicum.<br />
+Persian Iris.<br />
+Star Bethlehem.<br />
+</td></tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<p>This list is certainly a pleasing one. It gives
+opportunity for flower borders of varied growth and
+rich color. There is a quality of some minds
+which may be termed historical imagination. It is
+the power of shaping from a few simple words or
+details of the faraway past, an ample picture, full
+of light and life, of which these meagre details are
+but a framework. Having this list of the names
+of these sturdy old annuals and perennials, what do
+you perceive besides the printed words? I see that
+the old mid-century garden where these seeds found
+a home was a cheerful place from earliest spring to
+autumn; that it had many bulbs, and thereafter a
+constant succession of warm blooms till the Coxcombs,
+Marigolds, Colchicums and Chrysanthemums
+yielded to New England's frosts. I know
+that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+ the garden had beehives and that the bees
+were loved; for when they sallied out of their straw
+bee-skepes, these happy bees found their favorite
+blossoms planted to welcome them: Cerinthe, dropping
+with honey; Cacalia, a sister flower; Lupine,
+Larkspur, Sweet Marjoram, and Thyme&mdash;I can
+taste the Thyme-scented classic honey from that
+garden! There was variety of foliage as well as
+bloom, the dovelike Lavender, the glaucous Horned
+Poppy, the glistening Iceplants, the dusty Rose
+Campion.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i013" name="i013"></a>
+<a href="images/i013_large.jpg"><img src="images/i013.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Old Garden at Duck Cove Farm in Narragansett.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Stately plants grew from the little seed-packets;
+Hollyhocks, Valerian, Canterbury Bells, Tree Primroses
+looked down on the low-growing herbs of the
+border;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+ and there were vines of Convolvulus and
+Honeysuckle. It was a garden overhung by clouds
+of perfume from Thyme, Lavender, Sweet Peas,
+Pleasant-eyed Pink, and Stock. The garden's mistress
+looked well after her household; ample store
+of savory pot herbs grow among the finer blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>It was a garden for children to play in. I can see
+them; little boys with their hair tied in queues, in
+knee breeches and flapped coats like their stately
+fathers, running races down the garden path, as did
+the Van Cortlandt children; and demure little girls
+in caps and sacques and aprons, sitting in cubby
+houses under the Lilac bushes. I know what flowers
+they played with and how they played, for they were
+my great-grandmothers and grandfathers, and they
+played exactly what I did, and sang what I did when
+I was a child in a garden. And suddenly my picture
+expands, as a glow of patriotic interest thrills me in
+the thought that in this garden were sheltered and
+amused the boys of one hundred and forty years
+ago, who became the heroes of our American Revolution;
+and the girls who were Daughters of Liberty,
+who spun and wove and knit for their soldiers,
+and drank heroically their miserable Liberty tea. I
+fear the garden faded when bitter war scourged
+the land, when the women turned from their flower
+beds to the plough and the field, since their brothers
+and husbands were on the frontier.</p>
+
+<p>But when that winter of gloom to our country
+and darkness to the garden was ended, the flowers
+bloomed still more brightly, and to the cheerful seedlings
+of the old garden is now given perpetual youth
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+ beauty; they are fated never to grow faded or
+neglected or sad, but to live and blossom and smile
+forever in the sunshine of our hearts through the
+magic power of a few printed words in a time-worn
+old news-sheet.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2>
+
+<p class="center">FRONT DOORYARDS</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"There are few of us who cannot remember a front yard garden
+which seemed to us a very paradise in childhood. Whether the
+house was a fine one and the enclosure spacious, or whether it was a
+small house with only a narrow bit of ground in front, the yard was
+kept with care, and was different from the rest of the land altogether....
+People do not know what they lose when they make way
+with the reserve, the separateness, the sanctity, of the front yard
+of their grandmothers. It is like writing down family secrets for any
+one to read; it is like having everybody call you by your first name,
+or sitting in any pew in church."</p>
+
+<p class="small attr2">
+&mdash;<i>Country Byways</i>, <span class="smcap">Sarah Orne Jewett</span>, 1881.<br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_o_large.png"><img src="images/drop_o.png" alt="O" width="102" height="100" class="cap"
+ title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">Old New England villages and
+small towns and well-kept New
+England farms had universally
+a simple and pleasing form of
+garden called the front yard or
+front dooryard. A few still
+may be seen in conservative
+communities in the New England states and in
+New York or Pennsylvania. I saw flourishing
+ones this summer in Gloucester, Marblehead, and
+Ipswich. Even where the front yard was but a
+narrow strip of land before a tiny cottage, it was
+carefully fenced in, with a gate that was kept rigidly
+closed and latched. There seemed to be a law
+which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+ shaped and bounded the front yard; the
+side fences extended from the corners of the house
+to the front fence on the edge of the road, and
+thus formed naturally the guarded parallelogram.
+Often the fence around the front yard was the
+only one on the farm; everywhere else were boundaries
+of great stone walls; or if there were rail
+fences, the front yard fence was the only painted
+one. I cannot doubt that the first gardens that
+our foremothers had, which were wholly of flowering
+plants, were front yards, little enclosures hard
+won from the forest.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i014" name="i014"></a>
+<a href="images/i014_large.jpg"><img src="images/i014.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Flowering Almond under the Window.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The word yard, not generally applied now to any
+enclosure of elegant cultivation, comes from the
+same root as the word garden. Garth is another
+derivative,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+ and the word exists much disguised in
+orchard. In the sixteenth century yard was used
+in formal literature instead of garden; and later
+Burns writes of "Eden's bonnie yard, Where yeuthful
+lovers first were pair'd."</p>
+
+<p>This front yard was an English fashion derived
+from the forecourt so strongly advised by Gervayse
+Markham (an interesting old English writer on floriculture
+and husbandry), and found in front of many
+a yeoman's house, and many a more pretentious
+house as well in Markham's day. Forecourts were
+common in England until the middle of the eighteenth
+century, and may still be seen. The forecourt
+gave privacy to the house even when in the
+centre of a town. Its readoption is advised with
+handsome dwellings in England, where ground-space
+is limited,&mdash;and why not in America, too?</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i015" name="i015"></a>
+<a href="images/i015_large.jpg"><img src="images/i015.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Peter's Wreath.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The front yard was sacred to the best beloved, or
+at any rate the most honored, garden flowers of the
+house mistress, and was preserved by its fences from
+inroads of cattle, which then wandered at their will
+and were not housed, or even enclosed at night.
+The flowers were often of scant variety, but were
+those deemed the gentlefolk of the flower world.
+There was a clump of Daffodils and of the Poet's
+Narcissus in early spring, and stately Crown Imperial;
+usually, too, a few scarlet and yellow single
+Tulips, and Grape Hyacinths. Later came Phlox
+in abundance&mdash;the only native American plant,&mdash;Canterbury
+Bells, and ample and glowing London
+Pride. Of course there were great plants of white
+and blue Day Lilies, with their beautiful and decorative
+leaves,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+ and purple and yellow Flower de Luce.
+A few old-fashioned shrubs always were seen. By
+inflexible law there must be a Lilac, which might
+be the aristocratic Persian Lilac. A Syringa, a flowering
+Currant, or Strawberry bush made sweet the
+front yard in spring, and sent wafts of fragrance into
+the house-windows. Spindling, rusty Snowberry
+bushes were by the gate, and Snowballs also, or our
+native Viburnums. Old as they seem, the Spiræas
+and Deutzias came to us in the nineteenth century
+from Japan; as did the flowering Quinces and
+Cherries. The pink Flowering Almond dates back
+to the oldest front yards (see <a href="#i014">page 39</a>), and Peter's
+Wreath certainly seems an old settler and is found
+now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+ in many front yards that remain. The lovely
+full-flowered shrub of Peter's Wreath, on <a href="#i015">page 41</a>,
+which was photographed for this book, was all that
+remained of a once-loved front yard.</p>
+
+<p>The glory of the front yard was the old-fashioned
+early red "Piny," cultivated since the days of Pliny.
+I hear people speaking of it with contempt as a
+vulgar flower,&mdash;flaunting is the conventional
+derogatory adjective,&mdash;but I glory in its flaunting.
+The modern varieties, of every tint from white
+through flesh color, coral, pink, ruby color, salmon,
+and even yellow, to deep red, are as beautiful as
+Roses. Some are sweet-scented; and they have no
+thorns, and their foliage is ever perfect, so I am sure
+the Rose is jealous.</p>
+
+<p>I am as fond of the Peony as are the Chinese,
+among whom it is flower queen. It is by them regarded
+as an aristocratic flower; and in old New England
+towns fine Peony plants in an old garden are a
+pretty good indication of the residence of what Dr.
+Holmes called New England Brahmins. In Salem
+and Portsmouth are old "Pinys" that have a hundred
+blossoms at a time&mdash;a glorious sight. A
+Japanese name is "Flower-of-prosperity"; another
+name, "Plant-of-twenty-days," because its glories
+last during that period of time.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i016" name="i016"></a>
+<a href="images/i016_large.jpg"><img src="images/i016.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Peonies in a Salem Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Rhododendrons are to the modern garden what
+the Peony was in the old-fashioned flower border;
+and I am glad the modern flower cannot drive the
+old one out. They are equally varied in coloring,
+but the Peony is a much hardier plant, and I like
+it far better. It has no blights, no bugs, no diseases,
+no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+ running out, no funguses; it doesn't have
+to be covered in winter, and it will bloom in the
+shade. No old-time or modern garden is to me
+fully furnished without Peonies; see how fair they
+are in this Salem garden. I would grow them in
+some corner of the garden for their splendid healthy
+foliage if they hadn't a blossom. The <i>Pæonia
+tenuifolia</i> in particular has exquisite feathery foliage.
+The great Tree Peony, which came from China,
+grows eight feet or more in height, and is a triumph
+of the flower world; but it was not known to the
+oldest front yards. Some of the Tree Peonies have
+finely displayed leafage of a curious and very gratifying
+tint of green. Miss Jekyll, with her usual
+felicity, compares its blue cast with pinkish shading
+to the vari-colored metal alloys of the Japanese
+bronze workers&mdash;a striking comparison. The
+single Peonies of recent years are of great beauty,
+and will soon be esteemed here as in China.</p>
+
+<p>Not the least of the Peony's charms is its
+exceeding trimness and cleanliness. The plants
+always look like a well-dressed, well-shod, well-gloved
+girl of birth, breeding, and of equal good
+taste and good health; a girl who can swim, and
+skate, and ride, and play golf. Every inch has a
+well-set, neat, cared-for look which the shape and
+growth of the plant keeps from seeming artificial or
+finicky. See the white Peony on <a href="#i017">page 44</a>; is it not
+a seemly, comely thing, as well as a beautiful one?</p>
+
+<p>No flower can be set in our garden of more distinct
+antiquity than the Peony; the Greeks believed
+it to be of divine origin. A green arbor
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+ the fourteenth century in England is described
+as set around with Gillyflower, Tansy, Gromwell,
+and "Pyonys powdered ay betwene"&mdash;just as I
+like to see Peonies set to this day, "powdered"
+everywhere between all the other flowers of the
+border.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i017" name="i017"></a>
+<a href="images/i017_large.jpg"><img src="images/i017.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">White Peonies.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>I am pleased to note of the common flowers of
+the New England front yard, that they are no new
+things; they are nearly all Elizabethan of date&mdash;many
+are older still. Lord Bacon in his essay on
+gardens names many of them, Crocus, Tulip, Hyacinth,
+Daffodil,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+ Flower de Luce, double Peony,
+Lilac, Lily of the Valley.</p>
+
+<p>A favorite flower was the yellow garden Lily, the
+Lemon Lily, <i>Hemerocallis</i>, when it could be kept
+from spreading. Often its unbounded luxuriance
+exiled it from the front yard to the kitchen dooryard
+as befell the clump shown <a href="#i018">facing page 48</a>.
+Its pretty old-fashioned name was Liricon-fancy,
+given, I am told, in England to the Lily of the
+Valley. I know no more satisfying sight than a
+good bank of these Lemon Lilies in full flower.
+Below Flatbush there used to be a driveway leading
+to an old Dutch house, set at regular intervals
+with great clumps of Lemon Lilies, and their
+full bloom made them glorious. Their power of
+satisfactory adaptation in our modern formal garden
+is happily shown <a href="#i033">facing page 76</a>, in the lovely
+garden of Charles E. Mather, Esq., in Haverford,
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>The time of fullest inflorescence of the nineteenth
+century front yard was when Phlox and Tiger Lilies
+bloomed; but the pinkish-orange colors of the latter
+(the oddest reds of any flower tints) blended
+most vilely and rampantly with the crimson-purple
+of the Phlox; and when London Pride joined
+with its glowing scarlet, the front yard fairly
+ached. Nevertheless, an adaptation of that front yard
+bloom can be most effective in a garden border,
+when white Phlox only is planted, and the
+Tiger Lily or cultivated stalks of our wild nodding
+Lily rise above the white trusses of bloom. These
+wild Lilies grow very luxuriantly in the garden,
+often<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+ towering above our heads and forming great
+candelabra bearing two score or more blooms. It is
+no easy task to secure their deep-rooted rhizomes in
+the meadow. I know a young man who won his
+sweetheart by the patience and assiduity with which
+he dug for her all one broiling morning to secure
+for her the coveted Lily roots, and collapsed with
+mild sunstroke at the finish. Her gratitude and
+remorse were equal factors in his favor.</p>
+
+<p>The Tiger Lily is usually thought upon as a truly
+old-fashioned flower, a veritable antique; it is a
+favorite of artists to place as an accessory in their
+colonial gardens, and of authors for their flower-beds
+of Revolutionary days, but it was not known
+either in formal garden or front yard, until after
+"the days when we lived under the King." The
+bulbs were first brought to England from Eastern
+Asia in 1804 by Captain Kirkpatrick of the East
+India Company's Service, and shared with the Japan
+Lily the honor of being the first Eastern Lilies introduced
+into European gardens. A few years ago
+an old gentleman, Mr. Isaac Pitman, who was then
+about eighty-five years of age, told me that he recalled
+distinctly when Tiger Lilies first appeared in
+our gardens, and where he first saw them growing
+in Boston. So instead of being an old-time flower,
+or even an old-comer from the Orient, it is one of
+the novelties of this century. How readily has it
+made itself at home, and even wandered wild down
+our roadsides!</p>
+
+<p>The two simple colors of Phlox of the old-time
+front yard, white and crimson-purple, are now augmented
+by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+ tints of salmon, vermilion, and rose.
+I recall with special pleasure the profuse garden
+decoration at East Hampton, Long Island, of a
+pure cherry-colored Phlox, generally a doubtful
+color to me, but there so associated with the white
+blooms of various other plants, and backed by a
+high hedge covered solidly with blossoming Honeysuckle,
+that it was wonderfully successful.</p>
+
+<p>To other members of the Phlox family, all
+natives of our own continent, the old front yard
+owed much; the Moss Pink sometimes crowded
+out both Grass and its companion the Periwinkle;
+it is still found in our gardens, and bountifully also
+in our fields; either in white or pink, it is one of
+the satisfactions of spring, and its cheerful little
+blossom is of wonderful use in many waste places.
+An old-fashioned bloom, the low-growing <i>Phlox
+am&oelig;na</i>, with its queerly fuzzy leaves and bright
+crimson blossoms, was among the most distinctly
+old-fashioned flowers of the front yard. It was tolerated
+rather than cultivated, as was its companion,
+the Arabis or Rock Cress&mdash;both crowding, monopolizing
+creatures. I remember well how they spread
+over the beds and up the grass banks in my
+mother's garden, how sternly they were uprooted,
+in spite of the pretty name of the Arabis&mdash;"Snow
+in Summer."</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes the front yard path had edgings of
+sweet single or lightly double white or tinted Pinks,
+which were not deemed as choice as Box edgings.
+Frequently large Box plants clipped into simple
+and natural shapes stood at the side of the doorstep,
+usually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+ in the home of the well-to-do. A
+great shell might be on either side of the door-sill,
+if there chanced to be seafaring men-folk who
+lived or visited under the roof-tree. Annuals were
+few in number; sturdy old perennial plants of many
+years' growth were the most honored dwellers in
+the front yard, true representatives of old families.
+The Roses were few and poor, for there was usually
+some great tree just without the gate, an Elm or
+Larch, whose shadow fell far too near and heavily
+for the health of Roses. Sometimes there was a
+prickly semidouble yellow Rose, called by us a
+Scotch Rose, a Sweet Brier, or a rusty-flowered white
+Rose, similar, though inferior, to the Madame Plantier.
+A new fashion of trellises appeared in the
+front yard about sixty years ago, and crimson Boursault
+Roses climbed up them as if by magic.</p>
+
+<p>One marked characteristic of the front yard was
+its lack of weeds; few sprung up, none came to
+seed-time; the enclosure was small, and it was a
+mark of good breeding to care for it well. Sometimes,
+however, the earth was covered closely under
+shrubs and plants with the cheerful little Ladies'
+Delights, and they blossomed in the chinks of the
+bricked path and under the Box edges. Ambrosia,
+too, grew everywhere, but these were welcome&mdash;they
+were not weeds.</p>
+
+<p>Our old New England houses were suited in
+color and outline to their front yards as to our
+landscape. Lowell has given in verse a good description
+of the kind of New England house that
+always had a front dooryard of flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i018" name="i018"></a>
+<a href="images/i018_large.jpg"><img src="images/i018.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Yellow Day Lilies.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"On a grass-green swell<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That towards the south with sweet concessions fell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">It dwelt retired, and half had grown to be<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As aboriginal as rock or tree.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">It nestled close to earth, and seemed to brood<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">O'er homely thoughts in a half-conscious mood.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">If paint it e'er had known, it knew no more<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Than yellow lichens spattered thickly o'er<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That soft lead gray, less dark beneath the eaves,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Which the slow brush of wind and weather leaves.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The ample roof sloped backward to the ground<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And vassal lean-tos gathered thickly round,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Patched on, as sire or son had felt the need.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But the great chimney was the central thought.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">It rose broad-shouldered, kindly, debonair,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Its warm breath whitening in the autumn air."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Sarah Orne Jewett, in the plaint of <i>A Mournful
+Villager</i>, has drawn a beautiful and sympathetic
+picture of these front yards, and she deplores their
+passing. I mourn them as I do every fenced-in or
+hedged-in garden enclosure. The sanctity and reserve
+of these front yards of our grandmothers was
+somewhat emblematic of woman's life of that day:
+it was restricted, and narrowed to a small outlook
+and monotonous likeness to her neighbor's; but it
+was a life easily satisfied with small pleasures, and it
+was comely and sheltered and carefully kept, and
+pleasant to the home household; and these were
+no mean things.</p>
+
+<p>The front yard was never a garden of pleasure;
+children could not play in these precious little enclosed
+plots, and never could pick the flowers&mdash;front
+yard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+ and flowers were both too much respected.
+Only formal visitors entered therein, visitors who
+opened the gate and closed it carefully behind them,
+and knocked slowly with the brass knocker, and were
+ushered in through the ceremonious front door and
+the little ill-contrived entry, to the stiff fore-room or
+parlor. The parson and his wife entered that portal,
+and sometimes a solemn would-be sweetheart, or the
+guests at a tea party. It can be seen that every one
+who had enough social dignity to have a front door
+and a parlor, and visitors thereto, also desired a
+front yard with flowers as the external token of that
+honored standing. It was like owning a pew in
+church; you could be a Christian without having a
+pew, but not a respected one. Sometimes when
+there was a "vendue" in the house, reckless folk
+opened the front gate, and even tied it back. I
+attended one where the auctioneer boldly set the
+articles out through the windows under the Lilac
+bushes and even on the precious front yard plants.
+A vendue and a funeral were the only gatherings
+in country communities when the entire neighborhood
+came freely to an old homestead, when all
+were at liberty to enter the front dooryard. At the
+sad time when a funeral took place in the house,
+the front gate was fastened widely open, and solemn
+men-neighbors, in Sunday garments, stood rather
+uncomfortably and awkwardly around the front
+yard as the women passed into the house of
+mourning and were seated within. When the sad
+services began, the men too entered and stood
+stiffly by the door. Then through the front door,
+down<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+ the mossy path of the front yard, and through
+the open front gate was borne the master, the mistress,
+and then their children, and children's children.
+All are gone from our sight, many from our
+memory, and often too from our ken, while the
+Lilacs and Peonies and Flowers de Luce still blossom
+and flourish with perennial youth, and still
+claim us as friends.</p>
+
+<p>At the side of the house or by the kitchen door
+would be seen many thrifty blooms: poles of Scarlet
+Runners, beds of Portulacas and Petunias, rows
+of Pinks, bunches of Marigolds, level expanses of
+Sweet Williams, banks of cheerful Nasturtiums, tangles
+of Morning-glories and long rows of stately
+Hollyhocks, which were much admired, but were
+seldom seen in the front yard, which was too shaded
+for them. Weeds grew here at the kitchen door in
+a rank profusion which was hard to conquer; but
+here the winter's Fuchsias or Geraniums stood in
+flower pots in the sunlight, and the tubs of Oleanders
+and Agapanthus Lilies.</p>
+
+<p>The flowers of the front yard seemed to bear
+a more formal, a "company" aspect; conventionality
+rigidly bound them. Bachelor's Buttons might
+grow there by accident, but Marigolds never were
+tolerated,&mdash;they were pot herbs. Sunflowers were
+not even permitted in the flower beds at the side
+of the house unless these stretched down to the
+vegetable beds. Outside the front yard would be
+a rioting and cheerful growth of pink Bouncing Bet,
+or of purple Honesty, and tall straggling plants of
+a certain small flowered, ragged Campanula, and a
+white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+ Mallow with flannelly leaves which, doubtless,
+aspired to inhabit the sacred bounds of the front
+yard (and probably dwelt there originally), and
+often were gladly permitted to grow in side gardens
+or kitchen dooryards, but which were regarded
+as interloping weeds by the guardians of the
+front yard, and sternly exiled. Sometimes a bed
+of these orange-tawny Day Lilies which had once
+been warmly welcomed from the Orient, and now
+were not wanted anywhere by any one, kept company
+with the Bouncing Bet, and stretched cheerfully
+down the roadside.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i019" name="i019"></a>
+<a href="images/i019_large.jpg"><img src="images/i019.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Orange Day Lilies.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>When the fences disappeared with the night
+rambles of the cows, the front yards gradually
+changed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+ character; the tender blooms vanished,
+but the tall shrubs and the Peonies and Flower de
+Luce sturdily grew and blossomed, save where that
+dreary destroyer of a garden crept in&mdash;the desire
+for a lawn. The result was then a meagre expanse
+of poorly kept grass, with no variety, color, or
+change,&mdash;neither lawn nor front yard. It is ever
+a pleasure to me when driving in a village street
+or a country road to find one of these front yards
+still enclosed, or even to note in front of many
+houses the traces of a past front yard still plainly
+visible in the flourishing old-fashioned plants of
+many years' growth.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2>
+
+<p class="center">VARIED GARDENS FAIR</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"And all without were walkes and alleys dight<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">With divers trees enrang'd in even rankes;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And here and there were pleasant arbors pight<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And shadie seats, and sundry flowering bankes<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To sit and rest the walkers wearie shankes."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="attr small">&mdash;<i>Faerie Queene</i>, <span class="smcap">Edmund Spenser</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_m_large.png"><img src="images/drop_m.png" alt="M" width="102" height="100"
+class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">Many simple forms of gardens
+were common besides the enclosed
+front yard; and as wealth
+poured in on the colonies, the
+beautiful gardens so much thought
+of in England were copied here,
+especially by wealthy merchants, as is noted in the
+first chapter of this book, and by the provincial
+governors and their little courts; the garden of
+Governor Hutchinson, in Milford, Massachusetts,
+is stately still and little changed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i020" name="i020"></a>
+<a href="images/i020_large.jpg"><img src="images/i020.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Preston Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>English gardens, at the time of the settlement of
+America, had passed beyond the time when, as old
+Gervayse Markham said, "Of all the best Ornaments
+used in our English gardens, Knots and
+Mazes are the most ancient." A maze was a
+placing of low garden hedges of Privet, Box, or
+Hyssop, usually set in concentric circles which enclosed
+paths,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+ that opened into each other by such
+artful contrivance that it was difficult to find one's
+way in and out through these bewildering paths.
+"When well formed, of a man's height, your friend
+may perhaps wander in gathering berries as he
+cannot recover himself without your help."</p>
+
+<p>The maze was not a thing of beauty, it was
+"nothing for sweetness and health," to use Lord
+Bacon's words; it was only a whimsical notion of
+gardening amusement, pleasing to a generation who
+liked to have hidden fountains in their gardens to
+sprinkle suddenly the unwary. I doubt if any
+mazes were ever laid out in America, though I have
+heard vague references to one in Virginia. Knots
+had been the choice adornment of the Tudor
+garden. They were not wholly a thing of the past
+when we had here our first gardens, and they have
+had a distinct influence on garden laying-out till our
+own day.</p>
+
+<p>An Elizabethan poet wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3q">"My Garden sweet, enclosed with walles strong,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Embanked with benches to sitt and take my rest;<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">The knots so enknotted it cannot be expressed<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">The arbores and alyes so pleasant and so dulce."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>These garden knots were not flower beds edged
+with Box or Rosemary, with narrow walks between
+the edgings, as were the parterres of our later
+formal gardens. They were square, ornamental
+beds, each of which had a design set in some
+close-growing, trim plant, clipped flatly across
+the top, and the design filled in with colored earth
+or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+ sand; and with no dividing paths. Elaborate
+models in complicated geometrical pattern were
+given in gardeners' books, for setting out these
+knots, which were first drawn on paper and subdivided
+into squares; then the square of earth was
+similarly divided, and set out by precise rules.
+William Lawson, the Izaak Walton of gardeners,
+gave, as a result of forty-eight years of experience,
+some very attractive directions for large "knottys"
+with different "thrids" of flowers, each of one
+color, which made the design appear as if "made
+of diverse colored ribands." One of his knots,
+from <i>A New Orchard and Garden</i> 1618, being
+a garden fashion in vogue when my forbears came
+to America, I have chosen as a device for the dedication
+of this book, thinking it, in Lawson's words,
+"so comely, and orderly placed, and so intermingled,
+that one looking thereon cannot but wonder."
+His knots had significant names, such as
+"Cinkfoyle; Flower de Luce; Trefoyle; Frette;
+Lozenge; Groseboowe; Diamond; Ovall; Maze."</p>
+
+<p>Gervayse Markham gives various knot patterns
+to be bordered with Box cut eighteen inches broad
+at the bottom and kept flat at the top&mdash;with the
+ever present thought for the fine English linen.
+He has a varied list of circular, diamond-shaped,
+mixed, and "single impleated knots."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i021" name="i021"></a>
+<a href="images/i021_large.jpg"><img src="images/i021.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Box-edged Parterre at Hampton.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>These garden knots were mildly sneered at by
+Lord Bacon; he said, "they be but toys, you see
+as good sights many times in tarts;" still I think
+they must have been quaint, and I should like to
+see a garden laid out to-day in these pretty Elizabethan
+knots,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+ set in the old patterns, and with the
+old flowers. Nor did Parkinson and other practical
+gardeners look with favor on "curiously knotted
+gardens," though all gave designs to "satisfy the
+desires" of their readers. "Open knots" were preferred;
+these were made with borders of lead, tiles,
+boards, or even the shankbones of sheep, "which
+will become white and prettily grace out the garden,"&mdash;a
+fashion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+ I saw a few years ago around
+flower beds in Charlton, Massachusetts. "Round
+whitish pebble stones" for edgings were Parkinson's
+own invention, and proud he was of it, simple as it
+seems to us. These open knots were then filled
+in, but "thin and sparingly," with "English Flowers";
+or with "Out-Landish Flowers," which were
+flowers fetched from foreign parts.</p>
+
+<p>The parterre succeeded the knot, and has been
+used in gardens till the present day. Parterres were
+of different combinations, "well-contriv'd and ingenious."
+The "parterre of cut-work" was a Box-bordered
+formal flower garden, of which the garden
+at Hampton, Maryland (<a href="#i021">pages 57</a>, <a href="#i022">60</a>, and <a href="#i043">95</a>), is a
+striking and perfect example; also the present garden
+at Mount Vernon (<a href="#i005">opposite page 12</a>), wherein
+carefully designed flower beds, edged with Box, are
+planted with variety of flowers, and separated by
+paths. Sometimes, of old, fine white sand was carefully
+strewn on the earth under the flowers. The
+"parterre à l'Anglaise" had an elaborate design of
+vari-shaped beds edged with Box, but enclosing grass
+instead of flowers. In the "parterre de broderie"
+the Box-edged beds were filled with vari-colored
+earths and sands. Black earth could be made of
+iron filings; red earth of pounded tiles. This last-named
+parterre differed from a knot solely in having
+the paths among the beds. The <i>Retir'd Gard'ner</i>
+gives patterns for ten parterres.</p>
+
+<p>The main walks which formed the basis of the
+garden design had in ancient days a singular name&mdash;forthrights;
+these were ever to be "spacious
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+ fair," and neatly spread with colored sands or
+gravel. Parkinson says, "The fairer and larger
+your allies and walks be the more grace your
+garden should have, the lesse harm the herbes and
+flowers shall receive, and the better shall your
+weeders cleanse both the bed and the allies." "Covert-walks,"
+or "shade-alleys," had trees meeting in
+an arch over them.</p>
+
+<p>A curious term, found in references to old American
+flower beds and garden designs, as well as
+English ones, is the "goose-foot." A "goose-foot"
+consisted of three flower beds or three
+avenues radiating rather closely together from a
+small semicircle; and in some places and under
+some conditions it is still a charming and striking
+design, as you stand at the heel of the design and
+glance down the three avenues.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i022" name="i022"></a>
+<a href="images/i022_large.jpg"><img src="images/i022.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Parterre and Clipped Box at Hampton.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>In all these flower beds Box was the favorite
+edging, but many other trim edgings have been
+used in parterres and borders by those who love not
+Box. Bricks were used, and boards; an edging of
+boards was not as pretty as one of flowers, but it
+kept the beds trimly in place; a garden thus edged
+is shown on <a href="#i023">page 63</a> which realizes this description
+of the pleasure-garden in the <i>Scots Gard'ner</i>:
+"The Bordures box'd and planted with variety of fine
+Flowers orderly Intermixt, Weeded, Mow'd, Rolled
+and Kept all Clean and Handsome." Germander
+and Rosemary were old favorites for edging. I
+have seen snowy edgings of Candy-tuft and Sweet
+Alyssum, setting off well the vari-colored blooms
+of the border. One of Sweet Alyssum is shown
+on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+ <a href="#i108">page 256</a>. Ageratum is a satisfactory edging.
+Thyme is of ancient use, but rather unmanageable;
+one garden owner has set his edgings of Moneywort,
+otherwise Creeping-jenny. I should be loth
+to use Moneywort as an edging; I would not care
+for its yellow flowers in that place, though I find
+them very kindly and cheerful on dull banks or in
+damp spots, under the drip of trees and eaves, or
+better still, growing gladly in the flower pot of the
+poor. I fear if Moneywort thrived enough to
+make a close, suitable edging, that it would thrive
+too well, and would swamp the borders with its underground
+runners.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
+ The name Moneywort is akin
+to its older title Herb-twopence, or Twopenny
+Grass. Turner (1548) says the latter name was
+given from the leaves all "standying together of ech
+syde of the stalke lyke pence." The striped leaves
+of one variety of Day Lily make pretty edgings.
+Those from a Salem garden are here shown.</p>
+
+<p>We often see in neglected gardens in New England,
+or by the roadside where no gardens now exist,
+a dense gray-green growth of Lavender Cotton,
+"the female plant of Southernwood," which was
+brought here by the colonists and here will ever
+remain. It was used as an edging, and is very
+pretty when it can be controlled. I know two or
+three old gardens where it is thus employed.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes in driving along a country road you
+are startled by a concentration of foliage and bloom,
+a glimpse of a tiny farm-house, over which are
+clustered and heaped, and round which are gathered,
+close enough to be within touch from door or
+window, flowers in a crowded profusion ample to fill
+a large flower bed. Such is the mass of June bloom
+at Wilbur Farm in old Narragansett (<a href="#i122">page 290</a>)&mdash;a
+home of flowers and bees. Often by the side of
+the farm-house is a little garden or flower bed containing
+some splendid examples of old-time flowers.
+The splendid "running ribbons" of Snow Pinks,
+on <a href="#i123">page 292</a>, are in another Narragansett garden
+that is a bower of blossoms. Thrift has been a
+common edging since the days of the old herbalist
+Gerarde.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0q">"We have a bright little garden, down on a sunny slope,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bordered with sea-pinks and sweet with the songs and blossoms of hope."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The garden of Secretary William H. Seward (in
+Auburn, New York), so beloved by him in his lifetime,
+is shown on <a href="#i060">page 146</a> and <a href="#i059">facing page 134</a>. In
+this garden some beds are edged with Periwinkle,
+others with Polyanthus, and some with Ivy which
+Mr. Seward brought from Abbotsford in 1836. This
+garden was laid out in its present form in 1816, and
+the sun-dial was then set in its place. The garden
+has been enlarged, but not changed, the old "George
+II. Roses" and York and Lancaster Roses still
+grow and blossom, and the lovely arches of single
+Michigan Roses still flourish. In it are many
+flowers and fruits unusual in America, among them
+a bed of Alpine strawberries.</p>
+
+<p>King James I. of Scotland thus wrote of the
+garden which he saw from his prison window in
+Windsor Castle:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"A Garden fair, and in the Corners set<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">An Herbere greene, with Wandis long and small<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Railit about."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>These wandis were railings which were much
+used before Box edgings became universal. Sometimes
+they were painted the family colors, as at
+Hampton Court they were green and white, the
+Tudor colors. These "wandis" still are occasionally
+seen. In the Berkshire Hills I drove past an
+old garden thus trimly enclosed in little beds. The
+rails were painted a dull light brown, almost the color
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+ some tree trunks; and Larkspur, Foxglove, and
+other tall flowers crowded up to them and hung
+their heads over the top rails as children hang over
+a fence or a gate. I thought it a neat, trim fashion,
+not one I would care for in my own garden, yet
+not to be despised in the garden of another.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i023" name="i023"></a>
+<a href="images/i023_large.jpg"><img src="images/i023.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Waldstein, Fairfield, Conn.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>A garden enclosed! so full of suggestion are these
+simple words to me, so constant is my thought that
+an ideal flower garden must be an enclosed garden,
+that I look with regret upon all beautiful flower beds
+that are not enclosed, not shut in a frame of green
+hedges, or high walls, or vine-covered fences and
+dividing trees. It may be selfish to hide so much
+beauty from general view; but until our dwelling-houses
+are made with uncurtained glass walls, that
+all the world may see everything, let those who
+have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+ ample grounds enclose at least a portion for
+the sight of friends only.</p>
+
+<p>In the heart of Worcester there is a fine old mansion
+with ample lawns, great trees, and flowering
+shrubs that all may see over the garden fence as
+they pass by. Flowers bloom lavishly at one side of
+the house; and the thoughtless stroller never knows
+that behind the house, stretching down between the
+rear gardens and walls of neighboring homes, is a
+long enclosure of loveliness&mdash;sequestered, quiet,
+full of refreshment to the spirits. We think of the
+"Old Garden" of Margaret Deland:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"The Garden glows<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And 'gainst its walls the city's heart still beats.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And out from it each summer wind that blows<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Carries some sweetness to the tired streets!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i024" name="i024"></a>
+<a href="images/i024_large.jpg"><img src="images/i024.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Shaded Walk in Garden of Miss Harriet P. F. Burnside, Worcester,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>There is a shaded walk in this garden which is a
+thing of solace and content to all who tread its
+pathway; a bit is shown <a href="#i024">opposite this page</a>, overhung
+with shrubs of Lilac, Syringa, Strawberry Bush,
+Flowering Currant, all the old treelike things, so
+fair-flowered and sweet-scented in spring, so heavy-leaved
+and cool-shadowing in midsummer: what
+pleasure would there be in this shaded walk if this
+garden were separated from the street only by stone
+curbing or a low rail? And there is an old sun-dial
+too in this enclosed garden! I fear the street imps
+of a crowded city would quickly destroy the old
+monitor were it in an open garden; and they would
+make sad havoc, too, of the Roses and Larkspurs
+(<a href="#i025">page 65</a>) so tenderly reared by the two sisters who
+together<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+ loved and cared for this "garden enclosed."
+Great trees are at the edges of this garden, and the
+line of tall shrubs is carried out by the lavish vines
+and Roses on fences and walls. Within all this
+border of greenery glow the clustered gems of rare
+and beautiful flowers, till the whole garden seems
+like some rich jewel set purposely to be worn in
+honor over the city's heart&mdash;a clustered jewel, not
+one to be displayed carelessly and heedlessly.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i025" name="i025"></a>
+<a href="images/i025_large.jpg"><img src="images/i025.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Roses and Larkspur in the Garden of Miss Harriet P. F. Burnside,
+Worcester, Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Salem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+ houses and gardens are like Salem people.
+Salem houses present to you a serene and dignified
+front, gracious yet reserved, not thrusting forward
+their choicest treasures to the eyes of passing strangers;
+but behind the walls of the houses, enclosed
+from public view, lie cherished gardens, full of the
+beauty of life. Such, in their kind, are Salem folk.</p>
+
+<p>I know no more speaking, though silent, criticism
+than those old Salem gardens afford upon the modern
+fashion in American towns of pulling down walls
+and fences, removing the boundaries of lawns, and
+living in full view of every passer-by, in a public
+grassy park. It is pleasant, I suppose, for the passer-by;
+but homes are not made for passers-by. Old
+Salem gardens lie behind the house, out of sight&mdash;you
+have to hunt for them. They are terraced down
+if they stretch to the water-side; they are enclosed
+with hedges, and set behind high vine-covered fences,
+and low out-buildings; and planted around with great
+trees: thus they give to each family that secluded
+centring of family life which is the very essence and
+being of a home. I sat through a June afternoon
+in a Salem garden whose gate is within a stone's
+throw of a great theatre, but a few hundred feet from
+lines of electric cars and a busy street of trade, scarce
+farther from lines of active steam cars, and with a
+great power house for a close neighbor. Yet we
+were as secluded, as embowered in vines and trees,
+with beehives and rabbit hutches and chicken coops
+for happy children at the garden's end, as truly in
+beautiful privacy, as if in the midst of a hundred
+acres. Could the sense of sound be as sheltered
+by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+ the enclosing walls as the sense of sight, such a
+garden were a city paradise.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i026" name="i026"></a>
+<a href="images/i026_large.jpg"><img src="images/i026.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Homely Back Yard.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>There is scant regularity in shape in Salem gardens;
+there is no search for exact dimensions.
+Little narrow strips of flower beds run down from
+the main garden in any direction or at any angle
+where the fortunate owner can buy a few feet of
+land. Salem gardens do not change with the
+whims of fancy, either in the shape or the planting.
+A few new flowers find place there, such as
+the <i>Anemone Japonica</i> and the Japanese shrubs;
+for they are akin in flower sentiment, and consort
+well with the old inhabitants. There are many
+choice flowers and fruits in these gardens. In the
+garden of the Manning homestead (<a href="#i051">opposite page
+112</a>) grows a flourishing Fig tree, and other rare
+fruits; for fifty years ago this garden was known as
+the Pomological Garden. It is fitting it should be
+the home of two Robert Mannings&mdash;both well-known
+names in the history of horticulture in Massachusetts.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i027" name="i027"></a>
+<a href="images/i027_large.jpg"><img src="images/i027.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Covered Well at Home of Bishop Berkeley, Whitehall, Rhode Island.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The homely back yard of an old house will often
+possess a trim and blooming flower border cutting
+off the close approach of the vegetable beds (see
+<a href="#i026">opposite page 66</a>). These back yards, with the
+covered Grape arbors, the old pumps, and bricked
+paths, are cheerful, wholesome places, generally of
+spotless cleanliness and weedless flower beds. I
+know one such back yard where the pump was the
+first one set in the town, and children were taken
+there from a distance to see the wondrous sight.
+Why are all the old appliances for raising water so
+pleasing?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+ A well-sweep is of course picturesque,
+with its long swinging pole, and you seem to feel
+the refreshment and purity of the water when you
+see it brought up from such a distance; and an old
+roofed well with bucket, such as this one still in use
+at Bishop Berkeley's Rhode Island home is ever a
+homelike and companionable object. But a pump
+is really an awkward-looking piece of mechanism,
+and hasn't a vestige of beauty in its lines; yet it has
+something satisfying about it; it may be its domesticity,
+its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+ homeliness, its simplicity. We have
+gained infinitely in comfort in our perfect water
+systems and lavish water of to-day, but we have
+lost the gratification of the senses which came from
+the sight and sound of freshly drawn or running
+water. Much of the delight in a fountain comes,
+not only from the beauty of its setting and the
+graceful shape of its jets, but simply from the sight
+of the water.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes a graceful and picturesque growth of
+vines will beautify gate posts, a fence, or a kitchen
+doorway in a wonderfully artistic and pleasing fashion.
+On <a href="#i028">page 70</a> is shown the sheltered doorway
+of the kitchen of a fine old stone farm-house called,
+from its hedges of Osage Orange, "The Hedges." It
+stands in the village of New Hope, County Bucks,
+Pennsylvania. In 1718 the tract of which this farm
+of over two hundred acres is but a portion was
+deeded by the Penns to their kinsman, the direct
+ancestor of the present owner, John Schofield Williams,
+Esq. This is but one of the scores of examples
+I know where the same estate has been owned
+in one family for nearly two centuries, sometimes
+even for two hundred and fifty years; and in several
+cases where the deed from the Indian sachem
+to the first colonist is the only deed there has ever
+been, the estate having never changed ownership
+save by direct bequest. I have three such cases
+among my own kinsfolk.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i028" name="i028"></a>
+<a href="images/i028_large.jpg"><img src="images/i028.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Kitchen Doorway and Porch at the Hedges.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another form of garden and mode of planting
+which was in vogue in the "early thirties" is shown
+<a href="#i042">facing page 92</a>. This pillared house and the stiff
+garden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+ are excellent types; they are at Napanock,
+County Ulster, New York. Such a house and
+grounds indicated the possession of considerable
+wealth when they were built and laid out, for both
+were costly. The semicircular driveway swept up
+to the front door, dividing off Box-edged parterres
+like those of the day of Queen Anne. These parterres
+were sparsely filled, the sunnier beds being
+set with Spring bulbs; and there were always the
+yellow Day Lilies somewhere in the flower beds, and
+the white and blue Day Lilies, the common Funkias.
+Formal urns were usually found in the parterres and
+sometimes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+ a great cone or ball of clipped Box. These
+gardens had some universal details, they always had
+great Snowball bushes, and Syringas, and usually
+white Roses, chiefly Madame Plantiers; the piazza
+trellises had old climbing Roses, the Queen of the
+Prairie or Boursault Roses. These gardens are
+often densely overshadowed with great evergreen
+trees grown from the crowded planting of seventy
+years ago; none are cut down, and if one dies its
+trunk still stands, entwined with Woodbine. I don't
+know that we would lay out and plant just such a
+garden to-day, any more than we would build exactly
+such a house; but I love to see both, types of the
+refinement of their day, and I deplore any changes.
+An old Southern house of allied form is shown on
+<a href="#i029">page 72</a>, and its garden <a href="#i030">facing page 70</a>,&mdash;Greenwood,
+in Thomasville, Georgia; but of course this
+garden has far more lavish and rich bloom. The
+decoration of this house is most interesting&mdash;a
+conventionalized Magnolia, and the garden is
+surrounded with splendid Magnolias and Crape
+Myrtles. The border edgings in this garden are
+lines of bricks set overlapping in a curious manner.
+They serve to keep the beds firmly in place, and the
+bricks are covered over with an inner edging of
+thrifty Violets. Curious tubs and boxes for plants
+are made of bricks set solidly in mortar. The garden
+is glorious with Roses, which seem to consort
+so well with Magnolias and Violets.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i029" name="i029"></a>
+<a href="images/i029_large.jpg"><img src="images/i029.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Greenwood, Thomasville, Georgia.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>I love a Dutch garden, "circummured" with
+brick. By a Dutch garden, I mean a small garden,
+oblong or square, sunk about three or four feet in
+a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+ lawn&mdash;so that when surrounded by brick walls
+they seem about two feet high when viewed outside,
+but are five feet or more high from within the garden.
+There are brick or stone steps in the middle
+of each of the four walls by which to descend to the
+garden, which may be all planted with flowers, but
+preferably should have set borders of flowers with
+a grass-plot in the centre. On either side of the
+steps should be brick posts surmounted by Dutch
+pots with plants, or by balls of stone. Planted with
+bulbs, these gardens in their flowering time are, as
+old Parkinson said, a "perfect fielde of delite."
+We have very pretty Dutch gardens, so called, in
+America, but their chief claim to being Dutch is
+that they are set with bulbs, and have Delft or other
+earthen pots or boxes for formal plants or shrubs.</p>
+
+<p>Sunken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+ gardens should be laid out under the supervision
+of an intelligent landscape architect; and
+even then should have a reason for being sunken
+other than a whim or increase in costliness. I visited
+last summer a beautiful estate which had a deep
+sunken Dutch garden with a very low wall. It lay
+at the right side of the house at a little distance;
+and beyond it, in full view of the peristyle, extended
+the only squalid objects in the horizon. A garden
+on the level, well planted, with distant edging of
+shrubbery, would have hidden every ugly blemish
+and been a thing of beauty. As it is now, there
+can be seen from the house nothing of the Dutch
+garden but a foot or two of the tops of several
+clipped trees, looking like very poor, stunted shrubs.
+I must add that this garden, with its low wall, has
+been a perfect man-trap. It has been evident that
+often, on dark nights, workmen who have sought a
+"short cut" across the grounds have fallen over
+the shallow wall, to the gardener's sorrow, and the
+bulbs' destruction. Once, at dawn, the unhappy
+gardener found an ancient horse peacefully feeding
+among the Hyacinths and Tulips. He said he
+didn't like the grass in his new pasture nor the sudden
+approach to it; that he was too old for such
+new-fangled ways. I know another estate near
+Philadelphia, where the sinking of a garden revealed
+an exquisite view of distant hills; such a garden
+has reason for its form.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i030" name="i030"></a>
+<a href="images/i030_large.jpg"><img src="images/i030.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Roses and Violets in Garden at Greenwood, Thomasville, Georgia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We have had few water-gardens in America till
+recent years; and there are some drawbacks to
+their presence near our homes, as I was vividly
+aware<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+ when I visited one in a friend's garden early
+in May this year. Water-hyacinths were even
+then in bloom, and two or three exquisite Lilies;
+and the Lotus leaves rose up charmingly from the
+surface of the tank. Less charmingly rose up also
+a cloud of vicious mosquitoes, who greeted the newcomer
+with a warm chorus of welcome. As our
+newspapers at that time were filled with plans for
+the application of kerosene to every inch of water-surface,
+such as I saw in these Lily tanks, accompanied
+by magnified drawings of dreadful malaria-bearing
+insects, I fled from them, preferring to resign
+both <i>Nymphæa</i> and <i>Anopheles</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i031" name="i031"></a>
+<a href="images/i031_large.jpg"><img src="images/i031.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Water Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>After the introduction to English folk of that
+wonder of the world, the Victoria Regia, it was
+cultivated by enthusiastic flower lovers in America,
+and was for a time the height of the floral
+fashion. Never has the glorious Victoria Regia
+and scarce any other flower been described as by
+Colonel Higginson, a wonderful, a triumphant word
+picture. I was a very little child when I saw that
+same lovely Lily in leaf and flower that he called
+his neighbor; but I have never forgotten it, nor
+how afraid I was of it; for some one wished to
+lift me upon the great leaf to see whether it would
+hold me above the water. We had heard that the
+native children in South America floated on the
+leaves. I objected to this experiment with vehemence;
+but my mother noted that I was no more
+frightened than was the faithful gardener at the
+thought of the possible strain on his precious plant
+of the weight of a sturdy child of six or seven years.
+I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+ have seen the Victoria Regia leaves of late years,
+but I seldom hear of its blossoming; but alas! we
+take less heed of the blooming of unusual plants
+than we used to thirty or forty years ago. Then
+people thronged a greenhouse to see a new Rose or
+Camellia Japonica; even a Night-blooming Cereus
+attracted scores of visitors to any house where it
+blossomed. And a fine Cactus of one of our neighbors
+always held a crowded reception when in rich
+bloom. It was a part of the "Flower Exchange,"
+an interest all had for the beautiful flowers of others,
+a part of the old neighborly life.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i032" name="i032"></a>
+<a href="images/i032_large.jpg"><img src="images/i032.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Terrace Wall at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Within the past five or six years there have been
+laid out in America, at the country seats of men of
+wealth and culture, a great number of formal gardens,&mdash;Italian
+gardens, some of them are worthily
+named, as they have been shaped and planted in
+conformity with the best laws and rules of Italian
+garden-making&mdash;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+that special art. On <a href="#i032">this page</a>
+is shown the finely proportioned terrace wall, and
+<a href="#i034">opposite</a> the upper terrace and formal garden of
+Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey, the country
+seat of M. Taylor Pyne, Esq. This garden affords a
+good example of the accord which should ever exist
+between the garden and its surroundings. The name,
+Drumthwacket&mdash;a wooded hill&mdash;is a most felicitous
+one; the place is part of the original grant to
+William Penn, and has remained in the possession
+of one family until late in the nineteenth century.
+From this beautifully wooded hill the terrace-garden
+overlooks the farm buildings, the linked ponds, the
+fertile fields and meadows; a serene pastoral view,
+typical of the peaceful landscape of that vicinity&mdash;yet
+it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+ was once the scene of fiercest battle. For the
+Drumthwacket farm is the battle-ground of that important
+encounter of 1777 between the British and
+the Continental troops, known as the Battle of
+Princeton, the turning point of the Revolution, in
+which Washington was victorious. To this day,
+cannon ball and grape shot are dug up in the Drumthwacket
+fields. The Lodge built in 1696 was, at
+Washington's request, the shelter for the wounded
+British officers; and the Washington Spring in front
+of the Lodge furnished water to Washington. The
+group of trees on the left of the upper pond marks
+the sheltered and honored graves of the British
+soldiers, where have slept for one hundred and
+twenty-four<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+ years those killed at this memorable
+encounter. If anything could cement still more
+closely the affections of the English and American
+peoples, it would be the sight of the tenderly sheltered
+graves of British soldiers in America, such as
+these at Drumthwacket and other historic fields
+on our Eastern coast. At Concord how faithfully
+stand the sentinel pines over the British dead of the
+Battle of Concord, who thus repose, shut out from
+the tread of heedless feet yet ever present for the
+care and thought of Concord people.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i033" name="i033"></a>
+<a href="images/i033_large.jpg"><img src="images/i033.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania,
+Country-seat of Charles E. Mather, Esq.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>We have older Italian gardens. Some of them are
+of great loveliness, among them the unique and
+dignified garden of Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq.,
+but many of the newer ones, even in their few summers,
+have become of surprising grace and beauty,
+and their exquisite promise causes a glow of delight
+to every garden lover. I have often tried to analyze
+and account for the great charm of a formal garden, to
+one who loves so well the unrestrained and lavished
+blossoming of a flower border crowded with nature-arranged
+and disarranged blooms. A chance sentence
+in the letter of a flower-loving friend, one
+whose refined taste is an inherent portion of her
+nature, runs thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"I have the same love, the same sense of perfect satisfaction,
+in the old formal garden that I have in the sonnet
+in poetry, in the Greek drama as contrasted with the modern
+drama; something within me is ever drawn toward
+that which is restrained and classic."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+ these few words, then, is defined the charm of
+the formal garden&mdash;a well-ordered, a classic restraint.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i034" name="i034"></a>
+<a href="images/i034_large.jpg"><img src="images/i034.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some of the new formal gardens seem imperfect
+in design and inadequate in execution; worse still, they
+are unsuited to their surroundings; but gracious
+nature will give even to these many charms of color,
+fragrance, and shape through lavish plant growth.
+I have had given to me sets of beautiful photographs
+of these new Italian gardens, which I long
+to include with my pictures of older flower beds; but
+I cannot do so in full in a book on Old-time Gardens,
+though they are copied from far older gardens
+than our American ones. I give throughout my
+book occasional glimpses of detail in modern formal
+gardens; and two examples may be fitly illustrated
+and described in comparative fulness in this book,
+because they are not only unusual in their beauty
+and promise, but because they have in plan and execution
+some bearing on my special presentation of
+gardens. These two are the gardens of Avonwood
+Court in Haverford, Pennsylvania, the country-seat
+of Charles E. Mather, Esq., of Philadelphia; and of
+Yaddo, in Saratoga, New York, the country-seat of
+Spencer Trask, Esq., of New York.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i035" name="i035"></a>
+<a href="images/i035_large.jpg"><img src="images/i035.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The garden at Avonwood Court was designed and
+laid out in 1896 by Mr. Percy Ash. The flower
+planting was done by Mr. John Cope; and the
+garden is delightsome in proportions, contour, and
+aspect. Its claim to illustrative description in this
+book lies in the fact that it is planted chiefly with
+old-fashioned flowers, and its beds are laid out and
+bordered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+ with thriving Box in a truly old-time
+mode. It affords a striking example of the beauty
+and satisfaction that can come from the use of Box
+as an edging, and old-time flowers as a filling of
+these beds. Among the two hundred different
+plants are great rows of yellow Day Lilies shown
+in the view <a href="#i033">facing page 76</a>; regular plantings of
+Peonies; borders of Flower de Luce; banks of
+Lilies of the Valley; rows of white Fraxinella and
+Lupine, beds of fringed Poppies, sentinels of Yucca&mdash;scores
+of old favorites have grown and thriven in
+the cheery manner they ever display when they are
+welcome and beloved. The sun-dial in this garden is
+shown <a href="#i035">facing page 82</a>; it was designed by Mr. Percy
+Ash, and can be regarded as a model of simple outlines,
+good proportions, careful placing, and symmetrical
+setting. By placing I mean that it is in
+the right site in relation to the surrounding flower
+beds, and to the general outlines of the garden; it is
+a dignified and significant garden centre. By setting
+I mean its being raised to proper prominence
+in the garden scheme, by being placed at the top of
+a platform formed of three circular steps of ample
+proportion and suitable height, that its pedestal is
+also of the right size and not so high but one can,
+when standing on the top step, read with ease the
+dial's response to our question, "What's the time
+o' the day?" The hedges and walls of Honeysuckle,
+Roses, and other flowering vines that surround this
+garden have thriven wonderfully in the five years of
+the garden's life, and look like settings of many
+years. The simple but graceful wall seat gives
+some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+ idea of the symmetrical and simple garden
+furnishings, as well as the profusion of climbing
+vines that form the garden's boundaries.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i036" name="i036"></a>
+<a href="images/i036_large.jpg"><img src="images/i036.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Entrance Porch and Gate to the Rose Garden at Yaddo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This book bears on the <a href="#title">title-page</a> a redrawing
+of a charming old woodcut of the eighteenth century,
+a very good example of the art thought and
+art execution of that day, being the work of a skilful
+designer. It is from an old stilted treatise on
+orchards and gardens, and it depicts a cheerful little
+Love, with anxious face and painstaking care,
+measuring and laying out the surface of the earth
+in a garden. On his either side are old clipped
+Yews; and at his feet a spade and pots of garden
+flowers, among them the Fritillary so beloved of all
+flower lovers and herbalists of that day, a significant
+flower&mdash;a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+ flower of meaning and mystery. This
+drawing may be taken as an old-time emblem, and
+a happy one, to symbolize the making of the beautiful
+modern Rose Garden at Yaddo; where Love,
+with tenderest thought, has laid out the face of the
+earth in an exquisite garden of Roses, for the happiness
+and recreation of a dearly loved wife. The
+noble entrance gate and porch of this Rose Garden
+formed a happy surprise to the garden's mistress
+when unveiled at the dedication of the garden. They
+are depicted on <a href="#i036">page 81</a>, and there may be read the
+inscription which tells in a few well-chosen words
+the story of the inspiration of the garden; but
+"between the lines," to those who know the Rose
+Garden and its makers, the inscription speaks with
+even deeper meaning the story of a home whose
+beauty is only equalled by the garden's spirit. To
+all such readers the Rose Garden becomes a fitting
+expression of the life of those who own it
+and care for it. This quality of expression, of
+significance, may be seen in many a smaller and
+simpler garden, even in a tiny cottage plot; you
+can perceive, through the care bestowed upon it,
+and its responsive blossoming, a <i>something</i> which
+shows the life of the garden owners; you know
+that they are thoughtful, kindly, beauty-loving,
+home-loving.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i037" name="i037"></a>
+<a href="images/i037_large.jpg"><img src="images/i037.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Pergola and Terrace Walk in Rose Garden at Yaddo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Behind the beautiful pergola of the Yaddo garden,
+set thickly with Crimson Rambler, a screenlike row
+of poplars divides the Rose Garden from a luxuriant
+Rock Garden, and an Old-fashioned Garden of large
+extent, extraordinary profusion, and many years'
+growth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+ Perhaps the latter-named garden might
+seem more suited to my pages, since it is more
+advanced in growth and apparently more akin to
+my subject; but I wish to write specially of the
+Rose Garden, because it is an unusual example
+of what can be accomplished without aid of architect
+or landscape gardener, when good taste, careful
+thought, attention to detail, a love of flowers,
+and <i>intent to attain perfection</i> guide the garden's
+makers. It is happily placed in a country of most
+charming topography, but it must not be thought
+that the garden shaped itself; its beautiful proportions,
+contour, and shape were carefully studied
+out and brought to the present perfection by the
+same force that is felt in the garden's smallest
+detail,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+ the power of Love. The Rose Garden is
+unusually large for a formal garden; with its vistas
+and walks, the connected Daffodil Dell, and the
+Rock Garden, it fills about ten acres. But the
+estate is over eight hundred acres, and the house
+very large in ground extent, so the garden seems
+well-proportioned. This Rose Garden has an
+unusual attraction in the personal interest of every
+detail, such as is found in few American gardens of
+great size, and indeed in few English gardens. The
+gardens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+ of the Countess Warwick, at Easton Lodge,
+in Essex, possess the same charm, a personal meaning
+and significance in the statues and fountains, and
+even in the planting of flower borders. The illustration
+on <a href="#i037">page 83</a> depicts the general shape of the
+Yaddo Rose Garden, as seen from the upper terrace;
+but it does not show how the garden stretches
+down the fine marble steps, past the marble figures of
+Diana and Paris, and along the paths of standard
+Roses, past the shallow fountain which is not so large
+as to obscure what speaks the garden's story, the
+statue of Christalan, that grand creation in one of
+Mrs. Trask's idyls, <i>Under King Constantine</i>. This
+heroic figure, showing to full extent the genius of
+the sculptor, William Ordway Partridge, also figures
+the genius of the poet-creator, and is of an inexpressible
+and impressive nobility. With hand and arm
+held to heaven, Christalan shows against the background
+of rich evergreens as the true knight of this
+garden of sentiment and chivalry.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i038" name="i038"></a>
+<a href="images/i038_large.jpg"><img src="images/i038.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Statue of Christalan in Rose Garden at Yaddo.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"The sunlight slanting westward through the trees<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Fell first upon his lifted, golden head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Making a shining helmet of his curls,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And then upon the Lilies in his hand.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">His eyes had a defiant, fearless glow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Against the sombre background of the wood<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">He looked scarce human."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The larger and more impressive <a href="#i201">fountain at Yaddo</a>
+is shown on these pages. It is one hundred feet long
+and seventy feet wide, and is in front of the house,
+to the east. Its marble figures signify the Dawn;
+it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+ will be noted that on this site its beauties show
+against a suited and ample background, and its
+grand proportions are not permitted to obscure
+the fine statue of Christalan from the view of those
+seated on the terrace or walking under the shade of
+the pergola.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i039" name="i039"></a>
+<a href="images/i039_large.jpg"><img src="images/i039.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial in Rose Garden at Yaddo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Especially beautiful is the sun-dial on the upper
+terrace, shown on <a href="#i039">page 86</a>. The metal dial face
+is supported by a marble slab resting on two carved
+standards of classic
+design representing
+conventionalized
+lions, these being
+copies of those two
+splendid standards
+unearthed at Pompeii,
+which still may
+be seen by the side
+of the impluvium
+in the atrium or
+main hall of the
+finest Græco-Roman
+dwelling-place
+which has
+been restored in
+that wonderful city. These sun-dial standards at
+Yaddo were made by the permission and under the
+supervision of the Italian government. I can conceive
+nothing more fitting or more inspiring to the
+imagination than that, telling as they do the story
+of the splendor of ancient Pompeii and of the passing
+centuries, they should now uphold to our sight
+a sun-dial as if to bid us note the flight of time and
+the vastness of the past.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i040" name="i040"></a>
+<a href="images/i040_large.jpg"><img src="images/i040.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Bronze Face of Dial in Rose Garden at
+Yaddo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The entire sun-dial, with its beautiful adjuncts of
+carefully shaped marble seats, stands on a semicircular
+plaza of marble at the head of the noble flight
+of marble steps. The engraved metal dial face
+bears<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+ two exquisite verses&mdash;the gift of one poet to
+another&mdash;of Dr. Henry Van Dyke to the garden's
+mistress, Katrina Trask. These dial mottoes are
+unusual, and perfect examples of that genius which
+with a few words can shape a lasting gem of our
+English tongue. At the edge of the dial face is this
+motto:</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Hours fly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Flowers die,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">New Days,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">New Ways,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Pass by;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Love stays."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>At the base of the gnomon is the second motto:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">Time is<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Too Slow for those who Wait,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Too Swift for those who Fear,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Too Long for those who Grieve,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Too Short for those who Rejoice;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But for those who Love,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Time is<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Eternity.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I have for years been a student of sun-dial lore,
+a collector of sun-dial mottoes and inscriptions, of
+which I have many hundreds. I know nowhere,
+either in English, on English or Scotch sun-dials,
+or in the Continental tongues, any such exquisite
+dial legends as these two&mdash;so slight of form, so
+simple in wording, so pure in diction, yet of sentiment,
+of thought, how full! how impressive! They
+stamp themselves forever on the memory as beautiful
+examples of what James Russell Lowell called
+verbal magic; that wonderful quality which comes,
+neither<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+ from chosen words, nor from their careful
+combination into sentences, but from something
+which is as inexplicable in its nature as it is in its
+charm.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i041" name="i041"></a>
+<a href="images/i041_large.jpg"><img src="images/i041.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Ancient Pine in Garden at Yaddo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>To tree lovers the gardens and grounds at Yaddo
+have glorious charms in their splendid trees; but
+one can be depicted here&mdash;the grand native Pine,
+over eight feet in diameter, which, with other stately
+sentinels of its race, stands a sombrely beautiful
+guard over all this loveliness.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2>
+
+<p class="center">BOX EDGINGS</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"They walked over the crackling leaves in the garden, between
+the lines of Box, breathing its fragrance of eternity; for this is one
+of the odors which carry us out of time into the abysses of the
+unbeginning past; if we ever lived on another ball of stone than
+this, it must be that there was Box growing on it."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="small attr">
+&mdash;<i>Elsie Venner</i>, <span class="smcap">Oliver Wendell Holmes</span>, 1861.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_t_large.png"><img src="images/drop_t.png" alt="T" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">To many of us, besides Dr. Holmes,
+the unique aroma of the Box,
+cleanly bitter in scent as in taste,
+is redolent of the eternal past; it
+is almost hypnotic in its effect.
+This strange power is not felt by
+all, nor is it a present sensitory
+influence; it is an hereditary memory,
+half-known by many, but fixed in its intensity
+in those of New England birth and descent, true
+children of the Puritans; to such ones the Box
+breathes out the very atmosphere of New England's
+past. I cannot see in clear outline those prim gardens
+of centuries ago, nor the faces of those who
+walked and worked therein; but I know, as I stroll
+to-day between our old Box-edged borders, and inhale
+the beloved bitterness of fragrance, and gather
+a stiff sprig of the beautiful glossy leaves, that in
+truth the garden lovers and garden workers of
+other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>
+ days walk beside me, though unseen and
+unheard.</p></div>
+
+<p>About thirty years ago a bright young Yankee
+girl went to the island of Cuba as a governess to
+the family of a sugar planter. It was regarded as a
+somewhat perilous adventure by her home-staying
+folk, and their apprehensions of ill were realized in
+her death there five years later. This was not, however,
+all that happened to her. The planter's wife
+had died in this interval of time, and she had been
+married to the widower. A daughter had been born,
+who, after her mother's death, was reared in the
+Southern island, in Cuban ways, having scant and
+formal communication with her New England kin.
+When this girl was twenty years old, she came to
+the little Massachusetts town where her mother had
+been reared, and met there a group of widowed and
+maiden aunts, and great-aunts. After sitting for a
+time in her mother's room in the old home, the
+reserve which often exists between those of the same
+race who should be friends but whose lives have been
+widely apart, and who can never have more than
+a passing sight of each other, made them in semi-embarrassment
+and lack of resources of mutual
+interest walk out into the garden. As they passed
+down the path between high lines of Box, the girl
+suddenly stopped, looked in terror at the gate, and
+screamed out in fright, "The dog, the dog, save me,
+he will kill me!" <i>No dog was there</i>, but on that
+very spot, between those Box hedges, thirty years
+before, her mother had been attacked and bitten by
+an enraged dog, to the distress and apprehension of
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+ aunts, who all recalled the occurrence, as they
+reassured the fainting and bewildered girl. She, of
+course, had never known aught of this till she was
+told it by the old Box.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i042" name="i042"></a>
+<a href="images/i042_large.jpg"><img src="images/i042.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">House and Garden at Napanock. County Ulster, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Many other instances of the hypnotic effect of
+Box are known, and also of its strong influence on
+the mind through memory. I know of a man who
+travelled a thousand miles to renew acquaintance and
+propose marriage to an old sweetheart, whom he had
+not seen and scarcely thought of for years, having
+been induced to this act wholly through memories
+of her, awakened by a chance stroll in an old Box-edged
+garden such as those of his youth; at the gate
+of one of which he had often lingered, after walking
+home with her from singing-school. I ought to be
+able to add that the twain were married as a result
+of this sentimental memory-awakening through the
+old Box; but, in truth, they never came very close
+to matrimony. For when he saw her he remained
+absolutely silent on the subject of marriage; the
+fickle creature forgot the Box scent and the singing-school,
+while she openly expressed to her friends
+her surprise at his aged appearance, and her pity for
+his dulness. For the sense of sight is more powerful
+than that of smell, and the Box might prove a
+master hand at hinting, but it failed utterly in permanent
+influence.</p>
+
+<p>Those who have not loved the Box for centuries
+in the persons and with the partial noses of their
+Puritan forbears, complain of its curious scent, say,
+like Polly Peacham, that "they can't abear it," and
+declare that it brings ever the thought of old graveyards.
+I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+ have never seen Box in ancient burying-grounds,
+they were usually too neglected to be thus
+planted; but it was given a limited space in the
+cemeteries of the middle of this century. Even
+those borders have now generally been dug up to
+give place to granite copings.</p>
+
+<p>The scent of Box has been aptly worded by Gabriel
+d'Annunzio, in his <i>Virgin of the Rocks</i>, in his
+description of a neglected garden. He calls it a
+"bitter sweet odor," and he notes its influence in
+making his wanderers in this garden "reconstruct
+some memory of their far-off childhood."</p>
+
+<p>The old Jesuit poet Rapin writing in the seventeenth
+century tells a fanciful tale that&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2q">"Gardens of old, nor Art, nor Rules obey'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But unadorn'd, or wild Neglect betray'd;"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>that Flora's hair hung undressed, neglected "in artless
+tresses," until in pity another nymph "around
+her head wreath'd a Boxen Bough" from the fields;
+which so improved her beauty that trim edgings
+were placed ever after&mdash;"where flowers disordered
+once at random grew."</p>
+
+<p>He then describes the various figures of Box, the
+way to plant it, its disadvantages, and the associate
+flowers that should be set with it, all in stilted verse.</p>
+
+<p>Queen Anne was a royal enemy of Box. By her
+order many of the famous Box hedges at Hampton
+Court were destroyed; by her example, many old
+Box-edged gardens throughout England were rooted
+up. There are manifold objections raised to Box
+besides the dislike of its distinctive odor: heavy
+edgings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
+ and hedges of Box "take away the heart of
+the ground" and flowers pine within Box-edged
+borders; the roots of Box on the inside of the
+flower knot or bed, therefore, have to be cut and
+pulled out in order to leave the earth free for flower
+roots. It is also alleged that Box harbors slugs&mdash;and
+I fear it does.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i043" name="i043"></a>
+<a href="images/i043_large.jpg"><img src="images/i043.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Box Parterre at Hampton.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We are told that it is not well to plant Box edgings
+in our gardens, because Box is so frail, is so
+easily winter-killed, that it dies down in ugly fashion.
+Yet see what great trees it forms, even when untrimmed,
+as in the Prince Garden (<a href="#i011">page 31</a>). It
+is true that Box does not always flourish in the
+precise shape you wish, but it has nevertheless a
+wonderfully tenacious hold on life. I know nothing
+more suggestive of persistence and of sad sentiment
+than the view often seen in forlorn city enclosures,
+as you drive past, or rush by in an electric car, of
+an aged bush of Box, or a few feet of old Box hedge
+growing in the beaten earth of a squalid back yard,
+surrounded by dirty tenement houses. Once a fair
+garden there grew; the turf and flowers and trees
+are vanished; but spared through accident, or because
+deemed so valueless, the Box still lives. Even
+in Washington and other Southern cities, where the
+negro population eagerly gather Box at Christmas-tide,
+you will see these forlorn relics of the garden
+still growing, and their bitter fragrance rises above
+the vile odors of the crowded slums.</p>
+
+<p>Box formed an important feature of the garden of
+Pliny's favorite villa in Tuscany, which he described
+in his letter to Apollinaris. How I should have
+loved its formal beauty! On the southern front a
+terrace was bordered with a Box hedge and "embellished
+with various figures in Box, the representation
+of divers animals." Beyond was a circus
+formed around by ranges of Box rising in walls
+of varied heights. The middle of this circus was
+ornamented with figures of Box. On one side was a
+hippodrome<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+ set with a plantation of Box trees backed
+with Plane trees; thence ran a straight walk divided
+by Box hedges into alleys. Thus expanses were
+enclosed, one of which held a beautiful meadow,
+another had "knots of Plane tree," another was
+"set with Box a thousand different forms." Some
+of these were letters expressing the name of the
+owner of all this extravagance; or the initials of
+various fair Roman dames, a very gallant pleasantry
+of young Pliny. Both Plane tree and Box tree of
+such ancient gardens were by tradition nourished
+with wine instead of water. Initials of Box may be
+seen to-day in English gardens, and heraldic devices.
+French gardens vied with English gardens in curious
+patterns in Box. The garden of Versailles during
+the reign of Louis XIV. had a stag chase, in clipped
+Box, with greyhounds in chase. Globes, pyramids,
+tubes, cylinders, cones, arches, and other shapes were
+cut in Box as they were in Yew.</p>
+
+<p>A very pretty conceit in Box was&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Horizontal dials on the ground<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">In living Box by cunning artists traced."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Reference is frequent enough to these dials of
+Box to show that they were not uncommon in fine
+old English gardens. There were sun-dials either
+of Box or Thrift, in the gardens of colleges both
+at Oxford and Cambridge, as may be seen in Loggan's
+<i>Views</i>. Two modern ones are shown; one,
+on <a href="#i044">page 98</a>, is in the garden of Lady Lennox, at
+Broughton Castle, Banbury, England. Another of
+exceptionally fine growth and trim perfection in the
+garden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+ at Ascott, the seat of Mr. Leopold de Rothschild
+(<a href="#i045">opposite page 100</a>.) These are curious rather
+than beautiful, but display well that quality given in
+the poet's term "the tonsile Box."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i044" name="i044"></a>
+<a href="images/i044_large.jpg"><img src="images/i044.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial in Box at Broughton Castle.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Writing of a similar sun-dial, Lady Warwick
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"Never was such a perfect timekeeper as my sun-dial,
+and the figures which record the hours are all cut out and
+trimmed in Box, and there again on its outer ring is a legend
+which read in whatever way you please: Les heures
+heureuses ne se comptent pas. They were outlined for
+me, those words, in baby sprigs of Box by a friend who is
+no more, who loved my garden and was good to it."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Box<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+ hedges were much esteemed in England&mdash;so
+says Parkinson, to dry linen on, affording the
+raised expanse and even surface so much desired. It
+can always be noted in all domestic records of early
+days that the vast washing of linen and clothing
+was one of the great events of the year. Sometimes,
+in households of plentiful supply, these washings
+were done but once a year; in other homes, semi-annually.
+The drying and bleaching linen was an
+unceasing attraction to rascals like Autolycus, who
+had a "pugging tooth"&mdash;that is, a prigging tooth.
+These linen thieves had a special name, they were
+called "prygmen"; they wandered through the
+country on various pretexts, men and their doxies,
+and were the bane of English housewives.</p>
+
+<p>The Box hedges were also in constant use to hold
+the bleaching webs of homespun and woven flaxen
+and hempen stuff, which were often exposed for
+weeks in the dew and sunlight. In 1710 a reason
+given for the disuse and destruction of "quicksetted
+arbors and hedges" was that they "agreed very ill
+with the ladies' muslins."</p>
+
+<p>Box was of little value in the apothecary shop, was
+seldom used in medicine. Parkinson said that the
+leaves and dust of boxwood "boyld in lye" would
+make hair to be "of an Aborne or Abraham color"&mdash;that
+is, auburn. This was a very primitive hair
+dye, but it must have been a powerful one.</p>
+
+<p>Boxwood was a firm, beautiful wood, used to
+make tablets for inscriptions of note. The mottled
+wood near the root was called dudgeon. Holland's
+translation of Pliny says, "The Box tree seldome
+hath<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+ any grain crisped damaske-wise, and never
+but about the root, the which is dudgin." From
+its esteemed use for dagger hilts came the word
+dudgeon-dagger, and the terms "drawn-dudgeon"
+and "high-dudgeon," meaning offence or discord.</p>
+
+<p>I plead for the Box, not for its fragrance, for you
+may not be so fortunate as to have a Puritan sense
+of smell, nor for its weird influence, for that is intangible;
+but because it is the most becoming of
+all edgings to our garden borders of old-time flowers.
+The clear compact green of its shining leaves,
+the trim distinctness of its clipped lines, the attributes
+that made Pope term it the "shapely Box,"
+make it the best of all foils for the varied tints of
+foliage, the many colors of bloom, and the careless
+grace in growth of the flowers within the border.</p>
+
+<p>Box edgings are pleasant, too, in winter, showing
+in grateful relief against the tiresome monotony of
+the snow expanse. And they bear sometimes a
+crown of lightest snow wreaths, which seem like a
+white blossoming in promise of the beauties of the
+border in the coming summer. Pick a bit of this
+winter Box, even with the mercury below zero. Lo!
+you have a breath of the hot dryness of the midsummer
+garden.</p>
+
+<p>Box grows to great size, even twenty feet in
+height. In Southern gardens, where it is seldom
+winter-killed, it is often of noble proportions. In
+the lovely garden of Martha Washington at Mount
+Vernon the Box is still preserved in the beauty and
+interest of its original form.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i045" name="i045"></a>
+<a href="images/i045_large.jpg"><img src="images/i045.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial in Box at Ascott.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The Box edgings and hedges of many other
+Southern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>
+ gardens still are in good condition; those
+of the old Preston homestead at Columbia, South
+Carolina (shown on <a href="#i006">pages 15</a> and <a href="#i007">18</a>, and <a href="#i020">facing
+page 54</a>), owe their preservation during the Civil
+War to the fact that the house was then the refuge
+of a sisterhood of nuns. The Ridgely estate,
+Hampton, in County Baltimore, Maryland, has a
+formal garden in which the perfection of the Box is
+a delight. The will of Captain Charles Ridgely, in
+1787, made an appropriation of money and land for
+this garden. The high terrace which overlooks the
+garden and the shallow ones which break the southern
+slope and mark the boundaries of each parterre
+are fine examples of landscape art, and are said to be
+the work of Major Chase Barney, a famous military
+engineer. By 1829 the garden was an object of
+beauty and much renown. A part only of the original
+parterre remains, but the more modern flower borders,
+through the unusual perspective and contour
+of the garden, do not clash with the old Box-edged
+beds. These edgings were reset in 1870, and are
+always kept very closely cut. The circular domes
+of clipped box arise from stems at least a hundred
+years old. The design of the parterre is so satisfactory
+that I give three views of it in order to
+show it fully. (See <a href="#i021">pages 57</a>, <a href="#i022">60</a>, and <a href="#i043">95</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>A Box-edged garden of much beauty and large
+extent existed for some years in the grounds connected
+with the County Jail in Fitchburg, Massachusetts.
+It was laid out by the wife of the warden,
+aided by the manual labor of convicted prisoners,
+with her earnest hope that working among flowers
+would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+ have a benefiting and softening influence
+on these criminals. She writes rather dubiously:
+"They all enjoyed being out of doors with their
+pipes, whether among the flowers or the vegetables;
+and no attempt at escape was ever made by any
+of them while in the comparative freedom of the
+flower-garden." She planted and marked distinctly
+in this garden over seven hundred groups of annuals
+and hardy perennials, hoping the men would
+care to learn the names of the flowers, and through
+that knowledge, and their practise in the care of
+Box edgings and hedges, be able to obtain positions
+as under-gardeners when their terms of imprisonment
+expired.</p>
+
+<p>The garden at Tudor Place, the home of Mrs.
+Beverley Kennon (<a href="#i046">page 103</a>), displays fine Box;
+and the garden of the poet Longfellow which is
+said to have been laid out after the Box-edged
+parterres at Versailles. Throughout this book are
+scattered several good examples of Box from Salem
+and other towns; in a sweet, old garden on Kingston
+Hill, Rhode Island (<a href="#i047">page 104</a>) the flower-beds
+are anchor-shaped.</p>
+
+<p>In favorable climates Box edgings may grow in
+such vigor as to entirely fill the garden beds. An
+example of this is given on <a href="#i048">page 105</a>, showing the
+garden at Tuckahoe. The beds were laid out over
+a large space of ground in a beautiful design, which
+still may be faintly seen by examining the dark expanse
+beside the house, which is now almost solid
+Box. The great hedges by the avenue are also
+Box; between similar ones at Upton Court in
+Camden,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+ South Carolina, riders on horseback cannot
+be seen nor see over it. New England towns
+seldom show such growth of Box; but in Hingham,
+Massachusetts, at the home of Mrs. Robbins, author
+of that charming book, <i>The Rescue of an Old Place</i>,
+there is a Box bower, with walls of Box fifteen feet
+in height. These walls were originally the edgings
+of a flower bed on the "Old Place." Read Dr.
+John Brown's charming account of the Box bower
+of the "Queen's Maries."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i046" name="i046"></a>
+<a href="images/i046_large.jpg"><img src="images/i046.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden at Tudor Place.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Box grows on Long Island with great vigor. At
+Brecknock Hall, the family residence of Mrs. Albert
+Delafield<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+ at Greenport, Long Island, the hedges of
+plain and variegated Box are unusually fine, and the
+paths are well laid out. Some of them are entirely
+covered by the closing together of the two hedges
+which are often six or seven feet in height.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i047" name="i047"></a>
+<a href="images/i047_large.jpg"><img src="images/i047.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Anchor-shaped Flower-beds. Kingston, Rhode Island.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>In spite of the constant assertion of the winter-killing
+of Box in the North, the oldest Box in
+the country is that at Sylvester Manor, Shelter
+Island, New York. The estate is now owned by
+the tenth mistress of the manor, Miss Cornelia
+Horsford; the first mistress of the manor, Grissel
+Sylvester, who had been Grissel Gardiner, came
+there in 1652. It is told, and is doubtless true, that
+she brought there the first Box plants, to make, in
+what was then a far-away island, a semblance of her
+home<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
+ garden. It is said that this Box was thriving
+in Madam Sylvester's garden when George Fox
+preached there to the Indians. The oldest Box is
+fifteen or eighteen feet high; not so tall, I think, as
+the neglected Box at Vaucluse, the old Hazard place
+near Newport, but far more massive and thrifty and
+shapely. Box needs unusual care and judgment, an
+instinct almost, for the removal of certain portions.
+It sends out tiny rootlets at the joints of the sprays,
+and these grow readily. The largest and oldest
+Box bushes at Sylvester Manor garden are a study
+in their strong, hearty stems, their perfect foliage,
+their symmetry; they show their care of centuries.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i048" name="i048"></a>
+<a href="images/i048_large.jpg"><img src="images/i048.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Ancient Box at Tuckahoe.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The delightful Box-edged flower beds were laid
+out in their present form about seventy years ago
+by the grandfather of the present owner. There
+is a <a href="#i128">Lower Garden</a>, a <a href="#i099">Terrace Garden</a>, which are
+shown on succeeding pages, a <a href="#i124">Fountain Garden</a>, a
+Rose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+ Garden, a Water Garden; a bit of the latter is
+on <a href="#i031">page 75</a>. In some portions of these gardens,
+especially on the upper terrace, the Box is so high,
+and set in such quaint and rambling figures, that it
+closely approaches an old English maze; and it was
+a pretty sight to behold a group of happy little
+children running in and out among these Box hedges
+that extended high over their heads, searching long
+and eagerly for the central bower where their little
+tea party was set.</p>
+
+<p>Over these old garden borders hangs literally an
+atmosphere of the past; the bitter perfume stimulates
+the imagination as we walk by the side of
+these splendid Box bushes, and think, as every one
+must, of what they have seen, of what they know;
+on this garden is written the history of over two
+centuries of beautiful domestic home life. It is well
+that we still have such memorials to teach us the
+nobility and beauty of such a life.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2>
+
+<p class="center">THE HERB GARDEN</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"To have nothing here but Sweet Herbs, and those only choice
+ones too, and every kind its bed by itself."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="small attr">
+&mdash;<span class="smcap">Desiderius Erasmus</span>, 1500.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_i_large.png"><img src="images/drop_i.png" alt="I" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">In Montaigne's time it was the
+custom to dedicate special chapters
+of books to special persons.
+Were it so to-day, I should dedicate
+this chapter to the memory
+of a friend who has been constantly
+in my mind while writing
+it; for she formed in her beautiful garden, near our
+modern city, Chicago, the only perfect herb garden
+I know,&mdash;a garden that is the counterpart of the
+garden of Erasmus, made four centuries ago; for
+in it are "nothing but Sweet Herbs, and choice
+ones too, and every kind its bed by itself." A
+corner of it is shown on <a href="#i049">page 108</a>. This herb
+garden is so well laid out that I will give directions
+therefrom for a bed of similar planting. It
+may be placed at the base of a grass bank or at
+the edge of a garden. Let two garden walks be laid
+out, one at the lower edge, perhaps, of the bank,
+the other parallel, ten, fifteen, twenty feet away.
+Let narrow paths be left at regular intervals running
+parallel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+ from walk to walk, as do the rounds of a
+ladder from the two side bars. In the narrow oblong
+beds formed by these paths plant solid rows of
+herbs, each variety by itself, with no attempt at
+diversity of design. You can thus walk among them,
+and into them, and smell them in their concentrated
+strength, and you can gather them at ease. On the
+bank can be placed the creeping Thyme, and other
+low-running herbs. Medicinal shrubs should be the
+companions of the herbs; plant these as you will,
+according to their growth and habit, making them
+give variety of outline to the herb garden.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i049" name="i049"></a>
+<a href="images/i049_large.jpg"><img src="images/i049.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Herb Garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are few persons who have a strong enough
+love of leaf scents, or interest in herbs, to make
+them willing to spend much time in working in
+an herb garden. The beauty and color of flowers
+would compensate them, but not the growth or
+scent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+ of leafage. It is impossible to describe to
+one who does not feel by instinct "the lure of
+green things growing," the curious stimulation, the
+sense of intoxication, of delight, brought by working
+among such green-growing, sweet-scented things.
+The maker of this interesting garden felt this stimulation
+and delight; and at her city home on a
+bleak day in December we both revelled in holding
+and breathing in the scent of tiny sprays of Rue,
+Rosemary, and Balm which, still green, had been
+gathered from beneath fallen leaves and stalks in
+her country garden, as a tender and grateful attention
+of one herb lover to another. Thus did she
+prove Shakespeare's words true even on the shores
+of Lake Michigan:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Rosemary and Rue: these keep<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Seeming and savor all the winter long."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>There is ample sentiment in the homely inhabitants
+of the herb garden. The herb garden of the
+Countess of Warwick is called by her a Garden of
+Sentiment. Each plant is labelled with a pottery
+marker, swallow-shaped, bearing in ineradicable
+colors the flower name and its significance. Thus
+there is Balm for sympathy, Bay for glory, Foxglove
+for sincerity, Basil for hatred.</p>
+
+<p>A recent number of <i>The Garden</i> deplored the dying
+out of herbs in old English gardens; so I think
+it may prove of interest to give the list of herbs
+and medicinal shrubs and trees which grew in this
+friend's herb garden in the new world across the sea.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span></p>
+<blockquote><p class="small">Arnica, Anise, Ambrosia, Agrimony, Aconite.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Belladonna, Black Alder, Betony, Boneset or Thorough-wort,
+Sweet Basil, Bryony, Borage, Burnet, Butternut,
+Balm, <i>Melissa officinalis</i>, Balm (variegated), Bee-balm, or
+Oswego tea, mild, false, and true Bergamot, Burdock,
+Bloodroot, Black Cohosh, Barberry, Bittersweet, Butterfly-weed,
+Birch, Blackberry, Button-Snakeroot, Buttercup.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Costmary, or Sweet Mary, Calamint, Choke-cherry,
+Comfrey, Coriander, Cumin, Catnip, Caraway, Chives,
+Castor-oil Bean, Colchicum, Cedronella, Camomile, Chicory,
+Cardinal-flower, Celandine, Cotton, Cranesbill, Cow-parsnip,
+High-bush Cranberry.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Dogwood, Dutchman's-pipe, Dill, Dandelion, Dock,
+Dogbane.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Elder, Elecampane, Slippery Elm.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Sweet Fern, Fraxinella, Fennel, Flax, Fumitory, Fig,
+Sweet Flag, Blue Flag, Foxglove.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Goldthread, Gentian, Goldenrod.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Hellebore, Henbane, Hops, Horehound, Hyssop, Horseradish,
+Horse-chestnut, Hemlock, Small Hemlock or
+Fool's Parsley.</p>
+
+<p class="small">American Ipecac, Indian Hemp, Poison Ivy, wild,
+false, and blue Indigo, wild yellow Indigo, wild white
+Indigo.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Juniper, Joepye-weed.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Lobelia, Lovage, Lavender, Lemon Verbena, Lemon,
+Mountain Laurel, Yellow Lady's-slippers, Lily of the Valley,
+Liverwort, Wild Lettuce, Field Larkspur, Lungwort.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Mosquito plant, Wild Mint, Motherwort, Mullein, Sweet
+Marjoram, Meadowsweet, Marshmallow, Mandrake, Mulberry,
+black and white Mustard, Mayweed, Mugwort,
+Marigold.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Nigella.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Opium Poppy, Orange, Oak.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Pulsatilla, Pellitory or Pyrethrum, Red Pepper, Peppermint,
+Pennyroyal,<span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+ False Pennyroyal, Pope-weed, Pine,
+Pigweed, Pumpkin, Parsley, Prince's-pine, Peony, Plantain.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Rhubarb, Rue, Rosemary, Rosa gallica, Dog Rose.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
+<p class="small">Sassafras, Saxifrage, Sweet Cicely, Sage (common blue),
+Sage (red), Summer Savory, Winter Savory, Santonin,
+Sweet Woodruff, Saffron, Spearmint, wild Sarsaparilla,
+Black Snakeroot, Squills, Senna, St.-John's-Wort, Sorrel,
+Spruce Fir, Self-heal, Southernwood.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Thorn Apple, Tansy, Thyme, Tobacco, Tarragon.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Valerian, Dogtooth Violet, Blue Violet.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Witchhazel, Wormwood, Wintergreen, Willow, Walnut.</p>
+
+<p class="small">Yarrow.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i050" name="i050"></a>
+<a href="images/i050_large.jpg"><img src="images/i050.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden at White Birches. Elmhurst, Illinois.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It will be noted that some common herbs and
+medicinal plants are missing; there is, for instance,
+no Box; it will not live in that climate; and there
+are many other herbs which this garden held for a
+short time, but which succumbed under the fierce
+winter winds from Lake Michigan.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to compare this list with one
+made in rhyme three centuries ago, the garland of
+herbs of the nymph Lelipa in Drayton's <i>Muse's
+Elyzium</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"A chaplet then of Herbs I'll make<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Than which though yours be braver,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Yet this of mine I'll undertake<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Shall not be short in savour.<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">With Basil then I will begin,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Whose scent is wondrous pleasing:<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">This Eglantine I'll next put in<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The sense with sweetness seizing.<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Then in my Lavender I lay<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Muscado put among it,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">With here and there a leaf of Bay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Which still shall run along it.<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Germander, Marjoram and Thyme,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Which uséd are for strewing;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">With Hyssop as an herb most prime</span><span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Here in my wreath bestowing.<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Then Balm and Mint help to make up<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">My chaplet, and for trial<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Costmary that so likes the Cup,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And next it Pennyroyal.<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Then Burnet shall bear up with this,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Whose leaf I greatly fancy;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Some Camomile doth not amiss<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">With Savory and some Tansy.<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Then here and there I'll put a sprig<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Of Rosemary into it,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Thus not too Little nor too Big,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">'Tis done if I can do it."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i051" name="i051"></a>
+<a href="images/i051_large.jpg"><img src="images/i051.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden of Manning Homestead, Salem, Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Another name for the herb garden was the olitory;
+and the word herber, or herbar, would at first sight
+appear to be an herbarium, an herb garden; it was
+really an arbor. I have such satisfaction in herb
+gardens, and in the herbs themselves, and in all
+their uses, all their lore, that I am confirmed in my
+belief that I really care far less for Botany than for
+that old-time regard and study of plants covered by
+the significant name, Wort-cunning. Wort was a
+good old common English word, lost now in our use,
+save as the terminal syllable of certain plant-names;
+it is a pity we have given it up since its equivalent,
+herb, seems so variable in application, especially in
+that very trying expression of which we weary
+so of late&mdash;herbaceous border. This seems an
+architect's phrase rather than a florist's; you always
+find it on the plans of fine houses with gardens. To
+me it annihilates every possibility of sentiment, and
+it usually isn't correct, since many of the plants in
+these borders are woody perennials instead of annuals;
+any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+ garden planting that is not "bedding-out"
+is wildly named "an herbaceous border."</p>
+
+<p>Herb gardens were no vanity and no luxury in
+our grandmothers' day; they were a necessity. To
+them every good housewife turned for nearly all
+that gave variety to her cooking, and to fill her
+domestic pharmacop&oelig;ia. The physician placed his
+chief reliance for supplies on herb gardens and the
+simples of the fields. An old author says, "Many
+an old wife or country woman doth often more
+good with a few known and common garden herbs,
+than our bombast physicians, with all their prodigious,
+sumptuous, far-fetched, rare, conjectural
+medicines." Doctor and goodwife both had a rival
+in the parson. The picture of the country parson
+and his wife given by old George Herbert was
+equally true of the New England minister and his
+wife:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"In the knowledge of simples one thing would be carefully
+observed, which is to know what herbs may be used
+instead of drugs of the same nature, and to make the garden
+the shop; for home-bred medicines are both more easy for
+the parson's purse, and more familiar for all men's bodies.
+So when the apothecary useth either for loosing Rhubarb,
+or for binding Bolearmana, the parson useth damask or
+white Rose for the one, and Plantain, Shepherd's Purse, and
+Knot-grass for the other; and that with better success.
+As for spices, he doth not only prefer home-bred things
+before them, but condemns them for vanities, and so shuts
+them out of his family, esteeming that there is no spice
+comparable for herbs to Rosemary, Thyme, savory Mints,
+and for seeds to Fennel and Caraway. Accordingly, for
+salves,<span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+ his wife seeks not the city, but prefers her gardens
+and fields before all outlandish gums."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Simples were medicinal plants, so called because
+each of these vegetable growths was held to possess
+an individual virtue, to be an element, a simple
+substance constituting a single remedy. The noun
+was generally used in the plural.</p>
+
+<p>You must not think that sowing, gathering, drying,
+and saving these herbs and simples in any convenient
+or unstudied way was all that was necessary.
+Not at all; many and manifold were the rules just
+when to plant them, when to pick them, how to pick
+them, how to dry them, and even how to keep them.
+Gervayse Markham was very wise in herb lore, in
+the suited seasons of the moon, and hour of the day
+or night, for herb culling. In the garret of every old
+house, such as that of the Ward Homestead, shown
+on <a href="#i052">page 116</a>, with the wreckage of house furniture,
+were hung bunches of herbs and simples, waiting for
+winter use.</p>
+
+<p>The still-room was wholly devoted to storing
+these herbs and manufacturing their products. This
+was the careful work of the house mistress and her
+daughters. It was not intrusted to servants. One
+book of instruction was entitled, <i>The Vertuouse Boke
+of Distyllacyon of the Waters of all Manner of Herbs</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Tusser wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"Good huswives provide, ere an sickness do come,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Of sundrie good things in house to have some,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Good aqua composita, vinegar tart,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Rose water and treacle to comfort the heart,</span><span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Good herbes in the garden for agues that burn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That over strong heat to good temper turn."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i052" name="i052"></a>
+<a href="images/i052_large.jpg"><img src="images/i052.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Under the Garret Eaves of the Ward Homestead. Shrewsbury,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Both still-room and simple-closet of a dame of
+the time of Queen Elizabeth or Queen Anne had
+crowded shelves. Many an herb and root, unused
+to-day, was deemed then of sovereign worth. From
+a manuscript receipt book I have taken names of
+ingredients,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+ many of which are seldom, perhaps
+never, used now in medicine. Unripe Blackberries,
+Ivy berries, Eglantine berries, "Ashen Keys,"
+Acorns, stones of Sloes, Parsley seed, Houseleeks,
+unripe Hazelnuts, Daisy roots, Strawberry "strings,"
+Woodbine tops, the inner bark of Oak and of red
+Filberts, green "Broom Cod," White Thorn berries,
+Turnips, Barberry bark, Dates, Goldenrod, Gourd
+seed, Blue Lily roots, Parsnip seed, Asparagus roots,
+Peony roots.</p>
+
+<p>From herbs and simples were made, for internal
+use, liquid medicines such as wines and waters,
+syrups, juleps; and solids, such as conserves, confections,
+treacles, eclegms, tinctures. There were
+for external use, amulets, oils, ointments, liniments,
+plasters, cataplasms, salves, poultices; also sacculi,
+little bags of flowers, seeds, herbs, etc., and pomanders
+and posies.</p>
+
+<p>That a certain stimulus could be given to the brain
+by inhaling the scent of these herbs will not be
+doubted, I think, by the herb lover even of this
+century. In the <i>Haven of Health</i>, 1636, cures
+were promised by sleeping on herbs, smelling of
+them, binding the leaves on the forehead, and inhaling
+the vapors of their boiling or roasting.
+Mint was "a good Posie for Students to oft smell."
+Pennyroyal "quickened the brain by smelling oft."
+Basil cleared the wits, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>The use of herbs in medicine is far from being
+obsolete; and when we give them more stately names
+we swallow the same dose. Dandelion bitters is still
+used for diseases caused by an ill-working liver.
+Wintergreen,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+ which was universally made into tea or
+oil for rheumatism, appears now in prescriptions for
+the same disease under the name of Gaultheria.
+Peppermint, once a sovereign cure for heartburn
+and "nuralogy," serves us decked with the title of
+Menthol. "Saffern-tea" never has lost its good
+standing as a cure for the "jarnders." In country
+communities scores of old herbs and simples
+are used in vast amounts; and in every village
+is some aged man or woman wise in gathering, distilling,
+and compounding these "potent and parable
+medicines," to use Cotton Mather's words. One of
+these gatherers of simples is shown <a href="#i053">opposite page
+120</a>, a quaint old figure, seen afar as we drive through
+country by-roads, as she bends over some dense
+clump of weeds in distant meadow or pasture.</p>
+
+<p>In our large city markets bunches of sweet herbs
+are still sold; and within a year I have seen men
+passing my city home selling great bunches of Catnip
+and Mint, in the spring, and dried Sage, Marjoram,
+and other herbs in the autumn. In one case
+I noted that it was the same man, unmistakably a
+real countryman, whom I had noted selling quail on
+the street, when he had about forty as fine quail as
+I ever saw. I never saw him sell quail, nor herbs.
+I think his customers are probably all foreigners&mdash;emigrants
+from continental Europe, chiefly Poles and
+Italians.</p>
+
+<p>The use of herbs as component parts of love
+philters and charms is a most ancient custom, and
+lingered into the nineteenth century in country communities.
+I knew but one case of the manufacture
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+ administering of a love philter, and it was by a
+person to whom such an action would seem utterly
+incongruous. A very gentle, retiring girl in a New
+England town eighty years ago was deeply in love
+with the minister whose church she attended, and
+of which her father was the deacon. The parson
+was a widower, nearly of middle age, and exceedingly
+sombre and reserved in character&mdash;saddened, doubtless,
+by the loss of his two young children and his
+wife through that scourge of New England, consumption;
+but he was very handsome, and even his
+sadness had its charm. His house, had burned
+down as an additional misfortune, and he lived in
+lodgings with two elderly women of his congregation.
+Therefore church meetings and various gatherings
+of committees were held at the deacon's house, and
+the deacon's daughter saw him day after day, and
+grew more desperately in love. Desperate certainly
+she was when she dared even to think of giving a
+love philter to a minister. The recipe was clearly
+printed on the last page of an old dream book; and
+she carried it out in every detail. It was easy to
+introduce it into the mug of flip which was always
+brewed for the meeting, and the parson drank it
+down abstractedly, thinking that it seemed more
+bitter than usual, but showing no sign of this
+thought. The philter was promised to have effect
+in making the drinker love profoundly the first person
+of opposite sex whom he or she saw after drinking
+it; and of course the minister saw Hannah as
+she stood waiting for his empty tankard. The dull
+details of parish work were talked over in the usual
+dragging<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+ way for half an hour, when the minister
+became conscious of an intense coldness which
+seemed to benumb him in every limb; and he
+tried to walk to the fireplace. Suddenly all in the
+room became aware that he was very ill, and one
+called out, "He's got a stroke." Luckily the town
+doctor was also a deacon, and was therefore present;
+and he promptly said, "He's poisoned," and hot
+water from the teakettle, whites of eggs, mustard,
+and other domestic antidotes were administered with
+promptitude and effect. It is useless to detail the
+days of agony to the wretched girl, during which the
+sick man wavered between life and death, nor her
+devoted care of him. Soon after his recovery he
+solemnly proposed marriage to her, and was refused.
+But he never wavered in his love for her; and every
+year he renewed his offer and told his wishes, to be
+met ever with a cold refusal, until ten years had
+passed; when into his brain there entered a perception
+that her refusal had some extraordinary element
+in it. Then, with a warmth of determination worthy
+a younger man, he demanded an explanation, and
+received a confession of the poisonous love philter.
+I suppose time had softened the memory of his suffering,
+at any rate they were married&mdash;so the promise
+of the love charm came true, after all.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i053" name="i053"></a>
+<a href="images/i053_large.jpg"><img src="images/i053.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">A Gatherer of Simples.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Amos Bronson Alcott was another author of
+Concord, a sweet philosopher whom I shall ever
+remember with deepest gratitude as the only person
+who in my early youth ever imagined any literary
+capacity in me (and in that he was sadly mistaken,
+for he fancied I would be a poet). I have read
+very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+ faithfully all his printed writings, trying to
+believe him a great man, a seer; but I cannot, in
+spite of my gratitude for his flattering though unfulfilled
+prophecy, discover in his books any profound
+signs of depth or novelty of thought. In his
+<i>Tablets</i> are some very pleasant, if not surprisingly
+wise, essays on domestic subjects; one, on "Sweet
+Herbs," tells cheerfully of the womanly care of the
+herb garden, but shows that, when written&mdash;about
+1850&mdash;borders of herbs were growing infrequent.</p>
+
+<p>One great delight of old English gardens is never
+afforded us in New England; we do not grow
+Lavender beds. I have of course seen single plants
+of Lavender, so easily winter-killed, but I never
+have seen a Lavender bed, nor do I know of one.
+It is a great loss. A bed or hedge of Lavender is
+pleasing in the same way that the dress of a Quaker
+lady is pleasing; it is reposeful, refined. It has a
+soft effect at the edge of a garden, like a blue-gray
+haze, and always reminds me of doves. The power
+of association or some inherent quality of the plant,
+makes Lavender always suggest freshness and cleanliness.</p>
+
+<p>We may linger a little with a few of these old
+herb favorites. One of the most balmy and beautiful
+of all the sweet breaths borne by leaves or
+blossoms is that of Basil, which, alas! I see so seldom.
+I have always loved it, and can never pass
+it without pressing its leaves in my hand; and I
+cannot express the satisfaction, the triumph, with
+which I read these light-giving lines of old Thomas
+Tusser, which showed me why I loved it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"Faire Basil desireth it may be hir lot<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To growe as the gilly flower trim in a pot<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That Ladies and Gentils whom she doth serve<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">May help hir as needeth life to preserve."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>An explanation of this rhyme is given by <i>Tusser
+Redivivus</i>: "Most people stroak Garden Basil
+which leaves a grateful smell on the hand and he will
+have it that Stroaking from a fair lady preserves the
+life of the Basil."</p>
+
+<p>This is a striking example of floral telepathy;
+you know what the Basil wishes, and the Basil knows
+and craves your affection, and repays your caress
+with her perfume and growth. It is a case of
+mutual attraction; and I beg the "Gentle Reader"
+never to pass a pot or plant of Basil without
+"stroaking" it; that it may grow and multiply and
+forever retain its relations with fair women, as a type
+of the purest, the most clinging, and grateful love.</p>
+
+<p>One amusing use of Basil (as given in one of
+my daughter's old Herbals) was intended to check
+obesity:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"<span class="smcap">To make that a Woman shall eat of Nothing
+that is set upon the Table</span>:&mdash;Take a little green
+Basil, and when Men bring the Dishes to the Table put
+it underneath them that the Woman perceive it not; so
+Men say that she will eat of none of that which is in the
+Dish whereunder the Basil lieth."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I cannot understand why so sinister an association
+was given to a pot of Basil by Boccaccio, who
+makes the unhappy Isabella conceal the head of her
+murdered lover in a flower pot under a plant of
+Basil;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+ for in Italy Basil is ever a plant of love, not
+of jealousy or crime. One of its common names
+is <i>Bacia, Nicola</i>&mdash;Kiss me, Nicholas. Peasant girls
+always place Basil in their hair when they go to
+meet their sweethearts, and an offered sprig of Basil
+is a love declaration. It is believed that Boccaccio
+obtained this tale from some tradition of ancient
+Greece, where Basil is a symbol of hatred and despair.
+The figure of poverty was there associated
+with a Basil plant as with rags. It had to be sown
+with abuse, with cursing and railing, else it would
+not flourish. In India its sanctity is above all
+other herbs. A pious Indian has at death a leaf of
+Basil placed in his bosom as his reward. The house
+surrounded by Basil is blessed, and all who cherish
+the plant are sure of heaven.</p>
+
+<p>Mithridate was a favorite medicine of our Puritan
+ancestors; there were various elaborate compound
+rules for its manufacture, in which Rue always took
+a part. It was simple enough in the beginning,
+when King Mithridates invented it as an antidote
+against poison: twenty leaves of Rue pounded with
+two Figs, two dried Walnuts and a grain of salt;
+which receipt may be taken <i>cum grano salis</i>. Rue
+also entered into the composition of the famous
+"Vinegar of the Four Thieves." These four rascals,
+at the time of the Plague in Marseilles, invented
+this vinegar, and, protected by its power, entered
+infected houses and carried away property without
+taking the disease. Rue had innumerable virtues.
+Pliny says eighty-four remedies were made of it.
+It was of special use in case of venomous bites,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+ to counteract "Head-Ach" from over indulgence
+in wine, especially if a little Sage were added.
+It promoted love in man and diminished it in
+woman; it was good for the ear-ache, eye-ache,
+stomach-ache, leg-ache, back-ache; good for an ague,
+good for a surfeit; indeed, it would seem wise to
+make Rue a daily article of food and thus insure
+perpetual good health.</p>
+
+<p>The scent of Rue seems never dying. A sprig
+of it was given me by a friend, and it chanced to
+lie for a single night on the sheets of paper upon
+which this chapter is written. The scent has never
+left them, and indeed the odor of Rue hangs literally
+around this whole book.</p>
+
+<p>Summer Savory and Sweet Marjoram are rarely
+employed now in American cooking. They are still
+found in my kitchen, and are used in scant amount
+as a flavoring for stuffing of fowl. Many who taste
+and like the result know not the old-fashioned materials
+used to produce that flavor, and "of the younger
+sort" the names even are wholly unrecognized.</p>
+
+<p>Sage is almost the only plant of the English
+kitchen garden which is ordinarily grown in America.
+I like its fresh grayness in the garden. In the
+days of our friend John Gerarde, the beloved old
+herbalist, there was no fixed botanical nomenclature;
+but he scarcely needed botanical terms, for he had a
+most felicitous and dextrous use of words. "Sage
+hath broad leaves, long, wrinkled, rough, and whitish,
+like in roughness to woollen cloth threadbare."
+What a description! it is far more vivid than the
+picture here shown. Sage has never lost its established
+place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+ as a flavoring for the stuffing for ducks,
+geese, and for sausages; but its universal employment
+as a flavoring for Sage cheese is nearly
+obsolete. In my childhood home, we always had
+Sage cheese with other cheeses; it was believed to
+be an aid in digestion. I had forgotten its taste;
+and I must say I didn't like it when I ate it last
+summer, in New Hampshire.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i054" name="i054"></a>
+<a href="images/i054_large.jpg"><img src="images/i054.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Our Friend, John Gerarde.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Tansy was highly esteemed in England as a medicine,
+a cosmetic, and a flavoring and ingredient in
+cooking. It was rubbed over raw meat to keep the
+flies away and prevent decay, for in those days of
+no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+ refrigerators there had to be strong measures
+taken for the preservation of all perishable food.
+Its strong scent and taste would be deemed intolerable
+to us, who can scarce endure even the milder
+Sage in any large quantity. A good folk name for
+it is "Bitter Buttons." Gerarde wrote of Tansy,
+"In the spring time, are made with the leaves
+hereof newly sprung up, and with Eggs, cakes or
+Tansies, which be pleasant in Taste and goode for
+the Stomach."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i055" name="i055"></a>
+<a href="images/i055_large.jpg"><img src="images/i055.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sage.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>"To Make a Tansie the Best Way," I learn from
+<i>The Accomplisht Cook</i>, was thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"Take twenty Eggs, and take away five whites, strain
+them with a quart of good sweet thick Cream, and put to
+it a grated nutmeg, a race of ginger grated, as much cinnamon
+beaten<span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+ fine, and a penny white loaf grated also, mix
+them all together with a little salt, then stamp some
+green wheat with some tansie herbs, strain it into the
+cream and eggs and stir all together; then take a clean
+frying-pan, and a quarter of a pound of butter, melt it, and
+put in the tansie, and stir it continually over the fire with
+a slice, ladle, or saucer, chop it, and break it as it thickens,
+and being well incorporated put it out of the pan into a
+dish, and chop it very fine; then make the frying-pan very
+clean, and put in some more butter, melt it, and fry it
+whole or in spoonfuls; being finely fried on both sides,
+dish it up and sprinkle it with rose-vinegar, grape-verjuyce,
+elder-vinegar, cowslip-vinegar, or the juyce of three or
+four oranges, and strow on a good store of fine sugar."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>To all of this we can say that it would certainly
+be a very good dish&mdash;without the Tansy. Another
+mediæval recipe was of Tansy, Feverfew,
+Parsley, and Violets mixed with eggs, fried in butter,
+and sprinkled with sugar.</p>
+
+<p>The Minnow-Tansie of old Izaak Walton, a
+"Tanzie for Lent," was made thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"Being well washed with salt and cleaned, and their
+heads and tails cut off, and not washed after, they prove excellent
+for that use; that is being fried with the yolks of
+eggs, the flowers of cowslips and of primroses, and a little
+tansy, thus used they make a dainty dish."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The name Tansy was given afterward to a rich
+fruit cake which had no Tansy in it. It was apparently
+a favorite dish of Pepys. A certain derivative
+custom obtained in some New England towns&mdash;certainly
+in Hartford and vicinity. Tansy was used
+to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
+ flavor the Fast Day pudding. One old lady recalls
+that it was truly a bitter food to the younger
+members of the family; Miss Shelton, in her entertaining
+book, <i>The Salt Box House</i>, tells of Tansy
+cakes, and says children did not dislike them.
+Tansy bitters were made of Tansy leaves placed
+in a bottle with New England rum. They were
+a favorite spring tonic, where all physicians and
+housewives prescribed "the bitter principle" in the
+spring time.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt Tansy was among the earliest plants
+brought over by the settlers; it was carefully cherished
+in the herb garden, then spread to the dooryard
+and then to farm lanes. As early as 1746
+the traveller Kalm noted Tansy growing wild in
+hedges and along roads in Pennsylvania. Now it
+extends its sturdy growth for miles along the country
+road, one of the rankest of weeds. It still is
+used in the manufacture of proprietary medicines,
+and for this purpose is cut with a sickle in great armfuls
+and gathered in cartloads. I have always liked
+its scent; and its leaves, as Gerarde said, "infinitely
+jagged and nicked and curled"; and its cheerful little
+"bitter buttons" of gold. Some old flowers adapt
+themselves to modern conditions and look up-to-date;
+but to me the Tansy, wherever found, is as
+openly old-fashioned as a betty-lamp or a foot-stove.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i056" name="i056"></a>
+<a href="images/i056_large.jpg"><img src="images/i056.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Tansy.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On July 1, 1846, an old grave was opened in
+the ancient "God's Acre" near the halls of Harvard
+University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This
+grave was a brick vault covered with irregularly
+shaped flagstones about three inches thick. Over
+it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+ was an ancient slab of peculiar stone, unlike any
+others in the cemetery save those over the graves
+of two presidents of the College, Rev. Dr. Chauncy
+and Dr. Oakes. As there were headstones near
+this slab inscribed with the names of the great-grandchildren
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
+ President Dunster, it was believed
+that this was the grave of a third President, Dr.
+Dunster. He died in the year 1659; but his death
+took place in midwinter; and when this coffin was
+opened, the skeleton was found entirely surrounded
+with common Tansy, in seed, a portion of which
+had been pulled up by the roots, and it was therefore
+believed by many who thought upon the
+matter that it was the coffin and grave of President
+Mitchell, who died in July, 1668, of "an extream
+fever." The skeleton was found still wrapped in a
+cerecloth, and in the record of the church is a
+memorandum of payment "for a terpauling to wrap
+Mr. Mitchell." The Tansy found in this coffin,
+placed there more than two centuries ago, still retained
+its shape and scent.</p>
+
+<p>This use of Tansy at funerals lingered long in
+country neighborhoods in New England, in some
+vicinities till fifty years ago. To many older persons
+the Tansy is therefore so associated with
+grewsome sights and sad scenes, that they turn
+from it wherever seen, and its scent to them is unbearable.
+One elderly friend writes me: "I never
+see the leaves of Tansy without recalling also the
+pale dead faces I have so often seen encircled by the
+dank, ugly leaves. Often as a child have I been
+sent to gather all the Tansy I could find, to be
+carried by my mother to the house of mourning;
+and I gathered it, loathing to touch it, but not daring
+to refuse, and I loathe it still."</p>
+
+<p>Tansy not only retains its scent for a long period,
+but the "golden buttons" retain their color; I have
+seen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+ them in New England parlors forming part of
+a winter posy; this, I suppose, in neighborhoods
+where Tansy was little used at funerals.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i057" name="i057"></a>
+<a href="images/i057_large.jpg"><img src="images/i057.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing, Albany, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>If an herb garden had no other reason for existence,
+let me commend it to the attention of those
+of ample grounds and kindly hearts, for a special
+purpose&mdash;as a garden for the blind. Our many
+flower-charities furnish flowers throughout the summer
+to our hospitals, but what sweet-scented flowers
+are there for those debarred from any sight of
+beauty? Through the past summer my daughters
+sent several times a week, by the generous carriage
+of the Long Island Express Company, boxes of wild
+flowers to any hospital of their choice. What could
+we send to the blind? The midsummer flowers of
+field and meadow gratified the sight, but scent was
+lacking. A sprig of Sweet Fern or Bayberry was the
+only resource. Think of the pleasure which could
+be given to the sightless by a posy of sweet-scented
+leaves, by Southernwood, Mint, Balm, or Basil,
+and when memory was thereby awakened in those
+who once had seen, what tender thoughts! If this
+book could influence the planting of an herb garden
+for the solace of those who cannot see the flowers
+of field and garden, then it will not have been written
+in vain.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2>
+
+<p class="center">IN LILAC TIDE</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Ere Man is aware<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">That the Spring is here<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The Flowers have found it out."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr">&mdash;<i>Ancient Chinese Saying.</i><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_a2_large.png"><img src="images/drop_a2.png" alt="A" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">"A flower opens, and lo! another
+Year," is the beautiful and suggestive
+legend on an old vessel
+found in the Catacombs. Since
+these words were written, how
+many years have begun! how many flowers have
+opened! and yet nature has never let us weary
+of spring and spring flowers. My garden knows
+well the time o' the year. It needs no almanac to
+count the months.</p></div>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"The untaught Spring is wise<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">In Cowslips and Anemonies."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>While I sit shivering, idling, wondering when I
+can "start the garden"&mdash;lo, there are Snowdrops
+and spring starting up to greet me.</p>
+
+<p>Ever in earliest spring are there days when there
+is no green in grass, tree, or shrub; but when the
+garden lover is conscious that winter is gone and
+spring is waiting. There is in every garden, in every
+dooryard,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+ as in the field and by the roadside, in
+some indefinable way a look of spring. One hint
+of spring comes even before its flowers&mdash;you
+can smell its coming. The snow is gone from
+the garden walks and some of the open beds; you
+walk warily down the softened path at midday, and
+you smell the earth as it basks in the sun, and a
+faint scent comes from some twigs and leaves. Box
+speaks of summer, not of spring; and the fragrance
+from that Cedar tree is equally suggestive of summer.
+But break off that slender branch of Calycanthus&mdash;how
+fresh and welcome its delightful
+spring scent. Carry it into the house with branches
+of Forsythia, and how quickly one fills its leaf buds
+and the other blossoms.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i058" name="i058"></a>
+<a href="images/i058_large.jpg"><img src="images/i058.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Ladies' Delights.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For several years the first blossom of the new
+year in our garden was neither the Snowdrop nor
+Crocus, but the Ladies' Delight, that laughing,
+speaking little garden face, which is not really a
+spring flower, it is a stray from summer; but it is
+such a shrewd, intelligent little creature that it readily
+found out that spring was here ere man or other
+flowers knew it. This dear little primitive of the
+Pansy tribe has become wonderfully scarce save in
+cherished old gardens like those of Salem, where I
+saw this year a space thirty feet long and several feet
+wide, under flowering shrubs and bushes, wholly
+covered with the everyday, homely little blooms of
+Ladies' Delights. They have the party-colored
+petal of the existing strain of English Pansies, distinct
+from the French and German Pansies, and I
+doubt not are the descendants of the cherished
+garden children of the English settlers. Gerarde
+describes this little English Pansy or Heartsease in
+1587 under the name of <i>Viola tricolor</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"The flouers in form and figure like the Violet, and for
+the most part of the same Bignesse, of three sundry colours,
+purple, yellow and white or blew, by reason of the beauty
+and braverie of which colours they are very pleasing to the
+eye, for smel they have little or none."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In Breck's <i>Book of Flowers</i>, 1851, is the first
+printed reference I find to the flower under the
+name Ladies' Delight. In my childhood I never
+heard it called aught else; but it has a score of folk
+names, all testifying to an affectionate intimacy:
+Bird's-eye; Garden-gate; Johnny-jump-up; None-so-pretty;
+Kitty-come;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>
+ Kit-run-about; Three-faces
+under-a-hood; Come-and-cuddle-me; Pink-of-my-Joan;
+Kiss-me; Tickle-my-fancy; Kiss-me-ere-I
+rise; Jump-up-and-kiss-me. To our little flower
+has also been given this folk name, Meet-her-in-the-entry-kiss-her-in-the-buttery,
+the longest plant name
+in the English language, rivalled only by Miss
+Jekyll's triumph of nomenclature for the Stonecrop,
+namely: Welcome-home-husband-be-he-ever-so-drunk.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i059" name="i059"></a>
+<a href="images/i059_large.jpg"><img src="images/i059.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden House in Garden of Hon. William H. Seward,
+Auburn, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>These little Ladies' Delights have infinite variety
+of expression; some are laughing and roguish, some
+sharp and shrewd, some surprised, others worried,
+all are animated and vivacious, and a few saucy to
+a degree. They are as companionable as people&mdash;nay,
+more; they are as companionable as children.
+No wonder children love them; they recognize
+kindred spirits. I know a child who picked unbidden
+a choice Rose, and hid it under her apron.
+But as she passed a bed of Ladies' Delights blowing
+in the wind, peering, winking, mocking, she
+suddenly threw the Rose at them, crying out pettishly,
+"Here! take your old flower!"</p>
+
+<p>The Dandelion is to many the golden seal of
+spring, but it blooms the whole circle of the year in
+sly garden corners and in the grass. Of it might
+have been written the lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"It smiles upon the lap of May,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">To sultry August spreads its charms,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Lights pale October on its way,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And twines December's arms."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+<p>I have picked both Ladies' Delights and Dandelions
+every month in the year.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i060" name="i060"></a>
+<a href="images/i060_large.jpg"><img src="images/i060.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial in Garden of Hon. William H. Seward, Auburn, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I suppose the common Crocus would not be
+deemed a very great garden ornament in midsummer,
+in its lowly growth; but in its spring blossoming
+it is&mdash;to use another's words&mdash;"most gladsome
+of the early flowers." A bed of Crocuses is certainly
+a keen pleasure, glowing in the sun, almost as grateful
+to the human eye as to the honey-gathering bees
+that come unerringly, from somewhere, to hover
+over the golden cups. How welcome after winter
+is the sound of that humming.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+<p>In the garden's story, there are ever a few pictures
+which stand out with startling distinctness.
+When the year is gone you do not recall many days
+nor many flowers with precision; often a single
+flower seems of more importance than a whole
+garden. In the day book of 1900 I have but few
+pictures; the most vivid was the very first of the
+season. It could have been no later than April,
+for one or two Snowdrops still showed white
+in the grass, when a splendid ribbon of Chionodoxa&mdash;Glory
+of the Snow&mdash;opened like blue fire
+burning from plant to plant, the bluest thing
+I ever saw in any garden. It was backed with
+solid masses of equally vivid yellow Alyssum and
+chalk-white Candy-tuft, both of which had had a
+good start under glass in a temporary forcing bed.
+These three solid masses of color surrounded by
+bare earth and showing little green leafage made my
+eyes ache, but a picture was burnt in which will
+never leave my brain. I always have a sense of
+importance, of actual ownership of a plant, when I
+can recall its introduction&mdash;as I do of the Chionodoxa,
+about 1871. It is said to come up and
+bloom in the snow, but I have never seen it in blossom
+earlier than March, and never then unless the
+snow has vanished. It has much of the charm of
+its relative, the Scilla.</p>
+
+<p>We all have flower favorites, and some of us have
+flower antipathies, or at least we are indifferent to
+certain flowers; but I never knew any one but loved
+the Daffodil. Not only have poets and dramatists
+sung it, but it is a common favorite, as shown by its
+homely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
+ names in our everyday speech. I am always
+touched in <i>Endymion</i> that the only flowers named
+as "a thing of beauty that is a joy forever" are Daffodils
+"with the green world they live in."</p>
+
+<p>In Daffodils I like the "old fat-headed sort with
+nutmeg and cinnamon smell and old common English
+names&mdash;Butter-and-eggs, Codlins-and-cream,
+Bacon and eggs." The newer ones are more slender
+in bud and bloom, more trumpet-shaped, and are
+commonplace of name instead of common. In Virginia
+the name of a variety has become applied to a
+family, and all Daffodils are called Butter-and-eggs
+by the people.</p>
+
+<p>On spring mornings the Tulips fairly burn with
+a warmth, which makes them doubly welcome
+after winter. Emerson&mdash;ever able to draw a picture
+in two lines&mdash;to show the heart of everything
+in a single sentence&mdash;thus paints them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"The gardens fire with a joyful blaze<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Of Tulips in the morning's rays."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>"Tulipase do carry so stately and delightful a
+form, and do abide so long in their bravery, that
+there is no Lady or Gentleman of any worth that is
+not caught with this delight,"&mdash;wrote the old herbalist
+Parkinson. Bravery is an ideal expression for
+Tulips.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i061" name="i061"></a>
+<a href="images/i061_large.jpg"><img src="images/i061.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Lilacs in Midsummer in Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing,
+Albany, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is with something of a shock that we read the
+words of Philip Hamerton in <i>The Sylvan Year</i>, that
+nature is not harmonious in the spring, but is only
+in the way of becoming so. He calls it the time of
+crudities, like the adolescence of the mind. He says,
+"The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
+ green is good for us, and we welcome it with
+uncritical gladness; but when we think of painting,
+it may be doubted whether any season of the year is
+less propitious to the broad and noble harmonies
+which are the secrets of all grand effects in art."
+And he compares the season to the uncomfortable
+hour in a household when the early risers are walking
+about, not knowing what to do with themselves,
+while others have not yet come down to breakfast.</p>
+
+<p>I must confess that an undiversified country landscape
+in spring has upon me the effect asserted by
+Hamerton. I recall one early spring week in the
+Catskills, when I fairly complained, "Everything is
+so green here." I longed for rocks, water, burnt
+fields, bare trees, anything to break that glimmering
+green of new grass and new Birches. But in the
+spring garden there is variety of shape and color;
+the Peony leaf buds are red, some sprouting leaves
+are pink, and there are vast varieties of brown and
+gray and gold in leaf.</p>
+
+<p>Let me give the procession of spring in the garden
+in the words of a lover of old New England
+flowers, Dr. Holmes. It is a vivid word picture of
+the distinctive forms and colors of budding flowers
+and leaves.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"At first the snowdrop's bells are seen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Then close against the sheltering wall<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The tulip's horn of dusky green,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The peony's dark unfolding ball.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"The golden-chaliced crocus burns;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The long narcissus blades appear;</span><span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The cone-beaked hyacinth returns<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">To light her blue-flamed chandelier.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"The willow's whistling lashes, wrung<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">By the wild winds of gusty March,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">With sallow leaflets lightly strung,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Are swaying by the tufted larch.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"See the proud tulip's flaunting cup,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">That flames in glory for an hour,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Behold it withering, then look up&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">How meek the forest-monarchs flower!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"When wake the violets, Winter dies;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">When sprout the elm buds, Spring is near;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">When lilacs blossom, Summer cries,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">'Bud, little roses, Spring is here.'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The universal flower in the old-time garden was
+the Lilac; it was the most beloved bloom of spring,
+and gave a name to Spring&mdash;Lilac tide. The Lilac
+does not promise "spring is coming"; it is the
+emblem of the <i>presence</i> of spring. Dr. Holmes
+says, "When Lilacs blossom, Summer cries, '<i>Spring
+is here</i>'" in every cheerful and lavish bloom. Lilacs
+shade the front yard; Lilacs grow by the kitchen
+doorstep; Lilacs spring up beside the barn; Lilacs
+shade the well; Lilacs hang over the spring house;
+Lilacs crowd by the fence side and down the country
+road. In many colonial dooryards it was the only
+shrub&mdash;known both to lettered and unlettered folk
+as Laylock, and spelt Laylock too. Walter Savage
+Landor, when Laylock had become antiquated, still
+clung to the word, and used it with a stubborn
+persistence such as he alone could compass, and
+which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
+ seems strange in the most finished classical
+scholar of his day.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i062" name="i062"></a>
+<a href="images/i062_large.jpg"><img src="images/i062.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Lilacs at Craigie House, the Home of Longfellow.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"I shall not go to town while the Lilacs bloom,"
+wrote Longfellow; and what Lilac lover could have
+left a home so Lilac-embowered as Craigie House!
+A view of its charms in Lilac tide is given in outline
+on this page; the great Lilac trees seem wondrously
+suited to the fine old Revolutionary mansion.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i063" name="i063"></a>
+<a href="images/i063_large.jpg"><img src="images/i063.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Box-edged Garden at the Home of Longfellow.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is in Albany, New York, a lovely garden
+endeared to those who know it through the
+memory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>
+ of a presence that lighted all places associated
+with it with the beauty of a noble life. It is
+the garden of the home of Mrs. Abraham Lansing,
+and was planted by her father and mother, General
+and Mrs. Peter Gansevoort, in 1846, having been
+laid out with taste and an art that has borne the test
+of over half a century's growth. In the garden are
+scores of old-time favorites: Flower de Luce, Peonies,
+Daffodils, and snowy Phlox; but instead of
+bending<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+ over the flower borders, let us linger awhile
+in the wonderful old Lilac walk. It is a glory of
+tender green and shaded amethyst and grateful hum
+of bees, the very voice of Spring. Every sense is
+gratified, even that of touch, when the delicate plumes
+of the fragrant Lilac blossoms brush your cheek as
+you walk through its path; there is no spot of fairer
+loveliness than this Lilac walk in May. It is a wonderful
+study of flickering light and grateful shade in
+midsummer. Look at its full-leaf charms opposite
+<a href="#i061">page 138</a>; was there ever anything lovelier in any garden,
+at any time, than the green vista of this Lilac walk
+in July? But for the thoughtful garden-lover it has
+another beauty still, the delicacy and refinement of
+outline when the Lilac walk is bare of foliage, as is
+shown on <a href="#i095">page 220</a> and <a href="#i069">facing page 154</a>. The very
+spirit of the Lilacs seems visible, etched with a purity
+of touch that makes them sentient, speaking beings,
+instead of silent plants. See the outlines of stem and
+branch against the tender sky of this April noon.
+Do you care for color when you have such beauty of
+outline? Surely this Lilac walk is loveliest in April,
+with a sensitive etherealization beyond compare.
+How wonderfully these pictures have caught the
+look of tentative spring&mdash;spring waiting for a single
+day to burst into living green. There is an ancient
+Saxon name for springtime&mdash;Opyn-tide&mdash;thus
+defined by an old writer, "Whenne that flowres
+think on blowen"&mdash;when the flowers begin to
+think of budding and blowing; and so I name this
+picture Opyn-tide, the Thought of Spring.</p>
+
+<p>For many years Lilacs were planted for hedges;
+they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+ were seldom satisfactory if clipped, for the broad-spreading
+leaves were always gray with dust, and
+they often had a "rust" which wholly destroyed
+their beauty. The finest clipped Lilac hedge I ever
+saw is at Indian Hill, Newburyport. It was set out
+about 1850, and is compact and green as Privet;
+the leaves are healthy, and the growth perfect down
+to the ground; it is an unusual example of Lilac
+growth&mdash;a perfect hedge. An unclipped Lilac
+hedge is lovely in its blooming; a beautiful one
+grows by the side of the old family home of Mr.
+Mortimer Howell at West Hampton Beach, Long
+Island. To this hedge in May come a-begging
+dusky city flower venders, who break off and carry
+away wagon loads of blooms. As the fare from and
+to New York is four dollars, and a wagon has to be
+hired to convey the flowers from the hedge two miles
+to the railroad station, there must be a high price
+charged for these Lilacs to afford any profit; but
+the Italian flower sellers appear year after year.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i064" name="i064"></a>
+<a href="images/i064_large.jpg"><img src="images/i064.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Joepye-weed and Queen Anne's Lace.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Lilacs bloom not in our ancient literature; they
+are not named by Shakespeare, nor do I recall any
+earlier mention of them than in the essay of Lord
+Bacon on "Gardens," published about 1610, where
+he spelled it Lelacke. Blue-pipe tree was the ancient
+name of the Lilac, a reminder of the time when pipes
+were made of its wood; I heard it used in modern
+speech once. An old Narragansett coach driver
+called out to me, "Ye set such store on flowers,
+don't ye want to pick that Blue-pipe in Pender
+Zeke's garden?"&mdash;a deserted garden and home at
+Pender Zeke's Corner. This man had some of the
+traits<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
+ of Mrs. Wright's delightful "Time-o'-Day,"
+and he knew well my love of flowers; for he had
+been my charioteer to the woods where Rhododendron
+and Rhodora bloom, and he had revealed to
+me the pond where grew the pink Water Lilies.
+And from a chance remark of mine he had conveyed
+to me a wagon load of Joepye-weed and Boneset,
+to the dismay of my younger children, who had
+apprehensions
+of unlimited gallons
+of herb tea
+therefrom. Let
+me steal a few
+lines from my
+spring Lilacs to
+write of these
+two "Sisters of
+Healing," which
+were often
+planted in the
+household herb
+garden. From
+July to September
+in the low lying meadows of every state from
+the Bay of Fundy to the Gulf of Mexico, can be
+found Joepye-weed and Boneset. The dull pink
+clusters of soft fringy blooms of Joepye-weed stand
+up three to eight feet in height above the moist
+earth, catching our eye and the visit of every passing
+butterfly, and commanding attention for their
+fragrance, and a certain dignity of carriage notable
+even among the more striking hues of the brilliant
+Goldenrod<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+ and vivid Sunflowers. Joe Pye was an
+Indian medicine-man of old New England, famed
+among his white neighbors for his skill in curing
+the devastating typhoid fevers which, in those days
+of no drainage and ignorance of sanitation, vied with
+so-called "hereditary"
+consumption
+in
+exterminating
+New England
+families. His
+cure-all was a bitter
+tea decocted
+from leaves and
+stalks of this
+<i>Eupatorium purpureum</i>,
+and in
+token of his success
+the plant
+bears everywhere his name,
+but it is now
+wholly neglected
+by the simpler
+and herb-doctor.
+The sister plant,
+the <i>Eupatorium perfoliatum</i>, known as Thoroughwort,
+Boneset, Ague-weed, or Indian Sage, grows
+everywhere by its side, and is also used in fevers.
+It was as efficacious in "break bone fever" in the
+South a century ago as it is now for the grippe, for
+it still is used, North and South, in many a country
+home.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+ Neltje Blanchan and Mrs. Dana Parsons call
+Thoroughwort or Boneset tea a "nauseous draught,"
+and I thereby suspect that neither has tasted it.
+I have many a time, and it has a clear, clean bitter
+taste, no stronger than any bitter beer or ale. Every
+year is Boneset gathered in old Narragansett; but
+swamp edges and meadows that are easy of access
+have been depleted of the stately growth of saw-edged
+wrinkled leaves, and the Boneset gatherer
+must turn to remote brooksides and inaccessible
+meadows for his harvest. The flat-topped terminal
+cymes of leaden white blooms are not distinctive as
+seen from afar, and many flowers of similar appearance
+lure the weary simpler here and there, until at
+last the welcome sight of the connate perfoliate
+leaves, surrounding the strong stalk, distinctive of
+the Boneset, show that his search is rewarded.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i065" name="i065"></a>
+<a href="images/i065_large.jpg"><img src="images/i065.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Boneset.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>After these bitter draughts of herb tea, we will turn,
+as do children, to sweets, to our beloved Lilac blooms.
+The Lilac has ever been a flower welcomed by English-speaking
+folk since it first came to England by
+the hand of some mariner. It is said that a German
+traveller named Busbeck brought it from the Orient
+to the continent in the sixteenth century. I know
+not when it journeyed to the new world, but long
+enough ago so that it now grows cheerfully and plentifully
+in all our states of temperate clime and indeed
+far south. It even grows wild in some localities,
+though it never looks wild, but plainly shows its
+escape or exile from some garden. It is specially
+beloved in New England, and it seems so much
+more suited in spirit to New England than to
+Persia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>
+ that it ought really to be a native plant.
+Its very color seems typical of New England; some
+parts of celestial blue, with more of warm pink,
+blended and softened by that shading of sombre
+gray ever present in New England life into a distinctive
+color known everywhere as lilac&mdash;a color
+grateful, quiet, pleasing, what Thoreau called a
+"tender, civil, cheerful color." Its blossoming at
+the time of Election Day, that all-important New
+England holiday, gave it another New England significance.</p>
+
+<p>There is no more emblematic flower to me than
+the Lilac; it has an association of old homes, of
+home-making and home interests. On the country
+farm, in the village garden, and in the city yard, the
+lilac was planted wherever the home was made, and
+it attached itself with deepest roots, lingering sometimes
+most sadly but sturdily, to show where the home once stood.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i066" name="i066"></a>
+<a href="images/i066_large.jpg"><img src="images/i066.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Magnolias.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Let me tell of two Lilacs of sentiment. One of
+them is shown on <a href="#i067">page 149</a>; a glorious Lilac tree
+which is one of a group of many full-flowered, pale-tinted
+ones still growing and blossoming each spring
+on a deserted homestead in old Narragansett.
+They bloom over the grave of a fine old house, and
+the great chimney stands sadly in their midst as a
+gravestone. "Hopewell," ill-suited of name, was
+the home of a Narragansett Robinson famed for
+good cheer, for refinement and luxury, and for a
+lovely garden, laid out with cost and care and filled
+with rare shrubs and flowers. Perhaps these Lilacs
+were a rare variety in their day, being pale of tint;
+now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+ they are as wild as their companions, the Cedar
+hedges.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i067" name="i067"></a>
+<a href="images/i067_large.jpg"><img src="images/i067.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Lilacs at Hopewell.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Gathering in the front dooryard of a fallen farm-house
+some splendid branches of flowering Lilac, I
+found a few feet of cellar wall and wooden house
+side standing, and the sills of two windows. These
+window sills, exposed for years to the bleaching and
+fading of rain and sun and frost, still bore the circular
+marks of the flower pots which, filled with houseplants,
+had graced the kitchen windows for many
+a winter under the care of a flower-loving house
+mistress. A few days later I learned from a woman
+over ninety years of age&mdash;an inmate of the "Poor
+House"&mdash;the story of the home thus touchingly
+indicated by the Lilac bushes and the stains of the
+flower pots. Over eighty years ago she had brought
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+ tiny Lilac-slip to her childhood's home, then
+standing in a clearing in the forest. She carried it
+carefully in her hands as she rode behind her father
+on a pillion after a visit to her grandmother. She
+and her little brothers and sisters planted the tiny
+thing "of two eyes only," as she said, in the shadow
+of the house, in the little front yard. And these
+children watered it and watched it, as it rooted and
+grew, till the house was surrounded each spring with
+its vivacious blooms, its sweet fragrance. The puny
+slip has outlived the house and all its inmates save
+herself, outlived the brothers and sisters, their children
+and grandchildren, outlived orchard and garden
+and field. And it will live to tell a story to every
+thoughtful passer-by till a second growth of forest
+has arisen in pasture and garden and even in the
+cellar-hole, when even then the cheerful Lilac will
+not be wholly obliterated.</p>
+
+<p>A bunch of early Lilacs was ever a favorite gift to
+"teacher," to be placed in a broken-nosed pitcher
+on her desk. And Lilac petals made such lovely
+necklaces, thrust within each other or strung with
+needle and thread. And there was a love divination
+by Lilacs which we children solemnly observed.
+There will occasionally appear a tiny Lilac flower,
+usually a white Lilac, with five divisions of the petal
+instead of four&mdash;this is a Luck Lilac. This must
+be solemnly swallowed. If it goes down smoothly,
+the dabbler in magic cries out, "He loves me;" if
+she chokes at her floral food, she must say sadly,
+"He loves me not." I remember once calling out,
+with gratification and pride, "He loves me!"
+"Who<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
+ is he?" said my older companions. "Oh, I
+didn't know he had to be somebody," I answered in
+surprise, to be met by derisive laughter at my satisfaction
+with a lover in general and not in particular.
+It was a matter of Lilac-luck-etiquette that the
+lover's name should be pronounced mentally before
+the petal was swallowed.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i068" name="i068"></a>
+<a href="images/i068_large.jpg"><img src="images/i068.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Persian Lilacs and Peonies in Garden of the Kimball Homestead,
+Portsmouth, New Hampshire.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the West Indies the Lilac is a flower of mysterious
+power; its perfume keeps away evil spirits,
+ghosts, banshees. If it grows not in the dooryard,
+its protecting branches are hung over the doorway.
+I think of this when I see it shading the door of
+happy homes in New England.</p>
+
+<p>In our old front yards we had only the common
+Lilacs,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+ and occasionally a white one; and as a rarity
+the graceful, but sometimes rather spindling, Persian
+Lilacs, known since 1650 in gardens, and shown on
+<a href="#i068">page 151</a>. How the old gardens would have stared
+at the new double Lilacs, which have luxuriant
+plumes of bloom twenty inches long.</p>
+
+<p>The "pensile Lilac" has been sung by many poets;
+but the spirit of the flower has been best portrayed
+in verse by Elizabeth Akers. I can quote but a
+single stanza from so many beautiful ones.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3q">"How fair it stood, with purple tassels hung,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Their hue more tender than the tint of Tyre;<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">How musical amid their fragrance rung<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The bee's bassoon, keynote of spring's glad choir!<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">O languorous Lilac! still in time's despite<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">I see thy plumy branches all alight<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">With new-born butterflies which loved to stay<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And bask and banquet in the temperate ray<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Of springtime, ere the torrid heats should be:<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">For these dear memories, though the world grow gray,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">I sing thy sweetness, lovely Lilac tree!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Another poet of the Lilac is Walt Whitman.
+He tells his delight in "the Lilac tall and its blossoms
+of mastering odor." He sings: "with the
+birds a warble of joy for Lilac-time." That noble,
+heroic dirge, the <i>Burial Hymn of Lincoln</i>, begins:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">"When Lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The poet stood under the blossoming Lilacs when
+he learned of the death of Lincoln, and the scent
+and sight of the flowers ever bore the sad association.
+In this poem is a vivid description of&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0q">"The Lilac bush, tall growing, with heart-shaped leaves of rich green,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With many a pointed blossom, rising delicate with the perfume strong I love.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With every leaf a miracle."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Thomas William Parsons could turn from his
+profound researches and loving translations of Dante
+to write with deep sympathy of the Lilac. His verses
+have to me an additional interest, since I believe
+they were written in the house built by my ancestor
+in 1740, and occupied still by his descendants. In
+its front dooryard are Lilacs still standing under
+the windows of Dr. Parsons' room, in which he
+loved so to write.</p>
+
+<p>Hawthorne felt a sort of "ludicrous unfitness in
+the idea of a time-stricken and grandfatherly Lilac
+bush." He was dissatisfied with aged Lilacs, though
+he knew not whether his heart, judgment, or rural
+sense put him in that condition. He felt the flower
+should either flourish in immortal youth or die.
+Apple trees could grow old and feeble without
+his reproach, but an aged Lilac was improper.</p>
+
+<p>I fancy no one ever took any care of Lilacs in
+an old garden. As soon water or enrich the
+Sumach and Elder growing by the roadside! But
+care for your Lilacs nowadays, and see how they
+respond. Make them a <i>garden</i> flower, and you will
+never regret it. There be those who prefer grafted
+Lilacs&mdash;the stock being usually a Syringa; they
+prefer the single trunk, and thus get rid of the Lilac
+suckers. But compare a row of grafted Lilacs to a
+row of natural fastigate growth, as shown on <a href="#i095">page
+220</a>, and I think nature must be preferred.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Methinks I see my contemplative girl now in
+the garden watching the gradual approach of Spring,"
+wrote Sterne. My contemplative girl lives in the
+city, how can she know that spring is here? Even
+on those few square feet of mother earth, dedicated
+to clotheslines and posts, spring sets her mark.
+Our Lilacs seldom bloom, but they put forth lovely
+fresh green leaves; and even the unrolling of the
+leaves of our Japanese ivies are a pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Our poor little strips of back yard in city homes
+are apt to be too densely shaded for flower blooms,
+but some things will grow, even there. Some wild
+flowers will live, and what a delight they are in
+spring. We have a Jack-in-the-pulpit who comes
+up just as jauntily there as in the wild woods;
+Dog-tooth Violet and our common wild Violet also
+bloom. A city neighbor has Trillium which blossoms
+each year; our Trillium shows leaves, but no
+blossoms, and does not increase in spread of roots.
+Bloodroot, a flower so shy when gathered in the
+woods, and ever loving damp sites, flourishes in the
+dryest flower bed, grows coarser in leaf and bloom,
+and blossoms earlier, and holds faster its snowy
+petals. Corydalis in the garden seems so garden-bred
+that you almost forget the flower was ever
+wild.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i069" name="i069"></a>
+<a href="images/i069_large.jpg"><img src="images/i069.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Opyn-tide, the Thought of Spring.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The approach of spring in our city parks is marked
+by the appearance of the Dandelion gatherers. It
+is always interesting to see, in May, on the closely
+guarded lawns and field expanses of our city parks,
+the hundreds of bareheaded, gayly-dressed Italian
+and Portuguese women and children eagerly gathering
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
+ young Dandelion plants to add to their
+meagre fare as a greatly-loved delicacy. They collect
+these "greens" in highly-colored kerchiefs, in baskets,
+in squares of sheeting; I have seen the women
+bearing off a half-bushel of plants; even their stumpy
+little children are impressed to increase the welcome
+harvest, and with a broken knife dig eagerly in the
+greensward. The thrifty park commissioners, in Dandelion-time,
+relax their rigid rules, "Keep Off the
+Grass," and turn the salad-loving Italians loose to improve
+the public lawns by freeing them from weeds.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest sign of spring in the fields and
+woods in my childhood was the appearance of the
+Willow catkins, and was heralded by the cry of one
+child to another,&mdash;"Pussy-willows are out." How
+eagerly did those who loved the woods and fields
+turn, after the storm, whiteness, and chill of a New
+England winter, to Pussy-willows as a promise of
+summer and sunshine. Some of their charm ever
+lingers to us as we see them in the baskets of swarthy
+street venders in New York.</p>
+
+<p>Magnolia blossoms are sold in our city streets
+to remind city dwellers of spring. "Every flower
+its own bow-kwet," is the call of the vender.
+Bunches of Locust blossoms follow, awkwardly tied
+together. Though the Magnolia is earlier, I do
+not find it much more splendid as a flowering tree
+for the garden than our northern Dogwood; and
+the Dogwood when in bloom seems just as tropical.
+It is then the glory of the landscape; and its
+radiant starry blossoms turn into ideal beauty even
+our sombre cemeteries.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Magnolia has been planted in northern
+gardens for over a century. Gardens on Long
+Island have many beautiful old specimens, doubtless
+furnished by the Prince Nurseries. These
+seem thoroughly at home; just as does the Locust
+brought from Virginia, a century ago, by one Captain
+Sands of Sands Point, to please his Virginia
+bride with the presence of the trees of her girlhood's
+home. These Locusts have spread over every rood
+of Long Island earth, and seem as much at home as
+Birch or Willow. The three Magnolia trees on
+Mr. Brown's lawn in Flatbush are as large as any I
+know in the North, and were exceptionally full
+of bloom this year, this photograph (shown <a href="#i066">facing
+page 148</a>) being taken when they were past their
+prime. I saw children eagerly gathering the waxy
+petals which had fallen, and which show so plainly
+in the picture. But the flower is not common
+enough here for northern children to learn the varied
+attractions of the Magnolia.</p>
+
+<p>The flower lore of American children is nearly
+all of English derivation; but children invent as
+well as copy. In the South the lavish growth of
+the Magnolia affords multiform playthings. The
+beautiful broad white petals give a snowy surface
+for the inditing of messages or valentines, which
+are written with a pin, when the letters turn dark
+brown. The stamens of the flower&mdash;waxlike with
+red tips&mdash;make mock illuminating matches. The
+leaves shape into wonderful drinking cups, and the
+scarlet seeds give a glowing necklace.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i070" name="i070"></a>
+<a href="images/i070_large.jpg"><img src="images/i070.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">A Thought of Winter's Snows.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The glories of a spring garden are not in the
+rows<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+ of flowering bulbs, beautiful as they are; but
+in the flowering shrubs and trees. The old garden
+had few shrubs, but it had unsurpassed beauty
+in its rows of fruit trees which in their blossoming
+give the spring garden, as here shown, that lovely
+whiteness which seems a blending of the seasons&mdash;a
+thought of winter's snows. The perfection
+of Apple blossoms I have told in another chapter.
+Earlier to appear was the pure white, rather chilly,
+blooms of the Plum tree, to the Japanese "the
+eldest brother of an hundred flowers." They are
+faintly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+ sweet-scented with the delicacy found in
+many spring blossoms. A good example of the
+short verses of the Japanese poets tells of the Plum
+blossom and its perfume.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"In springtime, on a cloudless night,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">When moonbeams throw their silver pall<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">O'er wooded landscapes, veiling all<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">In one soft cloud of misty white,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">'Twere vain almost to hope to trace<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The Plum trees in their lovely bloom<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Of argent; 'tis their sweet perfume<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Alone which leads me to their place."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The lovely family of double white Plum blossoms
+which now graces our gardens is varied by
+tinted ones; there are sixty in all which the nineteenth
+century owes to Japan.</p>
+
+<p>The Peach tree has a flower which has given name
+to one of the loveliest colors in the world. The
+Peach has varieties with wonderful double flowers
+of glorious color. Cherry trees bear a more cheerful
+white flower than Plum trees.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"The Cherry boughs above us spread<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The whitest shade was ever seen;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And flicker, flicker came and fled<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Sun-spots between."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I do not recall the Judas tree in my childhood.
+I am told there were many in Worcester; but there
+were none in our garden, nor in our neighborhood,
+and that was my world. Orchids might have hung
+from the trees a mile from my home, and would
+have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
+ been no nearer me than the tropics. I had a
+small world, but it was large enough, since it was
+bounded by garden walls.</p>
+
+<p>Almond trees are seldom seen in northern gardens;
+but the Flowering Almond flourishes as one
+of the purest and loveliest familiar shrubs. Silvery
+pink in bloom when it opens, the pink darkens till
+when in full flower it is deeply rosy. It was, next
+to the Lilac, the favorite shrub of my childhood.
+I used to call the exquisite little blooms "fairy
+roses," and there were many fairy tales relating to
+the Almond bush. This made the flower enhaloed
+with sentiment and mystery, which charmed as much
+as its beauty. The Flowering Almond seemed to
+have a special place under a window in country
+yards and gardens, as it is shown on <a href="#i014">page 39</a>. A
+fitting spot it was, since it never grew tall enough to
+shade the little window panes.</p>
+
+<p>With Pussy-willows and Almond blossoms and
+Ladies' Delights, with blossoming playhouse Apple
+trees and sweet-scented Lilac walks, spring was certainly
+Paradise in our childhood. Would it were an
+equally happy season in mature years; but who,
+garden-bred, can walk in the springtime through the
+garden of her childhood without thought of those
+who cared for the garden in its youth, and shared
+the care of their children with the care of their
+flowers, but now are seen no more.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2q">"Oh, far away in some serener air,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The eyes that loved them see a heavenly dawn:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">How can they bloom without her tender care?<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Why should they live when her sweet life is gone?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+<p>I have written of the gladness of spring, but I know
+nothing more overwhelming than the heartache of
+spring, the sadness of a fresh-growing spring garden.
+Where is the dear one who planted it and loved it,
+and he who helped her in the care, and the loving
+child who played in it and left it in the springtime?
+All that is good and beautiful has come again to us
+with the sunlight and warmth, save those whom we
+still love but can see no more. By that very measure
+of happiness poured for us in childhood in Lilac
+tide, is our cup of sadness now filled.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2>
+
+<p class="center">OLD FLOWER FAVORITES</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"God does not send us strange flowers every year.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">When the spring winds blow o'er the pleasant places<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The same dear things lift up the same fair faces;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The Violet is here.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"It all comes back; the odor, grace, and hue<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Each sweet relation of its life repeated;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">No blank is left, no looking-for is cheated;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">It is the thing we knew."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr">&mdash;<span class="smcap">Adeline D. T. Whitney</span>, 1861.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_n_large.png"><img src="images/drop_n.png" alt="N" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">Not only do I love to see the
+same dear things year after
+year, and to welcome the same
+odor, grace, and hue; but I
+love to find them in the same
+places. I like a garden in
+which plants have been growing
+in one spot for a long time,
+where they have a fixed home and surroundings.
+In our garden the same flowers shoulder each other
+comfortably and crowd each other a little, year after
+year. They look, my sister says, like long-established
+neighbors, like old family friends, not as if they
+had just "moved in," and didn't know each other's
+names and faces. Plants grow better when they are
+among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+ flower friends. I suppose we have to transplant
+some plants, sometimes; but I would try to
+keep old friends together even in those removals.
+They would be lonely when they opened their eyes
+after the winter's sleep, and saw strange flower forms
+and unknown faces around them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i071" name="i071"></a>
+<a href="images/i071_large.jpg"><img src="images/i071.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Larkspur and Phlox.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>For flowers have friendships, and antipathies as
+well. How Canterbury Bells and Foxgloves love
+to grow side by side! And Sweet Williams, with
+Foxgloves, as here shown. And in my sister's garden
+Larkspur always starts up by white Phlox&mdash;see
+a bit of the border on this page. Whatever may
+influence these docile alliances, it isn't a proper
+sense of fitness of color; for Tiger Lilies dearly
+love<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+ to grow by crimson-purple Phlox, a most
+inharmonious association, and you can hardly
+separate them. If a flower dislikes her neighbor
+in the garden, she moves quietly away, I don't know
+where or how. Sometimes she dies, but at any rate
+she is gone. It is so queer; I have tried every year
+to make Feverfew grow in this bed, and it won't do
+it, though it grows across the path. There is some
+flower here
+that the pompous
+Feverfew
+doesn't care to
+associate with.
+Not the Larkspur,
+for they
+are famous
+friends&mdash;perhaps
+it is the
+Sweet William,
+who is rather
+a plain fellow.
+In general
+flowers are very
+sociable with
+each other, but
+they have some preferences, and these are powerful
+ones.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i072" name="i072"></a>
+<a href="images/i072_large.jpg"><img src="images/i072.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sweet William and Foxglove.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is amusing to read in no less than five recent
+English "garden-books," by flower-loving souls,
+the solemn advice that if you wish a beautiful garden
+effect you "must plant the great Oriental Poppy
+by the side of the White Lupine."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0q">"Thou say'st an undisputed thing<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In such a solemn way."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The truth is, you have very little to do with it.
+That Poppy chooses to keep company with the
+White Lupine,
+and to that impulse
+you owe
+your fine garden
+effect. The
+Poppy is the
+slyest magician
+of the whole
+garden. He
+comes and goes
+at will. This
+year a few
+blooms, nearly
+all in one corner;
+next year
+a blaze of color
+banded across
+the middle of
+the garden like
+the broad sash
+of a court chamberlain.
+Then
+a single grand
+blossom quite alone in the pansy bed, while another
+pushes up between the tight close leaves of the box
+edging:&mdash;the Poppy is <i>queer</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i073" name="i073"></a>
+<a href="images/i073_large.jpg"><img src="images/i073.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Illustration: Plume Poppy.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some flowers have such a hatred of man they cannot
+breathe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
+ and live in his presence, others have an
+equal love of human companionship. The white
+Clover clings here to our pathway as does the English
+Daisy across seas. And in our garden Ladies'
+Delights and Ambrosia tell us, without words, of
+their love for us and longing to be by our side;
+just as plainly as a child silently tells us his love
+and dependence on us by taking our hand as we
+walk side by side. There is not another gesture
+of childhood, not an affectionate word which ever
+touched my heart as did that trustful holding
+of the hand. One of my children throughout his
+brief life never walked by my side without clinging
+closely&mdash;I think without conscious intent&mdash;with
+his little hand to mine. I can never forget the affection,
+the trust of that vanished hand.</p>
+
+<p>I find that my dearest flower loves are the old
+flowers,&mdash;not only old to me because I knew them
+in childhood, but old in cultivation.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"Give me the good old weekday blossoms<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">I used to see so long ago,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">With hearty sweetness in their bosoms,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Ready and glad to bud and blow."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Even were they newcomers, we should speedily
+care for them, they are so lovable, so winning, so
+endearing. If I had seen to-day for the first time a
+Fritillaria, a Violet, a Lilac, a Bluebell, or a Rose, I
+know it would be a case of love at first sight. But
+with intimacy they have grown dearer still.</p>
+
+<p>The sense of long-continued acquaintance and
+friendship which we feel for many garden flowers
+extends<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
+ to a few blossoms of field and forest. It is
+felt to an inexplicable degree by all New Englanders
+for the Trailing Arbutus, our Mayflower; and it is
+this unformulated sentiment which makes us like to
+go to the same spot year after year to gather these
+beloved flowers. I am sensible of this friendship
+for Buttercups, they seem the same flowers I knew
+last year; and I have a distinct sympathy with Owen
+Meredith's poem:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"I pluck the flowers I plucked of old<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">About my feet&mdash;yet fresh and cold<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The Buttercups do bend;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The selfsame Buttercups they seem,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Thick in the bright-eyed green, and such<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">As when to me their blissful gleam<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Was all earth's gold&mdash;how much!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>We have little of the intense sentiment, the inspiration
+which filled flower-lovers of olden times. We
+admire flowers certainly as beautiful works of nature,
+as objects of wonder in mechanism and in the profusion
+of growth, and we are occasionally roused to
+feelings of gratitude to the Maker and Giver of
+such beauty; but it is not precisely the same regard
+that the old gardeners and "flowerists" had, which
+is expressed in this quotation from Gerarde of "the
+gallant grace of violets":&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"They admonish and stir up a man to that which is
+comelie and honest; for flowers through their beautie,
+varietie of colour and exquisite forme doe bring to a liberall
+and gentlemanly mind, the remembrance of honestie, comelinesse
+and all kinds of virtues."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was a virtue to be comely in those days; as
+it is indeed a virtue now; and to the pious old
+herbalists it seemed an impossible thing that any creation
+which was beautiful should not also be good.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i074" name="i074"></a>
+<a href="images/i074_large.jpg"><img src="images/i074.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Illustration: Meadow Rue.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>All flowers
+cannot be loved
+with equal
+warmth; it is
+possible to have
+a wholesome liking
+for a flower,
+a wish to see it
+around you,
+which would
+make you plant
+it in your borders
+and treat it
+well, but which
+would not be
+at all akin to
+love. For others
+you have a placid
+tolerance; others
+you esteem&mdash;good,
+virtuous,
+worthy creatures,
+but you
+cannot warm
+toward them.
+Sometimes they have been sung with passion
+by poets (Swinburne is always glowing over very
+unresponsive flower souls) and they have been
+painted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+ with fervor by artists&mdash;and still you do
+not love them. I do not love Tulips, but I welcome
+them very cordially in my garden. Others
+have loved them; the Tulip has had her head
+turned by attention.</p>
+
+<p>Some flowers we like at first sight, but they do
+not wear well. This is a hard truth; and I shall
+not shame the garden-creatures who have done their
+best to please by betraying them to the world, save
+in a single case to furnish an example. In late
+August the Bergamot blossoms in luxuriant heads
+of white and purplish pink bloom, similar in tint
+to the abundant Phlox. Both grow freely in the
+garden of Sylvester Manor. When the Bergamot
+has romped in your borders for two or three years,
+you may wish to exile it to a vegetable garden,
+near the blackberry vines. Is this because it is an
+herb instead of a purely decorative flower? You
+never thus thrust out Phlox. A friend confesses to
+me that she exiled even the splendid scarlet Bergamot
+after she had grown it for three years in her
+flower-beds; such subtle influences control our
+flower-loves.</p>
+
+<p>Beautiful and noble as are the grand contributions
+of the nineteenth century to us from the garden and
+fields of Japan and China, we seldom speak of loving
+them. Thus the Chinese White Wistaria is similar
+in shape of blossom to the Scotch Laburnum, though
+a far more elegant, more lavish flower; but the
+Laburnum is the loved one. I used to read longingly
+of the Laburnum in volumes of English
+poetry, especially in Hood's verses, beginning:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"I remember, I remember,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The house where I was born,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Ella Partridge had a tall Laburnum tree at her front
+door; it peeped in the second-story windows. It was
+so cherished, that I doubt whether its blooms were
+ever gathered. She told us with conscious pride
+and rectitude that it was a "yellow Wistaria tree
+which came from China"; I saw no reason to doubt
+her words, and as I never chanced to speak to my
+parents about it, I ever thought of it as a yellow
+Wistaria tree until I went out into the world and
+found it was a Scotch Laburnum.</p>
+
+<p>Few garden owners plant now the Snowberry,
+<i>Symphoricarpus racemosus</i>, once seen in every front
+yard, and even used for hedges. It wasn't a very
+satisfactory shrub in its habit; the oval leaves were
+not a cheerful green, and were usually pallid with
+mildew. The flowers were insignificant, but the
+clusters of berries were as pure as pearls. In country
+homes, before the days of cheap winter flowers and
+omnipresent greenhouses, these snowy clusters were
+cherished to gather in winter to place on coffins and
+in hands as white and cold as the berries. Its special
+offence in our garden was partly on account of this
+funereal association, but chiefly because we were never
+permitted to gather its berries to string into necklaces.
+They were rigidly preserved on the stem as a garden
+decoration in winter; though they were too closely
+akin in color to the encircling snowdrifts to be of
+any value.</p>
+
+<p>In country homes in olden times were found several
+universal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
+ winter posies. On the narrow mantel
+shelves of farm and village parlors, both in England
+and America, still is seen a winter posy made of dried
+stalks of the seed valves of a certain flower; they
+are shown on the <a href="#i075">opposite page</a>. Let us see how
+our old friend, Gerarde, describes this plant:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"The stalkes are loden with many flowers like the
+stocke-gilliflower, of a purple colour, which, being fallen,
+the seede cometh foorthe conteined in a flat thinne cod,
+with a sharp point or pricke at one end, in fashion of the
+moone, and somewhat blackish. This cod is composed of
+three filmes or skins whereof the two outermost are of an
+overworne ashe colour, and the innermost, or that in the
+middle whereon the seed doth hang or cleave, is thin and
+cleere shining, like a piece of white satten newly cut from
+the peece."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In the latter clause of this striking description is
+given the reason for the popular name of the flower,
+Satin-flower or White Satin, for the inner septum is a
+shining membrane resembling white satin. Another
+interesting name is Pricksong-flower. All who have
+seen sheets of music of Elizabethan days, when the
+notes of music were called pricks, and the whole
+sheet a pricksong, will readily trace the resemblance
+to the seeds of this plant.</p>
+
+<p>Gerarde says it was named "Penny-floure, Money-floure,
+Silver-plate, Sattin, and among our women
+called Honestie." The last name was commonly
+applied at the close of the eighteenth century. It is
+thus named in writings of Rev. William Hanbury,
+1771, and a Boston seedsman then advertised seeds
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+ Honestie "in small quantities, that all might
+have some." In 1665, Josselyn found White Satin
+planted and growing plentifully in New England
+gardens, where I am sure it formed, in garden and
+house, a happy
+reminder of
+their English
+homes to the
+wives of the colonists.
+Since
+that time it has
+spread so freely
+in some localities,
+especially
+in southern
+Connecticut,
+that it grows
+wild by the
+wayside. It is
+seldom seen
+now in well-kept
+gardens,
+though it
+should be, for
+it is really a
+lovely flower,
+showing from white to varied and rich light purples.
+I was charmed with its fresh beauty this spring in
+the garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright; a photograph
+of one of her borders containing Honesty
+is shown <a href="#i077">opposite page 174</a>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i075" name="i075"></a>
+<a href="images/i075_large.jpg"><img src="images/i075.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Money-in-both-pockets.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At Belvoir Castle in England, in the "Duchess's
+Garden,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+ the Satin-flower can be seen in full variety
+of tint, and fills an important place. It is carefully
+cultivated by seed and division, all inferior
+plants being promptly destroyed, while the superior
+blossoms are cherished.</p>
+
+<p>The flower was much used in charms and spells,
+as was everything connected with the moon. Drayton's
+Clarinax sings of Lunaria:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0q">"Enchanting lunarie here lies<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">In sorceries excelling."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>As a child this Lunaria was a favorite flower, for
+it afforded to us juvenile money. Indeed, it was
+generally known among us as Money-flower or
+Money-seed, or sometimes as Money-in-both-pockets.
+The seed valves formed our medium of exchange
+and trade, passing as silver dollars.</p>
+
+<p>Through the streets of a New England village
+there strolled, harmless and happy, one who was
+known in village parlance as a "softy," one of
+"God's fools," a poor addle-pated, simple-minded
+creature, witless&mdash;but neither homeless nor friendless;
+for children cared for him, and feeble-minded
+though he was, he managed to earn, by rush-seating
+chairs and weaving coarse baskets, and gathering
+berries, scant pennies enough to keep him alive;
+and he slept in a deserted barn, in a field full of
+rocks and Daisies and Blueberry bushes,&mdash;a barn
+which had been built by one but little more gifted
+with wits than himself. Poor Elmer never was able
+to understand that the money which he and the
+children saved so carefully each autumn from the
+money<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
+ plants was not equal in value to the great
+copper cents of the village store; and when he
+asked gleefully for a loaf of bread or a quart of
+molasses, was just as apt to offer the shining seed
+valves in payment as he was to give the coin of
+the land; and it must be added that his belief received
+apparent confirmation in the fact that he usually
+got the bread whether he gave seeds or cents.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i076" name="i076"></a>
+<a href="images/i076_large.jpg"><img src="images/i076.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Box Walk in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq. Waterbury, Connecticut.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>He lost his life through his poor simple notion.
+In the village he was kindly treated by all, clothed,
+fed, and warmed; but one day there came skulking
+along the edge of the village what were then rare
+visitors, two tramps, who by ill-chance met poor
+Elmer as he was gathering chestnuts. And as the
+children lingered on their way home from school to
+take toll of Elmer's store of nuts, they heard him
+boasting gleefully of his wealth, "hundreds and
+hundreds of dollars all safe for winter." The children
+knew what his dollars were, but the tramps
+did not. Three days of heavy rain passed by, and
+Elmer did not appear at the store or any house.
+Then kindly neighbors went to his barn in the distant
+field, and found him cruelly beaten, with broken
+ribs and in a high fever, while scattered around him
+were hundreds of the seeds of his autumnal store of
+the money plant; these were all the silver dollars
+his assailants found. He was carried to the almshouse
+and died in a few weeks, partly from the beating,
+partly from exposure, but chiefly, I ever believed,
+from homesickness in his enforced home. His old
+house has fallen down, but his well still is open, and
+around it grows a vast expanse of Lunaria, which
+has spread and grown from the seeds poor Elmer
+saved, and every year shoots of the tender lilac
+blooms mingle so charmingly with the white Daisies
+that the sterile field is one of the show-places of the
+village, and people drive from afar to see it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i077" name="i077"></a>
+<a href="images/i077_large.jpg"><img src="images/i077.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Lunaria in Garden at Waldstein.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There grow in profusion in our home garden what
+I always called the Mullein Pink, the Rose Campion
+(<i>Lychnis coronaria</i>). I never heard any one speak
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+ this plant with special affection or admiration;
+but as a child I loved its crimson flower more than
+any other flower in the garden. Perhaps I should
+say I loved the royal color rather than the flower.
+I gathered tight bunches without foliage into a
+glowing mass of color unequalled in richness of
+tint by anything in nature. I have seen only in a
+stained glass window flooded with high sunlight a
+crimson approaching that of the Mullein Pink.
+Gerarde calls the flower the "Gardener's Delight or
+Gardner's Eie." It was known in French as the
+Eye of God; and the Rose of Heaven. We used
+to rub our cheeks with the woolly leaves to give a
+beautiful rosy blush, and thereby I once skinned
+one cheek.</p>
+
+<p>Snapdragons were a beloved flower&mdash;companions
+of my childhood in our home garden, but they
+have been neglected a bit by nearly every one of
+late years. Plant a clump of the clear yellow and
+one of pure white Snapdragons, and see how beautiful
+they are in the garden, and how fresh they keep
+when cut. We had such a satisfying bunch of
+them on the dinner table to-day, in a milk-white
+glazed Chinese jar; yellow Snapdragons, with "borrowed
+leaves" of Virgin's-bower (<i>Adlumia</i>) and a
+haze of Gypsophila over all.</p>
+
+<p>A flower much admired in gardens during the early
+years of the nineteenth century was the Plume
+Poppy (<i>Bocconia</i>). It has a pretty pinkish bloom
+in general shape somewhat like Meadow Rue (see
+<a href="#i073">page 164</a> and <a href="#i074">page 167</a>). A friend fancied a light
+feathery look over certain of her garden borders,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+ she planted plentifully Plume Poppy and
+Meadow Rue; this was in 1895. In 1896 the effect
+was exquisite; in 1897 the garden feathered out
+with far too much fulness; in 1901 all the combined
+forces of all the weeds of the garden could
+not equal these two flowers in utter usurpment and
+close occupation of every inch of that garden.
+The Plume Poppy has a strong tap-root which
+would be a good symbol of the root of the tree
+Ygdrassyl&mdash;the Tree of Life, that never dies.
+You can go over the borders with scythe and spade
+and hoe, and even with manicure-scissors, but roots
+of the Plume Poppy will still hide and send up
+vigorous growth the succeeding year.</p>
+
+<p>We have grown so familiar with some old doubled
+blossoms that we think little of their being double.
+One such, symmetrical of growth, beautiful of foliage,
+and gratifying of bloom, is the Double Buttercup.
+It is to me distinctly one of our most old-fashioned
+flowers in aspect. A hardy great clump of many
+years' growth is one of the ancient treasures of our
+garden; its golden globes are known in England as
+Bachelor's Buttons, and are believed by many to be
+the Bachelor's Buttons of Shakespeare's day.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i078" name="i078"></a>
+<a href="images/i078_large.jpg"><img src="images/i078.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Dahlia Walk at Ravensworth.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Dahlias afford a striking example of the beauty of
+single flowers when compared to their doubled descendants.
+Single Dahlias are fine flowers, the yellow
+and scarlet ones especially so. I never thought
+double Dahlias really worth the trouble spent on
+them in our Northern gardens; so much staking
+and tying, and fussing, and usually an autumn storm
+wrenches them round and breaks the stem or a frost
+nips<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+ them just as they are in bloom. A Dahlia
+hedge or a walk such as this one at Ravensworth,
+Virginia, is most stately and satisfying. I
+like, in moderation, many of the smaller single and
+double<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
+ Sunflowers. Under the reign of <i>Patience</i>,
+the Sunflower had a fleeting day of popularity, and
+flaunted in garden and parlor. Its place was false.
+It was never a garden flower in olden times, in the
+sense of being a flower of ornament or beauty; its
+place was in the kitchen garden, where it belongs.</p>
+
+<p>Peas have ever been favorites in English gardens
+since they were brought to England. We have all
+seen the print, if not the portrait, of Queen Elizabeth
+garbed in a white satin robe magnificently embroidered
+with open pea-pods and butterflies. A "City
+of London Madam" had a delightful head ornament
+of open pea-pods filled with peas of pearls; this was
+worn over a hood of gold-embroidered muslin, and
+with dyed red hair, must have been a most modish
+affair. Sweet Peas have had a unique history. They
+have been for a century a much-loved flower of the
+people both in England and America, and they were
+at home in cottage borders and fine gardens; were
+placed in vases, and carried in nosegays and posies;
+were loved of poets&mdash;Keats wrote an exquisite
+characterization of them. They had beauty of color,
+and a universally loved perfume&mdash;but florists have
+been blind to them till within a few years. A bicentenary
+exhibition of Sweet Peas was given in London
+in July, 1900; now there is formed a Sweet
+Pea Society. But no societies and no exhibitions
+ever will make them a "florist's flower"; they are
+of value only for cutting; their habit of growth
+renders them useless as a garden decoration.</p>
+
+<p>We all take notions in regard to flowers, just as
+we do in regard to people. I hear one friend say,
+"I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>
+ love every flower that grows," but I answer with
+emphasis, "I don't!" I have ever disliked the
+Portulaca,&mdash;I hate its stems. It is my fate never
+to escape it. I planted it once to grow under Sweet
+Alyssum in the little enclosure of earth behind my
+city home; when I returned in the autumn, everything
+was covered, blanketed, overwhelmed with
+Portulaca. Since then it comes up even in the
+grass, and seems to thrive by being trampled upon.
+The Portulaca was not a flower of colonial days; I
+am glad to learn our great-grandmothers were not
+pestered with it; it was not described in the <i>Botanical
+Magazine</i> till 1829.</p>
+
+<p>I do not care for the Petunia close at hand on
+account of its sickish odor. But in the dusky border
+the flowers shine like white stars (<a href="#i079">page 180</a>), and make
+you almost forgive their poor colors in the daylight.
+I never liked the Calceolaria. Every child in our
+town used to have a Calceolaria in her own small garden
+plot, but I never wanted one. I care little for
+Chrysanthemums; they fill in the border in autumn,
+and they look pretty well growing, but I like few of
+the flowers close at hand. By some curious twist of
+a brain which, alas! is apt not to deal as it is expected
+and ought to, with sensations furnished to it, I
+have felt this distaste for Chrysanthemums since
+I attended a Chrysanthemum Show. Of course, I
+ought to love them far more, and have more eager
+interest in them&mdash;but I do not. Their sister, the
+China Aster, I care little for. The Germans call
+Asters "death-flowers." The Empress of Austria
+at the Swiss hotel where she lodged just before she
+was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+ murdered, found the rooms decorated with China
+Asters. She said to her attendant that the flowers
+were in Austria termed death-flowers&mdash;and so they
+proved. The Aster is among the flowers prohibited
+in Japan for felicitous occasions, as are the Balsam,
+Rhododendron,
+and Azalea.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i079" name="i079"></a>
+<a href="images/i079_large.jpg"><img src="images/i079.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Petunias.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Those who
+read these pages
+may note perhaps
+that I say
+little of Lilies.
+I do not care as
+much for them
+as most garden
+lovers do. I
+like all our wild
+Lilies, especially
+the yellow Nodding
+Lily of our
+fields; and the
+Lemon Lily of
+our gardens is
+ever a delight;
+but the stately
+Lilies which are
+such general favorites, Madonna Lilies, Japan Lilies,
+the Gold-banded Lilies, are not especially dear to me.</p>
+
+<p>I love climbing vines, whether of delicate leaf or
+beautiful flower. In a room I place all the decoration
+that I can on the walls, out of the way, leaving
+thus space to move around without fear of displacement
+or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
+ injury of fragile things; so in a limited garden
+space, grass room under our feet, with flowering
+vines on the surrounding walls are better than many
+crowded flower borders. A tiny space can quickly
+be made delightful with climbing plants. The common
+Morning-glory, called in England the Bell-bind,
+is frequently advertised by florists of more encouragement
+than judgment, as suitable to plant freely in
+order to cover fences and poor sandy patches of
+ground with speedy and abundant leafage and bloom.
+There is no doubt that the Morning-glory will do
+all this and far more than is promised. It will also
+spread above and below ground from the poor strip
+of earth to every other corner of garden and farm.
+This it has done till, in our Eastern states, it is now
+classed as a wild flower. It will never look wild,
+however, meet it where you will. It is as domestic
+and tame as a barnyard fowl, which, wandering in
+the wildest woodland, could never be mistaken as
+game. The garden at Claymont, the Virginia home
+of Mr. Frank R. Stockton, afforded a striking example
+of the spreading and strangling properties of
+the Morning-glory, not under encouragement, but
+simply under toleration. Mr. Stockton tells me that
+the entire expanse of his yards and garden, when he
+first saw them, was a solid mass of Morning-glory
+blooms. Every stick, every stem, every stalk, every
+shrub and blade of grass, every vegetable growth,
+whether dead or alive, had its encircling and overwhelming
+Morning-glory companion, set full of
+tiny undersized blossoms of varied tints. It was a
+beautiful sight at break of day,&mdash;a vast expanse
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+ acres jewelled with Morning-glories&mdash;but it
+wasn't the new owner's notion of a flower garden.</p>
+
+<p>In my childhood flower agents used to canvass
+country towns from house to house. Sometimes
+they had a general catalogue, and sold many plants,
+trees, and shrubs. Oftener they had but a single
+plant which they were "booming." I suspect that
+their trade came through the sudden introduction
+of so many and varied flowers and shrubs from
+China and Japan. I am told that the first Chinese
+Wistarias and a certain Fringe tree were sold in this
+manner; and I know the white Hydrangea was, for
+I recall it, though I do not know that this was its
+first sale. I remember too that suddenly half the
+houses in town, on piazza or trellis, had the rich
+purple blooms of the <i>Clematis Jackmanni</i>; for a very
+persuasive agent had gone through the town the
+previous year. Of course people of means bought
+then, as now, at nurseries; but at many humble
+homes, whose owners would never have thought of
+buying from a greenhouse, he sold his plants. It
+gave an agreeable rivalry, when all started plants
+together, to see whose flourished best and had
+the amplest bloom. Thoreau recalled the pleasant
+emulation of many owners in Concord of a certain
+Rhododendron, sold thus sweepingly by an agent.
+The purple Clematis displaced an old climbing
+favorite, the Trumpet Honeysuckle, once seen by
+every door. It was so beloved of humming-birds
+and so beautiful, I wonder we could ever destroy it.
+Its downfall was hastened by its being infested
+by a myriad of tiny green aphides, which proceeded
+from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
+ it to our Roses. I recall well these little plant
+insects, for I was very fond of picking the tubes of
+the Honeysuckle for the drop of pure honey within,
+and I had to abandon reluctantly the sweet morsels.</p>
+
+<p>We have in our garden, and it is shown on the
+<a href="#i080">succeeding page</a>, a vine which we carefully cherished
+in seedlings from year to year, and took much pride
+in. It came to us with the Ambrosia from the
+Walpole garden. It was not common in gardens
+in our neighborhood, and I always looked upon it
+as something very choice, and even rare, as it certainly
+was something very dainty and pretty. We
+called it Virgin's-bower. When I went out into
+the world I found that it was not rare, that it grew
+wild from Connecticut to the far West; that it was
+Climbing Fumitory, or Mountain Fringe, <i>Adlumia</i>.
+When Mrs. Margaret Deland asked if we had
+Alleghany Vine in our garden, I told her I had
+never seen it, when all the while it was our own
+dear Virgin's-bower. It doesn't seem hardy enough
+to be a wild thing; how could it make its way against
+the fierce vines and thorns of the forest when it
+hasn't a bit of woodiness in its stems and its leaves
+and flowers are so tender! I cannot think any garden
+perfect without it, no matter what else is there,
+for its delicate green Rue-like leaves lie so gracefully
+on stone or brick walls, or on fences, and it trails its
+slender tendrils so lightly over dull shrubs that are
+out of flower, beautifying them afresh with an alien
+bloom of delicate little pinkish blossoms like tiny
+Bleeding-hearts.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i080" name="i080"></a>
+<a href="images/i080_large.jpg"><img src="images/i080.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Virgin's-bower.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another old favorite was the Balloon-vine, sometimes
+called<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>
+ Heartseed or
+Heart-pea, with its seeds like fat
+black hearts, with three lobes
+which made them globose instead
+of flat. This, too, had pretty
+compound leaves, and the whole vine,
+like our Virgin's-bower, lay lightly on
+what it covered; but the Dutchman's-pipe
+had a leafage too heavy save to make a
+thick screen or arch quickly and solidly. It
+did well enough in gardens which had not had a long
+cultivated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>
+ past, or made little preparation for a cherished
+future; but it certainly was not suited to our
+garden, where things were not planted for a day.
+These three are native vines of rich woods in our
+Central and Western states. The Matrimony-vine
+was an old favorite; one from the porch of the Van
+Cortlandt manor-house, over a hundred years old,
+is shown on the <a href="#i081">next page</a>. Often you see a straggling,
+sprawling growth; but this one is as fine as
+any vine could be.</p>
+
+<p>Patient folk&mdash;as were certainly those of the old-time
+gardens, tried to keep the Rose Acacia as a
+favorite. It was hardy enough, but so hopelessly
+brittle in wood that it was constantly broken by the
+wind and snow of our Northern winters, even though
+it was sheltered under some stronger shrub. At the
+end of a lovely Salem garden, I beheld this June a
+long row of Rose Acacias in full bloom. I am glad
+I possess in my memory the exquisite harmony of
+their shimmering green foliage and rosy flower clusters.
+Miss Jekyll, ever resourceful, trains the Rose
+Acacia on a wall; and fastens it down by planting
+sturdy Crimson Ramblers by its side; her
+skilful example may well be followed in America and
+thus restore to our gardens this beautiful flower.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i081" name="i081"></a>
+<a href="images/i081_large.jpg"><img src="images/i081.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Matrimony-vine at Van Cortlandt Manor.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One flower, termed old-fashioned by nearly every
+one, is really a recent settler of our gardens. A popular
+historical novel of American life at the time of
+the Revolution makes the hero and heroine play a
+very pretty love scene over a spray of the Bleeding-heart,
+the Dielytra, or Dicentra. Unfortunately for
+the truth of the novelist's picture, the Dielytra was
+not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
+ introduced to the gardens of English-speaking
+folk till 1846, when the London Horticultural Society
+received a single plant from the north of China.
+How quickly it became cheap and abundant; soon it
+bloomed in every cottage garden; how quickly it
+became beloved! The graceful racemes of pendant
+rosy flowers were eagerly welcomed by children; they
+have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>
+ some inexplicable, witching charm; even young
+children in arms will stretch out their little hands and
+attempt to grasp the Dielytra, when showier blossoms
+are passed unheeded. Many tiny playthings can be
+formed of the blossoms: only deft fingers can shape
+the delicate lyre in the "frame." One of its folk
+names is "Lyre flower"; the two wings can be bent
+back to form a gondola.</p>
+
+<p>We speak of modern flowers, meaning those which
+have recently found their way to our gardens. Some
+of these clash with the older occupants, but one has
+promptly been given an honored place, and appears
+so allied to the older flowers in form and spirit that
+it seems to belong by their side&mdash;the <i>Anemone Japonica</i>.
+Its purity and beauty make it one of the
+delights of the autumn garden; our grandmothers
+would have rejoiced in it, and have divided the
+plants with each other till all had a row of it in the
+garden borders. In its red form it was first pictured
+in the <i>Botanical Magazine</i>, in 1847, but it has been
+commonly seen in our gardens for only twenty or
+thirty years.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i082" name="i082"></a>
+<a href="images/i082_large.jpg"><img src="images/i082.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">White Wistaria.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>These two flowers, the <i>Dielytra spectabilis</i> and
+<i>Anemone Japonica</i>, are among the valuable gifts
+which our gardens received through the visits
+to China of that adventurous collector, Robert
+Fortune. He went there first in 1842, and for some
+years constantly sent home fresh treasures. Among
+the best-known garden flowers of his introducing
+are the two named above, and <i>Kerria Japonica</i>,
+<i>Forsythia viridissima</i>, <i>Weigela rosea</i>, <i>Gardenia Fortuni[-a]na</i>,
+<i>Daphne Fortunei</i>, <i>Berberis Fortunei</i>, <i>Jasminum
+nudiflorum</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+ and many varieties of Prunus, Viburnum,
+Spiræa, Azalea, and Chrysanthemum. The
+fine yellow Rose known as Fortune's Yellow
+was acquired by him during a venturesome trip
+which he took, disguised as a Chinaman. The
+white Chinese Wistaria is regarded as the most
+important of his collections. It is deemed by some
+flower-lovers the most exquisite flower in the entire
+world. The Chinese variety is distinguished by the
+length of its racemes, sometimes three feet long.
+The lower part of a vine of unusual luxuriance and
+beauty is shown above. This special vine flowers in
+full richness of bloom every alternate year, and this
+photograph was taken during its "poor year"; for in
+its finest inflorescence its photograph would show
+simply<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>
+ a mass of indistinguishable whiteness. Mr.
+Howell has named it The Fountain, and above the
+pouring of white blossoms shown in this picture is an
+upper cascade of bloom. This Wistaria is not growing
+in an over-favorable locality, for winter winds are
+bleak on the southern shores of Long Island; but I
+know no rival of its beauty in far warmer and more
+sheltered sites.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the Deutzias and Spiræas which beautify
+our spring gardens were introduced from Japan
+before Fortune's day by Thunberg, the great exploiter
+of Japanese shrubs, who died in 1828. The
+Spiræa Van Houtteii (<a href="#i083">facing page 190</a>) is perhaps the
+most beautiful of all. Dean Hole names the Spiræas,
+Deutzias, Weigelas, and Forsythias as having been
+brought into his ken in English gardens within his
+own lifetime, that is within fourscore years.</p>
+
+<p>In New England gardens the Forsythia is called
+'Sunshine Bush'&mdash;and never was folk name better
+bestowed, or rather evolved. For in the eager
+longing for spring which comes in the bitterness
+of March, when we cry out with the poet, "O God,
+for one clear day, a Snowdrop and sweet air," in our
+welcome to fresh life, whether shown in starting leaf
+or frail blossom, the Forsythia shines out a grateful
+delight to the eyes and heart, concentrating for
+a week all the golden radiance of sunlight, which
+later will be shared by sister shrubs and flowers.
+<i>Forsythia suspensa</i>, falling in long sweeps of yellow
+bells, is in some favorable places a cascade of liquid
+light. No shrub in our gardens is more frequently
+ruined by gardeners than these Forsythias. It takes
+an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+ artist to prune the <i>Forsythia suspensa</i>. You can
+steal the sunshine for your homes ere winter is gone
+by breaking long sprays of the Sunshine Bush and
+placing them in tall deep jars of water. Split up
+the ends of the stems that they may absorb plentiful
+water, and the golden plumes will soon open to
+fullest glory within doors.</p>
+
+<p>There is another yellow flowered shrub, the Corchorus,
+which seems as old as the Lilac, for it is
+ever found in old gardens; but it proves to be a
+Japanese shrub which we have had only a hundred
+years. The little, deep yellow, globular blossoms
+appear in early spring and sparsely throughout the
+whole summer. The plant isn't very adorning in its
+usual ragged growth, but it was universally planted.</p>
+
+<p>It may be seen from the shrubs of popular
+growth which I have named that the present glory
+of our shrubberies is from the Japanese and Chinese
+shrubs, which came to us in the nineteenth century
+through Thunberg, Fortune, and other bold collectors.
+We had no shrub-sellers of importance in the
+eighteenth century; the garden lover turned wholly
+to the seedsman and bulb-grower for garden supplies,
+just as we do to-day to fill our old-fashioned
+gardens. The new shrubs and plants from China
+and Japan did not clash with the old garden flowers,
+they seemed like kinsfolk who had long been separated
+and rejoiced in being reunited; they were
+indeed fellow-countrymen. We owed scores of our
+older flowers to the Orient, among them such
+important ones as the Lilac, Rose, Lily, Tulip,
+Crown Imperial.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i083" name="i083"></a>
+<a href="images/i083_large.jpg"><img src="images/i083.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Spiræa Van Houtteii.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>We can fancy how delighted all these Oriental
+shrubs and flowers were to meet after so many years
+of separation. What pleasant greetings all the
+cousins must have given each other; I am sure the
+Wistaria was glad to see the Lilac, and the Fortune's
+Yellow Rose was duly respectful to his old cousin,
+the thorny yellow Scotch Rose. And I seem to
+hear a bit of scandal passing from plant to plant!
+Listen! it is the Bleeding-heart gossiping with the
+Japanese Anemone: "Well! I never thought that
+Lilac girl would grow to be such a beauty. So
+much color! Do you suppose it can be natural?
+Mrs. Tulip hinted to me yesterday that the girl used
+fertilizers, and it certainly looks so. But she can't
+say much herself&mdash;I never saw such a change in
+any creatures as in those Tulips. You remember
+how commonplace their clothes were? Now such extravagance!
+Scores of gowns, and all made abroad,
+and at <i>her</i> age! Here are you and I, my dear, both
+young, and we really ought to have more clothes.
+I haven't a thing but this pink gown to put on.
+It's lucky you had a white gown, for no one liked
+your pink one. Here comes Mrs. Rose! How
+those Rose children have grown! I never should
+have known them."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2>
+
+<p class="center">COMFORT ME WITH APPLES</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"What can your eye desire to see, your eares to heare, your
+mouth to taste, or your nose to smell, that is not to be had in an
+Orchard? with Abundance and Variety? What shall I say?
+1000 of Delights are in an Orchard; and sooner shall I be weary
+than I can reckon the least part of that pleasure which one, that
+hath and loves an Orchard, may find therein."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="small attr">
+&mdash;<i>A New Orchard</i>, <span class="smcap">William Lawson</span>, 1618.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_i2_large.png"><img src="images/drop_i2.png" alt="I" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">In every old-time garden, save the
+revered front yard, the borders
+stretched into the domain of the
+Currant and Gooseberry bushes,
+and into the orchard. Often a row
+of Crabapple trees pressed up into
+the garden's precincts and shaded
+the Sweet Peas. Orchard and garden could scarcely
+be separated, so closely did they grow up together.
+Every old garden book had long chapters on
+orchards, written <i>con amore</i>, with a zest sometimes
+lacking on other pages. How they loved in the
+days of Queen Elizabeth and of Queen Anne to sit
+in an orchard, planted, as Sir Philip Sidney said,
+"cunningly with trees of taste-pleasing fruits."
+How charming were their orchard seats, "fachoned
+for meditacon!" Sometimes these orchard seats
+were banks of the strongly scented Camomile, a
+favorite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>
+ plant of Lord Bacon's day. Wordsworth
+wrote in jingling rhyme:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"Beneath these fruit-tree boughs that shed<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Their snow-white blossoms on my head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">With brightest sunshine round me spread<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Of spring's unclouded weather,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">In this sequester'd nook how sweet<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">To sit upon my orchard seat;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">And flowers and birds once more to greet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">My last year's friends together."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The incomparable beauty of the Apple tree in
+full bloom has ever been sung by the poets, but
+even their words cannot fitly nor fully tell the delight
+to the senses of the close view of those exquisite
+pink and white domes, with their lovely opalescent
+tints, their ethereal fragrance; their beauty infinitely
+surpasses that of the vaunted Cherry plantations of
+Japan. In the hand the flowers show a distinct
+ruddiness, a promise of future red cheeks; but a
+long vista of trees in bloom displays no tint of pink,
+the flowers seem purest white. Looking last May
+across the orchard at Hillside, adown the valley of
+the Hudson with its succession of blossoming
+orchards, we could paraphrase the words of Longfellow's
+<i>Golden Legend</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"The valley stretching below<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Is white with blossoming Apple trees, as if touched with lightest snow."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In the darkest night flowering Apple trees shine
+with clear radiance, and an orchard of eight hundred
+acres, such as may be seen in Niagara County,
+New York, shows a white expanse like a lake of
+quicksilver.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>
+ This county, and its neighbor, Orleans
+County, form an Apple paradise&mdash;with their orchards
+of fifty and even a hundred thousand trees.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i084" name="i084"></a>
+<a href="images/i084_large.jpg"><img src="images/i084.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Apple Trees at White Hall, the Home of Bishop Berkeley.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The largest Apple tree in New England is in
+Cheshire, Connecticut. Its trunk measures, one
+foot above all root enlargements, thirteen feet eight
+inches in circumference.</p>
+
+<p>Its age is traced back a hundred and fifty years.
+At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+ White Hall, the old home of Bishop Berkeley
+in the island of Rhode Island, still stand the Apple
+trees of his day. A picture of them is shown on
+<a href="#i084">page 194</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The sedate and comfortable motherliness of old
+Apple trees is felt by all Apple lovers. John Burroughs
+speaks of "maternal old Apple trees, regular
+old grandmothers, who have seen trouble."
+James Lane Allen, amid his apostrophes to the
+Hemp plant, has given us some beautiful glimpses
+of Apple trees and his love for them. He tells of
+"provident old tree mothers on the orchard slope,
+whose red-cheeked children are autumn Apples."
+It is this motherliness, this domesticity, this homeliness
+that makes the Apple tree so cherished, so
+beloved. No scene of life in the country ever seems
+to me homelike if it lacks an Apple orchard&mdash;this
+doubtless, because in my birthplace in New England
+they form a part of every farm scene, of every country
+home. Apple trees soften and humanize the
+wildest country scene. Even in a remote pasture,
+or on a mountain side, they convey a sentiment of
+home; and after being lost in the mazes of close-grown
+wood-roads Apple trees are inexpressibly
+welcome as giving promise of a sheltering roof-tree.
+Thoreau wrote of wild Apples, but to me no Apples
+ever look wild. They may be the veriest Crabs,
+growing in wild spots, unbidden, and savage and
+bitter in their tang, but even these seedling Pippins
+are domestic in aspect.</p>
+
+<p>On the southern shores of Long Island, where
+meadow, pasture, and farm are in soil and crops
+like<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
+ New England, the frequent absence of Apple
+orchards makes these farm scenes unsatisfying, not
+homelike. No other fruit trees can take their place.
+An Orange tree, with its rich glossy foliage, its
+perfumed ivory flowers and buds, and abundant
+golden fruit, is an exquisite creation of nature; but
+an Orange grove has no ideality. All fruit trees
+have a beautiful inflorescence&mdash;few have sentiment.
+The tint of a blossoming Peach tree is perfect;
+but I care not for a Peach orchard. Plantations
+of healthy Cherry trees are lovely in flower and fruit
+time, whether in Japan or Massachusetts, and a
+Cherry tree is full of happy child memories; but
+their tree forms in America are often disfigured with
+that ugly fungous blight which is all the more disagreeable
+to us since we hear now of its close kinship
+to disease germs in the animal world.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot see how they avoid having Apple trees
+on these Long Island farms, for the Apple is fully
+determined to stand beside every home and in every
+garden in the land. It does not have to be invited;
+it will plant and maintain itself. Nearly all fruits
+and vegetables which we prize, depend on our planting
+and care, but the Apple is as independent as the
+New England farmer. In truth Apple trees would
+grow on these farms if they were loved or even
+tolerated, for I find them forced into Long Island
+hedge-rows as relentlessly as are forest trees.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians called the Plantain the "white man's
+foot," for it sprung up wherever he trod; the
+Apple tree might be called the white man's shadow.
+It is the Vine and Fig tree of the temperate zone,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>
+ might be chosen as the totem of the white settlers.
+Our love for the Apple is natural, for it was
+the characteristic fruit of Britain; the clergy were
+its chief cultivators; they grew Apples in their monastery
+gardens, prayed for them in special religious
+ceremonies, sheltered the fruit by laws, and even
+named the Apple when pronouncing the blessings
+of God upon their princes and rulers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i085" name="i085"></a>
+<a href="images/i085_large.jpg"><img src="images/i085.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">
+"The valley stretching below<br />
+Is white with blossoming Apple trees, as if touched with lightest snow."</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>Thoreau described an era of luxury as one in
+which men cultivate the Apple and the amenities of
+the garden. He thought it indicated relaxed nerves
+to read gardening books, and he regarded gardening
+as a civil and social function, not a love of
+nature. He tells of his own love for freedom and
+savagery&mdash;and he found what he so deemed at
+Walden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
+ Pond. I am told his haunts are little
+changed since the years when he lived there; and
+I had expected to find Walden Pond a scene of
+much wild beauty, but it was the mildest of wild
+woods; it seemed to me as thoroughly civilized and
+social as an Apple orchard.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i086" name="i086"></a>
+<a href="images/i086_large.jpg"><img src="images/i086.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Old Hand-power Cider Mill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thoreau christened the Apple trees of his acquaintance
+with appropriate names in the <i>lingua vernacula</i>:
+the Truant's Apple, the Saunterer's Apple, December
+Eating,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>
+ Wine of New England, the Apple of the
+Dell in the Wood, the Apple of the Hollow in the
+Pasture, the Railroad Apple, the Cellar-hole Apple,
+the Frozen-thawed, and many more; these he loved
+for their fruit; to them let me add the Playhouse
+Apple trees, loved solely for their ingeniously
+twisted branches, an Apple tree of the garden,
+often overhanging the flower borders. I recall
+their glorious whiteness in the spring, but I cannot
+remember that they bore any fruit save a group of
+serious little girls. I know there were no Apples
+on the Playhouse Apple trees in my garden, nor on
+the one in Nelly Gilbert's or Ella Partridge's garden.
+There is no play place for girls like an old
+Apple tree. The main limbs leave the trunk at exactly
+the right height for children to reach, and every
+branch and twig seems to grow and turn only to form
+delightful perches for children to climb among and
+cling to. Some Apple trees in our town had a
+copy of an Elizabethan garden furnishing; their
+branches enclosed tree platforms about twelve feet
+from the ground, reached by a narrow ladder or
+flight of steps. These were built by generous
+parents for their children's playhouses, but their
+approach of ladder was too unhazardous, their
+railings too safety-assuring, to prove anything but
+conventional and uninteresting. The natural Apple
+tree offered infinite variety, and a slight sense of
+daring to the climber. Its possibility of accident
+was fulfilled; untold number of broken arms and
+ribs&mdash;juvenile&mdash;were resultant from falls from
+Apple trees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i087" name="i087"></a>
+<a href="images/i087_large.jpg"><img src="images/i087.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Pressing out Cider in Old Hand Mill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of Thoreau's Apples was the Green Apple
+(<i>Malus viridis</i>, or <i>Cholera morbifera puerelis delectissima</i>).
+I know not for how many centuries boys
+(and girls too) have eaten and suffered from green
+apples. A description was written in 1684 which
+might have happened any summer since; I quote
+it with reminiscent delight, for I have the same
+love for the spirited relation that I had in my early
+youth when I never, for a moment, in spite of the
+significant names, deemed the entire book anything
+but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
+ a real story; the notion that <i>Pilgrim's
+Progress</i> was an allegory never entered my mind.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"Now there was on the other side of the wall a <i>Garden</i>.
+And some of the Fruit-Trees that grew in the Garden shot
+their Branches over the Wall, and being mellow, they that
+found them did gather them up and oft eat of them to their
+hurt. So <i>Christiana's</i> Boys, <i>as Boys are apt to do</i>, being
+<i>pleas'd</i> with the Trees did <i>Plash</i> them and began to eat.
+Their Mother did also chide them for so doing, but still
+the Boys went on. Now <i>Matthew</i> the Eldest Son of
+<i>Christiana</i> fell sick.... There dwelt not far from thence
+one Mr. <i>Skill</i> an Ancient and well approved Physician.
+So Christiana desired it and they sent for him and he came.
+And when he was entered the Room and a little observed
+the Boy he concluded that he was sick of the Gripes. Then
+he said to his Mother, <i>What Diet has Matthew of late fed
+upon</i>? <i>Diet</i>, said Christiana, <i>nothing but which is wholesome</i>.
+The Physician answered, <i>This Boy has been tampering with
+something that lies in his Maw undigested</i>.... Then said
+Samuel, <i>Mother, Mother, what was that which my brother did
+gather up and eat. You know there was an Orchard and my
+Brother did plash and eat. True, my child</i>, said Christiana,
+<i>naughty boy as he was. I did chide him and yet he would eat
+thereof.</i>"</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The realistic treatment of Mr. Skill and Matthew's
+recovery thereby need not be quoted.</p>
+
+<p>An historic Apple much esteemed in Connecticut
+and Rhode Island, and often planted at the edge of
+the flower garden, is called the Sapson, or Early
+Sapson, Sapson Sweet, Sapsyvine, and in Pennsylvania,
+Wine-sap. The name is a corruption of the
+old English Apple name, Sops-o'-wine. It is a
+charming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
+ little red-cheeked Apple of early autumn,
+slightly larger than a healthy Crab-apple. The clear
+red of its skin perfuses in coral-colored veins and
+beautiful shadings to its very core. It has a condensed,
+spicy, aromatic flavor, not sharp like a Crab-apple,
+but it makes a better jelly even than the
+Crab-apple&mdash;jelly of a ruby color with an almost
+wine-like flavor, a true Sops-of-wine. This fruit is
+deemed so choice that I have known the sale of a
+farm to halt for some weeks until it could be
+proved that certain Apple trees in the orchard bore
+the esteemed Sapsyvines.</p>
+
+<p>Under New England and New York farm-houses
+was a cellar filled with bins for vegetables and
+apples. As the winter passed on there rose from
+these cellars a curious, earthy, appley smell, which
+always seemed most powerful in the best parlor,
+the room least used. How Schiller, who loved
+the scent of rotten apples, would have rejoiced!
+The cellar also contained many barrels of cider;
+for the beauty of the Apple trees, and the use of
+their fruit as food, were not the only factors which
+influenced the planting of the many Apple orchards
+of the new world; they afforded a universal drink&mdash;cider.
+I have written at length, in my books,
+<i>Home Life in Colonial Days</i> and <i>Stage-Coach and
+Tavern Days</i>, the history of the vogue and manufacture
+of cider in the new world. The cherished
+Apple orchards of Endicott, Blackstone, Wolcott,
+and Winthrop were so speedily multiplied that by
+1670 cider was plentiful and cheap everywhere. By
+the opening of the eighteenth century it had wholly
+crowded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>
+ out beer and metheglin; and was the drink
+of old and young on all occasions.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i088" name="i088"></a>
+<a href="images/i088_large.jpg"><img src="images/i088.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Old Horse-lever Cider Mill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At first, cider was made by pounding the Apples
+by hand in wooden mortars; then simple mills were
+formed of a hollowed log and a spring board.
+Rude hand presses, such as are shown on <a href="#i086">pages 198</a>
+and <a href="#i087">200</a>, were known in 1660, and lingered to our
+own day. Kalm, the Swedish naturalist, saw ancient
+horse presses (like the one depicted on <a href="#i088">this page</a>) in
+use in the Hudson River Valley in 1749. In
+autumn the whole country-side was scented with
+the sour, fruity smell from these cider mills; and
+the gift of a draught of sweet cider to any passer-by
+was as ample and free as of water from the brookside.
+The cider when barrelled and stored for
+winter was equally free to all comers, as well it
+might<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
+ be, when many families stored a hundred
+barrels for winter use.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i089" name="i089"></a>
+<a href="images/i089_large.jpg"><img src="images/i089.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">"Straining off" the Cider.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Washingtonian or Temperance reform which
+swept over this country like a purifying wind in the
+first quarter of the nineteenth century, found many
+temporizers who tried to exclude cider from the list
+of intoxicating drinks which converts pledged themselves
+to abandon. Some farmers who adopted this
+much-needed movement against the all-prevailing
+vice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>
+ of drunkenness received it with fanatic zeal.
+It makes the heart of the Apple lover ache to read
+that in this spirit they cut down whole orchards of
+flourishing Apple trees, since they could conceive
+no adequate use for their apples save for cider.
+That any should have tried to exclude cider from
+the list of intoxicating beverages seems barefaced
+indeed to those who have tasted that most potent of
+all spirits&mdash;frozen cider. I once drank a small
+modicum of Jericho cider, as smooth as Benedictine
+and more persuasive, which made a raw day in April
+seem like sunny midsummer. I afterward learned
+from the ingenuous Long Island farmer whose hospitality
+gave me this liqueur that it had been frozen
+seven times. Each time he had thrust a red-hot
+poker into the bung-hole of the barrel, melted all the
+watery ice and poured it out; therefore the very
+essence of the cider was all that remained.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to note the folk customs of Old
+England which have lingered here, such as domestic
+love divinations. The poet Gay wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"I pare this Pippin round and round again,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">My shepherd's name to flourish on the plain.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">I fling th' unbroken paring o'er my head,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Upon the grass a perfect L. is read."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I have seen New England schoolgirls, scores of
+times, thus toss an "unbroken paring." An ancient
+trial of my youth was done with Apple seeds; these
+were named for various swains, then slightly wetted
+and stuck on the cheek or forehead, while we
+chanted:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Pippin! Pippin! Paradise!<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Tell me where my true love lies!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The seed that remained longest in place indicated
+the favored and favoring lover.</p>
+
+<p>With the neglect in this country of Saints' Days
+and the Puritanical frowning down of all folk customs
+connected with them, we lost the delightful wassailing
+of the Apple trees. This, like many another
+religious observance, was a relic of heathen sacrifice,
+in this case to Pomona. It was celebrated
+with slight variations in various parts of England;
+and was called an Apple howling, a wassailing, a
+youling, and other terms. The farmer and his
+workmen carried to the orchard great jugs of cider
+or milk pans filled with cider and roasted apples.
+Encircling in turn the best bearing trees, they drank
+from "clayen-cups," and poured part of the contents
+on the ground under the trees. And while they
+wassailed the trees they sang:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i7q">"Here's to thee, old Apple tree!<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">And whence thou mayst bear Apples enow!<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">Hats full! caps full,<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">Bushel&mdash;Bushel&mdash;sacks full,<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">And my pockets full too."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Another Devonshire rhyme ran:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Health to thee, good Apple tree!<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Well to bear pocket-fulls, hat-fulls,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Peck-fulls, bushel bag-fulls."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The wassailing of the trees gave place in America
+to a jovial autumnal gathering known as an Apple
+cut,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
+ an Apple paring, or an Apple bee. The cheerful
+kitchen of the farm-house was set out with its
+entire array of empty pans, pails, tubs, and baskets.
+Heaped-up barrels of apples stood in the centre of
+the room. The many skilful hands of willing
+neighbors emptied the barrels, and with sharp knives
+or an occasional Apple parer, filled the empty
+vessels with cleanly pared and quartered apples.</p>
+
+<p>When the work was finished, divinations with
+Apple parings and Apple seeds were tried, simple
+country games were played; occasionally there was
+a fiddler and a dance. An autumnal supper was
+served from the three zones of the farm-house:
+nuts from the attic, Apples from the pantry, and
+cider from the cellar. The apple-quarters intended
+for drying were strung on homespun linen thread
+and hung out of doors on clear drying days. A
+humble hillside home in New Hampshire thus
+quaintly festooned is shown in the illustration <a href="#i090">opposite
+page 208</a>&mdash;a characteristic New Hampshire
+landscape. When thoroughly dried in sun and
+wind, these sliced apples were stored for the winter
+by being hung from rafter to rafter of various living
+rooms, and remained thus for months (gathering
+vast accumulations of dust and germs for our blissfully
+ignorant and unsqueamish grandparents) until
+the early days of spring, when Apple sauce, Apple
+butter, and the stores of Apple bin and Apple pit
+were exhausted, and they then afforded, after proper
+baths and soakings, the wherewithal for that domestic
+comestible&mdash;dried Apple pie. The Swedish
+parson, Dr. Acrelius, writing home to Sweden in
+1758<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>
+ an account of the settlement of Delaware,
+said:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"Apple pie is used throughout the whole year, and when
+fresh Apples are no longer to be had, dried ones are used.
+It is the evening meal of children. House pie, in country
+places, is made of Apples neither peeled nor freed from their
+cores, and its crust is not broken if a wagon wheel goes
+over it."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I always had an undue estimation of Apple pie
+in my childhood, from an accidental cause: we were
+requested by the conscientious teacher in our Sunday-school
+to "take out" each week without fail from
+the "Select Library" of the school a "Sabbath-school
+Library Book." The colorless, albeit pious,
+contents of the books classed under that title
+are well known to those of my generation; even
+such a child of the Puritans as I was could not
+read them. There were two anchors in that sea of
+despair,&mdash;but feeble holds would they seem to-day,&mdash;the
+first volumes of <i>Queechy</i> and <i>The Wide, Wide
+World</i>. With the disingenuousness of childhood I
+satisfied the rules of the school and my own conscience
+by carrying home these two books, and no
+others, on alternate Sundays for certainly two years.
+The only wonder in the matter was that the transaction
+escaped my Mother's eye for so long a time.
+I read only isolated scenes; of these the favorite
+was the one wherein Fleda carries to the woods for
+the hungry visitor, who was of the English nobility,
+several large and toothsome sections of green Apple
+pie and cheese. The prominence given to that Apple
+pie<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>
+ in that book and in my two years of reading
+idealized it. On a glorious day last October I drove
+to New Canaan, the town which was the prototype
+of Queechy. Hungry as ever in childhood from
+the clear autumnal air and the long drive from
+Lenox, we asked for luncheon at what was reported
+to be a village hostelry. The exact counterpart
+of Miss Cynthia Gall responded rather sourly that
+she wasn't "boarding or baiting" that year. Humble
+entreaties for provender of any kind elicited
+from her for each of us a slice of cheese and a large
+and truly noble section of Apple pie, the very pie
+of Fleda's tale, which we ate with a bewildered sense
+as of a previous existence. This was intensified as
+we strolled to the brook under the Queechy Sugar
+Maples, and gathered there the great-grandchildren
+of Fleda's Watercresses, and heard the sound of
+Hugh's sawmills.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i090" name="i090"></a>
+<a href="images/i090_large.jpg"><img src="images/i090.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Drying Apples.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Six hundred years ago English gentlewomen and
+goodwives were cooking Apples just as we cook them
+now&mdash;they even had Apple pie. A delightful recipe
+of the fourteenth century was for "Appeluns for
+a Lorde, in opyntide." Opyntide was springtime;
+this was, therefore, a spring dish fit for a lord.</p>
+
+<p>Apple-moy and Apple-mos, Apple Tansy, and
+Pommys-morle were delightful dishes and very rich
+food as well. The word pomatum has now no association
+with <i>pomum</i>, but originally pomatum was
+made partly of Apples. In an old "Dialog between
+Soarness and Chirurgi," written by one Dr. Bulleyne
+in the days of Queen Elizabeth, is found this question
+and its answer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+<blockquote><p class="small">"<i>Soarness.</i> How make you pomatum?</p>
+
+<p class="small">"<i>Chirurgi.</i> Take the fat of a yearly kyd one pound, temper
+it with the water of musk-roses by the space of foure
+dayes, then take five apples, and dresse them, and cut them
+in pieces, and lard them with cloves, then boyl them altogeather
+in the same water of roses in one vessel of glasse
+set within another vessel, let it boyl on the fyre so long tyll
+it all be white, then wash them with the same water of
+muske-roses, this done kepe it in a glasse and if you will
+have it to smell better, then you must put in a little civet
+or musk, or both, or ambergrice. Gentil women doe use
+this to make theyr faces fayr and smooth, for it healeth
+cliftes in the lippes, or in any places of the hands and
+face."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>With the omission of the civet or musk I am
+sure this would make to-day a delightful cream; but
+there is one condition which the "gentil woman" of
+to-day could scarcely furnish&mdash;the infinite patience
+and leisure which accompanied and perfected all
+such domestic work three centuries ago. A pomander
+was made of "the maste of a sweet Apple
+tree being gathered betwixt two Lady days," mixed
+with various sweet-scented drugs and gums and
+Rose leaves, and shaped into a ball or bracelet.</p>
+
+<p>The successor of the pomander was the Clove
+Apple, or "Comfort Apple," an Apple stuck solidly
+with cloves. In country communities, one was
+given as an expression of sympathy in trouble or
+sorrow. Visiting a country "poorhouse" recently,
+we were shown a "Comfort-apple" which had been
+sent to one of the inmates by a friend; for even
+paupers have friends.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Taffaty tarts" were of paste filled with Apples
+sweetened and seasoned with Lemon, Rose-water,
+and Fennel seed. Apple-sticklin', Apple-stucklin,
+Apple-twelin, Apple-hoglin, are old English provincial
+names of Apple pie; Apple-betty is a New
+England term. The Apple Slump of New England
+homes was not the "slump-pye" of old England,
+which was a rich mutton pie flavored with wine and
+jelly, and covered with a rich confection of nuts and
+fruit.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i091" name="i091"></a>
+<a href="images/i091_large.jpg"><img src="images/i091.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Ancient Apple Picker, Apple Racks, Apple Parers, Apple-butter Kettle,
+Apple-butter Paddle, Apple-butter Stirrer, Apple-butter Crocks.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Pennsylvania, among the people known as the
+Pennsylvania Dutch, the Apple frolic was universal.
+Each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>
+ neighbor brought his or her own Apple parer.
+This people make great use of Apples and cider in
+their food, and have many curious modes of cooking
+them. Dr. Heilman in his paper on "The
+Old Cider Mill" tells of their delicacy of "cider
+time" called cider soup, made of equal parts of
+cider and water, boiled and thickened with sweet
+cream and flour; when ready to serve, bits of bread
+or toast are placed in it. "Mole cider" is made
+of boiling cider thickened to a syrup with beaten
+eggs and milk. But of greatest importance, both
+for home consumption and for the market, is the
+staple known as Apple butter. This is made from
+sweet cider boiled down to about one-third its
+original quantity. To this is added an equal weight
+of sliced Apples, about a third as much of molasses,
+and various spices, such as cloves, ginger, mace,
+cinnamon or even pepper, all boiled together for
+twelve or fifteen hours. Often the great kettle
+is filled with cider in the morning, and boiled
+and stirred constantly all day, then the sliced
+Apples are added at night, and the monotonous
+stirring continues till morning, when the butter
+can be packed in jars and kegs for winter use.
+This Apple butter is not at all like Apple sauce;
+it has no granulated appearance, but is smooth
+and solid like cheese and dark red in color.
+Apple butter is stirred by a pole having upon
+one end a perforated blade or paddle set at right
+angles. Sometimes a bar was laid from rim to
+rim of the caldron, and worked by a crank that
+turned a similar paddle. A collection of ancient
+utensils<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>
+ used in making Apple butter is shown on
+<a href="#i091">page 211</a>; these are from the collections of the
+Bucks County Historical Society. <a href="#i092">Opposite page
+214</a> is shown an ancient open-air fireplace and an
+old couple making Apple butter just as they have
+done for over half a century.</p>
+
+<p>In New England what the "hired man" on the
+farm called "biled cider Apple sass," took the place
+of Apple butter. Preferably this was made in the
+"summer kitchen," where three kettles, usually of
+graduated sizes, could be set over the fire; the
+three kettles could be hung from a crane, or
+trammels. All were filled with cider, and as the
+liquid boiled away in the largest kettle it was filled
+from the second and that from the third. The
+fresh cider was always poured into the third kettle,
+thus the large kettle was never checked in its boiling.
+This continued till the cider was as thick as
+molasses. Apples (preferably Pound Sweets or
+Pumpkin Sweets) had been chosen with care, pared,
+cored, and quartered, and heated in a small kettle.
+These were slowly added to the thickened cider, in
+small quantities, in order not to check the boiling.
+The rule was to cook them till so softened that a
+rye straw could be run into them, and yet they
+must retain their shape. This was truly a critical
+time; the slightest scorched flavor would ruin the
+whole kettleful. A great wooden, long-handled,
+shovel-like ladle was used to stir the sauce fiercely
+until it was finished in triumph. Often a barrel of
+this was made by our grandmothers, and frozen
+solid for winter use. The farmer and "hired men"
+ate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>
+ it clear as a relish with meats; and it was suited
+to appetites and digestions which had been formed
+by a diet of salted meats, fried breads, many pickles,
+and the drinking of hot cider sprinkled with pepper.</p>
+
+<p>Emerson well named the Apple the social fruit
+of New England. It ever has been and is still the
+grateful promoter and unfailing aid to informal
+social intercourse in the country-side; but the
+Apple tree is something far nobler even than being
+the sign of cheerful and cordial acquaintance; it is
+the beautiful rural emblem of industrious and temperate
+home life. Hence, let us wassail with a
+will:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8q">"Here's to thee, old Apple tree!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And whence thou mayst bear Apples enow!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i092" name="i092"></a>
+<a href="images/i092_large.jpg"><img src="images/i092.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Making Apple Butter.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2>
+
+<p class="center">GARDENS OF THE POETS</p>
+
+<p class="small center">"The chief use of flowers is to illustrate quotations from the
+poets."</p>
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_a_large.png"><img src="images/drop_a.png" alt="A" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">All English poets have ever been
+ready to sing English flowers
+until jesters have laughed, and
+to sing garden flowers as well as
+wild flowers. Few have really
+described a garden, though the
+orderly distribution of flowers
+might be held to be akin to
+the restraint of rhyme and rhythm in poetry.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i093" name="i093"></a>
+<a href="images/i093_large.jpg"><img src="images/i093.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Shakespeare Border at Hillside.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It has been the affectionate tribute and happy
+diversion of those who love both poetry and flowers
+to note the flowers beloved of various poets, and
+gather them together, either in a book or a garden.
+The pages of Milton cannot be forced, even
+by his most ardent admirers, to indicate any intimate
+knowledge of flowers. He certainly makes
+some very elegant classical allusions to flowers and
+fruits, and some amusingly vague ones as well.
+"The Flowers of Spenser," and "A Posy from
+Chaucer," are the titles of most readable chapters
+in <i>A Garden of Simples</i>, but the allusions and
+quotations from both authors are pleasing and
+interesting,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>
+ rather than informing as to the real
+variety and description of the flowers of their day.
+Nearly all the older English poets, though writing
+glibly of woods and vales, of shepherds and swains,
+of buds and blossoms, scarcely allude to a flower in a
+natural way. Herrick was truly a flower lover, and,
+as the critic said, "many flowers grow to illustrate
+quotations from his works." The flowers named
+of Shakespeare have been written about in varied
+books, <i>Shakespeare's Garden</i>, <i>Shakespeare's Bouquet</i>,
+<i>Flowers from Stratford-on-Avon</i>, etc. These are
+easily led in fulness of detail, exactness of information,
+and delightful literary quality by that truly
+perfect book, beloved of all garden lovers, <i>The Plant
+Lore and Garden Craft of Shakespeare</i>, by Canon Ellacombe.
+Of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>
+ it I never weary, and for it I am ever
+grateful.</p>
+
+<p>Shakespeare Gardens, or Shakespeare Borders,
+too, are laid out and set with every tree, shrub, and
+flower named in Shakespeare, and these are over
+two hundred in number. A distinguishing mark
+of the Shakespeare Border of Lady Warwick is the
+peculiar label set alongside each plant. This label
+is of pottery, greenish-brown in tint, shaped like a
+butterfly, bearing on its wings a quotation of a few
+words and the play reference relating to each special
+plant. Of course these words have been fired in
+and are thus permanent. Pretty as they are in
+themselves they must be disfiguring to the borders&mdash;as
+all labels are in a garden.</p>
+
+<p>In the garden at Hillside, near Albany, New
+York, grows a green and flourishing Shakespeare
+Border, gathered ten years ago by the mistress of
+the garden. I use the terms green and flourishing
+with exactness in this connection, for a great impression
+made by this border is of its thriving health,
+and also of the predominance of green leafage of
+every variety, shape, manner of growth, and oddness
+of tint. In this latter respect it is infinitely more
+beautiful than the ordinary border, varying from
+silvery glaucous green through greens of yellow
+or brownish shade to the blue-black greens of some
+herbs; and among these green leaves are many of
+sweet or pungent scent, and of medicinal qualities,
+such as are seldom grown to-day save in some such
+choice and chosen spot. There is less bloom in
+this Shakespeare Border than in our modern flower
+beds,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>
+ and the flowers are not so large or brilliant as
+our modern favorites; but, quiet as they are, they
+are said to excel the blossoms of the same plants of
+Shakespeare's own day, which we learn from the old
+herbalists were smaller and less varied in color and
+of simpler tints than those of their descendants.
+At the first glance this Shakespeare Border shines
+chiefly in the light of the imagination, as stirred by
+the poet's noble words; but do not dwell on this
+border as a whole, as something only to be looked
+at; read the pages of this garden, dwell on each
+leafy sentence, and you are entranced with its beautiful
+significance. It was not gathered with so much
+thought, and each plant and seed set out and watched
+and reared like a delicate child, to become a show
+place; it appeals for a more intimate regard; and
+we find that its detail makes its charm.</p>
+
+<p>Such a garden as this appeals warmly to anyone
+who is sensitive to the imaginative element of
+flower beauty. Many garden makers forget that a
+flower bed is a group of living beings&mdash;perhaps of
+sentient beings&mdash;as well as a mass of beautiful color.
+Modern gardens tend far too much toward the display
+of the united effect of growing plants, to a
+striving for universal brilliancy, rather than attention
+to and love for separate flowers. There was
+refreshment of spirit as well as of the senses in the
+old-time garden of flowers, such as these planted in
+this Shakespeare Border, and it stirred the heart of
+the poet as could no modern flower gardens.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i094" name="i094"></a>
+<a href="images/i094_large.jpg"><img src="images/i094.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Long Border at Hillside.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The scattering inflorescence and the tiny size of
+the blossoms give to this Shakespeare Border an
+unusual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>
+ aspect of demureness and delicacy, and the
+plants seem to cling with affection and trust to the
+path of their human protector; they look simple
+and confiding, and seem close both to nature and to
+man. This homelike and modest quality is shown,
+I think, even in the presentation in black and white
+given on <a href="#i093">page 216</a> and <a href="#i094">opposite page 218</a>, though
+it shows still more in the garden when the wide
+range of tint of foliage is added.</p>
+
+<p>A most appropriate companion of the old flowers
+in this Shakespeare Border is the sun-dial, which is
+an exact copy of the one at Abbotsford, Scotland.
+It bears the motto <span lang="el" title="Greek: ERCHETAI GAR NYX">
+&#917;&#929;&#935;&#917;&#932;&#913;&#921; &#915;&#913;&#929; &#925;&#933;&#926;</span> meaning,
+"For the night cometh." It was chosen by Sir
+Walter Scott, for his sun-dial, as a solemn monitor
+to himself of the hour "when no man can work."
+It was copied from a motto on the dial-plate of
+the watch of the great Dr. Samuel Johnson; and
+it is curious that in both cases the word <span lang="el" title="Greek: GAR">&#915;&#913;&#929;</span>
+should be introduced, for it is not in the clause in
+the New Testament from which the motto was taken.
+It is a beautiful motto and one of singular appropriateness
+for a sun-dial. The pedestal of this
+sun-dial is of simple lines, but it is dignified and
+pleasing, aside from the great interest of association
+which surrounds it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i095" name="i095"></a>
+<a href="images/i095_large.jpg"><img src="images/i095.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Beauty of Winter Lilacs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I had a happy sense, when walking through this
+garden, that, besides my congenial living companionship,
+I had the company of some noble Elizabethan
+ghosts; and I know that if Shakespeare and Jonson
+and Herrick were to come to Hillside, they would
+find the garden so familiar to them; they would
+greet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>
+ the plants like old friends, they would note
+how fine grew the Rosemary this year, how sweet
+were the Lady's-smocks, how fair the Gillyflowers.
+And Gerarde and Parkinson would ponder, too,
+over all the herbs and simples of their own Physick
+Gardens, and compare notes. Above all I seemed
+to see, walking soberly by my side, breathing in with
+delight the varied scents of leaf and blossom, that
+lover and writer of flowers and gardens, Lord
+Bacon&mdash;and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>
+ not in the disguise of Shakespeare
+either. For no stronger proofs can be found of the
+existence of two individualities than are in the works
+of each of these men, in their sentences and pages
+which relate to gardens and flowers.</p>
+
+<p>This fair garden and Shakespeare Border are
+loveliest in the cool of the day, in the dawn or
+at early eve; and those who muse may then remember
+another Presence in a garden in the cool of the
+day. And then I recall that gem of English poesy
+which always makes me pitiful of its author; that he
+could write this, and yet, in his hundreds of pages of
+English verse, make not another memorable line:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"A Garden is a lovesome thing, God wot;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Rose plot,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Fringed pool,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Ferned grot,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The veriest school of Peace;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">And yet the fool<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Contends that God is not in gardens.<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Not in gardens! When the eve is cool!<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Nay, but I have a sign.<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">'Tis very sure God walks in mine."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Shakespeare Borders grow very readily and freely
+in England, save in the case of the few tropical flowers
+and trees named in the pages of the great dramatist;
+but this Shakespeare Border at Hillside needs much
+cherishing. The plants of Heather and Broom and
+Gorse have to be specially coddled by transplanting
+under cold frames during the long winter months in
+frozen Albany; and thus they find vast contrast to
+their free, unsheltered life in Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i096" name="i096"></a>
+<a href="images/i096_large.jpg"><img src="images/i096.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden of Mrs. Frank Robinson, Wakefield, Rhode Island.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Persistent efforts have been made to acclimate
+both Heather and Gorse in America. We have seen
+how Broom came uninvited and spread unasked on
+the Massachusetts coast; but Gorse and Heather
+have proved shy creatures. On the beautiful island
+of Naushon the carefully planted Gorse may be
+found spread in widely scattered spots and also on
+the near-by mainland, but it cannot be said to have
+thrived markedly. The Scotch Heather, too, has
+been frequently planted, and watched and pushed,
+but it is slow to become acclimated. It is not because
+the winters are too cold, for it is found in
+considerable amount in bitter Newfoundland; perhaps
+it prefers to live under a crown.</p>
+
+<p>Modern authors have seldom given their names
+to gardens, not even Tennyson with his intimate
+and extended knowledge of garden flowers. A
+Mary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>
+ Howitt Garden was planned, full of homely
+old blooms, such as she loves to name in her verse;
+but it would have slight significance save to its
+maker, since no one cares to read Mary Howitt
+nowadays. In that charming book, <i>Sylvana's
+Letters to an Unknown Friend</i> (which I know were
+written to me), the author, E. V. B., says, "The
+very ideal of a garden, and the only one I know,
+is found in Shelley's <i>Sensitive Plant</i>." With quick
+championing of a beloved poet, I at once thought
+of the radiant garden of flowers in Keats's heart
+and poems. Then I reread the <i>Sensitive Plant</i> in
+a spirit of utmost fairness and critical friendliness,
+and I am willing to yield the Shelley Garden to
+Sylvana, while I keep, for my own delight, my
+Keats garden of sunshine, color, and warmth.</p>
+
+<p>That Keats had a profound knowledge and love
+of flowers is shown in his letters as well as his
+poems. Only a few months before his death, when
+stricken with and fighting a fatal disease, he
+wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"How astonishingly does the chance of leaving the
+world impress a sense of its natural beauties upon me!
+Like poor Falstaff, though I do not babble, I think of
+green fields. I muse with greatest affection on every
+flower I have known from my infancy&mdash;their shapes and
+colors are as new to me as if I had just created them with
+a superhuman fancy. It is because they are connected
+with the most thoughtless and the happiest moments of my
+life."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Near the close of his <i>Endymion</i> he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"Nor much it grieves<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To die, when summer dies on the cold sward.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Why, I have been a butterfly, a lord<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Of flowers, garlands, love-knots, silly posies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Groves, meadows, melodies, and arbor roses;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">My kingdom's at its death, and just it is<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That I should die with it."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1816, under the influence of a
+happy day at Hampstead, he wrote that lovely poem,
+"I stood tiptoe upon a little hill." After a description
+of the general scene, a special corner of beauty
+is thus told:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"A bush of May flowers with the bees about them&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Ah, sure no bashful nook could be without them&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And let a lush Laburnum oversweep them,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And let long grass grow round the roots to keep them<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Moist, cool, and green; and shade the Violets<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That they may bind the moss in leafy nets.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">A Filbert hedge with Wild-brier over trim'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And clumps of Woodbine taking the soft wind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Upon their summer thrones...."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Then come these wonderful lines, which belittle
+all other descriptions of Sweet Peas:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"Here are Sweet Peas, on tiptoe for a flight,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">With wings of gentle flush o'er delicate white,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And taper fingers catching at all things<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To bind them all about with tiny wings."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Keats states in his letters that his love of flowers
+was wholly for those of the "common garden sort,"
+not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>
+ for flowers of the greenhouse or difficult cultivation,
+nor do I find in his lines any evidence
+of extended familiarity with English wild flowers.
+He certainly does not know the flowers of woods
+and fields as does Matthew Arnold.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i097" name="i097"></a>
+<a href="images/i097_large.jpg"><img src="images/i097.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Parson's Walk.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table says: "Did
+you ever hear a poet who did not talk flowers?
+Don't you think a poem which for the sake of
+being original should leave them out, would be like
+those verses where the letter <i>a</i> or <i>e</i>, or some other,
+is omitted? No; they will bloom over and over
+again in poems as in the summer fields, to the end
+of time, always old and always new." The Autocrat
+himself knew well a poet who never talked
+flowers in his poems, a poet beloved of all other
+poets,&mdash;Arthur Hugh Clough,&mdash;though he loved
+and knew all flowers. From Matthew Arnold's
+beautiful tribute to him, are a few of his wonderful
+flower lines, cut out from their fellows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"Through the thick Corn the scarlet Poppies peep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">And round green roots and yellowing stalks I see<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Pale blue Convolvulus in tendrils creep,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">And air-swept Lindens yield<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Their scent, and rustle down their perfumed showers<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Of bloom...,<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i9">&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i3q">"Soon will the high midsummer pomps come on,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Soon will the Musk Carnations break and swell.<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">Soon shall we have gold-dusted Snapdragon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Sweet-william with his homely cottage smell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">And Stocks in fragrant blow."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Oh, what a master hand! Where in all English
+verse are fairer flower hues? And where is a more
+beautiful description of a midsummer evening, than
+Arnold's exquisite lines beginning:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"The evening comes; the fields are still;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The tinkle of the thirsty rill."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p>
+<p>Dr. Holmes was also a master in the description
+of garden flowers. I should know, had I never
+been told save from his verses, just the kind of a
+Cambridge garden he was reared in, and what
+flowers grew in it. Lowell, too, gives ample evidence
+of a New England childhood in a garden.</p>
+
+<p>The gardens of Shenstone's <i>Schoolmistress</i> and
+of Thomson's poems come to our minds without
+great warmth of welcome from us; while Clare's
+lines are full of charm:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2q">"And where the Marjoram once, and Sage and Rue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And Balm, and Mint, with curl'd leaf Parsley grew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And double Marigolds, and silver Thyme,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And Pumpkins 'neath the window climb.<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And where I often, when a child, for hours<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Tried through the pales to get the tempting flowers,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As Lady's Laces, everlasting Peas,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">True-love-lies-bleeding, with the Hearts-at-ease<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">And Goldenrods, and Tansy running high,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">That o'er the pale tops smiled on passers by."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A curious old seventeenth-century poet was the
+Jesuit, René Rapin. The copy of his poem entitled
+<i>Gardens</i> which I have seen, is the one in my
+daughter's collection of garden books; it was "English'd
+by the Ingenious Mr. Gardiner," and published
+in 1728. Hallam in his <i>Introduction to the
+Literature of Europe</i> gives a capital estimate of this
+long poem of over three thousand lines. I find
+them pretty dull reading, with much monotony of
+adjectives, and very affected notions for plant names.
+I fancy he manufactured all his tedious plant traditions
+himself.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i098" name="i098"></a>
+<a href="images/i098_large.jpg"><img src="images/i098.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden of Mary Washington.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A pleasing little book entitled <i>Dante's Garden</i>
+has collected evidence, from his writings, of Dante's
+love of green, growing things. The title is rather
+strained, since he rarely names individual flowers,
+and only refers vaguely to their emblematic significance.
+I would have entitled the book <i>Dante's Forest</i>,
+since he chiefly refers to trees; and the Italian gardens
+of his
+days were of
+trees rather
+than flowers.
+There are passages
+in his
+writings which
+have led some
+of his worshippers
+to believe
+that his childhood
+was passed
+in a garden;
+but these references
+are very
+indeterminate.</p>
+
+<p>The picture
+of a deserted
+garden, with its sad sentiment has charmed the fancy
+of many a poet. Hood, a true flower-lover, wrote
+this jingle in his <i>Haunted House</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"The Marigold amidst the nettles blew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The Gourd embrac'd the Rose bush in its ramble.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The Thistle and the Stock together grew,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The Hollyhock and Bramble.<br /></span>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"The Bearbine with the Lilac interlaced,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The sturdy Burdock choked its tender neighbor,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The spicy Pink. All tokens were effaced<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Of human care and labor."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>These lines are a great contrast to the dignified
+versification of The Old Garden, by Margaret Deland,
+a garden around which a great city has grown.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"Around it is the street, a restless arm<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That clasps the country to the city's heart."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>No one could read this poem without knowing that
+the author is a true garden lover, and knowing as
+well that she spent her childhood in a garden.</p>
+
+<p>Another American poet, Edith Thomas, writes
+exquisitely of old gardens and garden flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"The pensile Lilacs still their favors throw.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The Star of Lilies, plenteous long ago,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Waits on the summer dusk, and faileth not.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The legions of the grass in vain would blot<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The spicy Box that marks the garden row.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Let but the ground some human tendance know,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">It long remaineth an engentled spot."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Let me for a moment, through the suggestion of
+her last two lines, write of the impress left on nature
+through flower planting. "The garden long remaineth
+an engentled spot." You cannot for years
+stamp out the mark of a garden; intentional destruction
+may obliterate the garden borders, but neglect
+never. The delicate flowers die, but some sturdy
+things spring up happily and seem gifted with everlasting
+life. Fifteen years ago a friend bought an
+old country seat on Long Island; near the site of
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
+ new house, an old garden was ploughed deep and
+levelled to a lawn. Every year since then the patient
+gardeners pull up, on this lawn, in considerable
+numbers, Mallows, Campanulas, Star of Bethlehem,
+Bouncing-bets and innumerable Asparagus shoots,
+and occasionally the seedlings of other flowers which
+have bided their time in the dark earth. Traces
+of the residence of Sir Walter Raleigh in Ireland
+may still be seen in the growth of richly perfumed
+wall-flowers which he brought from the
+Azores. The Affane Cherry is found where he
+planted it, and some of his Cedars are living. The
+summer-house of Yew trees sheltered him when he
+smoked in the garden, and in this garden he planted
+Tobacco. Near by is the famous spot where he
+planted what were then called Virginian Potatoes.
+By that planting they acquired the name of Irish
+Potatoes.</p>
+
+<p>I have spoken of the Prince Nurseries in Flushing;
+the old nurserymen left a more lasting mark
+than their Nurseries, in the rare trees and plants now
+found on the roads, and in the fields and gardens
+for many miles around Flushing. With the Parsons
+family, who have been, since 1838, distributors
+of unusual plants, especially the splendid garden
+treasures from China and Japan, they have made
+Flushing a delightful nature-study.</p>
+
+<p>In the humblest dooryard, and by the wayside in
+outlying parts of the town, may be seen rare and
+beautiful old trees: a giant purple Beech is in a laborer's
+yard; fine Cedars, Salisburias, red-flowered
+Horse-chestnuts, Japanese flowering Quinces and
+Cherries,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>
+ and even rare Japanese Maples are to be
+found; a few survivors of the Chinese Mulberry
+have a romantic interest as mementoes of a giant
+bubble of ruin. The largest Scotch Laburnum I
+ever saw, glorious in golden bloom, is behind an
+unkempt house. On the Parsons estate is a weeping
+Beech of unusual size. Its branches trail on
+the ground in a vast circumference of 222 feet,
+forming a great natural arbor. The beautiful vernal
+light in this tree bower may be described in Andrew
+Marvell's words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8q">"Annihilating all that's made<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">To a green thought in a green shade."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i099" name="i099"></a>
+<a href="images/i099_large.jpg"><img src="images/i099.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Box and Phlox.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The photograph of it, shown <a href="#i100">opposite page 232</a>,
+gives some scant idea of its leafy walls; it has been
+for years the fit trysting-place of lovers, as is shown
+by the initials carved on the great trunk. Great
+Judas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
+ trees, sadly broken yet bravely blooming;
+decayed hedges of several kinds of Lilacs, Syringas,
+Snowballs, and Yuccas of princely size and bearing
+still linger. Everywhere are remnants of Box hedges.
+One unkempt dooryard of an old Dutch farm-house
+was glorified with a broad double row of yellow Lily
+at least sixty feet in length. Everywhere is Wistaria,
+on porches, fences, houses, and trees; the abundant
+Dogwood trees are often overgrown with Wistaria.
+The most exquisite sight of the floral year was the
+largest Dogwood tree I have ever seen, radiant with
+starry white bloom, and hung to the tip of every
+white-flowered branch with the drooping amethystine
+racemes of Wistaria of equal luxuriance. Golden-yellow
+Laburnum blooms were in one case mingled
+with both purple and white Wistaria. These yellow,
+purple, and white blooms of similar shape were a
+curious sight, as if a single plant had been grafted.
+As I rode past so many glimpses of loveliness mingled
+with so much present squalor, I could but think
+of words of the old hymn:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10q">"Where every prospect pleases<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">And only man is vile."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Could the hedges, trees, and vines which came
+from the Prince and Parsons Nurseries have been
+cared for, northeastern Long Island, which is part
+of the city of Greater New York, would still be what
+it was named by the early explorers, "The Pearl of
+New Netherland."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i100" name="i100"></a>
+<a href="images/i100_large.jpg"><img src="images/i100.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Within the Weeping Beech.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2>
+
+<p class="center">THE CHARM OF COLOR</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"How strange are the freaks of memory,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The lessons of life we forget.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">While a trifle, a trick of color,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">In the wonderful web is set."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr">&mdash;<span class="smcap">James Russell Lowell.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_t2_large.png"><img src="images/drop_t2.png" alt="W" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">The quality of charm in color is
+most subtle; it is like the human
+attribute known as fascination,
+"whereof," says old Cotton
+Mather, "men have more Experience
+than Comprehension."
+Certainly some alliance of color with a form suited
+or wonted to it is necessary to produce a gratification
+of the senses. Thus in the leaves of plants
+every shade of green is pleasing; then why is there
+no charm in a green flower? The green of Mignonette
+bloom would scarcely be deemed beautiful
+were it not for our association of it with the delicious
+fragrance. White is the absence of color. In
+flowers a pure chalk-white, and a snow-white (which
+is bluish) is often found; but more frequently the
+white flower blushes a little, or is warmed with
+yellow, or has green veins.</p></div>
+
+<p>Where green runs into the petals of a white
+flower, its beauty hangs by a slender thread. If
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>
+ green lines have any significance, as have the
+faint green checkerings of the Fritillary, which I
+have described elsewhere in this book, they add
+to its interest; but ordinarily they make the petals
+seem undeveloped. The Snowdrop bears the mark
+of one of the few tints of green which we like in
+white flowers; its "heart-shaped seal of green,"
+sung by Rossetti, has been noted by many other
+poets. Tennyson wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8q">"Pure as lines of green that streak the white<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Of the first Snowdrop's inner leaves."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i101" name="i101"></a>
+<a href="images/i101_large.jpg"><img src="images/i101.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Spring Snowflake.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A cousin of the Snowdrop, is the "Spring Snowflake"
+or Leucojum, called also by New England
+country folk "High Snowdrop." It bears at the
+end of each snowy petal a tiny exact spot of green;
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+ I think it must have been the flower sung by
+Leigh Hunt:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8q">"The nice-leaved lesser Lilies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Shading like detected light<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Their little green-tipt lamps of white."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The illustration on <a href="#i101">page 234</a> shows the graceful
+growth of the flower and its exquisitely precise little
+green-dotted petals, but it has not caught its luminous
+whiteness, which seems almost of phosphorescent
+brightness in each little flower.</p>
+
+<p>The Star of Bethlehem is a plant in which the
+white and green of the leaf is curiously repeated in
+the flower. Gardeners seldom admit this flower
+now to their gardens, it so quickly crowds out everything
+else; it has become on Long Island nothing
+but a weed. The high-growing Star of Bethlehem
+is a pretty thing. A bed of it in my sister's garden
+is shown on <a href="#i102">page 237</a>.</p>
+
+<p>It is curious that when all agree that green flowers
+have no beauty and scant charm, that a green flower
+should have been one of the best-loved flowers of
+my home garden. But this love does not come
+from any thought of the color or beauty of the
+flower, but from association. It was my mother's
+favorite, hence it is mine. It was her favorite because
+she loved its clear, pure, spicy fragrance. This
+ever present and ever welcome scent which pervades
+the entire garden if leaf or flower of the loved
+Ambrosia be crushed, is curious and characteristic,
+a true "ambrosiack odor," to use Ben Jonson's
+words.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p>
+<p>A vivid description of Ambrosia is that of
+Gerarde in his delightful <i>Herball</i>.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"Oke of Jerusalem, or Botrys, hath sundry small stems
+a foote and a halfe high dividing themselves into many
+small branches. The leafe very much resembling the leafe
+of an Oke, which hath caused our English women to call
+it Oke of Jerusalem. The upper side of the leafe is a
+deepe greene and somewhat rough and hairy, but underneath
+it is of a darke reddish or purple colour. The seedie
+floures grow clustering about the branches like the yong
+clusters or blowings of the Vine. The roote is small and
+thriddy. The whole herbe is of a pleasant smell and
+savour, and the whole plant dieth when the seed is ripe.
+Oke of Jerusalem is of divers called Ambrosia."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Ambrosia has been loved for many centuries by
+Englishwomen; it is in the first English list of
+names of plants, which was made in 1548 by one
+Dr. Turner; and in this list it is called "Ambrose."
+He says of it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"Botrys is called in englishe, Oke of Hierusalem, in
+duche, trauben kraute, in french pijmen. It groweth in
+gardines muche in England."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Ambrosia has now died out "in gardines muche
+in England." I have had many letters from English
+flower lovers telling me they know it not; and
+I have had the pleasure of sending the seeds to
+several old English and Scotch gardens, where I
+hope it will once more grow and flourish, for I am
+sure it must feel at home.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i102" name="i102"></a>
+<a href="images/i102_large.jpg"><img src="images/i102.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Star of Bethlehem.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The seeds of this beloved Ambrosia, which filled
+my mother's garden in every spot in which it
+could spring, and which overflowed with cheerful
+welcome into the gardens of our neighbors, was
+given her from the garden of a great-aunt in Walpole,
+New Hampshire. This Walpole garden was
+a famous gathering of old-time favorites, and it had
+the delightful companionship of a wild garden. On
+a series of terraces with shelving banks, which reached
+down to a stream, the boys of the family planted,
+seventy years ago, a myriad of wild flowers, shrubs,
+and trees, from the neighboring woods. By the side
+of the garden great Elm trees sheltered scores of
+beautiful gray squirrels; and behind the house and
+garden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>
+ an orchard led to the wheat fields, which
+stretched down to the broad Connecticut River. All
+flowers thrived there, both in the Box-bordered beds
+and in the wild garden, perhaps because the morning
+mists from the river helped out the heavy buckets
+of water from the well during the hot summer
+weeks. Even in winter the wild garden was beautiful
+from the brilliant Bittersweet which hung from
+every tree.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i103" name="i103"></a>
+<a href="images/i103_large.jpg"><img src="images/i103.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">"The Pearl."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here Ambrosia was plentiful, but is plentiful no
+longer; and Walpole garden lovers seek seeds of
+it from the Worcester garden. I think it dies out
+generally when all the weeding and garden care is
+done by gardeners; they assume that the little
+plants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>
+ of such modest bearing are weeds, and pull
+them up, with many other precious seedlings of
+the old garden, in their desire to have ample expanse
+of naked dirt. One of the charms which was permitted
+to the old garden was its fulness. Nature
+there certainly abhorred a vacant space. The garden
+soil was full of resources; it had a seed for every
+square inch; it seemed to have a reserve store ready
+to crowd into any space offered by the removal or
+dying down of a plant at any time.</p>
+
+<p>Let me tell of a curious thing I found in an old
+book, anent our subject&mdash;green flowers. It shows
+that we must not accuse our modern sensation
+lovers, either in botany or any other science, of
+being the only ones to add artifice to nature. The
+green Carnation has been chosen to typify the
+decadence and monstrosity of the end of the nineteenth
+century; but nearly two hundred years ago
+a London fruit and flower grower, named Richard
+Bradley, wrote a treatise upon field husbandry and
+garden culture, and in it he tells of a green Carnation
+which "a certayn fryar" produced by grafting
+a Carnation upon a Fennel stalk. The flowers
+were green for several years, then nature overcame
+decadent art.</p>
+
+<p>There be those who are so enamoured of the color
+green and of foliage, that they care little for flowers
+of varied tint; even in a garden, like the old poet
+Marvell, they deem,&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8q">"No white nor red was ever seen<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">So amorous as this lovely green."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p>
+<p>Such folk could scarce find content in an American
+garden; for our American gardeners must confess,
+with Shakespeare's clown: "I am no great
+Nebuchadnezzar, sir, I have not much skill in grass."
+Our lawns are not old enough.</p>
+
+<p>A charming greenery of old English gardens was
+the bowling-green. We once had them in our colonies,
+as the name of a street in our greatest city now
+proves; and I deem them a garden fashion well-to-be-revived.</p>
+
+<p>The laws of color preference differ with the size
+of expanses. Our broad fields often have pleasing
+expanses of leafage other than green, and flowers
+that are as all-pervading as foliage. Many flowers
+of the field have their day, when each seems to be
+queen, a short day, but its rights none dispute.
+Snow of Daisies, yellow of Dandelions, gold of Buttercups,
+purple pinkness of Clover, Innocence, Blue-eyed Grass,
+Milkweed, none reign more absolutely
+in every inch of the fields than that poverty stricken
+creature, the Sorrel. William Morris warns us that
+"flowers in masses are mighty strong color," and must
+be used with much caution in a garden. But there
+need be no fear of massed color in a field, as being
+ever gaudy or cloying. An approach to the beauty
+and satisfaction of nature's plentiful field may be
+artificially obtained as an adjunct to the garden in a
+flower-close sown or set with a solid expanse of
+bloom of some native or widely adopted plant. I
+have seen a flower-close of Daisies, another of Buttercups,
+one of Larkspur, one of Coreopsis. A
+new field tint, and a splendid one, has been given to
+us<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>
+ within a few years, by the introduction of the
+vivid red of Italian clover. It is eagerly welcomed
+to our fields, so scant of scarlet. This clover was
+brought to America in the years 1824 <i>et seq.</i>, and is
+described in contemporary publications in alluring
+sentences. I have noted the introduction of several
+vegetables, grains, fruits, berries, shrubs, and flowers
+in those years, and attribute this to the influence of
+the visit of Lafayette in 1824. Adored by all, his
+lightest word was heeded; and he was a devoted
+agriculturist and horticulturist, ever exchanging ideas,
+seeds, and plants with his American fellow-patriots
+and fellow-farmers. I doubt if Italian clover then
+became widely known; but our modern farmers now
+think well of it, and the flower lover revels in it.</p>
+
+<p>The exigencies of rhyme and rhythm force us to
+endure some very curious notions of color in the
+poets. I think no saying of poet ever gave greater
+check to her lovers than these lines of Emily Dickinson:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8q">"Nature rarer uses yellow<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">Than another hue;<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Saves she all of that for sunsets,<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">Prodigal of blue.<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Spending scarlet like a woman,<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">Yellow she affords<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Only scantly and selectly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">Like a lover's words."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I read them first with a sense of misapprehension
+that I had not seen aright; but there the words
+stood out, "Nature rarer uses yellow than another
+hue." The writer was such a jester, such a tricky
+elf<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>
+ that I fancy she wrote them in pure "contrariness,"
+just to see what folks would say, how they
+would dispute over her words. For I never can
+doubt that, with all her recluse life, she knew intuitively
+that some time her lines would be read by
+folks who would love them.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i104" name="i104"></a>
+<a href="images/i104_large.jpg"><img src="images/i104.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Pyrethrum.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The scarcity of red wild flowers is either a cause
+or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>
+ an effect; at any rate it is said to be connected
+with the small number of humming-birds, who play
+an important part in the fertilization of many of the
+red flowers. There are no humming-birds in
+Europe; and the Aquilegia, red and yellow here,
+is blue there, and is then fertilized by the assistance
+of the bumblebee. Without humming-birds the
+English successfully accomplish one glorious sweep
+of red in the Poppies of the field; Parkinson
+called them "a beautiful and gallant red"&mdash;a very
+happy phrase. Ruskin, that master of color and of
+its description, and above all master of the description
+of Poppies, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"The Poppy is the most transparent and delicate of all
+the blossoms of the field. The rest, nearly all of them,
+depend on the texture of their surface for color. But the
+Poppy is painted glass; it never glows so brightly as when
+the sun shines through it. Whenever it is seen, against the
+light or with the light, it is a flame, and warms the wind
+like a blown ruby."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>There is one quality of the Oriental Poppies
+which is very palpable to me. They have often
+been called insolent&mdash;Browning writes of the
+"Poppy's red affrontery"; to me the Poppy has
+an angry look. It is wonderfully haughty too, and
+its seed-pod seems like an emblem of its rank.
+This great green seed-pod stands one inch high
+in the centre of the silken scarlet robe, and has an
+antique crown of purple bands with filling of lilac,
+just like the crown in some ancient kingly portraits,
+when the bands of gold and gems radiating from a
+great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>
+ jewel in the centre are filled with crimson or
+purple velvet. Around this splendid crowned seed-vessel
+are rows of stamens and purple anthers of
+richest hue.</p>
+
+<p>We must not let any scarlet flower be dropped
+from the garden, certainly not the Geranium, which
+just at present does not shine so bravely as a few
+years ago. The general revulsion of feeling against
+"bedding out" has extended to the poor plants
+thus misused, which is unjust. I find I have
+spoken somewhat despitefully of the Coleus, Lobelia,
+and Calceolaria, so I hasten to say that I do
+not include the Geranium with them. I love its
+clean color, in leaf and blossom; its clean fragrance;
+its clean beauty, its healthy growth; it is a plant I
+like to have near me.</p>
+
+<p>It has been the custom of late to sneer at crimson
+in the garden, especially if its vivid color gets a
+dash of purple and becomes what Miss Jekyll calls
+"malignant magenta." It is really more vulgar
+than malignant, and has come to be in textile products
+a stamp and symbol of vulgarity, through the
+forceful brilliancy of our modern aniline dyes. But
+this purple crimson, this amarant, this magenta,
+especially in the lighter shades, is a favorite color in
+nature. The garden is never weary of wearing it.
+See how it stands out in midsummer! It is rank
+in Ragged Robin, tall Phlox, and Petunias; you
+find it in the bed of Drummond Phlox, among the
+Zinnias; the Portulacas, Balsams, and China Asters
+prolong it. Earlier in the summer the Rhododendrons
+fill the garden with color that on some of the
+bushes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
+ is termed sultana and crimson, but it is in
+fact plain magenta. One of the good points of
+the Peony is that you never saw a magenta one.</p>
+
+<p>This color shows that time as well as place affects
+our color notions, for magenta is believed to be the
+honored royal purple of the ancients. Fifty years
+ago no one complained of magenta. It was deemed
+a cheerful color, and was set out boldly and complacently
+by the side of pink or scarlet, or wall
+flower colors. Now I dislike it so that really the
+printed word, seen often as I glance back through
+this page, makes the black and white look cheap.
+If I could turn all magenta flowers pink or purple,
+I should never think further about garden harmony,
+all other colors would adjust themselves.</p>
+
+<p>It has been the fortune of some communities to
+be the home of men in nature like Thoreau of Concord
+and Gilbert White of Selborne, men who live
+solely in love of out-door things, birds, flowers, rocks,
+and trees. To all these nature lovers is not given
+the power of writing down readily what they see and
+know, usually the gift of composition is denied them;
+but often they are just as close and accurate observers
+as the men whose names are known to the world by
+their writings. Sometimes these naturalists boldly
+turn to nature, their loved mother, and earn their
+living in the woods and fields. Sometimes they have
+a touch of the hermit in them, they prefer nature to
+man; others are genial, kindly men, albeit possessed
+of a certain reserve. I deem the community blest
+that has such a citizen, for his influence in promoting
+a love and study of nature is ever great. I have
+known<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>
+ one such ardent naturalist, Arba Peirce, ever
+since my childhood. He lives the greater part of
+his waking hours in the woods and fields, and these
+waking hours are from sunrise. From the earliest
+bloom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>
+ of spring to the gay berry of autumn, he knows
+all beautiful things that grow, and where they grow,
+for hundreds of miles around his home.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i105" name="i105"></a>
+<a href="images/i105_large.jpg"><img src="images/i105.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Terraced Garden of Misses Nichols, Salem, Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I speak of him in this connection because he has
+acquired through his woodland life a wonderful
+power of distinguishing flowers at great distance
+with absolute accuracy. Especially do his eyes have
+the power of detecting those rose-lilac tints which
+are characteristic of our rarest, our most delicate wild
+flowers, and which I always designate to myself as
+Arethusa color. He brought me this June a royal
+gift&mdash;a great bunch of wild fringed Orchids, another
+of Calopogon, and one of Arethusa. What a color
+study these three made! At the time their lilac-rose
+tints seemed to me far lovelier than any pure
+rose colors. In those wild princesses were found
+every tone of that lilac-rose from the faint blush
+like the clouds of a warm sunset, to a glow on the lip
+of the Arethusa, like the crimson glow of Mullein
+Pink.</p>
+
+<p>My friend of the meadow and wildwood had
+gathered that morning a glorious harvest, over two
+thousand stems of Pogonia, from his own hidden
+spot, which he has known for forty years and from
+whence no other hand ever gathers. For a little
+handful of these flower heads he easily obtains a
+dollar. He has acquired gradually a regular round
+of customers, for whom he gathers a successive harvest
+of wild flowers from Pussy Willows and Hepatica
+to winter berries. It is not easily earned money
+to stand in heavy rubber boots in marsh mud and
+water reaching nearly to the waist, but after all
+it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>
+ is happy work. Jeered at in his early life by
+fools for his wood-roving tastes, he has now the
+pleasure and honor of supplying wild flowers to
+our public schools, and being the authority to whom
+scholars and teachers refer in vexed questions of
+botany.</p>
+
+<p>I think the various tints allied to purple are the
+most difficult to define and describe of any in the
+garden. To begin with, all these pinky-purple,
+these arethusa tints are nameless; perhaps orchid
+color is as good a name as any. Many deem purple
+and violet precisely the same. Lavender has much
+gray in its tint. Miss Jekyll deems mauve and
+lilac the same; to me lilac is much pinker, much
+more delicate. Is heliotrope a pale bluish purple?
+Some call it a blue faintly tinged with red. Then
+there are the orchid tints, which have more pink
+than blue. It is a curious fact that, with all these
+allied tints which come from the union of blue
+with red, the color name comes from a flower
+name. Violet, lavender, lilac, heliotrope, orchid,
+are examples; each is an exact tint. Rose and
+pink are color names from flowers, and flowers
+of much variety of colors, but the tint name is
+unvarying.</p>
+
+<p>Edward de Goncourt, of all writers on flowers and
+gardens, seems to have been most frankly pleased
+with the artificial side of the gardener's art. He
+viewed the garden with the eye of a colorist, setting
+a palette of varied greens from the deep tones of the
+evergreens, the Junipers and Cryptomerias through
+the variegated Hollies, Privets and Spindle trees;
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>
+ he said that an "elegantly branched coquettishly
+variegated bush" seemed to him like a piece
+of bric-a-brac which should be hunted out and
+praised like some curio hidden on the shelf of a
+collector.</p>
+
+<p>A lack of color perception seems to have been
+prevalent of ancient days, as it is now in some
+Oriental countries. The Bible offers evidence of
+this, and it has also been observed that the fragrance
+of flowers is nowhere noted until we reach the
+Song of Solomon. It is believed that in earliest
+time archaic men had no sense of color; that they
+knew only light and darkness. Mr. Gladstone wrote
+a most interesting paper on the lack of color sense in
+Homer, whose perception of brilliant light was
+good, especially in the glowing reflections of metals,
+but who never names blue or green even in speaking
+of the sky, or trees, while his reds and purples
+are hopelessly mixed. Some German scientists have
+maintained that as recently as Homer's day, our
+ancestors were (to use Sir John Lubbock's word)
+blue-blind, which fills me, as it must all blue lovers,
+with profound pity.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i106" name="i106"></a>
+<a href="images/i106_large.jpg"><img src="images/i106.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Arbor in a Salem Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The influence of color has ever been felt by other
+senses than that of sight. In the <i>Cotton Manuscripts</i>,
+written six hundred years ago, the relations and effects
+of color on music and coat-armor were laboriously
+explained: and many later writers have striven
+to show the effect of color on the health, imagination,
+or fortune. I see no reason for sneering at these
+notions of sense-relation; I am grateful for borrowed
+terms of definition for these beautiful things which
+are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>
+ so hard to define. When an artist says to me,
+"There is a color that sings," I know what he
+means; as I do when my friend says of the funeral
+music in <i>Tristan</i> that "it always hurts her eyes."
+Musicians compose symphonies in color, and artists
+paint pictures in symphonies. Musicians and authors
+acknowledge the domination of color and color
+terms; a glance at a modern book catalogue will
+prove it. Stephen Crane and other modern extremists
+depend upon color to define and describe
+sounds, smells, tastes, feelings, ideas, vices, virtues,
+traits, as well as sights. Sulphur-yellow is deemed
+an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>
+ inspiring color, and light green a clean color;
+every one knows the influence of bright red upon
+many animals and birds; it is said all barnyard
+fowl are affected by it. If any one can see a sunny
+bed of blue Larkspur in full bloom without being
+moved thereby, he must be color blind and sound
+deaf as well, for that indeed is a sight full of music
+and noble inspiration, a realization of Keats' beautiful
+thought:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2q">"Delicious symphonies, like airy flowers<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Budded, and swell'd, and full-blown, shed full showers<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of light, soft unseen leaves of sound divine."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2>
+
+<p class="center">THE BLUE FLOWER BORDER</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Blue thou art, intensely blue!<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Flower! whence came thy dazzling hue?<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">When I opened first mine eye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Upward glancing to the sky,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Straightway from the firmament<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Was the sapphire brilliance sent."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr">&mdash;<span class="smcap">James Montgomery.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_q_large.png"><img src="images/drop_q.png" alt="Q" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">Questions of color relations in
+a garden are most opinion-making
+and controversy-provoking.
+Shall we plant by chance, or by a
+flower-loving instinct for sheltered
+and suited locations, as was
+done in all old-time gardens, and
+with most happy and most unaffected
+results? or shall we plant severely by colors&mdash;all
+yellow flowers in a border together? all
+red flowers side by side? all pink flowers near each
+other? This might be satisfactory in small gardens,
+but I am uncertain whether any profound gratification
+or full flower succession would come from
+such rigid planting in long flower borders.</p></div>
+
+<p>William Morris warns us that flowers in masses
+are "mighty strong color," and must be used with
+caution. A still greater cause for hesitation would
+be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>
+ the ugly jarring of juxtaposing tints of the same
+color. Yellows do little injury to each other; but
+I cannot believe that a mixed border of red flowers
+would ever be satisfactory or scarcely endurable;
+and few persons would care for beds of all white
+flowers. But when I reach the Blue Border, then I
+can speak with decision; I know whereof I write,
+I know the variety and beauty of a garden bed of
+blue flowers. In blue you may have much difference
+in tint and quality without losing color effect.
+The Persian art workers have accomplished the
+combining of varying blues most wonderfully and
+successfully: purplish blues next to green-blues,
+and sapphire-blues alongside; and blues seldom
+clash in the flower beds.</p>
+
+<p>Blue is my best beloved color; I love it as the
+bees love it. Every blue flower is mine; and I am
+as pleased as with a tribute of praise to a friend to
+learn that scientists have proved that blue flowers
+represent the most highly developed lines of
+descent. These learned men believe that all
+flowers were at first yellow, being perhaps only
+developed stamens; then some became white,
+others red; while the purple and blue were the
+latest and highest forms. The simplest shaped
+flowers, open to be visited by every insect, are still
+yellow or white, running into red or pink. Thus
+the Rose family have simple open symmetrical
+flowers; and there are no blue Roses&mdash;the flower
+has never risen to the blue stage. In the Pea
+family the simpler flowers are yellow or red; while
+the highly evolved members, such as Lupines,
+Wistaria,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>
+ Everlasting Pea, are purple or blue, varying
+to white. Bees are among the highest forms of
+insect life, and the labiate flowers are adapted to
+their visits; these nearly all have purple or blue
+petals&mdash;Thyme, Sage, Mint, Marjoram, Basil,
+Prunella, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the Blue Border runs into tints of pale
+lilac and purple and is thereby the gainer; but I
+would remove from it the purple Clematis, Wistaria,
+and Passion-flower, all of which a friend has planted
+to cover the wall behind her blue flower bed. Sometimes
+the line between blue and purple is hard to
+define. Keats invented a word, <i>purplue</i>, which he
+used for this indeterminate color.</p>
+
+<p>I would not, in my Blue Border, exclude an occasional
+group of flowers of other colors; I love a
+border<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>
+ of all colors far too well to do that. Here,
+as everywhere in my garden, should be white flowers,
+especially tall white flowers: white Foxgloves, white
+Delphinium, white Lupine, white Hollyhock, white
+Bell-flower, nor should I object to a few spires at
+one end of the bed of sulphur-yellow Lupines, or
+yellow Hollyhocks, or a group of Paris Daisies.
+I have seen a great Oriental Poppy growing in
+wonderful beauty near a mass of pale blue Larkspur,
+and Shirley Poppies are a delight with blues;
+and any one could arrange the pompadour tints of
+pink and blue in a garden who could in a gown.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i107" name="i107"></a>
+<a href="images/i107_large.jpg"><img src="images/i107.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Scilla.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Let me name some of the favorites of the Blue
+Border. The earliest but not the eldest is the pretty
+spicy Scilla in several varieties, and most satisfactory
+it is in perfection of tint, length of bloom, and great
+hardiness. It would be welcomed as we eagerly
+greet all the early spring blooms, even if it were
+not the perfect little blossom that is pictured on
+<a href="#i107">page 254</a>, the very little Scilla that grew in my
+mother's garden.</p>
+
+<p>The early spring blooming of the beloved Grape
+Hyacinth gives us an overflowing bowl of "blue
+principle"; the whole plant is imbued and fairly
+exudes blue. Ruskin gave the beautiful and
+appropriate term "blue-flushing" to this plant and
+others, which at the time of their blossoming send
+out through their veins their blue color into the
+surrounding leaves and the stem; he says they
+"breathe out" their color, and tells of a "saturated
+purple" tint.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i108" name="i108"></a>
+<a href="images/i108_large.jpg"><img src="images/i108.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sweet Alyssum Edging.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Not content with the confines of the garden
+border,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>
+ the Grape Hyacinth has "escaped the
+garden," and become a field flower. The "seeing
+eye," ever quick to feel a difference in shade or
+color, which often proves very slight upon close
+examination, viewed on Long Island a splendid sea
+of blue; and it seemed neither the time nor tint for
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>
+ expected Violet. We found it a field of Grape
+Hyacinth, blue of leaf, of stem, of flower. While
+all flowers are in a sense perfect, some certainly do
+not appear so in shape, among the latter those of
+irregular sepals. Some flowers seem imperfect without
+any cause save the fancy of the one who is
+regarding them; thus to me the Balsam is an imperfect
+flower. Other flowers impress me delightfully
+with a sense of perfection. Such is the Grape
+Hyacinth, doubly grateful in this perfection in the
+time it comes in early spring. The Grape Hyacinth
+is the favorite spring flower of my garden&mdash;but no!
+I thought a minute ago the Scilla was! and what
+place has the Violet? the Flower de Luce? I cannot
+decide, but this I know&mdash;it is some blue flower.</p>
+
+<p>Ruskin says of the Grape Hyacinth, as he saw
+it growing in southern France, its native home, "It
+was as if a cluster of grapes and a hive of honey
+had been distilled and pressed together into one
+small boss of celled and beaded blue." I always
+think of his term "beaded blue" when I look at it.
+There are several varieties, from a deep blue or purple
+to sky-blue, and one is fringed with the most
+delicate feathery petals. Some varieties have a faint
+perfume, and country folk call the flower "Baby's
+Breath" therefrom.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i109" name="i109"></a>
+<a href="images/i109_large.jpg"><img src="images/i109.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Bachelor's Buttons in a Salem Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Purely blue, too, are some of our garden Hyacinths,
+especially a rather meagre single Hyacinth
+which looks a little chilly; and Gavin Douglas wrote
+in the springtime of 1500, "The Flower de Luce
+forth spread his heavenly blue." It always jars
+upon my sense of appropriateness to hear this old
+garden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>
+ favorite called Fleur de Lis. The accepted
+derivation of the word is that given by Grandmaison
+in his <i>Heraldic Dictionary</i>. Louis VII. of France,
+whose name was then written Loys, first gave the
+name to the flower, "Fleur de Loys"; then it became
+Fleur de Louis, and finally, Fleur de Lis.
+Our flower caught its name from Louis. Tusser in
+his list of flowers for windows and pots gave plainly
+Flower de Luce; and finally Gerarde called the
+plant Flower de Luce, and he advised its use as a
+domestic remedy in a manner which is in vogue
+in country homes in New England to-day. He
+said that the root "stamped plaister-wise, doth take
+away the blewnesse or blacknesse of any stroke"
+that is, a black and blue bruise. Another use
+advised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>
+ of him is as obsolete as the form in which
+it was rendered. He said it was "good in a loch
+or licking medicine for shortness of breath." Our
+apothecaries no longer make, nor do our physicians
+prescribe, "licking medicines." The powdered root
+was urged as a complexion beautifier, especially to
+remove morphew, and as orris-root may be found
+in many of our modern skin lotions.</p>
+
+<p>Ruskin most beautifully describes the Flower de
+Luce as the flower of chivalry&mdash;"with a sword for
+its leaf, and a Lily for its heart." These grand
+clumps of erect old soldiers, with leafy swords of
+green and splendid cuirasses and plumes of gold
+and bronze and blue, were planted a century ago in
+our grandmothers' garden, and were then Flower
+de Luce. A hundred years those sturdy sentinels
+have stood guard on either side of the garden gates&mdash;still
+Flower de Luce. There are the same clean-cut
+leaf swords, the same exquisite blossoms, far more
+beautiful than our tropical Orchids, though similar
+in shape; let us not change now their historic
+name, they still are Flower de Luce&mdash;the Flower
+de Louis.</p>
+
+<p>The Violet family, with its Pansies and Ladies'
+Delights, has honored place in our Blue Border,
+though the rigid color list of a prosaic practical dyer
+finds these Violet allies a debased purple instead of
+blue.</p>
+
+<p>Our wild Violets, the blue ones, have for me a
+sad lack for a Violet, that of perfume. They are
+not as lovely in the woodlands as their earlier coming
+neighbor, the shy, pure Hepatica. Bryant, calling
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>
+ Hepatica Squirrelcups (a name I never
+heard given them elsewhere), says they form "a
+graceful company hiding in their bells a soft aerial
+blue." Of course, they vary through blue and
+pinky purple, but the blue is well hidden, and I
+never think of them save as an almost white flower.
+Nor are the Violets as lovely on the meadow and
+field slopes, as the mild Innocence, the Houstonia,
+called also Bluets, which is scarcely a distinctly blue
+expanse, but rather "a milky way of minute stars."
+An English botanist denies that it is blue at all. A
+field covered with Innocence always looks to me as
+if little clouds and puffs of blue-white smoke had
+descended and rested on the grass.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i110" name="i110"></a>
+<a href="images/i110_large.jpg"><img src="images/i110.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">A "Sweet Garden-side" in Salem, Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I well recall when the Aquilegia, under the name
+of California Columbine, entered my mother's garden,
+to which its sister, the red and yellow Columbine,
+had been brought from a rocky New England
+pasture when the garden was new. This Aquilegia
+came to us about the year 1870. I presume old
+catalogues of American florists would give details
+and dates of the journey of the plant from the Pacific
+to the Atlantic. It chanced that this first Aquilegia
+of my acquaintance was of a distinct light blue
+tint; and it grew apace and thrived and was vastly
+admired, and filled the border with blueness of
+that singular tint seen of late years in its fullest
+extent and most prominent position in the great
+masses of bloom of the blue Hydrangea, the show
+plant of such splendid summer homes as may be
+found at Newport. These blue Hydrangeas are
+ever to me a color blot. They accord with no other
+flower<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>
+ and no foliage. I am ever reminded of blue
+mould, of stale damp. I looked with inexpressible
+aversion on a photograph of Cecil Rhodes' garden
+at Cape Town&mdash;several solid acres set with this blue
+Hydrangea and
+nothing else,
+unbroken by
+tree or shrub,
+and scarce a
+path, growing
+as thick as a
+field sown with
+ensilage corn,
+and then I
+thought what
+would be the
+color of that
+mass! that crop
+of Hydrangeas!
+Yet I am told
+that Rhodes is
+a flower-lover
+and flower-thinker.
+Now
+this Aquilegia
+was of similar
+tint; it was
+blue, but it was not a pleasing blue, and additional
+plants of pink, lilac, and purple tints had to be
+added before the Aquilegia was really included in
+our list of well-beloveds.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i111" name="i111"></a>
+<a href="images/i111_large.jpg"><img src="images/i111.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Salpiglossis.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are other flowers for the blue border. It
+is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>
+ pleasant to plant common Flax, if you have ample
+room; it is a superb blue; to many persons the
+blossom is unfamiliar, and is always of interest. Its
+lovely flowers have been much sung in English
+verse. The Salpiglossis, shown on the <a href="#i111">opposite
+page</a>, is in its azure tint a lovely flower, though it is
+a kinsman of the despised Petunia.</p>
+
+<p>How the Campanulaceæ enriched the beauty and
+the blueness of the garden. We had our splendid
+clusters of Canterbury Bells, both blue and white.
+I have told elsewhere of our love for them in childhood.
+Equally dear to us was a hardy old Campanula
+whose full name I know not, perhaps it is the
+Pyramidalis; it is shown on <a href="#i112">page 263</a>, the very
+plant my mother set out, still growing and blooming;
+nothing in the garden is more gladly welcomed
+from year to year. It partakes of the charm shared
+by every bell-shaped flower, a simple form, but an
+ever pleasing one. We had also the <i>Campanula
+persicifolia</i> and <i>trachelium</i>, and one we called Bluebells
+of Scotland, which was not the correct name.
+It now has died out, and no one recalls enough of
+its exact detail to learn its real name. The showiest
+bell-flower was the <i>Platycodon grandiflorum</i>, the Chinese
+or Japanese Bell-flower, shown on <a href="#i113">page 264</a>.
+Another name is the Balloon-flower, this on account
+of the characteristic buds shaped like an inflated balloon.
+It is a lovely blue in tint, though this photograph
+was taken from a white-flowered plant in the
+white border at Indian Hill. The Giant Bell-flower
+is a <i>fin de siècle</i> blossom named <i>Ostrowskia</i>, with
+flowers four inches deep and six inches in diameter;
+it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>
+ has not yet become common in our gardens, where
+the <i>Platycodon</i> rules in size among its bell-shaped
+fellows.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i112" name="i112"></a>
+<a href="images/i112_large.jpg"><img src="images/i112.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Old Campanula.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are several pretty low-growing blue flowers
+suitable for edgings, among them the tiny stars of
+the Swan River Daisy (<i>Brachycome iberidifolia</i>) sold
+as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>
+ purple, but as brightly blue as Scilla. The
+dwarf Ageratum is also a long-blossoming soft-tinted
+blue flower; it made a charming edging in my
+sister's garden last summer;
+but I should
+never put either of
+them on the edge of
+the blue border.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i113" name="i113"></a>
+<a href="images/i113_large.jpg"><img src="images/i113.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Chinese Bell-flower.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dull blue,
+sparsely set flowers of
+the various members of
+the Mint family have
+no beauty in color, nor
+any noticeable elegance;
+the Blue Sage is the
+only vivid-hued one,
+and it is a true ornament
+to the border.
+Prunella was ever found
+in old gardens, now it
+is a wayside weed.
+Thoreau loved the
+Prunella for its blueness,
+its various lights,
+and noted that its color
+deepened toward night.
+This flower, regarded
+with indifference by
+nearly every one, and
+distaste by many, always
+to him suggested coolness and freshness by its
+presence. The Prunella was beloved also by
+Ruskin,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>
+ who called it the soft warm-scented Brunelle,
+and told of the fine purple gleam of its hooded
+blossom: "the two uppermost petals joined like an
+old-fashioned enormous hood or bonnet; the lower
+petal torn deep at the edges into a kind of fringe,"&mdash;and
+he said it was a "Brownie flower," a little
+eerie and elusive in its meaning. I do not like it
+because it has such a disorderly, unkempt look, it
+always seems bedraggled.</p>
+
+<p>The pretty ladder-like leaf of Jacob's Ladder is
+most delicate and pleasing in the garden, and its
+blue bell-flowers are equally refined. This is truly
+an old-fashioned plant, but well worth universal
+cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>In answer to the question, What is the bluest
+flower in the garden or field? one answered Fringed
+Gentian; another the Forget-me-not, which has
+much pink in its buds and yellow in its blossoms;
+another Bee Larkspur; and the others <i>Centaurea
+cyanus</i> or Bachelor's Buttons, a local American name
+for them, which is not even a standard folk name,
+since there are twenty-one English plants called
+Bachelor's Buttons. Ragged Sailor is another
+American name. Corn-flower, Blue-tops, Blue
+Bonnets, Bluebottles, Loggerheads are old English
+names. Queerer still is the title Break-your-spectacles.
+Hawdods is the oldest name of all. Fitzherbert,
+in his <i>Boke of Husbandry</i>, 1586, thus
+describes briefly the plant:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"Hawdod hath a blewe floure, and a few lytle leaves,
+and hath fyve or syxe branches floured at the top."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In varied shades of blue, purple, lilac, pink, and
+white, Bachelor's Buttons are found in every old
+garden, growing in a confused tangle of "lytle leaves"
+and vari-colored flowers, very happily and with very
+good effect. The illustration on <a href="#i109">page 258</a> shows their
+growth and value in the garden.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>The Promise of May</i> Dora's eyes are said to be
+as blue as the Bluebell, Harebell, Speedwell, Bluebottle,
+Succory, Forget-me-not, and Violets; so we
+know what flowers Tennyson deemed blue.</p>
+
+<p>Another poet named as the bluest flower, the
+Monk's-hood, so wonderful of color, one of the
+very rarest of garden tints; graceful of growth,
+blooming till frost, and one of the garden's delights.
+In a list of garden flowers published in Boston, in
+1828, it is called Cupid's Car. Southey says in
+<i>The Doctor</i>, of Miss Allison's garden: "The Monk's-hood
+of stately growth Betsey called 'Dumbledores
+Delight,' and was not aware that the plant, in whose
+helmet&mdash;rather than cowl-shaped flowers, that busy
+and best-natured of all insects appears to revel more
+than any other, is the deadly Aconite of which she
+read in poetry." The dumbledore was the bumblebee,
+and this folk name was given, as many others
+have been, from a close observance of plant habits;
+for the fertilization of the Monk's-hood is accomplished
+only by the aid of the bumblebee.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i114" name="i114"></a>
+<a href="images/i114_large.jpg"><img src="images/i114.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden at Tudor Place.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many call Chicory or Succory our bluest flower.
+Thoreau happily termed it "a cool blue." It is not
+often the fortune of a flower to be brought to notice
+and affection because of a poem; we expect the
+poem to celebrate the virtues of flowers already
+loved.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>
+ The Succory is an example of a plant,
+known certainly to flower students, yet little
+thought of by careless observers until the beautiful
+poem of Margaret Deland touched all who read it.
+I think this a gem of modern poesy, having in full
+that great element of a true poem, the most essential
+element indeed of a short poem&mdash;the power
+of suggestion. Who can read it without being
+stirred by its tenderness and sentiment, yet how
+few are the words.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i7q">"Oh, not in ladies' gardens,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">My peasant posy,<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">Shine thy dear blue eyes;<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">Nor only&mdash;nearer to the skies<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">In upland pastures, dim and sweet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">But by the dusty road,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Where tired feet<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">Toil to and fro,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Where flaunting Sin<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">May see thy heavenly hue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Or weary Sorrow look from thee<br /></span>
+<span class="i7">Toward a tenderer blue."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I recall perfectly every flower I saw in pasture,
+swamp, forest, or lane when I was a child; and I
+know I never saw Chicory save in old gardens.
+It has increased and spread wonderfully along the
+roadside within twenty years. By tradition it was
+first brought to us from England by Governor
+Bowdoin more than a century ago, to plant as
+forage.</p>
+
+<p>In our common Larkspur, the old-fashioned garden
+found its most constant and reliable blue banner,
+its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>
+ most valuable color giver. Self-sown, this
+Larkspur sprung up freely every year; needing no
+special cherishing or nourishing, it grew apace, and
+bloomed with a luxuriance and length of flowering
+that cheerfully blued the garden for the whole summer.
+It was a favorite of children in their floral
+games, and pretty in the housewife's vases, but its
+chief hold on favor was in its democracy and
+endurance. Other flowers drew admirers and lost
+them; some grew very ugly in their decay; certain
+choice seedlings often had stunted development, garden
+scourges attacked tender beauties; fierce July
+suns dried up the whole border, all save the Larkspur,
+which neither withered nor decayed; and
+often, unaided, saved the midsummer garden from
+scanty unkemptness and dire disrepute.</p>
+
+<p>The graceful line of Dr. Holmes, "light as a
+loop of Larkspur," always comes to my mind as I
+look at a bed of Larkspur; and I am glad to show
+here a "loop of Larkspur," growing by the great
+boulder which he loved in the grounds of his country
+home at Beverly Farms. I liked to fancy that
+Dr. Holmes's expression was written by him from
+his memory of the little wreaths and garlands of
+pressed Larkspur that have been made so universally
+for over a century by New England children.
+But that careful flower observer, Mrs. Wright, notes
+that in a profuse growth of the Bee Larkspur, the
+strong flower spikes often are in complete loops before
+full expansion into a straight spire; some are
+looped thrice. Dr. Holmes was a minute observer of
+floral characteristics, as is shown in his poem on the
+<i>Coming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>
+ of Spring</i>, and doubtless saw this curious
+growth of the Larkspur.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i115" name="i115"></a>
+<a href="images/i115_large.jpg"><img src="images/i115.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">"Light as a Loop of Larkspur."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Common annual Larkspurs now are planted
+in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>
+ every one's garden, and deservedly grow in
+favor yearly. The season of their flowering can
+be prolonged, renewed in fact, by cutting away
+the withered flower stems. They respond well
+to all caretaking, to liberal fertilizing and watering,
+just as they dwindle miserably with neglect.
+There are a hundred varieties in all; among
+them the "Rocket-flowered" and "Ranunculus
+flowered" Larkspurs or Delphiniums are ever
+favorites. A friend burst forth in railing at being
+asked to admire a bed of Delphinium. "Why can't
+she call them the good old-time name of Larkspur,
+and not a stiff name cooked up by the botanists." I
+answered naught, but I remembered that Parkinson
+in his <i>Garden of Pleasant Flowers</i> gives a chapter to
+Delphinium, with Lark's-heel as a second thought.
+"Their most usual name with us," he states, "is
+Delphinium." There is meaning in the name: the
+flower is dolphin-like in shape. Of the perennial
+varieties the <i>Delphinium brunonianum</i> has lovely clear
+blue, musk-scented flowers; the Chinese or Branching
+Larkspur is of varied blue tints and tall growth,
+and blooms from midsummer until frost. And loveliest
+of all, an old garden favorite, the purely blue
+Bee Larkspur, with a bee in the heart of each
+blossom. In an ancient garden in Deerfield I saw
+this year a splendid group of plants of the old <i>Delphinium
+Belladonna</i>: it is a weak-kneed, weak-backed
+thing; but give it unobtrusive crutches and busks
+and backboards (in their garden equivalents), and its
+incomparable blue will reward your care. There is
+something singular in the blue of Larkspur. Even
+on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>
+ a dark night you can see it showing a distinct
+blue in the garden like a blue lambent flame.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Larkspur lifting turquoise spires<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Bluer than the sorcerer's fires."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Mrs. Milne-Home says her old Scotch gardener
+called the white Delphinium Elijah's Chariot&mdash;a
+resounding, stately title. Helmet-flower is another
+name. I think the Larkspur Border, and the Blue
+Border both gain if a few plants of the pure white
+Delphinium, especially the variety called the Emperor,
+bloom by the blue flowers. In our garden
+the common blue Larkspur loves to blossom by
+the side of the white Phlox. A bit of the border is
+shown on <a href="#i071">page 162</a>. In another corner of the garden
+the pink and lilac Larkspur should be grown;
+for their tints, running into blue, are as varied as
+those of an opal.</p>
+
+<p>I have never seen the wild Larkspur which grows
+so plentifully in our middle Southern states; but I
+have seen expanses of our common garden Larkspur
+which has run wild. Nor have I seen the
+glorious fields of Wyoming Larkspur, so poisonous
+to cattle; nor the magnificent Larkspur, eight feet
+high, described so radiantly to us by John Muir,
+which blues those wonders of nature, the hanging
+meadow gardens of California.</p>
+
+<p>I am inclined to believe that Lobelia is the least
+pleasing blue flower that blossoms. I never see it
+in any place or juxtaposition that it satisfies me.
+When you take a single flower of it in your hand,
+its single little delicate bloom is really just as pretty
+as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>
+ Blue-eyed Grass, or Innocence, or Scilla, and the
+whole plant regarded closely by itself isn't at all bad;
+but whenever and wherever you find it growing in
+a garden, you never want it in <i>that</i> place, and you
+shift it here and there. I am convinced that the
+Lobelia is simply impossible; it is an alien, wrong in
+some subtle way in tint, in habit of growth, in time
+of blooming. The last time I noted it in any large
+garden planting, it was set around the roots of some
+standard Rose bushes; and the gardener had displayed
+some thought about it; it was only at the
+base of white or cream-yellow Roses; but it still
+was objectionable. I think I would exterminate
+Lobelia if I could, banish it and forget it. In the
+minds of many would linger a memory of certain
+ornate garden vases, each crowded with a Pandanus-y
+plant, a pink Begonia, a scarlet double Geranium, a
+purple Verbena or a crimson Petunia, all gracefully
+entwined with Nasturtiums and Lobelia&mdash;while
+these folks lived, the Lobelia would not be forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>You will have some curious experiences with your
+Blue Border; kindly friends, pleased with its beauty
+or novelty, will send to you plants and seeds to add
+to its variety of form "another bright blue flower."
+You will usually find you have added variety of tint
+as well, ranging into crimson and deep purple, for
+color blindness is far more general than is thought.</p>
+
+<p>The loveliest blue flowers are the wild ones of
+fields and meadows; therefore the poor, says Alphonse
+Karr, with these and the blue of the sky
+have the best and the most of all blueness. Yet
+we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>
+ are constantly hearing folks speak of the lack
+of the color blue among wild flowers, which always
+surprises me; I suppose I see blue because I love
+blue. In pure cobalt tint it is rare; in compensation,
+when it does abound, it makes a permanent
+imprint on our vision, which never vanishes. Recalling
+in midwinter the expanses of color in summer
+waysides, I do not see them white with Daisies,
+or yellow with Goldenrod, but they are in my mind's
+vision brightly, beautifully blue. One special scene
+is the blue of Fringed Gentians, on a sunny October
+day, on a rocky hill road in Royalston, Massachusetts,
+where they sprung up, wide open, a solid mass
+of blue, from stone wall to stone wall, with scarcely
+a wheel rut showing among them. Even thus, growing
+in as lavish abundance as any weed, the Fringed
+Gentian still preserved in collective expanse, its delicate,
+its distinctly aristocratic bearing.</p>
+
+<p>Bryant asserts of this flower:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Thou waitest late, and com'st alone<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">When woods are bare, and birds are flown."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But by this roadside the woods were far from bare.
+Many Asters, especially the variety I call Michaelmas
+Daisies, Goldenrod, Butter-and-eggs, Turtle
+Head, and other flowers, were in ample bloom.
+And the same conditions of varied flower companionship
+existed when I saw the Fringed Gentian
+blooming near Bryant's own home at Cummington.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i116" name="i116"></a>
+<a href="images/i116_large.jpg"><img src="images/i116.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Viper's Bugloss.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another vast field of blue, ever living in my
+memory, was that of the Viper's Bugloss, which I
+viewed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span>
+ with surprise and delight from the platform of
+a train, returning from the Columbian Exposition;
+when I asked a friendly brakeman what the flower
+was called, he answered "Vilets," as nearly all workingmen
+confidently
+name
+every blue
+flower; and he
+sprang from the
+train while the
+locomotive was
+swallowing
+water, and
+brought to me
+a great armful
+of blueness. I
+am not wont
+to like new
+flowers as well
+as my childhood's
+friends,
+but I found
+this new friend,
+the Viper's Bugloss,
+a very
+welcome and
+pleasing acquaintance.
+Curious, too, it is, with the red anthers
+exserted beyond the bright blue corolla, giving the
+field, when the wind blew across it, a new aspect
+and tint, something like a red and blue changeable
+silk. The Viper's Bugloss seems to have the pervasive
+power<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>
+ of many another blue and purple flower,
+Lupine, Iris, Innocence, Grape Hyacinth, Vervain,
+Aster, Spiked Loosestrife; it has become in many
+states a tiresome weed. On the Esopus Creek
+(which runs into the Hudson River) and adown the
+Hudson, acre after acre of meadow and field by the
+waterside are vivid with its changeable hues, and
+the New York farmers' fields are overrun by the
+newcomer.</p>
+
+<p>I have seen the Viper's Bugloss often since that
+day on the railroad train, now that I know it, and
+think of it. Thoreau noted the fact that in a large
+sense we find only what we look for. And he defined
+well our powers of perception when he said that
+many an object will not be seen, even when it comes
+within the range of our visual ray, because it does
+not come within the range of our intellectual ray.</p>
+
+<p>Last spring, having to spend a tiresome day riding
+the length of Long Island, I beguiled the hours by
+taking with me Thoreau's <i>Summer</i> to compare his
+notes of blossomings with those we passed. It was
+June 5, and I read:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"The Lupine is now in its glory. It is the more important
+because it occurs in such extensive patches, even an
+acre or more together.... It paints a whole hillside with
+its blue, making such a field, if not a meadow, as Proserpine
+might have wandered in. Its leaf was made to be
+covered with dewdrops. I am quite excited by this prospect
+of blue flowers in clumps, with narrow intervals; such
+a profusion of the heavenly, the Elysian color, as if these
+were the Elysian Fields. That is the value of the Lupine.
+The earth is blued with it.... You may have passed
+here<span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span>
+ a fortnight ago and the field was comparatively barren.
+Now you come, and these glorious redeemers appear to have
+flashed out here all at once. Who plants the seeds of Lupines
+in the barren soil? Who watereth the Lupines in
+the field?"</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i117" name="i117"></a>
+<a href="images/i117_large.jpg"><img src="images/i117.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Precision of Leaf and Flower of Lupine.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I looked from a car window, and lo! the Long
+Island Railroad ran also through an Elysian Field
+of Lupines, nay, we sailed a swift course through a
+summer sea of blueness, and I seem to see it still,
+with its prim precision of outline and growth of
+both leaf and flower. The Lupine is beautiful in
+the garden border as it is in the landscape, whether
+the blossom be blue, yellow, or white.</p>
+
+<p>Thoreau was the slave of color, but he was the
+master of its description. He was as sensitive as
+Keats to the charm of blue, and left many records
+of his love, such as the paragraphs above quoted.
+He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>
+ noted with delight the abundance of "that principle
+which gives the air its azure color, which makes
+the distant hills and meadows appear blue," the
+"great blue presence" of Monadnock and Wachusett
+with its "far blue eye." He loved Lowell's</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Sweet atmosphere of hazy blue,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">So leisurely, so soothing, so forgiving,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That sometimes makes New England fit for living."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>He revelled in the blue tints of water, of snow, of
+ice; in "the blueness and softness of a mild winter
+day." The constant blueness of the sky at night
+thrilled him with "an everlasting surprise," as did
+the blue shadows within the woods and the blueness
+of distant woods. How he would have rejoiced in
+Monet's paintings, how true he would have found
+their tones. He even idealized blueberries, "a very
+innocent ambrosial taste, as if made of ether itself, as
+they are colored with it."</p>
+
+<p>Thoreau was ever ready in thought of Proserpina
+gathering flowers. He offers to her the Lupine, the
+Blue-eyed Grass, and the Tufted Vetch, "blue, inclining
+in spots to purple"; it affected him deeply
+to see such an abundance of blueness in the grass.
+"Celestial color, I see it afar in masses on the hillside
+near the meadow&mdash;so much blue."</p>
+
+<p>I usually join with Thoreau in his flower loves;
+but I cannot understand his feeling toward the blue
+Flag; that, after noting the rich fringed recurved
+parasols over its anthers, and its exquisite petals, that
+he could say it is "a little too showy and gaudy,
+like some women's bonnets." I note that whenever
+he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>
+ compares flowers to women it is in no flattering
+humor to either; which is, perhaps, what we
+expect from a man who chose to be a bachelor and
+a hermit. His love of obscure and small flowers
+might explain his sentiment toward the radiant and
+dominant blue Flag.</p>
+
+<p>The most valued flower of my childhood, outside
+the garden, was a little sister of the Iris&mdash;the Blue-eyed
+Grass. To find it blooming was a triumph, for
+it was not very profuse of growth near my home;
+to gather it a delight; why, I know not, since the
+tiny blooms promptly closed and withered as soon
+as we held them in our warm little hands. Colonel
+Higginson writes wittily of the Blue-eyed Grass,
+"It has such an annoying way of shutting up its
+azure orbs the moment you gather it; and you
+reach home with a bare stiff blade which deserves
+no better name than <i>Sisyrinchium anceps</i>."</p>
+
+<p>The only time I ever played truant was to run off
+one June morning to find "the starlike gleam amid
+the grass and dew"; to pick Blue-eyed Grass in a
+field to which I was conducted by another naughty
+girl. I was simple enough to come home at mid-day
+with my hands full of the stiff blades and tightly
+closed blooms; and at my mother's inquiry as to
+my acquisition of these treasures, I promptly burst
+into tears. I was then told, in impressive phraseology
+adapted to my youthful comprehension, and
+with the flowers as eloquent proof, that all stolen
+pleasures were ever like my coveted flowers, withered
+and unsightly as soon as gathered&mdash;which my
+mother believed was true.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span></p>
+<p>The blossoms of this little Iris seem to lie on the
+surface of the grass like a froth of blueness; they
+gaze up at the sky with a sort of intimacy as if they
+were a part of it. Thoreau called it an "air of easy
+sympathy." The slightest clouding or grayness of
+atmosphere makes them turn away and close.</p>
+
+<p>The naming of Proserpina leads me to say this:
+that to grow in love and knowledge of flowers, and
+above all of blue flowers, you must read Ruskin's
+<i>Proserpina</i>. It is a book of botany, of studies of
+plants, but begemmed with beautiful sentences and
+thoughts and expressions, with lessons of pleasantness
+which you can never forget, of pictures which
+you never cease to see, such sentences and pictures
+as this:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"Rome. My father's Birthday. I found the loveliest
+blue Asphodel I ever saw in my life in the fields beyond
+Monte Mario&mdash;a spire two feet high, of more than two
+hundred stars, the stalks of them all deep blue as well as
+the flowers. Heaven send all honest people the gathering
+of the like, in the Elysian Fields, some day!"</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Oh, the power of written words! when by these
+few lines I can carry forever in my inner vision this
+spire of starry blueness. To that writer, now in the
+Elysian Fields, an honest teacher if ever one lived,
+I send my thanks for this beautiful vision of blueness.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2>
+
+<p class="center">PLANT NAMES</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"The fascination of plant names is founded on two instincts,&mdash;love
+of Nature and curiosity about Language."</p>
+
+<p class="small attr">
+&mdash;<i>English Plant Names</i>, <span class="smcap">Rev. John Earle</span>, 1880.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_v_large.png"><img src="images/drop_v.png" alt="V" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">Verbal magic is the subtle mysterious
+power of certain words.
+This power may come from association
+with the senses; thus I
+have distinct sense of stimulation
+in the word scarlet, and pleasure
+in the words lucid and liquid.
+The word garden is a never ceasing delight; it seems
+to me Oriental; perhaps I have a transmitted sense
+from my grandmother Eve of the Garden of Eden.
+I like the words, a Garden of Olives, a Garden of
+Herbs, the Garden of the Gods, a Garden enclosed,
+Philosophers of the Garden, the Garden of the Lord.
+As I have written on gardens, and thought on gardens,
+and walked in gardens, "the very music of
+the name has gone into my being." How beautiful
+are Cardinal Newman's words:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"By a garden is meant mystically a place of spiritual
+repose, stillness, peace, refreshment, delight."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>There was, in Gerarde's day, no fixed botanical
+nomenclature of any of the parts or attributes of a
+plant.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>
+ Without using botanical terms, try to describe
+a plant so as to give an exact notion of it to a
+person who has never seen it, then try to find common
+words to describe hundreds of plants; you
+will then admire the vocabulary of the old herbalist,
+his "fresh English words," for you will find that it
+needs the most dextrous use of words to convey accurately
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>
+ figure of a flower. That felicity and facility
+Gerarde had; "a bleak white color"&mdash;how clearly
+you see it! The Water Lily had "great round leaves
+like a buckler." The Cat-tail Flags "flower and bear
+their mace or torch in July and August." One
+plant had "deeply gashed leaves." The Marigold
+had "fat thick crumpled leaves set upon a gross
+and spongious stalke." Here is the Wake-robin,
+"a long hood in proportion like the ear of a hare,
+in middle of which hood cometh forth a pestle or
+clapper of a dark murry or pale purple color."
+The leaves of the Corn-marigold are "much hackt
+and cut into divers sections and placed confusedly."
+Another plant had leaves of "an overworne green,"
+and Pansy leaves were "a bleak green." The leaves
+of Tansy are also vividly described as "infinitely
+jagged and nicked and curled with all like unto a
+plume of feathers."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i118" name="i118"></a>
+<a href="images/i118_large.jpg"><img src="images/i118.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Garden's Friend.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The classification and naming of flowers was much
+thought and written upon from Gerarde's day, until
+the great work of Linnæus was finished. Some
+very original schemes were devised. <i>The Curious
+and Profitable Gardner</i>, printed in 1730, suggested
+this plan: That all plants should be named to indicate
+their color, and that the initials of their names
+should be the initials of their respective colors;
+thus if a plant were named William the Conqueror
+it would indicate that the name was of a
+white flower with crimson lines or shades. "Virtuous
+Oreada would indicate a violet and orange
+flower; Charming Phyllis or Curious Plotinus a
+crimson and purple blossom." S. was to indicate
+Black<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>
+ or Sable, and what letter was Scarlet to have?
+The "curious ingenious Gentleman" who published
+this plan urged also the giving of "pompous names"
+as more dignified; and he made the assertion that
+French and Flemish "Flowerists" had adopted his
+system.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i119" name="i119"></a>
+<a href="images/i119_large.jpg"><img src="images/i119.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Edging of Striped Lilies in a Salem Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>These were all forerunners of Ruskin, with his
+poetical notions of plant nomenclature, such as this;
+that feminine forms of names ending in <i>a</i> (as Prunella,
+Campanula, Salvia, Kalmia) and <i>is</i> (Iris, Amarylis)
+should be given only to plants "that are pretty
+and good"; and that real names, Lucia, Clarissa,
+etc., be also given. Masculine names in <i>us</i> should be
+given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span>
+ to plants of masculine qualities,&mdash;strength,
+force, stubbornness; neuter endings in <i>um</i>, given to
+plants indicative of evil or death.</p>
+
+<p>I have a fancy anent many old-time flower
+names that they are also the names of persons. I
+think of them as persons bearing various traits and
+characteristics. On the other hand, many old English
+Christian names seem so suited for flowers, that
+they might as well stand for flowers as for persons.
+Here are a few of these quaint old names, Collet,
+Colin, Emmot, Issot, Doucet, Dobinet, Cicely,
+Audrey, Amice, Hilary, Bryde, Morrice, Tyffany,
+Amery, Nowell, Ellice, Digory, Avery, Audley,
+Jacomin, Gillian, Petronille, Gresel, Joyce, Lettice,
+Cibell, Avice, Cesselot, Parnell, Renelsha. Do they
+not "smell sweet to the ear"? The names of flowers
+are often given as Christian names. Children
+have been christened by the names Dahlia, Clover,
+Hyacinth, Asphodel, Verbena, Mignonette, Pansy,
+Heartsease, Daisy, Zinnia, Fraxinella, Poppy, Daffodil,
+Hawthorn.</p>
+
+<p>What power have the old English names of garden
+flowers, to unlock old memories, as have the
+flowers themselves! Dr. Earle writes, "The fascination
+of plant names is founded on two instincts;
+love of Nature, and curiosity about Language."
+To these I should add an equally strong instinct
+in many persons&mdash;their sensitiveness to associations.</p>
+
+<p>I am never more filled with a sense of the delight
+of old English plant-names than when I read the
+liquid verse of Spenser:&mdash;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"Bring hether the pincke and purple Cullembine<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">... with Gellifloures,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Bring hether Coronations and Sops-in-wine<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Worne of paramours.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Sow me the ground with Daffadowndillies<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And Cowslips and Kingcups and loved Lilies,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The pretty Pawnce<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The Chevisaunce<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Shall match with the fayre Flour Delice."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Why, the names are a pleasure, though you know
+not what the Sops-in-wine or the Chevisaunce were.
+Gilliflowers were in the verses of every poet. One
+of scant fame, named Plat, thus sings:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"Here spring the goodly Gelofors,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Some white, some red in showe;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Here pretie Pinks with jagged leaves<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">On rugged rootes do growe;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">The Johns so sweete in showe and smell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Distinct by colours twaine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">About the borders of their beds<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">In seemlie sight remaine."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>If there ever existed any difference between Sweet-johns
+and Sweet-williams, it is forgotten now.
+They have not shared a revival of popularity with
+other old-time favorites. They were one of the "garland
+flowers" of Gerarde's day, and were "esteemed
+for beauty, to deck up the bosoms of the beautiful,
+and for garlands and crowns of pleasure." In
+the gardens of Hampton Court in the days of King
+Henry VIII., were Sweet-williams, for the plants had
+been bought by the bushel. Sweet-williams are little
+sung<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>
+ by the poets, and I never knew any one to
+call the Sweet-william her favorite flower, save one
+person. Old residents of Worcester will recall the
+tiny cottage that stood on the corner of Chestnut
+and Pleasant streets, since the remote years when the
+latter-named street was a post-road. It was occupied
+during my childhood by friends of my mother&mdash;a
+century-old mother, and her ancient unmarried
+daughter. Behind the house stretched one of the
+most cheerful gardens I have ever seen; ever, in my
+memory, bathed in glowing sunlight and color. Of
+its glories I recall specially the long spires of vivid
+Bee Larkspur, the varied Poppies of wonderful
+growth, and the rioting Sweet-williams. The latter
+flowers had some sentimental association to the older
+lady, who always asserted with emphasis to all visitors
+that they were her favorite flower. They overran
+the entire garden, crowding the grass plot where
+the washed garments were hung out to dry, even
+growing in the chinks of the stone steps and between
+the flat stone flagging of the little back yard, where
+stood the old well with its moss-covered bucket.
+They spread under the high board fence and appeared
+outside on Chestnut Street; and they extended
+under the dense Lilac bushes and Cedars
+and down the steep grass bank and narrow steps to
+Pleasant Street. The seed was carefully gathered,
+especially of one glowing crimson beauty, the color
+of the Mullein Pink, and a gift of it was highly
+esteemed by other garden owners. Old herbals say
+the Sweet-williams are "worthy the Respect of the
+Greatest Ladies who are Lovers of Flowers." They
+certainly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>
+ had the respect and love of these two old
+ladies, who were truly Lovers of Flowers.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i120" name="i120"></a>
+<a href="images/i120_large.jpg"><img src="images/i120.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden Seat at Avonwood Court.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I recall an objection made to Sweet-williams, by
+some one years ago, that they were of no use or value
+save in the garden; that they could never be combined
+in bouquets, nor did they arrange well in vases.
+It is a place of honor, some of us believe, to be a
+garden flower as well as a vase flower. This garden
+was the only one I knew when a child which contained
+plants of Love-lies-bleeding&mdash;it had even
+then been deemed old-fashioned and out of date.
+And it also held a few Sunflowers, which had not then
+had a revival of attention, and seemed as obsolete
+as the Love-lies-bleeding. The last-named flower
+I always disliked, a shapeless, gawky creature, described
+in florists' catalogues and like publications as
+"an effective plant easily attaining to a splendid form
+bearing many plume-tufts of rich lustrous crimson."
+It is the "immortal amarant" chosen by Milton to
+crown the celestial beings in <i>Paradise Lost</i>. Poor
+angels! they have had many trying vagaries of
+attire assigned to them.</p>
+
+<p>I can contribute to plant lore one fantastic notion
+in regard to Love-lies-bleeding&mdash;though I can find
+no one who can confirm this memory of my childhood.
+I recall distinctly expressions of surprise
+and regret that these two old people in Worcester
+should retain the Love-lies-bleeding in their garden,
+because "the house would surely be struck with
+lightning." Perhaps this fancy contributed to the
+exile of the flower from gardens.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i121" name="i121"></a>
+<a href="images/i121_large.jpg"><img src="images/i121.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Terraced Garden of the Misses Nichols, Salem, Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There be those who write, and I suppose they
+believe,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>
+ that a love of Nature and perception of her
+beauties and a knowledge of flowers, are the dower
+of those who are country born and bred; by which
+is meant reared upon a farm. I have not found this
+true. Farm children have little love for Nature and
+are surprisingly ignorant about wild flowers, save a
+very few varieties. The child who is garden bred
+has a happier start in life, a greater love and knowledge
+of Nature. It is a principle of Froebel that
+one must limit a child's view in order to coördinate
+his perceptions. That is precisely what is done in a
+child's regard of Nature by his life in a garden; his
+view<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>
+ is limited and he learns to know garden flowers
+and birds and insects thoroughly, when the vast and
+bewildering variety of field and forest would have
+remained unappreciated by him.</p>
+
+<p>It is a distressing condition of the education of
+farmers, that they know so little about the country.
+The man knows about his crops and his wife about
+the flowers, herbs, and vegetables of her garden;
+but no countrymen know the names of wild flowers&mdash;and
+few countrywomen, save of medicinal herbs.
+I asked one farmer the name of a brilliant autumnal
+flower whose intense purple was then unfamiliar to
+me&mdash;the Devil's-bit. He answered, "Them's Woilets."
+Violet is the only word in which the initial V
+is ever changed to W by native New Englanders.
+Every pink or crimson flower is a Pink. Spring
+blossoms are "Mayflowers." A frequent answer is,
+"Those ain't flowers, they're weeds." They are more
+knowing as to trees, though shaky about the evergreen
+trees, having little idea of varieties and inclined
+to call many Spruce. They know little about the
+reasons for names of localities, or of any historical
+traditions save those of the Revolution. One
+exclaims in despair, "No one in the country knows
+anything about the country."</p>
+
+<p>This is no recent indifference and ignorance; Susan
+Cooper wrote in her <i>Rural Hours</i> in 1848:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"When we first made acquaintance with the flowers of
+the neighborhood we asked grown persons&mdash;learned perhaps
+in many matters&mdash;the common names of plants they
+must have seen all their lives, and we found they were no
+wiser<span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span>
+ than the children or ourselves. It is really surprising
+how little country people know on such subjects. Farmers
+and their wives can tell you nothing on these matters. The
+men are at fault even among the trees on their own farms,
+if they are at all out of the common way; and as for
+smaller native plants, they know less about them than Buck
+or Brindle, their own oxen."</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i122" name="i122"></a>
+<a href="images/i122_large.jpg"><img src="images/i122.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Kitchen Dooryard at Wilbour Farm, Kingston, Rhode Island.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In that delightful book, <i>The Rescue of an Old
+Place</i>, the author has a chapter on the love of flowers
+in America. It was written anent the everpresent
+statements seen in metropolitan print that
+Americans do not love flowers because they are used
+among the rich and fashionable in large cities for
+extravagant display rather than for enjoyment; and
+that we accept botanical names for our indigenous
+plants<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>
+ instead of calling them by homely ones such
+as familiar flowers are known by in older lands.</p>
+
+<p>Two more foolish claims could scarcely be made.
+In the first place, the doings of fashionable folk in
+large cities are fortunately far from being a national
+index or habit. Secondly, in ancient lands the people
+named the flowers long before there were botanists,
+here the botanists found the flowers and named
+them for the people. Moreover, country folk in
+New England and even in the far West call flowers
+by pretty folk-names, if they call them at all, just as
+in Old England.</p>
+
+<p>The fussing over the use of the scientific Latin
+names for plants apparently will never cease; many
+of these Latin names are very pleasant, have become
+so from constant usage, and scarcely seem Latin;
+thus Clematis, Tiarella, Rhodora, Arethusa, Campanula,
+Potentilla, Hepatica. When I know the
+folk-names of flowers I always speak thus of them&mdash;and
+<i>to them</i>; but I am grateful too for the scientific
+classification and naming, as a means of accurate
+distinction. For any flower student quickly learns
+that the same English folk-name is given in different
+localities to very different plants. For instance, the
+name Whiteweed is applied to ten different plants;
+there are in England ten or twelve Cuckoo-flowers,
+and twenty-one Bachelor's Buttons. Such names
+as Mayflower, Wild Pink, Wild Lily, Eyebright,
+Toad-flax, Ragged Robin, None-so-pretty, Lady's-fingers,
+Four-o'clocks, Redweed, Buttercups, Butterflower,
+Cat's-tail, Rocket, Blue-Caps, Creeping-jenny,
+Bird's-eye, Bluebells, apply to half a dozen plants.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span></p>
+<p>The old folk-names are not definite, but they are
+delightful; they tell of mythology and medicine, of
+superstitions and traditions; they show trains of
+relationship, and associations; in fact, they appeal
+more to the philologist and antiquarian than to the
+botanist. Among all the languages which contribute
+to the variety and picturesqueness of English plant
+names, Dr. Prior deems Maple the only one surviving
+from the Celtic language. Gromwell and
+Wormwood may possibly be added.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i123" name="i123"></a>
+<a href="images/i123_large.jpg"><img src="images/i123.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">"A running ribbon of perfumed snow which the sun is melting
+rapidly."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are some Anglo-Saxon words; among them
+Hawthorn and Groundsel. French, Dutch, and
+Danish names are many, Arabic and Persian are
+more. Many plant names are dedicatory; they embody
+the names of the saints and a few the names
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>
+ the Deity. Our Lady's Flowers are many and
+interesting; my daughter wrote a series of articles
+for the <i>New York Evening Post</i> on Our Lady's
+Flowers, and the list swelled to a surprising number.
+The devil and witches have their shares of
+flowers, as have the fairies.</p>
+
+<p>I have always regretted deeply that our botanists
+neglected an opportunity of great enrichment in
+plant nomenclature when they ignored the Indian
+names of our native plants, shrubs, and trees. The
+first names given these plants were not always
+planned by botanists; they were more often invented
+in loving memory of English plants, or sometimes
+from a fancied resemblance to those plants. They
+did give the wonderfully descriptive name of Moccasin-flower
+to that creature of the wild-woods; and
+a far more appropriate title it is than Lady's-slipper,
+but it is not as well known. I have never found the
+Lady's-slipper as beautiful a flower as do nearly all
+my friends, as did my father and mother, and I
+was pleased at Ruskin's sharp comment that such a
+slipper was only fit for very gouty old toes.</p>
+
+<p>Pappoose-root utilizes another Indian word. Very
+few Indian plant names were adopted by the white
+men, fewer still have been adopted by the scientists.
+The <i>Catalpa speciosa</i> (Catalpa); the <i>Zea mays</i>
+(Maize); and <i>Yucca filamentosa</i> (Yucca), are the
+only ones I know. Chinkapin, Cohosh, Hackmatack,
+Kinnikinnik, Tamarack, Persimmon, Tupelo,
+Squash, Puccoon, Pipsissewa, Musquash, Pecan,
+the Scuppernong and Catawba grapes, are our only
+well-known Indian plant names that survive. Of
+these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>
+ Maize, the distinctive product of the United
+States, will ever link us with the vanishing Indian.
+It will be noticed that only Puccoon, Cohosh, Pipsissewa,
+Hackmatack, and Yucca are names of flowering
+plants; of these Yucca is the only one generally
+known. I am glad our stately native trees, Tupelo,
+Hickory, Catalpa, bear Indian names.</p>
+
+<p>A curious example of persistence, when so much
+else has perished, is found in the word "Kiskatomas,"
+the shellbark nut. This Algonquin word was heard
+everywhere in the state of New York sixty years
+ago, and is not yet obsolete in families of Dutch
+descent who still care for the nut itself.</p>
+
+<p>We could very well have preserved many Indian
+names, among them Hiawatha's</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Beauty of the springtime,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The Miskodeed in blossom,"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I think Miskodeed a better name than Claytonia or
+Spring Beauty. The Onondaga Indians had a suggestive
+name for the Marsh Marigold, "It-opens-the-swamps,"
+which seems to show you the yellow
+stars "shining in swamps and hollows gray." The
+name Cowslip has been transferred to it in some
+localities in New England, which is not strange
+when we find that the flower has fifty-six English
+folk-names; among them are Drunkards, Crazy
+Bet, Meadow-bright, Publicans and Sinners, Soldiers'
+Buttons, Gowans, Kingcups, and Buttercups.
+Our Italian street venders call them Buttercups. In
+erudite Boston, in sight of Boston Common, the
+beautiful Fringed Gentian is not only called, but
+labelled,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>
+ French Gentian. To hear a lovely bunch
+of the Arethusa called Swamp Pink is not so
+strange. The Sabbatia grows in its greatest profusion
+in the vicinity of Plymouth, Massachusetts,
+and is called locally, "The Rose of Plymouth."
+It is sold during its season of bloom in the streets
+of that town and is used to dress the churches. Its
+name was given to honor an early botanist, Tiberatus
+Sabbatia, but in Plymouth there is an almost
+universal belief that it was named because the Pilgrims
+of 1620 first saw the flower on the Sabbath
+day. It thus is regarded as a religious emblem, and
+strong objection is made to mingling other flowers
+with it in church decoration. This legend was
+invented about thirty years ago by a man whose
+name is still remembered as well as his work.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i124" name="i124"></a>
+<a href="images/i124_large.jpg"><img src="images/i124.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Fountain Garden at Sylvester Manor.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2>
+
+<p class="center">TUSSY-MUSSIES</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"There be some flowers make a delicious Tussie-Mussie or
+Nosegay both for Sight and Smell."</p>
+
+<p class="small attr2">
+&mdash;<span class="smcap">John Parkinson</span>, <i>A Garden of all Sorts of Pleasant Flowers</i>, 1629.<br />
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_n_large.png"><img src="images/drop_n.png" alt="N" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">No following can be more productive
+of a study and love of
+word derivations and allied word
+meanings than gardening. An
+interest in flowers and in our
+English tongue go hand in hand.
+The old mediæval word at the
+head of this chapter has a full
+explanation by Nares as "A nosegay, a tuzzie-muzzie,
+a sweet posie." The old English form, <i>tussy-mose</i>
+was allied with <i>tosty</i>, a bouquet, <i>tuss</i> and <i>tusk</i>, a
+wisp, as of hay, <i>tussock</i>, and <i>tutty</i>, a nosegay.
+Thomas Campion wrote:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Joan can call by name her cows,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And deck her windows with green boughs;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">She can wreathes and tuttyes make,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And trim with plums a bridal cake."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Tussy-mussy was not a colloquial word; it was
+found in serious, even in religious, text. A tussy-mussy
+was the most beloved of nosegays, and was
+often made of flowers mingled with sweet-scented
+leaves.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p>
+<p>My favorite tussy-mussy, if made of flowers,
+would be of Wood Violet, Cabbage Rose, and Clove
+Pink. These are all beautiful flowers, but many
+of our most delightful fragrances do not come from
+flowers of gay dress; even these three are not
+showy flowers; flowers of bold color and growth
+are not apt to be sweet-scented; and all flower perfumes
+of great distinction, all that are unique, are
+from blossoms of modest color and bearing. The
+Calycanthus, called Virginia Allspice, Sweet Shrub,
+or Strawberry bush, has what I term a perfume of
+distinction, and its flowers are neither fine in shape,
+color, nor quality.</p>
+
+<p>I have often tried to define to myself the scent of
+the Calycanthus blooms; they have an aromatic fragrance
+somewhat like the ripest Pineapples of the
+tropics, but still richer; how I love to carry them in
+my hand, crushed and warm, occasionally holding
+them tight over my mouth and nose to fill myself
+with their perfume. The leaves have a similar, but
+somewhat varied and sharper, scent, and the woody
+stems another; the latter I like to nibble. This
+flower has an element of mystery in it&mdash;that indescribable
+quality felt by children, and remembered
+by prosaic grown folk. Perhaps its curious dark reddish
+brown tint may have added part of the queerness,
+since the "Mourning Bride," similar in color,
+has a like mysterious association. I cannot explain
+these qualities to any one not a garden-bred child;
+and as given in the chapter entitled The Mystery
+of Flowers, they will appear to many, fanciful and
+unreal&mdash;but I have a fraternity who will understand,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>
+ who will know that it was this same undefinable
+quality that made a branch of Strawberry bush, or a
+handful of its stemless blooms, a gift significant of
+interest and intimacy; we would not willingly give
+Calycanthus blossoms to a child we did not like, or
+to a stranger.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i125" name="i125"></a>
+<a href="images/i125_large.jpg"><img src="images/i125.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Hawthorn Arch at Holly House, Peace Dale, Rhode Island.
+Home of Rowland G. Hazard, Esq.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A rare perfume floats from the modest yellow
+Flowering Currant. I do not see this sweet and
+sightly shrub in many modern gardens, and it is
+our loss. The crowding bees are goodly and cheerful,
+and the flowers are pleasant, but the perfume is
+of the sort you can truly say you love it; its aroma
+is like some of the liqueurs of the old monks.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span></p>
+<p>The greatest pleasure in flower perfumes comes
+to us through the first flowers of spring. How
+we breathe in their sweetness! Our native wild
+flowers give us the most delicate odors. The Mayflower
+is, I believe, the only wild flower for which
+all country folk of New England have a sincere
+affection; it is not only a beautiful, an enchanting
+flower, but it is so fresh, so balmy of bloom. It
+has the delicacy of texture and form characteristic
+of many of our native spring blooms, Hepatica,
+Anemone, Spring Beauty, Polygala.</p>
+
+<p>The Arethusa was one of the special favorites of
+my father and mother, who delighted in its exquisite
+fragrance. Hawthorne said of it: "One of the delicatest,
+gracefullest, and in every manner sweetest of
+the whole race of flowers. For a fortnight past I
+have found it in the swampy meadows, growing up
+to its chin in heaps of wet moss. Its hue is a delicate
+pink, of various depths of shade, and somewhat
+in the form of a Grecian helmet."</p>
+
+<p>It pleases me to fancy that Hawthorne was like
+the Arethusa, that it was a fit symbol of the nature
+of our greatest New England genius. Perfect in
+grace and beauty, full of sentiment, classic and
+elegant of shape, it has a shrinking heart; the
+sepals and petals rise over it and shield it, and the
+whole flower is shy and retiring, hiding in marshes
+and quaking bogs.</p>
+
+<p>It is one of our flowers which we ever regard
+singly, as an individual, a rare and fine spirit; we
+never think of it as growing in an expanse or even
+in groups. This lovely flower has, as Landor said
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>
+ the flower of the vine, "a scent so delicate that
+it requires a sigh to inhale it."</p>
+
+<p>The faintest flower scents are the best. You
+find yourself longing for just a little more, and
+you bury your face in the flowers and try to draw
+out a stronger breath of balm. Apple blossoms,
+certain Violets, and Pansies have this pale perfume.</p>
+
+<p>In the front yard of my childhood's home grew
+a Larch, an exquisitely graceful tree, one now little
+planted in Northern climates. I recall with special
+delight the faint fragrance of its early shoots. The
+next tree was a splendid pink Hawthorn. What a
+day of mourning it was when it had to be cut down,
+for trees had been planted so closely that many
+must be sacrificed as years went on and all grew in
+stature.</p>
+
+<p>There are some smells that are strangely pleasing
+to the country lover which are neither from fragrant
+flower nor leaf; one is the scent of the upturned
+earth, most heartily appreciated in early spring. The
+smell of a ploughed field is perhaps the best of all
+earthy scents, though what Bliss Carman calls "the
+racy smell of the forest loam" is always good.
+Another is the burning of weeds of garden rakings,</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">"The spicy smoke<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of withered weeds that burn where gardens be."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A garden "weed-smother" always makes me
+think of my home garden, and my father, who
+used to stand by this burning weed-heap, raking in
+the withered leaves. Many such scents are pleasing
+chiefly through the power of association.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i126" name="i126"></a>
+<a href="images/i126_large.jpg"><img src="images/i126.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Thyme-covered Graves.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The sense of smell in its psychological relations
+is most subtle:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"The subtle power in perfume found,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Nor priest nor sibyl vainly learned;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">On Grecian shrine or Aztec mound<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">No censer idly burned.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"And Nature holds in wood and field<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Her thousand sunlit censers still;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">To spells of flower and shrub we yield<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Against or with our will."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Dr. Holmes notes that memory, imagination,
+sentiment, are most readily touched through the
+sense of smell. He tells of the associations borne
+to him by the scent of Marigold, of Life-everlasting,
+of an herb closet.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></p>
+<p>Notwithstanding all these tributes to sweet scents
+and to the sense of smell, it is not deemed, save in
+poetry, wholly meet to dwell much on smells, even
+pleasant ones. To all who here sniff a little disdainfully
+at a whole chapter given to flower scents,
+let me repeat the Oriental proverb:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"To raise Flowers is a Common Thing,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">God alone gives them Fragrance."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Balmier far, and more stimulating and satisfying
+than the perfumes of most blossoms, is the scent of
+aromatic or balsamic leaves, of herbs, of green growing
+things. Sweetbrier, says Thoreau, is thus "thrice
+crowned: in fragrant leaf, tinted flower, and glossy
+fruit." Every spring we long, as Whittier wrote&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"To come to Bayberry scented slopes,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And fragrant Fern and Groundmat vine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Breathe airs blown o'er holt and copse,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Sweet with black Birch and Pine."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>All these scents of holt and copse are dear to New
+Englanders.</p>
+
+<p>I have tried to explain the reason for the charm
+to me of growing Thyme. It is not its beautiful
+perfume, its clear vivid green, its tiny fresh flowers,
+or the element of historic interest. Alphonse Karr
+gives another reason, a sentiment of gratitude. He
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"Thyme takes upon itself to embellish the parts of the
+earth which other plants disdain. If there is an arid, stony,
+dry soil, burnt up by the sun, it is there Thyme spreads its
+charming green beds, perfumed, close, thick, elastic, scattered
+over<span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>
+ with little balls of blossom, pink in color, and of
+a delightful freshness."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thyme was, in older days, spelt Thime and Time.
+This made the poet call it "pun-provoking Thyme."
+I have an ancient recipe from an old herbal for
+"Water of Time to ease the Passions of the Heart."
+This remedy is efficacious to-day, whether you spell
+it time or thyme.</p>
+
+<p>There are shown on <a href="#i126">page 301</a> some lonely graves
+in the old Moravian burying-ground in Bethlehem,
+overgrown with the pleasant perfumed Thyme.
+And as we stand by their side we think with a half
+smile&mdash;a tender one&mdash;of the never-failing pun of
+the old herbalists.</p>
+
+<p>Spenser called Thyme "bee-alluring," "honey-laden."
+It was the symbol of sweetness; and the
+Thyme that grew on the sunny slopes of Mt.
+Hymettus gave to the bees the sweetest and most
+famed of all honey. The plant furnished physic as
+well as perfume and puns and honey. Pliny named
+eighteen sovereign remedies made from Thyme.
+These cured everything from the "bite of poysonful
+spidars" to "the Apoplex." There were so many
+recipes in the English <i>Compleat Chirurgeon</i>, and
+similar medical books, that you would fancy venomous
+spiders were as thick as gnats in England.
+These spider cure-alls are however simply a proof
+that the recipes were taken from dose-books of Pliny
+and various Roman physicians, with whom spider
+bites were more common and more painful than in
+England.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p>
+<p><i>The Haven of Health</i>, written in 1366, with a
+special view to the curing of "Students," says that
+Wild Thyme has a great power to drive away heaviness
+of mind, "to purge melancholly and splenetick
+humours." And the author recommends to "sup
+the leaves with eggs." The leaves were used everywhere
+"to be put in puddings and such like meates,
+so that in divers places Thime was called Pudding-grass."
+Pudding in early days was the stuffing of
+meat and poultry, while concoctions of eggs, milk,
+flour, sugar, etc., like our modern puddings, were
+called whitpot.</p>
+
+<p>Many traditions hang around Thyme. It was
+used widely in incantations and charms. It was
+even one of the herbs through whose magic power
+you could see fairies. Here is a "Choice Proven
+Secret made Known" from the Ashmolean Mss.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>How to see Fayries</p>
+
+<p>"<span title="prescription symbol">&#8478;</span>.  A pint of Sallet-Oyle and put it into a vial-glasse
+but first wash it with Rose-water and Marygolde-water the
+Flowers to be gathered toward the East. Wash it until
+teh Oyle come white. Then put it in the glasse, <i>ut supra</i>:
+Then put thereto the budds of Holyhocke, the flowers of
+Marygolde, the flowers or toppers of Wild Thyme, the
+budds of young Hazle: and the time must be gathered
+neare the side of a Hill where Fayries used to be: and
+take the grasse off a Fayrie throne. Then all these put
+into the Oyle into the Glasse, and sette it to dissolve three
+dayes in the Sunne and then keep for thy use <i>ut supra</i>."</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i127" name="i127"></a>
+<a href="images/i127_large.jpg"><img src="images/i127.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">"White Umbrellas of Elder."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"I know a bank whereon the Wild Thyme
+blows"&mdash;it is not in old England, but on Long
+Island;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>
+ the dense clusters of tiny aromatic flowers
+form a thick cushioned carpet under our feet. Lord
+Bacon says in his essay on Gardens:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"Those which perfume the air most delightfully, not
+passed by as the rest, but being trodden upon and crushed
+are three: that is, Burnet, Wild Thyme, and Water-Mints.
+Therefore you are to set whole alleys of them, to have the
+pleasure when you walk or tread."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Here we have an alley of Thyme, set by nature,
+for us to tread upon and enjoy, though Thyme
+always seems to me so classic a plant, that it is far
+too fine to walk upon; one ought rather to sleep and
+dream upon it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p>
+<p>Great bushes of Elder, another flower of witchcraft,
+grow and blossom near my Thyme bank. Old
+Thomas Browne, as long ago as 1685 called the Elder
+bloom "white umbrellas"&mdash;which has puzzled me
+much, since we are told to assign the use and knowledge
+of umbrellas in England to a much later date;
+perhaps he really wrote umbellas. Now it is a well-known
+fact&mdash;sworn to in scores of old herbals,
+that any one who stands on Wild Thyme, by the
+side of an Elder bush, on Midsummer Eve, will
+"see great experiences"; his eyes will be opened,
+his wits quickened, his vision clarified; and some
+have even seen fairies, pixies&mdash;Shakespeare's elves&mdash;sporting
+over the Thyme at their feet.</p>
+
+<p>I shall not tell whom I saw walking on my Wild
+Thyme bank last Midsummer Eve. I did not need
+the Elder bush to open my eyes. I watched the
+twain strolling back and forth in the half-light, and
+I heard snatches of talk as they walked toward me,
+and I lost the responses as they turned from me.
+At last, in a louder voice:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p><span class="smcap">He.</span> "What is this jolly smell all around here? Just
+like a mint-julep! Some kind of a flower?"</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">She.</span> "It's Thyme, Wild Thyme; it has run into the
+edge of the lawn from the field, and is just ruining the
+grass."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He</span> (<i>stooping to pick it</i>). "Why, so it is. I thought
+it came from that big white flower over there by the hedge."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">She.</span> "No, that is Elder."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He</span> (<i>after a pause</i>). "I had to learn a lot of old
+Arnold's poetry at school once, or in college, and there was
+some just like to-night:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"'The evening comes&mdash;the fields are still,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The tinkle of the thirsty rill,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Unheard all day, ascends again.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Deserted is the half-mown plain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And from the Thyme upon the height,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And from the Elder-blossom white,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And pale Dog Roses in the hedge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And from the Mint-plant in the sedge,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">In puffs of balm the night air blows<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The perfume which the day foregoes&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And on the pure horizon far<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">See pulsing with the first-born star<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The liquid light above the hill.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">The evening comes&mdash;the fields are still.'"<br /></span>
+</div></div></blockquote>
+
+<p>Then came the silence and half-stiffness which is
+ever apt to follow any long quotation, especially any
+rare recitation of verse by those who are notoriously
+indifferent to the charms of rhyme and rhythm,
+and are of another sex than the listener. It seems
+to indicate an unusual condition of emotion, to be
+a sort of barometer of sentiment, and the warning
+of threatening weather was not unheeded by her;
+hence her response was somewhat nervous in utterance,
+and instinctively perverse and contradictory.</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p><span class="smcap">She.</span> "That line, 'The liquid light above the hill,' is
+very lovely, but I can't see that it's any of it at all like
+to-night."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He</span> (<i>stoutly and resentfully</i>). "Oh, no! not at all! There's
+the field, all still, and here's Thyme, and Elder, and there
+are wild Roses!&mdash;and see! the moon is coming up&mdash;so
+there's your liquid light."</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">She.</span> "Well! Yes, perhaps it is; at any rate it is a lovely
+night. You've read <i>Lavengro</i>? No? Certainly you
+must<span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>
+ have heard of it. The gipsy in it says: 'Life is
+sweet, brother. There's day and night, brother, both
+sweet things; sun, moon, and stars, brother, all sweet
+things; there is likewise a wind on the heath.'"</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">He</span> (<i>dubiously</i>). "That's rather queer poetry, if it is poetry&mdash;and
+you must know I do not like to hear you call me
+brother."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Whereupon I discreetly betrayed my near presence
+on the piazza, to prove that the field, though still,
+was not deserted. And soon the twain said they
+would walk to the club house to view the golf
+prizes; and they left the Wild Thyme and Elder
+blossoms white, and turned their backs on the moon,
+and fell to golf and other eminently unromantic
+topics, far safer for Midsummer Eve than poesy and
+other sweet things.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i128" name="i128"></a>
+<a href="images/i128_large.jpg"><img src="images/i128.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Lower Garden at Sylvester Manor.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV</h2>
+
+<p class="center">JOAN SILVER-PIN</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"Being of many variable colours, and of great beautie, although
+of evill smell, our gentlewomen doe call them Jone Silver-pin."</p>
+
+<p class="small attr">
+&mdash;<span class="smcap">John Gerarde</span>, <i>Herball</i>, 1596.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_g_large.png"><img src="images/drop_g.png" alt="G" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">Garden Poppies were the Joan
+Silver-pin of Gerarde, stigmatized
+also by Parkinson as
+"Jone Silver-pinne, <i>subauditur</i>;
+faire without and foule within."
+In Elizabeth's day Poppies met
+universal distrust and aversion,
+as being the source of the
+dreaded opium. Spenser called the flower "dead-sleeping"
+Poppy; Morris "the black heart, amorous
+Poppy"&mdash;which might refer to the black spots in
+the flower's heart.</p></div>
+
+<p>Clare, in his <i>Shepherd's Calendar</i> also asperses
+them:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"Corn-poppies, that in crimson dwell,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Called Head-aches from their sickly smell."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Forby adds this testimony: "Any one by smelling
+of it for a very short time may convince himself of
+the propriety of the name." Some fancied that the
+dazzle of color caused headaches&mdash;that vivid scarlet,
+so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>
+ fine a word as well as color that it is annoying
+to hear the poets change it to crimson.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i129" name="i129"></a>
+<a href="images/i129_large.jpg"><img src="images/i129.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">"Black Heart, Amorous Poppies."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This regard of and aversion to the Poppy lingered
+among elderly folks till our own day; and I well
+recall the horror of a visitor of antique years in our
+mother's garden during our childhood, when we
+were found cheerfully eating Poppy seeds. She
+viewed us with openly expressed apprehension that
+we would fall into a stupor; and quite terrified us
+and our relatives, in spite of our assertions that we
+"always ate them," which indeed we always did and
+do to this day; and very pleasant of taste they are,
+and of absolutely no effect, and not at all of evil
+smell to our present fancy, either in blossom or seed,
+though distinctly medicinal in odor.</p>
+
+<p>Returned missionaries were frequent and honored
+visitors in our town and our house in those days;
+and one of these good men reassured us and reinstated
+in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>
+ favor our uncanny feast by telling us
+that in the East, Poppy seeds were eaten everywhere,
+and were frequently baked with wheaten flour into
+cakes. A dislike of the scent of Field Poppies is
+often found among English folk. The author of
+<i>A World in a Garden</i> speaks in disgust of "the pungent
+and sickly odor of the flaring Poppies&mdash;they
+positively nauseate me"; but then he disliked their
+color too.</p>
+
+<p>There is something very fine about a Poppy, in the
+extraordinary combination of boldness of color and
+great size with its slender delicacy of stem, the grace
+of the set of the beautiful buds, the fine turn of the
+flower as it opens, and the wonderful airiness of poise
+of so heavy a flower. The silkiness of tissue of the
+petals, and their semi-transparency in some colors,
+and the delicate fringes of some varieties, are great
+charms.</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5q">"Each crumpled crêpe-like leaf is soft as silk;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Long, long ago the children saw them there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Scarlet and rose, with fringes white as milk,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And called them 'shawls for fairies' dainty wear';<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">They were not finer, those laid safe away<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">In that low attic, neath the brown, warm eaves."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>And when the flowers have shed, oh, so lightly!
+their silken petals, there is still another beauty, a seed
+vessel of such classic shape that it wears a crown.</p>
+
+<p>I have always rejoiced in the tributes paid to the
+Poppy by Ruskin and Mrs. Thaxter. She deemed
+them the most satisfactory flower among the annuals
+"for wondrous variety, certain picturesque qualities,
+for color and form, and a subtle air of mystery."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p>
+<p>There is a line of Poppy colors which is most
+entrancing; the gray, smoke color, lavender, mauve,
+and lilac Poppies, edged often and freaked with tints
+of red, are rarely beautiful things. There are fine
+white Poppies, some fringed, some single, some
+double&mdash;the Bride is the appropriate name of the
+fairest. And the pinks of Poppies, that wonderful
+red-pink, and a shell-pink that is almost salmon, and
+the sunset pinks of our modern Shirley Poppies,
+with quality like finest silken gauze! The story of
+the Shirley Poppies is one of magic, that a flower-loving
+clergyman who in 1882 sowed the seed of
+one specially beautiful Poppy which had no black
+in it, and then sowed those of its fine successors,
+produced thus a variety which has supplied the world
+with beauty. Rev. Mr. Wilks, their raiser, gives
+these simply worded rules anent his Shirley Poppies:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"1, They are single; 2, always have a white base;
+3, with yellow or white stamens, anthers, or pollen; 4, and
+never have the smallest particle of black about them."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The thought of these successful and beautiful
+Poppies is very stimulating to flower raisers of moderate
+means, with no profound knowledge of flowers;
+it shows what can be done by enthusiasm and application
+and patience. It gives something of the same
+comfort found in Keats's fine lines to the singing
+thrush:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">"Oh! fret not after knowledge.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">I have none, <i>and yet the evening listens</i>."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p>
+<p>Notwithstanding all this distinction and beauty,
+these fine things of the garden were dubbed Joan
+Silver-pin. I wonder who Joan Silver-pin was! I
+have searched faithfully for her, but have not been
+able to get on the right scent. Was she of real life,
+or fiction? I have looked through the lists of characters
+of contemporary plays, and read a few old jest
+books and some short tales of that desperately colorless
+sort, wherein you read page after page of the
+printed words with as little absorption of signification
+as if they were Choctaw. But never have I seen
+Joan Silver-pin's name; it was a bit of Elizabethan
+slang, I suspect,&mdash;a cant term once well known by
+every one, now existing solely through this chance
+reference of the old herbalists.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i130" name="i130"></a>
+<a href="images/i130_large.jpg"><img src="images/i130.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Valerian.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>No garden can aspire to be named An Old-fashioned
+Garden unless it contains that beautiful plant
+the Garden Valerian, known throughout New England
+to-day as Garden Heliotrope; as Setwall it
+grew in every old garden, as it was in every pharmacop&oelig;ia.
+It was termed "drink-quickening Setuale"
+by Spenser, from the universal use of its flowers to
+flavor various enticing drinks. Its lovely blossoms
+are pinkish in bud and open to pure white; its
+curiously penetrating vanilla-like fragrance is disliked
+by many who are not cats. I find it rather pleasing
+of scent when growing in the garden, and not at
+all like the extremely nasty-smelling medicine which
+is made from it, and which has been used for centuries
+for "histerrick fits," and is still constantly prescribed
+to-day for that unsympathized-with malady. Dr.
+Holmes calls it, "Valerian, calmer of hysteric
+squirms."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>
+ It is a stately plant when in tall flower in
+June; my sister had great clumps of bloom like the
+ones shown above, but alas! the cats caught them
+before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>
+ the photographer did. The cats did not have
+to watch the wind and sun and rain, to pick out plates
+and pack plate-holders, and gather ray-fillers and
+cloth and lens, and adjust the tripod, and fix the
+camera and focus, and think, and focus, and think,
+and then wait&mdash;till the wind ceased blowing. So
+when they found it, they broke down every slender
+stalk and rolled in it till the ground was tamped down
+as hard as if one of our lazy road-menders had been
+at it. Valerian has in England as an appropriate folk
+name, "Cats'-fancy." The pretty little annual, Nemophila,
+makes also a favorite rolling-place for our
+cat; while all who love cats have given them Catnip
+and seen the singular intoxication it brings. The
+sight of a cat in this strange ecstasy over a bunch
+of Catnip always gives me a half-sense of fear; she
+becomes such a truly wild creature, such a miniature
+tiger.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>The Art of Gardening</i>, by J. W., Gent., 1683,
+the author says of Marigolds: "There are divers
+sorts besides the common as the African Marigold,
+a Fair bigge Yellow Flower, but of a very Naughty
+Smell." I cannot refrain, ere I tell more of the
+Marigold's naughtiness, to copy a note written in
+this book by a Massachusetts bride whose new husband
+owned and studied the book two hundred years
+ago; for it gives a little glimpse of old-time life. In
+her exact little handwriting are these words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"Planted in Potts, 1720: An Almond Stone, an English
+Wallnut, Cittron Seeds, Pistachica nutts, Red Damsons,
+Leamon seeds, Oring seeds and Daits."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Poor Anne! she died before she had time to become
+any one's grandmother. I hope her successor in
+matrimony, our forbear, cherished her little seedlings
+and rejoiced in the Lemon and Almond trees, though
+Anne herself was so speedily forgotten. She is,
+however, avenged by Time; for she is remembered
+better than the wife who took her place, through her
+simple flower-loving words.</p>
+
+<p>I am surprised at this aspersion on the Marigold
+as to its smell, for all the traditions of this flower
+show it to have been a great favorite in kitchen gardens;
+and I have found that elderly folk are very
+apt to like its scent. My father loved the flower
+and the fragrance, and liked to have a bowl of Marigolds
+stand beside him on his library table. It was
+constantly carried to church as a "Sabbath-day posy,"
+and its petals used as flavoring in soups and stews.
+Charles Lamb said it poisoned them. Canon Ellacombe
+writes that it has been banished in England
+to the gardens of cottages and old farm-houses; it
+had a waning popularity in America, but was never
+wholly despised.</p>
+
+<p>How Edward Fitzgerald loved the African Marigold!
+"Its grand color is so comfortable to us
+Spanish-like Paddies," he writes to Fanny Kemble
+in letters punctuated with little references to his
+garden flowers: letters so cheerful, too, with capitals;
+"I love the old way of Capitals for Names,"
+he says&mdash;and so do I; letters bearing two surprises,
+namely, the infrequent references to Omar
+Khayyam; and the fact that Nasturtiums, not Roses,
+were his favorite flower.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p>
+<p>The question of the agreeableness of a flower
+scent is a matter of public opinion as well as personal
+choice. Environment and education influence us.
+In olden times every one liked certain scents deemed
+odious to-day. Parkinson's praise of Sweet Sultans
+was, "They are of so exceeding sweet a scent as it
+surpasses the best civet that is." Have you ever
+smelt civet? You will need no words to tell you
+that the civet is a little cousin of the skunk. Cowper
+could not talk with civet in the room; most of
+us could not even breathe. The old herbalists call
+Privet sweet-scented. I don't know that it is strange
+to find a generation who loved civet and musk thinking
+Privet pleasant-scented. Nearly all our modern
+botanists have copied the words of their predecessors;
+but I scarcely know what to say or to think when I
+find so exact an observer as John Burroughs calling
+Privet "faintly sweet-scented." I find it rankly ill-scented.</p>
+
+<p>The men of Elizabethan days were much more
+learned in perfumes and fonder of them than are
+most folk to-day. Authors and poets dwelt frankly
+upon them without seeming at all vulgar. Of
+course herbalists, from their choice of subject, were
+free to write of them at length, and they did so with
+evident delight. Nowadays the French realists are
+the only writers who boldly reckon with the sense
+of smell. It isn't deemed exactly respectable to
+dwell too much on smells, even pleasant ones; so
+this chapter certainly must be brief.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose nine-tenths of all who love flower
+scents would give Violets as their favorite fragrance;
+yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>
+ how quickly, in the hothouse Violets, can the
+scent become nauseous. I recall one formal luncheon
+whereat the many tables were mightily massed
+with violets; and though all looked as fresh as daybreak
+to the sight, some must have been gathered
+for a day or more, and the stale odor throughout
+the room was unbearable. But it is scarcely fair to
+decry a flower because of its scent in decay. Shakespeare
+wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">"Lilies festered smell far worse than weeds."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Many of our Compositæ are vile after standing in
+water in vases; Ox-eye Daisies, Rudbeckia, Zinnia,
+Sunflower, and even the wholesome Marigold.
+Delicate as is the scent of the Pansy, the smell of
+a bed of ancient Pansy plants is bad beyond words.
+The scent of the flowers of fruit-bearing trees is
+usually delightful; but I cannot like the scent of
+Pear blossoms.</p>
+
+<p>I dislike much the rank smell of common yellow
+Daffodils and of many of that family. I can scarcely
+tolerate them even when freshly picked, upon a dinner
+table. Some of the Jonquils are as sickening
+within doors as the Tuberose, though in both cases
+it is only because the scent is confined that it is cloying.
+In the open air, at a slight distance, they smell
+as well as many Lilies, and the Poet's Narcissus is
+deemed by many delightful.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i131" name="i131"></a>
+<a href="images/i131_large.jpg"><img src="images/i131.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Old "War Office."</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I have ever found the scent of Lilacs somewhat
+imperfect, not well rounded, not wholly satisfying;
+but one of my friends can never find in a bunch of
+our spring Lilacs any odor save that of illuminating
+gas.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>
+ I do wish he had not told me this! Now
+when I stand beside my Lilac bush I feel like looking
+around anxiously to see where the gas is escaping.
+Linnæus thought the perfume of Mignonette the
+purest ambrosia.
+Another
+thinks that
+Mignonette
+has a doggy
+smell, as have
+several flowers;
+this is not
+wholly to their
+disparagement.
+Our cocker
+spaniel is
+sweeter than
+some flowers,
+but he is not
+a Mignonette.
+There be those
+who love most
+of all the scent
+of Heliotrope,
+which is to me
+a close, almost
+musty scent.
+I have even known of one or two who disliked
+the scent of Roses, and the Rose itself has been abhorred.
+Marie de' Medici would not even look at
+a painting or carving of a Rose. The Chevalier de
+Guise had a loathing for Roses. Lady Heneage, one
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span>
+ the maids of honor to Queen Elizabeth, was made
+very ill by the presence or scent of Roses. This
+illness was not akin to "Rose cold," which is the
+baneful companion of so many Americans, and
+which can conquer its victims in the most sudden
+and complete manner.</p>
+
+<p>Even my affection for Roses, and my intense
+love of their fragrance, shown in its most ineffable
+sweetness in the old pink Cabbage Rose, will not
+cause me to be silent as to the scent of some of the
+Rose sisters. Some of the Tea Roses, so lovely of
+texture, so delicate of hue, are sickening; one has a
+suggestion of ether which is most offensive. "A
+Rose by any other name would smell as sweet," but
+not if its name (and its being) was the Persian Yellow.
+This beautiful double Rose of rich yellow was introduced
+to our gardens about 1830. It is infrequent
+now, though I find it in florists' lists; and I suspect
+I know why. Of late years I have not seen it, but I
+have a remembrance of its uprootal from our garden.
+Mrs. Wright confirms my memory by calling it "a
+horrible thing&mdash;the Skunk Cabbage of the garden."
+It smells as if foul insects were hidden within it, a
+disgusting smell. I wonder whether poor Marie de'
+Medici hadn't had a whiff of it. A Persian Rose!
+it cannot be possible that Omar Khayyam ever smelt
+it, or any of the Rose singers of Persia, else their
+praises would have turned to loathing as they fled
+from its presence. There are two or three yellow
+Roses which are not pleasing, but are not abhorrent
+as is the Persian Yellow.</p>
+
+<p>One evening last May I walked down the garden
+path,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span>
+ then by the shadowy fence-side toward the
+barn. I was not wandering in the garden for sweet
+moonlight, for there was none; nor for love of
+flowers, nor in admiration of any of nature's works,
+for it was very cold; we even spoke of frost, as we
+ever do apprehensively on a chilly night in spring.
+The kitten was lost. She was in the shrubbery at
+the garden end, for I could hear her plaintive yowling;
+and I thus traced her. I gathered her up, purring
+and clawing, when I heard by my side a cross
+rustling of leaves and another complaining voice. It
+was the Crown-imperial, unmindful or unwitting of
+my presence, and muttering peevishly: "Here I am,
+out of fashion, and therefore out of the world! torn
+away from the honored border by the front door
+path, and even set away from the broad garden beds,
+and thrust with sunflowers and other plants of no
+social position whatever down here behind the barn,
+where, she dares to say, we 'can all smell to heaven
+together.'</p>
+
+<p>"What airs, forsooth! these twentieth century children
+put on! Smell to heaven, indeed! I wish her
+grandfather could have heard her! He didn't make
+such a fuss about smells when I was young, nor
+did any one else; no one's nose was so over-nice.
+Every spring when I came up, glorious in my dress
+of scarlet and green, and hung with my jewels of
+pearls, they were all glad to see me and to smell me,
+too; and well they might be, for there was a rotten-appley,
+old-potatoey smell in the cellar which pervaded
+the whole house when doors were closed.
+And when the frost came up from the ground the
+old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>
+ sink drain at the kitchen door rendered up to
+the spring sunshine all the combined vapors of all
+the dish-water of all the winter. The barn and hen-house
+and cow-house reeked in the sunlight, but the
+pigpen easily conquered them all. There was an
+ancient cesspool far too near the kitchen door, underground
+and not to be seen, but present, nevertheless.
+A hogshead of rain-water stood at the cellar door,
+and one at the end of the barn&mdash;to water the flowers
+with&mdash;they fancied rotten rain-water made flowers
+grow! A foul dye-tub was ever reeking in every
+kitchen chimney corner, a culminating horror in
+stenches; and vessels of ancient soap grease festered
+in the outer shed, the grease collected through the
+winter and waiting for the spring soap-making. The
+vapor of sour milk, ever present, was of little moment&mdash;when
+there was so much else so much worse.
+There wasn't a bath-tub in the grandfather's house,
+nor in any other house in town, nor any too much
+bathing in winter, either, I am sure, in icy well-water
+in icier sleeping rooms. The windows were carefully
+closed all winter long, but the open fireplaces
+managed to save the life of the inmates, though the
+walls and rafters were hung with millions of germs
+which every one knows are all the wickeder when
+they don't smell, because you take no care, fancying
+they are not there. But the grandfather knew
+naught of germs&mdash;and was happy. The trees
+shaded the house so that the roof was always damp.
+Oh, how those germs grew and multiplied in the
+grateful shade of those lovely trees, and how mould
+and rust rejoiced. Well might people turn from all
+these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>
+ sights and scents to me. The grandfather and
+his wife, when they were young, as when they were
+in middle age, and when they were old, walked every
+early spring day at set of sun, slowly down the front
+path, looking at every flower, every bud; pulling
+a tiny weed, gathering a choice flower, breaking a
+withered sprig; and they ever lingered long and
+happily by my side. And he always said, 'Wife!
+isn't this Crown-imperial a glorious plant? so stately,
+so perfect in form, such an expression of life, and
+such a personification of spring!' 'Yes, father,' she
+would answer quickly, 'but don't pick it.' Why, I
+should have resented even that word had she referred
+to my perfume. She meant that the garden border
+could not spare me. The children never could pick
+me, even the naughtiest ones did not dare to; but
+they could pull all the little upstart Ladies' Delights
+and Violets they wished. And yet, with all this family
+homage which should make me a family totem,
+here I am, stuck down by the barn&mdash;I, who sprung
+from the blood of a king, the great Gustavus Adolphus&mdash;and
+was sung by a poet two centuries ago in
+the famous <i>Garland of Julia</i>. The old Jesuit poet
+Rapin said of me, 'No flower aspires in pomp and
+state so high.'</p>
+
+<p>"Read this page from that master-herbalist, John
+Gerarde, telling of the rare beauties within my golden
+cup.</p>
+
+<p>"A very intelligent and respectable old gentleman
+named Parkinson, who knew far more about flowers
+than flighty folk do nowadays, loved me well and
+wrote of me, 'The Crown-imperial, for its stately
+beautifulnesse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>
+ deserveth the first place in this our
+garden of delight to be here entreated of before all
+other Lilies.' He had good sense. It was not I
+who was stigmatized by him as Joan Silver-pin. He
+spoke very plainly and very sensibly of my perfume;
+there was no nonsense in his notions, he told
+the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
+truth: 'The whole plant and every part thereof,
+as well as rootes as leaves and floures doe smell
+somewhat strong, as it were the savour of a foxe,
+so that if any doe but near it, he can but smell it,
+yet is not unwholesome.'</p>
+
+<p>"How different all is to-day in literature, as well
+as in flower culture. Now there are low, coarse attempts
+at wit that fairly wilt a sensitive nature like
+mine. There is one miserable Man who comes to
+this garden, and who <i>thinks</i> he is a Poet; I will not
+repeat his wretched rhymes. But only yesterday,
+when he stood looking superciliously down upon us,
+he said sneeringly, 'Yes, spring is here, balmy spring;
+we know her presence without seeing her face or
+hearing her voice; for the Skunk Cabbage is unfurled
+in the swamps, and the Crown-imperial is blooming
+in the garden.' Think of his presuming to set me
+alongside that low Skunk Cabbage&mdash;me with my
+'stately beautifulness.'</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i132" name="i132"></a>
+<a href="images/i132_large.jpg"><img src="images/i132.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Crown Imperial. A Page from Gerarde's <i>Herball</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>"Little do people nowadays know about scents
+anyway, when their botanists and naturalists write
+that the Privet bloom is 'pleasingly fragrant,'
+and one dame set last summer a dish of Privet on
+her dining table before many guests. Privet! with
+its ancient and fishlike smell! And another tells
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>
+ the fragrant delight of flowering Buckwheat&mdash;may
+the breezes blow such fragrance far from me!
+But why dwell on perfumes; flowers were made to
+look at, not to smell; sprays of Sweet Balm or Basil
+leaves outsweeten every flower, and make no pretence
+or thought of beauty; render to each its own virtues,
+and try not to engross the charm of another.</p>
+
+<p>"I was indeed the queen of the garden, and here
+I am exiled behind the barn. Life is not worth living.
+I won't come up again. She will walk through
+the garden next May and say, 'How dull and shabby
+the garden looks this year! the spring is backward,
+everything has run to leaves, nothing is in bloom,
+we must buy more fertilizer, we must get a new gardener,
+we must get more plants and slips and seeds
+and bulbs, it is fearfully discouraging, I never saw
+anything so gone off!' then perhaps she will remember,
+and regret the friend of her grandparents, the
+Crown-imperial&mdash;whom she thrust from her Garden
+of Delight."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV</h2>
+
+<p class="center">CHILDHOOD IN A GARDEN</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"I see the garden thicket's shade<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Where all the summer long we played,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And gardens set and houses made,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Our early work and late."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr">&mdash;<span class="smcap">Mary Howitt.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_h_large.png"><img src="images/drop_h.png" alt="H" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">How we thank God for the noble
+traits of our ancestors; and our
+hearts fill with gratitude for the
+tenderness, the patience, the loving
+kindness of our parents; I
+have an infinite deal for which to
+be sincerely grateful; but for
+nothing am I now more happy than that there were
+given to me a flower-loving father and mother. To
+that flower-loving father and mother I offer in tenderest
+memory equal gratitude for a childhood spent
+in a garden.</p></div>
+
+<p>Winter as well as summer gave us many happy
+garden hours. Sometimes a sudden thaw of heavy
+snow and an equally quick frost formed a miniature
+pond for sheltered skating at the lower end of the
+garden. A frozen crust of snow (which our winters
+nowadays so seldom afford) gave other joys. And
+the delights of making a snow man, or a snow fort,
+even<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span>
+ of rolling great globes of snow, were infinite and
+varied. More subtle was the charm of shaping certain
+<i>things</i> from dried twigs and evergreen sprigs,
+and pouring water over them to freeze into a beautiful
+resemblance of the original form. These might
+be the ornate initials or name of a dear girl friend, or
+a tiny tower or pagoda. I once had a real winter
+garden in miniature set in twigs of cedar and spruce,
+and frozen into a fairy garden.</p>
+
+<p>In summertime the old-fashioned garden was a
+paradise for a child; the long warm days saw the
+fresh telling of child to child, by that curiously subtle
+system of transmission which exists everywhere
+among happy children, of quaint flower customs
+known to centuries of English-speaking children,
+and also some newer customs developed by the fitness
+of local flowers for such games and plays.</p>
+
+<p>The Countess Potocka says the intense enjoyment
+of nature is a sixth sense. We are not born
+with this good gift, nor do we often acquire it in
+later life; it comes through our rearing. The fulness
+of delight in a garden is the bequest of a
+childhood spent in a garden. No study or possession
+of flowers in mature years can afford gratification
+equal to that conferred by childish associations
+with them; by the sudden recollection of flower
+lore, the memory of child friendships, the recalling
+of games or toys made of flowers: you cannot explain
+it; it seems a concentration, an extract of all
+the sunshine and all the beauty of those happy
+summers of our lives when the whole day and
+every day was spent among flowers. The sober
+teachings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span>
+ of science in later years can never make up
+the loss to children debarred of this inheritance, who
+have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span>
+ grown up knowing not when "the summer
+comes with bee and flower."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i133" name="i133"></a>
+<a href="images/i133_large.jpg"><img src="images/i133.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Milkweed Seed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A garden childhood gives more sources of delight
+to the senses in after life than come from beautiful
+color and fine fragrance. Have you pleasure in the
+contact of a flower? Do you like its touch as well
+as its perfume? Do you love to feel a Lilac spray
+brush your cheek in the cool of the evening? Do
+you like to bury your face in a bunch of Roses?
+How frail and papery is the Larkspur! And how
+silky is the Poppy! A Locust bloom is a fringe of
+sweetness; and how very doubtful is the touch of the
+Lily&mdash;an unpleasant thick sleekness. The Clove
+Carnation is the best of all. It feels just as it
+smells. These and scores more give me pleasure
+through their touch, the result of constant handling
+of flowers when I was a child.</p>
+
+<p>There were harmful flowers in the old garden&mdash;among
+them the Monk's-hood; we never touched
+it, except warily. Doubtless we were warned, but
+we knew it by instinct and did not need to be told.
+I always used to see in modest homes great tubs
+each with a flourishing Oleander tree. I have set
+out scores of little slips of Oleander, just as I planted
+Orange seeds. I seldom see Oleanders now; I
+wonder whether the plant has been banished on
+account of its poisonous properties. I heard of but
+one fatal case of Oleander poisoning&mdash;and that was
+doubtful. A little child, the sister of one of my
+playmates, died suddenly in great distress. Several
+months after her death the mother was told that the
+leaves of the Oleander were poisonous, when she
+recalled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span>
+ that the child had eaten them on the day of
+her death.</p>
+
+<p>Oleander blossoms were lovely in shape and color.
+Edward Fitzgerald writes to Fanny Kemble:
+"Don't you love the Oleander? So clean in its
+Leaves and Stem, as so beautiful in its Flower; loving
+to stand in water which it drinks up fast. I
+have written all my best Mss. with a Pen that has
+been held with its nib in water for more than a fortnight&mdash;Charles
+Keene's recipe for keeping Pens in
+condition&mdash;Oleander-like." This, written in 1882,
+must, even at that recent date, refer to quill pens.</p>
+
+<p>The lines of Mary Howitt's, quoted at the beginning
+of this chapter, ring to me so true; there is
+in them no mock sentiment, it is the real thing,&mdash;"the
+garden thicket's shade," little "cubby houses"
+under the close-growing stems of Lilac and Syringa,
+with an old thick shawl outspread on the damp
+earth for a carpet. Oh, how hot and scant the air
+was in the green light of those close "garden-thickets,"
+those "Lilac ambushes," which were really
+not half so pleasant as the cooler seats on the grass
+under the trees, but which we clung to with a
+warmth equal to their temperature.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i134" name="i134"></a>
+<a href="images/i134_large.jpg"><img src="images/i134.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Children's Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Let us peer into these garden thickets at these
+happy little girls, fantastic in their garden dress.
+Their hair is hung thick with Dandelion curls, made
+from pale green opal-tinted stems that have
+grown long under the shrubbery and Box borders.
+Around their necks are childish wampum, strings of
+Dandelion beads or Daisy chains. More delicate
+wreaths for the neck or hair were made from the
+blossoms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>
+ of the Four-o'clock or the petals of Phlox
+or Lilacs, threaded with pretty alternation of color.
+Fuchsias were hung at the ears for eardrops, green
+leaves were pinned with leaf stems into little caps
+and bonnets and aprons, Foxgloves made dainty
+children's gloves. Truly the garden-bred child
+went in gay attire.</p>
+
+<p>That exquisite thing, the seed of Milkweed (shown
+on <a href="#i133">page 328</a>), furnished abundant playthings. The
+plant was sternly exterminated in our garden, but
+sallies into a neighboring field provided supplies for
+fairy cradles with tiny pillows of silvery silk.</p>
+
+<p>One of the early impulses of infancy is to put everything
+in the mouth; this impulse makes the creeping
+days of some children a period of constant watchfulness
+and terror to their apprehensive guardians.
+When the children are older and can walk in the
+garden or edge of the woods, a fresh anxiety arises;
+for a certain savagery in their make-up makes them
+regard every growing thing, not as an object to look
+at or even to play with, but to eat. It is a relief to
+the mother when the child grows beyond the savage,
+and falls under the dominion of tradition and folk-lore,
+communicated to him by other children by
+that subtle power of enlightenment common to children,
+which seems more like instinct than instruction.
+The child still eats, but he makes distinctions, and
+seldom touches harmful leaves or seeds or berries.
+He has an astonishing range: roots, twigs, leaves,
+bark, tendrils, fruit, berries, flowers, buds, seeds,
+all alike serve for food. Young shoots of Sweetbrier
+and Blackberry are nibbled as well as the
+branches<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>
+ of young Birch. Grape tendrils, too,
+have an acid zest, as do Sorrel leaves. Wild Rose
+hips and the drupes of dwarf Cornel are chewed.
+The leaf buds of Spruce and Linden are also tasted.
+I hear that some children in some places eat the
+young fronds of Cinnamon Fern, but I never saw it
+done. Seeds of Pumpkins and Sunflowers were edible,
+as well as Hollyhock cheeses. There was one
+Slippery Elm tree which we know in our town, and
+we took ample toll of it. Cherry gum and Plum
+gum are chewed, as well as the gum of Spruce trees.
+There was a boy who used sometimes to intrude on
+our girl's paradise, since he was the son of a neighbor,
+and he said he ate raw Turnips, and something
+he called Pig-nuts&mdash;I wonder what they
+were.</p>
+
+<p>Those childish customs linger long in our minds,
+or rather in our subconsciousness. I never walk
+through an old garden without wishing to nibble and
+browse on the leaves and stems which I ate as a child,
+without sucking a drop of honey from certain flowers.
+I do it not with intent, but I waken to realization
+with the petal of Trumpet Honeysuckle in my
+hand and its drop of ambrosia on my lips.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i135" name="i135"></a>
+<a href="images/i135_large.jpg"><img src="images/i135.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Foxgloves in a Narragansett Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Children care far less for scent and perfection in a
+flower than they do for color, and, above all, for
+desirability and adaptability of form, this desirability
+being afforded by the fitness of the flower for the traditional
+games and plays. The favorite flowers of my
+childhood were three noble creatures, Hollyhocks,
+Canterbury Bells, and Foxgloves, all three were
+scentless. I cannot think of a child's summer in a
+garden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>
+ without these three old favorites of history
+and folk-lore. Of course we enjoyed the earlier
+flower blooms and played happily with them ere
+our dearest treasures came to us; but never had we
+full variety, zest, and satisfaction till this trio were
+in midsummer bloom. There was a little gawky,
+crudely-shaped wooden doll of German manufacture
+sold in Worcester which I never saw elsewhere;
+they were kept for sale by old Waxler, the
+German basket maker, a most respected citizen,
+whose name I now learn was not Waxler but Weichsler.
+These<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>
+ dolls came in three sizes, the five-cent
+size was a midsummer favorite, because on its featureless
+head the blossoms of the Canterbury Bells
+fitted like a high azure cap. I can see rows of these
+wooden creatures sitting, thus crowned, stiffly around
+the trunk of the old Seckel Pear tree at a doll's tea-party.</p>
+
+<p>By the constant trampling of our childish feet the
+earth at the end of the garden path was hard and
+smooth under the shadow of the Lilac trees near
+our garden fence; and this hard path, remote from
+wanderers in the garden, made a splendid plateau to
+use for flower balls. Once we fitted it up as a
+palace; circular walls of Balsam flowers set closely
+together shaped the ball-room. The dancers were
+blue and white Canterbury Bells. Quadrilles were
+placed of little twigs, or strong flower stalks set
+firmly upright in the hard trodden earth, and on
+each of these a flower bell was hung so that the
+pretty reflexion of the scalloped edges of the corolla
+just touched the ground as the hooped petticoats
+swayed lightly in the wind.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i136" name="i136"></a>
+<a href="images/i136_large.jpg"><img src="images/i136.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Hollyhocks in Garden of Kimball Homestead, Portsmouth,
+New Hampshire.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We used to catch bumblebees in the Canterbury
+Bells, and hear them buzz and bump and tear their
+way out to liberty. We held the edges of the
+flower tightly pinched together, and were never
+stung. Besides its adaptability as a toy for children,
+the Canterbury Bell was beloved for its beauty in
+the garden. An appropriate folk name for it is
+Fair-in-sight. Healthy clumps grow tall and stately,
+towering up as high as childish heads; and the firm
+stalks are hung so closely in bloom. Nowadays
+people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>
+ plant expanses of Canterbury Bells; one at
+the beautiful garden at White Birches, Elmhurst,
+Illinois, is shown on <a href="#i050">page 111</a>. I do not like this
+as well as the planting in our home garden when
+they are set in a mixed border, as shown <a href="#i186">opposite
+page 416</a>. Our tastes in the flower world are largely
+influenced by what we were wonted to in childhood,
+not only in the selection of flowers, but in their
+placing in our gardens. The Canterbury Bell has
+historical interest through its being named for the
+bells borne by pilgrims to the shrine at Canterbury.
+I have been delighted to see plants of these sturdy
+garden favorites offered for sale of late years in New
+York streets in springtime, by street venders, who
+now show a tendency to throw aside Callas, Lilies,
+Tuberoses, and flowers of such ilk, and substitute
+shrubs and seedlings of hardy growth and satisfactory
+flowering. But it filled me with regret, to
+hear the pretty historic name&mdash;Canterbury Bells&mdash;changed
+in so short a residence in the city, by
+these Italian and German tongues to Gingerbread
+Bells&mdash;a sad debasement. Native New Englanders
+have seldom forgotten or altered an old flower name,
+and very rarely transferred it to another plant, even
+in two centuries of everyday usage. But I am glad
+to know that the flower will bloom in the flower
+pot or soap box in the dingy window of the city
+poor, or in the square foot of earth of the city
+squatter, even if it be called Gingerbread Bells.</p>
+
+<p>I think we may safely affirm that the Hollyhock
+is the most popular, and most widely known, of all
+old-fashioned flowers. It is loved for its beauty,
+its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>
+ associations, its adaptiveness. It is such a decorative
+flower, and looks of so much distinction in so
+many places. It is invaluable to the landscape gardener
+and to the architect; and might be named the
+wallflower, since it looks so well growing by every
+wall. I like it there, or by a fence-side, or in a
+corner, better than in the middle of flower beds.
+How many garden pictures have Hollyhocks? Sir
+Joshua Reynolds even used them as accessories of
+his portraits. They usually grow so well and bloom
+so freely. I have seen them in Connecticut growing
+wild&mdash;garden strays, standing up by ruined stone
+walls in a pasture with as much grace of grouping,
+as good form, as if they had been planted by our
+most skilful gardeners or architects. Many illustrations
+of them are given in this book; I need
+scarcely refer to them; <a href="#i136">opposite page 334</a> is shown
+a part of the four hundred stalks of rich bloom in a
+Portsmouth garden. There is a pretty semidouble
+Hollyhock with a single row of broad outer petals
+and a smaller double rosette for the centre; but the
+single flowers are far more effective. I like well the
+old single crimson flower, but the yellow ones are, I
+believe, the loveliest; a row of the yellow and white
+ones against an old brick wall is perfection. I can
+never repay to the Hollyhock the debt of gratitude
+I owe for the happy hours it furnished to me in my
+childhood. Its reflexed petals could be tied into
+such lovely silken-garbed dolls; its "cheeses" were
+one of the staple food supplies of our dolls' larder.
+I am sure in my childhood I would have warmly
+chosen the Hollyhock as my favorite flower.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p>
+<p>The sixty-two folk names of the Foxglove give
+ample proof of its closeness to humanity; it is a
+familiar flower, a home flower. Of these many
+names I never heard but two in New England, and
+those but once; an old Irish gardener called the
+flowers Fairy Thimbles, and an English servant,
+Pops&mdash;this from the well-known habit of popping
+the petals on the palm of the hand. We used to
+build little columns of these Foxgloves by thrusting
+one within another, alternating purple and white;
+and we wore them for gloves, and placed them as
+foolscaps on the heads of tiny dolls. The beauty
+of the Foxglove in the garden is unquestioned; the
+spires of white bloom are, as Cotton Mather said of
+a pious and painful Puritan preacher, "a shining
+and white light in a golden candlestick improved for
+the sweet felicity of Mankind and to the honour
+of our Maker."</p>
+
+<p><a href="#i139">Opposite page 340</a> is a glimpse of a Box-edged
+garden in Worcester, whose blossoming has been a
+delight to me every summer of my entire life. In
+my childhood this home was that of flower-loving
+neighbors who had an established and constant system
+of exchange with my mother and other neighbors
+of flowers, plants, seeds, slips, and bulbs. The
+garden was serene with an atmosphere of worthy old
+age; you wondered how any man so old could so
+constantly plant, weed, prune, and hoe until you
+saw how he loved his flowers, and how his wife loved
+them. The Roses, Peonies, and Flower de Luce
+in this garden are sixty years old, and the Box also;
+the shrubs are almost trees. Nothing seems to be
+transplanted,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>
+ yet all flourish; I suppose some plants
+must be pulled up, sometimes, else the garden would
+be a thicket. The varying grading of city streets
+has left this garden in a little valley sheltered from
+winds and open to the sun's rays. Here bloom
+Crocuses, Snowdrops, Grape Hyacinths, and sometimes
+Tulips, before any neighbor has a blossom
+and scarce a leaf. On a Sunday noon in April there
+are always flower lovers hanging over the low fences,
+and gazing at the welcome early blooms. Here if
+ever,</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Winter, slumbering in the open air,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Wears on his smiling face a dream of spring."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A close cloud of Box-scent hangs over this garden,
+even in midwinter; sometimes the Box edgings
+grow until no one can walk between; then drastic
+measures have to be taken, and the rows look
+ragged for a time.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i137" name="i137"></a>
+<a href="images/i137_large.jpg"><img src="images/i137.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">An Autumn Path in a Worcester Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>I think much of my love of Box comes from
+happy associations with this garden. I used to like
+to go there with my mother when she went on
+what the Japanese would call "garden-viewing"
+visits, for at the lower end of the garden was a small
+orchard of the finest playhouse Apple trees I ever
+climbed (and I have had much experience), and
+some large trees bearing little globular early Pears;
+and there were rows of bushes of golden "Honeyblob"
+Gooseberries. The Apple trees are there
+still, but the Gooseberry bushes are gone. I
+looked for them this summer eagerly, but in vain;
+I presume the berries would have been sour had I
+found them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i138" name="i138"></a>
+<a href="images/i138_large.jpg"><img src="images/i138.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Hollyhocks at Tudor Place.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In many old New England gardens the close
+juxtaposition and even intermingling of vegetables
+and fruits with the flowers gave a sense of homely
+simplicity and usefulness which did not detract
+from the garden's interest, and added much to the
+child's pleasure. At the lower end of the long
+flower border in our garden, grew "Mourning
+Brides," white, pale lavender, and purple brown in
+tint. They opened under the shadow of a row of
+Gooseberry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>
+ bushes. I seldom see Gooseberry
+bushes nowadays in any gardens, whether on farms
+or in nurseries; they seem to be an antiquated fruit.</p>
+
+<p>I have in my memory many other customs of
+childhood in the garden; some of them I have told
+in my book <i>Child Life in Colonial Days</i>, and there
+are scores more which I have not recounted, but
+most of them were peculiar to my own fanciful
+childhood, and I will not recount them here.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most exquisite of Mrs. Browning's
+poems is <i>The Lost Bower</i>; it is endeared to me
+because it expresses so fully a childish bereavement
+of my own, for I have a lost garden. Somewhere,
+in my childhood, I saw this beautiful garden, filled
+with radiant blossoms, rich with fruit and berries,
+set with beehives, rabbit hutches, and a dove cote,
+and enclosed about with hedges; and through it
+ran a purling brook&mdash;a thing I ever longed for in
+my home garden. All one happy summer afternoon
+I played in it, and gathered from its beds and
+borders at will&mdash;and I have never seen it since.
+When I was still a child I used to ask to return to
+it, but no one seemed to understand; and when I
+was grown I asked where it was, describing it in
+every detail, and the only answer was that it was
+a dream, I had never seen and played in such a
+garden. This lost garden has become to me an
+emblem, as was the lost bower to Mrs. Browning,
+of the losses of life; but I did not lose all; while
+memory lasts I shall ever possess the happiness of
+my childhood passed in our home garden.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i139" name="i139"></a>
+<a href="images/i139_large.jpg"><img src="images/i139.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">An Old Worcester Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI</h2>
+
+<p class="center">MEETIN' SEED AND SABBATH DAY POSIES</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"I touched a thought, I know<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Has tantalized me many times.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Help me to hold it! First it left<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The yellowing Fennel run to seed."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr">&mdash;<span class="smcap">Robert Browning.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_m_large.png"><img src="images/drop_m.png" alt="M" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">My "thought" is the association of
+certain flowers with Sunday; the
+fact that special flowers and leaves
+and seeds, Fennel, Dill, and
+Southernwood, were held to be
+fitting and meet to carry to the
+Sunday service. "Help me to hold it"&mdash;to record
+those simple customs of the country-side ere
+they are forgotten.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the herb garden grew three free-growing plants,
+all three called indifferently in country tongue,
+"meetin' seed." They were Fennel, Dill, and Caraway,
+and similar in growth and seed. Caraway is
+shown on <a href="#i140">page 342</a>. Their name was given because,
+in summer days of years gone by, nearly every woman
+and child carried to "meeting" on Sundays, bunches
+of the ripe seeds of one or all of these three plants,
+to nibble throughout the long prayers and sermon.</p>
+
+<p>It is fancied that these herbs were anti-soporific,
+but I find no record of such power. On the contrary,
+Galen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>
+ says Dill "procureth sleep, wherefore
+garlands of Dill are worn at feasts." A far more
+probable reason for its presence at church was the
+quality assigned to it by Pliny and other herbalists
+down to Gerarde, that of staying the "yeox or hicket
+or hicquet," otherwise the hiccough. If we can
+judge by the manifold remedies offered to allay this
+affliction, it was
+certainly very
+prevalent in ancient
+times.
+Cotton Mather
+wrote a bulky
+medical treatise
+entitled <i>The
+Angel of Bethesda</i>.
+It was
+never printed;
+the manuscript
+is owned by the
+American Antiquarian
+Society.
+The character of
+this medico-religious
+book may be judged by this opening sentence
+of his chapter on the hiccough:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"The Hiccough or the Hicox rather, for it's a Teutonic
+word that signifies to sob, appears a Lively Emblem of the
+battle between the Flesh and the Spirit in the Life of Piety.
+The Conflict in the Pious Mind gives all the Trouble and
+same uneasiness as Hickox. Death puts an end to the
+Conflict."</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i140" name="i140"></a>
+<a href="images/i140_large.jpg"><img src="images/i140.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Caraway.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Parson Mather gives Tansy and Caraway as remedies
+for the hiccough, but far better still&mdash;spiders,
+prepared in various odious ways; I prefer Dill.</p>
+
+<p>Peter Parley said that "a sprig of Fennel was the
+theological smelling-bottle of the tender sex, and not
+unfrequently of the men, who from long sitting in
+the sanctuary, after a week of labor in the field, found
+themselves tempted to sleep, would sometimes borrow
+a sprig of Fennel, to exorcise the fiend that
+threatened their spiritual welfare."</p>
+
+<p>Old-fashioned folk kept up a constant nibbling
+in church, not only of these three seeds, but of bits
+of Cinnamon or Lovage root, or, more commonly
+still, the roots of Sweet Flag. Many children went
+to brooksides and the banks of ponds to gather
+these roots. This pleasure was denied to us, but
+we had a Flag root purveyor, our milkman's
+daughter. This milkman, who lived on a lonely
+farm, used often to take with him on his daily
+rounds his little daughter. She sat with him on
+the front seat of his queer cart in summer and
+his queerer pung in winter, an odd little figure,
+with a face of gypsylike beauty which could scarcely
+be seen in the depths of the Shaker sunbonnet
+or pumpkin hood. If my mother chanced to see
+her, she gave the child an orange, or a few figs, or
+some little cakes, or almonds and raisins; in return
+the child would throw out to us violently roots of
+Sweet Flag, Wild Ginger, Snakeroot, Sassafras, and
+Apples or Pears, which she carried in a deep detached
+pocket at her side. She never spoke, and the milkman
+confided to my mother that he "took her around
+because<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span>
+ she was so wild," by which he meant timid.
+We were firmly convinced that the child could not
+walk nor speak, and had no ears; and we were much
+surprised when she walked down the aisle of our
+church one Sunday as actively as any child could,
+displaying very natural ears. Her father had
+bought a home in the town that she might go to
+school. He was
+rewarded by her
+development
+into one of those
+scholars of phenomenal
+brilliancy,
+such as
+are occasionally
+produced from
+New England
+farmers' families.
+She also became
+a beauty of most
+unusual type.
+At her father's
+death she "went
+West." I have
+always expected to read of her as of marked life in
+some way, but I never have. Of course her family
+name may have been changed by marriage; but her
+Christian name, Appoline, was so unusual I could
+certainly trace her. If my wild and beautiful little
+milk girl reads these lines, I hope she will forgive
+me, for she certainly was queer.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i141" name="i141"></a>
+<a href="images/i141_large.jpg"><img src="images/i141.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial of Jonathan Fairbanks.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When her residence was in town, Appoline did
+not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>
+ cease her gifts of country treasures. She brought
+on spring Sundays a very delightful addition to our
+Sabbath day nibblings and browsings, the most delicious
+mouthful of all the treasures of New England
+woods, what we called Pippins, the first tender leaves
+of the aromatic Checkerberry. In the autumn the
+spicy berries of the same plant filled many a paper
+cornucopia which was secretly conveyed to us.</p>
+
+<p>It was also a universal custom among the elder
+folk to carry a Sunday posy; the stems were discreetly
+enwrapped with the folded handkerchief
+which also concealed the sprig of Fennel. Dean
+Hole tells us that a sprig of Southernwood was
+always seen in the Sunday smocks of English farm
+folk. Mary Howitt, in her poem, <i>The Poor Man's
+Garden</i>, has this verse:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"And here on Sabbath mornings<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">The goodman comes to get<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">His Sunday nosegay&mdash;Moss Rose bud,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">White Pink, and Mignonette."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This shows to me that the church posy was just
+as common in England as in America; in domestic
+and social customs we can never disassociate ourselves
+from England; our ways, our deeds, are all
+English.</p>
+
+<p>Thoreau noted with pleasure when, at the last of
+June, the young men of Concord "walked slowly
+and soberly to church, in their best clothes, each
+with a Pond Lily in his hand or bosom, with as
+long a stem as he could get." And he adds
+thereto almost the only decorous and conventional
+picture<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>
+ he gives of himself, that he used in
+early life to go thus to church, smelling a Pond Lily,
+"its odor contrasting with and atoning for that of
+the sermon." He associated this universal bearing
+of the Lily with a very natural act, that of the first
+spring swim and
+bath, and pictured
+with delight the
+quiet Sabbath stillness
+and the pure
+opening flowers. He
+said the flower had
+become typical to
+him equally of a
+Sunday morning
+swim and of church-going.
+He adds
+that the young women
+carried on this
+floral Sunday, as a
+companion flower,
+their first Rose.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i142" name="i142"></a>
+<a href="images/i142_large.jpg"><img src="images/i142.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Bronze Sun-dial on
+Dutch Reformed Church.<br />
+West End Avenue, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This Sabbath
+bearing of the early
+Water Lilies may
+have been a local
+custom; a few miles
+from Walden Pond and Concord an old kinsman of
+mine throughout his long life (which closed twenty
+years ago) carried Water Lilies on summer Sundays to
+church; and starting with neighborly intent a short
+time before the usual hour of church service, he
+placed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>
+ a single beautiful Lily in the pew of each of
+his old friends. All knew who was the flower bearer,
+and gentle smiles and nods of thanks would radiate
+across the old church to him. These lilies were
+gathered for him freshly each Sabbath morning by
+the young men of his family, who, as Thoreau tells,
+all took their
+morning bath in
+the pond throughout
+the summer.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i143" name="i143"></a>
+<a href="images/i143_large.jpg"><img src="images/i143.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial on Boulder, Swiftwater,
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There were
+conventions in
+these Sunday
+posies. I never
+heard of carrying
+sprays of Lemon
+Verbena or Rose
+Geranium, or any
+of the strong-scented
+herbs of
+the Mint family;
+but throughout
+eastern Massachusetts,
+especially in
+Concord
+and Wayland, a
+favorite posy was
+a spray of the refreshing, soft-textured leaves from
+what country folk called the Tongue plant&mdash;which
+was none other than Costmary, also called Beaver
+tongue, and Patagonian mint. As there has been
+recently much interest and discussion anent this
+Tongue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>
+ plant, I here give its botanical name <i>Chrysanthemum
+balsamita</i>, var. <i>tanacetoides</i>. A far more
+popular Sunday posy than any blossom was a sprig
+of Southernwood, known also everywhere as Lad's-love,
+and occasionally as Old Man and Kiss-me-quick-and-go.
+It was also termed Meeting plant
+from this universal Sunday use.</p>
+
+<p>A restless little child was once handed during
+the church services in summer a bunch of Caraway
+seeds, and a goodly sprig of Southernwood.
+The little girl's mother listened earnestly to the
+long sermon, and was horrified at its close to find
+that her child had eaten the entire bunch of Caraway,
+stems and seeds, and all the bitter Southernwood.
+She was hurried out of church to the village doctor's,
+and spent a very unhappy hour or two as the result
+of her Nebuchadnezzar-like gorging.</p>
+
+<p>Like many New Englanders, I dearly love the
+scent of Southernwood:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"I'll give to him<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Who gathers me, more sweetness than he knows<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Without me&mdash;more than any Lily could,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">I, that am flowerless, being Southernwood."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Southernwood bears a balmier breath than is
+ever borne by many blossoms, for it is sweet with
+the fragrance of memory. The scent that has
+been loved for centuries, the leaves that have been
+pressed to the hearts of fair maids, as they questioned
+of love, are indeed endeared.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i144" name="i144"></a>
+<a href="images/i144_large.jpg"><img src="images/i144.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Buckthorn Arch in an Old Salem Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Southernwood was a plant of vast powers. It
+was named in the fourteenth century as potent to
+cure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>
+ talking in sleep, and other "vanityes of the
+heade." An old Salem sea captain had this recipe for
+baldness: "Take a quantitye of Suthernwoode and
+put it upon kindled coale to burn and being made
+into a powder mix it with oyl of radiches, and anoynt
+a bald head and
+you shall see
+great experiences."
+The lying
+old <i>Dispensatory</i>
+of Culpepper
+gave a rule to mix
+the ashes of
+Southernwood
+with "Old Sallet
+Oyl" which
+"helpeth those
+that are hair-fallen
+and bald."</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i145" name="i145"></a>
+<a href="images/i145_large.jpg"><img src="images/i145.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial at Emery Place, Brightwood,
+District of Columbia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Far pleasanter
+were the uses of
+the plant as a love
+charm. Pliny did
+not disdain to
+counsel putting
+Southernwood
+under the pillow to make one dream of a lover. A
+sprig of Southernwood in an unmarried girl's shoe
+would bring to her the sight of her husband-to-be
+before night.</p>
+
+<p>Sixty years ago two young country folk of New
+England were married. The twain built them a
+house<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span>
+ and established their home. Since a sprig of
+Southernwood had played a romantic part in their
+courtship, each planted a bush at the side of the
+broad doorstone; and the husband, William, often
+thrust a bit of this Lad's-love from the flourishing
+bushes in the buttonhole of his woollen shirt, for he
+fancied the fresh scent of the leaves.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i146" name="i146"></a>
+<a href="images/i146_large.jpg"><img src="images/i146.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial at Traveller's Rest.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The twain had no children, and perhaps therefrom
+grew and increased in Hetty a fairly passionate love
+of exact order and neatness in her home&mdash;a trait
+which is not so common in New England housewives
+as many fancy, and which does not always
+find equal growth and encouragement in New England
+husbands. William chafed under the frequent
+and bitter reproofs for the muddy shoes, dusty garments,
+hanging straws and seeds which he brought
+into his wife's orderly paradise, and the jarring culminated
+one night over such a trifle, a green sprig
+of Lad's-love which he had dropped and trodden into
+the freshly washed floor of the kitchen, where it left
+a green stain on the spotless boards.</p>
+
+<p>The quarrel flamed high, and was followed by an
+ominous calm which was not broken at breakfast.
+It would be impossible to express in words Hetty's
+emotions when she crossed her threshold to set her
+shining milk tins in the morning sunlight, and saw
+on one side of the doorstone a yawning hole where
+had grown for ten years William's bunch of Lad's-love.
+He had driven to the next village to sell
+some grain, so she could search unseen for the vanished
+emblem of domestic felicity, and soon she
+found it, in the ditch by the public road, already
+withered in the hot sun.</p>
+
+<p>When her husband went at nightfall to feed and
+water his cattle, he found the other bush of Lad's-love,
+which had been planted with such affectionate
+sentiment, trodden in the mire of the pigpen, under
+the feet of the swine.</p>
+
+<p>They lived together for thirty years after this
+crowning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>
+ indignity. The grass grew green over the
+empty holes by the doorside, but he never forgave
+her, and they never spoke to each other save in
+direst necessity, and then in fewest words. Yet
+they were not wicked folk. She cared for his father
+and mother in the last years of their life with a
+devotion that was fairly pathetic when it was seen
+that the old man was untidy to a degree, and absolutely
+oblivious of all her orderly ways and wishes.
+At their death he sent for and "homed," as the
+expression ran, a brother of hers who was almost
+blind, and paid the expenses of her nephew through
+college&mdash;but he died unforgiving; the sight of that
+beloved Southernwood&mdash;in the pigpen&mdash;forever
+killed his affection.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVII" id="CHAPTER_XVII"></a>CHAPTER XVII</h2>
+
+<p class="center">SUN-DIALS</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"'Tis an old dial, dark with many a stain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">In summer crowned with drifting orchard bloom,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Tricked in the autumn with the yellow rain,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And white in winter like a marble tomb.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"And round about its gray, time-eaten brow<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Lean letters speak&mdash;a worn and shattered row:&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">'I am a Shade; A Shadowe too arte thou;<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">I mark the Time; saye, Gossip, dost thou soe?'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr">&mdash;<span class="smcap">Austin Dobson.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_a_large.png"><img src="images/drop_a.png" alt="A" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">A century or more ago, in
+the heart of nearly all English
+gardens, and in the gardens of
+our American colonies as well,
+there might be seen a pedestal
+of varying material, shape, and
+pretension, surmounted by the
+most interesting furnishing in
+"dead-works" of the garden, a sun-dial. In public
+squares, on the walls of public buildings, on
+bridges, and by the side of the way, other and
+simpler dials were found. On the walls of country
+houses and churches vertical sun-dials were displayed;
+every English town held them by scores.
+In Scotland, and to some extent in England, these
+sun-dials still are found; in fine old gardens the
+most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>
+ richly carved dials are standing; but in
+America they have become so rare that many people
+have never seen one. In many of the formal
+gardens planned by our skilled architects, sun-dials
+are now springing afresh like mushroom growth of
+a single night, and some are objects of the greatest
+beauty and interest.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i147" name="i147"></a>
+<a href="images/i147_large.jpg"><img src="images/i147.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Two Old Cronies, the Sun-dial and Bee Skepe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>If the claims of antiquity and historical association
+have aught to charm us, every sun-dial must
+be assured of our interest. The most primitive
+mode<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span>
+ of knowing of the midday hour was by a "noon
+mark," a groove cut or line drawn on door or window
+sill which indicated the meridian hour through
+a shadow thrown on this noon mark. A good
+guess as to the hours near noon could be made by
+noting the distance of the shadow from the noon
+mark. I chanced to be near an old noon mark this
+summer as the sun warned that noon approached; I
+noted that the marking shadow crossed the line at
+twenty minutes before noon by our watches&mdash;which,
+I suppose, was near enough to satisfy our "early
+to rise" ancestors. Meridian lines were often traced
+with exactness on the floors of churches in Continental
+Europe.</p>
+
+<p>An advance step in accuracy and elegance was
+made when a simple metal sun-dial was affixed to the
+window sill instead of cutting the rude noon mark.
+Soon the sun-dial was set on a simple pedestal near
+the kitchen window, so that the active worker within
+might glance at the dial face without ceasing in her
+task. Such a sun-dial is shown on <a href="#i147">page 354</a>, as it
+stands under the "buttery" window cosily hobnobbing
+with its old crony of many years, the bee skepe.
+One could wish to be a bee, and live in that snug
+home under the Syringa bush.</p>
+
+<p>Portable sun-dials succeeded fixed dials; they have
+been known as long as the Christian era; shepherds'
+dials were the "Kalendars" or "Cylindres" about
+which treatises were written as early as the thirteenth century.
+They were small cylinders of wood
+or ivory, having at the top a kind of stopper
+with a hinged gnomon; they are still used in the
+Pyrenees.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span>
+ Pretty little "ring-dials" of brass, gold,
+or silver, are constructed on the same principle.
+The exquisitely wrought portable dial shown on
+<a href="#i148">this page</a> is a very fine piece of workmanship, and
+must have been costly. It is dated 1764, and is
+eleven inches in diameter. It is a perfect example
+of the advanced type of dial made in Italy, which
+had a simpler form as early certainly as <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> 300.
+The compass was added in the thirteenth century.
+The compass-needle is missing on this dial, its only
+blemish. The Italians excelled in dial-making;
+among their interesting forms were the cross-shaped
+dials evidently a reliquary.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i148" name="i148"></a>
+<a href="images/i148_large.jpg"><img src="images/i148.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Portable Sun-dial.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Portable dials were used instead of watches. There
+is at the Washington headquarters at Morristown a
+delicately wrought oval silver case, with compass and
+sun-dial, which was carried by one of the French
+officers who came here with Lafayette; George
+Washington owned and carried one.</p>
+
+<p>The colonists came here from a land set with dials,
+whether they sailed from Holland or England.
+Charles I had a vast fancy for dials, and had them
+placed everywhere; the finest and most curious was
+the splendid master dial placed in his private gardens
+at Whitehall; this had five dials set in the upper
+part, four in the four corners, and a great horizontal
+concave dial; among these were scattered equinoctial
+dials, vertical dials, declining dials, polar dials, plane
+dials, cylindrical dials, triangular dials; each was
+inscribed with explanatory verses in Latin. Equally
+beautiful and intricate were the dials of Charles II,
+the most marvellous being the vast pyramid dial
+bearing 271 different dial faces.</p>
+
+<p>Those who wish to learn of English sun-dials
+should read Mrs. Gatty's <i>Book of Sun-dials</i>, a massive
+and fascinating volume. No such extended
+record could be made of American sun-dials; but
+it pleases me that I know of over two hundred sun-dials
+in America, chiefly old ones; that I have photographs
+of many of them; that I have copies of
+many hundred dial mottoes, and also a very fair collection
+of the old dial faces, of various metals and
+sizes.</p>
+
+<p>I know of no public collection of sun-dials in
+America save that in the Smithsonian Institution,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span>
+ that is not a large one. Several of our Historical
+Societies own single sun-dials. In the Essex
+Institute is the sun-dial of Governor Endicott;
+another, shown on <a href="#i141">page 344</a>, was once the property
+of my far-away grandfather, Jonathan Fairbanks;
+it is in the Dedham Historical Society.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i149" name="i149"></a>
+<a href="images/i149_large.jpg"><img src="images/i149.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Illustration: Sun-dial in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>All forms of sun-dials are interesting. A simple
+but accurate one was set on Robins Island by the
+late Samuel Bowne Duryea, Esq., of Brooklyn.
+Taking the flagpole of the club house as a stylus,
+he laid the lines and figures of the dial-face with
+small dark stones on a ground of light-hued stones,
+all set firmly in the earth at the base of the pole.
+Thus was formed, with the simplest materials, by
+one who ever strove to give pleasure and stimulate
+knowledge in all around him, an object which not
+only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span>
+ told the time o' the day, but afforded gratification,
+elicited investigation, and awakened sentiment
+in all who beheld it.</p>
+
+<p>A similar use of a vertical pole as a primitive
+gnomon for a sun-dial seems to
+have been common to many uncivilized
+peoples. In upper
+Egypt the natives set up a palm
+rod in open ground, and arrange
+a circle of stones or pegs around
+it, calling it an <i>alka</i>, and thus
+mark the hours. The ploughman
+leaves his buffalo standing
+in the furrow while he learns the
+progress of time from this simple
+dial&mdash;and we recall the
+words of Job, "As a servant
+earnestly desireth a shadow."</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i150" name="i150"></a>
+<a href="images/i150_large.jpg"><img src="images/i150.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial at Morristown, New Jersey.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Labrador Indians,
+when on the hunt or
+the march, set an upright
+stick or spear in the snow,
+and draw the line of the
+shadow thus cast. They
+then stalk on their way;
+and the women, heavily
+laden with provisions,
+shelter, and fuel, come slowly along two or three
+hours later, note the distance between the present
+shadow and the line drawn by their lords, and know
+at once whether they must gather up the stick or
+spear and hurry along, or can rest for a short time
+on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span>
+ their weary march. This is a primitive but exact
+chronometer.</p>
+
+<p>There are serious objections to quoting from
+Charles Lamb: you are never willing to end the
+transcription&mdash;you long to add just one phrase, one
+clause more. Then, too, the purity of the pearl
+which you choose seems to render duller than their
+wont the leaden sentences with which you enclose it
+as a setting. Still, who could write of sun-dials
+without choosing to transcribe these words of
+Lamb's?</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"What a dead thing is a clock, with its ponderous embowelments
+of lead or brass, its pert or solemn dulness of
+communication, compared with the simple altar-like structure
+and silent heart-language of the old dial! It stood as
+the garden god of Christian gardens. Why is it almost
+everywhere banished? If its business use be suspended
+by more elaborate inventions, its moral uses, its beauty,
+might have pleaded for its continuance. It spoke of moderate
+labors, of pleasures not protracted after sunset, of
+temperance and good hours. It was the primitive clock,
+the horologe of the first world. Adam could scarce have
+missed it in Paradise. The 'shepherd carved it out quaintly
+in the sun,' and turning philosopher by the very occupation,
+provided it with mottoes more touching than tombstones."</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i151" name="i151"></a>
+<a href="images/i151_large.jpg"><img src="images/i151.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Yes, Toby! It's Three O'clock.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sun-dial mottoes still can be gathered by hundreds;
+and they are one record of a force in the development
+of our literate people. For it was long after
+we had printing ere we had any general class of folk,
+who, if they could read, read anything save the Bible.
+To many the knowledge of reading came from the
+deciphering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>
+ of what has been happily termed the
+Literature of the Bookless. This literature was
+placed that he who ran might read; and its opening
+chapters were in the form of inscriptions and legends
+and mottoes
+which were
+placed, not only
+on buildings and
+walls, and pillars
+and bridges, but
+on household
+furniture and
+table utensils.</p>
+
+<p>The inscribing
+of mottoes on
+sun-dials appears
+to have sprung
+up with dial-making;
+and
+where could a
+strict moral lesson,
+a suggestive
+or inspiring
+thought, be better
+placed? Even
+the most heedless
+or indifferent passer-by, or the unwilling reader
+could not fail to see the instructive words when he
+cast his glance to learn the time.</p>
+
+<p>The mottoes were frequently in Latin, a few in
+Greek or Hebrew; but the old English mottoes
+seem the most appealing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">ABUSE ME NOT I DO NO ILL<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">I STAND TO SERVE THEE WITH GOOD WILL<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">AS CAREFUL THEN BE SURE THOU BE<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">TO SERVE THY GOD AS I SERVE THEE.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">A CLOCK THE TIME MAY WRONGLY TELL<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">I NEVER IF THE SUN SHINE WELL.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">AS A SHADOW SUCH IS LIFE.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">I COUNT NONE BUT SUNNY HOURS.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6">BE THE DAY WEARY, BE THE DAY LONG<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">SOON IT SHALL RING TO EVEN SONG.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i152" name="i152"></a>
+<a href="images/i152_large.jpg"><img src="images/i152.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Face of Dial at Sag Harbor, Long
+Island.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="pt">Scriptural verses have
+ever been favorites, especially
+passages from
+the Psalms: "Man is
+like a thing of nought,
+his time passeth away
+like a shadow." "My
+time is in Thy hand."
+"Put not off from day
+to day." "Oh, remember
+how short my
+time is." Some of the
+Latin mottoes are very
+beautiful.</p>
+
+<p class="pt">Poets have written
+special verses for sun-dials.
+These noble lines are by Walter Savage
+Landor:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span></p>
+<div class="poem small pt"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4">IN HIS OWN IMAGE THE CREATOR MADE,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">HIS OWN PURE SUNBEAM QUICKENED THEE, O MAN!<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">THOU BREATHING DIAL! SINCE THE DAY BEGAN<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">THE PRESENT HOUR WAS EVER MARKED WITH SHADE.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The motto, <i>Horas non numero nisi serenas</i>, in various
+forms and languages, has ever been a favorite.
+From an old album I have received this poem written
+by Professor S. F. B. Morse; there is a note
+with it in Professor Morse's handwriting, saying he
+saw the motto on a sun-dial at Worms:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="center">TO A. G. E.</p>
+
+<p class="center small"><span><i>Horas non numero nisi serenas.</i><br /></span></p>
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">The sun when it shines in a clear cloudless sky<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Marks the time on my disk in figures of light;<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">If clouds gather o'er me, unheeded they fly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">I note not the hours except they be bright.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i5">So when I review all the scenes that have past<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Between me and thee, be they dark, be they light,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">I forget what was dark, the light I hold fast;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">I note not the hours except they be bright.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr nospaceb"><span class="smcap">Samuel F. B. Morse</span>,</p>
+<p class="attr3 nospacet small">Washington, March, 1845.</p>
+
+
+<p>The sun-dial seems too classic an object, and too
+serious a teacher, to bear a jesting motto. This
+sober pun was often seen:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small pb"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i9">LIFE'S BUT A SHADOWE<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">MAN'S BUT DUST<br /></span>
+<span class="i9">THIS DYALL SAYES<br /></span>
+<span class="i10">DY ALL WE MUST.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i153" name="i153"></a>
+<a href="images/i153_large.jpg"><img src="images/i153.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial in Garden of Grace Church
+Rectory, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The sun-dial does not lure to "idle dalliance."
+Nine-tenths of the sun-dial mottoes tersely warn you
+not to linger, to
+haste away, that
+time is fleeting,
+and your hours
+are numbered,
+and therefore to
+"be about your
+business." In a
+single moment
+and at a single
+glance the sun-dial
+has said its
+lesson, has told
+its absolute message,
+and there
+is no reason for
+you to gaze at it
+longer. Its very
+position, too, in
+the unshaded
+rays of the sun,
+does not invite
+you to long companionship,
+as
+do the shady
+lengths of a pergola,
+or a green
+orchard seat.
+Still, I would
+ever have a garden
+seat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span>
+ near a sun-dial, especially when it is a work
+of art to be studied, and with mottoes to be remembered.
+For even in hurrying America the sun-dial
+seems&mdash;like a guide-post&mdash;a half-human thing,
+for which we
+can feel an almost
+personal
+interest.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i154" name="i154"></a>
+<a href="images/i154_large.jpg"><img src="images/i154.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Fugio Bank-note.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The figure
+of a sun-dial
+played an interesting
+part
+in the early
+history of the
+United States.
+In the first set
+of notes issued
+for currency
+by the American
+Congress
+was one for
+the value of
+one third of a
+dollar. One
+side has the
+chain of links
+bearing the names of the thirteen states, enclosing a
+sunburst bearing the words, <i>American Congress, We
+are One</i>. The reverse side is shown on <a href="#i154">this page</a>.
+It bears a print of a sun-dial, with the motto, <i>Fugio,
+Mind Your Business</i>. The so-called "Franklin cent"
+has a similar design of a sun-dial with the same motto,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>
+ there was a beautiful "Fugio dollar" cast
+in silver, bronze, and pewter. Though this design
+and motto were evidently Franklin's taste,
+the motto in its use on a sun-dial was not original
+with Franklin, nor with any one else in the Congress,
+for it had been seen on dials on many English
+churches and houses. In the form, "Begone about
+Your Business," it was on a house in the Inner
+Temple; this is the tradition of the origin of this
+motto. The dialler sent for a motto to place under
+the dial, as he had been instructed by the Benchers;
+when the man arrived at the Library, he found
+but one surly old gentleman poring over a musty
+book. To him he said, "Please, sir, the gentlemen
+told me to call this hour for a motto for the sun-dial."
+"Begone about your business," was the testy
+answer. So the man painted the words under the
+dial; and the chance words seemed so appropriate to
+the Benchers that they were never removed. It is
+told of Dean Cotton of Bangor that he had a
+cross old gardener who always warded off unwelcome
+visitors to the deanery by saying to every
+one who approached, "Go about your business!"
+After the gardener's death the dean had this motto
+engraved around the sun-dial in the garden, "Goa
+bou tyo urb us in ess, 1838." Thus the gardener's
+growl became his epitaph. Another form was,
+"Be about Your Business," and it is a suggestive
+fact that it was on a dial on the General Post-office
+in London in 1756. Franklin's interest in and knowledge
+of postal matters, his long residence in London,
+and service under the crown as American postmaster
+general,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span>
+ must have familiarized him with this
+dial, and I am convinced it furnished to him the
+notion for the design on the first bank-note and
+coins of the new
+nation.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting
+bit of history
+allied to America
+is given to us in
+the finding of a
+sun-dial which
+gives to American
+students of
+heraldic antiquities
+another
+dated shield of
+the Washington
+"stars and
+stripes."</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i155" name="i155"></a>
+<a href="images/i155_large.jpg"><img src="images/i155.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial at "Washington House," Little
+Brington, England.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Little Brington,
+Northamptonshire,
+stands a
+house known as
+"The Washington
+House," which
+gave shelter to the Washingtons of Sulgrave after
+the fall of their fortunes. Within a stone's throw
+of the house has recently been found a sun-dial having
+the Washington arms (argent) two bars, and in
+chief three mullets (gules) carved upon it, with the
+date 1617. The existence of this stone has been
+known for forty years; but it has never been closely
+examined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span>
+ and noted till recently. It is a circular
+slab of sandstone three inches thick and sixteen
+inches in diameter. The gnomon is lacking. The
+lines, figures, and shield are incised, and the letters
+R. W. can be dimly seen. These were probably
+the initials of Robert Washington, great uncle of the
+two emigrants to Virginia.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i156" name="i156"></a>
+<a href="images/i156_large.jpg"><img src="images/i156.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Dial-face from Mount Vernon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Through the kindness of Mr. A. L. Y. Morley,
+a faithful antiquary of Great Barrington, I have the
+pleasure of giving, on <a href="#i155">page 367</a>, a representation
+of this interesting dial. It is shown leaning against
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span>
+ "pump-stand" in the yard of the "Washington
+House"; and the pump seems as ancient as the dial.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i157" name="i157"></a>
+<a href="images/i157_large.jpg"><img src="images/i157.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg,
+Virginia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In this book are three other sun-dials associated
+with George Washington. At Mount Vernon there
+stands at the
+front of the entrance
+door a
+modern sun-dial.
+The fine
+old metal dial-face,
+about ten
+inches in diameter,
+which in
+Washington's
+day was placed
+on the same
+site, is now the
+property of
+Mr. William F.
+Havemeyer, Jr.,
+of New York.
+It was given to
+him by Mr.
+Custis; a picture
+of it is shown on
+<a href="#i156">page 368</a>. This
+dial-face is a
+splendid relic;
+one closely associated with Washington's everyday
+life, and full of suggestion and sentiment to every
+thoughtful beholder. The sun-dial which stood in
+the old Fredericksburg garden of Mary Washington,
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span>
+ mother of George Washington, still stands in
+Fredericksburg, in the grounds of Mr. Doswell. A
+photograph of it is reproduced on <a href="#i157">page 369</a>. The
+fourth historic dial is on <a href="#i158">page 371</a>. It is the one
+at Kenmore, the home built by Fielding Lewis for
+his bride, Betty Washington, the sister of George
+Washington, on ground adjoining her mother's
+home. A part of the garden which connected these
+two Washington homes is shown on <a href="#i098">page 228</a>.
+These three American sun-dials afford an interesting
+proof of the universal presence of sun-dials in
+Virginian homes of wealth, and they also show the
+kind of dial-face which was generally used. Another
+ancient dial (<a href="#i146">page 350</a>) at Travellers' Rest, a near-by
+Virginian country seat, is similar in shape to these
+three, and differs but little in mounting.</p>
+
+<p>In Pennsylvania and Virginia sun-dials have lingered
+in use in front of court-houses, on churches,
+and in a few old garden dials. In New England
+I scarcely know an old garden dial still standing
+in its original place on its original pedestal. Four
+old ones of brass or pewter are shown in the
+illustration on <a href="#i162">page 379</a>. These once stood in
+New England gardens or on the window sills of old
+houses; one was taken from a sunny window ledge
+to give to me.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the attention paid the doings of the
+American Philosophical Society, and the number of
+scientists living near Philadelphia, may account for
+the many sun-dials set up in the vicinity of the
+town. Godfrey, the maker of Godfrey's Quadrant,
+was one of those scientific investigators, and must
+have been a famous "dialler."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i158" name="i158"></a>
+<a href="images/i158_large.jpg"><img src="images/i158.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Kenmore, the Home of Betty Washington Lewis.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On <a href="#i159">page 373</a> is shown an ancient sun-dial in the
+garden of Charles F. Jenkins, Esq., in Germantown,
+Pennsylvania. This sun-dial originally belonged
+to Nathan Spencer, who lived in Germantown
+prior to and during the Revolutionary War. Hepzibah
+Spencer, his daughter, married, and took the
+sun-dial to Byberry. Her daughter carried the sun-dial
+to Gwynedd when her name was changed to
+Jenkins; and their grandson, the present owner,
+rescued it from the chicken house with the gnomon
+missing,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span>
+ which was afterward found. Its inscription,
+"Time waits for No Man," is an old punning device
+on the word gnomon.</p>
+
+<p>At one time dialling was taught by many a
+country schoolmaster, and excellent and accurate
+sun-dials were made and set up by country
+workmen, usually masons of slight education.
+In Scotland the making of sun-dials has never died
+out. In America many pewter sun-dials were cast
+in moulds of steatite or other material. A few dial-makers
+still remain; one in lower New York makes
+very interesting-looking sun-dials of brass, which,
+properly discolored and stained, find a ready sale
+in uptown shops. I doubt if these are ever made
+for any special geographical point, but there is in
+a small Pennsylvania town an old Quaker who
+makes carefully calculated and accurate sun-dials,
+computed by logarithms for special places. I should
+like to see him "sit like a shepherd carving out
+dials, quaintly point by point." I have a very pretty
+circular brass dial of his making, about eight inches
+in diameter. He writes me that "the dial sent thee
+is a good students' dial, fit to set outside the window
+for a young man to use and study by in college,"
+which would indicate to me that my Quaker dialler
+knows another type of collegian from those of my
+acquaintance, who would find the time set by a sun-dial
+rather slow.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i159" name="i159"></a>
+<a href="images/i159_large.jpg"><img src="images/i159.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial in Garden of Charles F. Jenkins, Esq., Germantown,
+Pennsylvania.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There have been those who truly loved sun-dials.
+Sir William Temple ordered that after his
+death his heart should be buried under the sun-dial
+in his garden&mdash;where his heart had been in
+life.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span>
+ 'Tis not unusual to see a sun-dial over the
+gate to a burial ground, and a noble emblem it
+is in that place; one at Mount Auburn Cemetery,
+near Boston, bears a pleasing motto written originally
+by John G. Whittier for his friend, Dr.
+Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, and inscribed on a
+beautiful silver sun-dial now owned by Dr. Vincent
+Y. Bowditch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span>
+ of Boston, Massachusetts. A
+facsimile of this dial was also placed before
+the Manor House on the island of Naushon by
+Mr. John M. Forbes in memory of Dr. Bowditch.
+The lines run thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">WITH WARNING HAND I MARK TIME'S RAPID FLIGHT<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">FROM LIFE'S GLAD MORNING TO ITS SOLEMN NIGHT.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">YET, THROUGH THE DEAR GOD'S LOVE I ALSO SHOW<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">THERE'S LIGHT ABOVE ME, BY THE SHADE BELOW.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>A sun-dial is to me, in many places, a far more inspiring
+memorial than a monument or tablet. Let
+me give as an example the fine sun-dial, designed by
+W. Gedney Beatty, Esq., and shown on <a href="#i150">page 359</a>,
+which was erected on the grounds of the Memorial
+Hospital at Morristown, New Jersey, by the Society
+of the Daughters of the American Revolution, to
+mark the spot where Washington partook of the
+Communion.</p>
+
+<p>What dignified and appropriate church appointments
+sun-dials are. A simple and impressive bronze
+vertical dial on the wall of the Dutch Reformed
+Church on West End Avenue, New York, is shown
+on <a href="#i142">page 346</a>. The sun-dial standing before the rectory
+of Grace Church on Broadway, New York, is
+on <a href="#i153">page 364</a>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i160" name="i160"></a>
+<a href="images/i160_large.jpg"><img src="images/i160.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial at Ophir Farm, White Plains, New York, Country-seat
+of Hon. Whitelaw Reid.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is ever much question as to a suitable
+pedestal for garden sun-dials: it must not stand so
+high that the dial-face cannot be looked down upon
+by grown persons; it must not be so light as to
+seem rickety, nor so heavy as to be clumsy. A
+very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>
+ good rule is to err on the side of simplicity
+in sun-dials for ordinary gardens. What I regard
+as a very satisfactory pedestal and mounting in
+every particular may be seen in the illustration
+<a href="#i035">facing page 80</a>, showing the sun-dial in the garden
+of Charles E. Mather, Esq., at Avonwood
+Court,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span>
+ Haverford, Pennsylvania. Sometimes the
+pillars of old balustrades, old fence posts, and
+even parts of old tombs and monuments, have
+been used as pedestals for sun-dials. How pleasantly
+Sylvana in her <i>Letters to an Unknown Friend</i>,
+tells us and shows to us her cheerful sun-dial
+mounted on the four corners of an old tombstone
+with this fine motto cut into the upper step,
+<i>Lux et umbra vicissim sed semper amor</i>. I mean
+to search the stone-cutters' waste heap this summer
+and see whether I cannot rob the grave to mark the
+hours of my life. Charles Dickens had at Gadshill
+a sun-dial set on one of the pillars of the balustrade
+of Old Rochester Bridge. From Italy and Greece
+marble pillars have been sent from ancient ruins to
+be set up as dial pedestals.</p>
+
+<p>If possible, the pedestal as well as the dial-face of
+a handsome sun-dial should have some significance
+through association, suggestion, or history. At
+Ophir Farm, White Plains, New York, the country-seat
+of Hon. Whitelaw Reid, may be seen a sun-dial
+full of exquisite significance. It is shown on <a href="#i160">page
+375</a>. The signs of the Zodiac in finely designed
+bronze are set on the symmetrical marble pedestal,
+and seem wonderfully harmonious and appropriate.
+This sun-dial is a literal exemplification of the words
+of Emerson:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"A calendar<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Exact to days, exact to hours,<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Counted on the spacious dial<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Yon broidered Zodiac girds."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span></p>
+<p>The dial-face is upheld by a carefully modelled tortoise
+in bronze, which is an equally suggestive emblem,
+connected with the tradition, folk-lore, and
+religious beliefs of both primitive and cultured peoples;
+it is specially full of meaning in this place.
+The whole sun-dial shows much thought and æsthetic
+perception in the designer and owner, and
+cannot fail to prove gratifying to all observers
+having either sensibility or judgment.</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally a very unusual and beautiful sun-dial
+standard may be seen, like the one in the Rose garden
+at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York, a copy of rarely
+beautiful Pompeian carvings. A representation of
+this is shown on <a href="#i039">page 86</a>. Copies of simpler antique
+carvings make excellent sun-dial pedestals; a safe
+rule to follow is to have a reproduction made of some
+well-proportioned English or Scotch pedestal. The
+latter are well suited to small gardens. I have drawings
+of several Scotch sun-dials and pedestals which
+would be charming in American gardens. In the
+gardens at Hillside, by the side of the Shakespeare
+Border is a sun-dial (<a href="#i161">page 378</a>) which is an exact
+reproduction of the one in the garden at Abbotsford,
+the home of Sir Walter Scott. This pedestal
+is suited to its surroundings, is well proportioned;
+and has historic interest. It forms an excellent
+example of Charles Lamb's "garden-altar."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i161" name="i161"></a>
+<a href="images/i161_large.jpg"><img src="images/i161.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial at Hillside, Menand's, near Albany, New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On a lawn or in any suitable spot the dial-face can
+be mounted on a boulder; one is here shown. I
+prefer a pedestal. For gardens of limited size, much
+simplicity of design is more pleasing and more fitting
+than any elaborate carving. In an Italian garden, or
+in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span>
+ any formal garden whose work in stone or marble
+is costly and artistic, the sun-dial pedestal should be
+the climax in richness of carving of all the garden
+furnishing. I like the pedestal set on a little platform,
+so two or three steps may be taken up to it
+from the garden level; but after all, no rules can be
+given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span>
+ for the dial's setting. It may be planted with
+vines, or stand unornamented; it may be set low,
+and be looked down upon, or it may be raised high
+up on a side wall; but wherever it is, it must not
+be for a single minute in shadow; no trees or
+overhanging shrubs should be near it; it is a child
+of the sun, and lives only in the sun's full rays.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i162" name="i162"></a>
+<a href="images/i162_large.jpg"><img src="images/i162.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Old Brass and Pewter Dial-faces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the lovely old garden
+at the home of Frederick
+J. Kingsbury, Esq., at
+Waterbury,
+Conn., is a
+sun-dial bearing the motto, "<i>Horas non numero nisi
+serenas</i>," and the dates 1739-1751,&mdash;the dates of the
+building of the old and new houses on land that has
+been in the immediate family since 1739. Around
+this dial is a crescent-shaped bed of Zinnias, and
+very satisfactory do they prove. This garden has
+fine Box edgings; one is shown on <a href="#i076">page 173</a>, a
+Box walk, set in 1851 with ancient Box brought
+from the garden of Mr. Kingsbury's great-great-grandfather.</p>
+
+<p>The gnomon of a sun-dial is usually a simple
+plate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span>
+ of metal in the general shape of a right-angled
+triangle, cut often in some pierced design, and
+occasionally inscribed with a motto, name, or date.
+Sometimes the dial-maker placed on the gnomon
+various Masonic symbols&mdash;the compass, square,
+and triangle, or the coat of arms of the dial
+owner.</p>
+
+<p>One old English dial fitting we have never copied
+in America. It was the taste of the days of the
+Stuart kings, days of constant jesting and amusement
+and practical jokes. Concealed water jets were
+placed which wet the clothing of the unwary one
+who lingered to consult the dial-face.</p>
+
+<p>The significance of the sun-dial, as well as its classicism,
+was sure to be felt by artists. In the paintings
+of Holbein, of Albert Dürer, dials may be seen, not
+idly painted, but with symbolic meaning. The mystic
+import of a sun-dial is shown in full effect in
+that perfect picture, <i>Beata Beatrix</i>, by Dante Gabriel
+Rossetti. I have chosen to show here (<a href="#i163">facing page
+380</a>) the <i>Beata Beatrix</i> owned by Charles L. Hutchinson,
+Esq., of Chicago, as being less photographed
+and known than the one of the British Gallery, from
+which it varies slightly and also because it has the
+beautiful predella. In this picture, in the words of
+its poet-painter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Love's Hour stands.<br /></span>
+<span class="i9">Its eyes invisible<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Watch till the dial's thin brown shade<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Be born&mdash;yea, till the journeying line be laid<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Upon the point."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i163" name="i163"></a>
+<a href="images/i163_large.jpg"><img src="images/i163.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Beata Beatrix.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Andrew Marvell wrote two centuries ago of the
+floral sun-dials which were the height of the gardening
+mode of his day:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"How well the skilful gardener drew<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Of flowers and herbs this dial new.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">When from above the milder sun<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Does through a fragrant zodiac run;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">And as it works the industrious bee<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Computes its time as well as we!<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">How could such sweet and wholesome hours<br /></span>
+<span class="i5">Be reckoned but with herbs and flowers!"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>These were sometimes set of diverse flowers,
+sometimes of Mallows. Two of growing Box are
+described and displayed in the chapter on Box
+edgings.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i164" name="i164"></a>
+<a href="images/i164_large.jpg"><img src="images/i164.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Faithful Gardener.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Linnæus made a list of forty-six flowers which
+constituted what he termed the Horologe or Watch
+of Flora, and he gave what he called their exact hours
+of rising and setting. He divided them into three
+classes: Meteoric, Tropical, and Equinoctial flowers.
+Among those which he named are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="small" cellpadding="5" summary="data" border="1">
+<tr>
+ <td></td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Opening Hour.</span></td>
+<td><span class="smcap">Closing Hour.</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Dandelion</td>
+<td class="tdr">5-6 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr">8-9 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>Mouse-ear Hawkweed</td>
+<td class="tdr">8 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr">2 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>Sow Thistle</td>
+<td class="tdr">5 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr">11-12 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>Yellow Goat-beard</td>
+<td class="tdr">3-5 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr">9-10 (?)</td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>White Water Lily</td>
+<td class="tdr">7 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr">7 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>Day Lily</td>
+<td class="tdr">5 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr">7-8 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>Convolvulus</td>
+<td class="tdr">5-6 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Mallow</td>
+<td class="tdr">9-10 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Pimpernel</td>
+<td class="tdr">7-8 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Portulaca</td>
+<td class="tdr">9-10 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>Pink (<i>Dianthus prolifer</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">8 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr">1 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td>Succory</td>
+<td class="tdr">4-5 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td>Calendula</td>
+<td class="tdr">7 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span></td>
+<td class="tdr">3-4 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span></td>
+</tr>
+
+
+</table>
+
+<p>Of course these hours would vary in this country.
+And I must say very frankly that I think we should
+always be behind time if we trusted to Flora's
+Horologe. This floral clock of Linnæus was calculated
+for Upsala, Sweden; De Candolle gave another
+for Paris, and one has been arranged for our Eastern
+states.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVIII" id="CHAPTER_XVIII"></a>CHAPTER XVIII</h2>
+
+<p class="center">GARDEN FURNISHINGS</p>
+
+<blockquote><p class="small">"Furnished with whatever may make the place agreeable, melancholy,
+and country-like."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="small attr">
+&mdash;<i>Forest Trees</i>, <span class="smcap">John Evelyn</span>, 1670.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_q_large.png"><img src="images/drop_q.png" alt="Q" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">Quaint old books of garden designers
+show us that much more
+was contained in a garden two
+centuries ago, than now; it had
+many more adjuncts, more furnishings;
+a very full list of them has
+been given by Batty Langley in
+his <i>New Principles of Gardening</i>,
+etc., 1728. Some seem amusing&mdash;as haystacks and
+woodpiles, which he terms "rural enrichments." Of
+water adornments there were to be purling streams,
+basins, canals, fountains, cascades, cold baths. There
+were to be aviaries, hare warrens, pheasant grounds,
+partridge grounds, dove-cotes, beehives, deer paddocks,
+sheep walks, cow pastures, and "manazeries"
+(menageries?); physic gardens, orchards, bowling-greens,
+hop gardens, orangeries, melon grounds,
+vineyards, parterres, fruit yards, nurseries, sun-dials,
+obelisks, statues, cabinets, etc., decorated the garden
+walks. There were to be land gradings of mounts,
+winding valleys, dales, terraces, slopes, borders, open
+plains,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span>
+ labyrinths, wildernesses, "serpentine meanders,"
+"rude-coppices," precipices, amphitheatres.
+His "serpentine meanders" had large opening
+spaces at proper distances, in one of which might
+be placed a small fruit garden, a "cone of evergreens,"
+or a "Paradice-Stocks,"&mdash;about which latter
+mysterious garden adornment I think we must
+be content to remain in ignorance, since he certainly
+has given us ample variety to choose from without it.</p></div>
+
+<p>Other "landscapists" placed in their gardens old
+ruins, misshapen rocks, and even dead trees, in order
+to look "natural."</p>
+
+<p>In 1608 Henry Ballard brought out <i>The Gardener's
+Labyrinth</i>&mdash;a pretty good book, shut away
+from the most of us by being printed in black letter.
+He says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"The framing of sundry herbs delectable, with waies
+and allies artfully devised is an upright herbar."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Herbars, or arbors, were of two kinds: an upright
+arbor, which was merely a covered lean-to attached
+to a fence or wall; and a winding or "arch-arbor"
+standing alone. He names "archherbs," which are
+simply climbing vines to set "winding in arch-manner
+on withie poles." "Walker and sitters there-under"
+are thereby comfortably protected from
+the heat of the sun. These upright arbors were
+in high favor; Ballard says they offered "fragrant
+savours, delectable sights, and sharpening of the
+memory."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i165" name="i165"></a>
+<a href="images/i165_large.jpg"><img src="images/i165.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">A Garden Lyre at Waterford, Virginia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Tree arbors were in use in Elizabethan times,
+platforms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span>
+ built in the branches of large trees. Parkinson
+called one that would hold fifty men, "the
+goodliest spectacle that ever his eyes beheld." A
+distinction was made between arbors and bowers.
+The arbor might be round or square, and was domed
+over the top; while the long arched way was a
+bower. In our Southern states that special use of
+the word bower is still universal, especially in the
+term Rose bowers. A quaint and universal furnishing
+of old Southern gardens were the trellises known
+as garden lyres. Two are shown in this chapter,
+from Waterford, Virginia; one bearing little foliage
+and another embowered in vines, in order to show
+what a really good vine support they were. Garden
+lyres and Rose bowers are rotting on the ground
+in old Virginia gardens, and I fear they will never
+be replaced.</p>
+
+<p>The word pergola was seldom heard here a century
+ago, save as used by the few who had travelled
+in Italy; but pergolas were to be found in many
+an old American garden. An ancient oval pergola
+still stands at Arlington, that beautiful spot which
+was once the home of the Virginia Lees, and is now
+the home of the honored dead of our Civil War.
+This old pergola has remained unharmed through
+fierce conflict, and is wreathed each spring with the
+verdure of vines of many kinds. It is twenty feet
+wide between the pillars, and forms an oval one
+hundred feet long and seventy wide, and when in
+full greenery is a lovely thing. It was called&mdash;indeed
+it is still termed in the South&mdash;a "green
+gallery," a word and thing of mediæval days.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i166" name="i166"></a>
+<a href="images/i166_large.jpg"><img src="images/i166.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">A Virginia Lyre with Vines.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are many pretty trellises and vine supports
+and arbors which can be made of light poles and
+rails, but I do not like to hear the pretentious name,
+pergola, applied to them. A pergola must not be a
+mean,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span>
+ light-built affair. It should be of good proportions
+and substantial materials. It need not be
+made with brick or marble pillars; natural tree
+trunks of good size serve as well. It should look
+as if it had been built with care and stability, and
+that the vines had been planted and trained by
+skilled gardeners. A pergola may have a dilapidated
+Present and be endurable; but it should
+show evidences of a substantial Past.</p>
+
+<p>Little sisters of the pergola are the <i>charmilles</i>, or
+bosquets, arches of growing trees, whose interlaced
+boughs have no supports of wood as have the pergolas.
+When these arches are carefully trained and
+pruned, and the ground underneath is laid with turf
+or gravel, they form a delightful shady walk.</p>
+
+<p>Charming covered ways can be easily made by
+polling and training Plum or Willow trees. Arches
+are far too rare in American gardens. The few we
+have are generally old ones. In Mrs. Pierson's
+garden in Salem the splendid arch of Buckthorn is a
+hundred and twenty five years old. Similar ones are
+at Indian Hill. Cedar was an old choice for hedges
+and arches. It easily winter-kills at the base, and
+that is ample reason for its rejection and disuse.</p>
+
+<p>The many garden seats of the old English garden
+were perhaps its chief feature in distinction from
+American garden furnishings to-day. In a letter
+written from Kenilworth in 1575 the writer told of
+garden seats where he sat in the heat of summer,
+"feeling the pleasant whisking wynde." I have
+walked through many a large modern garden in the
+summer heat, and longed in vain for a shaded seat
+from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span>
+ which to regard for a few moments the garden
+treasures and feel the whisking wind, and would
+gladly have made use of the temporary presence
+of a wheelbarrow.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i167" name="i167"></a>
+<a href="images/i167_large.jpg"><img src="images/i167.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Old Iron Gate at Westover-on-James.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Seats of marble and stone are in many of our
+modern formal gardens; a pretty one is in the garden
+at Avonwood Court.</p>
+
+<p>Grottoes, arbors, and summer-houses were all of
+importance in those days, when in our latitude and
+climate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span>
+ men had not thought to build piazzas surrounding
+the house and shadowing all the ground
+floor rooms. We are beginning to think anew of
+the value of sunlight in the parlors and dining rooms
+of our summer homes, which for the past thirty or
+forty years have been so darkened by our wide
+piazzas. Now we have fewer piazzas and more
+peristyles, and soon we shall have summer-houses
+and garden houses also.</p>
+
+<p>There are preserved in the South, in spite of war
+and earthquake, a number of fine examples of old
+wrought-iron garden gates. King William of England
+introduced these artistic gates into England,
+and they were the height of garden fashion. Among
+them were the beautiful gates still at Hampton
+Court, and those of Bulwich, Northamptonshire.
+They were called <i>clair-voyees</i> on account of the uninterrupted
+view they permitted to those without and
+within the walls. These were often painted blue;
+but in America they were more sober of tint, though
+portions were gilded. One of the old gates at Westover-on-James
+is here shown, and on <a href="#i168">page 390</a> the
+rich wrought-iron work in the courtyard at the home
+of Colonel Colt in Bristol, Rhode Island. This is
+as fine as the house, and that is a splendid example
+of the best work of the first years of the nineteenth
+century.</p>
+
+<p>Fountains were seen usually in handsome gardens
+in the South; simple water jets falling in a handsome
+basin of marble or stone. Statuary of marble or lead
+was never common in old American gardens, though
+pretentious gardens had examples. To-day, in our
+carefully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span>
+ thought-out gardens, the garden statuary
+is a thing of beauty and often of meaning, as the
+figure shown on <a href="#i038">page 84</a>. Usually our statues are
+of marble, sometimes
+a Japanese
+bronze is seen.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i168" name="i168"></a>
+<a href="images/i168_large.jpg"><img src="images/i168.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Iron-work in Court of Colt Mansion, Bristol,
+Rhode Island.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the old
+black letter
+<i>Gardener's Labyrinth</i>,
+a very
+full description
+is given of old
+modes of watering
+a garden.
+There was a
+primitive and
+very limited system
+of irrigation,
+the water
+being raised by
+"well-swipes";
+there were very
+handy puncheons,
+or tubs on
+wheels, which
+could be trundled
+down the
+garden walk.
+There was also a formidable "Great Squirt of Tin,"
+which was said to take "mighty strength" to handle,
+and which looked like a small cannon; with it was
+an ingenious bent tube of tin by which the water
+could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span>
+ be thrown in "great droppes" like a fountain.
+The author says of ordinary means of garden watering:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"The common Watring Pot with us hath a narrow
+Neck, a Big Belly, Somewhat large Bottome, and full of
+little holes with a proper hole forced in the head to take in
+the water; which filled full and the Thumbe laid on the
+hole to keep in the aire may in such wise be carried in
+handsome Manner."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Garden tools have changed but little since Tudor
+days; spade and rake were like ours to-day, so
+were dibble and mattock. Even grafting and pruning
+tools, shown in books of husbandry, were surprisingly
+like our own. Scythes were much heavier
+and clumsier. An old fellow is here shown sharpening
+in the ancient manner a scythe about three
+hundred years old.</p>
+
+<p>The art of grafting, known since early days,
+formed an important part of the gardener's craft.
+Large share of ancient garden treatises is devoted to
+minute instructions therein. To this day in New
+England towns a good grafter is a local autocrat.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i169" name="i169"></a>
+<a href="images/i169_large.jpg"><img src="images/i169.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Summer-house at Ravensworth.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Beehives were once found in every garden; bee-skepes
+they were called when made of straw. Picturesque
+and homely were the old straw beehives, and
+still are they used in England; the old one shown
+in the chapter on sun-dials can scarcely be mated in
+America. They served as a conventional emblem
+of industry. They were made of welts or ropes of
+twisted straw, as were the heavy winnowing skepes
+once used for winnowing grain. In Maine, in a few
+out-of-the-way<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span>
+ communities, ancient men still winnow
+grain with these skepes. I saw a man last autumn,
+a giant in stature, standing in a dull light on the
+crown of a hill winnowing wheat in one of these
+great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span>
+ skepes with an indescribably free and noble
+gesture. He was a classic, a relic of Homer's age,
+no longer a farmer, but a husbandman. Bees and
+honey were of much value in ancient days. Honey
+was the chief ingredient in many wholesome and
+pleasing drinks&mdash;mead, metheglin, bragget (or braket),
+morat, erboule&mdash;all very delightful in their
+ingredients, redolent of meadows and hedge-rows;
+thus Cowslip mead was made of Cowslip "pips,"
+honey, Lemon juice, and "a handful of Sweetbrier."
+"Athol porridge," demure of name, was as
+potent as pleasing&mdash;potent as good honey, good
+cream, and good whiskey could make it.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i170" name="i170"></a>
+<a href="images/i170_large.jpg"><img src="images/i170.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sharpening the Old Dutch Scythe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Rows of typical Southern beehives are shown in
+the two succeeding illustrations. From their home
+by the side of a White Rose and under an old
+Sweet Apple tree these Waterford bees did not wish
+to swarm out in a hurry to find a new home. These
+beehives are not very ancient in shape, but when
+I see a row of them set thus under the trees,
+or in a hive-shelter, they seem to tell of olden
+days. The very bees flying in and out seem steady-going,
+respectable old fellows. Such hives have a
+cosy look, with rows of Hollyhocks behind them,
+and hundreds of spires of Larkspur for these old
+bees to bury their heads in.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i171" name="i171"></a>
+<a href="images/i171_large.jpg"><img src="images/i171.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Beehives at Waterford, Virginia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The sadly picturesque old superstition of "telling
+the bees" of a death in a family and hanging a bit
+of black cloth on the hives as a mourning-weed still
+is observed in some country communities. Whittier's
+poem on the subject is wonderfully "countrified"
+in atmosphere, using the word chore-girl, so
+seldom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span>
+ heard even in familiar speech to-day and
+never found in verse elsewhere than in this rustic
+poem. I saw one summer in Narragansett, on
+Stony Lane, not far from the old Six-Principle
+Church, a row of beehives hung with strips of
+black cloth; the house mistress was dead&mdash;the
+friend of bird and beast and bee&mdash;who had reared
+the guardian of the garden told of on <a href="#Page_396">page 396</a>
+<i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i172" name="i172"></a>
+<a href="images/i172_large.jpg"><img src="images/i172.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image." /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Beehives under the Trees.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A pretty and appropriate garden furnishing was
+the dove-cote. The possession of a dove-cote in
+England, and the rearing of pigeons, was free only to
+lords of the manor and noblemen. When the colonists
+came to America, many of them had never been
+permitted to keep pigeons. In Scotland persistent
+attempts at pigeon-raising by folks of humble station
+might be punished with death. The settlers must
+have revelled in the freedom of the new land, as well
+as in the plenty of pigeons, both wild and domestic.
+In old England the dove-cote was often built close
+to the kitchen door, that squab and pigeon might
+be near the hand of the cook. Dove-cotes in America
+were often simple boxes or houses raised on stout
+posts. Occasionally might be seen a fine brick dove-cote
+like the one still standing at Shirley-on-the-James,
+in Virginia, which is shaped without and
+within like several famous old dove-cotes in England,
+among them the one at Athelhampton Hall, Dorchester,
+England. The English dove-cote has within
+a revolving ladder hung from a central post while
+the Virginian squab catcher uses an ordinary ladder.
+The shelves for the birds to rest upon and the square
+recesses<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</a></span>
+ for the nests made by the ingenious placing
+of the bricks are alike in both cotes.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i173" name="i173"></a>
+<a href="images/i173_large.jpg"><img src="images/i173.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Spring House at Johnson Homestead, Germantown, Pennsylvania.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A beautiful and fitting tenant of old formal gardens
+was the peacock, "with his aungelis federys
+bryghte." On large English estates peacocks were
+universally kept. A fine peacock, with full-spread
+tail, makes many a gay flower bed pale before
+his panoply of iridescence and color. The peahen
+is a demurely pretty creature. Peacocks are
+not altogether grateful to garden owners; on the
+old Narragansett farm whose garden is shown
+on <a href="#i013">page 35</a>, they were always kept, and it was
+one of the prides and pleasures of formal hospitality
+to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</a></span>
+ offer a roasted peacock to visitors. But,
+save when roasted, the vain creatures would not
+keep silence, and when they squawked the glory
+of their plumage was forgotten. They had an
+odious habit, too, of wandering off to distant groves
+on the farm, usually selecting the nights of bitterest
+cold, and roosting in some very high tree, in some
+very inaccessible spot. They could not be left in
+this ill-considered sleeping-place, else they would
+all freeze to death; and words fail to tell the labor
+in lowering twilight and temperature of discovering
+their retreat, the dislodging, capturing, and imprisoning
+them.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i174" name="i174"></a>
+<a href="images/i174_large.jpg"><img src="images/i174.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Dove-cote at Shirley-on-James.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In Narragansett there is a charming old farm
+garden, which I often visit to note and admire its
+old-time blossoms. This garden has a guardian, who
+haunts the garden walks as did the terrace peacock
+of old England; no watch-dog ever was so faithful,
+and none half so acute. When I visit the garden I
+always ask "Where is Job?" I am answered that
+he is in the field with the cattle. Sometimes this is
+true, but at other times Job has left the field and is
+attending to his assumed duties. As he is not encouraged,
+he has learned great slyness and dissimulation.
+Immovable, and in silence, Job is concealed
+behind a Syringa hedge or in a Lilac ambush, and as
+you stroll peacefully and unwittingly down the paths,
+sniffing the honeyed sweetness of the dense edging
+of Sweet Alyssum, all is as balmy as the blossoms.
+But stoop for an instant, to gather some leaves of
+Sweet Basil or Sweet Brier, or to collect a dozen
+seed-pods of that specially delicate Sweet Pea, and
+lo!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</a></span>
+ the enemy is upon you, like a fierce whirlwind.
+He looks mild and demure enough in his kitchen
+yard retreat, whereto, upon piercing outcry for help,
+the farmer and his two sons have haled him, and
+where the camera has caught him. But far from
+meek is his aspect when you are dodging him
+around the great Tree Peony, or flying frantically
+before him down the side path to the garden gate.
+This fierce wild beast was once that mildest of creatures&mdash;a
+pet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</a></span>
+ lamb; the constant companion of the
+farm-wife, as she weeded and watered her loved garden.
+Her husband says, "He seems to think folks
+are stealing her flowers, if they stop to look." The
+wife and mother of these three great men has gone
+from her garden forever; but a tenderness for all
+that she loved makes them not only care for her
+flowers, but keeps this rampant guardian of the garden
+at the kitchen door, just as she kept him when
+he was a little lamb. I knew this New England
+farmer's wife, a noble woman, of infinite tenderness,
+strength, and endurance; a lover of trees and flowers
+and all living things, and I marvel not that they
+keep her memory green.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i175" name="i175"></a>
+<a href="images/i175_large.jpg"><img src="images/i175.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Peacock in His Pride.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIX" id="CHAPTER_XIX"></a>CHAPTER XIX</h2>
+
+<p class="center">GARDEN BOUNDARIES</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"A garden fair ... with Wandis long and small<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Railèd about, and so with treès set<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Was all the place; and Hawthorne hedges knet,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That lyf was none walking there forbye<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That might within scarce any wight espy."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr">&mdash;<i>Kings Qubair</i>, <span class="smcap">King James I of Scotland</span>.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_o2_large.png"><img src="images/drop_o2.png" alt="O" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">One who reads what I have written
+in these pages of a garden enclosed,
+will scarcely doubt that to me
+every garden must have boundaries,
+definite and high. Three
+old farm boundaries were of necessity
+garden boundaries in early
+days&mdash;our stone walls, rail fences,
+and hedge-rows. The first two seem typically American;
+the third is an English hedge fashion. Throughout
+New England the great boulders were blasted to
+clear the rocky fields; and these, with the smaller
+loose stones, were gathered into vast stone walls.
+We still see these walls around fields and as the
+boundaries of kitchen gardens and farm flower gardens,
+and delightful walls they are, resourceful of
+beauty to the inventive gardener. I know one lovely
+garden in old Narragansett, on a farm which is now
+the country-seat of folk of great wealth, where the
+old<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</a></span>
+ stone walls are the pride of the place; and the
+carefully kept garden seems set in a beautiful frame
+of soft gray stones and flowering vines. These walls
+would be more beautiful still if our climate would
+let us have the wall gardens of old England, but
+everything here becomes too dry in summer for wall
+gardens to flourish.</p></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i176" name="i176"></a>
+<a href="images/i176_large.jpg"><img src="images/i176.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Guardian of the Garden.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Rhode Island farmers for two centuries have
+cleared and sheltered the scanty soil of their state by
+blasting the ledges, and gathering the great stones
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</a></span>
+ ledge and field into splendid stone walls. Their
+beauty is a gift to the farmer's descendants in reward
+for his hours of bitter and wearying toil. One of
+these fine stone walls, six feet in height, has stood
+secure and unbroken through a century of upheavals
+of winter frosts&mdash;which it was too broad and firmly
+built to heed. It stretches from the Post Road in
+old Narragansett, through field and meadow, and by
+the side of the oak grove, to the very edge of the
+bay. To the waterside one afternoon in June there
+strolled, a few years ago, a beautiful young girl and
+a somewhat conscious but determined young man.
+They seated themselves on the stone wall under the
+flickering shadow of a great Locust tree, then in full
+bloom. The air was sweet with the honeyed fragrance
+of the lovely pendent clusters of bloom, and bird and
+bee and butterfly hovered around,&mdash;it was paradise.
+The beauty and fitness of the scene so stimulated the
+young man's fancy to thoughts and words of love that
+he soon burst forth to his companion in an impassioned
+avowal of his desire to make her his wife.
+He had often pictured to himself that some time he
+would say to her these words, and he had seen also
+in his hopes the looks of tender affection with which
+she would reply. What was his amazement to behold
+that, instead of blushes and tender glances, his
+words of love were met by an apparently frenzied
+stare of horror and disgust, that seemed to pierce
+through him, as his beloved one sprung at one
+bound from her seat by his side on the high stone
+wall, and ran away at full speed, screaming out, "Oh,
+kill him! kill him!"</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</a></span></p>
+<p>Now that was certainly more than disconcerting to
+the warmest of lovers, and with a half-formed dread
+that the suddenness of his proposal of love had
+turned her brain, he ran after her, albeit somewhat
+coolly, and soon learned the reason for her extraordinary
+behavior. Emulous of the tempting serpent of
+old, a great black snake, Mr. <i>Bascanion constrictor</i>,
+had said complaisantly to himself: "Now here are
+a fair young Adam and Eve who have entered uninvited
+my Garden of Eden, and the man fancies it
+is not good for him to be alone, but I will have a
+word to say about that. I will come to her with
+honied words." So he thrust himself up between
+the stones of the wall, and advanced persuasively
+upon them, behind the man's back. But a Yankee
+Eve of the year 1890 <span class="smcap">a.d.</span> is not that simple creature,
+the Eve of the year &mdash;&mdash; <span class="smcap">b.c.</span>; and even the Father
+of Evil would have to be great of guile to succeed
+in his wiles with her.</p>
+
+<p>A farm servant was promptly despatched to watch
+for the ill-mannered and intrusive snake who&mdash;as
+is the fashion of a snake&mdash;had grown to be as big
+as a boa-constrictor after he vanished; and at the
+end of the week once more the heel of man had
+bruised the serpent's head, and the third party in
+this love episode lay dead in his six feet of ugliness,
+a silent witness to the truth of the story.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout Narragansett, Locust trees have a
+fashion of fringing the stone walls with close young
+growth, and shading them with occasional taller trees.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i177" name="i177"></a>
+<a href="images/i177_large.jpg"><img src="images/i177.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Terrace Wall at Van Cortlandt Manor.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>These form an ideal garden boundary. The stone
+walls also gather a beautiful growth of Clematis, Brier,
+wild<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[Pg 403]</a></span>
+ Peas, and Grapes; but they form a clinging-place
+for that devil's brood, Poison Ivy, which is so persistent
+in growth and so difficult to exterminate.</p>
+
+<p>The old worm fence was distinctly American; it
+had a zigzag series of chestnut rails, with stakes
+of twisted cedar saplings which were sometimes
+"chunked" by
+moss-covered
+boulders just
+peeping from
+the earth. This
+worm fence
+secured to the
+nature lover
+and to wild life
+a strip of land
+eight or ten feet
+wide, whereon
+plant, bird,
+beast, reptile,
+and insect flourished
+and reproduced.
+It
+has been, within
+a few years, a
+gardening fashion to preserve these old "Virginia"
+fences on country places of considerable elegance.
+Planted with Clematis, Honeysuckle, Trumpet vine,
+Wistaria, and the free-growing new Japanese Roses,
+they are wonderfully effective.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i178" name="i178"></a>
+<a href="images/i178_large.jpg"><img src="images/i178.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Rail Fence Corner.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On Long Island, east of Riverhead, where there
+are few stones to form stone walls, are curious and
+picturesque<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[Pg 404]</a></span>
+ hedge-rows, which are a most interesting
+and characteristic feature of the landscape,
+and they are beautiful also, as I have seen them once
+or twice, at the end of an old garden. These hedge-rows
+were thus formed: when a field was cleared,
+a row of young saplings of varied growth, chiefly
+Oak, Elder, and Ash, was left to form the hedge.
+These young trees were cut and bent over parallel to
+the ground, and sometimes interlaced together with
+dry branches and vines. Each year these trees were
+lopped, and new sprouts and branches permitted to
+grow only in the line of the hedge. Soon a tangle
+of briers and wild vines overgrew and netted them
+all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[Pg 405]</a></span>
+ into a close, impenetrable, luxuriant mass. They
+were, to use Wordsworth's phrase, "scarcely hedge-rows,
+but lines of sportive woods run wild." In this
+close green wall birds build their nests, and in their
+shelter burrow wild hares, and there open Violets
+and other firstlings of the spring. The twisted tree
+trunks in these old hedges are sometimes three or four
+feet in diameter one way, and but a foot or more the
+other; they were a shiftless field-border, as they took
+up so much land, but they were sheep-proof. The
+custom of making a dividing line by a row of bent
+and polled trees still remains, even where the close,
+tangled hedge-row has disappeared with the flocks
+of sheep.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i179" name="i179"></a>
+<a href="images/i179_large.jpg"><img src="images/i179.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Topiary Work at Levens Hall.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>These hedge-rows were an English fashion seen in
+Hertfordshire and Suffolk. On commons and reclaimed
+land they took the place of the quickset
+hedges seen around richer farm lands. The bending
+and interlacing was called plashing; the polling,
+shrouding. English farmers and gardeners paid infinite
+attention to their hedges, both as a protection
+to their fields and as a means of firewood.</p>
+
+<p>There is something very pleasant in the thought
+that these English gentlemen who settled eastern
+Long Island, the Gardiners, Sylvesters, Coxes, and
+others, retained on their farm lands in the new world
+the customs of their English homes, pleasanter still
+to know that their descendants for centuries kept up
+these homely farm fashions. The old hedge-rows
+on Long Island are an historical record, a landmark&mdash;long
+may they linger. On some of the finest
+estates on the island they have been carefully preserved,
+to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[Pg 406]</a></span>
+ form the lower boundary of a garden,
+where, laid out with a shaded, grassy walk dividing
+it from the flower beds, they form the loveliest of
+garden limits. Planted skilfully with great Art to
+look like great Nature, with edging of Elder and
+Wild Rose, with native vines and an occasional congenial
+garden ally, they are truly unique.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i180" name="i180"></a>
+<a href="images/i180_large.jpg"><img src="images/i180.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Oval Pergola at Arlington.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Yew was used for the most famous English hedges;
+and as neither Yew nor Holly thrive here&mdash;though
+both will grow&mdash;I fancy that is why we have ever
+had in comparison so few hedges, and have really no
+very ancient ones, though in old letters and account
+books we read of the planting of hedges on fine
+estates. George Washington tried it, so did Adams,
+and Jefferson, and Quincy. Osage Orange, Barberry,
+and Privet were in nurserymen's lists, but it
+has not been till within twenty or thirty years that
+Privet has become so popular. In Southern gardens,
+Cypress made close, good garden hedges; and Cedar
+hedges fifty or sixty years old are seen. Lilac hedges
+were unsatisfactory, save in isolated cases, as the one
+at Indian Hill. The Japan Quinces, and other of
+the Japanese shrubs, were tried in hedges in the
+mid-century, with doubtful success as hedges, though
+they form lovely rows of flowering shrubs. Snowballs
+and Snowberries, Flowering Currant, Altheas,
+and Locust, all have been used for hedge-planting,
+so we certainly have tried faithfully enough to have
+hedges in America. Locust hedges are most graceful,
+they cannot be clipped closely. I saw one lovely
+creation of Locust, set with an occasional Rose Acacia&mdash;and
+the Locust thus supported the brittle Acacia.
+If<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[Pg 407]</a></span>
+ it were successful, it would be, when in bloom,
+a dream of beauty. Hemlock hedges are ever fine,
+as are hemlock trees everywhere, but will not bear
+too close clipping. Other evergreens, among them
+the varied Spruces, have been set in hedges, but
+have not proved satisfactory enough to be much
+used.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i181" name="i181"></a>
+<a href="images/i181_large.jpg"><img src="images/i181.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">French Homestead with old Stone Terrace, Kingston, Rhode Island.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Buckthorn was a century ago much used for hedges
+and arches. When Josiah Quincy, President of
+Harvard College, was in Congress in 1809, he obtained
+from an English gardener, in Georgetown,
+Buckthorn plants for hedges in his Massachusetts
+home, which hedges were an object of great beauty
+for many years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[Pg 408]</a></span></p>
+<p>The traveller Kalm found Privet hedges in Pennsylvania
+in 1760. In Scotland Privet is called
+Primprint. Primet and Primprivet were other old
+names. Box was called Primpe. These were all
+derivative of prim, meaning precise. Our Privet
+hedges, new as they are, are of great beauty and
+satisfaction, and soon will rival the English Yew
+hedges.</p>
+
+<p>I have never yet seen the garden in which there
+was not some boundary or line which could be filled
+to advantage by a hedge. In garden great or garden
+small, the hedge should ever have a place. Often
+a featureless garden, blooming well, yet somehow
+unattractive, has been completely transformed by
+the planting of hedges. They seem, too, to give
+such an orderly aspect to the garden. In level
+countries hedges are specially valuable. I cannot
+understand why some denounce clipped hedges and
+trees as against nature. A clipped hedge is just as
+natural as the cut grass of a lawn, and is closely akin
+to it. Others think hedges "too set"; to me their
+finality is their charm.</p>
+
+<p>Hedges need to be well kept to be pleasing.
+Chaucer in his day in praising a "hegge" said
+that:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Every branche and leaf must grow by mesure<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Pleine as a bord, of an height by and by."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In England, hedge-clipping has ever been a gardening
+art.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i182" name="i182"></a>
+<a href="images/i182_large.jpg"><img src="images/i182.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the old English garden the topiarist was an
+important functionary. Besides his clipping shears
+he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[Pg 409]</a></span>
+ had to have what old-time cooks called <i>judgment</i>
+or <i>faculty</i>. In English gardens many specimens of
+topiary work still exist, maintained usually as relics
+of the past rather than as a modern notion of the
+beautiful. The old gardens at Levens Hall, <a href="#i179">page
+404</a>, contain some of the most remarkable examples.</p>
+
+<p>In a few old gardens in America, especially in
+Southern towns, traces of the topiary work of early
+years can be seen; these overgrown, uncertain shapes
+have a curious influence, and the sentiment awakened
+is beautifully described by Gabriele d' Annunzio:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"We walked among evergreens, among ancient Box
+trees, Laurels, Myrtles, whose wild old age had forgotten its
+early discipline. In a few places here and there was some
+trace of the symmetrical shapes carved once upon a time
+by the gardener's shears, and with a melancholy not unlike
+his who searches on old tombstones for the effigies of the
+forgotten dead, I noted carefully among the silent plants
+those traces of humanity not altogether obliterated."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The height of topiary art in America is reached in
+the lovely garden, often called the Italian garden, of
+Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq., at Wellesley, Massachusetts.
+Vernon Lee tells in her charming essay
+on "Italian Gardens" of the beauty of gardens without
+flowers, and this garden of Mr. Hunnewell is an
+admirable example. Though the effect of the black
+and white of the pictured representations shown on
+these pages is perhaps somewhat sombre, there is
+nothing sad or sombre in the garden itself. The
+clear gleam of marble pavilions and balustrades, the
+formal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span>
+ rows of flower jars with their hundreds of
+Century plants, and the lovely light on the lovely
+lake, serve as a delightful contrast to the clear, clean
+lusty green of the clipped trees. This garden is a
+beautiful example
+of the
+art of the topiarist,
+not in
+its grotesque
+forms, but in
+the shapes liked
+by Lord Bacon,
+pyramids, columns,
+and
+"hedges in
+welts," carefully
+studied to be
+both stately and
+graceful. I first
+saw this garden
+thirty years ago;
+it was interesting
+then in its
+well thought-out
+plan, and in
+the perfection
+of every inch of
+its slow growth;
+but how much more beautiful now, when the garden's
+promise is fulfilled.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i183" name="i183"></a>
+<a href="images/i183_large.jpg"><img src="images/i183.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Steps in Italian Garden at Wellesley,
+Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The editor of <i>Country Life</i> says that the most
+notable attempt at modern topiary work in England
+is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[Pg 411]</a></span>
+ at Ascott, the seat of Mr. Leopold de
+Rothschild, but the examples there have not
+attained a growth at all approaching those at
+Wellesley. Mr. Hunnewell writes thus of his
+garden:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"It was after a visit to Elvaston nearly fifty years ago
+that I conceived the idea of making a collection of trees
+for topiary work in imitation of what I had witnessed at
+that celebrated estate. As suitable trees for that purpose
+could not be obtained at the nurseries in this country, and
+as the English Yew is not reliable in our New England
+climate, I was obliged to make the best selection possible
+from such trees as had proved hardy here&mdash;the Pines,
+Spruces, Hemlocks, Junipers, Arbor-vitæ, Cedars, and
+Japanese Retinosporas. The trees were all very small,
+and for the first twenty years their growth was shortened
+twice annually, causing them to take a close and compact
+habit, comparing favorably in that respect with the Yew.
+Many of them are now more than forty feet in height and
+sixty feet in circumference, the Hemlocks especially proving
+highly successful."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This beautiful example of art in nature is ever
+open to visitors, and the number of such visitors is
+very large. It is, however, but one of the many
+beauties of the great estate, with its fine garden of
+Roses, its pavilion of splendid Rhododendrons and
+Azaleas, its uncommon and very successful rock
+garden, and its magnificent plantation of rare trees.
+There are also many rows of fine hedges and arches
+in various portions of the grounds, hedges of clipped
+Cedar and Hemlock, many of them twenty feet
+high, which compare well in condition, symmetry,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[Pg 412]</a></span>
+ extent with the finest English hedges on the
+finest English estates.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i184" name="i184"></a>
+<a href="images/i184_large.jpg"><img src="images/i184.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Topiary Work in California.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Through the great number of formal gardens
+laid out within a few years in America, the topiary
+art has had a certain revival. In California, with
+the lavish foliage, it may be seen in considerable
+perfection, though of scant beauty, as here shown.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i185" name="i185"></a>
+<a href="images/i185_large.jpg"><img src="images/i185.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Serpentine Brick Wall at University of Virginia, Charlottesville.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Happy is the garden surrounded by a brick wall
+or with terrace wall of brick. How well every color
+looks by the side of old brick; even scarlet, bright
+pink, and rose-pink flowers, which seem impossible,
+do very well when held to the wall by clear green
+leaves. Flowering vines are perfect when trained
+on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[Pg 413]</a></span>
+ old soft-red brick enclosing walls; white-flowered
+vines are specially lovely thereon, Clematis, white
+Roses, and the rarely beautiful white Wistaria. How
+lovely is my Virgin's-bower when growing on brick;
+how Hollyhocks stand up beside it. Brick posts,
+too, are good in a fence, and, better still, in a pergola.
+A portion of the fine terrace wall at Van Cortlandt
+Manor is shown <a href="#i120">facing page 286</a>. This wall was
+put in about fifty years ago; ere that there had been
+a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[Pg 414]</a></span>
+ grass bank, which is ever a trial in a garden; for it
+is hard to mow the grass on such a bank, and it never
+looks neat; it should be planted with some vine.</p>
+
+<p>A very curious garden wall is the serpentine brick
+wall still standing at the University of Virginia, at
+Charlottesville. It is about seven feet high, and
+closes in the garden and green of the row of houses
+occupied by members of the faculty; originally
+it may have extended around the entire college
+grounds. I present a view from the street in order
+to show its contour distinctly; within the garden its
+outlines are obscured by vines and flowers. The
+first thought in the mind of the observer is that its
+reason for curving is that it could be built much
+more lightly, and hence more cheaply, than a
+straight wall; then it seems a possible idealization
+in brick of the old Virginia rail fence. But I do
+not look to domestic patterns and influences for its
+production; it is to me a good example of the old-time
+domination of French ideas which was so
+marked and so disquieting in America. In France,
+after the peace of 1762, the Marquis de Geradin
+was revolutionizing gardening. His own garden at
+Ermenonville and his description of it exercised important
+influence in England and America, as in
+France. Jefferson was the planner and architect of
+the University of Virginia; and it is stated that he
+built this serpentine wall. Whether he did or not,
+it is another example of French influences in architecture
+in the United States. This French school,
+above everything else, replaced straight lines with
+carefully curving and winding lines.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[Pg 415]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XX" id="CHAPTER_XX"></a>CHAPTER XX</h2>
+
+<p class="center">A MOONLIGHT GARDEN</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"How sweetly smells the Honeysuckle<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">In the hush'd night, as if the world were one<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Of utter peace and love and gentleness."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr">&mdash;<span class="smcap">Walter Savage Landor</span></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_g_large.png"><img src="images/drop_g.png" alt="G" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">Gardens fanciful of name, a
+Saint's Garden, a Friendship
+Garden, have been planted and
+cherished. I plant a garden
+like none other; not an everyday
+garden, nor indeed a garden
+of any day, but a garden for
+"brave moonshine," a garden
+of twilight opening and midnight bloom, a garden
+of nocturnal blossoms, a garden of white blossoms,
+and the sweetest garden in the world. It is a garden
+of my dreams, but I know where it lies, and it now
+is smiling back at this very harvest moon.</p></div>
+
+<p>The old house of Hon. Ben. Perley Poore&mdash;Indian
+Hill&mdash;at Newburyport, Massachusetts, has
+been for many years one of the loveliest of New
+England's homes. During his lifetime it had extraordinary
+charms, for on the noble hillside, where
+grew scattered in sunny fields and pastures every
+variety of native tree that would winter New England's
+snow and ice, there were vast herds of snow-white
+cows,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span>
+ and flocks of white sheep, and the
+splendid oxen were white. White pigeons circled
+in the air around ample dove-cotes, and the farmyard
+poultry were all white; an enthusiastic chronicler
+recounts also white peacocks on the wall, but these
+are also denied.</p>
+
+<p>On every side were old terraced walls covered with
+Roses and flowering vines, banked with shrubs, and
+standing in beds of old-time flowers running over
+with bloom; but behind the house, stretching up
+the lovely hillside, was The Garden, and when we
+entered it, lo! it was a White Garden with edgings
+of pure and seemly white Candytuft from the
+forcing beds, and flowers of Spring Snowflake and
+Star of Bethlehem and Jonquils; and there were
+white-flowered shrubs of spring, the earliest Spiræas
+and Deutzias; the doubled-flowered Cherries and
+Almonds and old favorites, such as Peter's Wreath,
+all white and wonderfully expressive of a simplicity, a
+purity, a closeness to nature.</p>
+
+<p>I saw this lovely farmstead and radiant White
+Garden first in glowing sunlight, but far rarer must
+have been its charm in moonlight; though the white
+beasts (as English hinds call cattle) were sleeping in
+careful shelter; and the white dog, assured of their
+safety, was silent; and the white fowl were in coop
+and cote; and</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Only the white sheep were sometimes seen<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">To cross the strips of moon-blanch'd green."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But the White Garden, ah! then the garden truly
+lived; it was like lightest snow wreaths bathed in
+silvery<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[Pg 417]</a></span>
+ moonshine, with every radiant flower adoring
+the moon with wide-open eyes, and pouring forth
+incense at her altar. And it was peopled with shadowy
+forms shaped of pearly mists and dews; and white
+night moths bore messages for them from flower to
+flower&mdash;this garden then was the garden of my
+dreams.</p>
+
+<p>Thoreau complained to himself that he had not
+put duskiness enough into his words in his description
+of his evening walks. He longed to have the
+peculiar and classic severity of his sentences, the
+color of his style, tell his readers that his scene was
+laid at night without saying so in exact words. I,
+too, have not written as I wished, by moonlight; I
+can tell of moonlight in the garden, but I desire
+more; I want you to see and feel this moonlight
+garden, as did Emily Dickinson her garden by
+moonlight:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"And still within the summer's night<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">A something so transporting bright<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">I clap my hands to see."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>But perhaps I can no more gather it into words than
+I can bottle up the moonlight itself.</p>
+
+<p>This lovely garden, varied in shape, and extending
+in many and diverse directions and corners, bears as
+its crown a magnificent double flower border over
+seven hundred feet long; with a broad straight path
+trimly edged with Box adown through its centre, and
+with a flower border twelve feet wide on either side.
+This was laid out and planted in 1833 by the parents
+of Major Poore, after extended travel in England,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[Pg 418]</a></span>
+ doubtless under the influences of the beautiful
+English flower gardens they had seen. Its length
+was originally broken halfway up the hill and
+crowned at the top of the hill by some formal parterres
+of careful design, but these now are removed.
+There are graceful arches across the path, one of
+Honeysuckle on the crown of the hill, from which
+you look out perhaps into Paradise&mdash;for Indian
+Hill in June is a very close neighbor to Paradise;
+it is difficult to define the boundaries between the
+two, and to me it would be hard to choose between
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Standing in this arch on this fair hill, you can look
+down the long flower borders of color and perfume
+to the old house, lying in the heart of the trees
+and vines and flowers. To your left is the hill-sweep,
+bearing the splendid grove, an arboretum of great
+native trees, planted by Major Poore, and for which
+he received the prize awarded by his native state
+to the finest plantation of trees within its bounds.
+Turn from the house and garden, and look through
+this frame of vines formed by the arch upon this
+scene,&mdash;the loveliest to me of any on earth,&mdash;a
+fair New England summer landscape. Fields of
+rich corn and grain, broken at times with the gray
+granite boulders which show what centuries of grand
+and sturdy toil were given to make these fertile
+fields; ample orchards full of promise of fruit;
+placid lakes and mill-dams and narrow silvery rivers,
+with low-lying red brick mills embowered in trees;
+dark forests of sombre Pine and Cedar and Oak;
+narrow lanes and broad highways shaded with the
+livelier<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span>
+ green of Elm and Maple and Birch; gray
+farm-houses with vast barns; little towns of thrifty
+white houses clustered around slender church-spires
+which, set thickly over this sunny land, point everywhere
+to heaven, and tell, as if speaking, the story
+of New England's past, of her foundation on love of
+God, just as the fields and orchards and highways
+speak of thrift and honesty and hard labor; and
+the houses, such as this of Indian Hill, of kindly
+neighborliness and substantial comfort; and as this
+old garden speaks of a love of the beautiful, a refinement,
+an æsthetic and tender side of New England
+character which <i>we</i> know, but into which&mdash;as Mr.
+Underwood says in <i>Quabbin</i>, that fine study of
+New England life&mdash;"strangers and Kiplings cannot
+enter."</p>
+
+<p>Seven hundred feet of double flower border, fourteen
+hundred feet of flower bed, twelve feet wide!
+"It do swallow no end of plants," says the gardener.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i186" name="i186"></a>
+<a href="images/i186_large.jpg"><img src="images/i186.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Chestnut Path in Garden at Indian Hill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In spite of the banishing dictum of many artists
+in regard to white flowers in a garden, the presence
+of ample variety of white flowers is to me the
+greatest factor in producing harmony and beauty
+both by night and day. White seems to be as
+important a foil in some cases as green. It may
+sometimes be given to the garden in other ways
+than through flower blossoms, by white marble
+statues, vases, pedestals, seats.</p>
+
+<p>We all like the approval of our own thoughts by
+men of genius; with my love of white flowers I had
+infinite gratification in these words of Walter Savage
+Landor's,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[Pg 420]</a></span>
+ written from Florence in regard to a
+friend's garden:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"I like white flowers better than any others; they resemble
+fair women. Lily, Tuberose, Orange, and the
+truly English Syringa are my heart's delight. I do not
+mean to say that they supplant the Rose and Violet in my
+affections, for these are our first loves, before we grew <i>too
+fond of considering</i>; and too fond of displaying our acquaintance
+with others of sounding titles."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In Japan, where flowers have rank, white flowers
+are the aristocrats. I deem them the aristocrats in
+the gardens of the Occident also.</p>
+
+<p>Having been informed of Tennyson's dislike of
+white flowers, I have amused myself by trying to discover
+in his poems evidence of such aversion. I
+think one possibly might note an indifference to
+white blossoms; but strong color sense, his love of
+ample and rich color, would naturally make him
+name white infrequently. A pretty line in <i>Walking
+to the Mail</i> tells of a girl with "a skin as clean and
+white as Privet when it flowers"; and there were
+White Lilies and Roses and milk-white Acacias in
+Maud's garden.</p>
+
+<p>In <i>The Last Tournament</i> the street-ways are depicted
+as hung with white samite, and "children sat
+in white," and the dames and damsels were all
+"white-robed in honor of the stainless child." A
+"swarthy one" cried out at last:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"The snowdrop only, flowering thro' the year,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Would make the world as blank as wintertide.</span><span class="pagenum3"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[Pg 421]</a><br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Come!&mdash;let us gladden their sad eyes<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">With all the kindlier colors of the field.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">So dame and damsel glitter'd at the feast<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Variously gay....<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">So dame and damsel cast the simple white,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And glowing in all colors, the live grass,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Rose-campion, King-cup, Bluebell, Poppy, glanced<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">About the revels."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Seven hundred feet of double flower border, fourteen
+hundred feet of flower bed, twelve feet wide!
+"It do swallow no end of plants," says the gardener.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i187" name="i187"></a>
+<a href="images/i187_large.jpg"><img src="images/i187.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Foxgloves in Lower Garden at Indian Hill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the garden borders is a commonplace little
+plant, gray of foliage, with small, drooping, closed
+flowers of an indifferently dull tint, you would almost
+wonder at its presence among its gay garden fellows.
+Let us glance at it in the twilight, for it seems like
+the twilight, a soft, shaded gray; but the flowers have
+already lifted their heads and opened their petals,
+and they now seem like the twilight clouds of palest
+pink<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[Pg 422]</a></span>
+ and lilac. It is the Night-scented Stock, and
+lavishly through the still night it pours forth its
+ineffable fragrance. A single plant, thirty feet from
+an open window, will waft its perfume into the
+room. This white Stock was a favorite flower of
+Marie Antoinette, under its French name the Julienne.
+"Night Violets," is its appropriate German
+name. Hesperis! the name shows its habit. Dame's
+Rocket is our title for this cheerful old favorite of
+May, which shines in such snowy beauty at night,
+and throws forth such a compelling fragrance. It is
+rarely found in our gardens, but I have seen it growing
+wild by the roadside in secluded spots; not in
+ample sheets of growth like Bouncing Bet, which
+we at first glance thought it was; it is a shyer stray,
+blossoming earlier than comely Betsey.</p>
+
+<p>The old-fashioned single, or slightly double, country
+Pink, known as Snow Pink or Star Pink, was
+often used as an edging for small borders, and its bluish
+green, almost gray, foliage was quaint in effect and
+beautiful in the moonlight. When seen at night,
+the reason for the folk-name is evident. Last summer,
+on a heavily clouded night in June, in a cottage
+garden at West Hampton, borders of this Snow Pink
+shone out of the darkness with a phosphorescent
+light, like hoar-frost, on every grassy leaf; while the
+hundreds of pale pink blossoms seemed softly shining
+stars. It was a curious effect, almost wintry,
+even in midsummer. The scent was wafted down
+the garden path, and along the country road, like a
+concentrated essence, rather than a fleeting breath
+of flowers. One of these cottage borders is shown on
+<a href="#i123">page 292</a>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[Pg 423]</a></span>
+ and I have named it from these lines
+from <i>The Garden that I Love</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"A running ribbon of perfumed snow<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Which the sun is melting rapidly."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>At sundown the beautiful white Day Lily opens
+and gives forth all night an overwhelming sweetness;
+I have never seen night moths visiting it, though I
+know they must, since a few seed capsules always
+form. In the border stand&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"Clumps of sunny Phlox<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">That shine at dusk, and grow more deeply sweet."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>These, with white Petunias, are almost unbearably
+cloying in their heavy odor. It is a curious fact that
+some of these night-scented flowers are positively
+offensive in the daytime; try your <i>Nicotiana affinis</i>
+next midday&mdash;it outpours honeyed sweetness at
+night, but you will be glad it withholds its perfume
+by day. The plants of Nicotiana were first introduced
+to England for their beauty, sweet scent, and
+medicinal qualities, not to furnish smoke. Parkinson
+in 1629 writes of Tobacco, "With us it is cherished
+for medicinal qualities as for the beauty of its
+flowers," and Gerarde, in 1633, after telling of the
+beauty, etc., says that the dried leaves are "taken in
+a pipe, set on fire, the smoke suckt into the stomach,
+and thrust forth at the noshtrils."</p>
+
+<p>Snake-root, sometimes called Black Cohosh (<i>Cimicifuga
+racemosa</i>), is one of the most stately wild
+flowers, and a noble addition to the garden. A
+picture of a single plant gives little impression of its
+dignity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[Pg 424]</a></span>
+ of habit, its wonderfully decorative growth;
+but the succession of pure white spires, standing up
+several feet high at the edge of a swampy field, or
+in a garden, partake of that compelling charm which
+comes from tall trees of slender growth, from repetition
+and association, such as pine trees, rows of
+bayonets, the gathered masts of a harbor, from
+stalks of corn in a field, from rows of Foxglove&mdash;from
+all "serried ranks." I must not conceal the
+fact of its horrible odor, which might exile it from a
+small garden.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i188" name="i188"></a>
+<a href="images/i188_large.jpg"><img src="images/i188.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Dame's Rocket.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among my beloved white flowers, a favorite
+among those who are all favorites, is the white Columbine.
+Some are double, but the common single
+white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[Pg 425]</a></span>
+ Columbines picture far better the derivation
+of their name; they are like white doves, they seem
+almost an emblematic flower. William Morris
+says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"Be very shy of double flowers; choose the old Columbine
+where the clustering doves are unmistakable and distinct,
+not the double one, where they run into mere tatters.
+Don't be swindled out of that wonder of beauty, a single
+Snowdrop; there is no gain and plenty of loss in the
+double one."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>There are some extremists, such as Dr. Forbes
+Watson, who condemn all double flowers. One
+thing in the favor of double blooms is that their
+perfume is increased with their petals. Double Violets,
+Roses, and Pinks seem as natural now as single
+flowers of their kinds. I confess a distinct aversion
+to the thought of a double Lilac. I have never seen
+one, though the Ranoncule, said to be very fine, costs
+but forty cents a plant, and hence must be much
+grown.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i189" name="i189"></a>
+<a href="images/i189_large.jpg"><img src="images/i189.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Snake-root.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is a curious influence of flower-color which
+I can only explain by giving an example. We think
+of Iris, Gladiolus, Lupine, and even Foxglove and
+Poppy as flowers of a warm and vivid color; so where
+we see them a pure white, they have a distinct and
+compelling effect on us, pleasing, but a little eerie;
+not a surprise, for we have always known the white
+varieties, yet not exactly what we are wonted to.
+This has nothing of the grotesque, as is produced
+by the albino element in the animal world; it is
+simply a trifle mysterious. White Pansies and
+White<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[Pg 426]</a></span>
+ Violets possess this quality to a marked degree.
+I always look and look again at growing
+White Violets. A friend says: "Do you think
+they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span>
+ will speak to you?" for I turn to them with
+such an expectancy of something.</p>
+
+<p>The "everlasting" white Pea is a most satisfactory
+plant by day or night. Hedges covered with
+it are a pure delight. Do not fear to plant it
+with liberal hand. Be very liberal, too, in your
+garden of white Foxgloves. Even if the garden
+be small, there is room for many graceful spires
+of the lovely bells to shine out everywhere, piercing
+up through green foliage and colored blooms
+of other plants. They are not only beautiful, but
+they are flowers of sentiment and association, endeared
+to childhood, visited of bees, among the
+best beloved of old-time favorites. They consort
+well with nearly every other flower, and certainly with
+every other color, and they seem to clarify many a
+crudely or dingily tinted flower; they are as admirable
+foils as they are principals in the garden scheme.
+In England, where they readily grow wild, they are
+often planted at the edge of a wood, or to form vistas
+in a copse. I doubt whether they would thrive
+here thus planted, but they are admirable when set
+in occasional groups to show in pure whiteness
+against a hedge. I say in occasional groups, for the
+Foxglove should never be planted in exact rows.
+The White Iris, the Iris of the Florentine Orris-root,
+is one of the noblest plants of the whole world;
+its pure petals are truly hyaline like snow-ice, like
+translucent white glass; and the indescribably beautiful
+drooping lines of the flowers are such a contrast
+with the defiant erectness of the fresh green leaves.
+Small wonder that it was a sacred flower of the
+Greeks.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[Pg 428]</a></span>
+ It was called by the French <i>la flambe
+blanche</i>, a beautiful poetic title&mdash;the White Torch
+of the Garden.</p>
+
+<p>A flower of mystery, of wonderment to children,
+was the Evening Primrose; I knew the garden
+variety only with intimacy. Possibly the wild
+flower had similar charms and was equally weird in
+the gloaming, but it grew by country roadsides,
+and I was never outside our garden limits after
+nightfall, so I know not its evening habits. We
+had in our garden a variety known as the California
+Evening Primrose&mdash;a giant flower as tall as our
+heads. My mother saw its pale yellow stars shining
+in the early evening in a cottage garden on Cape
+Ann, and was there given, out of the darkness, by
+a fellow flower lover, the seeds which have afforded to
+us every year since so much sentiment and pleasure.
+The most exquisite description of the Evening
+Primrose is given by Margaret Deland in her
+<i>Old Garden</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i4q">"There the primrose stands, that as the night<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Begins to gather, and the dews to fall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Flings wide to circling moths her twisted buds,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">That shine like yellow moons with pale cold glow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And all the air her heavy fragrance floods,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And gives largess to any winds that blow.<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Here in warm darkness of a night in June, ... children came<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">To watch the primrose blow. Silently they stood<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Hand clasped in hand, in breathless hush around,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And saw her slyly doff her soft green hood<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">And blossom&mdash;with a silken burst of sound."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i190" name="i190"></a>
+<a href="images/i190_large.jpg"><img src="images/i190.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">The Title-page of Parkinson's <i>Paradisi in Solis</i>, etc.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[Pg 429]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The wild Primrose opens slowly, hesitatingly,
+it trembles open, but the garden Primrose flares
+open.</p>
+
+<p>The Evening Primrose is usually classed with
+sweet-scented flowers, but that exact observer,
+E. V. B., tells of its "repulsive smell. At night
+if the stem be shaken, or if the flower-cup trembles
+at the touch of a moth as it alights, out pours the
+dreadful odor." I do not know that any other
+garden flower opens with a distinct sound. Owen
+Meredith's poem, <i>The Aloe</i>, tells that the Aloe
+opened with such a loud explosive report that the
+rooks shrieked and folks ran out of the house to
+learn whence came the sound.</p>
+
+<p>The tall columns of the Yucca or Adam's Needle
+stood like shafts of marble against the hedge trees
+of the Indian Hill garden. Their beautiful blooms
+are a miniature of those of the great Century Plant.
+In the daytime the Yucca's blossoms hang in
+scentless, greenish white bells, but at night these
+bells lift up their heads and expand with great stars
+of light and odor&mdash;a glorious plant. Around their
+spire of luminous bells circle pale night moths, lured
+by the rich fragrance. Even by moonlight we can
+see the little white detached fibres at the edge of the
+leaves, which we are told the Mexican women used
+as thread to sew with. And we children used to
+pull off the strong fibres and put them in a needle
+and sew with them too.</p>
+
+<p>When I see those Yuccas in bloom I fully believe
+that they are the grandest flowers of our gardens;
+but happily, I have a short garden memory, so I
+mourn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[Pg 430]</a></span>
+ not the Yucca when I see the <i>Anemone
+japonica</i> or any other noble white garden child.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i191" name="i191"></a>
+<a href="images/i191_large.jpg"><img src="images/i191.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Yucca, like White Marble against the Evergreens.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Here at the end of the garden walk is an arbor
+dark with the shadow of great leaves, such as Gerarde
+calls "leaves round and big like to a buckler."
+But<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[Pg 431]</a></span>
+ out of that shadowed background of leaf on
+leaf shine hundreds of pure, pale stars of sweetness
+and light,&mdash;a true flower of the night in fragrance,
+beauty, and name,&mdash;the Moon-vine. It is a flower
+of sentiment, full of suggestion.</p>
+
+<p>Did you ever see a ghost in a garden? I do so
+wish I could. If I had the placing of ghosts, I
+would not make them mope round in stuffy old
+bedrooms and garrets; but would place one here in
+this arbor in my Moonlight Garden. But if I did, I
+have no doubt she would take up a hoe or a watering-pot,
+and proceed to do some very unghostlike deed&mdash;perhaps,
+grub up weeds. Longfellow had a
+ghost in his garden (<a href="#i063">page 142</a>). He must have
+mourned when he found it was only a clothes-line
+and a long night-gown.</p>
+
+<p>It was the favorite tale of a Swedish old lady who
+lived to be ninety-six years old, of a discovery of
+her youth, in the year 1762, of strange flashes of
+light which sparkled out of the flowers of the Nasturtium
+one sultry night. I suppose the average
+young woman of the average education of the day
+and her country might not have heeded or told of
+this, but she was the daughter of Linnæus, the great
+botanist, and had not the everyday education.</p>
+
+<p>Then great Goethe saw and wrote of similar flashes
+of light around Oriental Poppies; and soon other
+folk saw them also&mdash;naturalists and everyday folk.
+Usually yellow flowers were found to display this
+light&mdash;Marigolds, orange Lilies, and Sunflowers.
+Then the daughter of Linnæus reported another
+curious discovery; she certainly turned her noctur
+rambles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[Pg 432]</a></span>nal
+ in her garden to good account. She
+averred she had set fire to a certain gas which formed
+and hung around the Fraxinella, and that the ignition
+did not injure the plant. This assertion was
+met with open scoffing and disbelief, which has never
+wholly ceased; yet the popular name of Gas Plant
+indicates a widespread confidence in this quality of
+the Fraxinella and it is easily proved true.</p>
+
+<p>Another New England name for the Fraxinella,
+given me from the owner of the herb-garden at
+Elmhurst, is "Spitfire Plant," because the seed-pods
+sizzle so when a lighted match is applied to them.</p>
+
+<p>The Fraxinella is a sturdy, hardy flower. There
+are some aged plants in old New England gardens;
+I know one which has outlived the man who planted
+it, his son, grandson, and great-grandson. The
+Fraxinella bears a tall stem with Larkspur-like
+flowers of white or a curious dark pink, and shining
+Ash-like leaves, whence its name, the little
+Ash. It is one of the finest plants of the old-fashioned
+garden; fine in bloom, fine in habit of growth,
+and it even has decorative seed vessels. It is as
+ready of scent as anything in the garden; if you but
+brush against leaf, stem, flower, or seed, as you walk
+down the garden path, it gives forth a penetrating
+perfume, that you think at first is like Lemon, then
+like Anise, then like Lavender; until you finally decide
+it is like nothing save Fraxinella. As with the
+blossoms of the Calycanthus shrub, you can never
+mistake the perfume, when once you know it, for
+anything else. It is a scent of distinction. Through
+this individuality it is, therefore, full of associations,
+and correspondingly beloved.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i192" name="i192"></a>
+<a href="images/i192_large.jpg"><img src="images/i192.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Fraxinella.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[Pg 433]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXI" id="CHAPTER_XXI"></a>CHAPTER XXI</h2>
+
+<p class="center">FLOWERS OF MYSTERY</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Let thy upsoaring vision range at large<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">This garden through: for so by ray divine<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Kindled, thy ken a magic flight shall mount."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr">&mdash;<span class="smcap">Cary's</span> Translation of Dante.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_b_large.png"><img src="images/drop_b.png" alt="B" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">Bogies and fairies, a sense of eeriness,
+came to every garden-bred
+child of any imagination in connection
+with certain flowers. These
+flowers seemed to be regarded thus
+through no special rule or reason.
+With some there may have been
+slight associations with fairy lore, or medicinal usage,
+or a hint of meretriciousness. Sometimes the
+child hardly formulated his thought of the flower,
+yet the dread or dislike or curiosity existed. My
+own notions were absolutely baseless, and usually
+absurd. I doubt if we communicated these fancies
+to each other save in a few cases, as of the Monk's-hood,
+when we had been warned that the flower was
+poisonous.</p></div>
+
+<p>I have read with much interest Dr. Forbes Watson's
+account of plants that filled his childish mind
+with mysterious awe and wonder; among them were
+the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[Pg 434]</a></span>
+ Spurge, Henbane, Rue, Dogtooth Violet, Nigella,
+and pink Marsh Mallow. The latter has ever
+been to me one of the most cheerful of blossoms. I
+did not know it in my earliest childhood, and never
+saw it in gardens till recent years. It is too close a
+cousin of the Hollyhock ever to seem to me aught
+but a happy flower. Henbane and Rue I did not
+know, but I share his feeling toward the others,
+though I could not carry it to the extent of fancying
+these the plants which a young man gathered,
+distilled, and gave to his betrothed as a poison.</p>
+
+<p>There has ever been much uncanny suggestion in
+the Cypress Spurge. I never should have picked it
+had I found it in trim gardens; but I saw it only in
+forlorn and neglected spots. Perhaps its sombre
+tinge may come now from association, since it is
+often seen in country graveyards; and I heard a
+country woman once call it "Graveyard Ground
+Pine." But this association was not what influenced
+my childhood, for I never went then to graveyards.</p>
+
+<p>In driving along our New England roads I am
+ever reminded of Parkinson's dictum that "Spurge
+once planted will hardly be got rid out again." For
+by every decaying old house, in every deserted garden,
+and by the roadside where houses may have been,
+grows and spreads this Cypress Spurge. I know a
+large orchard in Narragansett from which grass has
+wholly vanished; it has been crowded out by the
+ugly little plant, which has even invaded the adjoining
+woods.</p>
+
+<p>I wonder why every one in colonial days planted
+it,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[Pg 435]</a></span>
+ for it is said to be poisonous in its contact to some
+folks, and virulently poisonous to eat&mdash;though I
+am sure no one ever wanted to eat it. The colonists
+even brought it over from England, when we
+had here such lovely native plants. It seldom
+flowers. Old New England names for it are Love-in-a-huddle
+and Seven Sisters; not over significant,
+but of interest, as folk-names always are.</p>
+
+<p>I join with Dr. Forbes Watson in finding the
+Nigella uncanny. It has a half-spidery look, that
+seems ungracious in a flower. Its names are curious:
+Love-in-a-mist, Love-in-a-puzzle, Love-in-a-tangle,
+Puzzle-love, Devil-in-a-bush, Katherine-flowers&mdash;another
+of the many allusions to St.
+Katherine and her wheel; and the persistent styles
+do resemble the spokes of a wheel. A name given
+it in a cottage garden in Wayland was Blue Spider-flower,
+which seems more suited than that of Spiderwort
+for the Tradescantia. Spiderwort, like all
+"three-cornered" flowers, is a flower of mystery;
+and so little cared for to-day that it is almost extinct
+in our gardens, save where it persists in out-of-the-way
+spots. A splendid clump of it is here
+shown, which grows still in the Worcester garden
+I so loved in my childhood. In this plant the
+old imagined tracings of spider's legs in the leaves
+can scarce be seen. With the fanciful notion of
+"like curing like" ever found in old medical recipes,
+Gerarde says, vaguely, the leaves are good for
+"the Bite of that Great Spider," a creature also of
+mystery.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps if the clear blue flowers kept open
+throughout<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[Pg 436]</a></span>
+ the day, the Spiderwort would be more
+tolerated, for this picture certainly has a Japanesque
+appearance, and what we must acknowledge was far
+more characteristic of old-time flowers than of many
+new ones, a
+wonderful individuality;
+there
+was no sameness
+of outline. I
+could draw the
+outline of a
+dozen blossoms
+of our modern
+gardens, and
+you could not
+in a careless
+glance distinguish
+one from
+the other: Cosmos,
+<i>Anemone
+japonica</i>, single
+Dahlias, and
+Sunflowers,
+Gaillardia, Gazanias,
+all such
+simple Rose
+forms.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft"><a id="i193" name="i193"></a>
+<a href="images/i193_large.jpg"><img src="images/i193.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Love-in-a-mist.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There was a
+quaint and mysterious annual in ancient gardens,
+called Shell flower, or Molucca Balm, which is not
+found now even on seedsmen's special lists of old-fashioned
+plants. The flower was white, pink-tipped,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[Pg 437]</a></span>
+ set in a cup-shaped calyx an inch
+long, which was bigger than the flower itself. The
+plant stood two or three feet high, and the sweet-scented
+flowers were in whorls of five or six on a
+stem. It is a good example of my assertion that
+the old flowers had queerer shapes than modern ones,
+and were made of queer materials; the calyx of this
+Shell flower is of such singular quality and fibre.</p>
+
+<p>The Dog-tooth Violet always had to me a sickly
+look, but its leaves give it its special offensiveness;
+all spotted leaves, or flower petals which showed the
+slightest resemblance to the markings of a snake or
+lizard, always filled me with dislike. Among them
+I included Lungwort (Pulmonaria), a flower which
+seems suddenly to have disappeared from many
+gardens, even old-fashioned ones, just as it has disappeared
+from medicine. Not a gardener could be
+found in our public parks in New York who had
+ever seen it, or knew it, though there is in Prospect
+Park a well-filled and noteworthy "Old-fashioned
+Garden." Let me add, in passing, that nothing in
+the entire park system&mdash;greenhouses, water gardens,
+Italian gardens&mdash;affords such delight to the public
+as this old-fashioned garden.</p>
+
+<p>The changing blue and pink flowers of the Lungwort,
+somewhat characteristic of its family, are curious
+also. This plant was also known by the singular
+name of Joseph-and-Mary; the pink flowers being
+the emblem of Joseph; the blue of the Blessed Virgin
+Mary. Lady's-tears was an allied name, from a
+legend that the Virgin Mary's tears fell on the
+leaves, causing the white spots to grow in them,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[Pg 438]</a></span>
+ that one of her blue eyes became red from excessive
+weeping. It was held to be unlucky even to
+destroy the plant. Soldier-and-his-wife also had
+reference to the red and blue tints of the flower.</p>
+
+<p>A cousin of the Lungwort, our native <i>Mertensia
+virginica</i>, has in the young plant an equally singular
+leafage; every ordinary process of leaf progress is
+reversed: the young shoots are not a tender green,
+but are almost black, and change gradually in leaf,
+stem, and flower calyx to an odd light green in
+which the dark color lingers in veins and spots until
+the plant is in its full flower of tender blue, lilac,
+and pink. "Blue and pink ladies" we used to call
+the blossoms when we hung them on pins for a
+fairy dance.</p>
+
+<p>The Alstr&oelig;meria is another spotted flower of the
+old borders, curious in its funnel-shaped blooms,
+edged and lined with tiny brown and green spots.
+It is more grotesque than beautiful, but was beloved
+in a day that deemed the Tiger Lily the most beautiful
+of all lilies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i194" name="i194"></a>
+<a href="images/i194_large.jpg"><img src="images/i194.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Spiderwort.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The aversion I feel for spotted leaves does not
+extend to striped ones, though I care little for variegated
+or striped foliage in a garden. I like the
+striped white and green leaves of one variety of our
+garden Iris, and of our common Sweet Flag (Calamus),
+which are decorative to a most satisfactory
+degree. The firm ribbon leaves of the striped
+Sweet Flag never turn brown in the driest summer,
+and grow very tall; a tub of it kept well watered is
+a thing of surprising beauty, and the plants are very
+handsome in the rock garden. I wonder what the
+bees<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[Pg 439]</a></span>
+ seek in the leaves! they throng its green and
+white blades in May, finding something, I am sure,
+besides the delightful scent; though I do not note
+that they pierce the veins of the plant for the sap,
+as I have known them to do along the large veins
+of certain palm leaves. I have seen bees often act
+as though they were sniffing a flower with appreciation,
+not gathering honey. The only endeared
+striped leaf was that of the Striped Grass&mdash;Gardener's
+Garters we called it. Clumps of it growing
+at Van Cortlandt Manor are here shown. We
+children used to run to the great plants of Striped
+Grass at the end of the garden as to a toy ribbon
+shop. The long blades of Grass looked like some
+antique gauze ribbons. They were very modish
+for dolls' wear, very useful to shape pin-a-sights,
+those very useful things, and very pretty to tie up
+posies. Under favorable circumstances this garden
+child might become a garden pest, a spreading weed.
+I never saw a more curious garden stray than an
+entire dooryard and farm garden&mdash;certainly two
+acres in extent, covered with Striped Grass, save
+where a few persistent Tiger Lilies pierced through
+the striped leaves. Even among the deserted
+hearthstones and tumble-down chimneys the striped
+leaves ran up among the roofless walls.</p>
+
+<p>Let me state here that the suggestion of mystery
+in a flower did not always make me dislike it; sometimes
+it added a charm. The Periwinkle&mdash;Ground
+Myrtle we used to call it&mdash;was one of the most mysterious
+and elusive flowers I knew, and other children
+thus regarded it; but I had a deep affection
+for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[Pg 440]</a></span>
+ its lovely blue stars and clean, glossy leaves, a
+special love, since it was the first flower I saw
+blooming out of doors after a severe illness, and it
+seemed to welcome me back to life.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i195" name="i195"></a>
+<a href="images/i195_large.jpg"><img src="images/i195.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Gardener's Garters, at Van Cortlandt Manor.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[Pg 441]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The name is from the French Pervenche, which
+suffers sadly by being changed into the clumsy Periwinkle.
+Everywhere it is a flower of mystery; it
+is the "Violette des Sorciers" of the French. Sadder
+is its Tuscan name, "Flower of death," for it is
+used there as garlands at the burial of children;
+and is often planted on graves, just as it is here. A
+far happier folk-name was Joy-of-the-ground, and
+to my mind better suited to the cheerful, healthy
+little plant.</p>
+
+<p>An ancient medical manuscript gives this description
+of the Periwinkle, which for directness and
+lucidity can scarcely be excelled:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Parwyke is an erbe grene of colour,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">In tyme of May he bereth blue flour.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Ye lef is thicke, schinede and styf,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">As is ye grene jwy lefe.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Vnder brod and uerhand round,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Men call it ye joy of grownde."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>On the list of the Boston seedsman (given on
+<a href="#Page_33">page 33</a> <i>et seq.</i>) is Venus'-navelwort. I lingered this
+summer by an ancient front yard in Marblehead,
+and in the shade of the low-lying gray-shingled
+house I saw a refined plant with which I was wholly
+unacquainted, lying like a little dun cloud on the
+border, a pleasing plant with cinereous foliage, in
+color like the silvery gray of the house, shaded with
+a bluer tint and bearing a dainty milk-white bloom.
+This modest flower had that power of catching the
+attention in spite of the high and striking colors of
+its neighbors, such as a simple gown of gray and
+white,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[Pg 442]</a></span>
+ if of graceful cut and shape, will have among
+gay-colored silk attire&mdash;the charm of Quaker garb,
+even though its shape be ugly. You know how
+ready is the owner of such a garden to talk of her
+favorites, and soon I was told that this plant was
+"Navy-work." I accepted this name in this old
+maritime town as possibly a local folk-name, yet I
+was puzzled by a haunting memory of having heard
+some similar title. A later search in a botany revealed
+the original, Venus'-navelwort.</p>
+
+<p>I deem it right to state in this connection that any
+such corruption of the old name of a flower is very
+unusual in Massachusetts, where the English tongue
+is spoken by all of Massachusetts descent in much
+purity of pronunciation.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that all the flowers of the old
+garden were far more suggestive, more full of meaning,
+than those given to us by modern florists. This
+does not come wholly from association, as many
+fancy, but from an inherent quality of the flower
+itself. I never saw Honeywort (Cerinthe) till five
+years ago, and then it was not in an old-fashioned
+garden; but the moment I beheld the graceful,
+drooping flowers in the flower bed, the yellow and
+purple-toothed corolla caught my eye, as it caught
+my fancy; it seemed to mean something. I was
+not surprised to learn that it was an ancient favorite
+of colonial days. The leaves of Honeywort are
+often lightly spotted, which may be one of its elements
+of mystery. Honeywort is seldom seen even
+in our oldest gardens; but it is a beautiful flower and
+a most hardy annual, and deserves to be reintroduced.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i196" name="i196"></a>
+<a href="images/i196_large.jpg"><img src="images/i196.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Garden Walk at The Manse, Deerfield, Massachusetts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[Pg 443]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>A great favorite in the old garden was the splendid
+scarlet Lychnis, to which in New England is
+given the name of London Pride. There are two
+old varieties: one has four petals with squared ends,
+and is called, from the shape of the expanded flower,
+the Maltese Cross; the other, called Scarlet Lightning,
+is shown on a <a href="#i197">succeeding page</a>; it has five
+deeply-nicked petals. It is a flower of midsummer
+eve and magic power, and I think it must have
+some connection with the Crusaders, being called by
+Gerarde Floure of Jerusalem, and Flower of Candy.
+The five-petalled form is rarely seen; in one old
+family I know it is so cherished, and deemed so
+magic a home-maker, that every bride who has gone
+from that home for over a hundred years has borne
+away a plant of that London Pride; it has really
+become a Family Pride.</p>
+
+<p>Another plant of mysterious suggestion was the
+common Plantain. This was not an unaided instinct
+of my childhood, but came to me through an explanation
+of the lines in the chapter, "The White
+Man's Foot," in <i>Hiawatha</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Whereso'er they tread, beneath them<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Springs a flower unknown among us;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Springs the White Man's Foot in blossom."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>After my father showed me the Plantain as the
+"White Man's Foot," I ever regarded it with a sense
+of its unusual power; and I used often to wonder,
+when I found it growing in the grass, who had
+stepped there. I have permanently associated with
+the Plantain or Waybred a curious and distasteful
+trick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[Pg 444]</a></span>
+ of my memory. We recall our American
+humorist's lament over the haunting lines from the
+car-conductor's orders, which filled his brain and ears
+from the moment he read them, wholly by chance,
+and which he tried vainly to forget. A similar
+obsession filled me when I read the spirited apostrophe
+to the Plantain or Waybred, in Cockayne's
+translation of Ælfric's <i>Lacunga</i>, a book of leech-craft
+of the eleventh century:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8q">"And thou Waybroad,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Mother of worts,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Over thee carts creaked,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Over thee Queens rode,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Over thee brides bridalled,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Over thee bulls breathed,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">All these thou withstoodst,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Venom and vile things,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">And all the loathly things,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">That through the land rove."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>I could not thrust them out of my mind; worse
+still, I kept manufacturing for the poem scores of
+lines of similar metre. I never shall forget the
+Plantain, it won't let me forget it.</p>
+
+<div class="figright"><a id="i197" name="i197"></a>
+<a href="images/i197_large.jpg"><img src="images/i197.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">London Pride.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Orpine was a flower linked with tradition
+and mystery in England, there were scores of fanciful
+notions connected with it. It has grown to be a
+spreading weed in some parts of New England, but
+it has lost both its mystery and its flowers. The
+only bed of flowering Orpine I ever saw in America
+was in the millyard of Miller Rose at Kettle Hole&mdash;and
+a really lovely expanse of bloom it was, broken
+only by old worn millstones which formed the doorsteps.
+He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[Pg 445]</a></span>
+ told with pride that his grandmother
+planted it, and "it was the flowering variety that no
+one else had in Rhode Island, not even in greenhouses
+in Newport." Miller Rose ground corn meal
+and flour with ancient millstones, and infinitely better
+were his grindings than "store meal." He could tell
+you, with prolonged detail, of the new-fangled roller
+he bought and used
+one week, and not a
+decent Johnny-cake
+could be made from
+the meal, and it
+shamed him. So he
+threw away all the
+meal he hadn't sold;
+and then the new
+machinery was pulled
+out and the millstones
+replaced, "to await the
+Lord's coming," he
+added, being a Second
+Adventist&mdash;or by his
+own title a "Christadelphian
+and an Old
+Bachelor." He was a
+famous preacher, having
+a pulpit built of heavy stones, in the woods near
+his mill. A little trying it was to hear the outpourings
+of his long sermons on summer afternoons,
+while you waited for him to come down from his
+pulpit and his prophesyings to give you your bag
+of meal. A tithing of time he gave each day to the
+Lord,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[Pg 446]</a></span>
+ two hours and a half of preaching&mdash;and
+doubtless far more than a tithe of his income to
+the poor. In sentimental association with his name,
+he had a few straggling Roses around his millyard&mdash;all
+old-time varieties; and, with Orpine and Sweetbrier,
+he could gather a very pretty posy for all who
+came to Kettle Hole.</p>
+
+<p>We constantly read of Fritillaries in the river fields
+sung of Matthew Arnold. In a charming book of
+English country life, <i>Idlehurst</i>, I read how closely
+the flower is still associated with Oxford life, recalling
+ever the Iffley and Kensington meadows to all
+Oxford men. The author tells that "quite unlikely
+sorts of men used to pick bunches of the flowers,
+and we would come up the towpath with our spoils."
+Fritillaries grew in my mother's garden; I cannot
+now recall another garden in America where I have
+ever seen them in bloom. They certainly are not
+common. On a <a href="#i198">succeeding page</a> are shown the
+blossoms of the white Fritillary my mother planted
+and loved. Can you not believe that we love them
+still? They have spread but little, neither have
+they dwindled nor died. Each year they seem to
+us the very same blossoms she loved.</p>
+
+<p>Our cyclopædias of gardening tell us that the
+Fritillaries spread freely; but E. V. B. writes of them
+in her exquisite English: "Slow in growth as the
+Fritillaries are, they are ever sure. When they once
+take root, there they stay forever, with a constancy
+unknown in our human world. They may be
+trusted, however late their coming. In the fresh
+vigor of its youth was there ever seen any other
+flower<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_447" id="Page_447">[Pg 447]</a></span>
+ planned so exquisitely, fashioned so slenderly!
+The pink symmetry of Kalmia perhaps comes nearest
+this perfection, with the delicately curved and
+rounded angles of its bloom."</p>
+
+<p>In no garden, no matter how modern, could the
+Fritillaries ever look to me aught but antique and
+classic. They are as essentially of the past, even to
+the careless eye, as an antique lamp or brazier.
+Quaint, too, is the fabric of their coats, like some
+old silken stuff of paduasoy or sarsenet. All are
+checkered, as their name indicates. Even the white
+flowers bear little birthmarks of checkered lines.
+They were among the famous dancers in my mother's
+garden, and I can tell you that a country dance
+of Fritillaries in plaided kirtles and green caps is a
+lively sight. Another name for this queer little
+flower is Guinea-hen Flower. Gerarde, with his
+felicity of description, says:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"One square is of a greenish-yellow colour, the other
+purple, keeping the same order as well on the back side of
+the flower as on the inside; although they are blackish in
+one square, and of a violet colour in another: in so much
+that every leafe (of the flower) seemeth to be the feather of
+a Ginnie hen, whereof it took its name."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A strong personal trait of the Fritillaries (for I
+may so speak of flowers I love) is their air of mystery.
+They mean something I cannot fathom; they
+look it, but cannot tell it. Fritillaries were a flower
+of significance even in Elizabethan days. They were
+made into little buttonhole posies, and, as Parkinson
+says, "worn abroad by curious lovers of these
+delights."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_448" id="Page_448">[Pg 448]</a></span>
+ In California grow wild a dozen varieties;
+the best known of these is recurved, but it
+does not droop, and is to all outward glance an
+Anemone, and has lost in that new world much the
+mystery of the old herbalist's "Checker Lily," save
+the checkers; these always are visible.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i198" name="i198"></a>
+<a href="images/i198_large.jpg"><img src="images/i198.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">White Fritillaria.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Cyclamen and Dodecatheon lay their ears
+back like a vicious horse. Both have an eerie aspect,
+as if turned upside down, as has also the Nightshade.
+I knew a little child, a flower lover from babyhood,
+who feared to touch the Cyclamen, and even cried
+if any attempt was made to have her touch the
+flower. When older, she said that she had feared
+the flower would sting her.</p>
+
+<p>I have often a sense of mysterious meaning in a
+vine, it seems so plainly to reach out to attract your
+attention.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_449" id="Page_449">[Pg 449]</a></span>
+ I recall once being seated on the doorstep
+of a deserted farm-house, musing a little over
+the sad thought of this lost home, when suddenly
+some one tapped me on the cheek&mdash;I suppose I
+ought to say some thing, though it seemed a human
+touch. It was a spray of Matrimony vine, twenty
+feet long or more, that had reached around a corner,
+and helped by a breeze, had appealed to me for sympathy
+and companionship. I answered by following
+it around the corner. It had been trained up to a
+little shelf-like ledge or roof, over what had been a
+pantry window, and hung in long lines of heavy
+shade. It said to me: "Here once lived a flower-loving
+woman and a man who cared for her comfort
+and pleasure. She planted me when she, and the
+man, and the house were young, and he made the
+window shelter, and trained me over it, to make
+cool and green the window where she worked. I
+was the symbol of their happy married love. See!
+there they lie, under the gray stone beneath those
+cedars. Their children all are far away, but every
+year I grow fresh and green, though I find it lonely
+here now." To me, the Matrimony vine is ever a
+plant of interest, and it may be very beautiful, if
+cared for. On <a href="#i081">page 186</a> is shown the lovely growth
+on the porch at Van Cortlandt Manor.</p>
+
+<p>With a sentiment of wonder and inquiry, not unmixed
+with mystery, do we regard many flowers,
+which are described in our botanies as Garden Escapes.
+This Matrimony vine is one of the many
+creeping, climbing things that have wandered away
+from houses. Honeysuckles and Trumpet-vines
+are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_450" id="Page_450">[Pg 450]</a></span>
+ far travellers. I saw once in a remote and wild
+spot a great boulder surrounded with bushes and
+all were covered with the old Coral or Trumpet
+Honeysuckle; it had such a familiar air, and yet
+seemed to have gained a certain knowingness by its
+travels.</p>
+
+<p>This element of mystery does not extend to the
+flowers which I am told once were in trim gardens,
+but which I have never seen there, such as Ox-eye
+Daisies, Scotch Thistles, Chamomile, Tansy, Bergamot,
+Yarrow, and all of the Mint family; they are
+to me truly wild. But when I find flowers still cherished
+in our gardens, growing also in some wild spot,
+I regard them with wonder. A great expanse of Coreopsis,
+a field of Grape Hyacinth or Star of Bethlehem,
+roadsides of Coronilla or Moneywort, rows
+of red Day Lily and Tiger Lily, patches of Sunflowers
+or Jerusalem Artichokes, all are matters of
+thought; we long to trace their wanderings, to have
+them tell whence and how they came. Bouncing
+Bet is too cheerful and rollicking a wanderer to
+awaken sentiment. How gladly has she been welcomed
+to our fields and roadsides. I could not willingly
+spare her in our country drives, even to become
+again a cherished garden dweller. She rivals the Succory
+in beautifying arid dust heaps and barren railroad
+cuts, with her tender opalescent pink tints. How
+wholesome and hearty her growth, how pleasant her
+fragrance. We can never see her too often, nor ever
+stigmatize her, as have been so many of our garden
+escapes, as "Now a dreaded weed."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i199" name="i199"></a>
+<a href="images/i199_large.jpg"><img src="images/i199.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Bouncing Bet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the weirdest of all flowers to me is the
+Butter-and-eggs,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_451" id="Page_451">[Pg 451]</a></span>
+ the Toad-flax, which was once a
+garden child, but has run away from gardens to wander
+in every field in the land. I haven't the slightest
+reason for this regard of Butter-and-eggs, and I
+believe it is peculiar to myself, just as is Dr. Forbes
+Watson's regard of the Marshmallow to him. I
+have no uncanny or sad associations with it, and I
+never heard anything "queer" about it. Thirty
+years ago, in a locality I knew well in central Massachusetts,
+Butter-and-eggs was far from common; I
+even remember the first time I saw it and was told
+its quaint name; now it grows there and everywhere;
+it is a persistent weed. John Burroughs
+calls<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_452" id="Page_452">[Pg 452]</a></span>
+ it "the hateful Toad-flax," and old Manasseh
+Cutler, in a curious mixture of compliment and slur,
+"a common, handsome, tedious weed." It travels
+above ground and below ground, and in some soils
+will run out the grass. It knows how to allure the
+bumblebee, however, and has honey in its heart. I
+think it a lovely flower, though it is queer; and it is
+a delight to the scientific botanist, in the delicate
+perfection of its methods and means of fertilization.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest beauty of this flower is in late autumn,
+when it springs up densely in shaven fields.
+I have seen, during the last week in October, fields
+entirely filled with its exquisite sulphur-yellow tint,
+one of the most delicate colors in nature; a yellow
+that is luminous at night, and is rivalled only by the
+pale yellow translucent leaves of the Moosewood in
+late autumn, which make such a strange pallid light
+in old forests in the North&mdash;a light which dominates
+over every other autumn tint, though the trees which
+bear them are so spindling and low, and little noted
+save in early spring in their rare pinkness, and in
+this their autumn etherealization. And the Moosewood
+shares the mystery of the Butter-and-eggs as
+well as its color. I should be afraid to drive or
+walk alone in a wood road, when the Moosewood
+leaves were turning yellow in autumn. I shall
+never forget them in Dublin, New Hampshire,
+driving through what our delightful Yankee charioteer
+and guide called "only a cat-road."</p>
+
+<p>This was to me a new use of the word cat as a
+prænomen, though I knew, as did Dr. Holmes and
+Hosea Biglow, and every good New Englander,
+that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_453" id="Page_453">[Pg 453]</a></span>
+ "cat-sticks" were poor spindling sticks, either
+growing or in a load of cut wood. I heard a country
+parson say as he regarded ruefully a gift of a
+sled load of firewood, "The deacon's load is all cat-sticks."
+Of course a cat-stick was also the stick
+used in the game of ball called tip-cat. Myself
+when young did much practise another loved ball
+game, "one old cat," a local favorite, perhaps a local
+name. "Cat-ice," too, is a good old New England
+word and thing; it is the thin layer of brittle ice
+formed over puddles, from under which the water
+has afterward receded. If there lives a New Englander
+too old or too hurried to rejoice in stepping
+upon and crackling the first "cat-ice" on a late autumn
+morning, then he is a man; for no New England girl,
+a century old, could be thus indifferent.
+It is akin to rustling through the deep-lying autumn
+leaves, which affords a pleasure so absurdly disproportioned
+and inexplicable that it is almost mysterious.
+Some of us gouty ones, alas! have had to
+give up the "cat-slides" which were also such a delight;
+the little stretches of glare ice to which we
+ran a few steps and slid rapidly over with the impetus.
+But I must not let my New England folk-words
+lure me away from my subject, even on a
+tempting "cat-slide."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i200" name="i200"></a>
+<a href="images/i200_large.jpg"><img src="images/i200.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Overgrown Garden at Llanerck, Pennsylvania.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Though garden flowers run everywhere that they
+will, they are not easily forced to become wild
+flowers. We hear much of the pleasure of sowing
+garden seeds along the roadside, and children are
+urged to make beautiful wild gardens to be the delight
+of passers-by. Alphonse Karr wrote most charmingly
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_454" id="Page_454">[Pg 454]</a></span>
+ such sowings, and he pictured the delight and surprise
+of country folk in the future when they found
+the choice blooms, and the confusion of learned botanists
+in years to come. The delight and surprise
+and confusion would have been if any of his seeds
+sprouted and lived! A few years ago a kindly
+member of our United States Congress sent to me
+from the vast seed stores of our national Agricultural
+Department, thousands of packages of seeds
+of common garden flowers to be given to the
+poor children in public kindergartens and primary
+schools in our great city. The seeds were
+given to hundreds of eager flower lovers, but starch
+boxes and old tubs and flower pots formed the
+limited gardens of those Irish and Italian children,
+and the Government had sent to me such "hats full,
+sacks full, bushel-bags full," that I was left with an
+embarrassment of riches. I sent them to Narragansett
+and amused myself thereafter by sowing several
+pecks of garden seeds along the country roadsides;
+never, to my knowledge, did one seed live and produce
+a plant. I watched eagerly for certain plantings
+of Poppies, Candytuft, Morning-glories, and
+even the indomitable Portulaca; not one appeared.
+I don't know why I should think I could improve
+on nature; for I drove through that road yesterday
+and it was radiant with Wild Rose bloom, white
+Elder, and Meadow Beauty; a combination that
+Thoreau thought and that I think could not
+be excelled in a cultivated garden. Above all,
+these are the right things in the right place, which
+my garden plants would not have been. I am sure
+that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_455" id="Page_455">[Pg 455]</a></span>
+ if they had lived and crowded out these exquisite
+wild flowers I should have been sorry enough.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i201" name="i201"></a>
+<a href="images/i201_large.jpg"><img src="images/i201.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Fountain at Yaddo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The hardy Colchicum or Autumnal Crocus is seldom
+seen in our gardens; nor do I care for its increase,
+even when planted in the grass. It bears to
+me none of the delight which accompanies the spring
+Crocus, but seems to be out of keeping with the
+autumnal season. Rising bare of leaves, it has
+but a seminatural aspect, as if it had been stuck
+rootless in the ground like the leafless, stemless
+blooms of a child's posy bed. Its English name&mdash;Naked
+Boys&mdash;seems suited to it. The Colchicum
+is associated in my mind with the Indian Pipe and
+similar growths; it is curious, but it isn't pleasing.
+As the Indian Pipe could not be lured within garden
+walls,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_456" id="Page_456">[Pg 456]</a></span>
+ I will not write of it here, save to say
+that no one could ever see it growing in its shadowy
+home in the woods without yielding to its air of
+mystery. It is the weirdest flower that grows, so
+palpably ghastly that we feel almost a cheerful satisfaction
+in the perfection of its performance and our
+own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_457" id="Page_457">[Pg 457]</a></span>
+ responsive thrill, just as we do in a good ghost
+story.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i202" name="i202"></a>
+<a href="images/i202_large.jpg"><img src="images/i202.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Avenue of White Pines at Wellesley, Mass., the Country-seat of Hollis
+H. Hunnewell, Esq.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many wild flowers which we have transplanted to
+our gardens are full of magic and charm. In some,
+such as Thyme and Elder, these elements come
+from English tradition. In other flowers the quality
+of mystery is inherent. In childhood I absolutely
+abhorred Bloodroot; it seemed to me a fearsome
+thing when first I picked it. I remember well my
+dismay, it was so pure, so sleek, so innocent of
+face, yet bleeding at a touch, like a murdered man
+in the Blood Ordeal.</p>
+
+<p>The Trillium, Wake-robin, is a wonderful flower.
+I have seen it growing in a luxuriance almost beyond
+belief in lonely Canadian forests on the Laurentian
+Mountains. At this mining settlement, so remote
+that it was unvisited even by the omnipresent and
+faithful Canadian priest, was a wealth of plant growth
+which seemed fairly tropical. The starry flowers of
+the Trillium hung on long peduncles, and the two-inch
+diameter of the ordinary blossom was doubled.
+The Painted Trillium bore rich flowers of pink and
+wine color, and stood four or five feet from the
+ground. I think no one had ever gathered their
+blooms, for there were no women in this mining
+camp save a few French-Indian servants and one
+Irish cook, and no educated white woman had ever
+been within fifty, perhaps a hundred, miles of the
+place. Every variety of bloom seemed of exaggerated
+growth, but the Trillium exceeded all. An
+element of mystery surrounds this plant, a quality
+which appertains to all "three-cornered" flowers;
+perhaps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_458" id="Page_458">[Pg 458]</a></span>
+ there may be some significance in the three-sided
+form. I felt this influence in the extreme
+when in the presence of this Canadian Trillium, so
+much so that I was depressed by it when wandering
+alone even in the edge of the forest; and when by
+light o' the moon I peered in on this forest garden,
+it was like the vision of a troop of trembling white
+ghosts, stimulating to the fancy. It was but a part
+of the whole influence of that place, which was full
+of eerie mystery. For after the countless eons of
+time during which "the earth was without form and
+void, and darkness was upon the face of the earth,"
+the waters at last were gathered together and dry
+land appeared. And that dry land which came up
+slowly out of the face of the waters was this Laurentian
+range. And when at God's command "on
+the third day" the earth brought forth grass, and
+herb yielded seed&mdash;lo, among the things which were
+good and beautiful there shone forth upon the earth
+the first starry flowers of the white Trillium.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_459" id="Page_459">[Pg 459]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XXII" id="CHAPTER_XXII"></a>CHAPTER XXII</h2>
+
+<p class="center">ROSES OF YESTERDAY</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"Each morn a thousand Roses brings, you say;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Yes, but where leaves the Rose of Yesterday?"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p class="small attr2">&mdash;<i>Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam</i>, translated by <span class="smcap">Edward Fitzgerald</span>, 1858.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="drop">
+<a href="images/drop_t_large.png"><img src="images/drop_t.png" alt="T" width="102" height="100" class="cap" title="Click here
+to see enlarged image" /></a>
+<p class="cap_1">The answer can be given the
+Persian poet that the Rose of
+Yesterday leaves again in the
+heart. The subtle fragrance of
+a Rose can readily conjure in
+our minds a dream of summers
+past, and happy summers to
+come. Many a flower lover since
+Chaucer has felt as did the poet:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8q">"The savour of the Roses swote<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">Me smote right to the herte rote."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The old-time Roses possess most fully this hidden
+power. Sweetest of all was the old Cabbage
+Rose&mdash;called by some the Provence Rose&mdash;for its
+perfume "to be chronicled and chronicled, and cut
+and chronicled, and all-to-be-praised." Its odor is
+perfection; it is the standard by which I compare all
+other fragrances. It is not too strong nor too cloying,
+as are some Rose scents; it is the idealization of
+that distinctive sweetness of the Rose family which
+other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_460" id="Page_460">[Pg 460]</a></span>
+ Roses have to some degree. The color of the
+Cabbage Rose is very warm and pleasing, a clear,
+happy pink, and the flower has a wholesome, open
+look; but it is not a beautiful Rose by florists' standards,&mdash;few
+of the old Roses are,&mdash;and it is rather
+awkward in growth. The Cabbage Rose is said to
+have been a favorite in ancient Rome. I wish it had
+a prettier name; it is certainly worthy one.</p>
+
+<p>The Hundred-leaved Rose was akin to the Cabbage
+Rose, and shared its delicious fragrance. In its
+rather irregular shape it resembled the present Duke
+of Sussex Rose.</p>
+
+<p>One of the rarest of old-time Roses in our gardens
+to-day is the red and white mottled York and
+Lancaster. It is as old as the sixteenth century.
+Shakespeare writes in the <i>Sonnets</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"The Roses fearfully in thorns did stand<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">One blushing shame, another white despair.<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">A third, nor red, nor white, had stol'n of both."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>They are what Chaucer loved, "sweitie roses red,
+brode, and open also." Roses of a broad, flat expanse
+when in full bloom; they have a cheerier, heartier,
+more gracious look than many of the new Roses
+that never open far from bud, that seem so pinched
+and narrow. What ineffable fragrance do they pour
+out from every wide-open flower, a fragrance that
+is the very spirit of the Oriental Attar of Roses; all
+the sensuous sweetness of the attar is gone, and
+only that which is purest and best remains. I believe,
+in thinking of it, that it equals the perfume
+of the Cabbage Rose, which, ere now, I have always
+placed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_461" id="Page_461">[Pg 461]</a></span>
+ first. This York and Lancaster Rose is the
+<i>Rosa mundi</i>,&mdash;the rose of the world. A fine plant
+is growing in Hawthorne's old home in Salem.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i203" name="i203"></a>
+<a href="images/i203_large.jpg"><img src="images/i203.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Violets in Silver Double Coaster.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#i204">Opposite page 462</a> is an unusual depiction of the
+century-old York and Lancaster Rose still growing
+and flourishing in the old garden at Van Cortlandt
+Manor. It is from one of the few photographs which
+I have ever seen which make you forgive their lack
+of color. The vigor, the grace, the richness of this
+wonderful Rose certainly are fully shown, though but
+in black and white. I have called this Rose bush a
+century old; it is doubtless much older, but it does
+not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_462" id="Page_462">[Pg 462]</a></span>
+ seem old; it is gifted with everlasting youth.
+We know how the Persians gather before a single
+plant in flower; they spread their rugs, and pray
+before it; and sit and meditate before it; sip sherbet,
+play the lute and guitar in the moonlight; bring
+their friends and stand as in a vision, then talk in
+praises of it, and then all serenade it with an ode
+from Hafiz and depart. So would I gather my
+friends around this lovely old Rose, and share its
+beauty just as my friends at the manor-house share
+it with me; and as the Persians, we would praise it
+in sunlight and by moonlight, and sing its beauty in
+verses. This York and Lancaster Rose was known
+to Parkinson in his day; it is his <i>Rosa versicolor</i>. I
+wonder why so few modern gardens contain this
+treasure. I know it does not rise to all the standards
+of the modern Rose growers; but it possesses
+something better&mdash;it has a living spirit; it speaks
+of history, romance, sentiment; it awakens inspiration
+and thought, it has an ever living interest, a
+significance. I wonder whether a hundred years
+from now any one will stand before some Crimson
+Rambler, which will then be ancient, and feel as I
+do before this York and Lancaster goddess.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i204" name="i204"></a>
+<a href="images/i204_large.jpg"><img src="images/i204.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">York and Lancaster Rose.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The fragrance of the sweetest Roses&mdash;the Damask,
+the Cabbage, the York and Lancaster&mdash;is
+beyond any other flower-scent, it is irresistible, enthralling;
+you cannot leave it. You can push aside
+a Syringa, a Honeysuckle, even a Mignonette, but
+there is a magic something which binds you irrevocably
+to the Rose. I have never doubted that the
+Rose has some compelling quality shared not by
+other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_463" id="Page_463">[Pg 463]</a></span>
+ flowers. I know not whether it comes from centuries
+of establishment as a race-symbol, or from some
+inherent witchery of the plant, but it certainly exists.</p>
+
+<p>The variety of Roses known to old American
+gardens, as to English gardens, was few. The English
+Eglantine was quickly established here in gardens
+and spread to roadsides. The small, ragged,
+cheerful little Cinnamon Rose, now chiefly seen as a
+garden stray, is undoubtedly old. This Rose diffuses
+its faint "sinamon smelle" when the petals are
+dried. Nearly all of the Roses vaguely thought to
+be one or two hundred years old date only, within
+our ken, to the earlier years of the nineteenth century.
+The Seven Sisters Rose, imagined by the
+owner of many a Southern garden to belong to colonial
+days, is one of the family <i>Rosa multiflora</i>, introduced
+from Japan to England by Thunberg. Its
+catalogue name is Greville. I think the Seven Sisters
+dates back to 1822. The clusters of little double
+blooms of the Seven Sisters are not among our beautiful
+Roses, but are planted by the house mistress
+of every Southern home from power of association,
+because they were loved by her grandmothers, if
+not by more distant forbears. The crimson Boursaults
+are no older. They came from the Swiss Alps
+and therefore are hardy, but they are fussy things,
+needing much pruning and pulling out. I recall that
+they had much longer prickles than the other roses
+in our garden. The beloved little Banksia Rose came
+from China in 1807. The Madame Plantier is a hybrid
+China Rose of much popularity. We have had it
+about seventy or eighty years. In the lovely garden
+of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_464" id="Page_464">[Pg 464]</a></span>
+ Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, author of <i>Flowers
+and Trees in their Haunts</i>, I saw, this spring, a
+giant Madame Plantier which had over five thousand
+buds, and which could scarcely be equalled in
+beauty by any modern Roses. Its photograph gives
+scant idea of its size.</p>
+
+<p>What gratitude we have in spring to the Sweetbrier!
+How early in the year, from sprouting
+branch and curling leaf, it begins to give forth its
+pure odor! Gracious and lavish plant, beloved in
+scent by every one, you have no rival in the spring
+garden with its pale perfumes. The Sweetbrier and
+Shakespeare's Musk Rose (<i>Rosa moschata</i>) are said
+to be the only Roses that at evening pour forth their
+perfume; the others are what Bacon called "fast of
+their odor."</p>
+
+<p>The June Rose, called by many the Hedgehog
+Rose, was, I think, the first Rose of summer. A
+sturdy plant, about three feet in height; set thick
+with briers, it well deserved its folk name. The flowers
+opened into a saucer of richest carmine, as fragrant
+as an American Beauty, and the little circles
+of crimson resembling the <i>Rosa rugosa</i> were seen
+in every front dooryard.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i205" name="i205"></a>
+<a href="images/i205_large.jpg"><img src="images/i205.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Cinnamon Roses.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the Walpole garden from whence came to us
+our beloved Ambrosia, was an ample Box-edged
+flower bed which my mother and the great-aunt
+called The Rosery. One cousin, now living, recalls
+with distinctness its charms in 1830; for it was beautiful,
+though the vast riches of the Rose-world of
+China and Japan had not reached it. There grew
+in it, he remembers, Yellow Scotch Roses, Sweetbrier
+(or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_465" id="Page_465">[Pg 465]</a></span>
+ Eglantine), Cinnamon Roses, White Scotch
+Roses, Damask Roses, Blush Roses, Dog Roses (the
+Canker-bloom of Shakespeare), Black Roses, Burgundy
+Roses, and Moss Roses. The last-named
+sensitive creatures, so difficult to rear with satisfaction
+in such a climate, found in this Rosery by the
+river-side some exact fitness of soil or surroundings,
+or perhaps of fostering care, which in spite of the
+dampness and the constant tendency of all Moss
+Roses to mildew, made them blossom in unrivalled
+perfection. I remember their successors, deplored
+as much inferior to the Roses of 1830, and they
+were the finest Moss Roses I ever saw blooming in
+a garden. An amusing saying of some of the village
+passers-by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_466" id="Page_466">[Pg 466]</a></span>
+ (with smaller gardens and education)
+showed the universal acknowledgment of the perfection
+of these Roses. These people thought the
+name was Morse Roses and always thus termed
+them, fancying they were named for the family for
+whom the flowers bloomed in such beauty and
+number.</p>
+
+<p>Among the other Roses named by my cousin I
+recall the White Scotch Rose, sometimes called also
+the Burnet-leaved Rose. It was very fragrant, and
+was often chosen for a Sunday posy. There were
+both single and double varieties.</p>
+
+<p>The Blush Rose (<i>Rosa alba</i>), known also as
+Maiden's blush, was much esteemed for its exquisite
+color; it could be distinguished readily by the
+glaucous hue of the foliage, which always looked
+like the leaves of artificial roses. It was easily
+blighted; and indeed we must acknowledge that few
+of the old Roses were as certain as their sturdy
+descendants.</p>
+
+<p>The Damask Rose was the only one ever used in
+careful families and by careful housekeepers for making
+rose-water. There was a Velvet Rose, darker
+than the Damask and low-growing, evidently the
+same Rose. Both showed plentiful yellow stamens
+in the centres, and had exquisite rich dark leaves.</p>
+
+<p>The old Black Rose of The Rosery was so suffused
+with color-principle, so "color-flushing," that
+even the wood had black and dark red streaks. Its
+petals were purple-black.</p>
+
+<p>The Burgundy Rose was of the Cabbage Rose
+family; its flowers were very small, scarce an inch in
+diameter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_467" id="Page_467">[Pg 467]</a></span>
+ There were two varieties: the one my
+cousin called Little Burgundy had clear dark red
+blossoms; the other, white with pink centres. Both
+were low-growing, small bushes with small leaves.
+They are practically vanished Roses&mdash;wholly out
+of cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>We had other tiny roses; one was a lovely little
+Rose creature called a Fairy Rose. I haven't seen
+one for years. As I recall them, the Rose plants
+were never a foot in height, and had dainty little
+flower rosettes from a quarter to half an inch in
+diameter set in thick clusters. But the recalled
+dimensions of youth vary so when seen actually in
+the cold light of to-day that perhaps I am wrong in
+my description. This was also called a Pony Rose.
+This Fairy Rose was not the Polyantha which also
+has forty or fifty little roses in a cluster. The single
+Polyantha Rose looks much like its cousin, the
+Blackberry blossom.</p>
+
+<p>Another small Rose was the Garland Rose. This
+was deemed extremely elegant, and rightfully so.
+It has great corymbs of tiny white blossoms with
+tight little buff buds squeezing out among the open
+Roses.</p>
+
+<p>Another old favorite was the Rose of Four Seasons&mdash;known
+also by its French name, <i>Rose de
+Quartre Saisons</i>&mdash;which had occasional blooms
+throughout the summer. It may have been the
+foundation of our Hybrid Perpetual Roses. The
+Bourbon Roses were vastly modish; their round
+smooth petals and oval leaves easily distinguish them
+from other varieties.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_468" id="Page_468">[Pg 468]</a></span></p>
+<p>Among the several hundred things I have fully
+planned out to do, to solace my old age after I have
+become a "centurion," is a series of water-color
+drawings of all these old-time Roses, for so many of
+them are already scarce.</p>
+
+<p>The Michigan Rose which covered the arches in
+Mr. Seward's garden, has clusters of deep pink,
+single, odorless flowers, that fade out nearly white
+after they open. It is our only native Rose that has
+passed into cultivation. From it come many fine
+double-flowered Roses, among them the beautiful
+Baltimore Belle and Queen of the Prairies, which
+were named about 1836 by a Baltimore florist called
+Feast. All its vigorous and hardy descendants are
+scentless save the Gem of the Prairies. It is one of
+the ironies of plant-nomenclature when we have so
+few plant names saved to us from the picturesque
+and often musical speech of the American Indians,
+that the lovely Cherokee Rose, Indian of name, is a
+Chinese Rose. It ought to be a native, for everywhere
+throughout our Southern states its pure white
+flowers and glossy evergreen leaves love to grow
+till they form dense thickets.</p>
+
+<p>People who own fine gardens are nowadays unwilling
+to plant the old "Summer Roses" which
+bloom cheerfully in their own Rose-month and then
+have no more blossoming till the next year; they
+want a Remontant Rose, which will bloom a second
+time in the autumn, or a Perpetual Rose, which will
+give flowers from June till cut off by the frost. But
+these latter-named Roses are not only of fine gardens
+but of fine gardeners; and folk who wish the old
+simple<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_469" id="Page_469">[Pg 469]</a></span>
+ flower garden which needs no highly-skilled
+care, still are happy in the old Summer Roses I have
+named.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i206" name="i206"></a>
+<a href="images/i206_large.jpg"><img src="images/i206.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Cottage Garden with Roses.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A Rose hedge is the most beautiful of all garden
+walls and the most ancient. Professor Koch says
+that long before men customarily surrounded their
+gardens with walls, that they had Rose hedges. He
+tells us that each of the four great peoples of Asia
+owned its own beloved Rose, carried in all wanderings,
+until at last the four became common to all
+races of men. Indo-Germanic stock chose the hundred-leaved
+red Rose, <i>Rosa gallica</i> (the best Rose
+for conserves). <i>Rosa damascena</i>, which blooms
+twice a year, and the Musk Rose were cherished
+by the Semitic people; these were preferred for
+attar of Roses and Rose water. The yellow Rose,
+<i>Rosa lutea</i>, or Persian Rose, was the flower of
+the Turkish Mongolian people. Eastern Asia
+is the fatherland of the Indian and Tea Roses.
+The Rose has now become as universal as sunlight.
+Even in Iceland and Lapland grows the lovely <i>Rosa
+nitida</i>.</p>
+
+<p>We say these Roses are common to all peoples,
+but we have never in America been able to grow
+yellow Roses in ample bloom in our gardens.
+Many that thrive in English gardens are unknown
+here. The only yellow garden Rose common in
+old gardens was known simply as the "old yellow
+Rose," or Scotch Rose, but it came from the far
+East. In a few localities the yellow Eglantine was
+seen.</p>
+
+<p>The picturesque old custom of paying a Rose for
+rent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[Pg 470]</a></span>
+ was known here. In Manheim, Pennsylvania,
+stands the Zion Lutheran Church, which was gathered
+together by Baron William Stiegel, who was
+the first glass and iron manufacturer of note in this
+country. He came to America in 1750, with a
+fortune which would be equal to-day to a million
+dollars, and founded and built and named Manheim.
+He was a man of deep spiritual and religious
+belief, and of profound sentiment, and when in
+1771 he gave the land to the church, this clause was
+in the indenture:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote class="small"><p>"Yielding and paying therefor unto the said Henry
+William Stiegel, his heirs or assigns, at the said town of
+Manheim, in the Month of June Yearly, forever hereafter,
+the rent of <i>One Red Rose</i>, if the same shall be lawfully
+demanded."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Nothing more touching can be imagined than the
+fulfilment each year of this beautiful and symbolic
+ceremony of payment. The little town is rich in
+Roses, and these are gathered freely for the church
+service, when One Red Rose is still paid to the heirs
+of the sainted old baron, who died in 1778, broken
+in health and fortunes, even having languished in
+jail some time for debt. A new church was erected
+on the site of the old one in 1892, and in a beautiful
+memorial window the decoration of the Red
+Rose commemorates the sentiment of its benefactor.</p>
+
+<p>The Rose Tavern, in the neighboring town of
+Bethlehem, stands on land granted for the site of a
+tavern by William Penn, for the yearly rental of
+One Red Rose.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_471" id="Page_471">[Pg 471]</a></span></p>
+<p>In England the payment of a Rose as rent was
+often known. The Bishop of Ely leased Ely house
+in 1576 to Sir Christopher Hatton, Queen Elizabeth's
+handsome Lord Chancellor, for a Red Rose
+to be paid on Midsummer Day, ten loads of hay
+and ten pounds per annum, and he and his Episcopal
+successors reserved the right of walking in the
+gardens and gathering twenty bushels of Roses yearly.
+In France there was a feudal right to demand a
+payment of Roses for the making of Rose water.</p>
+
+<p>Two of our great historians, George Bancroft
+and Francis Parkman, were great rose-growers and
+rose-lovers. I never saw Mr. Parkman's Rose
+Garden, but I remember Mr. Bancroft's well; the
+Tea Roses were especially beautiful. Mr. Bancroft's
+Rose Garden in its earliest days had no rivals in
+America.</p>
+
+<p>The making of potpourri was common in my
+childhood. While the petals of the Cabbage Rose
+were preferred, all were used. Recipes for making
+potpourri exist in great number; I have seen several
+in manuscript in old recipe books, one dated 1690.
+The old ones are much simpler than the modern
+ones, and have no strong spices such as cinnamon
+and clove, and no bergamot or mints or strongly
+scented essences or leaves. The best rules gave
+ambergris as one of the ingredients; this is not
+really a perfume, but gives the potpourri its staying
+power. There is something very pleasant in opening
+an old China jar to find it filled with potpourri,
+even if the scent has wholly faded. It tells a story
+of a day when people had time for such things. I
+read<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_472" id="Page_472">[Pg 472]</a></span>
+ in a letter a century and a half old of a happy
+group of people riding out to the house of the
+provincial governor of New York; all gathered
+Rose leaves in the governor's garden, and the governor's
+wife started the distilling of these Rose
+leaves, in her new still, into Rose water, while all
+drank syllabubs and junkets&mdash;a pretty Watteau-ish
+scene.</p>
+
+<p>The hips of wild Roses are a harvest&mdash;one
+unused in America in modern days, but in olden
+times they were stewed with sugar and spices, as
+were other fruits. Sauce Saracen, or Sarzyn, was
+made of Rose hips and Almonds pounded together,
+cooked in wine and sweetened. I believe they are
+still cooked by some folks in England, but I never
+heard of their use in America save by one person,
+an elderly Irish woman on a farm in Narragansett.
+Plentiful are the references and rules in old cookbooks
+for cooking Rose hips. Parkinson says:
+"Hippes are made into a conserve, also a paste like
+licoris. Cooks and their Mistresses know how to
+prepare from them many fine dishes for the Table."
+Gerarde writes characteristically of the Sweetbrier,
+"The fruit when it is ripe maketh most
+pleasant meats and banqueting dishes, as tarts and
+such-like; the making whereof I commit to the
+cunning cooke, and teeth to eat them in the rich
+man's mouth."</p>
+
+<p>Children have ever nibbled Rose hips:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem small"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i6q">"I fed on scarlet hips and stony haws&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Hard fare, but such as boyish appetite<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Disdains not."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_473" id="Page_473">[Pg 473]</a></span></p>
+<p>The Rose bush furnished another comestible for
+the children's larder, the red succulent shoots of
+common garden and wild Roses. These were known
+by the dainty name of "brier candy," a name appropriate
+and characteristic, as the folk-names devised
+by children frequently are.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i207" name="i207"></a>
+<a href="images/i207_large.jpg"><img src="images/i207.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Madame Plantier Rose.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the post-road in southern New Hampshire
+stands an old house, which according to its license
+was once "improved" as a tavern, and was famous
+for its ghost and its Roses. The tavern was owned
+by a family of two brothers and two sisters, all unmarried,
+as was rather a habit in the Mason family;
+though when any of the tribe did marry, a vast
+throng of children quickly sprung up to propagate
+the name and sturdy qualities of the race. The
+men were giants, and both men and women were
+hard-working folk of vast endurance and great thrift,
+and, like all of that ilk in New England, they prospered
+and grew well-to-do; great barns and out-buildings,
+all well filled, stretched down along the
+roadside below the house. Joseph Mason could lay
+more feet of stone wall in a day, could plough more
+land, chop down more trees, pull more stumps, than
+any other man in New Hampshire. His sisters
+could bake and brew, make soap, weed the garden,
+spin and weave, unceasingly and untiringly. Their
+garden was a source of purest pleasure to them, as
+well as of hard work; its borders were so stocked
+with medicinal herbs that it could supply a township;
+and its old-time flowers furnished seeds and
+slips and bulbs to every other garden within a day's
+driving distance; but its glory was a garden side to
+gladden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_474" id="Page_474">[Pg 474]</a></span>
+ the heart of Omar Khayyam, where two or
+three acres of ground were grown over heavily with
+old-fashioned Roses. These were only the common
+Cinnamon Rose, the beloved Cabbage Rose, and a
+pale pink, spicily scented, large-petalled, scarcely
+double Rose, known to them as the Apothecaries'
+Rose. Farmer-neighbors wondered at this waste of
+the Masons' good land in this unprofitable Rose
+crop, but it had a certain use. There came every
+June to this Rose garden all the children of the
+vicinity, bearing milk-pails, homespun bags, birch
+baskets, to gather Rose petals. They nearly all
+had Roses at their homes, but not the Mason
+Roses.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_475" id="Page_475">[Pg 475]</a></span>
+ These Rose leaves were carried carefully to
+each home, and were packed in stone jars with alternate
+layers of brown or scant maple sugar. Soon all
+conglomerated into a gummy, brown, close-grained,
+not over alluring substance to the vision, which was
+known among the children by the unromantic name
+of "Rose tobacco." This cloying confection was
+in high repute. It was chipped off and eaten in
+tiny bits, and much treasured&mdash;as a love token, or
+reward of good behavior.</p>
+
+<p>The Mason house was a tavern. It was not one
+of the regular stopping-places on the turnpike road,
+being rather too near the town to gather any travel
+of teamsters or coaches; but passers-by who knew
+the house and the Masons loved to stop there.
+Everything in the well-kept, well-filled house and
+barns contributed to the comfort of guests, and it was
+known that the Masons cared more for the company
+of the traveller than for his pay.</p>
+
+<p>There was a shadow on this house. The youngest
+of the family, Hannah, had been jilted in her
+youth, "shabbed" as said the country folks.
+After several years of "constant company-keeping"
+with the son of a neighbor, during which time many a
+linen sheet and tablecloth, many a fine blanket, had
+been spun and woven, and laid aside with the tacit
+understanding that it was part of her wedding outfit,
+the man had fallen suddenly and violently in love
+with a girl who came from a neighboring town to
+sing a single Sunday in the church choir. He had
+driven to her home the following week, carried her
+off to a parson in a third town, married her, and
+brought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_476" id="Page_476">[Pg 476]</a></span>
+ her to his home in a triumph of enthusiasm
+and romance, which quickly fled before the open dislike
+and reprehension of his upright neighbors, who
+abhorred his fickleness, and before the years of ill
+health and ill temper of the hard-worked, faded wife.
+Many children were born to them; two lived, sickly
+little souls, who, unconscious of the blemish on their
+parents' past, came with the other children every
+June, and gathered Rose leaves under Hannah
+Mason's window.</p>
+
+<p>Hannah Mason was called crazy. After her
+desertion she never entered any door save that of her
+own home, never went to a neighbor's house either
+in time of joy or sorrow; queerer still, never went to
+church. All her life, her thoughts, her vast strength,
+went into hard work. No labor was too heavy or
+too formidable for her. She would hetchel flax for
+weeks, spin unceasingly, and weave on a hand loom,
+most wearing of women's work, without thought of
+rest. No single household could supply work for
+such an untiring machine, especially when all labored
+industriously&mdash;so work was brought to her from
+the neighbors. Not a wedding outfit for miles
+around was complete without one of Hannah Mason's
+fine tablecloths. Every corpse was buried in
+one of her linen shrouds. Sailmakers and boat-owners
+in Portsmouth sent up to her for strong
+duck for their sails. Lads went up to Dartmouth
+College in suits of her homespun. Many a teamster
+on the road slept under Hannah Mason's heavy gray
+woollen blankets, and his wagon tilts were covered
+with her canvas. Her bank account grew rapidly&mdash;she
+became<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_477" id="Page_477">[Pg 477]</a></span>
+ rich as fast as her old lover became
+poor. But all this cast a shadow on the house.
+Sojourners would waken and hear throughout the
+night some steady sound, a scratching of the cards,
+a whirring of the spinning-wheel, the thump-thump
+of the loom. Some said she never slept, and could
+well grow rich when she worked all night.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter"><a id="i208" name="i208"></a>
+<a href="images/i208_large.jpg"><img src="images/i208.jpg" alt=""
+title="Click here to see enlarged image."  /></a>
+
+<p class="caption">Sun-dial and Roses at Van Cortlandt Manor.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At last the woman who had stolen her lover&mdash;the
+poor, sickly wife&mdash;died. The widower, burdened
+hopelessly with debts, of course put up in her memory
+a fine headstone extolling her virtues. One
+wakeful night, with a sentiment often found in such
+natures, he went to the graveyard to view his proud
+but unpaid-for possession. The grass deadened his
+footsteps, and not till he reached the grave did there
+rise up from the ground a tall, ghostly figure dressed
+all in undyed gray wool of her own weaving. It was
+Hannah Mason. "Hannah," whimpered the widower,
+trying to take her hand,&mdash;with equal thought
+of her long bank account and his unpaid-for headstone,&mdash;"I
+never really loved any one but you."
+She broke away from him with an indescribable gesture
+of contempt and dignity, and went home. She
+died suddenly four days later of pneumonia, either
+from the shock or the damp midnight chill of the
+graveyard.</p>
+
+<p>As months passed on travellers still came to the
+tavern, and the story began to be whispered from
+one to another that the house was haunted by the
+ghost of Hannah Mason. Strange sounds were
+heard at night from the garret where she had always
+worked; most plainly of all could be heard the
+whirring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_478" id="Page_478">[Pg 478]</a></span>
+ of her great wool wheel. When this
+rumor reached the brothers' ears, they determined
+to investigate the story and end it forever. That
+night their vigil began, and soon the sound of the
+wheel was heard. They entered the garret, and to
+their surprise found the wheel spinning round.
+Then Joseph Mason went to the garret and seated
+himself for closer and more determined watch. He
+sat in the dark till the wheel began to revolve, then
+struck a sudden light and found the ghost. A great
+rat had run out on the spoke of the wheel and when
+he reached the broad rim had started a treadmill of
+his own&mdash;which made the ghostly sound as it whirred
+around. Soon this rat grew so tame that he would
+come out on the spinning-wheel in the daytime, and
+several others were seen to run around in the wheel
+as if it were a pleasant recreation.</p>
+
+<p>The old brick house still stands with its great
+grove of Sugar Maples, but it is silent, for the
+Masons all sleep in the graveyard behind the church
+high up on the hillside; no travellers stop within
+the doors, the ghost rats are dead, the spinning-wheel
+is gone, but the garden still blossoms with
+eternal youth. Though children no longer gather
+rose leaves for Rose tobacco, the "Roses of Yesterday"
+bloom every year; and each June morn, "a
+thousand blossoms with the day awake," and fling
+their spicy fragrance on the air.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_479" id="Page_479">[Pg 479]</a></span></p>
+<h2><a name="Index" id="Index"></a>Index</h2>
+
+
+
+<p class="pspace hang3">Abbotsford, Ivy from, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;<br />
+  sun-dial from, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Achillæa, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aconite, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Acrelius, Dr., quoted, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Adam's Needle. <i>See</i> <a href="#Yucca">Yucca</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Adlumia" id="Adlumia"></a>Adlumia, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Agapanthus, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ageratum, as edging, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ague-weed, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Akers, Elizabeth, quoted, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alcott, A. B., cited, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alka, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alleghany Vine. <i>See</i> <a href="#Adlumia">Adlumia</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Allen, James Lane, quoted, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Almond, flowering, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aloe, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alpine Strawberries, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Alstr&oelig;meria, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3"><a name="Alyssum" id="Alyssum"></a>Alyssum, sweet, <a href="#Page_59">59-60</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+  yellow, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Ambrosia" id="Ambrosia"></a>Ambrosia, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Anemone japonica</i>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Annunzio, G. d', quoted, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple betty, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple butter, <a href="#Page_212">212-213</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple frolic, <a href="#Page_211">211</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Apple hoglin, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple-luns, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple mose, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple moy, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple paring, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple pie, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple sauce, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple slump, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple stucklin, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Apple tansy, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Aquilegia, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Arabis" id="Arabis"></a>Arabis, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arbors, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arbutus, trailing, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arches, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arch-herbs, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arethusa, <a href="#Page_247">247</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Arlington, pergola at, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Arnold, Matthew, quoted, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ascott, sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Asters, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Athol porridge, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Azalea, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Baby's Breath, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Bachelors_Buttons" id="Bachelors_Buttons"></a>Bachelor's Buttons, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Back-yard, flowers in, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon-and-eggs, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bacon, Lord, cited, <a href="#Page_44">44-45</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Balloon Flower. <i>See</i> <i><a href="#Platycodon_grandiflorum">Platycodon grandiflorum</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p>Balloon Vine, <a href="#Page_183">183-184</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Balsams, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Baltimore Belle Rose, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bancroft, George, Rose Garden of, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Banksia Rose, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bare-dames, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Barney, Major, landscape art of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bartram, John, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Basil, sweet, <a href="#Page_121">121</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Battle of Princeton, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Batty Langley, cited, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bayberry, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beata Beatrix, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beaver-tongue, <a href="#Page_347">347-348</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beech, weeping, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bee-hives, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a> <i>et seq.</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_480" id="Page_480">[Pg 480]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Beekman, James, greenhouse of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bee Larkspur, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bell-bind, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bell Flower, Chinese or Japanese. <i>See</i> <i><a href="#Platycodon_grandiflorum">Platycodon grandiflorum</a></i>.</p>
+
+<p>Belvoir Castle, Lunaria at, <a href="#Page_171">171-172</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bergamot, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bergen Homestead, garden of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Berkeley, Bishop, Apple trees of, <a href="#Page_194">194-195</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bitter Buttons. <i>See</i> <a href="#Tansy">Tansy</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Bitter-sweet" id="Bitter-sweet"></a>Bitter-sweet, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Black Cohosh, <a href="#Page_423">423-424</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Black Roses, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bleeding-heart. <i>See</i> <a href="#Dielytra">Dielytra</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blind, herb-garden for, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bloodroot, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bluebottles, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blue-eyed Grass, <a href="#Page_278">278-279</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blue-pipe tree, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blue Roses, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blue Sage, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blue Spider-flower, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bluetops, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bluets, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blue-weed. <i>See</i> <a href="#Vipers_Bugloss">Viper's Bugloss</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Blush Roses, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bocconia. <i>See</i> <a href="#Plume_Poppy">Plume Poppy</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Boneset, <a href="#Page_145">145</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Bosquets, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Botrys. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Boulder, sun-dial mounted on, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bouncing Bet, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bourbon Roses, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Boursault Roses, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bowers, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bowling greens, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bowne, Eliza Southgate, diary of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Box. <i>See</i> <a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Chapter IV.</a>;<br />
+ also <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Break-your-spectacles, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brecknock Hall, Box at, <a href="#Page_103">103-104</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Bricks for edging, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;<br />
+  for walls, <a href="#Page_71">71-72</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Brier candy, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</p>
+
+<p>British soldiers, graves of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Broom. <i>See</i> <a href="#Woad-waxen">Woad-waxen</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Broughton Castle, Box sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brown, Dr. John, cited, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Browne, Sir Thomas, quoted, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brunelle. <i>See</i> <a href="#Prunella">Prunella</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Buck-thorn, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bulbs, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Burgundy Roses, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Burnet, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Burnet-leaved Rose, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Burroughs, J., quoted, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451-452</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Burying-grounds,<br />
+  Box in, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;<br />
+  Dogwood in, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;<br />
+  Thyme in, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;<br />
+  Spurge in, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Butter-and-eggs. <i>See</i> <a href="#Toad-flax">Toad-flax</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Buttercups, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Cabbage Rose, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Calceolarias, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Calopogon, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Calycanthus" id="Calycanthus"></a>Calycanthus, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cambridge University, sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Camden, South Carolina, gardens at, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Camellia Japonica, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Camomile, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Campanula, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Candy-tuft" id="Candy-tuft"></a>Candy-tuft, as edging, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Canker-bloom, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Canterbury Bells, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Caraway, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Carnation, green, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Catalpas" id="Catalpas"></a>Catalpas, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cat-ice, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Catnip, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cat road, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cat's-fancy, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cat-slides, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cat-sticks, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cedar hedges, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cedar of Lebanon, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Centaurea Cyanus. <i>See</i> <a href="#Bachelors_Buttons">Bachelor's Buttons</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cerinthe. <i>See</i> <a href="#Honeywort">Honeywort</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Charles I. sun-dials of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Charles II. sun-dials of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Charlottesville, Virginia, wall at, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_481" id="Page_481">[Pg 481]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Charmilles, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chaucer, Geoffrey, quoted, flowers of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Checkerberry, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Checker lily. <i>See</i> <a href="#Fritillaria">Fritillaria</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chenopodium Botrys. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cherokee Rose, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cherry blossoms, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cheshire, Connecticut, Apple tree in, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Chicory" id="Chicory"></a>Chicory, <a href="#Page_266">266</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Chinese Bell Flower. <i>See</i> <i><a href="#Platycodon_grandiflorum">Platycodon grandiflorum</a>.</i></p>
+
+<p>Chionodoxa, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chore-girl, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Christalan, statue of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chrysanthemums, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cider, manufacture of, <a href="#Page_202">202</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Cider soup, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cinnamon Fern, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cinnamon Roses, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Civet, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Clair-voyées, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Clare, John, quoted, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Claymont, Virginia, garden at, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Claytonia, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Clematis, Jackmanni, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Clove apple, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Clover, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Clover, Italian, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Codlins and Cream, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cohosh. <i>See</i> <a href="#Snakeroot">Snakeroot</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Colchicum, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Columbia, South Carolina, gardens at, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Columbine, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424-425</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Comfort Apple, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Concord, Massachusetts, British dead at, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;<br />
+  Sunday observance in, <a href="#Page_345">345</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Cooper, Susan, quoted, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Corchorus, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cornel, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cornelian Rose, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cornuti, Dr., list of plants, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Corydalis, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Costmary, <a href="#Page_347">347-348</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Covert walks, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cowslips, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cowslip mead, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Crab Apple trees, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Craigie House, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Crape Myrtle, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Creeping Jenny, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Crocus, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Crown Imperial, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;<br />
+  <i>loquitur</i>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Culpepper, N., cited, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cupid's Car, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Currant, flowering, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cyanus, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cyclamens, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cylindres, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cypress, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Daffodil Dell, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Daffodils, <a href="#Page_137">137</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+<a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dahlias, <a href="#Page_176">176</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Daisies, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Damask Roses, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Dames_Rocket" id="Dames_Rocket"></a>Dames' Rocket, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dandelion, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154-155</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dante's Garden, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Deland, Margaret, quoted, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Delphinum. <i>See</i> <a href="#Larkspur">Larkspur</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Derby family, gardens of, <a href="#Page_30">30-31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Deutzias, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Devil-in-a-bush, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Devil's-bit, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dialling, taught, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dicentra. <i>See</i> <a href="#Dielytra">Dielytra</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dickens, Charles, sun-dial of, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dickinson, Emily, quoted, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Dielytra" id="Dielytra"></a>Dielytra, <a href="#Page_185">185</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Dill, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341-343</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dodocatheon, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dog Roses, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dogtooth Violet, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dogwood, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Double Buttercups, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Double flowers, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Douglas, Gavin, quoted, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Dovecotes in England, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_482" id="Page_482">[Pg 482]</a></span><br />
+  at Shirley-on-James, <a href="#Page_394">394</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Draytons, garden of, <a href="#Page_116">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Drumthwacket, garden at, <a href="#Page_76">76</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Drying Apples, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dudgeon, <a href="#Page_99">99-100</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dutch gardens, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Dutchman's Pipe, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dumbledore's Delight, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dyer's Weed. <i>See</i> <a href="#Woad-waxen">Woad-waxen</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Egyptians, sun-dials of, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elder, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Election Day, lilacs bloom on, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Elijah's Chariot, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ely Place, rental of, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Emerson, R. W., quoted, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Endicott, Governor, garden of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br />
+  nursery of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<br />
+  bequest of Woad-waxen, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br />
+  sun-dial of, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Erasmus quoted, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Evening Primrose, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Everlasting Pea, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Fairbanks, Jonathan, sun-dial of, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fairies, charm to see, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fair-in-sight, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fairy Roses, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fairy Thimbles, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Faneuil, Andrew, glass house of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fennel, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Fitchburg, Massachusetts, garden at jail, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fitzgerald, Edward, quoted, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Flag, sweet, striped, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;<br />
+blue, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Flagroot, <a href="#Page_343">343</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Flax, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Flower closes, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Flower_de_Luce" id="Flower_de_Luce"></a>Flower de Luce, <a href="#Page_257">257</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Flowering Currant, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Flower-of-death, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Flower-of-prosperity, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Flower toys, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Flushing, Long Island, nurseries at, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;<br />
+  <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Fore court, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Forget-me-not, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Formal garden, <a href="#Page_78">78</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Forsythia, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Forth rights, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fortune, Robert, <a href="#Page_187">187</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Fountains, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85-86</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Fox, George, bequest of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;<br />
+  at Sylvester Manor, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Foxgloves, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Frankland, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Franklin cent, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Fraxinella" id="Fraxinella"></a>Fraxinella, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fringed Gentian, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Fritillaria" id="Fritillaria"></a>Fritillaria, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Fuchsias, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fugio bank note, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fumitory, Climbing, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Funerals, in front yard, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;<br />
+  Tansy at, <a href="#Page_128">128</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Funkias, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Gardener's Garters, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garden Heliotrope, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garden of Sentiment, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garden Pink. <i>See</i> <a href="#Pinks">Pinks</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garden, Significance of name, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garden-viewing, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gardiner, Grissel, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garland of Julia, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garland Roses, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garrets with herbs, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Garth, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gas-plant. <i>See</i> <a href="#Fraxinella">Fraxinella</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Gate of Yaddo, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;<br />
+  at Westover-on-James, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;<br />
+  at Bristol, Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gatherer of simples, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gaultheria, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gem of the Prairies Rose, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Genista tinctoria. <i>See</i> <a href="#Woad-waxen">Woad-waxen</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Geraniums, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Germander, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Germantown, Pennsylvania, gardens at, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;<br />
+  sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_371">371</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Ghosts in gardens, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gilly flowers, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ginger, Wild, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Girls' Life Eighty Years Ago</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_483" id="Page_483">[Pg 483]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Glory-of-the-snow, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gnomon of sun-dial, <a href="#Page_379">379</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Goethe, cited, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Goncourt, Edmond de, quoted, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gooseberries, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Goosefoot, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gorse, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grace Church Rectory, sun-dial of, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grafting, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Grape Hyacinth, <a href="#Page_255">255</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Graveyard Ground-pine, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Green apples, <a href="#Page_200">200</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Green, color, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Green galleries, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Greenhouse, of James Beekman, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br />
+  of T. Hardenbrook, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ground Myrtle, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Groundsel, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Guinea-hen flower, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gypsophila, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Hair-dye, of Box, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hampton Court, Box at, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hampton, garden at, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hancock garden, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hawdods, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hawthorn, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hawthorne, Nathaniel, quoted, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Headaches, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heart pea, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heather, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hedgehog Roses, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hedgerows, <a href="#Page_399">399</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Hedges, of Box, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;<br />
+  of Lilac, <a href="#Page_143">143-144</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>;<br />
+  of Privet, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;<br />
+  of Locust, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Heliotrope, scent of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hermerocallis. <i>See</i> <a href="#Lemon_Lily">Lemon Lily</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hemlock hedges, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Henbane, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hepatica, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herbaceous border, <a href="#Page_113">113</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Herber, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herbert, George, quoted, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herb twopence, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hermits, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Herrick, flowers of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hesperis, <a href="#Page_421">421-422</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hiccough, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Higginson, T. W., quoted, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hips of Roses, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Holly, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Holmes, Oliver Wendell, quoted, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139-140</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hollyhocks, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Honesty. <i>See</i> <a href="#Lunaria">Lunaria</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Honeyblob gooseberries, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Honey, from Thyme, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;<br />
+  in drinks, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Honeysuckle, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Honeywort" id="Honeywort"></a>Honeywort, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hood, quoted, <a href="#Page_228">228-229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hopewell, Lilacs at, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Houstonia" id="Houstonia"></a>Houstonia, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Howitt Garden, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Howitt, Mary, quoted, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Humming-birds, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hundred-leaved Rose, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hutchinson, Governor, garden of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyacinths, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Hydrangea, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;<br />
+  blue, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;<br />
+  at Capetown, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyssop, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Iberis. <i>See</i> <a href="#Candy-tuft">Candy-tuft</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Independence Trees. <i>See</i> <a href="#Catalpas">Catalpa</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Indian Hill, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Indian Pipe, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Indian plant names, <a href="#Page_293">293</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Innocence. <i>See</i> <a href="#Houstonia">Houstonia</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Iris, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>. <i>See</i> also <a href="#Flower_de_Luce">Flower de Luce</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Italian gardens, <a href="#Page_75">75</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Jack-in-the-pulpit, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jacob's Ladder, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>James I., quoted, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Japan, flowers from, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jenoffelins, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jewett, S. O., quoted, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_484" id="Page_484">[Pg 484]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Joepye-weed, <a href="#Page_145">145</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Johnson, Dr. Samuel, dial motto of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Jonquils, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph and Mary, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Josselyn, John, quoted, <a href="#Page_4">4</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Joy-of-the-ground, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Judas tree, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</p>
+
+<p>June Roses, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Kalendars, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kalm, cited, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Karr, Alphonse, quoted, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Katherine flowers, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Keats, cited, <a href="#Page_223">223</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Kiskatomas nut, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kiss-me-at-the-garden-gate, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Kitchen door, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Knots, described, <a href="#Page_54">54</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Labels, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Labrador Indians, sun-dials of, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Laburnum, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ladies' Delights, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Lad's Love. <i>See</i> <a href="#Southernwood">Southernwood</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lady's Slipper, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Lafayette, influence of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;<br />
+  dial of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lamb, Charles quoted, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Landor, Walter Savage, quoted, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362-363</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Larch, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Larkspur" id="Larkspur"></a>Larkspur, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Latin names, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lavender, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Lavender_Cotton" id="Lavender_Cotton"></a>Lavender Cotton, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lawns, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lawson, William, quoted, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lebanon, Cedar of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Lemon_Lily" id="Lemon_Lily"></a>Lemon Lily, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lennox, Lady, Box sun-dial of, <a href="#Page_97">97-98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Leucojum, <a href="#Page_234">234-235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lilacs, at Hopkinton, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, also <a href="#Page_140">140-153</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lilies, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Linen, drying of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;<br />
+  bleaching of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Linnæus, classification of, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;<br />
+  horologe of, <a href="#Page_381">381-382</a>;<br />
+  discovery of daughter of, <a href="#Page_431">431</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Liricon-fancy, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Little Burgundy Rose, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Live-forever. <i>See</i> <a href="#Orpine">Orpine</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Live Oaks, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lobelia, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271-272</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loch, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Locust, as house friend, <a href="#Page_22">22-23</a>;<br />
+  blossoms sold, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;<br />
+  on Long Island, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;<br />
+  in Narragansett, <a href="#Page_401">401</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+  in a hedge, <a href="#Page_406">406-407</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Loggerheads, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lombardy Poplars, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="London_Pride" id="London_Pride"></a>London Pride, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Longfellow, quoted, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;<br />
+  garden of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lotus, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lovage-root, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Love divination, with Lilacs, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br />
+  with Apples, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+  with Southernwood, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Love-in-a-huddle, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Love-in-a-mist" id="Love-in-a-mist"></a>Love-in-a-mist, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Love lies bleeding, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Love philtres, <a href="#Page_118">118</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Lowell, J. R., quoted, <a href="#Page_48">48-49</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Luck-lilac, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Lunaria" id="Lunaria"></a>Lunaria, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Lungwort, <a href="#Page_437">437-438</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lupines, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Lychnis. <i>See</i> <a href="#Mullein_Pink">Mullein Pink</a>; also <a href="#London_Pride">London Pride</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lyre flower. <i>See</i> <a href="#Dielytra">Dielytra</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lyres, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Madame Plantier Rose, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Magnolia-on-the-Ashley, gardens at, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Magnolias, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155-156</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Maiden's Blush Roses, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Maize, <a href="#Page_293">293-294</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Maltese Cross, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Manheim, Rose for rent in, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Maple, only Celtic plant name, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_485" id="Page_485">[Pg 485]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Marigolds, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Maritoffles, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Markham, Gervayse, cited, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Marsh Mallow, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Marsh Marigold, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Marvell, Andrew, quoted, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mather, Cotton, quoted, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Matrimony Vine, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449-450</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mayflower, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Maze, described, <a href="#Page_54">54-55</a>;<br />
+  in America, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;<br />
+  at Sylvester Manor, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meadow Rue, <a href="#Page_175">175-176</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meet-her-in-the-entry, Kiss-her-in-the-buttery, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meeting-plant, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meet-me-at-the-garden-gate, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meredith, Owen, quoted, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meresteads, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meridian lines, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mertensia, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Michigan Roses, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mignonette, scent of, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Milkweed silk, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mills, for cider-making, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Minnow-tansy, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mint family, <a href="#Page_117">117-264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Miskodeed, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Missionary plant, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mitchell, Dr., disinterment of, <a href="#Page_129">129</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Mithridate, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moccasin flower, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mole cider, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Molucca Balm, <a href="#Page_436">436-437</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Money-in-both-pockets, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Moneywort, <a href="#Page_60">60-61</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Monkshood, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moon vine, <a href="#Page_430">430-431</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moosewood, <a href="#Page_452">452</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Morning-glory, <a href="#Page_181">181-182</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Morristown, sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Morris, William, quoted, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Morse, S. B. F., lines on sun-dial motto, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mosquitoes, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moss Roses, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mottoes on sun-dials, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Mountain Fringe. <i>See</i> <a href="#Adlumia">Adlumia</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mount Atlas Cedar, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mount Auburn Cemetery, sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Mount Vernon, garden at, <a href="#Page_11">11-12</a>;<br />
+  sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mourning Bride, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Mulberries, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Mullein_Pink" id="Mullein_Pink"></a>Mullein Pink, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Musk Roses, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Names, old English, <a href="#Page_284">284</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Naked Boys, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Napanock, garden at, <a href="#Page_69">69-70</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Naushon, Gorse on, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;<br />
+  sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nemophila, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</p>
+
+<p>New Amsterdam, flowers of, <a href="#Page_17">17-18</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>New England's Prospect</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>New England's Rarities, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Nicotiana" id="Nicotiana"></a>Nicotiana, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nigella, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Night-scented Stock, <a href="#Page_421">421-422</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Nightshade, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Night Violets, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Noon-marks, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>.</p>
+
+<p>None-so-pretty, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Oak of Jerusalem. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ambrosia">Ambrosia</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Obesity, cure for, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Old Man. <i>See</i> <a href="#Southernwood">Southernwood</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Oleanders, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329-330</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Olitory, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Open knots, <a href="#Page_57">57-58</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ophir Farm, sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_376">376</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Opyn-tide, meaning of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orange Lily, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orchard seats, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Orpine" id="Orpine"></a>Orpine, <a href="#Page_444">444-445</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Orris-root, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Osage Orange, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ostrowskia, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>"Out-Landish Flowers," <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Oxeye_Daisies" id="Oxeye_Daisies"></a>Oxeye Daisies, introduction to America, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Oxford, sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Pansies, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_486" id="Page_486">[Pg 486]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Pappoose-root, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parkman, Francis, Rose Garden of, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parley, Peter, quoted, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parsons, T. W., on Lilacs, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parterre, <a href="#Page_58">58</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Pastorius, Father, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Patagonian Mint, <a href="#Page_347">347-348</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Patience, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Paulownias, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Peach blossoms, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Peacocks, <a href="#Page_395">395</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Pear blossoms, scent of, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pedestals for sun-dials, <a href="#Page_374">374</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Pennsylvania, sun-dials in, <a href="#Page_370">370</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Penn, William, encouraged gardens, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Peony" id="Peony"></a>Peony, <a href="#Page_42">42</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Peppermint, as medicine, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pergolas, <a href="#Page_82">82-83</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Peristyle, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Periwinkle" id="Periwinkle"></a>Periwinkle, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Perpetual Roses, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Persians, colors of, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;<br />
+  plant names of, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;<br />
+  flower love of, <a href="#Page_462">462</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Persian Lilac, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Persian Yellow Rose, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Peter's Wreath, <a href="#Page_41">41-42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Petunias, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Phlox, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Piazzas, <a href="#Page_388">388-389</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pig-nuts, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pilgrim's Progress</i>, quotations from, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pinckney, E. L., floriculture by, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pine at Yaddo, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pink-of-my-Joan, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Pinks" id="Pinks"></a>Pinks, as edgings, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422-423</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pippins, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Plane trees in Pliny's garden, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Plantain, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443-444</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Plant-of-twenty-days, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p><i><a name="Platycodon_grandiflorum" id="Platycodon_grandiflorum"></a>Platycodon grandiflorum</i>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Playhouse Apple tree, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Pliny, quoted, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;<br />
+  gardens of, <a href="#Page_96">96-97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Plum blossoms, <a href="#Page_157">157-158</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Plume_Poppy" id="Plume_Poppy"></a>Plume Poppy, <a href="#Page_175">175</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Plymouth, Massachusetts, early gardens at, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Poet's Narcissus, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pogonia, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Poison Ivy, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Polling, of trees, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Polyantha Rose, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Polyanthus, as edging, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pomander, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pomatum, <a href="#Page_209">209-210</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pompeii, standards at, <a href="#Page_87">87</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Pond Lily, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pony Roses, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Poppies, <a href="#Page_163">163-164</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243-244</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pops, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Portable dials, <a href="#Page_356">356-357</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Portulaca, <a href="#Page_178">178-179</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Potatoes, planted by Raleigh, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Potocka, Countess, quoted, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pot-pourri, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Preston Garden, <a href="#Page_15">15-16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Prick-song plant. <i>See</i> <a href="#Lunaria">Lunaria</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Primprint. <i>See</i> <a href="#Privet">Privet</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Nurseries, <a href="#Page_26">26</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Privet" id="Privet"></a>Privet, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Provence Roses, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Prunella" id="Prunella"></a>Prunella, <a href="#Page_264">264-265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Prygmen, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pudding, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pulmonaria, <a href="#Page_437">437-438</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pumps, old, <a href="#Page_67">67-68</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pussy Willows, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Puzzle-love, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pyrethrum, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace"><i>Quabbin</i>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Queen Anne, hatred of Box, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Queen's Maries, bower of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Queen of the Prairies Rose, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Quincy, Josiah, <a href="#Page_407">407</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Ragged Robin, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ragged Sailors, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rail fences, <a href="#Page_399">399</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Railings, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_487" id="Page_487">[Pg 487]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Raleigh, Sir Walter, garden of, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Rapin, René, quoted, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;<br />
+  on gardens, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Red, influence of, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Remontant Roses, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rent, of a Rose, <a href="#Page_469">469</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Rescue of an Old Place</i>, cited, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rhodes, Cecil, garden of, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rhododendrons, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ridgely Garden, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ring dials, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rock Cress. <i>See</i> <a href="#Arabis">Arabis</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rocket. <i>See</i> <a href="#Dames_Rocket">Dames' Rocket</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rose Acacia, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rose Campion, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rose Garden, at Yaddo, <a href="#Page_81">81</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Rosemary, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rose of Four Seasons, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rose of Plymouth, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rose Tavern, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rose tobacco, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rose-water, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Rossetti, D. G., picture by, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;<br />
+  quoted, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Roxbury Waxwork. <i>See</i> <a href="#Bitter-sweet">Bittersweet</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Rue, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a> <i>et seq</i>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ruskin, John, quoted, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Sabbatia, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Saffron-tea, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sage, <a href="#Page_125">125</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Sag Harbor, sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Salpiglossis, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Salt Box House, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sand, in parterres, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Santolina. <i>See</i> <a href="#Lavender_Cotton">Lavender Cotton</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Sapson_Apples" id="Sapson_Apples"></a>Sapson Apples, <a href="#Page_201">201-202</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sassafras, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Satin-flower, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Sauce Saracen, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scarlet Lightning, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scilla, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scotch Roses, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scott, Sir Walter, sun-dial of, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scythes, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Seeds, sale of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Serpentine Walls, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Setwall. <i>See</i> <a href="#Valerian">Valerian</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Seven Sisters, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Seven Sisters Rose, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shade alleys, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shaded Walks, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shakespeare Border, <a href="#Page_217">217</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Sheep bones, as edgings, <a href="#Page_57">57-58</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shelley, Garden, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shell flower, <a href="#Page_436">436-437</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Shirley Poppies, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Simples, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Skepes, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Slugs, in Box, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Smithsonian Institution, sun-dials in, <a href="#Page_357">357-358</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Snakeroot" id="Snakeroot"></a>Snakeroot, <a href="#Page_423">423-424</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Snapdragons, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Snowballs, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Snowberry, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Snowdrops, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Snow in Summer, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Snow Pink. <i>See</i> <a href="#Pinks">Pinks</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Soldier and his Wife, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sops-o'-wine. <i>See</i> <a href="#Sapson_Apples">Sapson</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sorrel, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p>South Carolina, gardens of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Southernwood" id="Southernwood"></a>Southernwood, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Southey, Robert, quoted, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Spenser, Edmund, quoted, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;<br />
+  flowers of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spider-flower. <i>See</i> <a href="#Love-in-a-mist">Love-in-a-mist</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spiders in medicine, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Spiderwort" id="Spiderwort"></a>Spiderwort, <a href="#Page_435">435-436</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spiræas, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spitfire Plant. <i>See</i> <a href="#Fraxinella">Fraxinella</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spring Beauty, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spring Snowflake, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spruce gum, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spurge, Cypress, <a href="#Page_434">434</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Squirrel Cups, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Squirt, for water, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Star of Bethlehem, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Star Pink. <i>See</i> <a href="#Pinks">Pink</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Statues in garden, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stockton, Richard, letter of, <a href="#Page_30">30-31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stones, for edging, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_488" id="Page_488">[Pg 488]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Stonecrop, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stone walls, <a href="#Page_399">399</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Strawberry Bush. <i>See</i> <a href="#Calycanthus">Calycanthus</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Striped Grass, <a href="#Page_438">438-439</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Striped Lily, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Stuyvesant, Peter, garden of, <a href="#Page_18">18-19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Succory. <i>See</i> <a href="#Chicory">Chicory</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Summer-houses, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Summer Roses, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Summer savory, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Summer-sots, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sun-dials of Box, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Sun-flowers, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sunken gardens, <a href="#Page_72">72-73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sunshine Bush, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Swan River Daisy, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Alyssum. <i>See</i> <a href="#Alyssum">Alyssum</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Brier, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Fern, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Flag, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Johns, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Marjoram, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Peas, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Rocket, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Shrub. <i>See</i> <a href="#Calycanthus">Calycanthus</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sweet Williams, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Sylvester Manor, gardens at, <a href="#Page_104">104</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Syringas, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace"><a name="Tansy" id="Tansy"></a>Tansy, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Tansy bitters, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tansy cakes, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tasmania, Thistles in, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tea Roses, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Telling the bees, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Temperance Reform, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Tennyson, on blue, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>;<br />
+  on white, <a href="#Page_420">420-421</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thaxter, Celia, cited, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thistles, in Tasmania, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas, Edith, quoted, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thoreau, H. D., quoted, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thoroughwort, <a href="#Page_145">145</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Thrift, sun-dials in, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;<br />
+  as edging, <a href="#Page_61">61-62</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Thyme, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Tiger Lilies, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Toad-flax" id="Toad-flax"></a>Toad-flax, <a href="#Page_450">450</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Tobacco. <i>See</i> <a href="#Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tongue-plant, <a href="#Page_347">347-348</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Topiary work in England, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;<br />
+  at Wellesley, <a href="#Page_409">409</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br />
+  in California, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tradescantia. <i>See</i> <a href="#Spiderwort">Spiderwort</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Trailing Arbutus, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Traveller's Rest, sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tree arbors, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384-385</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tree Peony. <i>See</i> <a href="#Peony">Peony</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Trillium" id="Trillium"></a>Trillium, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Trumpet vine, <a href="#Page_449">449-450</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tuckahoe, Box at, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tudor gardens, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tudor Place, garden at, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tulips, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Turner, cited, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Tusser, Thomas, quoted, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Twopenny Grass, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace"><a name="Valerian" id="Valerian"></a>Valerian, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Van Cortlandt Manor, garden at, <a href="#Page_20">20</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Van Cortlandt, Pierre, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vancouver's Island, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Van der Donck, Adrian, quoted, <a href="#Page_17">17-18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Velvet Roses, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vendue, <a href="#Page_50">50-51</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Venus' Navelwort, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441-442</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Versailles, Box at, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Victoria Regia, <a href="#Page_74">74-75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Vinca. <i>See</i> <a href="#Periwinkle">Periwinkle</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Viola tricolor, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Violets, edgings of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;<br />
+  in backyard, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;<br />
+  gallant grace of, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<br />
+  scent of, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317-318</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Vipers_Bugloss" id="Vipers_Bugloss"></a>Viper's Bugloss, <a href="#Page_273">273-274</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Virginia Allspice. <i>See</i> <a href="#Calycanthus">Calycanthus</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Virginia, sun-dials in, <a href="#Page_369">369-370</a>;<br />
+  Rose-bowers in, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;<br />
+  lyres in, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Virgin's Bower. <i>See</i> <a href="#Adlumia">Adlumia</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Wake Robin. <i>See</i> <a href="#Trillium">Trillium</a>.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_489" id="Page_489">[Pg 489]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Walden Pond, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Walpole, New Hampshire, garden in, <a href="#Page_237">237</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Walton, Izaak, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wandis, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Warwick, Lady, sun-dial of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;<br />
+  gardens of, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;<br />
+  Shakespeare Border of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Washings, semi-annual, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Washington, Betty, sun-dial of, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Washington Family, in England, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;<br />
+  sun-dial of, <a href="#Page_367">367</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Washington, George, sun-dials of, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Washington, Martha, garden of, <a href="#Page_12">12-13</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="hang3">Washington, Mary, sun-dial of, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;<br />
+  garden of, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wassailing, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Waterbury, Connecticut, sun-dial at, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Waterford, Virginia, bee-hives at, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Water gardens, <a href="#Page_73">73-74</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Watering-pot, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Watson, Forbes, cited, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Waybred, <a href="#Page_443">443-444</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Weed-smother, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Weeds of old garden, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wellesley, gardens at, <a href="#Page_409">409</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Well-sweeps, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</p>
+
+<p>White animals on farm; <a href="#Page_416">416</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>White Garden, <a href="#Page_415">415</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Whitehall, home of Bishop Berkeley, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</p>
+
+<p>White Man's Foot, <a href="#Page_443">443-444</a>.</p>
+
+<p>White Satin, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>White, value in garden, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Whiteweed, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#Oxeye_Daisies">Oxeye Daisy</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Whitman, Walt, quoted, <a href="#Page_152">152-153</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Whittier, J. G., sun-dial motto by, <a href="#Page_373">373-374</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wild gardens, <a href="#Page_237">237</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_453">453-454</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wine-sap. <i>See</i> <a href="#Sapson_Apples">Sapson</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Winter, in a garden, <a href="#Page_327">327</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Winter posy, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Winthrop, John, quoted, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wistaria, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Woad-waxen" id="Woad-waxen"></a>Woad-waxen, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wordsworth, W., quoted, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wort, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wort-cunning, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Yaddo, garden at, <a href="#Page_81">81</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>Yew, <a href="#Page_406">406</a>.</p>
+
+<p>York and Lancaster Rose, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a> <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Yucca" id="Yucca"></a>Yucca, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429-430</a>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="pspace">Zodiac, signs of, on sun-dial, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<div class="notes">
+<p>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:</p>
+
+<p>Illustrations have been moved to the nearest, most appropriate paragraph
+ break and, as a result, may not be located on the page indicated in the
+"List of Illustrations".</p>
+
+<p>In the original text, some internal references to illustrations give incorrect page
+numbers.  These have been left unchanged in this version, though the html links have
+been adjusted to direct the reader to the correct illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>Obvious errors in spelling and punctuation have been corrected without
+comment.  One example of an obvious error is on page 126 where the word
+"perservation" was changed to "preservation" in the phrase: "...
+preservation of all perishable food...."</p>
+
+<p>With the exception of obvious errors, inconsistencies in the author's
+spelling and use of punctuation and hyphenation are left unchanged, as
+in the original text.</p>
+
+<p>One error which has been retained in this version is on <a href="#Page_415">Page 415</a>, where the
+attribution line for the poem reads "Walter Savage Landor" while the correct
+author of the poem is actually Alfred Lord Tennyson.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Old-Time Gardens, by Alice Morse Earle
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD-TIME GARDENS ***
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@@ -0,0 +1,13385 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old-Time Gardens, by Alice Morse Earle
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Old-Time Gardens
+       Newly Set Forth
+
+Author: Alice Morse Earle
+
+Release Date: March 4, 2012 [EBook #39049]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD-TIME GARDENS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Cathy Maxam and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Old Time Gardens
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+  OLD-TIME GARDENS
+
+  _Newly set forth_
+        _by_
+
+  ALICE MORSE EARLE
+
+    _A BOOK OF_
+  THE SWEET O' THE YEAR
+
+  "_Life is sweet, brother! There's day and night, brother!
+  both sweet things: sun, moon and stars, brother! all
+  sweet things: There is likewise a wind on the heath._"
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+        NEW YORK
+    THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+  LONDON MACMILLAN & CO LTD
+          MCMII
+
+  _All rights reserved_
+
+
+
+
+  COPYRIGHT, 1901,
+  BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
+
+     Set up and electrotyped November, 1901. Reprinted December, 1901;
+     January, 1902.
+
+  _Norwood Press_
+  _J. S. Cushing & Co.--Berwick & Smith_
+  _Norwood, Mass., U.S.A._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: TO MY DAUGHTER
+
+ALICE CLARY EARLE
+
+TO WHOSE KNOWLEDGE OF FLOWERS
+
+AND LOVE OF FLOWER LORE
+
+I OWE MANY PAGES OF THIS BOOK....]
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                        PAGE
+
+      I. COLONIAL GARDEN-MAKING                     1
+
+     II. FRONT DOORYARDS                           38
+
+    III. VARIED GARDENS FAIR                       54
+
+     IV. BOX EDGINGS                               91
+
+      V. THE HERB GARDEN                          107
+
+     VI. IN LILAC TIDE                            132
+
+    VII. OLD FLOWER FAVORITES                     161
+
+   VIII. COMFORT ME WITH APPLES                   192
+
+     IX. GARDENS OF THE POETS                     215
+
+      X. THE CHARM OF COLOR                       233
+
+     XI. THE BLUE FLOWER BORDER                   252
+
+    XII. PLANT NAMES                              280
+
+   XIII. TUSSY-MUSSIES                            296
+
+    XIV. JOAN SILVER-PIN                          309
+
+     XV. CHILDHOOD IN A GARDEN                    326
+
+    XVI. MEETIN' SEED AND SABBATH DAY POSIES      341
+
+   XVII. SUN-DIALS                                353
+
+  XVIII. GARDEN FURNISHINGS                       383
+
+    XIX. GARDEN BOUNDARIES                        399
+
+     XX. A MOONLIGHT GARDEN                       415
+
+    XXI. FLOWERS OF MYSTERY                       433
+
+   XXII. ROSES OF YESTERDAY                       459
+
+         INDEX                                    479
+
+
+
+
+List of Illustrations
+
+
+The end papers of this book bear a design of the flower Ambrosia.
+
+The vignette on the title-page is re-drawn from one in _The Compleat
+Body of Husbandry_, Thomas Hale, 1756. It represents "Love laying out
+the surface of the earth in a garden."
+
+The device of the dedication is an ancient garden-knot for flowers, from
+_A New Orchard and Garden_, William Lawson, 1608.
+
+The chapter initials are from old wood-cut initials in the English
+Herbals of Gerarde, Parkinson, and Cole.
+
+                                                      PAGE
+
+  _Garden of Johnson Mansion, Germantown. Photographed
+    by Henry Troth_      facing 4
+
+  _Garden at Grumblethorp, Home of Charles J. Wister, Esq.,
+    Germantown, Pennsylvania_      7
+
+  _Garden of Bartram House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania_      9
+
+  _Garden of Abigail Adams, Quincy, Massachusetts_      10
+
+  _Garden at Mount Vernon-on-the-Potomac, Virginia. Home of
+    George Washington_      facing 12
+
+  _Gate and Hedge of Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina_      15
+
+  _Fountain Path in Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina_      18
+
+  _Door in Wall of Kitchen Garden at Van Cortlandt Manor.
+    Croton-on-Hudson, New York. Photographed by J.
+    Horace McFarland_      facing 20
+
+  _Garden of Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed by J. Horace
+    McFarland_      facing 24
+
+  _Garden at Prince Homestead, Flushing, Long Island_      28
+
+  _Old Dutch Garden of Bergen Homestead, Bay Ridge, Long
+    Island_      facing 32
+
+  _Garden at Duck Cove, Narragansett, Rhode Island_      35
+
+  _The Flowering Almond under the Window. Photographed by
+    Eva E. Newell_      39
+
+  _Peter's Wreath. Photographed by Eva E. Newell_      41
+
+  _Peonies in Garden of John Robinson, Esq., Salem, Massachusetts.
+    Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      facing 42
+
+  _White Peonies. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      42
+
+  _Yellow Day Lilies. Photographed by Clifton Johnson_      facing 48
+
+  _Orange Lilies. Photographed by Eva E. Newell_      50
+
+  _Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina_      facing 54
+
+  _Box-edged Parterre at Hampton, County Baltimore, Maryland.
+    Home of Mrs. John Ridgely. Photographed by Elizabeth
+    W. Trescot_      57
+
+  _Parterre and Clipped Box at Hampton, County Baltimore,
+    Maryland. Home of Mrs. John Ridgely. Photographed
+    by Elizabeth W. Trescot_      60
+
+  _Garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Waldstein, Fairfield,
+    Connecticut. Photographed by Mabel Osgood Wright_      63
+
+  _A Shaded Walk. In the Garden of Miss Harriet P. F. Burnside,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel
+    F. Davis_      facing 64
+
+  _Roses and Larkspur in the Garden of Miss Harriet P. F.
+    Burnside, Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by
+    Herschel F. Davis_      65
+
+  _The Homely Back Yard. Photographed by Henry Troth_      facing 66
+
+  _Covered Well at Home of Bishop Berkeley, Whitehall, Newport,
+    Rhode Island_      68
+
+  _Kitchen Doorway and Porch at The Hedges, New Hope, County
+    Bucks, Pennsylvania_      70
+
+  _Greenwood, Thomasville, Georgia_      73
+
+  _Roses and Violets in Garden of Greenwood, Thomasville,
+    Georgia_      facing 74
+
+  _Water Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New York.
+    Home of Miss Cornelia Horsford_      75
+
+  _Garden at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania. Country-seat
+    of Charles E. Mather, Esq. Photographed by
+    J. Horace McFarland_      facing 76
+
+  _Terrace Wall at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey.
+    Country-seat of M. Taylor Pyne, Esq._      76
+
+  _Garden at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey. Country-seat
+    of M. Taylor Pyne, Esq._      77
+
+  _Sun-dial at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania.
+    Country-seat of Charles E. Mather, Esq. Photographed
+    by J. Horace McFarland_      facing 80
+
+  _Entrance Porch and Gate to the Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga,
+    New York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq.
+    Photographed by Gustave Lorey_      82
+
+  _Pergola and Terrace Walk in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga,
+    New York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq.
+    Photographed by Gustave Lorey_      83
+
+  _Statue of Christalan in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New
+    York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed
+    by Gustave Lorey_      84
+
+  _Sun-dial in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York.
+    Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed by
+    Gustave Lorey_      86
+
+  _Bronze Dial-face in Rose Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New
+    York. Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed
+    by Gustave Lorey_      87
+
+  _Ancient Pine in Garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York.
+    Country-seat of Spencer Trask, Esq. Photographed by
+    Gustave Lorey_      89
+
+  _House and Garden at Napanock, County Ulster, New York.
+    Photographed by Edward Lamson Henry, N. A._      facing 92
+
+  _Box Parterre at Hampton, County Baltimore, Maryland.
+    Home of Mrs. John Ridgely. Photographed by Elizabeth
+    W. Trescot_      95
+
+  _Sun-dial in Box at Broughton Castle, Banbury, England.
+    Garden of Lady Lennox_      98
+
+  _Sun-dial in Box at Ascott, near Leighton Buzzard, England.
+    Country-seat of Mr. Leopold Rothschild_      facing 100
+
+  _Garden at Tudor Place, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
+    Home of Mrs. Beverly Kennon. Photographed by Elizabeth
+    W. Trescot_      103
+
+  _Anchor-shaped Flower Beds, Kingston, Rhode Island. Photographed
+    by Sarah P. Marchant_      104
+
+  _Ancient Box at Tuckahoe, Virginia_      105
+
+  _Herb Garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois_      108
+
+  _Garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois_      111
+
+  _Garden of Manning Homestead, Salem, Massachusetts_      facing 112
+
+  _Under the Garret Eaves of Ward Homestead, Shrewsbury,
+    Massachusetts_      116
+
+  _A Gatherer of Simples. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+    Paschall_      facing 120
+
+  _Sage. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      126
+
+  _Tansy. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      129
+
+  _Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing, Albany, New York. Photographed
+    by Gustave Lorey_      facing 130
+
+  _Ladies' Delights. Photographed by Eva E. Newell_      133
+
+  _Garden House and Long Walk in Garden of Hon. William
+    H. Seward, Auburn, New York_      facing 134
+
+  _Sun-dial in Garden of Hon. William H. Seward, Auburn,
+    New York_      136
+
+  _Lilacs in Midsummer. In Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing,
+    Albany, New York. Photographed by Gustave
+    Lorey_      facing 138
+
+  _Lilacs at Craigie House, Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Home
+    of Longfellow. Photographed by Arthur N. Wilmarth_      141
+
+  _Box-edged Garden at Home of Longfellow, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+    Photographed by Arthur N. Wilmarth_      142
+
+  _Joepye-weed and Queen Anne's Laces. Photographed by Mary
+    F. C. Paschall_      145
+
+  _Boneset. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      146
+
+  _Magnolias in Garden of William Brown, Esq., Flatbush, Long
+    Island_      facing 148
+
+  _Lilacs at Hopewell_      149
+
+  _Persian Lilacs and Peonies in Garden of Kimball Homestead,
+    Portsmouth, New Hampshire_      151
+
+  _Opyn-tide, the Thought of Spring. Garden of Mrs. Abraham
+    Lansing, Albany, New York. Photographed by Pirie
+    MacDonald_      facing 154
+
+  _A Thought of Winter's Snows. Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury,
+    Esq., Waterbury, Connecticut_      157
+
+  _Larkspur and Phlox. Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts_      162
+
+  _Sweet William and Foxglove_      163
+
+  _Plume Poppy_      164
+
+  _Meadow Rue_      167
+
+  _Money-in-both-Pockets_      171
+
+  _Box Walk in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq., Waterbury,
+    Connecticut_      173
+
+  _Lunaria in Garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Fairfield,
+    Connecticut. Photographed by Mabel Osgood Wright_
+        facing 174
+
+  _Dahlia Walk at Ravensworth, County Fairfax, Virginia.
+    Home of Mrs. W. R. Fitzhugh Lee. Photographed by
+    Elizabeth W. Trescot_      177
+
+  _Petunias_      180
+
+  _Virgin's Bower, in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts_      184
+
+  _Matrimony Vine at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed by
+    J. Horace McFarland_      186
+
+  _White Chinese Wistaria, in Garden of Mortimer Howell, Esq.,
+    West Hampton Beach, Long Island_      188
+
+  _Spiraea Van Houtteii. Photographed by J. Horace McFarland_
+    facing 190
+
+  _Old Apple Tree at Whitehall. Home of Bishop Berkeley,
+    near Newport, Rhode Island_      194
+
+  "_The valley stretching below
+    Is white with blossoming Apple trees,
+    As if touched with lightest snow._"
+    _Photographed by T. E. M. and G. F. White_      197
+
+  _Old Hand-power Cider Mill. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+    Paschall_      198
+
+  _Pressing out the Cider in Old Hand Mill_      200
+
+  _Old Cider Mill with Horse Power. Photographed by T. E. M.
+    and G. F. White_      203
+
+  _Straining off the Cider into Barrels_      204
+
+  _Drying Apples. Photographed by T. E. M. and G. F. White_
+    facing 208
+
+  _Ancient Apple Picker, Apple Racks, Apple Parers, Apple
+    Butter Kettle, Apple Butter Paddle, Apple Butter Stirrer,
+    Apple Butter Crocks. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+    Paschall_      211
+
+  _Making Apple Butter. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_
+    facing 214
+
+  _Shakespeare Border in Garden at Hillside, Menand's, near
+    Albany, New York. Photographed by Gustave Lorey_      216
+
+  _Long Border at Hillside, Menand's, near Albany, New York.
+    Photographed by Gustave Lorey_      facing 218
+
+  _The Beauty of Winter Lilacs. In Garden of Mrs. Abraham
+    Lansing, Albany, New York. Photographed by Pirie MacDonald_      220
+
+  _Garden of Mrs. Frank Robinson, Wakefield, Rhode Island_      222
+
+  _The Parson's Walk_      225
+
+  _Garden of Mary Washington_      228
+
+  _Box and Phlox. Garden of Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island,
+    New York_      230
+
+  _Within the Weeping Beech. Photographed by E. C. Nichols_
+    facing 232
+
+  _Spring Snowflake, Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F.
+    Davis_      234
+
+  _Star of Bethlehem, in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F.
+    Davis_      237
+
+  _"The Pearl" Achillaea_      238
+
+  _Pyrethrum. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      242
+
+  _Terraced Garden of the Misses Nichols, Salem, Massachusetts.
+    Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      246
+
+  _Arbor in a Salem Garden_      250
+
+  _Scilla in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse, Worcester,
+    Massachusetts_      254
+
+  _Sweet Alyssum Edging of White Border at Indian Hill, Newburyport,
+    Massachusetts_      256
+
+  _Bachelor's Buttons in a Salem Garden. Home of Mrs. Edward
+    B. Peirson_      258
+
+  _A "Sweet Garden-side" in Salem, Massachusetts, Home of
+    John Robinson, Esq._      facing 260
+
+  _Salpiglossis in Garden at Indian Hill, Newburyport, Massachusetts.
+    Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      261
+
+  _The Old Campanula, Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts_      263
+
+  _Chinese Bellflower. Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      264
+
+  _Garden at Tudor Place, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
+    Home of Mrs. Beverly Kennon. Photographed by Elizabeth
+    W. Trescot_      facing 266
+
+  _Light as a Loop of Larkspur, in Garden of Judge Oliver Wendell
+    Holmes, Beverly, Massachusetts_      269
+
+  _Viper's Bugloss. Photographed by Henry Troth_      274
+
+  _The Prim Precision of Leaf and Flower of Lupine. Photographed
+    by Henry Troth_      276
+
+  _The Garden's Friend. Photographed by Clifton Johnson_      281
+
+  _Edging of Striped Lilies in a Salem Garden. Photographed by
+    Herschel F. Davis_      283
+
+  _Garden Seat at Avonwood Court. Photographed by J. Horace
+    McFarland_      facing 286
+
+  _Terraced Garden of the Misses Nichols, Salem, Massachusetts_      288
+
+  _"A Running Ribbon of Perfumed Snow which the Sun is
+    melting rapidly." At Marchant Farm, Kingston, Rhode
+    Island. Photographed by Sarah F. Marchant_      292
+
+  _Fountain Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New
+    York_      facing 294
+
+  _Hawthorn Arch at Holly House, Peace Dale, Rhode Island.
+    Home of Rowland G. Hazard, Esq._      298
+
+  _Thyme-covered Graves. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      301
+
+  "_White Umbrellas of Elder_"      305
+
+  _Lower Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New York_
+    facing 308
+
+  "_Black-heart Amorous Poppies_"      310
+
+  _Valerian. Photographed by E. C. Nichols_      314
+
+  _Old War Office in Garden at Salem, New Jersey_      319
+
+  _Crown Imperial. Page from Gerarde's Herball_      facing 324
+
+  _The Children's Garden_     facing 330
+
+  _Foxgloves in a Narragansett Garden_      333
+
+  _Hollyhocks in Garden of Kimball Homestead, Portsmouth, New
+    Hampshire_      facing 334
+
+  _Autumn View of an Old Worcester Garden_      facing 338
+
+  _Hollyhocks at Tudor Place, Georgetown, District of Columbia.
+    Home of Mrs. Beverly Kennon_      339
+
+  _An Old Worcester Garden. Home of Edwin A. Fawcett, Esq._
+    facing 340
+
+  _Caraway_      342
+
+  _Sun-dial of Jonathan Fairbanks, Esq., Dedham, Massachusetts_      344
+
+  _Bronze Sun-dial on Dutch Reformed Church, West End
+    Avenue, New York_      346
+
+  _Sun-dial mounted on Boulder, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania_      347
+
+  _Buckthorn Arch in Garden of Mrs. Edward B. Peirson,
+    Salem, Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F.
+    Davis_      facing 348
+
+  _Sun-dial at Emery Place, Brightwood, District of Columbia.
+    Photographed by William Van Zandt Cox_      349
+
+  _Sun-dial at Travellers' Rest, Virginia. Home of Mrs. Bowie
+    Gray. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot_      350
+
+  _Two Old Cronies; the Sun-dial and Bee skepe. Photographed
+    by Eva E. Newell_      354
+
+  _Portable Sun-dial from Collection of the Author_      356
+
+  _Sun-dial in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq., Waterbury,
+    Connecticut_      358
+
+  _Sun-dial at Morristown, New Jersey. Designed by W. Gedney
+    Beatty, Esq._      359
+
+  "_Yes, Toby, it's Three o'clock._" _Judge Daly and his Sun-dial
+    at Sag Harbor, Long Island. Drawn by Edward Lamson
+    Henry, N.A._      361
+
+  _Face of Dial at Sag Harbor, Long Island_      362
+
+  _Sun-dial in Garden of Grace Church Rectory, New York.
+    Photographed by J. W. Dow_      364
+
+  _Fugio Bank-note_      365
+
+  _Sun-dial at "Washington House," Little Brington, England_      367
+
+  _Dial-face from Mount Vernon. Owned by William F. Havemeyer,
+    Jr._      368
+
+  _Sun-dial from Home of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg,
+    Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot_      369
+
+  _Kenmore, the Home of Betty Washington Lewis, Fredericksburg,
+    Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot_      371
+
+  _Sun-dial in Garden of Charles T. Jenkins, Esq., Germantown,
+    Pennsylvania_      373
+
+  _Sun-dial at Ophir Farm, White Plains, New York. Country-seat
+    of Hon. Whitelaw Reid_      375
+
+  _Sun-dial at Hillside, Menand's, near Albany, New York_      378
+
+  _Old Brass and Pewter Dial-faces from Collection of Author_      379
+
+  _Beata Beatrix_      facing 380
+
+  _The Faithful Gardener_      381
+
+  _A Garden Lyre at Waterford, Virginia_      facing 384
+
+  _A Virginia Lyre with Vines_      386
+
+  _Old Iron Gates at Westover-on-James, Virginia. Photographed
+    by George S. Cook_      388
+
+  _Ironwork in Court of Colt Mansion, Bristol, Rhode Island.
+    Photographed by J. W. Dow_      390
+
+  _Sharpening the Old Dutch Scythe. Photographed by Mary
+    F. C. Paschall_      facing 392
+
+  _Summer-house at Ravensworth, County Fairfax, Virginia.
+    Home of Mrs. W. H. Fitzhugh Lee. Photographed by
+    Elizabeth W. Trescot_      392
+
+  _Beehives at Waterford, Virginia. Photographed by Henry
+    Troth_      facing 394
+
+  _Beehives under the Trees. Photographed by Henry Troth_      395
+
+  _Spring House at Johnson Homestead, Germantown, Pennsylvania.
+    Photographed by Henry Troth_      facing 396
+
+  _Dovecote at Shirley-on-James, Virginia. From_ Some Colonial
+    Mansions and Those who lived in Them. _Published by
+    Henry T. Coates & Co., Philadelphia_      397
+
+  _The Peacock in his Pride_      398
+
+  _The Guardian of the Garden_      400
+
+  _Brick Terrace Wall at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+    by J. Horace McFarland_      facing 402
+
+  _Rail Fence Corner_      403
+
+  _Topiary Work at Levens Hall_      404
+
+  _Oval Pergola at Arlington, Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth
+    W. Trescot_      facing 406
+
+  _French Homestead, Kingston, Rhode Island, with Old Stone
+    Terrace Wall. Photographed by Sarah F. Marchant_      407
+
+  _Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts. Country-seat of
+    Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq._      facing 408
+
+  _Marble Steps in Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts_      410
+
+  _Topiary Work in California_      412
+
+  _Serpentine Brick Wall at University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
+    Virginia. Photographed by Elizabeth W. Trescot_      413
+
+  _Chestnut Path in Garden at Indian Hill, Newburyport, Massachusetts.
+    Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      facing 418
+
+  _Foxgloves in Lower Garden at Indian Hill, Newburyport,
+    Massachusetts. Photographed by Herschel F. Davis_      421
+
+  _Dame's Rocket. Photographed by Mary F. C. Paschall_      424
+
+  _Snakeroot. Photographed by Mary F. C Paschall_      426
+
+  _Title-page of Parkinson's_ Paradisi in Solis, _etc._
+    facing 428
+
+  _Yuccas, like White Marble against the Evergreens_      430
+
+  _Fraxinella in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse, Worcester,
+    Massachusetts_      facing 432
+
+  _Love-in-a-Mist. Photographed by Henry Troth_      436
+
+  _Spiderwort in an Old Worcester Garden. Photographed by
+    Herschel F. Davis_      facing 438
+
+  _Gardener's Garters at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+    by J. Horace McFarland_      440
+
+  _Garden Walk at The Manse, Deerfield, Massachusetts. Photographed
+    by Clifton Johnson_      facing 442
+
+  _London Pride. Photographed by Eva E. Newell_      445
+
+  _White Fritillaria in Garden of Miss Frances Clary Morse,
+    Worcester, Massachusetts_      448
+
+  _Bouncing Bet_      451
+
+  _Overgrown Garden at Llanerck, Pennsylvania. Photographed
+    by Henry Troth_      facing 454
+
+  _Fountain at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York. Country-seat of
+    Spencer Trask, Esq._      455
+
+  _Avenue of White Pines at Wellesley, Massachusetts. Country-seat
+    of Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq._      456
+
+  _Violets in Silver Double Coaster_      461
+
+  _York and Lancaster Rose at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+    by J. Horace McFarland_      facing 462
+
+  _Cinnamon Roses. Photographed by Mabel Osgood Wright_      465
+
+  _Cottage Garden with Roses. Photographed by Mary F. C.
+    Paschall_      facing 468
+
+  _Madame Plantier Rose. Photographed by Mabel Osgood
+    Wright_      474
+
+  _Sun-dial and Roses at Van Cortlandt Manor. Photographed
+    by J. Horace McFarland_      facing 476
+
+
+
+
+
+Old Time Gardens
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+COLONIAL GARDEN-MAKING
+
+     "There is not a softer trait to be found in the character of those
+     stern men than that they should have been sensible of these
+     flower-roots clinging among the fibres of their rugged hearts, and
+     felt the necessity of bringing them over sea, and making them
+     hereditary in the new land."
+
+     --_American Note-book_, NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.
+
+
+After ten wearisome weeks of travel across an unknown sea, to an equally
+unknown world, the group of Puritan men and women who were the founders
+of Boston neared their Land of Promise; and their noble leader, John
+Winthrop, wrote in his Journal that "we had now fair Sunshine Weather
+and so pleasant a sweet Aire as did much refresh us, and there came a
+smell off the Shore like the Smell of a Garden."
+
+A _Smell of a Garden_ was the first welcome to our ancestors from their
+new home; and a pleasant and perfect emblem it was of the life that
+awaited them. They were not to become hunters and rovers, not to be
+eager to explore quickly the vast wilds beyond; they were to settle down
+in the most domestic of lives, as tillers of the soil, as makers of
+gardens.
+
+What must that sweet air from the land have been to the sea-weary
+Puritan women on shipboard, laden to them with its promise of a garden!
+for I doubt not every woman bore with her across seas some little
+package of seeds and bulbs from her English home garden, and perhaps a
+tiny slip or plant of some endeared flower; watered each day, I fear,
+with many tears, as well as from the surprisingly scant water supply
+which we know was on board that ship.
+
+And there also came flying to the _Arbella_ as to the Ark, a Dove--a
+bird of promise--and soon the ship came to anchor.
+
+    "With hearts revived in conceit new Lands and Trees they spy,
+     Scenting the Caedars and Sweet Fern from heat's reflection dry,"
+
+wrote one colonist of that arrival, in his _Good Newes from New
+England_. I like to think that Sweet Fern, the characteristic wild
+perfume of New England, was wafted out to greet them. And then all went
+on shore in the sunshine of that ineffable time and season,--a New
+England day in June,--and they "gathered store of fine strawberries,"
+just as their Salem friends had on a June day on the preceding year
+gathered strawberries and "sweet Single Roses" so resembling the English
+Eglantine that the hearts of the women must have ached within them with
+fresh homesickness. And ere long all had dwelling-places, were they but
+humble log cabins; and pasture lands and commons were portioned out; and
+in a short time all had garden-plots, and thus, with sheltering
+roof-trees, and warm firesides, and with gardens, even in this lonely
+new world, they had _homes_. The first entry in the Plymouth Records is
+a significant one; it is the assignment of "Meresteads and
+Garden-Plotes," not meresteads alone, which were farm lands, but home
+gardens: the outlines of these can still be seen in Plymouth town. And
+soon all sojourners who bore news back to England of the New-Englishmen
+and New-Englishwomen, told of ample store of gardens. Ere a year had
+passed hopeful John Winthrop wrote, "My Deare Wife, wee are here in a
+Paradise." In four years the chronicler Wood said in his _New England's
+Prospect_, "There is growing here all manner of herbs for meat and
+medicine, and that not only in planted gardens, but in the woods,
+without the act and help of man." Governor Endicott had by that time a
+very creditable garden.
+
+And by every humble dwelling the homesick goodwife or dame, trying to
+create a semblance of her fair English home so far away, planted in her
+"garden plot" seeds and roots of homely English flowers and herbs, that
+quickly grew and blossomed and smiled on bleak New England's rocky
+shores as sturdily and happily as they had bloomed in the old gardens
+and by the ancient door sides in England. What good cheer they must have
+brought! how they must have been beloved! for these old English garden
+flowers are such gracious things; marvels of scent, lavish of bloom,
+bearing such genial faces, growing so readily and hardily, spreading so
+quickly, responding so gratefully to such little care: what pure
+refreshment they bore in their blossoms, what comfort in their seeds;
+they must have seemed an emblem of hope, a promise of a new and happy
+home. I rejoice over every one that I know was in those little colonial
+gardens, for each one added just so much measure of solace to what seems
+to me, as I think upon it, one of the loneliest, most fearsome things
+that gentlewomen ever had to do, all the harder because neither by
+poverty nor by unavoidable stress were they forced to it; they came
+across-seas willingly, for conscience' sake. These women were not
+accustomed to the thought of emigration, as are European folk to-day;
+they had no friends to greet them in the new land; they were to
+encounter wild animals and wild men; sea and country were unknown--they
+could scarce expect ever to return: they left everything, and took
+nothing of comfort but their Bibles and their flower seeds. So when I
+see one of the old English flowers, grown of those days, blooming now in
+my garden, from the unbroken chain of blossom to seed of nearly three
+centuries, I thank the flower for all that its forbears did to comfort
+my forbears, and I cherish it with added tenderness.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of the Johnson Mansion, Germantown, Pennsylvania.]
+
+We should have scant notion of the gardens of these New England
+colonists in the seventeenth century were it not for a cheerful
+traveller named John Josselyn, a man of everyday tastes and much
+inquisitiveness, and the pleasing literary style which comes from
+directness, and an absence of self-consciousness. He published in 1672 a
+book entitled _New England's Rarities discovered_, etc., and in 1674
+another volume giving an account of his two voyages hither in 1638 and
+1663. He made a very careful list of vegetables which he found thriving
+in the new land; and since his flower list is the earliest known, I will
+transcribe it in full; it isn't long, but there is enough in it to make
+it a suggestive outline which we can fill in from what we know of the
+plants to-day, and form a very fair picture of those gardens.
+
+  "Spearmint,
+  Rew, will hardly grow
+  Fetherfew prospereth exceedingly;
+  Southernwood, is no Plant for this Country, Nor
+  Rosemary. Nor
+  Bayes.
+  White-Satten groweth pretty well, so doth
+  Lavender-Cotton. But
+  Lavender is not for the Climate.
+  Penny Royal
+  Smalledge.
+  Ground Ivey, or Ale Hoof.
+  Gilly Flowers will continue two Years.
+  Fennel must be taken up, and kept in a Warm Cellar all Winter
+  Horseleek prospereth notably
+  Holly hocks
+  Enula Canpana, in two years time the Roots rot.
+  Comferie, with White Flowers.
+  Coriander, and
+  Dill, and
+  Annis thrive exceedingly, but Annis Seed, as also the seed of
+  Fennel seldom come to maturity; the Seed of Annis is commonly eaten
+    with a Fly.
+  Clary never lasts but one Summer, the Roots rot with the Frost.
+  Sparagus thrives exceedingly, so does
+  Garden Sorrel, and
+  Sweet Bryer or Eglantine
+  Bloodwort but sorrily, but
+  Patience and
+  English Roses very pleasantly.
+  Celandine, by the West Country now called Kenning Wort grows but slowly.
+  Muschater, as well as in England
+  Dittander or Pepperwort flourisheth notably and so doth
+  Tansie."
+
+These lists were published fifty years after the landing of the Pilgrims
+at Plymouth; from them we find that the country was just as well stocked
+with vegetables as it was a hundred years later when other travellers
+made lists, but the flowers seem few; still, such as they were, they
+formed a goodly sight. With rows of Hollyhocks glowing against the rude
+stone walls and rail fences of their little yards; with clumps of
+Lavender Cotton and Honesty and Gillyflowers blossoming freely; with
+Feverfew "prospering" to sow and slip and pot and give to neighbors just
+as New England women have done with Feverfew every year of the centuries
+that have followed; with "a Rose looking in at the window"--a
+Sweetbrier, Eglantine, or English Rose--these colonial dames might well
+find "Patience growing very pleasantly" in their hearts as in their
+gardens.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Grumblethorp, Germantown, Pennsylvania.]
+
+They had plenty of pot herbs for their accustomed savoring; and plenty
+of medicinal herbs for their wonted dosing. Shakespeare's "nose-herbs"
+were not lacking. Doubtless they soon added to these garden flowers many
+of our beautiful native blooms, rejoicing if they resembled any beloved
+English flowers, and quickly giving them, as we know, familiar old
+English plant-names.
+
+And there were other garden inhabitants, as truly English as were the
+cherished flowers, the old garden weeds, which quickly found a home and
+thrived in triumph in the new soil. Perhaps the weed seeds came over in
+the flower-pot that held a sheltered plant or cutting; perhaps a few
+were mixed with garden seeds; perhaps they were in the straw or other
+packing of household goods: no one knew the manner of their coming, but
+there they were, Motherwort, Groundsel, Chickweed, and Wild Mustard,
+Mullein and Nettle, Henbane and Wormwood. Many a goodwife must have
+gazed in despair at the persistent Plantain, "the Englishman's foot,"
+which seems to have landed in Plymouth from the Mayflower.
+
+Josselyn made other lists of plants which he found in America, under
+these headings:--
+
+  "Such plants as are common with us in England.
+  Such plants as are proper to the Country.
+  Such plants as are proper to the Country and have no name.
+  Such plants as have sprung up since the English planted, and kept cattle
+    in New England."
+
+In these lists he gives a surprising number of English weeds which had
+thriven and rejoiced in their new home.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of the Bartram House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.]
+
+Mr. Tuckerman calls Josselyn's list of the fishes of the new world a
+poor makeshift; his various lists of plants are better, but they are the
+lists of an herbalist, not of a botanist. He had some acquaintance with
+the practice of physic, of which he narrates some examples; and an
+interest in kitchen recipes, and included a few in his books. He said
+that Parkinson or another botanist might have "found in New England a
+thousand, at least, of plants never heard of nor seen by any Englishman
+before," and adds that he was himself an indifferent observer. He
+certainly lost an extraordinary opportunity of distinguishing himself,
+indeed of immortalizing himself; and it is surprising that he was so
+heedless, for Englishmen of that day were in general eager botanists.
+The study of plants was new, and was deemed of such absorbing interest
+and fascination that some rigid Puritans feared they might lose their
+immortal souls through making their new plants their idols.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Abigail Adams.]
+
+When Josselyn wrote, but few of our American flowers were known to
+European botanists; Indian Corn, Pitcher Plant, Columbine, Milkweed,
+Everlasting, and Arbor-vitae had been described in printed books, and the
+Evening Primrose. A history of Canadian and other new plants, by Dr.
+Cornuti, had been printed in Europe, giving thirty-seven of our plants;
+and all English naturalists were longing to add to the list; the ships
+which brought over homely seeds and plants for the gardens of the
+colonists carried back rare American seeds and plants for English physic
+gardens.
+
+In Pennsylvania, from the first years of the settlement, William Penn
+encouraged his Quaker followers to plant English flowers and fruit in
+abundance, and to try the fruits of the new world. Father Pastorius, in
+his Germantown settlement, assigned to each family a garden-plot of
+three acres, as befitted a man who left behind him at his death a
+manuscript poem of many thousand words on the pleasures of gardening,
+the description of flowers, and keeping of bees. George Fox, the founder
+of the Friends, or Quakers, died in 1690. He had travelled in the
+colonies; and in his will he left sixteen acres of land to the Quaker
+meeting in the city of Philadelphia. Of these sixteen acres, ten were
+for "a close to put Friends' horses in when they came afar to the
+Meeting, that they may not be Lost in the Woods," while the other six
+were for a site for a meeting-house and school-house, and "for a
+Playground for the Children of the town to Play on, and for a Garden to
+plant with Physical Plants, for Lads and Lasses to know Simples, and to
+learn to make Oils and Ointments." Few as are these words, they convey a
+positive picture of Fox's intent, and a pleasing picture it is. He had
+seen what interest had been awakened and what instruction conveyed
+through the "Physick-Garden" at Chelsea, England; and he promised to
+himself similar interest and information from the study of plants and
+flowers by the Quaker "lads and lasses" of the new world. Though
+nothing came from this bequest, there was a later fulfilment of Fox's
+hopes in the establishment of a successful botanic garden in
+Philadelphia, and, in the planting, growth, and flourishing in the
+province of Pennsylvania of the loveliest gardens in the new world;
+there floriculture reached by the time of the Revolution a very high
+point; and many exquisite gardens bore ample testimony to the "pride of
+life," as well as to the good taste and love of flowers of Philadelphia
+Friends. The garden at Grumblethorp, the home of Charles J. Wister,
+Esq., of Germantown, Pennsylvania, shown on page 7, dates to colonial
+days and is still flourishing and beautiful.
+
+In 1728 was established, by John Bartram, in Philadelphia, the first
+botanic garden in America. The ground on which it was planted, and the
+stone dwelling-house he built thereon in 1731, are now part of the park
+system of Philadelphia. A view of the garden as now in cultivation is
+given on page 9. Bartram travelled much in America, and through his
+constant correspondence and flower exchanges with distinguished
+botanists and plant growers in Europe, many native American plants
+became well known in foreign gardens, among them the Lady's Slipper and
+Rhododendron. He was a Quaker,--a quaint and picturesque figure,--and
+his example helped to establish the many fine gardens in the vicinity of
+Philadelphia. The example and precept of Washington also had important
+influence; for he was constant in his desire and his effort to secure
+every good and new plant, grain, shrub, and tree for his home at
+Mount Vernon. A beautiful tribute to his good taste and that of his wife
+still exists in the Mount Vernon flower garden, which in shape, Box
+edgings, and many details is precisely as it was in their day. A view of
+its well-ordered charms is shown opposite page 12. Whenever I walk in
+this garden I am deeply grateful to the devoted women who keep it in
+such perfection, as an object-lesson to us of the dignity, comeliness,
+and beauty of a garden of the olden times.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Mount Vernon-on-the-Potomac. Home of George
+Washington.]
+
+There is little evidence that a general love and cultivation of flowers
+was as common in humble homes in the Southern colonies as in New England
+and the Middle provinces. The teeming abundance near the tropics
+rendered any special gardening unnecessary for poor folk; flowers grew
+and blossomed lavishly everywhere without any coaxing or care. On
+splendid estates there were splendid gardens, which have nearly all
+suffered by the devastations of war--in some towns they were thrice thus
+scourged. So great was the beauty of these Southern gardens and so vast
+the love they provoked in their owners, that in more than one case the
+life of the garden's master was merged in that of the garden. The
+British soldiers during the War of the Revolution wantonly destroyed the
+exquisite flowers at "The Grove," just outside the city of Charleston,
+and their owner, Mr. Gibbes, dropped dead in grief at the sight of the
+waste.
+
+The great wealth of the Southern planters, their constant and
+extravagant following of English customs and fashions, their fertile
+soil and favorable climate, and their many slaves, all contributed to
+the successful making of elaborate gardens. Even as early as 1682 South
+Carolina gardens were declared to be "adorned with such Flowers as to
+the Smell or Eye are pleasing or agreeable, as the Rose, Tulip, Lily,
+Carnation, &c." William Byrd wrote of the terraced gardens of Virginia
+homes. Charleston dames vied with each other in the beauty of their
+gardens, and Mrs. Logan, when seventy years old, in 1779, wrote a
+treatise called _The Gardener's Kalendar_. Eliza Lucas Pinckney of
+Charleston was devoted to practical floriculture and horticulture. Her
+introduction of indigo raising into South Carolina revolutionized the
+trade products of the state and brought to it vast wealth. Like many
+other women and many men of wealth and culture at that time, she kept up
+a constant exchange of letters, seeds, plants, and bulbs with English
+people of like tastes. She received from them valuable English seeds and
+shrubs; and in turn she sent to England what were so eagerly sought by
+English flower raisers, our native plants. The good will and national
+pride of ship captains were enlisted; even young trees of considerable
+size were set in hogsheads, and transported, and cared for during the
+long voyage.
+
+[Illustration: Gate and Hedge of Preston Garden.]
+
+The garden at Mount Vernon is probably the oldest in Virginia still in
+original shape. In Maryland are several fine, formal gardens which do
+not date, however, to colonial days; the beautiful one at Hampton, the
+home of the Ridgelys, in Baltimore County, is shown on pages 57, 60 and
+95. In both North and South Carolina the gardens were exquisite. Many
+were laid out by competent landscape gardeners, and were kept in order
+by skilled workmen, negro slaves, who were carefully trained from
+childhood to special labor, such as topiary work. In Camden and
+Charleston the gardens vied with the finest English manor-house gardens.
+Remains of their beauty exist, despite devastating wars and earthquakes.
+Views of the Preston Garden, Columbia, South Carolina, are shown on
+pages 15 and 18 and facing page 54. They are now the grounds of the
+Presbyterian College for Women. The hedges have been much reduced
+within a few years; but the garden still bears a surprising resemblance
+to the Garden of the Generalife, Granada. The Spanish garden has fewer
+flowers and more fountains, yet I think it must have been the model for
+the Preston Garden. The climax of magnificence in Southern gardens has
+been for years, at Magnolia-on-the-Ashley, the ancestral home of the
+Draytons since 1671. It is impossible to describe the affluence of color
+in this garden in springtime; masses of unbroken bloom on giant
+Magnolias; vast Camellia Japonicas, looking, leaf and flower, thoroughly
+artificial, as if made of solid wax; splendid Crape Myrtles, those
+strange flower-trees; mammoth Rhododendrons; Azaleas of every Azalea
+color,--all surrounded by walls of the golden Banksia Roses, and hedges
+covered with Jasmine and Honeysuckle. The Azaleas are the special glory
+of the garden; the bushes are fifteen to twenty feet in height, and
+fifty or sixty feet in circumference, with rich blossoms running over
+and crowding down on the ground as if color had been poured over the
+bushes; they extend in vistas of vivid hues as far as the eye can reach.
+All this gay and brilliant color is overhung by a startling contrast,
+the most sombre and gloomy thing in nature, great Live-oaks heavily
+draped with gray Moss; the avenue of largest Oaks was planted two
+centuries ago.
+
+I give no picture of this Drayton Garden, for a photograph of these many
+acres of solid bloom is a meaningless thing. Even an oil painting of it
+is confused and disappointing. In the garden itself the excess of color
+is as cloying as its surfeit of scent pouring from the thousands of open
+flower cups; we long for green hedges, even for scanter bloom and for
+fainter fragrance. It is not a garden to live in, as are our
+box-bordered gardens of the North, our cheerful cottage borders, and our
+well-balanced Italian gardens, so restful to the eye; it is a garden to
+look at and wonder at.
+
+The Dutch settlers brought their love of flowering bulbs, and the bulbs
+also, to the new world. Adrian Van der Donck, a gossiping visitor to New
+Netherland when the little town of New Amsterdam had about a thousand
+inhabitants, described the fine kitchen gardens, the vegetables and
+fruits, and gave an interesting list of garden flowers which he found
+under cultivation by the Dutch vrouws. He says:
+
+     "OF THE FLOWERS. The flowers in general which the Netherlanders
+     have introduced there are the white and red roses of different
+     kinds, the cornelian roses, and stock roses; and those of which
+     there were none before in the country, such as eglantine, several
+     kinds of gillyflowers, jenoffelins, different varieties of fine
+     tulips, crown imperials, white lilies, the lily frutularia,
+     anemones, baredames, violets, marigolds, summer sots, etc. The
+     clove tree has also been introduced, and there are various
+     indigenous trees that bear handsome flowers, which are unknown in
+     the Netherlands. We also find there some flowers of native growth,
+     as, for instance, sunflowers, red and yellow lilies, mountain
+     lilies, morning stars, red, white, and yellow maritoffles (a very
+     sweet flower), several species of bell flowers, etc., to which I
+     have not given particular attention, but _amateurs_ would hold
+     them in high estimation and make them widely known."
+
+[Illustration: Fountain Path in Preston Garden, Columbia, South
+Carolina.]
+
+I wish I knew what a Cornelian Rose was, and Jenoffelins, Baredames, and
+Summer Sots; and what the Lilies were and the Maritoffles and Bell
+Flowers. They all sound so cheerful and homelike--just as if they
+bloomed well. Perhaps the Cornelian Rose may have been striped red and
+white like cornelian stone, and like our York and Lancaster Rose.
+
+Tulips are on all seed and plant lists of colonial days, and they were
+doubtless in every home dooryard in New Netherland. Governor Peter
+Stuyvesant had a fine farm on the Bouwerie, and is said to have had a
+flower garden there and at his home, White Hall, at the Battery, for he
+had forty or fifty negro slaves who were kept at work on his estate. In
+the city of New York many fine formal gardens lingered, on what are now
+our most crowded streets, till within the memory of persons now living.
+One is described as full of "Paus bloemen of all hues, Laylocks, and
+tall May Roses and Snowballs intermixed with choice vegetables and herbs
+all bounded and hemmed in by huge rows of neatly-clipped Box-edgings."
+
+An evidence of increase in garden luxury in New York is found in the
+advertisement of one Theophilus Hardenbrook, in 1750, a practical
+surveyor and architect, who had an evening school for teaching
+architecture. He designed pavilions, summer-houses, and garden seats,
+and "Green-houses for the preservation of Herbs with winding Funnels
+through the walls so as to keep them warm." A picture of the green-house
+of James Beekman, of New York, 1764, still exists, a primitive little
+affair. The first glass-house in North America is believed to be one
+built in Boston for Andrew Faneuil, who died in 1737.
+
+Mrs. Anne Grant, writing of her life near Albany in the middle of the
+eighteenth century, gives a very good description of the Schuyler
+garden. Skulls of domestic animals on fence posts, would seem astounding
+had I not read of similar decorations in old Continental gardens. Vines
+grew over these grisly fence-capitals and birds built their nests in
+them, so in time the Dutch housewife's peaceful kitchen garden ceased
+to resemble the kraal of an African chieftain; to this day, in South
+Africa, natives and Dutch Boers thus set up on gate posts the skulls of
+cattle.
+
+Mrs. Grant writes of the Dutch in Albany:--
+
+     "The care of plants, such as needed peculiar care or skill to rear
+     them, was the female province. Every one in town or country had a
+     garden. Into this garden no foot of man intruded after it was dug
+     in the Spring. I think I see yet what I have so often beheld--a
+     respectable mistress of a family going out to her garden, on an
+     April morning, with her great calash, her little painted basket of
+     seeds, and her rake over her shoulder to her garden of labours. A
+     woman in very easy circumstances and abundantly gentle in form and
+     manners would sow and plant and rake incessantly."
+
+We have happily a beautiful example of the old Dutch manor garden, at
+Van Cortlandt Manor, at Croton-on-Hudson, New York, still in the
+possession of the Van Cortlandt family. It is one of the few gardens in
+America that date really to colonial days. The manor house was built in
+1681; it is one of those fine old Dutch homesteads of which we still
+have many existing throughout New York, in which dignity, comfort, and
+fitness are so happily combined. These homes are, in the words of a
+traveller of colonial days, "so pleasant in their building, and
+contrived so delightful." Above all, they are so suited to their
+surroundings that they seem an intrinsic part of the landscape, as they
+do of the old life of this Hudson River Valley.
+
+[Illustration: Door in Wall of Kitchen Garden at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+I do not doubt that this Van Cortlandt garden was laid out when the
+house was built; much of it must be two centuries old. It has been
+extended, not altered; and the grass-covered bank supporting the upper
+garden was replaced by a brick terrace wall about sixty years ago. Its
+present form dates to the days when New York was a province. The upper
+garden is laid out in formal flower beds; the lower border is rich in
+old vines and shrubs, and all the beloved old-time hardy plants. There
+is in the manor-house an ancient portrait of the child Pierre Van
+Cortlandt, painted about the year 1732. He stands by a table bearing a
+vase filled with old garden flowers--Tulip, Convolvulus, Harebell, Rose,
+Peony, Narcissus, and Flowering Almond; and it is the pleasure of the
+present mistress of the manor, to see that the garden still holds all
+the great-grandfather's flowers.
+
+There is a vine-embowered old door in the wall under the piazza (see
+opposite page 20) which opens into the kitchen and fruit garden; a
+wall-door so quaint and old-timey that I always remind me of
+Shakespeare's lines in _Measure for Measure_:--
+
+    "He hath a garden circummured with brick,
+     Whose western side is with a Vineyard back'd;
+     And to that Vineyard is a planched gate
+     That makes his opening with this bigger key:
+     The other doth command a little door
+     Which from the Vineyard to the garden leads."
+
+The long path is a beautiful feature of this garden (it is shown in the
+picture of the garden opposite page 24); it dates certainly to the
+middle of the eighteenth century. Pierre Van Cortlandt, the son of the
+child with the vase of flowers, and grandfather of the present
+generation bearing his surname, was born in 1762. He well recalled
+playing along this garden path when he was a child; and that one day he
+and his little sister Ann (Mrs. Philip Van Rensselaer) ran a race along
+this path and through the garden to see who could first "see the baby"
+and greet their sister, Mrs. Beekman, who came riding to the manor-house
+up the hill from Tarrytown, and through the avenue, which shows on the
+right-hand side of the garden-picture. This beautiful young woman was
+famed everywhere for her grace and loveliness, and later equally so for
+her intelligence and goodness, and the prominent part she bore in the
+War of the Revolution. She was seated on a pillion behind her husband,
+and she carried proudly in her arms her first baby (afterward Dr.
+Beekman) wrapped in a scarlet cloak. This is one of the home-pictures
+that the old garden holds. Would we could paint it!
+
+In this garden, near the house, is a never failing spring and well. The
+house was purposely built near it, in those days of sudden attacks by
+Indians; it has proved a fountain of perpetual youth for the old Locust
+tree, which shades it; a tree more ancient than house or garden, serene
+and beautiful in its hearty old age. Glimpses of this manor-house garden
+and its flowers are shown on many pages of this book, but they cannot
+reveal its beauty as a whole--its fine proportions, its noble
+background, its splendid trees, its turf, its beds of bloom. Oh! How
+beautiful a garden can be, when for two hundred years it has been loved
+and cherished, ever nurtured, ever guarded; how plainly it shows such
+care!
+
+Another Dutch garden is pictured opposite page 32, the garden of the
+Bergen Homestead, at Bay Ridge, Long Island. Let me quote part of its
+description, written by Mrs. Tunis Bergen:--
+
+     "Over the half-open Dutch door you look through the vines that
+     climb about the stoop, as into a vista of the past. Beyond the
+     garden is the great Quince orchard of hundreds of trees in pink and
+     white glory. This orchard has a story which you must pause in the
+     garden to hear. In the Library at Washington is preserved, in
+     quaint manuscript, 'The Battle of Brooklyn,' a farce written and
+     said to have been performed during the British occupation. The
+     scene is partly laid in 'the orchard of one Bergen,' where the
+     British hid their horses after the battle of Long Island--this is
+     the orchard; but the blossoming Quince trees tell no tale of past
+     carnage. At one side of the garden is a quaint little building with
+     moss-grown roof and climbing hop-vine--the last slave kitchen left
+     standing in New York--on the other side are rows of homely
+     beehives. The old Locust tree overshadowing is an ancient
+     landmark--it was standing in 1690. For some years it has worn a
+     chain to bind its aged limbs together. All this beauty of tree and
+     flower lived till 1890, when it was swept away by the growing city.
+     Though now but a memory, it has the perfume of its past flowers
+     about it."
+
+The Locust was so often a "home tree" and so fitting a one, that I have
+grown to associate ever with these Dutch homesteads a light-leaved
+Locust tree, shedding its beautiful flickering shadows on the long roof.
+I wonder whether there was any association or tradition that made the
+Locust the house-friend in old New York!
+
+The first nurseryman in the new world was stern old Governor Endicott of
+Salem. In 1644 he wrote to Governor Winthrop, "My children burnt mee at
+least 500 trees by setting the ground on fire neere them"--which was a
+very pretty piece of mischief for sober Puritan children. We find all
+thoughtful men of influence and prominence in all the colonies raising
+various fruits, and selling trees and plants, but they had no
+independent business nurseries.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+If tradition be true, it is to Governor Endicott we owe an indelible dye
+on the landscape of eastern Massachusetts in midsummer. The Dyer's-weed
+or Woad-waxen (_Genista tinctoria_), which, in July, covers hundreds of
+acres in Lynn, Salem, Swampscott, and Beverly with its solid growth and
+brilliant yellow bloom, is said to have been brought to this country as
+the packing of some of the governor's household belongings. It is far
+more probable that he brought it here to raise it in his garden for
+dyeing purposes, with intent to benefit the colony, as he did other
+useful seeds and plants. Woadwaxen, or Broom, is a persistent thing; it
+needs scythe, plough, hoe, and bitter labor to eradicate it. I cannot
+call it a weed, for it has seized only poor rock-filled land, good for
+naught else; and the radiant beauty of the Salem landscape for many
+weeks makes us forgive its persistence, and thank Endicott for bringing
+it here.
+
+                      "The Broom,
+    Full-flowered and visible on every steep,
+    Along the copses runs in veins of gold."
+
+The Broom flower is the emblem of mid-summer, the hottest yellow flower
+I know--it seems to throw out heat. I recall the first time I saw it
+growing; I was told that it was "Salem Wood-wax." I had heard of
+"Roxbury Waxwork," the Bitter-sweet, but this was a new name, as it was
+a new tint of yellow, and soon I had its history, for I find Salem
+people rather proud both of the flower and its story.
+
+Oxeye Daisies (Whiteweed) are also by vague tradition the children of
+Governor Endicott's planting. I think it far more probable that they
+were planted and cherished by the wives of the colonists, when their
+beloved English Daisies were found unsuited to New England's climate and
+soil. We note the Woad-waxen and Whiteweed as crowding usurpers, not
+only because they are persistent, but because their great expanses of
+striking bloom will not let us forget them. Many other English plants
+are just as determined intruders, but their modest dress permits them to
+slip in comparatively unobserved.
+
+It has ever been characteristic of the British colonist to carry with
+him to any new home the flowers of old England and Scotland, and
+characteristic of these British flowers to monopolize the earth.
+Sweetbrier is called "the missionary-plant," by the Maoris in New
+Zealand, and is there regarded as a tiresome weed, spreading and
+holding the ground. Some homesick missionary or his more homesick wife
+bore it there; and her love of the home plant impressed even the savage
+native. We all know the story of the Scotch settlers who carried their
+beloved Thistles to Tasmania "to make it seem like home," and how they
+lived to regret it. Vancouver's Island is completely overrun with Broom
+and wild Roses from England.
+
+The first commercial nursery in America, in the sense of the term as we
+now employ it, was established about 1730 by Robert Prince, in Flushing,
+Long Island, a community chiefly of French Huguenot settlers, who
+brought to the new world many French fruits by seed and cuttings, and
+also a love of horticulture. For over a century and a quarter these
+Prince Nurseries were the leading ones in America. The sale of fruit
+trees was increased in 1774 (as we learn from advertisements in the _New
+York Mercury_ of that year), by the sale of "Carolina Magnolia flower
+trees, the most beautiful trees that grow in America, and 50 large
+Catalpa flower trees; they are nine feet high to the under part of the
+top and thick as one's leg," also other flowering trees and shrubs.
+
+The fine house built on the nursery grounds by William Prince suffered
+little during the Revolution. It was occupied by Washington and
+afterwards house and nursery were preserved from depredations by a guard
+placed by General Howe when the British took possession of Flushing. Of
+course, domestic nursery business waned in time of war; but an
+excellent demand for American shrubs and trees sprung up among the
+officers of the British army, to send home to gardens in England and
+Germany. Many an English garden still has ancient plants and trees from
+the Prince Nurseries.
+
+The "Linnaean Botanic Garden and Nurseries" and the "Old American
+Nursery" thrived once more at the close of the war, and William Prince
+the second entered in charge; one of his earliest ventures of importance
+was the introduction of Lombardy Poplars. In 1798 he advertises ten
+thousand trees, ten to seventeen feet in height. These became the most
+popular tree in America, the emblem of democracy--and a warmly hated
+tree as well. The eighty acres of nursery grounds were a centre of
+botanic and horticultural interest for the entire country; every tree,
+shrub, vine, and plant known to England and America was eagerly sought
+for; here the important botanical treasures of Lewis and Clark found a
+home. William Prince wrote several notable horticultural treatises; and
+even his trade catalogues were prized. He established the first
+steamboats between Flushing and New York, built roads and bridges on
+Long Island, and was a public-spirited, generous citizen as well as a
+man of science. His son, William Robert Prince, who died in 1869, was
+the last to keep up the nurseries, which he did as a scientific rather
+than a commercial establishment. He botanized the entire length of the
+Atlantic States with Dr. Torrey, and sought for collections of trees and
+wild flowers in California with the same eagerness that others there
+sought gold. He was a devoted promoter of the native silk industry,
+having vast plantations of Mulberries in many cities; for one at
+Norfolk, Virginia, he was offered $100,000. It is a curious fact that
+the interest in Mulberry culture and the practice of its cultivation was
+so universal in his neighborhood (about the year 1830), that cuttings of
+the Chinese Mulberry (_Morus multicaulis_) were used as currency in all
+the stores in the vicinity of Flushing, at the rate of 12-1/2 cents
+each.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Prince Homestead, Flushing, Long Island.]
+
+The Prince homestead, a fine old mansion, is here shown; it is still
+standing, surrounded by that forlorn sight, a forgotten garden. This is
+of considerable extent, and evidences of its past dignity appear in the
+hedges and edgings of Box; one symmetrical great Box tree is fifty feet
+in circumference. Flowering shrubs, unkempt of shape, bloom and beautify
+the waste borders each spring, as do the oldest Chinese Magnolias in the
+United States. Gingkos, Paulownias, and weeping trees, which need no
+gardener's care, also flourish and are of unusual size. There are some
+splendid evergreens, such as Mt. Atlas Cedars; and the oldest and finest
+Cedar of Lebanon in the United States. It seemed sad, as I looked at the
+evidences of so much past beauty and present decay, that this historic
+house and garden should not be preserved for New York, as the house and
+garden of John Bartram, the Philadelphia botanist, have been for his
+native city.
+
+While there are few direct records of American gardens in the eighteenth
+century, we have many instructing side glimpses through old business
+letter-books. We find Sir Harry Frankland ordering Daffodils and Tulips
+for the garden he made for Agnes Surriage; and it is said that the first
+Lilacs ever seen in Hopkinton were planted by him for her. The gay young
+nobleman and the lovely woman are in the dust, and of all the beautiful
+things belonging to them there remain a splendid Portuguese fan, which
+stands as a memorial of that tragic crisis in their life--the great
+Lisbon earthquake; and the Lilacs, which still mark the site of her
+house and blossom each spring as a memorial of the shadowed romance of
+her life in New England.
+
+Let me give two pages from old letters to illustrate what I mean by side
+glimpses at the contents of colonial gardens. The fine Hancock mansion
+in Boston had a carefully-filled garden long previous to the Revolution.
+Such letters as the following were sent by Mr. Hancock to England to
+secure flowers for it:--
+
+     "My Trees and Seeds for Capt. Bennett Came Safe to Hand and I like
+     them very well. I Return you my hearty Thanks for the Plumb Tree
+     and Tulip Roots you were pleased to make me a Present off, which
+     are very Acceptable to me. I have Sent my friend Mr. Wilks a mmo.
+     to procure for me 2 or 3 Doz. Yew Trees, Some Hollys and Jessamine
+     Vines, and if you have Any Particular Curious Things not of a high
+     Price, will Beautifye a flower Garden Send a Sample with the Price
+     or a Catalogue of 'em, I do not intend to spare Any Cost or Pains
+     in making my Gardens Beautifull or Profitable.
+
+     "P.S. The Tulip Roots you were Pleased to make a present off to me
+     are all Dead as well."
+
+We find Richard Stockton writing in 1766 from England to his wife at
+their beautiful home "Morven," in Princeton, New Jersey:--
+
+     "I am making you a charming collection of bulbous roots, which
+     shall be sent over as soon as the prospect of freezing on your
+     coast is over. The first of April, I believe, will be time enough
+     for you to put them in your sweet little flower garden, which you
+     so fondly cultivate. Suppose I inform you that I design a ride to
+     Twickenham the latter end of next month principally to view Mr.
+     Pope's gardens and grotto, which I am told remain nearly as he left
+     them; and that I shall take with me a gentleman who draws well, to
+     lay down an exact plan of the whole."
+
+The fine line of Catalpa trees set out by Richard Stockton, along the
+front of his lawn, were in full flower when he rode up to his house on a
+memorable July day to tell his wife that he had signed the Declaration
+of American Independence. Since then Catalpa trees bear everywhere in
+that vicinity the name of Independence trees, and are believed to be
+ever in bloom on July 4th.
+
+[Illustration: Old Box at Prince Homestead.]
+
+In the delightful diary and letters of Eliza Southgate Bowne (_A Girl's
+Life Eighty Years Ago_), are other side glimpses of the beautiful
+gardens of old Salem, among them those of the wealthy merchants of the
+Derby family. Terraces and arches show a formality of arrangement, for
+they were laid out by a Dutch gardener whose descendants still live in
+Salem. All had summer-houses, which were larger and more important
+buildings than what are to-day termed summer-houses; these latter were
+known in Salem and throughout Virginia as bowers. One summer-house had
+an arch through it with three doors on each side which opened into
+little apartments; one of them had a staircase by which you could ascend
+into a large upper room, which was the whole size of the building. This
+was constructed to command a fine view, and was ornamented with Chinese
+articles of varied interest and value; it was used for tea-drinkings. At
+the end of the garden, concealed by a dense Weeping Willow, was a
+thatched hermitage, containing the life-size figure of a man reading a
+prayer-book; a bed of straw and some broken furniture completed the
+picture. This was an English fashion, seen at one time in many old
+English gardens, and held to be most romantic. Apparently summer
+evenings were spent by the Derby household and their visitors wholly in
+the garden and summer-house. The diary keeper writes naively, "The moon
+shines brighter in this garden than anywhere else."
+
+[Illustration: Old Dutch Garden of Bergen Homestead.]
+
+The shrewd and capable women of the colonies who entered so freely and
+successfully into business ventures found the selling of flower seeds a
+congenial occupation, and often added it to the pursuit of other
+callings. I think it must have been very pleasant to buy packages of
+flower seed at the same time and place where you bought your best
+bonnet, and have all sent home in a bandbox together; each would
+prove a memorial of the other; and long after the glory of the bonnet
+had departed, and the bonnet itself was ashes, the thriving Sweet Peas
+and Larkspur would recall its becoming charms. I have often seen the
+advertisements of these seedswomen in old newspapers; unfortunately they
+seldom gave printed lists of their store of seeds. Here is one list
+printed in a Boston newspaper on March 30, 1760:--
+
+  Lavender.
+  Palma Christi.
+  Cerinthe or Honeywort, loved of bees.
+  Tricolor.
+  Indian Pink.
+  Scarlet Cacalia.
+  Yellow Sultans.
+  Lemon African Marigold.
+  Sensitive Plants.
+  White Lupine.
+  Love Lies Bleeding.
+  Patagonian Cucumber.
+  Lobelia.
+  Catchfly.
+  Wing-peas.
+  Convolvulus.
+  Strawberry Spinage.
+  Branching Larkspur.
+  White Chrysanthemum.
+  Nigaella Romano.
+  Rose Campion.
+  Snap Dragon.
+  Nolana prostrata.
+  Summer Savory.
+  Hyssop.
+  Red Hawkweed.
+  Red and White Lavater.
+  Scarlet Lupine.
+  Large blue Lupine.
+  Snuff flower.
+  Caterpillars.
+  Cape Marigold.
+  Rose Lupine.
+  Sweet Peas.
+  Venus' Navelwort.
+  Yellow Chrysanthemum.
+  Cyanus minor.
+  Tall Holyhock.
+  French Marigold.
+  Carnation Poppy.
+  Globe Amaranthus.
+  Yellow Lupine.
+  Indian Branching Coxcombs.
+  Iceplants.
+  Thyme.
+  Sweet Marjoram.
+  Tree Mallows.
+  Everlasting.
+  Greek Valerian.
+  Tree Primrose.
+  Canterbury Bells.
+  Purple Stock.
+  Sweet Scabiouse.
+  Columbine.
+  Pleasant-eyed Pink.
+  Dwarf Mountain Pink.
+  Sweet Rocket.
+  Horn Poppy.
+  French Honeysuckle.
+  Bloody Wallflower.
+  Sweet William.
+  Honesty (to be sold in small parcels that every one may have a little).
+  Persicaria.
+  Polyanthos.
+  50 Different Sorts of mixed Tulip Roots.
+  Ranunculus.
+  Gladiolus.
+  Starry Scabiouse.
+  Curled Mallows.
+  Painted Lady topknot peas.
+  Colchicum.
+  Persian Iris.
+  Star Bethlehem.
+
+This list is certainly a pleasing one. It gives opportunity for flower
+borders of varied growth and rich color. There is a quality of some
+minds which may be termed historical imagination. It is the power of
+shaping from a few simple words or details of the faraway past, an ample
+picture, full of light and life, of which these meagre details are but a
+framework. Having this list of the names of these sturdy old annuals and
+perennials, what do you perceive besides the printed words? I see that
+the old mid-century garden where these seeds found a home was a cheerful
+place from earliest spring to autumn; that it had many bulbs, and
+thereafter a constant succession of warm blooms till the Coxcombs,
+Marigolds, Colchicums and Chrysanthemums yielded to New England's
+frosts. I know that the garden had beehives and that the bees were
+loved; for when they sallied out of their straw bee-skepes, these happy
+bees found their favorite blossoms planted to welcome them: Cerinthe,
+dropping with honey; Cacalia, a sister flower; Lupine, Larkspur, Sweet
+Marjoram, and Thyme--I can taste the Thyme-scented classic honey from
+that garden! There was variety of foliage as well as bloom, the dovelike
+Lavender, the glaucous Horned Poppy, the glistening Iceplants, the dusty
+Rose Campion.
+
+[Illustration: Old Garden at Duck Cove Farm in Narragansett.]
+
+Stately plants grew from the little seed-packets; Hollyhocks, Valerian,
+Canterbury Bells, Tree Primroses looked down on the low-growing herbs of
+the border; and there were vines of Convolvulus and Honeysuckle. It was
+a garden overhung by clouds of perfume from Thyme, Lavender, Sweet Peas,
+Pleasant-eyed Pink, and Stock. The garden's mistress looked well after
+her household; ample store of savory pot herbs grow among the finer
+blossoms.
+
+It was a garden for children to play in. I can see them; little boys
+with their hair tied in queues, in knee breeches and flapped coats like
+their stately fathers, running races down the garden path, as did the
+Van Cortlandt children; and demure little girls in caps and sacques and
+aprons, sitting in cubby houses under the Lilac bushes. I know what
+flowers they played with and how they played, for they were my
+great-grandmothers and grandfathers, and they played exactly what I did,
+and sang what I did when I was a child in a garden. And suddenly my
+picture expands, as a glow of patriotic interest thrills me in the
+thought that in this garden were sheltered and amused the boys of one
+hundred and forty years ago, who became the heroes of our American
+Revolution; and the girls who were Daughters of Liberty, who spun and
+wove and knit for their soldiers, and drank heroically their miserable
+Liberty tea. I fear the garden faded when bitter war scourged the land,
+when the women turned from their flower beds to the plough and the
+field, since their brothers and husbands were on the frontier.
+
+But when that winter of gloom to our country and darkness to the garden
+was ended, the flowers bloomed still more brightly, and to the cheerful
+seedlings of the old garden is now given perpetual youth and beauty;
+they are fated never to grow faded or neglected or sad, but to live and
+blossom and smile forever in the sunshine of our hearts through the
+magic power of a few printed words in a time-worn old news-sheet.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+FRONT DOORYARDS
+
+     "There are few of us who cannot remember a front yard garden which
+     seemed to us a very paradise in childhood. Whether the house was a
+     fine one and the enclosure spacious, or whether it was a small
+     house with only a narrow bit of ground in front, the yard was kept
+     with care, and was different from the rest of the land
+     altogether.... People do not know what they lose when they make way
+     with the reserve, the separateness, the sanctity, of the front yard
+     of their grandmothers. It is like writing down family secrets for
+     any one to read; it is like having everybody call you by your first
+     name, or sitting in any pew in church."
+
+     --_Country Byways_, SARAH ORNE JEWETT, 1881.
+
+
+Old New England villages and small towns and well-kept New England farms
+had universally a simple and pleasing form of garden called the front
+yard or front dooryard. A few still may be seen in conservative
+communities in the New England states and in New York or Pennsylvania. I
+saw flourishing ones this summer in Gloucester, Marblehead, and Ipswich.
+Even where the front yard was but a narrow strip of land before a tiny
+cottage, it was carefully fenced in, with a gate that was kept rigidly
+closed and latched. There seemed to be a law which shaped and bounded
+the front yard; the side fences extended from the corners of the house
+to the front fence on the edge of the road, and thus formed naturally
+the guarded parallelogram. Often the fence around the front yard was the
+only one on the farm; everywhere else were boundaries of great stone
+walls; or if there were rail fences, the front yard fence was the only
+painted one. I cannot doubt that the first gardens that our foremothers
+had, which were wholly of flowering plants, were front yards, little
+enclosures hard won from the forest.
+
+[Illustration: The Flowering Almond under the Window.]
+
+The word yard, not generally applied now to any enclosure of elegant
+cultivation, comes from the same root as the word garden. Garth is
+another derivative, and the word exists much disguised in orchard. In
+the sixteenth century yard was used in formal literature instead of
+garden; and later Burns writes of "Eden's bonnie yard, Where yeuthful
+lovers first were pair'd."
+
+This front yard was an English fashion derived from the forecourt so
+strongly advised by Gervayse Markham (an interesting old English writer
+on floriculture and husbandry), and found in front of many a yeoman's
+house, and many a more pretentious house as well in Markham's day.
+Forecourts were common in England until the middle of the eighteenth
+century, and may still be seen. The forecourt gave privacy to the house
+even when in the centre of a town. Its readoption is advised with
+handsome dwellings in England, where ground-space is limited,--and why
+not in America, too?
+
+[Illustration: Peter's Wreath.]
+
+The front yard was sacred to the best beloved, or at any rate the most
+honored, garden flowers of the house mistress, and was preserved by its
+fences from inroads of cattle, which then wandered at their will and
+were not housed, or even enclosed at night. The flowers were often of
+scant variety, but were those deemed the gentlefolk of the flower world.
+There was a clump of Daffodils and of the Poet's Narcissus in early
+spring, and stately Crown Imperial; usually, too, a few scarlet and
+yellow single Tulips, and Grape Hyacinths. Later came Phlox in
+abundance--the only native American plant,--Canterbury Bells, and ample
+and glowing London Pride. Of course there were great plants of white and
+blue Day Lilies, with their beautiful and decorative leaves, and purple
+and yellow Flower de Luce. A few old-fashioned shrubs always were seen.
+By inflexible law there must be a Lilac, which might be the aristocratic
+Persian Lilac. A Syringa, a flowering Currant, or Strawberry bush made
+sweet the front yard in spring, and sent wafts of fragrance into the
+house-windows. Spindling, rusty Snowberry bushes were by the gate, and
+Snowballs also, or our native Viburnums. Old as they seem, the Spiraeas
+and Deutzias came to us in the nineteenth century from Japan; as did the
+flowering Quinces and Cherries. The pink Flowering Almond dates back to
+the oldest front yards (see page 39), and Peter's Wreath certainly seems
+an old settler and is found now in many front yards that remain. The
+lovely full-flowered shrub of Peter's Wreath, on page 41, which was
+photographed for this book, was all that remained of a once-loved front
+yard.
+
+The glory of the front yard was the old-fashioned early red "Piny,"
+cultivated since the days of Pliny. I hear people speaking of it with
+contempt as a vulgar flower,--flaunting is the conventional derogatory
+adjective,--but I glory in its flaunting. The modern varieties, of every
+tint from white through flesh color, coral, pink, ruby color, salmon,
+and even yellow, to deep red, are as beautiful as Roses. Some are
+sweet-scented; and they have no thorns, and their foliage is ever
+perfect, so I am sure the Rose is jealous.
+
+I am as fond of the Peony as are the Chinese, among whom it is flower
+queen. It is by them regarded as an aristocratic flower; and in old New
+England towns fine Peony plants in an old garden are a pretty good
+indication of the residence of what Dr. Holmes called New England
+Brahmins. In Salem and Portsmouth are old "Pinys" that have a hundred
+blossoms at a time--a glorious sight. A Japanese name is
+"Flower-of-prosperity"; another name, "Plant-of-twenty-days," because
+its glories last during that period of time.
+
+[Illustration: Peonies in a Salem Garden.]
+
+Rhododendrons are to the modern garden what the Peony was in the
+old-fashioned flower border; and I am glad the modern flower cannot
+drive the old one out. They are equally varied in coloring, but the
+Peony is a much hardier plant, and I like it far better. It has no
+blights, no bugs, no diseases, no running out, no funguses; it
+doesn't have to be covered in winter, and it will bloom in the shade. No
+old-time or modern garden is to me fully furnished without Peonies; see
+how fair they are in this Salem garden. I would grow them in some corner
+of the garden for their splendid healthy foliage if they hadn't a
+blossom. The _Paeonia tenuifolia_ in particular has exquisite feathery
+foliage. The great Tree Peony, which came from China, grows eight feet
+or more in height, and is a triumph of the flower world; but it was not
+known to the oldest front yards. Some of the Tree Peonies have finely
+displayed leafage of a curious and very gratifying tint of green. Miss
+Jekyll, with her usual felicity, compares its blue cast with pinkish
+shading to the vari-colored metal alloys of the Japanese bronze
+workers--a striking comparison. The single Peonies of recent years are
+of great beauty, and will soon be esteemed here as in China.
+
+Not the least of the Peony's charms is its exceeding trimness and
+cleanliness. The plants always look like a well-dressed, well-shod,
+well-gloved girl of birth, breeding, and of equal good taste and good
+health; a girl who can swim, and skate, and ride, and play golf. Every
+inch has a well-set, neat, cared-for look which the shape and growth of
+the plant keeps from seeming artificial or finicky. See the white Peony
+on page 44; is it not a seemly, comely thing, as well as a beautiful
+one?
+
+No flower can be set in our garden of more distinct antiquity than the
+Peony; the Greeks believed it to be of divine origin. A green arbor of
+the fourteenth century in England is described as set around with
+Gillyflower, Tansy, Gromwell, and "Pyonys powdered ay betwene"--just as
+I like to see Peonies set to this day, "powdered" everywhere between all
+the other flowers of the border.
+
+[Illustration: White Peonies.]
+
+I am pleased to note of the common flowers of the New England front
+yard, that they are no new things; they are nearly all Elizabethan of
+date--many are older still. Lord Bacon in his essay on gardens names
+many of them, Crocus, Tulip, Hyacinth, Daffodil, Flower de Luce, double
+Peony, Lilac, Lily of the Valley.
+
+A favorite flower was the yellow garden Lily, the Lemon Lily,
+_Hemerocallis_, when it could be kept from spreading. Often its
+unbounded luxuriance exiled it from the front yard to the kitchen
+dooryard as befell the clump shown facing page 48. Its pretty
+old-fashioned name was Liricon-fancy, given, I am told, in England to
+the Lily of the Valley. I know no more satisfying sight than a good bank
+of these Lemon Lilies in full flower. Below Flatbush there used to be a
+driveway leading to an old Dutch house, set at regular intervals with
+great clumps of Lemon Lilies, and their full bloom made them glorious.
+Their power of satisfactory adaptation in our modern formal garden is
+happily shown facing page 76, in the lovely garden of Charles E. Mather,
+Esq., in Haverford, Pennsylvania.
+
+The time of fullest inflorescence of the nineteenth century front yard
+was when Phlox and Tiger Lilies bloomed; but the pinkish-orange colors
+of the latter (the oddest reds of any flower tints) blended most vilely
+and rampantly with the crimson-purple of the Phlox; and when London
+Pride joined with its glowing scarlet, the front yard fairly ached.
+Nevertheless, an adaptation of that front yard bloom can be most
+effective in a garden border, when white Phlox only is planted, and the
+Tiger Lily or cultivated stalks of our wild nodding Lily rise above the
+white trusses of bloom. These wild Lilies grow very luxuriantly in the
+garden, often towering above our heads and forming great candelabra
+bearing two score or more blooms. It is no easy task to secure their
+deep-rooted rhizomes in the meadow. I know a young man who won his
+sweetheart by the patience and assiduity with which he dug for her all
+one broiling morning to secure for her the coveted Lily roots, and
+collapsed with mild sunstroke at the finish. Her gratitude and remorse
+were equal factors in his favor.
+
+The Tiger Lily is usually thought upon as a truly old-fashioned flower,
+a veritable antique; it is a favorite of artists to place as an
+accessory in their colonial gardens, and of authors for their
+flower-beds of Revolutionary days, but it was not known either in formal
+garden or front yard, until after "the days when we lived under the
+King." The bulbs were first brought to England from Eastern Asia in 1804
+by Captain Kirkpatrick of the East India Company's Service, and shared
+with the Japan Lily the honor of being the first Eastern Lilies
+introduced into European gardens. A few years ago an old gentleman, Mr.
+Isaac Pitman, who was then about eighty-five years of age, told me that
+he recalled distinctly when Tiger Lilies first appeared in our gardens,
+and where he first saw them growing in Boston. So instead of being an
+old-time flower, or even an old-comer from the Orient, it is one of the
+novelties of this century. How readily has it made itself at home, and
+even wandered wild down our roadsides!
+
+The two simple colors of Phlox of the old-time front yard, white and
+crimson-purple, are now augmented by tints of salmon, vermilion, and
+rose. I recall with special pleasure the profuse garden decoration at
+East Hampton, Long Island, of a pure cherry-colored Phlox, generally a
+doubtful color to me, but there so associated with the white blooms of
+various other plants, and backed by a high hedge covered solidly with
+blossoming Honeysuckle, that it was wonderfully successful.
+
+To other members of the Phlox family, all natives of our own continent,
+the old front yard owed much; the Moss Pink sometimes crowded out both
+Grass and its companion the Periwinkle; it is still found in our
+gardens, and bountifully also in our fields; either in white or pink, it
+is one of the satisfactions of spring, and its cheerful little blossom
+is of wonderful use in many waste places. An old-fashioned bloom, the
+low-growing _Phlox amoena_, with its queerly fuzzy leaves and bright
+crimson blossoms, was among the most distinctly old-fashioned flowers of
+the front yard. It was tolerated rather than cultivated, as was its
+companion, the Arabis or Rock Cress--both crowding, monopolizing
+creatures. I remember well how they spread over the beds and up the
+grass banks in my mother's garden, how sternly they were uprooted, in
+spite of the pretty name of the Arabis--"Snow in Summer."
+
+Sometimes the front yard path had edgings of sweet single or lightly
+double white or tinted Pinks, which were not deemed as choice as Box
+edgings. Frequently large Box plants clipped into simple and natural
+shapes stood at the side of the doorstep, usually in the home of the
+well-to-do. A great shell might be on either side of the door-sill, if
+there chanced to be seafaring men-folk who lived or visited under the
+roof-tree. Annuals were few in number; sturdy old perennial plants of
+many years' growth were the most honored dwellers in the front yard,
+true representatives of old families. The Roses were few and poor, for
+there was usually some great tree just without the gate, an Elm or
+Larch, whose shadow fell far too near and heavily for the health of
+Roses. Sometimes there was a prickly semidouble yellow Rose, called by
+us a Scotch Rose, a Sweet Brier, or a rusty-flowered white Rose,
+similar, though inferior, to the Madame Plantier. A new fashion of
+trellises appeared in the front yard about sixty years ago, and crimson
+Boursault Roses climbed up them as if by magic.
+
+One marked characteristic of the front yard was its lack of weeds; few
+sprung up, none came to seed-time; the enclosure was small, and it was a
+mark of good breeding to care for it well. Sometimes, however, the earth
+was covered closely under shrubs and plants with the cheerful little
+Ladies' Delights, and they blossomed in the chinks of the bricked path
+and under the Box edges. Ambrosia, too, grew everywhere, but these were
+welcome--they were not weeds.
+
+Our old New England houses were suited in color and outline to their
+front yards as to our landscape. Lowell has given in verse a good
+description of the kind of New England house that always had a front
+dooryard of flowers.
+
+[Illustration: Yellow Day Lilies.]
+
+                        "On a grass-green swell
+    That towards the south with sweet concessions fell,
+    It dwelt retired, and half had grown to be
+    As aboriginal as rock or tree.
+    It nestled close to earth, and seemed to brood
+    O'er homely thoughts in a half-conscious mood.
+    If paint it e'er had known, it knew no more
+    Than yellow lichens spattered thickly o'er
+    That soft lead gray, less dark beneath the eaves,
+    Which the slow brush of wind and weather leaves.
+    The ample roof sloped backward to the ground
+    And vassal lean-tos gathered thickly round,
+    Patched on, as sire or son had felt the need.
+    But the great chimney was the central thought.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    It rose broad-shouldered, kindly, debonair,
+    Its warm breath whitening in the autumn air."
+
+Sarah Orne Jewett, in the plaint of _A Mournful Villager_, has drawn a
+beautiful and sympathetic picture of these front yards, and she deplores
+their passing. I mourn them as I do every fenced-in or hedged-in garden
+enclosure. The sanctity and reserve of these front yards of our
+grandmothers was somewhat emblematic of woman's life of that day: it was
+restricted, and narrowed to a small outlook and monotonous likeness to
+her neighbor's; but it was a life easily satisfied with small pleasures,
+and it was comely and sheltered and carefully kept, and pleasant to the
+home household; and these were no mean things.
+
+The front yard was never a garden of pleasure; children could not play
+in these precious little enclosed plots, and never could pick the
+flowers--front yard and flowers were both too much respected. Only
+formal visitors entered therein, visitors who opened the gate and closed
+it carefully behind them, and knocked slowly with the brass knocker, and
+were ushered in through the ceremonious front door and the little
+ill-contrived entry, to the stiff fore-room or parlor. The parson and
+his wife entered that portal, and sometimes a solemn would-be
+sweetheart, or the guests at a tea party. It can be seen that every one
+who had enough social dignity to have a front door and a parlor, and
+visitors thereto, also desired a front yard with flowers as the external
+token of that honored standing. It was like owning a pew in church; you
+could be a Christian without having a pew, but not a respected one.
+Sometimes when there was a "vendue" in the house, reckless folk opened
+the front gate, and even tied it back. I attended one where the
+auctioneer boldly set the articles out through the windows under the
+Lilac bushes and even on the precious front yard plants. A vendue and a
+funeral were the only gatherings in country communities when the entire
+neighborhood came freely to an old homestead, when all were at liberty
+to enter the front dooryard. At the sad time when a funeral took place
+in the house, the front gate was fastened widely open, and solemn
+men-neighbors, in Sunday garments, stood rather uncomfortably and
+awkwardly around the front yard as the women passed into the house of
+mourning and were seated within. When the sad services began, the men
+too entered and stood stiffly by the door. Then through the front door,
+down the mossy path of the front yard, and through the open front gate
+was borne the master, the mistress, and then their children, and
+children's children. All are gone from our sight, many from our memory,
+and often too from our ken, while the Lilacs and Peonies and Flowers de
+Luce still blossom and flourish with perennial youth, and still claim us
+as friends.
+
+At the side of the house or by the kitchen door would be seen many
+thrifty blooms: poles of Scarlet Runners, beds of Portulacas and
+Petunias, rows of Pinks, bunches of Marigolds, level expanses of Sweet
+Williams, banks of cheerful Nasturtiums, tangles of Morning-glories and
+long rows of stately Hollyhocks, which were much admired, but were
+seldom seen in the front yard, which was too shaded for them. Weeds grew
+here at the kitchen door in a rank profusion which was hard to conquer;
+but here the winter's Fuchsias or Geraniums stood in flower pots in the
+sunlight, and the tubs of Oleanders and Agapanthus Lilies.
+
+The flowers of the front yard seemed to bear a more formal, a "company"
+aspect; conventionality rigidly bound them. Bachelor's Buttons might
+grow there by accident, but Marigolds never were tolerated,--they were
+pot herbs. Sunflowers were not even permitted in the flower beds at the
+side of the house unless these stretched down to the vegetable beds.
+Outside the front yard would be a rioting and cheerful growth of pink
+Bouncing Bet, or of purple Honesty, and tall straggling plants of a
+certain small flowered, ragged Campanula, and a white Mallow with
+flannelly leaves which, doubtless, aspired to inhabit the sacred bounds
+of the front yard (and probably dwelt there originally), and often were
+gladly permitted to grow in side gardens or kitchen dooryards, but which
+were regarded as interloping weeds by the guardians of the front yard,
+and sternly exiled. Sometimes a bed of these orange-tawny Day Lilies
+which had once been warmly welcomed from the Orient, and now were not
+wanted anywhere by any one, kept company with the Bouncing Bet, and
+stretched cheerfully down the roadside.
+
+[Illustration: Orange Day Lilies.]
+
+When the fences disappeared with the night rambles of the cows, the
+front yards gradually changed character; the tender blooms vanished,
+but the tall shrubs and the Peonies and Flower de Luce sturdily grew and
+blossomed, save where that dreary destroyer of a garden crept in--the
+desire for a lawn. The result was then a meagre expanse of poorly kept
+grass, with no variety, color, or change,--neither lawn nor front yard.
+It is ever a pleasure to me when driving in a village street or a
+country road to find one of these front yards still enclosed, or even to
+note in front of many houses the traces of a past front yard still
+plainly visible in the flourishing old-fashioned plants of many years'
+growth.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+VARIED GARDENS FAIR
+
+    "And all without were walkes and alleys dight
+     With divers trees enrang'd in even rankes;
+     And here and there were pleasant arbors pight
+     And shadie seats, and sundry flowering bankes
+     To sit and rest the walkers wearie shankes."
+
+    --_Faerie Queene_, EDMUND SPENSER.
+
+
+Many simple forms of gardens were common besides the enclosed front
+yard; and as wealth poured in on the colonies, the beautiful gardens so
+much thought of in England were copied here, especially by wealthy
+merchants, as is noted in the first chapter of this book, and by the
+provincial governors and their little courts; the garden of Governor
+Hutchinson, in Milford, Massachusetts, is stately still and little
+changed.
+
+[Illustration: Preston Garden.]
+
+English gardens, at the time of the settlement of America, had passed
+beyond the time when, as old Gervayse Markham said, "Of all the best
+Ornaments used in our English gardens, Knots and Mazes are the most
+ancient." A maze was a placing of low garden hedges of Privet, Box, or
+Hyssop, usually set in concentric circles which enclosed paths, that
+opened into each other by such artful contrivance that it was difficult
+to find one's way in and out through these bewildering paths. "When well
+formed, of a man's height, your friend may perhaps wander in gathering
+berries as he cannot recover himself without your help."
+
+The maze was not a thing of beauty, it was "nothing for sweetness and
+health," to use Lord Bacon's words; it was only a whimsical notion of
+gardening amusement, pleasing to a generation who liked to have hidden
+fountains in their gardens to sprinkle suddenly the unwary. I doubt if
+any mazes were ever laid out in America, though I have heard vague
+references to one in Virginia. Knots had been the choice adornment of
+the Tudor garden. They were not wholly a thing of the past when we had
+here our first gardens, and they have had a distinct influence on garden
+laying-out till our own day.
+
+An Elizabethan poet wrote:--
+
+    "My Garden sweet, enclosed with walles strong,
+     Embanked with benches to sitt and take my rest;
+     The knots so enknotted it cannot be expressed
+     The arbores and alyes so pleasant and so dulce."
+
+These garden knots were not flower beds edged with Box or Rosemary, with
+narrow walks between the edgings, as were the parterres of our later
+formal gardens. They were square, ornamental beds, each of which had a
+design set in some close-growing, trim plant, clipped flatly across the
+top, and the design filled in with colored earth or sand; and with no
+dividing paths. Elaborate models in complicated geometrical pattern were
+given in gardeners' books, for setting out these knots, which were first
+drawn on paper and subdivided into squares; then the square of earth was
+similarly divided, and set out by precise rules. William Lawson, the
+Izaak Walton of gardeners, gave, as a result of forty-eight years of
+experience, some very attractive directions for large "knottys" with
+different "thrids" of flowers, each of one color, which made the design
+appear as if "made of diverse colored ribands." One of his knots, from
+_A New Orchard and Garden_ 1618, being a garden fashion in vogue when my
+forbears came to America, I have chosen as a device for the dedication
+of this book, thinking it, in Lawson's words, "so comely, and orderly
+placed, and so intermingled, that one looking thereon cannot but
+wonder." His knots had significant names, such as "Cinkfoyle; Flower de
+Luce; Trefoyle; Frette; Lozenge; Groseboowe; Diamond; Ovall; Maze."
+
+Gervayse Markham gives various knot patterns to be bordered with Box cut
+eighteen inches broad at the bottom and kept flat at the top--with the
+ever present thought for the fine English linen. He has a varied list of
+circular, diamond-shaped, mixed, and "single impleated knots."
+
+[Illustration: Box-edged Parterre at Hampton.]
+
+These garden knots were mildly sneered at by Lord Bacon; he said, "they
+be but toys, you see as good sights many times in tarts;" still I think
+they must have been quaint, and I should like to see a garden laid out
+to-day in these pretty Elizabethan knots, set in the old patterns, and
+with the old flowers. Nor did Parkinson and other practical gardeners
+look with favor on "curiously knotted gardens," though all gave designs
+to "satisfy the desires" of their readers. "Open knots" were preferred;
+these were made with borders of lead, tiles, boards, or even the
+shankbones of sheep, "which will become white and prettily grace out the
+garden,"--a fashion I saw a few years ago around flower beds in
+Charlton, Massachusetts. "Round whitish pebble stones" for edgings were
+Parkinson's own invention, and proud he was of it, simple as it seems to
+us. These open knots were then filled in, but "thin and sparingly," with
+"English Flowers"; or with "Out-Landish Flowers," which were flowers
+fetched from foreign parts.
+
+The parterre succeeded the knot, and has been used in gardens till the
+present day. Parterres were of different combinations, "well-contriv'd
+and ingenious." The "parterre of cut-work" was a Box-bordered formal
+flower garden, of which the garden at Hampton, Maryland (pages 57, 60,
+and 95), is a striking and perfect example; also the present garden at
+Mount Vernon (opposite page 12), wherein carefully designed flower beds,
+edged with Box, are planted with variety of flowers, and separated by
+paths. Sometimes, of old, fine white sand was carefully strewn on the
+earth under the flowers. The "parterre a l'Anglaise" had an elaborate
+design of vari-shaped beds edged with Box, but enclosing grass instead
+of flowers. In the "parterre de broderie" the Box-edged beds were filled
+with vari-colored earths and sands. Black earth could be made of iron
+filings; red earth of pounded tiles. This last-named parterre differed
+from a knot solely in having the paths among the beds. The _Retir'd
+Gard'ner_ gives patterns for ten parterres.
+
+The main walks which formed the basis of the garden design had in
+ancient days a singular name--forthrights; these were ever to be
+"spacious and fair," and neatly spread with colored sands or gravel.
+Parkinson says, "The fairer and larger your allies and walks be the more
+grace your garden should have, the lesse harm the herbes and flowers
+shall receive, and the better shall your weeders cleanse both the bed
+and the allies." "Covert-walks," or "shade-alleys," had trees meeting in
+an arch over them.
+
+A curious term, found in references to old American flower beds and
+garden designs, as well as English ones, is the "goose-foot." A
+"goose-foot" consisted of three flower beds or three avenues radiating
+rather closely together from a small semicircle; and in some places and
+under some conditions it is still a charming and striking design, as you
+stand at the heel of the design and glance down the three avenues.
+
+[Illustration: Parterre and Clipped Box at Hampton.]
+
+In all these flower beds Box was the favorite edging, but many other
+trim edgings have been used in parterres and borders by those who love
+not Box. Bricks were used, and boards; an edging of boards was not as
+pretty as one of flowers, but it kept the beds trimly in place; a garden
+thus edged is shown on page 63 which realizes this description of the
+pleasure-garden in the _Scots Gard'ner_: "The Bordures box'd and planted
+with variety of fine Flowers orderly Intermixt, Weeded, Mow'd, Rolled
+and Kept all Clean and Handsome." Germander and Rosemary were old
+favorites for edging. I have seen snowy edgings of Candy-tuft and Sweet
+Alyssum, setting off well the vari-colored blooms of the border. One of
+Sweet Alyssum is shown on page 256. Ageratum is a satisfactory edging.
+Thyme is of ancient use, but rather unmanageable; one garden owner has
+set his edgings of Moneywort, otherwise Creeping-jenny. I should be loth
+to use Moneywort as an edging; I would not care for its yellow flowers
+in that place, though I find them very kindly and cheerful on dull banks
+or in damp spots, under the drip of trees and eaves, or better still,
+growing gladly in the flower pot of the poor. I fear if Moneywort
+thrived enough to make a close, suitable edging, that it would thrive
+too well, and would swamp the borders with its underground runners. The
+name Moneywort is akin to its older title Herb-twopence, or Twopenny
+Grass. Turner (1548) says the latter name was given from the leaves all
+"standying together of ech syde of the stalke lyke pence." The striped
+leaves of one variety of Day Lily make pretty edgings. Those from a
+Salem garden are here shown.
+
+We often see in neglected gardens in New England, or by the roadside
+where no gardens now exist, a dense gray-green growth of Lavender
+Cotton, "the female plant of Southernwood," which was brought here by
+the colonists and here will ever remain. It was used as an edging, and
+is very pretty when it can be controlled. I know two or three old
+gardens where it is thus employed.
+
+Sometimes in driving along a country road you are startled by a
+concentration of foliage and bloom, a glimpse of a tiny farm-house, over
+which are clustered and heaped, and round which are gathered, close
+enough to be within touch from door or window, flowers in a crowded
+profusion ample to fill a large flower bed. Such is the mass of June
+bloom at Wilbur Farm in old Narragansett (page 290)--a home of flowers
+and bees. Often by the side of the farm-house is a little garden or
+flower bed containing some splendid examples of old-time flowers. The
+splendid "running ribbons" of Snow Pinks, on page 292, are in another
+Narragansett garden that is a bower of blossoms. Thrift has been a
+common edging since the days of the old herbalist Gerarde.
+
+    "We have a bright little garden, down on a sunny slope,
+     Bordered with sea-pinks and sweet with the songs and blossoms of
+       hope."
+
+The garden of Secretary William H. Seward (in Auburn, New York), so
+beloved by him in his lifetime, is shown on page 146 and facing page
+134. In this garden some beds are edged with Periwinkle, others with
+Polyanthus, and some with Ivy which Mr. Seward brought from Abbotsford
+in 1836. This garden was laid out in its present form in 1816, and the
+sun-dial was then set in its place. The garden has been enlarged, but
+not changed, the old "George II. Roses" and York and Lancaster Roses
+still grow and blossom, and the lovely arches of single Michigan Roses
+still flourish. In it are many flowers and fruits unusual in America,
+among them a bed of Alpine strawberries.
+
+King James I. of Scotland thus wrote of the garden which he saw from his
+prison window in Windsor Castle:--
+
+    "A Garden fair, and in the Corners set
+     An Herbere greene, with Wandis long and small
+     Railit about."
+
+These wandis were railings which were much used before Box edgings
+became universal. Sometimes they were painted the family colors, as at
+Hampton Court they were green and white, the Tudor colors. These
+"wandis" still are occasionally seen. In the Berkshire Hills I drove
+past an old garden thus trimly enclosed in little beds. The rails were
+painted a dull light brown, almost the color of some tree trunks; and
+Larkspur, Foxglove, and other tall flowers crowded up to them and hung
+their heads over the top rails as children hang over a fence or a gate.
+I thought it a neat, trim fashion, not one I would care for in my own
+garden, yet not to be despised in the garden of another.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright, Waldstein, Fairfield,
+Conn.]
+
+A garden enclosed! so full of suggestion are these simple words to me,
+so constant is my thought that an ideal flower garden must be an
+enclosed garden, that I look with regret upon all beautiful flower beds
+that are not enclosed, not shut in a frame of green hedges, or high
+walls, or vine-covered fences and dividing trees. It may be selfish to
+hide so much beauty from general view; but until our dwelling-houses are
+made with uncurtained glass walls, that all the world may see
+everything, let those who have ample grounds enclose at least a portion
+for the sight of friends only.
+
+In the heart of Worcester there is a fine old mansion with ample lawns,
+great trees, and flowering shrubs that all may see over the garden fence
+as they pass by. Flowers bloom lavishly at one side of the house; and
+the thoughtless stroller never knows that behind the house, stretching
+down between the rear gardens and walls of neighboring homes, is a long
+enclosure of loveliness--sequestered, quiet, full of refreshment to the
+spirits. We think of the "Old Garden" of Margaret Deland:--
+
+                          "The Garden glows
+    And 'gainst its walls the city's heart still beats.
+    And out from it each summer wind that blows
+    Carries some sweetness to the tired streets!"
+
+[Illustration: Shaded Walk in Garden of Miss Harriet P. F. Burnside,
+Worcester, Massachusetts.]
+
+There is a shaded walk in this garden which is a thing of solace and
+content to all who tread its pathway; a bit is shown opposite this page,
+overhung with shrubs of Lilac, Syringa, Strawberry Bush, Flowering
+Currant, all the old treelike things, so fair-flowered and sweet-scented
+in spring, so heavy-leaved and cool-shadowing in midsummer: what
+pleasure would there be in this shaded walk if this garden were
+separated from the street only by stone curbing or a low rail? And there
+is an old sun-dial too in this enclosed garden! I fear the street imps
+of a crowded city would quickly destroy the old monitor were it in an
+open garden; and they would make sad havoc, too, of the Roses and
+Larkspurs (page 65) so tenderly reared by the two sisters who
+together loved and cared for this "garden enclosed." Great trees are at
+the edges of this garden, and the line of tall shrubs is carried out by
+the lavish vines and Roses on fences and walls. Within all this border
+of greenery glow the clustered gems of rare and beautiful flowers, till
+the whole garden seems like some rich jewel set purposely to be worn in
+honor over the city's heart--a clustered jewel, not one to be displayed
+carelessly and heedlessly.
+
+[Illustration: Roses and Larkspur in the Garden of Miss Harriet P. F.
+Burnside, Worcester, Massachusetts.]
+
+Salem houses and gardens are like Salem people. Salem houses present to
+you a serene and dignified front, gracious yet reserved, not thrusting
+forward their choicest treasures to the eyes of passing strangers; but
+behind the walls of the houses, enclosed from public view, lie cherished
+gardens, full of the beauty of life. Such, in their kind, are Salem
+folk.
+
+I know no more speaking, though silent, criticism than those old Salem
+gardens afford upon the modern fashion in American towns of pulling down
+walls and fences, removing the boundaries of lawns, and living in full
+view of every passer-by, in a public grassy park. It is pleasant, I
+suppose, for the passer-by; but homes are not made for passers-by. Old
+Salem gardens lie behind the house, out of sight--you have to hunt for
+them. They are terraced down if they stretch to the water-side; they are
+enclosed with hedges, and set behind high vine-covered fences, and low
+out-buildings; and planted around with great trees: thus they give to
+each family that secluded centring of family life which is the very
+essence and being of a home. I sat through a June afternoon in a Salem
+garden whose gate is within a stone's throw of a great theatre, but a
+few hundred feet from lines of electric cars and a busy street of trade,
+scarce farther from lines of active steam cars, and with a great power
+house for a close neighbor. Yet we were as secluded, as embowered in
+vines and trees, with beehives and rabbit hutches and chicken coops for
+happy children at the garden's end, as truly in beautiful privacy, as if
+in the midst of a hundred acres. Could the sense of sound be as
+sheltered by the enclosing walls as the sense of sight, such a garden
+were a city paradise.
+
+[Illustration: The Homely Back Yard.]
+
+There is scant regularity in shape in Salem gardens; there is no search
+for exact dimensions. Little narrow strips of flower beds run down from
+the main garden in any direction or at any angle where the fortunate
+owner can buy a few feet of land. Salem gardens do not change with the
+whims of fancy, either in the shape or the planting. A few new flowers
+find place there, such as the _Anemone Japonica_ and the Japanese
+shrubs; for they are akin in flower sentiment, and consort well with the
+old inhabitants. There are many choice flowers and fruits in these
+gardens. In the garden of the Manning homestead (opposite page 112)
+grows a flourishing Fig tree, and other rare fruits; for fifty years ago
+this garden was known as the Pomological Garden. It is fitting it should
+be the home of two Robert Mannings--both well-known names in the history
+of horticulture in Massachusetts.
+
+[Illustration: Covered Well at Home of Bishop Berkeley, Whitehall, Rhode
+Island.]
+
+The homely back yard of an old house will often possess a trim and
+blooming flower border cutting off the close approach of the vegetable
+beds (see opposite page 66). These back yards, with the covered Grape
+arbors, the old pumps, and bricked paths, are cheerful, wholesome
+places, generally of spotless cleanliness and weedless flower beds. I
+know one such back yard where the pump was the first one set in the
+town, and children were taken there from a distance to see the wondrous
+sight. Why are all the old appliances for raising water so pleasing? A
+well-sweep is of course picturesque, with its long swinging pole, and
+you seem to feel the refreshment and purity of the water when you see it
+brought up from such a distance; and an old roofed well with bucket,
+such as this one still in use at Bishop Berkeley's Rhode Island home is
+ever a homelike and companionable object. But a pump is really an
+awkward-looking piece of mechanism, and hasn't a vestige of beauty in
+its lines; yet it has something satisfying about it; it may be its
+domesticity, its homeliness, its simplicity. We have gained infinitely
+in comfort in our perfect water systems and lavish water of to-day, but
+we have lost the gratification of the senses which came from the sight
+and sound of freshly drawn or running water. Much of the delight in a
+fountain comes, not only from the beauty of its setting and the graceful
+shape of its jets, but simply from the sight of the water.
+
+Sometimes a graceful and picturesque growth of vines will beautify gate
+posts, a fence, or a kitchen doorway in a wonderfully artistic and
+pleasing fashion. On page 70 is shown the sheltered doorway of the
+kitchen of a fine old stone farm-house called, from its hedges of Osage
+Orange, "The Hedges." It stands in the village of New Hope, County
+Bucks, Pennsylvania. In 1718 the tract of which this farm of over two
+hundred acres is but a portion was deeded by the Penns to their kinsman,
+the direct ancestor of the present owner, John Schofield Williams, Esq.
+This is but one of the scores of examples I know where the same estate
+has been owned in one family for nearly two centuries, sometimes even
+for two hundred and fifty years; and in several cases where the deed
+from the Indian sachem to the first colonist is the only deed there has
+ever been, the estate having never changed ownership save by direct
+bequest. I have three such cases among my own kinsfolk.
+
+[Illustration: Kitchen Doorway and Porch at the Hedges.]
+
+Another form of garden and mode of planting which was in vogue in the
+"early thirties" is shown facing page 92. This pillared house and the
+stiff garden are excellent types; they are at Napanock, County Ulster,
+New York. Such a house and grounds indicated the possession of
+considerable wealth when they were built and laid out, for both were
+costly. The semicircular driveway swept up to the front door, dividing
+off Box-edged parterres like those of the day of Queen Anne. These
+parterres were sparsely filled, the sunnier beds being set with Spring
+bulbs; and there were always the yellow Day Lilies somewhere in the
+flower beds, and the white and blue Day Lilies, the common Funkias.
+Formal urns were usually found in the parterres and sometimes a great
+cone or ball of clipped Box. These gardens had some universal details,
+they always had great Snowball bushes, and Syringas, and usually white
+Roses, chiefly Madame Plantiers; the piazza trellises had old climbing
+Roses, the Queen of the Prairie or Boursault Roses. These gardens are
+often densely overshadowed with great evergreen trees grown from the
+crowded planting of seventy years ago; none are cut down, and if one
+dies its trunk still stands, entwined with Woodbine. I don't know that
+we would lay out and plant just such a garden to-day, any more than we
+would build exactly such a house; but I love to see both, types of the
+refinement of their day, and I deplore any changes. An old Southern
+house of allied form is shown on page 72, and its garden facing page
+70,--Greenwood, in Thomasville, Georgia; but of course this garden has
+far more lavish and rich bloom. The decoration of this house is most
+interesting--a conventionalized Magnolia, and the garden is surrounded
+with splendid Magnolias and Crape Myrtles. The border edgings in this
+garden are lines of bricks set overlapping in a curious manner. They
+serve to keep the beds firmly in place, and the bricks are covered over
+with an inner edging of thrifty Violets. Curious tubs and boxes for
+plants are made of bricks set solidly in mortar. The garden is glorious
+with Roses, which seem to consort so well with Magnolias and Violets.
+
+[Illustration: Greenwood, Thomasville, Georgia.]
+
+I love a Dutch garden, "circummured" with brick. By a Dutch garden, I
+mean a small garden, oblong or square, sunk about three or four feet in
+a lawn--so that when surrounded by brick walls they seem about two feet
+high when viewed outside, but are five feet or more high from within the
+garden. There are brick or stone steps in the middle of each of the four
+walls by which to descend to the garden, which may be all planted with
+flowers, but preferably should have set borders of flowers with a
+grass-plot in the centre. On either side of the steps should be brick
+posts surmounted by Dutch pots with plants, or by balls of stone.
+Planted with bulbs, these gardens in their flowering time are, as old
+Parkinson said, a "perfect fielde of delite." We have very pretty Dutch
+gardens, so called, in America, but their chief claim to being Dutch is
+that they are set with bulbs, and have Delft or other earthen pots or
+boxes for formal plants or shrubs.
+
+Sunken gardens should be laid out under the supervision of an
+intelligent landscape architect; and even then should have a reason for
+being sunken other than a whim or increase in costliness. I visited last
+summer a beautiful estate which had a deep sunken Dutch garden with a
+very low wall. It lay at the right side of the house at a little
+distance; and beyond it, in full view of the peristyle, extended the
+only squalid objects in the horizon. A garden on the level, well
+planted, with distant edging of shrubbery, would have hidden every ugly
+blemish and been a thing of beauty. As it is now, there can be seen from
+the house nothing of the Dutch garden but a foot or two of the tops of
+several clipped trees, looking like very poor, stunted shrubs. I must
+add that this garden, with its low wall, has been a perfect man-trap. It
+has been evident that often, on dark nights, workmen who have sought a
+"short cut" across the grounds have fallen over the shallow wall, to the
+gardener's sorrow, and the bulbs' destruction. Once, at dawn, the
+unhappy gardener found an ancient horse peacefully feeding among the
+Hyacinths and Tulips. He said he didn't like the grass in his new
+pasture nor the sudden approach to it; that he was too old for such
+new-fangled ways. I know another estate near Philadelphia, where the
+sinking of a garden revealed an exquisite view of distant hills; such a
+garden has reason for its form.
+
+[Illustration: Roses and Violets in Garden at Greenwood, Thomasville,
+Georgia.]
+
+We have had few water-gardens in America till recent years; and there
+are some drawbacks to their presence near our homes, as I was vividly
+aware when I visited one in a friend's garden early in May this year.
+Water-hyacinths were even then in bloom, and two or three exquisite
+Lilies; and the Lotus leaves rose up charmingly from the surface of the
+tank. Less charmingly rose up also a cloud of vicious mosquitoes, who
+greeted the newcomer with a warm chorus of welcome. As our newspapers at
+that time were filled with plans for the application of kerosene to
+every inch of water-surface, such as I saw in these Lily tanks,
+accompanied by magnified drawings of dreadful malaria-bearing insects, I
+fled from them, preferring to resign both _Nymphaea_ and _Anopheles_.
+
+[Illustration: Water Garden at Sylvester Manor, Shelter Island, New
+York.]
+
+After the introduction to English folk of that wonder of the world, the
+Victoria Regia, it was cultivated by enthusiastic flower lovers in
+America, and was for a time the height of the floral fashion. Never has
+the glorious Victoria Regia and scarce any other flower been described
+as by Colonel Higginson, a wonderful, a triumphant word picture. I was a
+very little child when I saw that same lovely Lily in leaf and flower
+that he called his neighbor; but I have never forgotten it, nor how
+afraid I was of it; for some one wished to lift me upon the great leaf
+to see whether it would hold me above the water. We had heard that the
+native children in South America floated on the leaves. I objected to
+this experiment with vehemence; but my mother noted that I was no more
+frightened than was the faithful gardener at the thought of the possible
+strain on his precious plant of the weight of a sturdy child of six or
+seven years. I have seen the Victoria Regia leaves of late years, but
+I seldom hear of its blossoming; but alas! we take less heed of the
+blooming of unusual plants than we used to thirty or forty years ago.
+Then people thronged a greenhouse to see a new Rose or Camellia
+Japonica; even a Night-blooming Cereus attracted scores of visitors to
+any house where it blossomed. And a fine Cactus of one of our neighbors
+always held a crowded reception when in rich bloom. It was a part of the
+"Flower Exchange," an interest all had for the beautiful flowers of
+others, a part of the old neighborly life.
+
+[Illustration: Terrace Wall at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey.]
+
+Within the past five or six years there have been laid out in America,
+at the country seats of men of wealth and culture, a great number of
+formal gardens,--Italian gardens, some of them are worthily named, as
+they have been shaped and planted in conformity with the best laws and
+rules of Italian garden-making--that special art. On this page is shown
+the finely proportioned terrace wall, and opposite the upper terrace and
+formal garden of Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey, the country seat
+of M. Taylor Pyne, Esq. This garden affords a good example of the accord
+which should ever exist between the garden and its surroundings. The
+name, Drumthwacket--a wooded hill--is a most felicitous one; the place
+is part of the original grant to William Penn, and has remained in the
+possession of one family until late in the nineteenth century. From this
+beautifully wooded hill the terrace-garden overlooks the farm buildings,
+the linked ponds, the fertile fields and meadows; a serene pastoral
+view, typical of the peaceful landscape of that vicinity--yet it was
+once the scene of fiercest battle. For the Drumthwacket farm is the
+battle-ground of that important encounter of 1777 between the British
+and the Continental troops, known as the Battle of Princeton, the
+turning point of the Revolution, in which Washington was victorious. To
+this day, cannon ball and grape shot are dug up in the Drumthwacket
+fields. The Lodge built in 1696 was, at Washington's request, the
+shelter for the wounded British officers; and the Washington Spring in
+front of the Lodge furnished water to Washington. The group of trees on
+the left of the upper pond marks the sheltered and honored graves of the
+British soldiers, where have slept for one hundred and twenty-four
+years those killed at this memorable encounter. If anything could cement
+still more closely the affections of the English and American peoples,
+it would be the sight of the tenderly sheltered graves of British
+soldiers in America, such as these at Drumthwacket and other historic
+fields on our Eastern coast. At Concord how faithfully stand the
+sentinel pines over the British dead of the Battle of Concord, who thus
+repose, shut out from the tread of heedless feet yet ever present for
+the care and thought of Concord people.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania,
+Country-seat of Charles E. Mather, Esq.]
+
+We have older Italian gardens. Some of them are of great loveliness,
+among them the unique and dignified garden of Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq.,
+but many of the newer ones, even in their few summers, have become of
+surprising grace and beauty, and their exquisite promise causes a glow
+of delight to every garden lover. I have often tried to analyze and
+account for the great charm of a formal garden, to one who loves so well
+the unrestrained and lavished blossoming of a flower border crowded with
+nature-arranged and disarranged blooms. A chance sentence in the letter
+of a flower-loving friend, one whose refined taste is an inherent
+portion of her nature, runs thus:--
+
+     "I have the same love, the same sense of perfect satisfaction, in
+     the old formal garden that I have in the sonnet in poetry, in the
+     Greek drama as contrasted with the modern drama; something within
+     me is ever drawn toward that which is restrained and classic."
+
+In these few words, then, is defined the charm of the formal garden--a
+well-ordered, a classic restraint.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Drumthwacket, Princeton, New Jersey.]
+
+Some of the new formal gardens seem imperfect in design and inadequate
+in execution; worse still, they are unsuited to their surroundings; but
+gracious nature will give even to these many charms of color, fragrance,
+and shape through lavish plant growth. I have had given to me sets of
+beautiful photographs of these new Italian gardens, which I long to
+include with my pictures of older flower beds; but I cannot do so in
+full in a book on Old-time Gardens, though they are copied from far
+older gardens than our American ones. I give throughout my book
+occasional glimpses of detail in modern formal gardens; and two examples
+may be fitly illustrated and described in comparative fulness in this
+book, because they are not only unusual in their beauty and promise, but
+because they have in plan and execution some bearing on my special
+presentation of gardens. These two are the gardens of Avonwood Court in
+Haverford, Pennsylvania, the country-seat of Charles E. Mather, Esq., of
+Philadelphia; and of Yaddo, in Saratoga, New York, the country-seat of
+Spencer Trask, Esq., of New York.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania.]
+
+The garden at Avonwood Court was designed and laid out in 1896 by Mr.
+Percy Ash. The flower planting was done by Mr. John Cope; and the garden
+is delightsome in proportions, contour, and aspect. Its claim to
+illustrative description in this book lies in the fact that it is
+planted chiefly with old-fashioned flowers, and its beds are laid out
+and bordered with thriving Box in a truly old-time mode. It affords a
+striking example of the beauty and satisfaction that can come from the
+use of Box as an edging, and old-time flowers as a filling of these
+beds. Among the two hundred different plants are great rows of yellow
+Day Lilies shown in the view facing page 76; regular plantings of
+Peonies; borders of Flower de Luce; banks of Lilies of the Valley; rows
+of white Fraxinella and Lupine, beds of fringed Poppies, sentinels of
+Yucca--scores of old favorites have grown and thriven in the cheery
+manner they ever display when they are welcome and beloved. The sun-dial
+in this garden is shown facing page 82; it was designed by Mr. Percy
+Ash, and can be regarded as a model of simple outlines, good
+proportions, careful placing, and symmetrical setting. By placing I mean
+that it is in the right site in relation to the surrounding flower beds,
+and to the general outlines of the garden; it is a dignified and
+significant garden centre. By setting I mean its being raised to proper
+prominence in the garden scheme, by being placed at the top of a
+platform formed of three circular steps of ample proportion and suitable
+height, that its pedestal is also of the right size and not so high but
+one can, when standing on the top step, read with ease the dial's
+response to our question, "What's the time o' the day?" The hedges and
+walls of Honeysuckle, Roses, and other flowering vines that surround
+this garden have thriven wonderfully in the five years of the garden's
+life, and look like settings of many years. The simple but graceful wall
+seat gives some idea of the symmetrical and simple garden
+furnishings, as well as the profusion of climbing vines that form the
+garden's boundaries.
+
+[Illustration: Entrance Porch and Gate to the Rose Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+This book bears on the title-page a redrawing of a charming old woodcut
+of the eighteenth century, a very good example of the art thought and
+art execution of that day, being the work of a skilful designer. It is
+from an old stilted treatise on orchards and gardens, and it depicts a
+cheerful little Love, with anxious face and painstaking care, measuring
+and laying out the surface of the earth in a garden. On his either side
+are old clipped Yews; and at his feet a spade and pots of garden
+flowers, among them the Fritillary so beloved of all flower lovers and
+herbalists of that day, a significant flower--a flower of meaning and
+mystery. This drawing may be taken as an old-time emblem, and a happy
+one, to symbolize the making of the beautiful modern Rose Garden at
+Yaddo; where Love, with tenderest thought, has laid out the face of the
+earth in an exquisite garden of Roses, for the happiness and recreation
+of a dearly loved wife. The noble entrance gate and porch of this Rose
+Garden formed a happy surprise to the garden's mistress when unveiled at
+the dedication of the garden. They are depicted on page 81, and there
+may be read the inscription which tells in a few well-chosen words the
+story of the inspiration of the garden; but "between the lines," to
+those who know the Rose Garden and its makers, the inscription speaks
+with even deeper meaning the story of a home whose beauty is only
+equalled by the garden's spirit. To all such readers the Rose Garden
+becomes a fitting expression of the life of those who own it and care
+for it. This quality of expression, of significance, may be seen in many
+a smaller and simpler garden, even in a tiny cottage plot; you can
+perceive, through the care bestowed upon it, and its responsive
+blossoming, a _something_ which shows the life of the garden owners; you
+know that they are thoughtful, kindly, beauty-loving, home-loving.
+
+[Illustration: Pergola and Terrace Walk in Rose Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+Behind the beautiful pergola of the Yaddo garden, set thickly with
+Crimson Rambler, a screenlike row of poplars divides the Rose Garden
+from a luxuriant Rock Garden, and an Old-fashioned Garden of large
+extent, extraordinary profusion, and many years' growth. Perhaps the
+latter-named garden might seem more suited to my pages, since it is more
+advanced in growth and apparently more akin to my subject; but I wish to
+write specially of the Rose Garden, because it is an unusual example of
+what can be accomplished without aid of architect or landscape gardener,
+when good taste, careful thought, attention to detail, a love of
+flowers, and _intent to attain perfection_ guide the garden's makers. It
+is happily placed in a country of most charming topography, but it must
+not be thought that the garden shaped itself; its beautiful proportions,
+contour, and shape were carefully studied out and brought to the present
+perfection by the same force that is felt in the garden's smallest
+detail, the power of Love. The Rose Garden is unusually large for a
+formal garden; with its vistas and walks, the connected Daffodil Dell,
+and the Rock Garden, it fills about ten acres. But the estate is over
+eight hundred acres, and the house very large in ground extent, so the
+garden seems well-proportioned. This Rose Garden has an unusual
+attraction in the personal interest of every detail, such as is found in
+few American gardens of great size, and indeed in few English gardens.
+The gardens of the Countess Warwick, at Easton Lodge, in Essex, possess
+the same charm, a personal meaning and significance in the statues and
+fountains, and even in the planting of flower borders. The illustration
+on page 83 depicts the general shape of the Yaddo Rose Garden, as seen
+from the upper terrace; but it does not show how the garden stretches
+down the fine marble steps, past the marble figures of Diana and Paris,
+and along the paths of standard Roses, past the shallow fountain which
+is not so large as to obscure what speaks the garden's story, the statue
+of Christalan, that grand creation in one of Mrs. Trask's idyls, _Under
+King Constantine_. This heroic figure, showing to full extent the genius
+of the sculptor, William Ordway Partridge, also figures the genius of
+the poet-creator, and is of an inexpressible and impressive nobility.
+With hand and arm held to heaven, Christalan shows against the
+background of rich evergreens as the true knight of this garden of
+sentiment and chivalry.
+
+[Illustration: Statue of Christalan in Rose Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+    "The sunlight slanting westward through the trees
+     Fell first upon his lifted, golden head,
+     Making a shining helmet of his curls,
+     And then upon the Lilies in his hand.
+     His eyes had a defiant, fearless glow;
+     Against the sombre background of the wood
+     He looked scarce human."
+
+The larger and more impressive fountain at Yaddo is shown on these
+pages. It is one hundred feet long and seventy feet wide, and is in
+front of the house, to the east. Its marble figures signify the Dawn;
+it will be noted that on this site its beauties show against a suited
+and ample background, and its grand proportions are not permitted to
+obscure the fine statue of Christalan from the view of those seated on
+the terrace or walking under the shade of the pergola.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Rose Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+Especially beautiful is the sun-dial on the upper terrace, shown on page
+86. The metal dial face is supported by a marble slab resting on two
+carved standards of classic design representing conventionalized lions,
+these being copies of those two splendid standards unearthed at Pompeii,
+which still may be seen by the side of the impluvium in the atrium or
+main hall of the finest Graeco-Roman dwelling-place which has been
+restored in that wonderful city. These sun-dial standards at Yaddo were
+made by the permission and under the supervision of the Italian
+government. I can conceive nothing more fitting or more inspiring to the
+imagination than that, telling as they do the story of the splendor of
+ancient Pompeii and of the passing centuries, they should now uphold to
+our sight a sun-dial as if to bid us note the flight of time and the
+vastness of the past.
+
+[Illustration: Bronze Face of Dial in Rose Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+The entire sun-dial, with its beautiful adjuncts of carefully shaped
+marble seats, stands on a semicircular plaza of marble at the head of
+the noble flight of marble steps. The engraved metal dial face bears
+two exquisite verses--the gift of one poet to another--of Dr. Henry Van
+Dyke to the garden's mistress, Katrina Trask. These dial mottoes are
+unusual, and perfect examples of that genius which with a few words can
+shape a lasting gem of our English tongue. At the edge of the dial face
+is this motto:
+
+    "Hours fly,
+     Flowers die,
+     New Days,
+     New Ways,
+     Pass by;
+     Love stays."
+
+At the base of the gnomon is the second motto:--
+
+            Time is
+    Too Slow for those who Wait,
+    Too Swift for those who Fear,
+    Too Long for those who Grieve,
+    Too Short for those who Rejoice;
+    But for those who Love,
+            Time is
+            Eternity.
+
+I have for years been a student of sun-dial lore, a collector of
+sun-dial mottoes and inscriptions, of which I have many hundreds. I know
+nowhere, either in English, on English or Scotch sun-dials, or in the
+Continental tongues, any such exquisite dial legends as these two--so
+slight of form, so simple in wording, so pure in diction, yet of
+sentiment, of thought, how full! how impressive! They stamp themselves
+forever on the memory as beautiful examples of what James Russell Lowell
+called verbal magic; that wonderful quality which comes, neither from
+chosen words, nor from their careful combination into sentences, but
+from something which is as inexplicable in its nature as it is in its
+charm.
+
+[Illustration: Ancient Pine in Garden at Yaddo.]
+
+To tree lovers the gardens and grounds at Yaddo have glorious charms in
+their splendid trees; but one can be depicted here--the grand native
+Pine, over eight feet in diameter, which, with other stately sentinels
+of its race, stands a sombrely beautiful guard over all this
+loveliness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+BOX EDGINGS
+
+     "They walked over the crackling leaves in the garden, between the
+     lines of Box, breathing its fragrance of eternity; for this is one
+     of the odors which carry us out of time into the abysses of the
+     unbeginning past; if we ever lived on another ball of stone than
+     this, it must be that there was Box growing on it."
+
+     --_Elsie Venner_, OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, 1861.
+
+
+To many of us, besides Dr. Holmes, the unique aroma of the Box, cleanly
+bitter in scent as in taste, is redolent of the eternal past; it is
+almost hypnotic in its effect. This strange power is not felt by all,
+nor is it a present sensitory influence; it is an hereditary memory,
+half-known by many, but fixed in its intensity in those of New England
+birth and descent, true children of the Puritans; to such ones the Box
+breathes out the very atmosphere of New England's past. I cannot see in
+clear outline those prim gardens of centuries ago, nor the faces of
+those who walked and worked therein; but I know, as I stroll to-day
+between our old Box-edged borders, and inhale the beloved bitterness of
+fragrance, and gather a stiff sprig of the beautiful glossy leaves, that
+in truth the garden lovers and garden workers of other days walk beside
+me, though unseen and unheard.
+
+About thirty years ago a bright young Yankee girl went to the island of
+Cuba as a governess to the family of a sugar planter. It was regarded as
+a somewhat perilous adventure by her home-staying folk, and their
+apprehensions of ill were realized in her death there five years later.
+This was not, however, all that happened to her. The planter's wife had
+died in this interval of time, and she had been married to the widower.
+A daughter had been born, who, after her mother's death, was reared in
+the Southern island, in Cuban ways, having scant and formal
+communication with her New England kin. When this girl was twenty years
+old, she came to the little Massachusetts town where her mother had been
+reared, and met there a group of widowed and maiden aunts, and
+great-aunts. After sitting for a time in her mother's room in the old
+home, the reserve which often exists between those of the same race who
+should be friends but whose lives have been widely apart, and who can
+never have more than a passing sight of each other, made them in
+semi-embarrassment and lack of resources of mutual interest walk out
+into the garden. As they passed down the path between high lines of Box,
+the girl suddenly stopped, looked in terror at the gate, and screamed
+out in fright, "The dog, the dog, save me, he will kill me!" _No dog was
+there_, but on that very spot, between those Box hedges, thirty years
+before, her mother had been attacked and bitten by an enraged dog, to
+the distress and apprehension of the aunts, who all recalled the
+occurrence, as they reassured the fainting and bewildered girl. She, of
+course, had never known aught of this till she was told it by the old
+Box.
+
+[Illustration: House and Garden at Napanock. County Ulster, New York.]
+
+Many other instances of the hypnotic effect of Box are known, and also
+of its strong influence on the mind through memory. I know of a man who
+travelled a thousand miles to renew acquaintance and propose marriage to
+an old sweetheart, whom he had not seen and scarcely thought of for
+years, having been induced to this act wholly through memories of her,
+awakened by a chance stroll in an old Box-edged garden such as those of
+his youth; at the gate of one of which he had often lingered, after
+walking home with her from singing-school. I ought to be able to add
+that the twain were married as a result of this sentimental
+memory-awakening through the old Box; but, in truth, they never came
+very close to matrimony. For when he saw her he remained absolutely
+silent on the subject of marriage; the fickle creature forgot the Box
+scent and the singing-school, while she openly expressed to her friends
+her surprise at his aged appearance, and her pity for his dulness. For
+the sense of sight is more powerful than that of smell, and the Box
+might prove a master hand at hinting, but it failed utterly in permanent
+influence.
+
+Those who have not loved the Box for centuries in the persons and with
+the partial noses of their Puritan forbears, complain of its curious
+scent, say, like Polly Peacham, that "they can't abear it," and declare
+that it brings ever the thought of old graveyards. I have never seen
+Box in ancient burying-grounds, they were usually too neglected to be
+thus planted; but it was given a limited space in the cemeteries of the
+middle of this century. Even those borders have now generally been dug
+up to give place to granite copings.
+
+The scent of Box has been aptly worded by Gabriel d'Annunzio, in his
+_Virgin of the Rocks_, in his description of a neglected garden. He
+calls it a "bitter sweet odor," and he notes its influence in making his
+wanderers in this garden "reconstruct some memory of their far-off
+childhood."
+
+The old Jesuit poet Rapin writing in the seventeenth century tells a
+fanciful tale that--
+
+    "Gardens of old, nor Art, nor Rules obey'd,
+     But unadorn'd, or wild Neglect betray'd;"
+
+that Flora's hair hung undressed, neglected "in artless tresses," until
+in pity another nymph "around her head wreath'd a Boxen Bough" from the
+fields; which so improved her beauty that trim edgings were placed ever
+after--"where flowers disordered once at random grew."
+
+He then describes the various figures of Box, the way to plant it, its
+disadvantages, and the associate flowers that should be set with it, all
+in stilted verse.
+
+Queen Anne was a royal enemy of Box. By her order many of the famous Box
+hedges at Hampton Court were destroyed; by her example, many old
+Box-edged gardens throughout England were rooted up. There are manifold
+objections raised to Box besides the dislike of its distinctive odor:
+heavy edgings and hedges of Box "take away the heart of the ground" and
+flowers pine within Box-edged borders; the roots of Box on the inside of
+the flower knot or bed, therefore, have to be cut and pulled out in
+order to leave the earth free for flower roots. It is also alleged that
+Box harbors slugs--and I fear it does.
+
+[Illustration: Box Parterre at Hampton.]
+
+We are told that it is not well to plant Box edgings in our gardens,
+because Box is so frail, is so easily winter-killed, that it dies down
+in ugly fashion. Yet see what great trees it forms, even when untrimmed,
+as in the Prince Garden (page 31). It is true that Box does not always
+flourish in the precise shape you wish, but it has nevertheless a
+wonderfully tenacious hold on life. I know nothing more suggestive of
+persistence and of sad sentiment than the view often seen in forlorn
+city enclosures, as you drive past, or rush by in an electric car, of an
+aged bush of Box, or a few feet of old Box hedge growing in the beaten
+earth of a squalid back yard, surrounded by dirty tenement houses. Once
+a fair garden there grew; the turf and flowers and trees are vanished;
+but spared through accident, or because deemed so valueless, the Box
+still lives. Even in Washington and other Southern cities, where the
+negro population eagerly gather Box at Christmas-tide, you will see
+these forlorn relics of the garden still growing, and their bitter
+fragrance rises above the vile odors of the crowded slums.
+
+Box formed an important feature of the garden of Pliny's favorite villa
+in Tuscany, which he described in his letter to Apollinaris. How I
+should have loved its formal beauty! On the southern front a terrace was
+bordered with a Box hedge and "embellished with various figures in Box,
+the representation of divers animals." Beyond was a circus formed around
+by ranges of Box rising in walls of varied heights. The middle of this
+circus was ornamented with figures of Box. On one side was a hippodrome
+set with a plantation of Box trees backed with Plane trees; thence ran a
+straight walk divided by Box hedges into alleys. Thus expanses were
+enclosed, one of which held a beautiful meadow, another had "knots of
+Plane tree," another was "set with Box a thousand different forms." Some
+of these were letters expressing the name of the owner of all this
+extravagance; or the initials of various fair Roman dames, a very
+gallant pleasantry of young Pliny. Both Plane tree and Box tree of such
+ancient gardens were by tradition nourished with wine instead of water.
+Initials of Box may be seen to-day in English gardens, and heraldic
+devices. French gardens vied with English gardens in curious patterns in
+Box. The garden of Versailles during the reign of Louis XIV. had a stag
+chase, in clipped Box, with greyhounds in chase. Globes, pyramids,
+tubes, cylinders, cones, arches, and other shapes were cut in Box as
+they were in Yew.
+
+A very pretty conceit in Box was--
+
+    "Horizontal dials on the ground
+     In living Box by cunning artists traced."
+
+Reference is frequent enough to these dials of Box to show that they
+were not uncommon in fine old English gardens. There were sun-dials
+either of Box or Thrift, in the gardens of colleges both at Oxford and
+Cambridge, as may be seen in Loggan's _Views_. Two modern ones are
+shown; one, on page 98, is in the garden of Lady Lennox, at Broughton
+Castle, Banbury, England. Another of exceptionally fine growth and trim
+perfection in the garden at Ascott, the seat of Mr. Leopold de
+Rothschild (opposite page 100.) These are curious rather than beautiful,
+but display well that quality given in the poet's term "the tonsile
+Box."
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Box at Broughton Castle.]
+
+Writing of a similar sun-dial, Lady Warwick says:--
+
+     "Never was such a perfect timekeeper as my sun-dial, and the
+     figures which record the hours are all cut out and trimmed in Box,
+     and there again on its outer ring is a legend which read in
+     whatever way you please: Les heures heureuses ne se comptent pas.
+     They were outlined for me, those words, in baby sprigs of Box by a
+     friend who is no more, who loved my garden and was good to it."
+
+Box hedges were much esteemed in England--so says Parkinson, to dry
+linen on, affording the raised expanse and even surface so much desired.
+It can always be noted in all domestic records of early days that the
+vast washing of linen and clothing was one of the great events of the
+year. Sometimes, in households of plentiful supply, these washings were
+done but once a year; in other homes, semi-annually. The drying and
+bleaching linen was an unceasing attraction to rascals like Autolycus,
+who had a "pugging tooth"--that is, a prigging tooth. These linen
+thieves had a special name, they were called "prygmen"; they wandered
+through the country on various pretexts, men and their doxies, and were
+the bane of English housewives.
+
+The Box hedges were also in constant use to hold the bleaching webs of
+homespun and woven flaxen and hempen stuff, which were often exposed for
+weeks in the dew and sunlight. In 1710 a reason given for the disuse and
+destruction of "quicksetted arbors and hedges" was that they "agreed
+very ill with the ladies' muslins."
+
+Box was of little value in the apothecary shop, was seldom used in
+medicine. Parkinson said that the leaves and dust of boxwood "boyld in
+lye" would make hair to be "of an Aborne or Abraham color"--that is,
+auburn. This was a very primitive hair dye, but it must have been a
+powerful one.
+
+Boxwood was a firm, beautiful wood, used to make tablets for
+inscriptions of note. The mottled wood near the root was called dudgeon.
+Holland's translation of Pliny says, "The Box tree seldome hath any
+grain crisped damaske-wise, and never but about the root, the which is
+dudgin." From its esteemed use for dagger hilts came the word
+dudgeon-dagger, and the terms "drawn-dudgeon" and "high-dudgeon,"
+meaning offence or discord.
+
+I plead for the Box, not for its fragrance, for you may not be so
+fortunate as to have a Puritan sense of smell, nor for its weird
+influence, for that is intangible; but because it is the most becoming
+of all edgings to our garden borders of old-time flowers. The clear
+compact green of its shining leaves, the trim distinctness of its
+clipped lines, the attributes that made Pope term it the "shapely Box,"
+make it the best of all foils for the varied tints of foliage, the many
+colors of bloom, and the careless grace in growth of the flowers within
+the border.
+
+Box edgings are pleasant, too, in winter, showing in grateful relief
+against the tiresome monotony of the snow expanse. And they bear
+sometimes a crown of lightest snow wreaths, which seem like a white
+blossoming in promise of the beauties of the border in the coming
+summer. Pick a bit of this winter Box, even with the mercury below zero.
+Lo! you have a breath of the hot dryness of the midsummer garden.
+
+Box grows to great size, even twenty feet in height. In Southern
+gardens, where it is seldom winter-killed, it is often of noble
+proportions. In the lovely garden of Martha Washington at Mount Vernon
+the Box is still preserved in the beauty and interest of its original
+form.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Box at Ascott.]
+
+The Box edgings and hedges of many other Southern gardens still are
+in good condition; those of the old Preston homestead at Columbia, South
+Carolina (shown on pages 15 and 18, and facing page 54), owe their
+preservation during the Civil War to the fact that the house was then
+the refuge of a sisterhood of nuns. The Ridgely estate, Hampton, in
+County Baltimore, Maryland, has a formal garden in which the perfection
+of the Box is a delight. The will of Captain Charles Ridgely, in 1787,
+made an appropriation of money and land for this garden. The high
+terrace which overlooks the garden and the shallow ones which break the
+southern slope and mark the boundaries of each parterre are fine
+examples of landscape art, and are said to be the work of Major Chase
+Barney, a famous military engineer. By 1829 the garden was an object of
+beauty and much renown. A part only of the original parterre remains,
+but the more modern flower borders, through the unusual perspective and
+contour of the garden, do not clash with the old Box-edged beds. These
+edgings were reset in 1870, and are always kept very closely cut. The
+circular domes of clipped box arise from stems at least a hundred years
+old. The design of the parterre is so satisfactory that I give three
+views of it in order to show it fully. (See pages 57, 60, and 95.)
+
+A Box-edged garden of much beauty and large extent existed for some
+years in the grounds connected with the County Jail in Fitchburg,
+Massachusetts. It was laid out by the wife of the warden, aided by the
+manual labor of convicted prisoners, with her earnest hope that working
+among flowers would have a benefiting and softening influence on these
+criminals. She writes rather dubiously: "They all enjoyed being out of
+doors with their pipes, whether among the flowers or the vegetables; and
+no attempt at escape was ever made by any of them while in the
+comparative freedom of the flower-garden." She planted and marked
+distinctly in this garden over seven hundred groups of annuals and hardy
+perennials, hoping the men would care to learn the names of the flowers,
+and through that knowledge, and their practise in the care of Box
+edgings and hedges, be able to obtain positions as under-gardeners when
+their terms of imprisonment expired.
+
+The garden at Tudor Place, the home of Mrs. Beverley Kennon (page 103),
+displays fine Box; and the garden of the poet Longfellow which is said
+to have been laid out after the Box-edged parterres at Versailles.
+Throughout this book are scattered several good examples of Box from
+Salem and other towns; in a sweet, old garden on Kingston Hill, Rhode
+Island (page 104) the flower-beds are anchor-shaped.
+
+In favorable climates Box edgings may grow in such vigor as to entirely
+fill the garden beds. An example of this is given on page 105, showing
+the garden at Tuckahoe. The beds were laid out over a large space of
+ground in a beautiful design, which still may be faintly seen by
+examining the dark expanse beside the house, which is now almost solid
+Box. The great hedges by the avenue are also Box; between similar ones
+at Upton Court in Camden, South Carolina, riders on horseback cannot be
+seen nor see over it. New England towns seldom show such growth of Box;
+but in Hingham, Massachusetts, at the home of Mrs. Robbins, author of
+that charming book, _The Rescue of an Old Place_, there is a Box bower,
+with walls of Box fifteen feet in height. These walls were originally
+the edgings of a flower bed on the "Old Place." Read Dr. John Brown's
+charming account of the Box bower of the "Queen's Maries."
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Tudor Place.]
+
+Box grows on Long Island with great vigor. At Brecknock Hall, the family
+residence of Mrs. Albert Delafield at Greenport, Long Island, the
+hedges of plain and variegated Box are unusually fine, and the paths are
+well laid out. Some of them are entirely covered by the closing together
+of the two hedges which are often six or seven feet in height.
+
+[Illustration: Anchor-shaped Flower-beds. Kingston, Rhode Island.]
+
+In spite of the constant assertion of the winter-killing of Box in the
+North, the oldest Box in the country is that at Sylvester Manor, Shelter
+Island, New York. The estate is now owned by the tenth mistress of the
+manor, Miss Cornelia Horsford; the first mistress of the manor, Grissel
+Sylvester, who had been Grissel Gardiner, came there in 1652. It is
+told, and is doubtless true, that she brought there the first Box
+plants, to make, in what was then a far-away island, a semblance of her
+home garden. It is said that this Box was thriving in Madam Sylvester's
+garden when George Fox preached there to the Indians. The oldest Box is
+fifteen or eighteen feet high; not so tall, I think, as the neglected
+Box at Vaucluse, the old Hazard place near Newport, but far more massive
+and thrifty and shapely. Box needs unusual care and judgment, an
+instinct almost, for the removal of certain portions. It sends out tiny
+rootlets at the joints of the sprays, and these grow readily. The
+largest and oldest Box bushes at Sylvester Manor garden are a study in
+their strong, hearty stems, their perfect foliage, their symmetry; they
+show their care of centuries.
+
+[Illustration: Ancient Box at Tuckahoe.]
+
+The delightful Box-edged flower beds were laid out in their present form
+about seventy years ago by the grandfather of the present owner. There
+is a Lower Garden, a Terrace Garden, which are shown on succeeding
+pages, a Fountain Garden, a Rose Garden, a Water Garden; a bit of the
+latter is on page 75. In some portions of these gardens, especially on
+the upper terrace, the Box is so high, and set in such quaint and
+rambling figures, that it closely approaches an old English maze; and it
+was a pretty sight to behold a group of happy little children running in
+and out among these Box hedges that extended high over their heads,
+searching long and eagerly for the central bower where their little tea
+party was set.
+
+Over these old garden borders hangs literally an atmosphere of the past;
+the bitter perfume stimulates the imagination as we walk by the side of
+these splendid Box bushes, and think, as every one must, of what they
+have seen, of what they know; on this garden is written the history of
+over two centuries of beautiful domestic home life. It is well that we
+still have such memorials to teach us the nobility and beauty of such a
+life.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE HERB GARDEN
+
+     "To have nothing here but Sweet Herbs, and those only choice ones
+     too, and every kind its bed by itself."
+
+     --DESIDERIUS ERASMUS, 1500.
+
+
+In Montaigne's time it was the custom to dedicate special chapters of
+books to special persons. Were it so to-day, I should dedicate this
+chapter to the memory of a friend who has been constantly in my mind
+while writing it; for she formed in her beautiful garden, near our
+modern city, Chicago, the only perfect herb garden I know,--a garden
+that is the counterpart of the garden of Erasmus, made four centuries
+ago; for in it are "nothing but Sweet Herbs, and choice ones too, and
+every kind its bed by itself." A corner of it is shown on page 108. This
+herb garden is so well laid out that I will give directions therefrom
+for a bed of similar planting. It may be placed at the base of a grass
+bank or at the edge of a garden. Let two garden walks be laid out, one
+at the lower edge, perhaps, of the bank, the other parallel, ten,
+fifteen, twenty feet away. Let narrow paths be left at regular intervals
+running parallel from walk to walk, as do the rounds of a ladder from
+the two side bars. In the narrow oblong beds formed by these paths plant
+solid rows of herbs, each variety by itself, with no attempt at
+diversity of design. You can thus walk among them, and into them, and
+smell them in their concentrated strength, and you can gather them at
+ease. On the bank can be placed the creeping Thyme, and other
+low-running herbs. Medicinal shrubs should be the companions of the
+herbs; plant these as you will, according to their growth and habit,
+making them give variety of outline to the herb garden.
+
+[Illustration: Herb Garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois.]
+
+There are few persons who have a strong enough love of leaf scents, or
+interest in herbs, to make them willing to spend much time in working in
+an herb garden. The beauty and color of flowers would compensate them,
+but not the growth or scent of leafage. It is impossible to describe to
+one who does not feel by instinct "the lure of green things growing,"
+the curious stimulation, the sense of intoxication, of delight, brought
+by working among such green-growing, sweet-scented things. The maker of
+this interesting garden felt this stimulation and delight; and at her
+city home on a bleak day in December we both revelled in holding and
+breathing in the scent of tiny sprays of Rue, Rosemary, and Balm which,
+still green, had been gathered from beneath fallen leaves and stalks in
+her country garden, as a tender and grateful attention of one herb lover
+to another. Thus did she prove Shakespeare's words true even on the
+shores of Lake Michigan:--
+
+    "Rosemary and Rue: these keep
+     Seeming and savor all the winter long."
+
+There is ample sentiment in the homely inhabitants of the herb garden.
+The herb garden of the Countess of Warwick is called by her a Garden of
+Sentiment. Each plant is labelled with a pottery marker, swallow-shaped,
+bearing in ineradicable colors the flower name and its significance.
+Thus there is Balm for sympathy, Bay for glory, Foxglove for sincerity,
+Basil for hatred.
+
+A recent number of _The Garden_ deplored the dying out of herbs in old
+English gardens; so I think it may prove of interest to give the list of
+herbs and medicinal shrubs and trees which grew in this friend's herb
+garden in the new world across the sea.
+
+     Arnica, Anise, Ambrosia, Agrimony, Aconite.
+
+     Belladonna, Black Alder, Betony, Boneset or Thorough-wort, Sweet
+     Basil, Bryony, Borage, Burnet, Butternut, Balm, _Melissa
+     officinalis_, Balm (variegated), Bee-balm, or Oswego tea, mild,
+     false, and true Bergamot, Burdock, Bloodroot, Black Cohosh,
+     Barberry, Bittersweet, Butterfly-weed, Birch, Blackberry,
+     Button-Snakeroot, Buttercup.
+
+     Costmary, or Sweet Mary, Calamint, Choke-cherry, Comfrey,
+     Coriander, Cumin, Catnip, Caraway, Chives, Castor-oil Bean,
+     Colchicum, Cedronella, Camomile, Chicory, Cardinal-flower,
+     Celandine, Cotton, Cranesbill, Cow-parsnip, High-bush Cranberry.
+
+     Dogwood, Dutchman's-pipe, Dill, Dandelion, Dock, Dogbane.
+
+     Elder, Elecampane, Slippery Elm.
+
+     Sweet Fern, Fraxinella, Fennel, Flax, Fumitory, Fig, Sweet Flag,
+     Blue Flag, Foxglove.
+
+     Goldthread, Gentian, Goldenrod.
+
+     Hellebore, Henbane, Hops, Horehound, Hyssop, Horseradish,
+     Horse-chestnut, Hemlock, Small Hemlock or Fool's Parsley.
+
+     American Ipecac, Indian Hemp, Poison Ivy, wild, false, and blue
+     Indigo, wild yellow Indigo, wild white Indigo.
+
+     Juniper, Joepye-weed.
+
+     Lobelia, Lovage, Lavender Lemon Verbena, Lemon, Mountain Laurel,
+     Yellow Lady's-slippers, Lily of the Valley, Liverwort, Wild
+     Lettuce, Field Larkspur, Lungwort.
+
+     Mosquito plant, Wild Mint, Motherwort, Mullein, Sweet Marjoram,
+     Meadowsweet, Marshmallow, Mandrake, Mulberry, black and white
+     Mustard, Mayweed, Mugwort, Marigold.
+
+     Nigella.
+
+     Opium Poppy, Orange, Oak.
+
+     Pulsatilla, Pellitory or Pyrethrum, Red Pepper, Peppermint,
+     Pennyroyal, False Pennyroyal, Pope-weed, Pine, Pigweed, Pumpkin,
+     Parsley, Prince's-pine, Peony, Plantain.
+
+     Rhubarb, Rue, Rosemary, Rosa gallica, Dog Rose.
+
+     Sassafras, Saxifrage, Sweet Cicely, Sage (common blue), Sage (red),
+     Summer Savory, Winter Savory, Santonin, Sweet Woodruff, Saffron,
+     Spearmint, wild Sarsaparilla, Black Snakeroot, Squills, Senna,
+     St.-John's-Wort, Sorrel, Spruce Fir, Self-heal, Southernwood.
+
+     Thorn Apple, Tansy, Thyme, Tobacco, Tarragon.
+
+     Valerian, Dogtooth Violet, Blue Violet.
+
+     Witchhazel, Wormwood, Wintergreen, Willow, Walnut.
+
+     Yarrow.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at White Birches. Elmhurst, Illinois.]
+
+It will be noted that some common herbs and medicinal plants are
+missing; there is, for instance, no Box; it will not live in that
+climate; and there are many other herbs which this garden held for a
+short time, but which succumbed under the fierce winter winds from Lake
+Michigan.
+
+It is interesting to compare this list with one made in rhyme three
+centuries ago, the garland of herbs of the nymph Lelipa in Drayton's
+_Muse's Elyzium_.
+
+    "A chaplet then of Herbs I'll make
+       Than which though yours be braver,
+     Yet this of mine I'll undertake
+       Shall not be short in savour.
+     With Basil then I will begin,
+       Whose scent is wondrous pleasing:
+     This Eglantine I'll next put in
+       The sense with sweetness seizing.
+     Then in my Lavender I lay
+       Muscado put among it,
+     With here and there a leaf of Bay,
+       Which still shall run along it.
+     Germander, Marjoram and Thyme,
+       Which used are for strewing;
+     With Hyssop as an herb most prime
+       Here in my wreath bestowing.
+     Then Balm and Mint help to make up
+       My chaplet, and for trial
+     Costmary that so likes the Cup,
+       And next it Pennyroyal.
+     Then Burnet shall bear up with this,
+       Whose leaf I greatly fancy;
+     Some Camomile doth not amiss
+       With Savory and some Tansy.
+     Then here and there I'll put a sprig
+       Of Rosemary into it,
+     Thus not too Little nor too Big,
+       'Tis done if I can do it."
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Manning Homestead, Salem, Massachusetts.]
+
+Another name for the herb garden was the olitory; and the word herber,
+or herbar, would at first sight appear to be an herbarium, an herb
+garden; it was really an arbor. I have such satisfaction in herb
+gardens, and in the herbs themselves, and in all their uses, all their
+lore, that I am confirmed in my belief that I really care far less for
+Botany than for that old-time regard and study of plants covered by the
+significant name, Wort-cunning. Wort was a good old common English word,
+lost now in our use, save as the terminal syllable of certain
+plant-names; it is a pity we have given it up since its equivalent,
+herb, seems so variable in application, especially in that very trying
+expression of which we weary so of late--herbaceous border. This seems
+an architect's phrase rather than a florist's; you always find it on the
+plans of fine houses with gardens. To me it annihilates every
+possibility of sentiment, and it usually isn't correct, since many of
+the plants in these borders are woody perennials instead of annuals;
+any garden planting that is not "bedding-out" is wildly named "an
+herbaceous border."
+
+Herb gardens were no vanity and no luxury in our grandmothers' day; they
+were a necessity. To them every good housewife turned for nearly all
+that gave variety to her cooking, and to fill her domestic
+pharmacopoeia. The physician placed his chief reliance for supplies on
+herb gardens and the simples of the fields. An old author says, "Many an
+old wife or country woman doth often more good with a few known and
+common garden herbs, than our bombast physicians, with all their
+prodigious, sumptuous, far-fetched, rare, conjectural medicines." Doctor
+and goodwife both had a rival in the parson. The picture of the country
+parson and his wife given by old George Herbert was equally true of the
+New England minister and his wife:--
+
+     "In the knowledge of simples one thing would be carefully observed,
+     which is to know what herbs may be used instead of drugs of the
+     same nature, and to make the garden the shop; for home-bred
+     medicines are both more easy for the parson's purse, and more
+     familiar for all men's bodies. So when the apothecary useth either
+     for loosing Rhubarb, or for binding Bolearmana, the parson useth
+     damask or white Rose for the one, and Plantain, Shepherd's Purse,
+     and Knot-grass for the other; and that with better success. As for
+     spices, he doth not only prefer home-bred things before them, but
+     condemns them for vanities, and so shuts them out of his family,
+     esteeming that there is no spice comparable for herbs to Rosemary,
+     Thyme, savory Mints, and for seeds to Fennel and Caraway.
+     Accordingly, for salves, his wife seeks not the city, but prefers
+     her gardens and fields before all outlandish gums."
+
+Simples were medicinal plants, so called because each of these vegetable
+growths was held to possess an individual virtue, to be an element, a
+simple substance constituting a single remedy. The noun was generally
+used in the plural.
+
+You must not think that sowing, gathering, drying, and saving these
+herbs and simples in any convenient or unstudied way was all that was
+necessary. Not at all; many and manifold were the rules just when to
+plant them, when to pick them, how to pick them, how to dry them, and
+even how to keep them. Gervayse Markham was very wise in herb lore, in
+the suited seasons of the moon, and hour of the day or night, for herb
+culling. In the garret of every old house, such as that of the Ward
+Homestead, shown on page 116, with the wreckage of house furniture, were
+hung bunches of herbs and simples, waiting for winter use.
+
+The still-room was wholly devoted to storing these herbs and
+manufacturing their products. This was the careful work of the house
+mistress and her daughters. It was not intrusted to servants. One book
+of instruction was entitled, _The Vertuouse Boke of Distyllacyon of the
+Waters of all Manner of Herbs_.
+
+Thomas Tusser wrote:--
+
+    "Good huswives provide, ere an sickness do come,
+     Of sundrie good things in house to have some,
+     Good aqua composita, vinegar tart,
+     Rose water and treacle to comfort the heart,
+     Good herbes in the garden for agues that burn,
+     That over strong heat to good temper turn."
+
+[Illustration: Under the Garret Eaves of the Ward Homestead. Shrewsbury,
+Massachusetts.]
+
+Both still-room and simple-closet of a dame of the time of Queen
+Elizabeth or Queen Anne had crowded shelves. Many an herb and root,
+unused to-day, was deemed then of sovereign worth. From a manuscript
+receipt book I have taken names of ingredients, many of which are
+seldom, perhaps never, used now in medicine. Unripe Blackberries, Ivy
+berries, Eglantine berries, "Ashen Keys," Acorns, stones of Sloes,
+Parsley seed, Houseleeks, unripe Hazelnuts, Daisy roots, Strawberry
+"strings," Woodbine tops, the inner bark of Oak and of red Filberts,
+green "Broom Cod," White Thorn berries, Turnips, Barberry bark, Dates,
+Goldenrod, Gourd seed, Blue Lily roots, Parsnip seed, Asparagus roots,
+Peony roots.
+
+From herbs and simples were made, for internal use, liquid medicines
+such as wines and waters, syrups, juleps; and solids, such as conserves,
+confections, treacles, eclegms, tinctures. There were for external use,
+amulets, oils, ointments, liniments, plasters, cataplasms, salves,
+poultices; also sacculi, little bags of flowers, seeds, herbs, etc., and
+pomanders and posies.
+
+That a certain stimulus could be given to the brain by inhaling the
+scent of these herbs will not be doubted, I think, by the herb lover
+even of this century. In the _Haven of Health_, 1636, cures were
+promised by sleeping on herbs, smelling of them, binding the leaves on
+the forehead, and inhaling the vapors of their boiling or roasting. Mint
+was "a good Posie for Students to oft smell." Pennyroyal "quickened the
+brain by smelling oft." Basil cleared the wits, and so on.
+
+The use of herbs in medicine is far from being obsolete; and when we
+give them more stately names we swallow the same dose. Dandelion bitters
+is still used for diseases caused by an ill-working liver. Wintergreen,
+which was universally made into tea or oil for rheumatism, appears now
+in prescriptions for the same disease under the name of Gaultheria.
+Peppermint, once a sovereign cure for heartburn and "nuralogy," serves
+us decked with the title of Menthol. "Saffern-tea" never has lost its
+good standing as a cure for the "jarnders." In country communities
+scores of old herbs and simples are used in vast amounts; and in every
+village is some aged man or woman wise in gathering, distilling, and
+compounding these "potent and parable medicines," to use Cotton Mather's
+words. One of these gatherers of simples is shown opposite page 120, a
+quaint old figure, seen afar as we drive through country by-roads, as
+she bends over some dense clump of weeds in distant meadow or pasture.
+
+In our large city markets bunches of sweet herbs are still sold; and
+within a year I have seen men passing my city home selling great bunches
+of Catnip and Mint, in the spring, and dried Sage, Marjoram, and other
+herbs in the autumn. In one case I noted that it was the same man,
+unmistakably a real countryman, whom I had noted selling quail on the
+street, when he had about forty as fine quail as I ever saw. I never saw
+him sell quail, nor herbs. I think his customers are probably all
+foreigners--emigrants from continental Europe, chiefly Poles and
+Italians.
+
+The use of herbs as component parts of love philters and charms is a
+most ancient custom, and lingered into the nineteenth century in country
+communities. I knew but one case of the manufacture and administering
+of a love philter, and it was by a person to whom such an action would
+seem utterly incongruous. A very gentle, retiring girl in a New England
+town eighty years ago was deeply in love with the minister whose church
+she attended, and of which her father was the deacon. The parson was a
+widower, nearly of middle age, and exceedingly sombre and reserved in
+character--saddened, doubtless, by the loss of his two young children
+and his wife through that scourge of New England, consumption; but he
+was very handsome, and even his sadness had its charm. His house, had
+burned down as an additional misfortune, and he lived in lodgings with
+two elderly women of his congregation. Therefore church meetings and
+various gatherings of committees were held at the deacon's house, and
+the deacon's daughter saw him day after day, and grew more desperately
+in love. Desperate certainly she was when she dared even to think of
+giving a love philter to a minister. The recipe was clearly printed on
+the last page of an old dream book; and she carried it out in every
+detail. It was easy to introduce it into the mug of flip which was
+always brewed for the meeting, and the parson drank it down
+abstractedly, thinking that it seemed more bitter than usual, but
+showing no sign of this thought. The philter was promised to have effect
+in making the drinker love profoundly the first person of opposite sex
+whom he or she saw after drinking it; and of course the minister saw
+Hannah as she stood waiting for his empty tankard. The dull details of
+parish work were talked over in the usual dragging way for half an
+hour, when the minister became conscious of an intense coldness which
+seemed to benumb him in every limb; and he tried to walk to the
+fireplace. Suddenly all in the room became aware that he was very ill,
+and one called out, "He's got a stroke." Luckily the town doctor was
+also a deacon, and was therefore present; and he promptly said, "He's
+poisoned," and hot water from the teakettle, whites of eggs, mustard,
+and other domestic antidotes were administered with promptitude and
+effect. It is useless to detail the days of agony to the wretched girl,
+during which the sick man wavered between life and death, nor her
+devoted care of him. Soon after his recovery he solemnly proposed
+marriage to her, and was refused. But he never wavered in his love for
+her; and every year he renewed his offer and told his wishes, to be met
+ever with a cold refusal, until ten years had passed; when into his
+brain there entered a perception that her refusal had some extraordinary
+element in it. Then, with a warmth of determination worthy a younger
+man, he demanded an explanation, and received a confession of the
+poisonous love philter. I suppose time had softened the memory of his
+suffering, at any rate they were married--so the promise of the love
+charm came true, after all.
+
+[Illustration: A Gatherer of Simples.]
+
+Amos Bronson Alcott was another author of Concord, a sweet philosopher
+whom I shall ever remember with deepest gratitude as the only person who
+in my early youth ever imagined any literary capacity in me (and in that
+he was sadly mistaken, for he fancied I would be a poet). I have read
+very faithfully all his printed writings, trying to believe him a great
+man, a seer; but I cannot, in spite of my gratitude for his flattering
+though unfulfilled prophecy, discover in his books any profound signs of
+depth or novelty of thought. In his _Tablets_ are some very pleasant, if
+not surprisingly wise, essays on domestic subjects; one, on "Sweet
+Herbs," tells cheerfully of the womanly care of the herb garden, but
+shows that, when written--about 1850--borders of herbs were growing
+infrequent.
+
+One great delight of old English gardens is never afforded us in New
+England; we do not grow Lavender beds. I have of course seen single
+plants of Lavender, so easily winter-killed, but I never have seen a
+Lavender bed, nor do I know of one. It is a great loss. A bed or hedge
+of Lavender is pleasing in the same way that the dress of a Quaker lady
+is pleasing; it is reposeful, refined. It has a soft effect at the edge
+of a garden, like a blue-gray haze, and always reminds me of doves. The
+power of association or some inherent quality of the plant, makes
+Lavender always suggest freshness and cleanliness.
+
+We may linger a little with a few of these old herb favorites. One of
+the most balmy and beautiful of all the sweet breaths borne by leaves or
+blossoms is that of Basil, which, alas! I see so seldom. I have always
+loved it, and can never pass it without pressing its leaves in my hand;
+and I cannot express the satisfaction, the triumph, with which I read
+these light-giving lines of old Thomas Tusser, which showed me why I
+loved it:--
+
+    "Faire Basil desireth it may be hir lot
+     To growe as the gilly flower trim in a pot
+     That Ladies and Gentils whom she doth serve
+     May help hir as needeth life to preserve."
+
+An explanation of this rhyme is given by _Tusser Redivivus_: "Most
+people stroak Garden Basil which leaves a grateful smell on the hand and
+he will have it that Stroaking from a fair lady preserves the life of
+the Basil."
+
+This is a striking example of floral telepathy; you know what the Basil
+wishes, and the Basil knows and craves your affection, and repays your
+caress with her perfume and growth. It is a case of mutual attraction;
+and I beg the "Gentle Reader" never to pass a pot or plant of Basil
+without "stroaking" it; that it may grow and multiply and forever retain
+its relations with fair women, as a type of the purest, the most
+clinging, and grateful love.
+
+One amusing use of Basil (as given in one of my daughter's old Herbals)
+was intended to check obesity:--
+
+     "TO MAKE THAT A WOMAN SHALL EAT OF NOTHING THAT IS SET UPON THE
+     TABLE:--Take a little green Basil, and when Men bring the Dishes to
+     the Table put it underneath them that the Woman perceive it not; so
+     Men say that she will eat of none of that which is in the Dish
+     whereunder the Basil lieth."
+
+I cannot understand why so sinister an association was given to a pot of
+Basil by Boccaccio, who makes the unhappy Isabella conceal the head of
+her murdered lover in a flower pot under a plant of Basil; for in Italy
+Basil is ever a plant of love, not of jealousy or crime. One of its
+common names is _Bacia, Nicola_--Kiss me, Nicholas. Peasant girls always
+place Basil in their hair when they go to meet their sweethearts, and an
+offered sprig of Basil is a love declaration. It is believed that
+Boccaccio obtained this tale from some tradition of ancient Greece,
+where Basil is a symbol of hatred and despair. The figure of poverty was
+there associated with a Basil plant as with rags. It had to be sown with
+abuse, with cursing and railing, else it would not flourish. In India
+its sanctity is above all other herbs. A pious Indian has at death a
+leaf of Basil placed in his bosom as his reward. The house surrounded by
+Basil is blessed, and all who cherish the plant are sure of heaven.
+
+Mithridate was a favorite medicine of our Puritan ancestors; there were
+various elaborate compound rules for its manufacture, in which Rue
+always took a part. It was simple enough in the beginning, when King
+Mithridates invented it as an antidote against poison: twenty leaves of
+Rue pounded with two Figs, two dried Walnuts and a grain of salt; which
+receipt may be taken _cum grano salis_. Rue also entered into the
+composition of the famous "Vinegar of the Four Thieves." These four
+rascals, at the time of the Plague in Marseilles, invented this vinegar,
+and, protected by its power, entered infected houses and carried away
+property without taking the disease. Rue had innumerable virtues. Pliny
+says eighty-four remedies were made of it. It was of special use in case
+of venomous bites, and to counteract "Head-Ach" from over indulgence in
+wine, especially if a little Sage were added. It promoted love in man
+and diminished it in woman; it was good for the ear-ache, eye-ache,
+stomach-ache, leg-ache, back-ache; good for an ague, good for a surfeit;
+indeed, it would seem wise to make Rue a daily article of food and thus
+insure perpetual good health.
+
+The scent of Rue seems never dying. A sprig of it was given me by a
+friend, and it chanced to lie for a single night on the sheets of paper
+upon which this chapter is written. The scent has never left them, and
+indeed the odor of Rue hangs literally around this whole book.
+
+Summer Savory and Sweet Marjoram are rarely employed now in American
+cooking. They are still found in my kitchen, and are used in scant
+amount as a flavoring for stuffing of fowl. Many who taste and like the
+result know not the old-fashioned materials used to produce that flavor,
+and "of the younger sort" the names even are wholly unrecognized.
+
+Sage is almost the only plant of the English kitchen garden which is
+ordinarily grown in America. I like its fresh grayness in the garden. In
+the days of our friend John Gerarde, the beloved old herbalist, there
+was no fixed botanical nomenclature; but he scarcely needed botanical
+terms, for he had a most felicitous and dextrous use of words. "Sage
+hath broad leaves, long, wrinkled, rough, and whitish, like in roughness
+to woollen cloth threadbare." What a description! it is far more vivid
+than the picture here shown. Sage has never lost its established place
+as a flavoring for the stuffing for ducks, geese, and for sausages; but
+its universal employment as a flavoring for Sage cheese is nearly
+obsolete. In my childhood home, we always had Sage cheese with other
+cheeses; it was believed to be an aid in digestion. I had forgotten its
+taste; and I must say I didn't like it when I ate it last summer, in New
+Hampshire.
+
+[Illustration: Our Friend, John Gerarde.]
+
+Tansy was highly esteemed in England as a medicine, a cosmetic, and a
+flavoring and ingredient in cooking. It was rubbed over raw meat to keep
+the flies away and prevent decay, for in those days of no refrigerators
+there had to be strong measures taken for the preservation of all
+perishable food. Its strong scent and taste would be deemed intolerable
+to us, who can scarce endure even the milder Sage in any large quantity.
+A good folk name for it is "Bitter Buttons." Gerarde wrote of Tansy, "In
+the spring time, are made with the leaves hereof newly sprung up, and
+with Eggs, cakes or Tansies, which be pleasant in Taste and goode for
+the Stomach."
+
+[Illustration: Sage.]
+
+"To Make a Tansie the Best Way," I learn from _The Accomplisht Cook_,
+was thus:--
+
+     "Take twenty Eggs, and take away five whites, strain them with a
+     quart of good sweet thick Cream, and put to it a grated nutmeg, a
+     race of ginger grated, as much cinnamon beaten fine, and a penny
+     white loaf grated also, mix them all together with a little salt,
+     then stamp some green wheat with some tansie herbs, strain it into
+     the cream and eggs and stir all together; then take a clean
+     frying-pan, and a quarter of a pound of butter, melt it, and put in
+     the tansie, and stir it continually over the fire with a slice,
+     ladle, or saucer, chop it, and break it as it thickens, and being
+     well incorporated put it out of the pan into a dish, and chop it
+     very fine; then make the frying-pan very clean, and put in some
+     more butter, melt it, and fry it whole or in spoonfuls; being
+     finely fried on both sides, dish it up and sprinkle it with
+     rose-vinegar, grape-verjuyce, elder-vinegar, cowslip-vinegar, or
+     the juyce of three or four oranges, and strow on a good store of
+     fine sugar."
+
+To all of this we can say that it would certainly be a very good
+dish--without the Tansy. Another mediaeval recipe was of Tansy, Feverfew,
+Parsley, and Violets mixed with eggs, fried in butter, and sprinkled
+with sugar.
+
+The Minnow-Tansie of old Izaak Walton, a "Tanzie for Lent," was made
+thus:--
+
+     "Being well washed with salt and cleaned, and their heads and tails
+     cut off, and not washed after, they prove excellent for that use;
+     that is being fried with the yolks of eggs, the flowers of cowslips
+     and of primroses, and a little tansy, thus used they make a dainty
+     dish."
+
+The name Tansy was given afterward to a rich fruit cake which had no
+Tansy in it. It was apparently a favorite dish of Pepys. A certain
+derivative custom obtained in some New England towns--certainly in
+Hartford and vicinity. Tansy was used to flavor the Fast Day pudding.
+One old lady recalls that it was truly a bitter food to the younger
+members of the family; Miss Shelton, in her entertaining book, _The Salt
+Box House_, tells of Tansy cakes, and says children did not dislike
+them. Tansy bitters were made of Tansy leaves placed in a bottle with
+New England rum. They were a favorite spring tonic, where all physicians
+and housewives prescribed "the bitter principle" in the spring time.
+
+No doubt Tansy was among the earliest plants brought over by the
+settlers; it was carefully cherished in the herb garden, then spread to
+the dooryard and then to farm lanes. As early as 1746 the traveller Kalm
+noted Tansy growing wild in hedges and along roads in Pennsylvania. Now
+it extends its sturdy growth for miles along the country road, one of
+the rankest of weeds. It still is used in the manufacture of proprietary
+medicines, and for this purpose is cut with a sickle in great armfuls
+and gathered in cartloads. I have always liked its scent; and its
+leaves, as Gerarde said, "infinitely jagged and nicked and curled"; and
+its cheerful little "bitter buttons" of gold. Some old flowers adapt
+themselves to modern conditions and look up-to-date; but to me the
+Tansy, wherever found, is as openly old-fashioned as a betty-lamp or a
+foot-stove.
+
+[Illustration: Tansy.]
+
+On July 1, 1846, an old grave was opened in the ancient "God's Acre"
+near the halls of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This
+grave was a brick vault covered with irregularly shaped flagstones about
+three inches thick. Over it was an ancient slab of peculiar stone,
+unlike any others in the cemetery save those over the graves of two
+presidents of the College, Rev. Dr. Chauncy and Dr. Oakes. As there were
+headstones near this slab inscribed with the names of the
+great-grandchildren of President Dunster, it was believed that this was
+the grave of a third President, Dr. Dunster. He died in the year 1659;
+but his death took place in midwinter; and when this coffin was opened,
+the skeleton was found entirely surrounded with common Tansy, in seed, a
+portion of which had been pulled up by the roots, and it was therefore
+believed by many who thought upon the matter that it was the coffin and
+grave of President Mitchell, who died in July, 1668, of "an extream
+fever." The skeleton was found still wrapped in a cerecloth, and in the
+record of the church is a memorandum of payment "for a terpauling to
+wrap Mr. Mitchell." The Tansy found in this coffin, placed there more
+than two centuries ago, still retained its shape and scent.
+
+This use of Tansy at funerals lingered long in country neighborhoods in
+New England, in some vicinities till fifty years ago. To many older
+persons the Tansy is therefore so associated with grewsome sights and
+sad scenes, that they turn from it wherever seen, and its scent to them
+is unbearable. One elderly friend writes me: "I never see the leaves of
+Tansy without recalling also the pale dead faces I have so often seen
+encircled by the dank, ugly leaves. Often as a child have I been sent to
+gather all the Tansy I could find, to be carried by my mother to the
+house of mourning; and I gathered it, loathing to touch it, but not
+daring to refuse, and I loathe it still."
+
+Tansy not only retains its scent for a long period, but the "golden
+buttons" retain their color; I have seen them in New England parlors
+forming part of a winter posy; this, I suppose, in neighborhoods where
+Tansy was little used at funerals.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing, Albany, New York.]
+
+If an herb garden had no other reason for existence, let me commend it
+to the attention of those of ample grounds and kindly hearts, for a
+special purpose--as a garden for the blind. Our many flower-charities
+furnish flowers throughout the summer to our hospitals, but what
+sweet-scented flowers are there for those debarred from any sight of
+beauty? Through the past summer my daughters sent several times a week,
+by the generous carriage of the Long Island Express Company, boxes of
+wild flowers to any hospital of their choice. What could we send to the
+blind? The midsummer flowers of field and meadow gratified the sight,
+but scent was lacking. A sprig of Sweet Fern or Bayberry was the only
+resource. Think of the pleasure which could be given to the sightless by
+a posy of sweet-scented leaves, by Southernwood, Mint, Balm, or Basil,
+and when memory was thereby awakened in those who once had seen, what
+tender thoughts! If this book could influence the planting of an herb
+garden for the solace of those who cannot see the flowers of field and
+garden, then it will not have been written in vain.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+IN LILAC TIDE
+
+    "Ere Man is aware
+     That the Spring is here
+     The Flowers have found it out."
+
+    --_Ancient Chinese Saying._
+
+
+"A flower opens, and lo! another Year," is the beautiful and suggestive
+legend on an old vessel found in the Catacombs. Since these words were
+written, how many years have begun! how many flowers have opened! and
+yet nature has never let us weary of spring and spring flowers. My
+garden knows well the time o' the year. It needs no almanac to count the
+months.
+
+    "The untaught Spring is wise
+     In Cowslips and Anemonies."
+
+While I sit shivering, idling, wondering when I can "start the
+garden"--lo, there are Snowdrops and spring starting up to greet me.
+
+Ever in earliest spring are there days when there is no green in grass,
+tree, or shrub; but when the garden lover is conscious that winter is
+gone and spring is waiting. There is in every garden, in every
+dooryard, as in the field and by the roadside, in some indefinable way a
+look of spring. One hint of spring comes even before its flowers--you
+can smell its coming. The snow is gone from the garden walks and some of
+the open beds; you walk warily down the softened path at midday, and you
+smell the earth as it basks in the sun, and a faint scent comes from
+some twigs and leaves. Box speaks of summer, not of spring; and the
+fragrance from that Cedar tree is equally suggestive of summer. But
+break off that slender branch of Calycanthus--how fresh and welcome its
+delightful spring scent. Carry it into the house with branches of
+Forsythia, and how quickly one fills its leaf buds and the other
+blossoms.
+
+[Illustration: Ladies' Delights.]
+
+For several years the first blossom of the new year in our garden was
+neither the Snowdrop nor Crocus, but the Ladies' Delight, that laughing,
+speaking little garden face, which is not really a spring flower, it is
+a stray from summer; but it is such a shrewd, intelligent little
+creature that it readily found out that spring was here ere man or other
+flowers knew it. This dear little primitive of the Pansy tribe has
+become wonderfully scarce save in cherished old gardens like those of
+Salem, where I saw this year a space thirty feet long and several feet
+wide, under flowering shrubs and bushes, wholly covered with the
+everyday, homely little blooms of Ladies' Delights. They have the
+party-colored petal of the existing strain of English Pansies, distinct
+from the French and German Pansies, and I doubt not are the descendants
+of the cherished garden children of the English settlers. Gerarde
+describes this little English Pansy or Heartsease in 1587 under the name
+of _Viola tricolor_:--
+
+     "The flouers in form and figure like the Violet, and for the most
+     part of the same Bignesse, of three sundry colours, purple, yellow
+     and white or blew, by reason of the beauty and braverie of which
+     colours they are very pleasing to the eye, for smel they have
+     little or none."
+
+In Breck's _Book of Flowers_, 1851, is the first printed reference
+I find to the flower under the name Ladies' Delight. In my
+childhood I never heard it called aught else; but it has a score
+of folk names, all testifying to an affectionate intimacy: Bird's-eye;
+Garden-gate; Johnny-jump-up; None-so-pretty; Kitty-come; Kit-run-about;
+Three-faces under-a-hood; Come-and-cuddle-me; Pink-of-my-Joan;
+Kiss-me; Tickle-my-fancy; Kiss-me-ere-I rise; Jump-up-and-kiss-me.
+To our little flower has also been given this folk name,
+Meet-her-in-the-entry-kiss-her-in-the-buttery, the longest
+plant name in the English language, rivalled only by Miss
+Jekyll's triumph of nomenclature for the Stonecrop, namely:
+Welcome-home-husband-be-he-ever-so-drunk.
+
+[Illustration: Garden House in Garden of Hon. William H. Seward, Auburn,
+New York.]
+
+These little Ladies' Delights have infinite variety of expression; some
+are laughing and roguish, some sharp and shrewd, some surprised, others
+worried, all are animated and vivacious, and a few saucy to a degree.
+They are as companionable as people--nay, more; they are as
+companionable as children. No wonder children love them; they recognize
+kindred spirits. I know a child who picked unbidden a choice Rose, and
+hid it under her apron. But as she passed a bed of Ladies' Delights
+blowing in the wind, peering, winking, mocking, she suddenly threw the
+Rose at them, crying out pettishly, "Here! take your old flower!"
+
+The Dandelion is to many the golden seal of spring, but it blooms the
+whole circle of the year in sly garden corners and in the grass. Of it
+might have been written the lines:--
+
+    "It smiles upon the lap of May,
+       To sultry August spreads its charms,
+     Lights pale October on its way,
+       And twines December's arms."
+
+I have picked both Ladies' Delights and Dandelions every month in the
+year.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Garden of Hon. William H. Seward, Auburn, New
+York.]
+
+I suppose the common Crocus would not be deemed a very great garden
+ornament in midsummer, in its lowly growth; but in its spring blossoming
+it is--to use another's words--"most gladsome of the early flowers." A
+bed of Crocuses is certainly a keen pleasure, glowing in the sun, almost
+as grateful to the human eye as to the honey-gathering bees that come
+unerringly, from somewhere, to hover over the golden cups. How welcome
+after winter is the sound of that humming.
+
+In the garden's story, there are ever a few pictures which stand out
+with startling distinctness. When the year is gone you do not recall
+many days nor many flowers with precision; often a single flower seems
+of more importance than a whole garden. In the day book of 1900 I have
+but few pictures; the most vivid was the very first of the season. It
+could have been no later than April, for one or two Snowdrops still
+showed white in the grass, when a splendid ribbon of Chionodoxa--Glory
+of the Snow--opened like blue fire burning from plant to plant, the
+bluest thing I ever saw in any garden. It was backed with solid masses
+of equally vivid yellow Alyssum and chalk-white Candy-tuft, both of
+which had had a good start under glass in a temporary forcing bed. These
+three solid masses of color surrounded by bare earth and showing little
+green leafage made my eyes ache, but a picture was burnt in which will
+never leave my brain. I always have a sense of importance, of actual
+ownership of a plant, when I can recall its introduction--as I do of the
+Chionodoxa, about 1871. It is said to come up and bloom in the snow, but
+I have never seen it in blossom earlier than March, and never then
+unless the snow has vanished. It has much of the charm of its relative,
+the Scilla.
+
+We all have flower favorites, and some of us have flower antipathies, or
+at least we are indifferent to certain flowers; but I never knew any one
+but loved the Daffodil. Not only have poets and dramatists sung it, but
+it is a common favorite, as shown by its homely names in our everyday
+speech. I am always touched in _Endymion_ that the only flowers named as
+"a thing of beauty that is a joy forever" are Daffodils "with the green
+world they live in."
+
+In Daffodils I like the "old fat-headed sort with nutmeg and cinnamon
+smell and old common English names--Butter-and-eggs, Codlins-and-cream,
+Bacon and eggs." The newer ones are more slender in bud and bloom, more
+trumpet-shaped, and are commonplace of name instead of common. In
+Virginia the name of a variety has become applied to a family, and all
+Daffodils are called Butter-and-eggs by the people.
+
+On spring mornings the Tulips fairly burn with a warmth, which makes
+them doubly welcome after winter. Emerson--ever able to draw a picture
+in two lines--to show the heart of everything in a single sentence--thus
+paints them:--
+
+    "The gardens fire with a joyful blaze
+     Of Tulips in the morning's rays."
+
+"Tulipase do carry so stately and delightful a form, and do abide so
+long in their bravery, that there is no Lady or Gentleman of any worth
+that is not caught with this delight,"--wrote the old herbalist
+Parkinson. Bravery is an ideal expression for Tulips.
+
+[Illustration: Lilacs in Midsummer in Garden of Mrs. Abraham Lansing,
+Albany, New York.]
+
+It is with something of a shock that we read the words of Philip
+Hamerton in _The Sylvan Year_, that nature is not harmonious in the
+spring, but is only in the way of becoming so. He calls it the time of
+crudities, like the adolescence of the mind. He says, "The green is
+good for us, and we welcome it with uncritical gladness; but when we
+think of painting, it may be doubted whether any season of the year is
+less propitious to the broad and noble harmonies which are the secrets
+of all grand effects in art." And he compares the season to the
+uncomfortable hour in a household when the early risers are walking
+about, not knowing what to do with themselves, while others have not yet
+come down to breakfast.
+
+I must confess that an undiversified country landscape in spring has
+upon me the effect asserted by Hamerton. I recall one early spring week
+in the Catskills, when I fairly complained, "Everything is so green
+here." I longed for rocks, water, burnt fields, bare trees, anything to
+break that glimmering green of new grass and new Birches. But in the
+spring garden there is variety of shape and color; the Peony leaf buds
+are red, some sprouting leaves are pink, and there are vast varieties of
+brown and gray and gold in leaf.
+
+Let me give the procession of spring in the garden in the words of a
+lover of old New England flowers, Dr. Holmes. It is a vivid word picture
+of the distinctive forms and colors of budding flowers and leaves.
+
+    "At first the snowdrop's bells are seen,
+       Then close against the sheltering wall
+     The tulip's horn of dusky green,
+       The peony's dark unfolding ball.
+
+    "The golden-chaliced crocus burns;
+       The long narcissus blades appear;
+     The cone-beaked hyacinth returns
+       To light her blue-flamed chandelier.
+
+    "The willow's whistling lashes, wrung
+       By the wild winds of gusty March,
+     With sallow leaflets lightly strung,
+       Are swaying by the tufted larch.
+
+    "See the proud tulip's flaunting cup,
+       That flames in glory for an hour,--
+     Behold it withering, then look up--
+       How meek the forest-monarchs flower!
+
+    "When wake the violets, Winter dies;
+       When sprout the elm buds, Spring is near;
+     When lilacs blossom, Summer cries,
+       'Bud, little roses, Spring is here.'"
+
+The universal flower in the old-time garden was the Lilac; it was the
+most beloved bloom of spring, and gave a name to Spring--Lilac tide. The
+Lilac does not promise "spring is coming"; it is the emblem of the
+_presence_ of spring. Dr. Holmes says, "When Lilacs blossom, Summer
+cries, '_Spring is here_'" in every cheerful and lavish bloom. Lilacs
+shade the front yard; Lilacs grow by the kitchen doorstep; Lilacs spring
+up beside the barn; Lilacs shade the well; Lilacs hang over the spring
+house; Lilacs crowd by the fence side and down the country road. In many
+colonial dooryards it was the only shrub--known both to lettered and
+unlettered folk as Laylock, and spelt Laylock too. Walter Savage Landor,
+when Laylock had become antiquated, still clung to the word, and used it
+with a stubborn persistence such as he alone could compass, and which
+seems strange in the most finished classical scholar of his day.
+
+[Illustration: Lilacs at Craigie House, the Home of Longfellow.]
+
+"I shall not go to town while the Lilacs bloom," wrote Longfellow; and
+what Lilac lover could have left a home so Lilac-embowered as Craigie
+House! A view of its charms in Lilac tide is given in outline on this
+page; the great Lilac trees seem wondrously suited to the fine old
+Revolutionary mansion.
+
+[Illustration: Box-edged Garden at the Home of Longfellow.]
+
+There is in Albany, New York, a lovely garden endeared to those who know
+it through the memory of a presence that lighted all places associated
+with it with the beauty of a noble life. It is the garden of the home of
+Mrs. Abraham Lansing, and was planted by her father and mother, General
+and Mrs. Peter Gansevoort, in 1846, having been laid out with taste and
+an art that has borne the test of over half a century's growth. In the
+garden are scores of old-time favorites: Flower de Luce, Peonies,
+Daffodils, and snowy Phlox; but instead of bending over the flower
+borders, let us linger awhile in the wonderful old Lilac walk. It is a
+glory of tender green and shaded amethyst and grateful hum of bees, the
+very voice of Spring. Every sense is gratified, even that of touch, when
+the delicate plumes of the fragrant Lilac blossoms brush your cheek as
+you walk through its path; there is no spot of fairer loveliness than
+this Lilac walk in May. It is a wonderful study of flickering light and
+grateful shade in midsummer. Look at its full-leaf charms opposite page
+138; was there ever anything lovelier in any garden, at any time, than
+the green vista of this Lilac walk in July? But for the thoughtful
+garden-lover it has another beauty still, the delicacy and refinement of
+outline when the Lilac walk is bare of foliage, as is shown on page 220
+and facing page 154. The very spirit of the Lilacs seems visible, etched
+with a purity of touch that makes them sentient, speaking beings,
+instead of silent plants. See the outlines of stem and branch against
+the tender sky of this April noon. Do you care for color when you have
+such beauty of outline? Surely this Lilac walk is loveliest in April,
+with a sensitive etherealization beyond compare. How wonderfully these
+pictures have caught the look of tentative spring--spring waiting for a
+single day to burst into living green. There is an ancient Saxon name
+for springtime--Opyn-tide--thus defined by an old writer, "Whenne that
+flowres think on blowen"--when the flowers begin to think of budding and
+blowing; and so I name this picture Opyn-tide, the Thought of Spring.
+
+For many years Lilacs were planted for hedges; they were seldom
+satisfactory if clipped, for the broad-spreading leaves were always gray
+with dust, and they often had a "rust" which wholly destroyed their
+beauty. The finest clipped Lilac hedge I ever saw is at Indian Hill,
+Newburyport. It was set out about 1850, and is compact and green as
+Privet; the leaves are healthy, and the growth perfect down to the
+ground; it is an unusual example of Lilac growth--a perfect hedge. An
+unclipped Lilac hedge is lovely in its blooming; a beautiful one grows
+by the side of the old family home of Mr. Mortimer Howell at West
+Hampton Beach, Long Island. To this hedge in May come a-begging dusky
+city flower venders, who break off and carry away wagon loads of blooms.
+As the fare from and to New York is four dollars, and a wagon has to be
+hired to convey the flowers from the hedge two miles to the railroad
+station, there must be a high price charged for these Lilacs to afford
+any profit; but the Italian flower sellers appear year after year.
+
+[Illustration: Joepye-weed and Queen Anne's Lace.]
+
+Lilacs bloom not in our ancient literature; they are not named by
+Shakespeare, nor do I recall any earlier mention of them than in the
+essay of Lord Bacon on "Gardens," published about 1610, where he spelled
+it Lelacke. Blue-pipe tree was the ancient name of the Lilac, a reminder
+of the time when pipes were made of its wood; I heard it used in modern
+speech once. An old Narragansett coach driver called out to me, "Ye set
+such store on flowers, don't ye want to pick that Blue-pipe in Pender
+Zeke's garden?"--a deserted garden and home at Pender Zeke's Corner.
+This man had some of the traits of Mrs. Wright's delightful
+"Time-o'-Day," and he knew well my love of flowers; for he had been my
+charioteer to the woods where Rhododendron and Rhodora bloom, and he had
+revealed to me the pond where grew the pink Water Lilies. And from a
+chance remark of mine he had conveyed to me a wagon load of Joepye-weed
+and Boneset, to the dismay of my younger children, who had apprehensions
+of unlimited gallons of herb tea therefrom. Let me steal a few lines
+from my spring Lilacs to write of these two "Sisters of Healing," which
+were often planted in the household herb garden. From July to September
+in the low lying meadows of every state from the Bay of Fundy to the
+Gulf of Mexico, can be found Joepye-weed and Boneset. The dull pink
+clusters of soft fringy blooms of Joepye-weed stand up three to eight
+feet in height above the moist earth, catching our eye and the visit of
+every passing butterfly, and commanding attention for their fragrance,
+and a certain dignity of carriage notable even among the more striking
+hues of the brilliant Goldenrod and vivid Sunflowers. Joe Pye was an
+Indian medicine-man of old New England, famed among his white neighbors
+for his skill in curing the devastating typhoid fevers which, in those
+days of no drainage and ignorance of sanitation, vied with so-called
+"hereditary" consumption in exterminating New England families. His
+cure-all was a bitter tea decocted from leaves and stalks of this
+_Eupatorium purpureum_, and in token of his success the plant bears
+everywhere his name, but it is now wholly neglected by the simpler and
+herb-doctor. The sister plant, the _Eupatorium perfoliatum_, known as
+Thoroughwort, Boneset, Ague-weed, or Indian Sage, grows everywhere by
+its side, and is also used in fevers. It was as efficacious in "break
+bone fever" in the South a century ago as it is now for the grippe, for
+it still is used, North and South, in many a country home. Neltje
+Blanchan and Mrs. Dana Parsons call Thoroughwort or Boneset tea a
+"nauseous draught," and I thereby suspect that neither has tasted it. I
+have many a time, and it has a clear, clean bitter taste, no stronger
+than any bitter beer or ale. Every year is Boneset gathered in old
+Narragansett; but swamp edges and meadows that are easy of access have
+been depleted of the stately growth of saw-edged wrinkled leaves, and
+the Boneset gatherer must turn to remote brooksides and inaccessible
+meadows for his harvest. The flat-topped terminal cymes of leaden white
+blooms are not distinctive as seen from afar, and many flowers of
+similar appearance lure the weary simpler here and there, until at last
+the welcome sight of the connate perfoliate leaves, surrounding the
+strong stalk, distinctive of the Boneset, show that his search is
+rewarded.
+
+[Illustration: Boneset.]
+
+After these bitter draughts of herb tea, we will turn, as do children,
+to sweets, to our beloved Lilac blooms. The Lilac has ever been a flower
+welcomed by English-speaking folk since it first came to England by the
+hand of some mariner. It is said that a German traveller named Busbeck
+brought it from the Orient to the continent in the sixteenth century. I
+know not when it journeyed to the new world, but long enough ago so that
+it now grows cheerfully and plentifully in all our states of temperate
+clime and indeed far south. It even grows wild in some localities,
+though it never looks wild, but plainly shows its escape or exile from
+some garden. It is specially beloved in New England, and it seems so
+much more suited in spirit to New England than to Persia that it ought
+really to be a native plant. Its very color seems typical of New
+England; some parts of celestial blue, with more of warm pink, blended
+and softened by that shading of sombre gray ever present in New England
+life into a distinctive color known everywhere as lilac--a color
+grateful, quiet, pleasing, what Thoreau called a "tender, civil,
+cheerful color." Its blossoming at the time of Election Day, that
+all-important New England holiday, gave it another New England
+significance.
+
+There is no more emblematic flower to me than the Lilac; it has an
+association of old homes, of home-making and home interests. On the
+country farm, in the village garden, and in the city yard, the lilac was
+planted wherever the home was made, and it attached itself with deepest
+roots, lingering sometimes most sadly but sturdily, to show where the
+home once stood.
+
+[Illustration: Magnolias.]
+
+Let me tell of two Lilacs of sentiment. One of them is shown on page
+149; a glorious Lilac tree which is one of a group of many
+full-flowered, pale-tinted ones still growing and blossoming each spring
+on a deserted homestead in old Narragansett. They bloom over the grave
+of a fine old house, and the great chimney stands sadly in their midst
+as a gravestone. "Hopewell," ill-suited of name, was the home of a
+Narragansett Robinson famed for good cheer, for refinement and luxury,
+and for a lovely garden, laid out with cost and care and filled with
+rare shrubs and flowers. Perhaps these Lilacs were a rare variety in
+their day, being pale of tint; now they are as wild as their
+companions, the Cedar hedges.
+
+[Illustration: Lilacs at Hopewell.]
+
+Gathering in the front dooryard of a fallen farm-house some splendid
+branches of flowering Lilac, I found a few feet of cellar wall and
+wooden house side standing, and the sills of two windows. These window
+sills, exposed for years to the bleaching and fading of rain and sun and
+frost, still bore the circular marks of the flower pots which, filled
+with houseplants, had graced the kitchen windows for many a winter under
+the care of a flower-loving house mistress. A few days later I learned
+from a woman over ninety years of age--an inmate of the "Poor
+House"--the story of the home thus touchingly indicated by the Lilac
+bushes and the stains of the flower pots. Over eighty years ago she had
+brought the tiny Lilac-slip to her childhood's home, then standing in a
+clearing in the forest. She carried it carefully in her hands as she
+rode behind her father on a pillion after a visit to her grandmother.
+She and her little brothers and sisters planted the tiny thing "of two
+eyes only," as she said, in the shadow of the house, in the little front
+yard. And these children watered it and watched it, as it rooted and
+grew, till the house was surrounded each spring with its vivacious
+blooms, its sweet fragrance. The puny slip has outlived the house and
+all its inmates save herself, outlived the brothers and sisters, their
+children and grandchildren, outlived orchard and garden and field. And
+it will live to tell a story to every thoughtful passer-by till a second
+growth of forest has arisen in pasture and garden and even in the
+cellar-hole, when even then the cheerful Lilac will not be wholly
+obliterated.
+
+A bunch of early Lilacs was ever a favorite gift to "teacher," to be
+placed in a broken-nosed pitcher on her desk. And Lilac petals made such
+lovely necklaces, thrust within each other or strung with needle and
+thread. And there was a love divination by Lilacs which we children
+solemnly observed. There will occasionally appear a tiny Lilac flower,
+usually a white Lilac, with five divisions of the petal instead of
+four--this is a Luck Lilac. This must be solemnly swallowed. If it goes
+down smoothly, the dabbler in magic cries out, "He loves me;" if she
+chokes at her floral food, she must say sadly, "He loves me not." I
+remember once calling out, with gratification and pride, "He loves me!"
+"Who is he?" said my older companions. "Oh, I didn't know he had to be
+somebody," I answered in surprise, to be met by derisive laughter at my
+satisfaction with a lover in general and not in particular. It was a
+matter of Lilac-luck-etiquette that the lover's name should be
+pronounced mentally before the petal was swallowed.
+
+[Illustration: Persian Lilacs and Peonies in Garden of the Kimball
+Homestead, Portsmouth, New Hampshire.]
+
+In the West Indies the Lilac is a flower of mysterious power; its
+perfume keeps away evil spirits, ghosts, banshees. If it grows not in
+the dooryard, its protecting branches are hung over the doorway. I think
+of this when I see it shading the door of happy homes in New England.
+
+In our old front yards we had only the common Lilacs, and occasionally
+a white one; and as a rarity the graceful, but sometimes rather
+spindling, Persian Lilacs, known since 1650 in gardens, and shown on
+page 151. How the old gardens would have stared at the new double
+Lilacs, which have luxuriant plumes of bloom twenty inches long.
+
+The "pensile Lilac" has been sung by many poets; but the spirit of the
+flower has been best portrayed in verse by Elizabeth Akers. I can quote
+but a single stanza from so many beautiful ones.
+
+    "How fair it stood, with purple tassels hung,
+       Their hue more tender than the tint of Tyre;
+     How musical amid their fragrance rung
+       The bee's bassoon, keynote of spring's glad choir!
+     O languorous Lilac! still in time's despite
+     I see thy plumy branches all alight
+       With new-born butterflies which loved to stay
+       And bask and banquet in the temperate ray
+     Of springtime, ere the torrid heats should be:
+       For these dear memories, though the world grow gray,
+     I sing thy sweetness, lovely Lilac tree!"
+
+Another poet of the Lilac is Walt Whitman. He tells his delight in "the
+Lilac tall and its blossoms of mastering odor." He sings: "with the
+birds a warble of joy for Lilac-time." That noble, heroic dirge, the
+_Burial Hymn of Lincoln_, begins:--
+
+    "When Lilacs last in the dooryard bloom'd."
+
+The poet stood under the blossoming Lilacs when he learned of the death
+of Lincoln, and the scent and sight of the flowers ever bore the sad
+association. In this poem is a vivid description of--
+
+    "The Lilac bush, tall growing, with heart-shaped leaves of rich green,
+     With many a pointed blossom, rising delicate with the perfume strong
+       I love.
+     With every leaf a miracle."
+
+Thomas William Parsons could turn from his profound researches and
+loving translations of Dante to write with deep sympathy of the Lilac.
+His verses have to me an additional interest, since I believe they were
+written in the house built by my ancestor in 1740, and occupied still by
+his descendants. In its front dooryard are Lilacs still standing under
+the windows of Dr. Parsons' room, in which he loved so to write.
+
+Hawthorne felt a sort of "ludicrous unfitness in the idea of a
+time-stricken and grandfatherly Lilac bush." He was dissatisfied with
+aged Lilacs, though he knew not whether his heart, judgment, or rural
+sense put him in that condition. He felt the flower should either
+flourish in immortal youth or die. Apple trees could grow old and feeble
+without his reproach, but an aged Lilac was improper.
+
+I fancy no one ever took any care of Lilacs in an old garden. As soon
+water or enrich the Sumach and Elder growing by the roadside! But care
+for your Lilacs nowadays, and see how they respond. Make them a _garden_
+flower, and you will never regret it. There be those who prefer grafted
+Lilacs--the stock being usually a Syringa; they prefer the single trunk,
+and thus get rid of the Lilac suckers. But compare a row of grafted
+Lilacs to a row of natural fastigate growth, as shown on page 220, and I
+think nature must be preferred.
+
+"Methinks I see my contemplative girl now in the garden watching the
+gradual approach of Spring," wrote Sterne. My contemplative girl lives
+in the city, how can she know that spring is here? Even on those few
+square feet of mother earth, dedicated to clotheslines and posts, spring
+sets her mark. Our Lilacs seldom bloom, but they put forth lovely fresh
+green leaves; and even the unrolling of the leaves of our Japanese ivies
+are a pleasure.
+
+Our poor little strips of back yard in city homes are apt to be too
+densely shaded for flower blooms, but some things will grow, even there.
+Some wild flowers will live, and what a delight they are in spring. We
+have a Jack-in-the-pulpit who comes up just as jauntily there as in the
+wild woods; Dog-tooth Violet and our common wild Violet also bloom. A
+city neighbor has Trillium which blossoms each year; our Trillium shows
+leaves, but no blossoms, and does not increase in spread of roots.
+Bloodroot, a flower so shy when gathered in the woods, and ever loving
+damp sites, flourishes in the dryest flower bed, grows coarser in leaf
+and bloom, and blossoms earlier, and holds faster its snowy petals.
+Corydalis in the garden seems so garden-bred that you almost forget the
+flower was ever wild.
+
+[Illustration: Opyn-tide, the Thought of Spring.]
+
+The approach of spring in our city parks is marked by the appearance of
+the Dandelion gatherers. It is always interesting to see, in May, on the
+closely guarded lawns and field expanses of our city parks, the hundreds
+of bareheaded, gayly-dressed Italian and Portuguese women and children
+eagerly gathering the young Dandelion plants to add to their meagre
+fare as a greatly-loved delicacy. They collect these "greens" in
+highly-colored kerchiefs, in baskets, in squares of sheeting; I have
+seen the women bearing off a half-bushel of plants; even their stumpy
+little children are impressed to increase the welcome harvest, and with
+a broken knife dig eagerly in the greensward. The thrifty park
+commissioners, in Dandelion-time, relax their rigid rules, "Keep Off the
+Grass," and turn the salad-loving Italians loose to improve the public
+lawns by freeing them from weeds.
+
+The earliest sign of spring in the fields and woods in my childhood was
+the appearance of the Willow catkins, and was heralded by the cry of one
+child to another,--"Pussy-willows are out." How eagerly did those who
+loved the woods and fields turn, after the storm, whiteness, and chill
+of a New England winter, to Pussy-willows as a promise of summer and
+sunshine. Some of their charm ever lingers to us as we see them in the
+baskets of swarthy street venders in New York.
+
+Magnolia blossoms are sold in our city streets to remind city dwellers
+of spring. "Every flower its own bow-kwet," is the call of the vender.
+Bunches of Locust blossoms follow, awkwardly tied together. Though the
+Magnolia is earlier, I do not find it much more splendid as a flowering
+tree for the garden than our northern Dogwood; and the Dogwood when in
+bloom seems just as tropical. It is then the glory of the landscape; and
+its radiant starry blossoms turn into ideal beauty even our sombre
+cemeteries.
+
+The Magnolia has been planted in northern gardens for over a century.
+Gardens on Long Island have many beautiful old specimens, doubtless
+furnished by the Prince Nurseries. These seem thoroughly at home; just
+as does the Locust brought from Virginia, a century ago, by one Captain
+Sands of Sands Point, to please his Virginia bride with the presence of
+the trees of her girlhood's home. These Locusts have spread over every
+rood of Long Island earth, and seem as much at home as Birch or Willow.
+The three Magnolia trees on Mr. Brown's lawn in Flatbush are as large as
+any I know in the North, and were exceptionally full of bloom this year,
+this photograph (shown facing page 148) being taken when they were past
+their prime. I saw children eagerly gathering the waxy petals which had
+fallen, and which show so plainly in the picture. But the flower is not
+common enough here for northern children to learn the varied attractions
+of the Magnolia.
+
+The flower lore of American children is nearly all of English
+derivation; but children invent as well as copy. In the South the lavish
+growth of the Magnolia affords multiform playthings. The beautiful broad
+white petals give a snowy surface for the inditing of messages or
+valentines, which are written with a pin, when the letters turn dark
+brown. The stamens of the flower--waxlike with red tips--make mock
+illuminating matches. The leaves shape into wonderful drinking cups, and
+the scarlet seeds give a glowing necklace.
+
+[Illustration: A Thought of Winter's Snows.]
+
+The glories of a spring garden are not in the rows of flowering bulbs,
+beautiful as they are; but in the flowering shrubs and trees. The old
+garden had few shrubs, but it had unsurpassed beauty in its rows of
+fruit trees which in their blossoming give the spring garden, as here
+shown, that lovely whiteness which seems a blending of the seasons--a
+thought of winter's snows. The perfection of Apple blossoms I have told
+in another chapter. Earlier to appear was the pure white, rather chilly,
+blooms of the Plum tree, to the Japanese "the eldest brother of an
+hundred flowers." They are faintly sweet-scented with the delicacy
+found in many spring blossoms. A good example of the short verses of the
+Japanese poets tells of the Plum blossom and its perfume.
+
+    "In springtime, on a cloudless night,
+       When moonbeams throw their silver pall
+       O'er wooded landscapes, veiling all
+     In one soft cloud of misty white,
+     'Twere vain almost to hope to trace
+       The Plum trees in their lovely bloom
+       Of argent; 'tis their sweet perfume
+     Alone which leads me to their place."
+
+The lovely family of double white Plum blossoms which now graces our
+gardens is varied by tinted ones; there are sixty in all which the
+nineteenth century owes to Japan.
+
+The Peach tree has a flower which has given name to one of the loveliest
+colors in the world. The Peach has varieties with wonderful double
+flowers of glorious color. Cherry trees bear a more cheerful white
+flower than Plum trees.
+
+    "The Cherry boughs above us spread
+       The whitest shade was ever seen;
+     And flicker, flicker came and fled
+       Sun-spots between."
+
+I do not recall the Judas tree in my childhood. I am told there were
+many in Worcester; but there were none in our garden, nor in our
+neighborhood, and that was my world. Orchids might have hung from the
+trees a mile from my home, and would have been no nearer me than the
+tropics. I had a small world, but it was large enough, since it was
+bounded by garden walls.
+
+Almond trees are seldom seen in northern gardens; but the Flowering
+Almond flourishes as one of the purest and loveliest familiar shrubs.
+Silvery pink in bloom when it opens, the pink darkens till when in full
+flower it is deeply rosy. It was, next to the Lilac, the favorite shrub
+of my childhood. I used to call the exquisite little blooms "fairy
+roses," and there were many fairy tales relating to the Almond bush.
+This made the flower enhaloed with sentiment and mystery, which charmed
+as much as its beauty. The Flowering Almond seemed to have a special
+place under a window in country yards and gardens, as it is shown on
+page 39. A fitting spot it was, since it never grew tall enough to shade
+the little window panes.
+
+With Pussy-willows and Almond blossoms and Ladies' Delights, with
+blossoming playhouse Apple trees and sweet-scented Lilac walks, spring
+was certainly Paradise in our childhood. Would it were an equally happy
+season in mature years; but who, garden-bred, can walk in the springtime
+through the garden of her childhood without thought of those who cared
+for the garden in its youth, and shared the care of their children with
+the care of their flowers, but now are seen no more.
+
+    "Oh, far away in some serener air,
+     The eyes that loved them see a heavenly dawn:
+     How can they bloom without her tender care?
+     Why should they live when her sweet life is gone?"
+
+I have written of the gladness of spring, but I know nothing more
+overwhelming than the heartache of spring, the sadness of a
+fresh-growing spring garden. Where is the dear one who planted it and
+loved it, and he who helped her in the care, and the loving child who
+played in it and left it in the springtime? All that is good and
+beautiful has come again to us with the sunlight and warmth, save those
+whom we still love but can see no more. By that very measure of
+happiness poured for us in childhood in Lilac tide, is our cup of
+sadness now filled.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+OLD FLOWER FAVORITES
+
+    "God does not send us strange flowers every year.
+     When the spring winds blow o'er the pleasant places
+     The same dear things lift up the same fair faces;
+       The Violet is here.
+
+    "It all comes back; the odor, grace, and hue
+     Each sweet relation of its life repeated;
+     No blank is left, no looking-for is cheated;
+       It is the thing we knew."
+
+    --ADELINE D. T. WHITNEY, 1861.
+
+
+Not only do I love to see the same dear things year after year, and to
+welcome the same odor, grace, and hue; but I love to find them in the
+same places. I like a garden in which plants have been growing in one
+spot for a long time, where they have a fixed home and surroundings. In
+our garden the same flowers shoulder each other comfortably and crowd
+each other a little, year after year. They look, my sister says, like
+long-established neighbors, like old family friends, not as if they had
+just "moved in," and didn't know each other's names and faces. Plants
+grow better when they are among flower friends. I suppose we have to
+transplant some plants, sometimes; but I would try to keep old friends
+together even in those removals. They would be lonely when they opened
+their eyes after the winter's sleep, and saw strange flower forms and
+unknown faces around them.
+
+[Illustration: Larkspur and Phlox.]
+
+For flowers have friendships, and antipathies as well. How Canterbury
+Bells and Foxgloves love to grow side by side! And Sweet Williams, with
+Foxgloves, as here shown. And in my sister's garden Larkspur always
+starts up by white Phlox--see a bit of the border on this page. Whatever
+may influence these docile alliances, it isn't a proper sense of fitness
+of color; for Tiger Lilies dearly love to grow by crimson-purple Phlox,
+a most inharmonious association, and you can hardly separate them. If a
+flower dislikes her neighbor in the garden, she moves quietly away, I
+don't know where or how. Sometimes she dies, but at any rate she is
+gone. It is so queer; I have tried every year to make Feverfew grow in
+this bed, and it won't do it, though it grows across the path. There is
+some flower here that the pompous Feverfew doesn't care to associate
+with. Not the Larkspur, for they are famous friends--perhaps it is the
+Sweet William, who is rather a plain fellow. In general flowers are very
+sociable with each other, but they have some preferences, and these are
+powerful ones.
+
+[Illustration: Sweet William and Foxglove.]
+
+It is amusing to read in no less than five recent English
+"garden-books," by flower-loving souls, the solemn advice that if you
+wish a beautiful garden effect you "must plant the great Oriental Poppy
+by the side of the White Lupine."
+
+    "Thou say'st an undisputed thing
+     In such a solemn way."
+
+The truth is, you have very little to do with it. That Poppy chooses to
+keep company with the White Lupine, and to that impulse you owe your
+fine garden effect. The Poppy is the slyest magician of the whole
+garden. He comes and goes at will. This year a few blooms, nearly all in
+one corner; next year a blaze of color banded across the middle of the
+garden like the broad sash of a court chamberlain. Then a single grand
+blossom quite alone in the pansy bed, while another pushes up between
+the tight close leaves of the box edging:--the Poppy is _queer_.
+
+[Illustration: Plume Poppy.]
+
+Some flowers have such a hatred of man they cannot breathe and live in
+his presence, others have an equal love of human companionship. The
+white Clover clings here to our pathway as does the English Daisy across
+seas. And in our garden Ladies' Delights and Ambrosia tell us, without
+words, of their love for us and longing to be by our side; just as
+plainly as a child silently tells us his love and dependence on us by
+taking our hand as we walk side by side. There is not another gesture of
+childhood, not an affectionate word which ever touched my heart as did
+that trustful holding of the hand. One of my children throughout his
+brief life never walked by my side without clinging closely--I think
+without conscious intent--with his little hand to mine. I can never
+forget the affection, the trust of that vanished hand.
+
+I find that my dearest flower loves are the old flowers,--not only old
+to me because I knew them in childhood, but old in cultivation.
+
+    "Give me the good old weekday blossoms
+       I used to see so long ago,
+     With hearty sweetness in their bosoms,
+       Ready and glad to bud and blow."
+
+Even were they newcomers, we should speedily care for them, they are so
+lovable, so winning, so endearing. If I had seen to-day for the first
+time a Fritillaria, a Violet, a Lilac, a Bluebell, or a Rose, I know it
+would be a case of love at first sight. But with intimacy they have
+grown dearer still.
+
+The sense of long-continued acquaintance and friendship which we feel
+for many garden flowers extends to a few blossoms of field and forest.
+It is felt to an inexplicable degree by all New Englanders for the
+Trailing Arbutus, our Mayflower; and it is this unformulated sentiment
+which makes us like to go to the same spot year after year to gather
+these beloved flowers. I am sensible of this friendship for Buttercups,
+they seem the same flowers I knew last year; and I have a distinct
+sympathy with Owen Meredith's poem:--
+
+    "I pluck the flowers I plucked of old
+     About my feet--yet fresh and cold
+     The Buttercups do bend;
+     The selfsame Buttercups they seem,
+     Thick in the bright-eyed green, and such
+     As when to me their blissful gleam
+     Was all earth's gold--how much!"
+
+We have little of the intense sentiment, the inspiration which filled
+flower-lovers of olden times. We admire flowers certainly as beautiful
+works of nature, as objects of wonder in mechanism and in the profusion
+of growth, and we are occasionally roused to feelings of gratitude to
+the Maker and Giver of such beauty; but it is not precisely the same
+regard that the old gardeners and "flowerists" had, which is expressed
+in this quotation from Gerarde of "the gallant grace of violets":--
+
+     "They admonish and stir up a man to that which is comelie and
+     honest; for flowers through their beautie, varietie of colour and
+     exquisite forme doe bring to a liberall and gentlemanly mind, the
+     remembrance of honestie, comelinesse and all kinds of virtues."
+
+It was a virtue to be comely in those days; as it is indeed a virtue
+now; and to the pious old herbalists it seemed an impossible thing that
+any creation which was beautiful should not also be good.
+
+[Illustration: Meadow Rue.]
+
+All flowers cannot be loved with equal warmth; it is possible to have a
+wholesome liking for a flower, a wish to see it around you, which would
+make you plant it in your borders and treat it well, but which would not
+be at all akin to love. For others you have a placid tolerance; others
+you esteem--good, virtuous, worthy creatures, but you cannot warm toward
+them. Sometimes they have been sung with passion by poets (Swinburne is
+always glowing over very unresponsive flower souls) and they have been
+painted with fervor by artists--and still you do not love them. I do not
+love Tulips, but I welcome them very cordially in my garden. Others have
+loved them; the Tulip has had her head turned by attention.
+
+Some flowers we like at first sight, but they do not wear well. This is
+a hard truth; and I shall not shame the garden-creatures who have done
+their best to please by betraying them to the world, save in a single
+case to furnish an example. In late August the Bergamot blossoms in
+luxuriant heads of white and purplish pink bloom, similar in tint to the
+abundant Phlox. Both grow freely in the garden of Sylvester Manor. When
+the Bergamot has romped in your borders for two or three years, you may
+wish to exile it to a vegetable garden, near the blackberry vines. Is
+this because it is an herb instead of a purely decorative flower? You
+never thus thrust out Phlox. A friend confesses to me that she exiled
+even the splendid scarlet Bergamot after she had grown it for three
+years in her flower-beds; such subtle influences control our
+flower-loves.
+
+Beautiful and noble as are the grand contributions of the nineteenth
+century to us from the garden and fields of Japan and China, we seldom
+speak of loving them. Thus the Chinese White Wistaria is similar in
+shape of blossom to the Scotch Laburnum, though a far more elegant, more
+lavish flower; but the Laburnum is the loved one. I used to read
+longingly of the Laburnum in volumes of English poetry, especially in
+Hood's verses, beginning:--
+
+    "I remember, I remember,
+     The house where I was born,"
+
+Ella Partridge had a tall Laburnum tree at her front door; it peeped in
+the second-story windows. It was so cherished, that I doubt whether its
+blooms were ever gathered. She told us with conscious pride and
+rectitude that it was a "yellow Wistaria tree which came from China"; I
+saw no reason to doubt her words, and as I never chanced to speak to my
+parents about it, I ever thought of it as a yellow Wistaria tree until I
+went out into the world and found it was a Scotch Laburnum.
+
+Few garden owners plant now the Snowberry, _Symphoricarpus racemosus_,
+once seen in every front yard, and even used for hedges. It wasn't a
+very satisfactory shrub in its habit; the oval leaves were not a
+cheerful green, and were usually pallid with mildew. The flowers were
+insignificant, but the clusters of berries were as pure as pearls. In
+country homes, before the days of cheap winter flowers and omnipresent
+greenhouses, these snowy clusters were cherished to gather in winter to
+place on coffins and in hands as white and cold as the berries. Its
+special offence in our garden was partly on account of this funereal
+association, but chiefly because we were never permitted to gather its
+berries to string into necklaces. They were rigidly preserved on the
+stem as a garden decoration in winter; though they were too closely akin
+in color to the encircling snowdrifts to be of any value.
+
+In country homes in olden times were found several universal winter
+posies. On the narrow mantel shelves of farm and village parlors, both
+in England and America, still is seen a winter posy made of dried stalks
+of the seed valves of a certain flower; they are shown on the opposite
+page. Let us see how our old friend, Gerarde, describes this plant:--
+
+     "The stalkes are loden with many flowers like the
+     stocke-gilliflower, of a purple colour, which, being fallen, the
+     seede cometh foorthe conteined in a flat thinne cod, with a sharp
+     point or pricke at one end, in fashion of the moone, and somewhat
+     blackish. This cod is composed of three filmes or skins whereof the
+     two outermost are of an overworne ashe colour, and the innermost,
+     or that in the middle whereon the seed doth hang or cleave, is thin
+     and cleere shining, like a piece of white satten newly cut from the
+     peece."
+
+In the latter clause of this striking description is given the reason
+for the popular name of the flower, Satin-flower or White Satin, for the
+inner septum is a shining membrane resembling white satin. Another
+interesting name is Pricksong-flower. All who have seen sheets of music
+of Elizabethan days, when the notes of music were called pricks, and the
+whole sheet a pricksong, will readily trace the resemblance to the seeds
+of this plant.
+
+Gerarde says it was named "Penny-floure, Money-floure, Silver-plate,
+Sattin, and among our women called Honestie." The last name was commonly
+applied at the close of the eighteenth century. It is thus named in
+writings of Rev. William Hanbury, 1771, and a Boston seedsman then
+advertised seeds of Honestie "in small quantities, that all might have
+some." In 1665, Josselyn found White Satin planted and growing
+plentifully in New England gardens, where I am sure it formed, in garden
+and house, a happy reminder of their English homes to the wives of the
+colonists. Since that time it has spread so freely in some localities,
+especially in southern Connecticut, that it grows wild by the wayside.
+It is seldom seen now in well-kept gardens, though it should be, for it
+is really a lovely flower, showing from white to varied and rich light
+purples. I was charmed with its fresh beauty this spring in the garden
+of Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright; a photograph of one of her borders
+containing Honesty is shown opposite page 174.
+
+[Illustration: Money-in-both-pockets.]
+
+At Belvoir Castle in England, in the "Duchess's Garden," the
+Satin-flower can be seen in full variety of tint, and fills an important
+place. It is carefully cultivated by seed and division, all inferior
+plants being promptly destroyed, while the superior blossoms are
+cherished.
+
+The flower was much used in charms and spells, as was everything
+connected with the moon. Drayton's Clarinax sings of Lunaria:--
+
+    "Enchanting lunarie here lies
+     In sorceries excelling."
+
+As a child this Lunaria was a favorite flower, for it afforded to us
+juvenile money. Indeed, it was generally known among us as Money-flower
+or Money-seed, or sometimes as Money-in-both-pockets. The seed valves
+formed our medium of exchange and trade, passing as silver dollars.
+
+Through the streets of a New England village there strolled, harmless
+and happy, one who was known in village parlance as a "softy," one of
+"God's fools," a poor addle-pated, simple-minded creature, witless--but
+neither homeless nor friendless; for children cared for him, and
+feeble-minded though he was, he managed to earn, by rush-seating chairs
+and weaving coarse baskets, and gathering berries, scant pennies enough
+to keep him alive; and he slept in a deserted barn, in a field full of
+rocks and Daisies and Blueberry bushes,--a barn which had been built by
+one but little more gifted with wits than himself. Poor Elmer never was
+able to understand that the money which he and the children saved so
+carefully each autumn from the money plants was not equal in value to
+the great copper cents of the village store; and when he asked gleefully
+for a loaf of bread or a quart of molasses, was just as apt to offer the
+shining seed valves in payment as he was to give the coin of the land;
+and it must be added that his belief received apparent confirmation in
+the fact that he usually got the bread whether he gave seeds or cents.
+
+[Illustration: Box Walk in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq.
+Waterbury, Connecticut.]
+
+He lost his life through his poor simple notion. In the village he was
+kindly treated by all, clothed, fed, and warmed; but one day there came
+skulking along the edge of the village what were then rare visitors, two
+tramps, who by ill-chance met poor Elmer as he was gathering chestnuts.
+And as the children lingered on their way home from school to take toll
+of Elmer's store of nuts, they heard him boasting gleefully of his
+wealth, "hundreds and hundreds of dollars all safe for winter." The
+children knew what his dollars were, but the tramps did not. Three days
+of heavy rain passed by, and Elmer did not appear at the store or any
+house. Then kindly neighbors went to his barn in the distant field, and
+found him cruelly beaten, with broken ribs and in a high fever, while
+scattered around him were hundreds of the seeds of his autumnal store of
+the money plant; these were all the silver dollars his assailants found.
+He was carried to the almshouse and died in a few weeks, partly from the
+beating, partly from exposure, but chiefly, I ever believed, from
+homesickness in his enforced home. His old house has fallen down, but
+his well still is open, and around it grows a vast expanse of Lunaria,
+which has spread and grown from the seeds poor Elmer saved, and every
+year shoots of the tender lilac blooms mingle so charmingly with the
+white Daisies that the sterile field is one of the show-places of the
+village, and people drive from afar to see it.
+
+[Illustration: Lunaria in Garden at Waldstein.]
+
+There grow in profusion in our home garden what I always called the
+Mullein Pink, the Rose Campion (_Lychnis coronaria_). I never heard any
+one speak of this plant with special affection or admiration; but as
+a child I loved its crimson flower more than any other flower in the
+garden. Perhaps I should say I loved the royal color rather than the
+flower. I gathered tight bunches without foliage into a glowing mass of
+color unequalled in richness of tint by anything in nature. I have seen
+only in a stained glass window flooded with high sunlight a crimson
+approaching that of the Mullein Pink. Gerarde calls the flower the
+"Gardener's Delight or Gardner's Eie." It was known in French as the Eye
+of God; and the Rose of Heaven. We used to rub our cheeks with the
+woolly leaves to give a beautiful rosy blush, and thereby I once skinned
+one cheek.
+
+Snapdragons were a beloved flower--companions of my childhood in our
+home garden, but they have been neglected a bit by nearly every one of
+late years. Plant a clump of the clear yellow and one of pure white
+Snapdragons, and see how beautiful they are in the garden, and how fresh
+they keep when cut. We had such a satisfying bunch of them on the dinner
+table to-day, in a milk-white glazed Chinese jar; yellow Snapdragons,
+with "borrowed leaves" of Virgin's-bower (_Adlumia_) and a haze of
+Gypsophila over all.
+
+A flower much admired in gardens during the early years of the
+nineteenth century was the Plume Poppy (_Bocconia_). It has a pretty
+pinkish bloom in general shape somewhat like Meadow Rue (see page 164
+and page 167). A friend fancied a light feathery look over certain of
+her garden borders, and she planted plentifully Plume Poppy and Meadow
+Rue; this was in 1895. In 1896 the effect was exquisite; in 1897 the
+garden feathered out with far too much fulness; in 1901 all the combined
+forces of all the weeds of the garden could not equal these two flowers
+in utter usurpment and close occupation of every inch of that garden.
+The Plume Poppy has a strong tap-root which would be a good symbol of
+the root of the tree Ygdrassyl--the Tree of Life, that never dies. You
+can go over the borders with scythe and spade and hoe, and even with
+manicure-scissors, but roots of the Plume Poppy will still hide and send
+up vigorous growth the succeeding year.
+
+We have grown so familiar with some old doubled blossoms that we think
+little of their being double. One such, symmetrical of growth, beautiful
+of foliage, and gratifying of bloom, is the Double Buttercup. It is to
+me distinctly one of our most old-fashioned flowers in aspect. A hardy
+great clump of many years' growth is one of the ancient treasures of our
+garden; its golden globes are known in England as Bachelor's Buttons,
+and are believed by many to be the Bachelor's Buttons of Shakespeare's
+day.
+
+[Illustration: Dahlia Walk at Ravensworth.]
+
+Dahlias afford a striking example of the beauty of single flowers when
+compared to their doubled descendants. Single Dahlias are fine flowers,
+the yellow and scarlet ones especially so. I never thought double
+Dahlias really worth the trouble spent on them in our Northern gardens;
+so much staking and tying, and fussing, and usually an autumn storm
+wrenches them round and breaks the stem or a frost nips them just as
+they are in bloom. A Dahlia hedge or a walk such as this one at
+Ravensworth, Virginia, is most stately and satisfying. I like, in
+moderation, many of the smaller single and double Sunflowers. Under the
+reign of _Patience_, the Sunflower had a fleeting day of popularity, and
+flaunted in garden and parlor. Its place was false. It was never a
+garden flower in olden times, in the sense of being a flower of ornament
+or beauty; its place was in the kitchen garden, where it belongs.
+
+Peas have ever been favorites in English gardens since they were brought
+to England. We have all seen the print, if not the portrait, of Queen
+Elizabeth garbed in a white satin robe magnificently embroidered with
+open pea-pods and butterflies. A "City of London Madam" had a delightful
+head ornament of open pea-pods filled with peas of pearls; this was worn
+over a hood of gold-embroidered muslin, and with dyed red hair, must
+have been a most modish affair. Sweet Peas have had a unique history.
+They have been for a century a much-loved flower of the people both in
+England and America, and they were at home in cottage borders and fine
+gardens; were placed in vases, and carried in nosegays and posies; were
+loved of poets--Keats wrote an exquisite characterization of them. They
+had beauty of color, and a universally loved perfume--but florists have
+been blind to them till within a few years. A bicentenary exhibition of
+Sweet Peas was given in London in July, 1900; now there is formed a
+Sweet Pea Society. But no societies and no exhibitions ever will make
+them a "florist's flower"; they are of value only for cutting; their
+habit of growth renders them useless as a garden decoration.
+
+We all take notions in regard to flowers, just as we do in regard to
+people. I hear one friend say, "I love every flower that grows," but I
+answer with emphasis, "I don't!" I have ever disliked the Portulaca,--I
+hate its stems. It is my fate never to escape it. I planted it once to
+grow under Sweet Alyssum in the little enclosure of earth behind my city
+home; when I returned in the autumn, everything was covered, blanketed,
+overwhelmed with Portulaca. Since then it comes up even in the grass,
+and seems to thrive by being trampled upon. The Portulaca was not a
+flower of colonial days; I am glad to learn our great-grandmothers were
+not pestered with it; it was not described in the _Botanical Magazine_
+till 1829.
+
+I do not care for the Petunia close at hand on account of its sickish
+odor. But in the dusky border the flowers shine like white stars (page
+180), and make you almost forgive their poor colors in the daylight. I
+never liked the Calceolaria. Every child in our town used to have a
+Calceolaria in her own small garden plot, but I never wanted one. I care
+little for Chrysanthemums; they fill in the border in autumn, and they
+look pretty well growing, but I like few of the flowers close at hand.
+By some curious twist of a brain which, alas! is apt not to deal as it
+is expected and ought to, with sensations furnished to it, I have felt
+this distaste for Chrysanthemums since I attended a Chrysanthemum Show.
+Of course, I ought to love them far more, and have more eager interest
+in them--but I do not. Their sister, the China Aster, I care little for.
+The Germans call Asters "death-flowers." The Empress of Austria at the
+Swiss hotel where she lodged just before she was murdered, found the
+rooms decorated with China Asters. She said to her attendant that the
+flowers were in Austria termed death-flowers--and so they proved. The
+Aster is among the flowers prohibited in Japan for felicitous occasions,
+as are the Balsam, Rhododendron, and Azalea.
+
+[Illustration: Petunias.]
+
+Those who read these pages may note perhaps that I say little of Lilies.
+I do not care as much for them as most garden lovers do. I like all our
+wild Lilies, especially the yellow Nodding Lily of our fields; and the
+Lemon Lily of our gardens is ever a delight; but the stately Lilies
+which are such general favorites, Madonna Lilies, Japan Lilies, the
+Gold-banded Lilies, are not especially dear to me.
+
+I love climbing vines, whether of delicate leaf or beautiful flower. In
+a room I place all the decoration that I can on the walls, out of the
+way, leaving thus space to move around without fear of displacement or
+injury of fragile things; so in a limited garden space, grass room under
+our feet, with flowering vines on the surrounding walls are better than
+many crowded flower borders. A tiny space can quickly be made delightful
+with climbing plants. The common Morning-glory, called in England the
+Bell-bind, is frequently advertised by florists of more encouragement
+than judgment, as suitable to plant freely in order to cover fences and
+poor sandy patches of ground with speedy and abundant leafage and bloom.
+There is no doubt that the Morning-glory will do all this and far more
+than is promised. It will also spread above and below ground from the
+poor strip of earth to every other corner of garden and farm. This it
+has done till, in our Eastern states, it is now classed as a wild
+flower. It will never look wild, however, meet it where you will. It is
+as domestic and tame as a barnyard fowl, which, wandering in the wildest
+woodland, could never be mistaken as game. The garden at Claymont, the
+Virginia home of Mr. Frank R. Stockton, afforded a striking example of
+the spreading and strangling properties of the Morning-glory, not under
+encouragement, but simply under toleration. Mr. Stockton tells me that
+the entire expanse of his yards and garden, when he first saw them, was
+a solid mass of Morning-glory blooms. Every stick, every stem, every
+stalk, every shrub and blade of grass, every vegetable growth, whether
+dead or alive, had its encircling and overwhelming Morning-glory
+companion, set full of tiny undersized blossoms of varied tints. It was
+a beautiful sight at break of day,--a vast expanse of acres jewelled
+with Morning-glories--but it wasn't the new owner's notion of a flower
+garden.
+
+In my childhood flower agents used to canvass country towns from house
+to house. Sometimes they had a general catalogue, and sold many plants,
+trees, and shrubs. Oftener they had but a single plant which they were
+"booming." I suspect that their trade came through the sudden
+introduction of so many and varied flowers and shrubs from China and
+Japan. I am told that the first Chinese Wistarias and a certain Fringe
+tree were sold in this manner; and I know the white Hydrangea was, for I
+recall it, though I do not know that this was its first sale. I remember
+too that suddenly half the houses in town, on piazza or trellis, had the
+rich purple blooms of the _Clematis Jackmanni_; for a very persuasive
+agent had gone through the town the previous year. Of course people of
+means bought then, as now, at nurseries; but at many humble homes, whose
+owners would never have thought of buying from a greenhouse, he sold his
+plants. It gave an agreeable rivalry, when all started plants together,
+to see whose flourished best and had the amplest bloom. Thoreau recalled
+the pleasant emulation of many owners in Concord of a certain
+Rhododendron, sold thus sweepingly by an agent. The purple Clematis
+displaced an old climbing favorite, the Trumpet Honeysuckle, once seen
+by every door. It was so beloved of humming-birds and so beautiful, I
+wonder we could ever destroy it. Its downfall was hastened by its being
+infested by a myriad of tiny green aphides, which proceeded from it to
+our Roses. I recall well these little plant insects, for I was very fond
+of picking the tubes of the Honeysuckle for the drop of pure honey
+within, and I had to abandon reluctantly the sweet morsels.
+
+We have in our garden, and it is shown on the succeeding page, a vine
+which we carefully cherished in seedlings from year to year, and took
+much pride in. It came to us with the Ambrosia from the Walpole garden.
+It was not common in gardens in our neighborhood, and I always looked
+upon it as something very choice, and even rare, as it certainly was
+something very dainty and pretty. We called it Virgin's-bower. When I
+went out into the world I found that it was not rare, that it grew wild
+from Connecticut to the far West; that it was Climbing Fumitory, or
+Mountain Fringe, _Adlumia_. When Mrs. Margaret Deland asked if we had
+Alleghany Vine in our garden, I told her I had never seen it, when all
+the while it was our own dear Virgin's-bower. It doesn't seem hardy
+enough to be a wild thing; how could it make its way against the fierce
+vines and thorns of the forest when it hasn't a bit of woodiness in its
+stems and its leaves and flowers are so tender! I cannot think any
+garden perfect without it, no matter what else is there, for its
+delicate green Rue-like leaves lie so gracefully on stone or brick
+walls, or on fences, and it trails its slender tendrils so lightly over
+dull shrubs that are out of flower, beautifying them afresh with an
+alien bloom of delicate little pinkish blossoms like tiny
+Bleeding-hearts.
+
+[Illustration: Virgin's-bower.]
+
+Another old favorite was the Balloon-vine, sometimes called Heartseed
+or Heart-pea, with its seeds like fat black hearts, with three lobes
+which made them globose instead of flat. This, too, had pretty compound
+leaves, and the whole vine, like our Virgin's-bower, lay lightly on what
+it covered; but the Dutchman's-pipe had a leafage too heavy save to make
+a thick screen or arch quickly and solidly. It did well enough in
+gardens which had not had a long cultivated past, or made little
+preparation for a cherished future; but it certainly was not suited to
+our garden, where things were not planted for a day. These three are
+native vines of rich woods in our Central and Western states. The
+Matrimony-vine was an old favorite; one from the porch of the Van
+Cortlandt manor-house, over a hundred years old, is shown on the next
+page. Often you see a straggling, sprawling growth; but this one is as
+fine as any vine could be.
+
+Patient folk--as were certainly those of the old-time gardens, tried to
+keep the Rose Acacia as a favorite. It was hardy enough, but so
+hopelessly brittle in wood that it was constantly broken by the wind and
+snow of our Northern winters, even though it was sheltered under some
+stronger shrub. At the end of a lovely Salem garden, I beheld this June
+a long row of Rose Acacias in full bloom. I am glad I possess in my
+memory the exquisite harmony of their shimmering green foliage and rosy
+flower clusters. Miss Jekyll, ever resourceful, trains the Rose Acacia
+on a wall; and fastens it down by planting sturdy Crimson Ramblers by
+its side; her skilful example may well be followed in America and thus
+restore to our gardens this beautiful flower.
+
+[Illustration: Matrimony-vine at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+One flower, termed old-fashioned by nearly every one, is really a recent
+settler of our gardens. A popular historical novel of American life at
+the time of the Revolution makes the hero and heroine play a very pretty
+love scene over a spray of the Bleeding-heart, the Dielytra, or
+Dicentra. Unfortunately for the truth of the novelist's picture, the
+Dielytra was not introduced to the gardens of English-speaking folk
+till 1846, when the London Horticultural Society received a single plant
+from the north of China. How quickly it became cheap and abundant; soon
+it bloomed in every cottage garden; how quickly it became beloved! The
+graceful racemes of pendant rosy flowers were eagerly welcomed by
+children; they have some inexplicable, witching charm; even young
+children in arms will stretch out their little hands and attempt to
+grasp the Dielytra, when showier blossoms are passed unheeded. Many tiny
+playthings can be formed of the blossoms: only deft fingers can shape
+the delicate lyre in the "frame." One of its folk names is "Lyre
+flower"; the two wings can be bent back to form a gondola.
+
+We speak of modern flowers, meaning those which have recently found
+their way to our gardens. Some of these clash with the older occupants,
+but one has promptly been given an honored place, and appears so allied
+to the older flowers in form and spirit that it seems to belong by their
+side--the _Anemone Japonica_. Its purity and beauty make it one of the
+delights of the autumn garden; our grandmothers would have rejoiced in
+it, and have divided the plants with each other till all had a row of it
+in the garden borders. In its red form it was first pictured in the
+_Botanical Magazine_, in 1847, but it has been commonly seen in our
+gardens for only twenty or thirty years.
+
+[Illustration: White Wistaria.]
+
+These two flowers, the _Dielytra spectabilis_ and _Anemone Japonica_,
+are among the valuable gifts which our gardens received through the
+visits to China of that adventurous collector, Robert Fortune. He went
+there first in 1842, and for some years constantly sent home fresh
+treasures. Among the best-known garden flowers of his introducing are
+the two named above, and _Kerria Japonica_, _Forsythia viridissima_,
+_Weigela rosea_, _Gardenia Fortuniana_, _Daphne Fortunei_, _Berberis
+Fortunei_, _Jasminum nudiflorum_, and many varieties of Prunus,
+Viburnum, Spiraea, Azalea, and Chrysanthemum. The fine yellow Rose known
+as Fortune's Yellow was acquired by him during a venturesome trip which
+he took, disguised as a Chinaman. The white Chinese Wistaria is regarded
+as the most important of his collections. It is deemed by some
+flower-lovers the most exquisite flower in the entire world. The Chinese
+variety is distinguished by the length of its racemes, sometimes three
+feet long. The lower part of a vine of unusual luxuriance and beauty is
+shown above. This special vine flowers in full richness of bloom every
+alternate year, and this photograph was taken during its "poor year";
+for in its finest inflorescence its photograph would show simply a mass
+of indistinguishable whiteness. Mr. Howell has named it The Fountain,
+and above the pouring of white blossoms shown in this picture is an
+upper cascade of bloom. This Wistaria is not growing in an
+over-favorable locality, for winter winds are bleak on the southern
+shores of Long Island; but I know no rival of its beauty in far warmer
+and more sheltered sites.
+
+Many of the Deutzias and Spiraeas which beautify our spring gardens were
+introduced from Japan before Fortune's day by Thunberg, the great
+exploiter of Japanese shrubs, who died in 1828. The Spiraea Van Houtteii
+(facing page 190) is perhaps the most beautiful of all. Dean Hole names
+the Spiraeas, Deutzias, Weigelas, and Forsythias as having been brought
+into his ken in English gardens within his own lifetime, that is within
+fourscore years.
+
+In New England gardens the Forsythia is called 'Sunshine Bush'--and
+never was folk name better bestowed, or rather evolved. For in the eager
+longing for spring which comes in the bitterness of March, when we cry
+out with the poet, "O God, for one clear day, a Snowdrop and sweet air,"
+in our welcome to fresh life, whether shown in starting leaf or frail
+blossom, the Forsythia shines out a grateful delight to the eyes and
+heart, concentrating for a week all the golden radiance of sunlight,
+which later will be shared by sister shrubs and flowers. _Forsythia
+suspensa_, falling in long sweeps of yellow bells, is in some favorable
+places a cascade of liquid light. No shrub in our gardens is more
+frequently ruined by gardeners than these Forsythias. It takes an
+artist to prune the _Forsythia suspensa_. You can steal the sunshine for
+your homes ere winter is gone by breaking long sprays of the Sunshine
+Bush and placing them in tall deep jars of water. Split up the ends of
+the stems that they may absorb plentiful water, and the golden plumes
+will soon open to fullest glory within doors.
+
+There is another yellow flowered shrub, the Corchorus, which seems as
+old as the Lilac, for it is ever found in old gardens; but it proves to
+be a Japanese shrub which we have had only a hundred years. The little,
+deep yellow, globular blossoms appear in early spring and sparsely
+throughout the whole summer. The plant isn't very adorning in its usual
+ragged growth, but it was universally planted.
+
+It may be seen from the shrubs of popular growth which I have named that
+the present glory of our shrubberies is from the Japanese and Chinese
+shrubs, which came to us in the nineteenth century through Thunberg,
+Fortune, and other bold collectors. We had no shrub-sellers of
+importance in the eighteenth century; the garden lover turned wholly to
+the seedsman and bulb-grower for garden supplies, just as we do to-day
+to fill our old-fashioned gardens. The new shrubs and plants from China
+and Japan did not clash with the old garden flowers, they seemed like
+kinsfolk who had long been separated and rejoiced in being reunited;
+they were indeed fellow-countrymen. We owed scores of our older flowers
+to the Orient, among them such important ones as the Lilac, Rose, Lily,
+Tulip, Crown Imperial.
+
+[Illustration: Spiraea Van Houtteii.]
+
+We can fancy how delighted all these Oriental shrubs and flowers were to
+meet after so many years of separation. What pleasant greetings all the
+cousins must have given each other; I am sure the Wistaria was glad to
+see the Lilac, and the Fortune's Yellow Rose was duly respectful to his
+old cousin, the thorny yellow Scotch Rose. And I seem to hear a bit of
+scandal passing from plant to plant! Listen! it is the Bleeding-heart
+gossiping with the Japanese Anemone: "Well! I never thought that Lilac
+girl would grow to be such a beauty. So much color! Do you suppose it
+can be natural? Mrs. Tulip hinted to me yesterday that the girl used
+fertilizers, and it certainly looks so. But she can't say much
+herself--I never saw such a change in any creatures as in those Tulips.
+You remember how commonplace their clothes were? Now such extravagance!
+Scores of gowns, and all made abroad, and at _her_ age! Here are you and
+I, my dear, both young, and we really ought to have more clothes. I
+haven't a thing but this pink gown to put on. It's lucky you had a white
+gown, for no one liked your pink one. Here comes Mrs. Rose! How those
+Rose children have grown! I never should have known them."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+COMFORT ME WITH APPLES
+
+     "What can your eye desire to see, your eares to heare, your mouth
+     to taste, or your nose to smell, that is not to be had in an
+     Orchard? with Abundance and Variety? What shall I say? 1000 of
+     Delights are in an Orchard; and sooner shall I be weary than I can
+     reckon the least part of that pleasure which one, that hath and
+     loves an Orchard, may find therein."
+
+     --_A New Orchard_, WILLIAM LAWSON, 1618.
+
+
+In every old-time garden, save the revered front yard, the borders
+stretched into the domain of the Currant and Gooseberry bushes, and into
+the orchard. Often a row of Crabapple trees pressed up into the garden's
+precincts and shaded the Sweet Peas. Orchard and garden could scarcely
+be separated, so closely did they grow up together. Every old garden
+book had long chapters on orchards, written _con amore_, with a zest
+sometimes lacking on other pages. How they loved in the days of Queen
+Elizabeth and of Queen Anne to sit in an orchard, planted, as Sir Philip
+Sidney said, "cunningly with trees of taste-pleasing fruits." How
+charming were their orchard seats, "fachoned for meditacon!" Sometimes
+these orchard seats were banks of the strongly scented Camomile, a
+favorite plant of Lord Bacon's day. Wordsworth wrote in jingling
+rhyme:--
+
+    "Beneath these fruit-tree boughs that shed
+     Their snow-white blossoms on my head,
+     With brightest sunshine round me spread
+       Of spring's unclouded weather,
+     In this sequester'd nook how sweet
+     To sit upon my orchard seat;
+     And flowers and birds once more to greet,
+       My last year's friends together."
+
+The incomparable beauty of the Apple tree in full bloom has ever been
+sung by the poets, but even their words cannot fitly nor fully tell the
+delight to the senses of the close view of those exquisite pink and
+white domes, with their lovely opalescent tints, their ethereal
+fragrance; their beauty infinitely surpasses that of the vaunted Cherry
+plantations of Japan. In the hand the flowers show a distinct ruddiness,
+a promise of future red cheeks; but a long vista of trees in bloom
+displays no tint of pink, the flowers seem purest white. Looking last
+May across the orchard at Hillside, adown the valley of the Hudson with
+its succession of blossoming orchards, we could paraphrase the words of
+Longfellow's _Golden Legend_:--
+
+                                    "The valley stretching below
+    Is white with blossoming Apple trees, as if touched with lightest
+      snow."
+
+In the darkest night flowering Apple trees shine with clear radiance,
+and an orchard of eight hundred acres, such as may be seen in Niagara
+County, New York, shows a white expanse like a lake of quicksilver.
+This county, and its neighbor, Orleans County, form an Apple
+paradise--with their orchards of fifty and even a hundred thousand
+trees.
+
+[Illustration: Apple Trees at White Hall, the Home of Bishop Berkeley.]
+
+The largest Apple tree in New England is in Cheshire, Connecticut. Its
+trunk measures, one foot above all root enlargements, thirteen feet
+eight inches in circumference.
+
+Its age is traced back a hundred and fifty years. At White Hall, the
+old home of Bishop Berkeley in the island of Rhode Island, still stand
+the Apple trees of his day. A picture of them is shown on page 194.
+
+The sedate and comfortable motherliness of old Apple trees is felt by
+all Apple lovers. John Burroughs speaks of "maternal old Apple trees,
+regular old grandmothers, who have seen trouble." James Lane Allen, amid
+his apostrophes to the Hemp plant, has given us some beautiful glimpses
+of Apple trees and his love for them. He tells of "provident old tree
+mothers on the orchard slope, whose red-cheeked children are autumn
+Apples." It is this motherliness, this domesticity, this homeliness that
+makes the Apple tree so cherished, so beloved. No scene of life in the
+country ever seems to me homelike if it lacks an Apple orchard--this
+doubtless, because in my birthplace in New England they form a part of
+every farm scene, of every country home. Apple trees soften and humanize
+the wildest country scene. Even in a remote pasture, or on a mountain
+side, they convey a sentiment of home; and after being lost in the mazes
+of close-grown wood-roads Apple trees are inexpressibly welcome as
+giving promise of a sheltering roof-tree. Thoreau wrote of wild Apples,
+but to me no Apples ever look wild. They may be the veriest Crabs,
+growing in wild spots, unbidden, and savage and bitter in their tang,
+but even these seedling Pippins are domestic in aspect.
+
+On the southern shores of Long Island, where meadow, pasture, and farm
+are in soil and crops like New England, the frequent absence of Apple
+orchards makes these farm scenes unsatisfying, not homelike. No other
+fruit trees can take their place. An Orange tree, with its rich glossy
+foliage, its perfumed ivory flowers and buds, and abundant golden fruit,
+is an exquisite creation of nature; but an Orange grove has no ideality.
+All fruit trees have a beautiful inflorescence--few have sentiment. The
+tint of a blossoming Peach tree is perfect; but I care not for a Peach
+orchard. Plantations of healthy Cherry trees are lovely in flower and
+fruit time, whether in Japan or Massachusetts, and a Cherry tree is full
+of happy child memories; but their tree forms in America are often
+disfigured with that ugly fungous blight which is all the more
+disagreeable to us since we hear now of its close kinship to disease
+germs in the animal world.
+
+I cannot see how they avoid having Apple trees on these Long Island
+farms, for the Apple is fully determined to stand beside every home and
+in every garden in the land. It does not have to be invited; it will
+plant and maintain itself. Nearly all fruits and vegetables which we
+prize, depend on our planting and care, but the Apple is as independent
+as the New England farmer. In truth Apple trees would grow on these
+farms if they were loved or even tolerated, for I find them forced into
+Long Island hedge-rows as relentlessly as are forest trees.
+
+The Indians called the Plantain the "white man's foot," for it sprung up
+wherever he trod; the Apple tree might be called the white man's shadow.
+It is the Vine and Fig tree of the temperate zone, and might be chosen
+as the totem of the white settlers. Our love for the Apple is natural,
+for it was the characteristic fruit of Britain; the clergy were its
+chief cultivators; they grew Apples in their monastery gardens, prayed
+for them in special religious ceremonies, sheltered the fruit by laws,
+and even named the Apple when pronouncing the blessings of God upon
+their princes and rulers.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+    "The valley stretching below
+     Is white with blossoming Apple trees, as if touched with lightest
+       snow."]
+
+Thoreau described an era of luxury as one in which men cultivate the
+Apple and the amenities of the garden. He thought it indicated relaxed
+nerves to read gardening books, and he regarded gardening as a civil and
+social function, not a love of nature. He tells of his own love for
+freedom and savagery--and he found what he so deemed at Walden Pond. I
+am told his haunts are little changed since the years when he lived
+there; and I had expected to find Walden Pond a scene of much wild
+beauty, but it was the mildest of wild woods; it seemed to me as
+thoroughly civilized and social as an Apple orchard.
+
+[Illustration: Old Hand-power Cider Mill.]
+
+Thoreau christened the Apple trees of his acquaintance with appropriate
+names in the _lingua vernacula_: the Truant's Apple, the Saunterer's
+Apple, December Eating, Wine of New England, the Apple of the Dell in
+the Wood, the Apple of the Hollow in the Pasture, the Railroad Apple,
+the Cellar-hole Apple, the Frozen-thawed, and many more; these he loved
+for their fruit; to them let me add the Playhouse Apple trees, loved
+solely for their ingeniously twisted branches, an Apple tree of the
+garden, often overhanging the flower borders. I recall their glorious
+whiteness in the spring, but I cannot remember that they bore any fruit
+save a group of serious little girls. I know there were no Apples on the
+Playhouse Apple trees in my garden, nor on the one in Nelly Gilbert's or
+Ella Partridge's garden. There is no play place for girls like an old
+Apple tree. The main limbs leave the trunk at exactly the right height
+for children to reach, and every branch and twig seems to grow and turn
+only to form delightful perches for children to climb among and cling
+to. Some Apple trees in our town had a copy of an Elizabethan garden
+furnishing; their branches enclosed tree platforms about twelve feet
+from the ground, reached by a narrow ladder or flight of steps. These
+were built by generous parents for their children's playhouses, but
+their approach of ladder was too unhazardous, their railings too
+safety-assuring, to prove anything but conventional and uninteresting.
+The natural Apple tree offered infinite variety, and a slight sense of
+daring to the climber. Its possibility of accident was fulfilled; untold
+number of broken arms and ribs--juvenile--were resultant from falls from
+Apple trees.
+
+[Illustration: Pressing out Cider in Old Hand Mill.]
+
+One of Thoreau's Apples was the Green Apple (_Malus viridis_, or
+_Cholera morbifera puerelis delectissima_). I know not for how many
+centuries boys (and girls too) have eaten and suffered from green
+apples. A description was written in 1684 which might have happened any
+summer since; I quote it with reminiscent delight, for I have the same
+love for the spirited relation that I had in my early youth when I
+never, for a moment, in spite of the significant names, deemed the
+entire book anything but a real story; the notion that _Pilgrim's
+Progress_ was an allegory never entered my mind.
+
+     "Now there was on the other side of the wall a _Garden_. And some
+     of the Fruit-Trees that grew in the Garden shot their Branches over
+     the Wall, and being mellow, they that found them did gather them up
+     and oft eat of them to their hurt. So _Christiana's_ Boys, _as Boys
+     are apt to do_, being _pleas'd_ with the Trees did _Plash_ them and
+     began to eat. Their Mother did also chide them for so doing, but
+     still the Boys went on. Now _Matthew_ the Eldest Son of
+     _Christiana_ fell sick.... There dwelt not far from thence one Mr.
+     _Skill_ an Ancient and well approved Physician. So Christiana
+     desired it and they sent for him and he came. And when he was
+     entered the Room and a little observed the Boy he concluded that he
+     was sick of the Gripes. Then he said to his Mother, _What Diet has
+     Matthew of late fed upon_? _Diet_, said Christiana, _nothing but
+     which is wholesome_. The Physician answered, _This Boy has been
+     tampering with something that lies in his Maw undigested_.... Then
+     said Samuel, _Mother, Mother, what was that which my brother did
+     gather up and eat. You know there was an Orchard and my Brother did
+     plash and eat. True, my child_, said Christiana, _naughty boy as he
+     was. I did chide him and yet he would eat thereof._"
+
+The realistic treatment of Mr. Skill and Matthew's recovery thereby need
+not be quoted.
+
+An historic Apple much esteemed in Connecticut and Rhode Island, and
+often planted at the edge of the flower garden, is called the Sapson, or
+Early Sapson, Sapson Sweet, Sapsyvine, and in Pennsylvania, Wine-sap.
+The name is a corruption of the old English Apple name, Sops-o'-wine. It
+is a charming little red-cheeked Apple of early autumn, slightly larger
+than a healthy Crab-apple. The clear red of its skin perfuses in
+coral-colored veins and beautiful shadings to its very core. It has a
+condensed, spicy, aromatic flavor, not sharp like a Crab-apple, but it
+makes a better jelly even than the Crab-apple--jelly of a ruby color
+with an almost wine-like flavor, a true Sops-of-wine. This fruit is
+deemed so choice that I have known the sale of a farm to halt for some
+weeks until it could be proved that certain Apple trees in the orchard
+bore the esteemed Sapsyvines.
+
+Under New England and New York farm-houses was a cellar filled with bins
+for vegetables and apples. As the winter passed on there rose from these
+cellars a curious, earthy, appley smell, which always seemed most
+powerful in the best parlor, the room least used. How Schiller, who
+loved the scent of rotten apples, would have rejoiced! The cellar also
+contained many barrels of cider; for the beauty of the Apple trees, and
+the use of their fruit as food, were not the only factors which
+influenced the planting of the many Apple orchards of the new world;
+they afforded a universal drink--cider. I have written at length, in my
+books, _Home Life in Colonial Days_ and _Stage-Coach and Tavern Days_,
+the history of the vogue and manufacture of cider in the new world. The
+cherished Apple orchards of Endicott, Blackstone, Wolcott, and Winthrop
+were so speedily multiplied that by 1670 cider was plentiful and cheap
+everywhere. By the opening of the eighteenth century it had wholly
+crowded out beer and metheglin; and was the drink of old and young on
+all occasions.
+
+[Illustration: Old Horse-lever Cider Mill.]
+
+At first, cider was made by pounding the Apples by hand in wooden
+mortars; then simple mills were formed of a hollowed log and a spring
+board. Rude hand presses, such as are shown on pages 198 and 200, were
+known in 1660, and lingered to our own day. Kalm, the Swedish
+naturalist, saw ancient horse presses (like the one depicted on this
+page) in use in the Hudson River Valley in 1749. In autumn the whole
+country-side was scented with the sour, fruity smell from these cider
+mills; and the gift of a draught of sweet cider to any passer-by was as
+ample and free as of water from the brookside. The cider when barrelled
+and stored for winter was equally free to all comers, as well it might
+be, when many families stored a hundred barrels for winter use.
+
+[Illustration: "Straining off" the Cider.]
+
+The Washingtonian or Temperance reform which swept over this country
+like a purifying wind in the first quarter of the nineteenth century,
+found many temporizers who tried to exclude cider from the list of
+intoxicating drinks which converts pledged themselves to abandon. Some
+farmers who adopted this much-needed movement against the
+all-prevailing vice of drunkenness received it with fanatic zeal. It
+makes the heart of the Apple lover ache to read that in this spirit they
+cut down whole orchards of flourishing Apple trees, since they could
+conceive no adequate use for their apples save for cider. That any
+should have tried to exclude cider from the list of intoxicating
+beverages seems barefaced indeed to those who have tasted that most
+potent of all spirits--frozen cider. I once drank a small modicum of
+Jericho cider, as smooth as Benedictine and more persuasive, which made
+a raw day in April seem like sunny midsummer. I afterward learned from
+the ingenuous Long Island farmer whose hospitality gave me this liqueur
+that it had been frozen seven times. Each time he had thrust a red-hot
+poker into the bung-hole of the barrel, melted all the watery ice and
+poured it out; therefore the very essence of the cider was all that
+remained.
+
+It is interesting to note the folk customs of Old England which have
+lingered here, such as domestic love divinations. The poet Gay wrote:--
+
+    "I pare this Pippin round and round again,
+     My shepherd's name to flourish on the plain.
+     I fling th' unbroken paring o'er my head,
+     Upon the grass a perfect L. is read."
+
+I have seen New England schoolgirls, scores of times, thus toss an
+"unbroken paring." An ancient trial of my youth was done with Apple
+seeds; these were named for various swains, then slightly wetted and
+stuck on the cheek or forehead, while we chanted:--
+
+    "Pippin! Pippin! Paradise!
+     Tell me where my true love lies!"
+
+The seed that remained longest in place indicated the favored and
+favoring lover.
+
+With the neglect in this country of Saints' Days and the Puritanical
+frowning down of all folk customs connected with them, we lost the
+delightful wassailing of the Apple trees. This, like many another
+religious observance, was a relic of heathen sacrifice, in this case to
+Pomona. It was celebrated with slight variations in various parts of
+England; and was called an Apple howling, a wassailing, a youling, and
+other terms. The farmer and his workmen carried to the orchard great
+jugs of cider or milk pans filled with cider and roasted apples.
+Encircling in turn the best bearing trees, they drank from
+"clayen-cups," and poured part of the contents on the ground under the
+trees. And while they wassailed the trees they sang:--
+
+             "Here's to thee, old Apple tree!
+    Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow,
+    And whence thou mayst bear Apples enow!
+              Hats full! caps full,
+              Bushel--Bushel--sacks full,
+              And my pockets full too."
+
+Another Devonshire rhyme ran:--
+
+    "Health to thee, good Apple tree!
+     Well to bear pocket-fulls, hat-fulls,
+     Peck-fulls, bushel bag-fulls."
+
+The wassailing of the trees gave place in America to a jovial autumnal
+gathering known as an Apple cut, an Apple paring, or an Apple bee. The
+cheerful kitchen of the farm-house was set out with its entire array of
+empty pans, pails, tubs, and baskets. Heaped-up barrels of apples stood
+in the centre of the room. The many skilful hands of willing neighbors
+emptied the barrels, and with sharp knives or an occasional Apple parer,
+filled the empty vessels with cleanly pared and quartered apples.
+
+When the work was finished, divinations with Apple parings and Apple
+seeds were tried, simple country games were played; occasionally there
+was a fiddler and a dance. An autumnal supper was served from the three
+zones of the farm-house: nuts from the attic, Apples from the pantry,
+and cider from the cellar. The apple-quarters intended for drying were
+strung on homespun linen thread and hung out of doors on clear drying
+days. A humble hillside home in New Hampshire thus quaintly festooned is
+shown in the illustration opposite page 208--a characteristic New
+Hampshire landscape. When thoroughly dried in sun and wind, these sliced
+apples were stored for the winter by being hung from rafter to rafter of
+various living rooms, and remained thus for months (gathering vast
+accumulations of dust and germs for our blissfully ignorant and
+unsqueamish grandparents) until the early days of spring, when Apple
+sauce, Apple butter, and the stores of Apple bin and Apple pit were
+exhausted, and they then afforded, after proper baths and soakings, the
+wherewithal for that domestic comestible--dried Apple pie. The Swedish
+parson, Dr. Acrelius, writing home to Sweden in 1758 an account of the
+settlement of Delaware, said:--
+
+     "Apple pie is used throughout the whole year, and when fresh Apples
+     are no longer to be had, dried ones are used. It is the evening
+     meal of children. House pie, in country places, is made of Apples
+     neither peeled nor freed from their cores, and its crust is not
+     broken if a wagon wheel goes over it."
+
+I always had an undue estimation of Apple pie in my childhood, from an
+accidental cause: we were requested by the conscientious teacher in our
+Sunday-school to "take out" each week without fail from the "Select
+Library" of the school a "Sabbath-school Library Book." The colorless,
+albeit pious, contents of the books classed under that title are well
+known to those of my generation; even such a child of the Puritans as I
+was could not read them. There were two anchors in that sea of
+despair,--but feeble holds would they seem to-day,--the first volumes of
+_Queechy_ and _The Wide, Wide World_. With the disingenuousness of
+childhood I satisfied the rules of the school and my own conscience by
+carrying home these two books, and no others, on alternate Sundays for
+certainly two years. The only wonder in the matter was that the
+transaction escaped my Mother's eye for so long a time. I read only
+isolated scenes; of these the favorite was the one wherein Fleda carries
+to the woods for the hungry visitor, who was of the English nobility,
+several large and toothsome sections of green Apple pie and cheese. The
+prominence given to that Apple pie in that book and in my two years
+of reading idealized it. On a glorious day last October I drove to New
+Canaan, the town which was the prototype of Queechy. Hungry as ever in
+childhood from the clear autumnal air and the long drive from Lenox, we
+asked for luncheon at what was reported to be a village hostelry. The
+exact counterpart of Miss Cynthia Gall responded rather sourly that she
+wasn't "boarding or baiting" that year. Humble entreaties for provender
+of any kind elicited from her for each of us a slice of cheese and a
+large and truly noble section of Apple pie, the very pie of Fleda's
+tale, which we ate with a bewildered sense as of a previous existence.
+This was intensified as we strolled to the brook under the Queechy Sugar
+Maples, and gathered there the great-grandchildren of Fleda's
+Watercresses, and heard the sound of Hugh's sawmills.
+
+[Illustration: Drying Apples.]
+
+Six hundred years ago English gentlewomen and goodwives were cooking
+Apples just as we cook them now--they even had Apple pie. A delightful
+recipe of the fourteenth century was for "Appeluns for a Lorde, in
+opyntide." Opyntide was springtime; this was, therefore, a spring dish
+fit for a lord.
+
+Apple-moy and Apple-mos, Apple Tansy, and Pommys-morle were delightful
+dishes and very rich food as well. The word pomatum has now no
+association with _pomum_, but originally pomatum was made partly of
+Apples. In an old "Dialog between Soarness and Chirurgi," written by one
+Dr. Bulleyne in the days of Queen Elizabeth, is found this question and
+its answer:--
+
+     "_Soarness._ How make you pomatum?
+
+     "_Chirurgi._ Take the fat of a yearly kyd one pound, temper it with
+     the water of musk-roses by the space of foure dayes, then take five
+     apples, and dresse them, and cut them in pieces, and lard them with
+     cloves, then boyl them altogeather in the same water of roses in
+     one vessel of glasse set within another vessel, let it boyl on the
+     fyre so long tyll it all be white, then wash them with the same
+     water of muske-roses, this done kepe it in a glasse and if you will
+     have it to smell better, then you must put in a little civet or
+     musk, or both, or ambergrice. Gentil women doe use this to make
+     theyr faces fayr and smooth, for it healeth cliftes in the lippes,
+     or in any places of the hands and face."
+
+With the omission of the civet or musk I am sure this would make to-day
+a delightful cream; but there is one condition which the "gentil woman"
+of to-day could scarcely furnish--the infinite patience and leisure
+which accompanied and perfected all such domestic work three centuries
+ago. A pomander was made of "the maste of a sweet Apple tree being
+gathered betwixt two Lady days," mixed with various sweet-scented drugs
+and gums and Rose leaves, and shaped into a ball or bracelet.
+
+The successor of the pomander was the Clove Apple, or "Comfort Apple,"
+an Apple stuck solidly with cloves. In country communities, one was
+given as an expression of sympathy in trouble or sorrow. Visiting a
+country "poorhouse" recently, we were shown a "Comfort-apple" which had
+been sent to one of the inmates by a friend; for even paupers have
+friends.
+
+"Taffaty tarts" were of paste filled with Apples sweetened and seasoned
+with Lemon, Rose-water, and Fennel seed. Apple-sticklin',
+Apple-stucklin, Apple-twelin, Apple-hoglin, are old English provincial
+names of Apple pie; Apple-betty is a New England term. The Apple Slump
+of New England homes was not the "slump-pye" of old England, which was a
+rich mutton pie flavored with wine and jelly, and covered with a rich
+confection of nuts and fruit.
+
+[Illustration: Ancient Apple Picker, Apple Racks, Apple Parers,
+Apple-butter Kettle, Apple-butter Paddle, Apple-butter Stirrer,
+Apple-butter Crocks.]
+
+In Pennsylvania, among the people known as the Pennsylvania Dutch, the
+Apple frolic was universal. Each neighbor brought his or her own Apple
+parer. This people make great use of Apples and cider in their food, and
+have many curious modes of cooking them. Dr. Heilman in his paper on
+"The Old Cider Mill" tells of their delicacy of "cider time" called
+cider soup, made of equal parts of cider and water, boiled and thickened
+with sweet cream and flour; when ready to serve, bits of bread or toast
+are placed in it. "Mole cider" is made of boiling cider thickened to a
+syrup with beaten eggs and milk. But of greatest importance, both for
+home consumption and for the market, is the staple known as Apple
+butter. This is made from sweet cider boiled down to about one-third its
+original quantity. To this is added an equal weight of sliced Apples,
+about a third as much of molasses, and various spices, such as cloves,
+ginger, mace, cinnamon or even pepper, all boiled together for twelve or
+fifteen hours. Often the great kettle is filled with cider in the
+morning, and boiled and stirred constantly all day, then the sliced
+Apples are added at night, and the monotonous stirring continues till
+morning, when the butter can be packed in jars and kegs for winter use.
+This Apple butter is not at all like Apple sauce; it has no granulated
+appearance, but is smooth and solid like cheese and dark red in color.
+Apple butter is stirred by a pole having upon one end a perforated blade
+or paddle set at right angles. Sometimes a bar was laid from rim to rim
+of the caldron, and worked by a crank that turned a similar paddle. A
+collection of ancient utensils used in making Apple butter is shown on
+page 211; these are from the collections of the Bucks County Historical
+Society. Opposite page 214 is shown an ancient open-air fireplace and an
+old couple making Apple butter just as they have done for over half a
+century.
+
+In New England what the "hired man" on the farm called "biled cider
+Apple sass," took the place of Apple butter. Preferably this was made in
+the "summer kitchen," where three kettles, usually of graduated sizes,
+could be set over the fire; the three kettles could be hung from a
+crane, or trammels. All were filled with cider, and as the liquid boiled
+away in the largest kettle it was filled from the second and that from
+the third. The fresh cider was always poured into the third kettle, thus
+the large kettle was never checked in its boiling. This continued till
+the cider was as thick as molasses. Apples (preferably Pound Sweets or
+Pumpkin Sweets) had been chosen with care, pared, cored, and quartered,
+and heated in a small kettle. These were slowly added to the thickened
+cider, in small quantities, in order not to check the boiling. The rule
+was to cook them till so softened that a rye straw could be run into
+them, and yet they must retain their shape. This was truly a critical
+time; the slightest scorched flavor would ruin the whole kettleful. A
+great wooden, long-handled, shovel-like ladle was used to stir the sauce
+fiercely until it was finished in triumph. Often a barrel of this was
+made by our grandmothers, and frozen solid for winter use. The farmer
+and "hired men" ate it clear as a relish with meats; and it was suited
+to appetites and digestions which had been formed by a diet of salted
+meats, fried breads, many pickles, and the drinking of hot cider
+sprinkled with pepper.
+
+Emerson well named the Apple the social fruit of New England. It ever
+has been and is still the grateful promoter and unfailing aid to
+informal social intercourse in the country-side; but the Apple tree is
+something far nobler even than being the sign of cheerful and cordial
+acquaintance; it is the beautiful rural emblem of industrious and
+temperate home life. Hence, let us wassail with a will:--
+
+            "Here's to thee, old Apple tree!
+    Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow,
+    And whence thou mayst bear Apples enow!"
+
+[Illustration: Making Apple Butter.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+GARDENS OF THE POETS
+
+     "The chief use of flowers is to illustrate quotations from the
+     poets."
+
+
+All English poets have ever been ready to sing English flowers until
+jesters have laughed, and to sing garden flowers as well as wild
+flowers. Few have really described a garden, though the orderly
+distribution of flowers might be held to be akin to the restraint of
+rhyme and rhythm in poetry.
+
+[Illustration: Shakespeare Border at Hillside.]
+
+It has been the affectionate tribute and happy diversion of those who
+love both poetry and flowers to note the flowers beloved of various
+poets, and gather them together, either in a book or a garden. The pages
+of Milton cannot be forced, even by his most ardent admirers, to
+indicate any intimate knowledge of flowers. He certainly makes some very
+elegant classical allusions to flowers and fruits, and some amusingly
+vague ones as well. "The Flowers of Spenser," and "A Posy from Chaucer,"
+are the titles of most readable chapters in _A Garden of Simples_, but
+the allusions and quotations from both authors are pleasing and
+interesting, rather than informing as to the real variety and
+description of the flowers of their day. Nearly all the older English
+poets, though writing glibly of woods and vales, of shepherds and
+swains, of buds and blossoms, scarcely allude to a flower in a natural
+way. Herrick was truly a flower lover, and, as the critic said, "many
+flowers grow to illustrate quotations from his works." The flowers named
+of Shakespeare have been written about in varied books, _Shakespeare's
+Garden_, _Shakespeare's Bouquet_, _Flowers from Stratford-on-Avon_, etc.
+These are easily led in fulness of detail, exactness of information, and
+delightful literary quality by that truly perfect book, beloved of all
+garden lovers, _The Plant Lore and Garden Craft of Shakespeare_, by
+Canon Ellacombe. Of it I never weary, and for it I am ever grateful.
+
+Shakespeare Gardens, or Shakespeare Borders, too, are laid out and set
+with every tree, shrub, and flower named in Shakespeare, and these are
+over two hundred in number. A distinguishing mark of the Shakespeare
+Border of Lady Warwick is the peculiar label set alongside each plant.
+This label is of pottery, greenish-brown in tint, shaped like a
+butterfly, bearing on its wings a quotation of a few words and the play
+reference relating to each special plant. Of course these words have
+been fired in and are thus permanent. Pretty as they are in themselves
+they must be disfiguring to the borders--as all labels are in a garden.
+
+In the garden at Hillside, near Albany, New York, grows a green and
+flourishing Shakespeare Border, gathered ten years ago by the mistress
+of the garden. I use the terms green and flourishing with exactness in
+this connection, for a great impression made by this border is of its
+thriving health, and also of the predominance of green leafage of every
+variety, shape, manner of growth, and oddness of tint. In this latter
+respect it is infinitely more beautiful than the ordinary border,
+varying from silvery glaucous green through greens of yellow or brownish
+shade to the blue-black greens of some herbs; and among these green
+leaves are many of sweet or pungent scent, and of medicinal qualities,
+such as are seldom grown to-day save in some such choice and chosen
+spot. There is less bloom in this Shakespeare Border than in our modern
+flower beds, and the flowers are not so large or brilliant as our
+modern favorites; but, quiet as they are, they are said to excel the
+blossoms of the same plants of Shakespeare's own day, which we learn
+from the old herbalists were smaller and less varied in color and of
+simpler tints than those of their descendants. At the first glance this
+Shakespeare Border shines chiefly in the light of the imagination, as
+stirred by the poet's noble words; but do not dwell on this border as a
+whole, as something only to be looked at; read the pages of this garden,
+dwell on each leafy sentence, and you are entranced with its beautiful
+significance. It was not gathered with so much thought, and each plant
+and seed set out and watched and reared like a delicate child, to become
+a show place; it appeals for a more intimate regard; and we find that
+its detail makes its charm.
+
+Such a garden as this appeals warmly to anyone who is sensitive to the
+imaginative element of flower beauty. Many garden makers forget that a
+flower bed is a group of living beings--perhaps of sentient beings--as
+well as a mass of beautiful color. Modern gardens tend far too much
+toward the display of the united effect of growing plants, to a striving
+for universal brilliancy, rather than attention to and love for separate
+flowers. There was refreshment of spirit as well as of the senses in the
+old-time garden of flowers, such as these planted in this Shakespeare
+Border, and it stirred the heart of the poet as could no modern flower
+gardens.
+
+[Illustration: Long Border at Hillside.]
+
+The scattering inflorescence and the tiny size of the blossoms give to
+this Shakespeare Border an unusual aspect of demureness and delicacy,
+and the plants seem to cling with affection and trust to the path of
+their human protector; they look simple and confiding, and seem close
+both to nature and to man. This homelike and modest quality is shown, I
+think, even in the presentation in black and white given on page 216 and
+opposite page 218, though it shows still more in the garden when the
+wide range of tint of foliage is added.
+
+A most appropriate companion of the old flowers in this Shakespeare
+Border is the sun-dial, which is an exact copy of the one at Abbotsford,
+Scotland. It bears the motto [Greek: ERCHETAI GAR NYX] meaning, "For
+the night cometh." It was chosen by Sir Walter Scott, for his sun-dial,
+as a solemn monitor to himself of the hour "when no man can work." It
+was copied from a motto on the dial-plate of the watch of the great Dr.
+Samuel Johnson; and it is curious that in both cases the word [Greek:
+GAR] should be introduced, for it is not in the clause in the New
+Testament from which the motto was taken. It is a beautiful motto and
+one of singular appropriateness for a sun-dial. The pedestal of this
+sun-dial is of simple lines, but it is dignified and pleasing, aside
+from the great interest of association which surrounds it.
+
+[Illustration: The Beauty of Winter Lilacs.]
+
+I had a happy sense, when walking through this garden, that, besides my
+congenial living companionship, I had the company of some noble
+Elizabethan ghosts; and I know that if Shakespeare and Jonson and
+Herrick were to come to Hillside, they would find the garden so familiar
+to them; they would greet the plants like old friends, they would note
+how fine grew the Rosemary this year, how sweet were the Lady's-smocks,
+how fair the Gillyflowers. And Gerarde and Parkinson would ponder, too,
+over all the herbs and simples of their own Physick Gardens, and compare
+notes. Above all I seemed to see, walking soberly by my side, breathing
+in with delight the varied scents of leaf and blossom, that lover and
+writer of flowers and gardens, Lord Bacon--and not in the disguise of
+Shakespeare either. For no stronger proofs can be found of the existence
+of two individualities than are in the works of each of these men, in
+their sentences and pages which relate to gardens and flowers.
+
+This fair garden and Shakespeare Border are loveliest in the cool of the
+day, in the dawn or at early eve; and those who muse may then remember
+another Presence in a garden in the cool of the day. And then I recall
+that gem of English poesy which always makes me pitiful of its author;
+that he could write this, and yet, in his hundreds of pages of English
+verse, make not another memorable line:--
+
+    "A Garden is a lovesome thing, God wot;
+       Rose plot,
+     Fringed pool,
+       Ferned grot,
+     The veriest school of Peace;
+     And yet the fool
+       Contends that God is not in gardens.
+     Not in gardens! When the eve is cool!
+       Nay, but I have a sign.
+     'Tis very sure God walks in mine."
+
+Shakespeare Borders grow very readily and freely in England, save in the
+case of the few tropical flowers and trees named in the pages of the
+great dramatist; but this Shakespeare Border at Hillside needs much
+cherishing. The plants of Heather and Broom and Gorse have to be
+specially coddled by transplanting under cold frames during the long
+winter months in frozen Albany; and thus they find vast contrast to
+their free, unsheltered life in Great Britain.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Mrs. Frank Robinson, Wakefield, Rhode Island.]
+
+Persistent efforts have been made to acclimate both Heather and Gorse in
+America. We have seen how Broom came uninvited and spread unasked on the
+Massachusetts coast; but Gorse and Heather have proved shy creatures. On
+the beautiful island of Naushon the carefully planted Gorse may be found
+spread in widely scattered spots and also on the near-by mainland, but
+it cannot be said to have thrived markedly. The Scotch Heather, too, has
+been frequently planted, and watched and pushed, but it is slow to
+become acclimated. It is not because the winters are too cold, for it is
+found in considerable amount in bitter Newfoundland; perhaps it prefers
+to live under a crown.
+
+Modern authors have seldom given their names to gardens, not even
+Tennyson with his intimate and extended knowledge of garden flowers. A
+Mary Howitt Garden was planned, full of homely old blooms, such as she
+loves to name in her verse; but it would have slight significance save
+to its maker, since no one cares to read Mary Howitt nowadays. In that
+charming book, _Sylvana's Letters to an Unknown Friend_ (which I know
+were written to me), the author, E. V. B., says, "The very ideal of a
+garden, and the only one I know, is found in Shelley's _Sensitive
+Plant_." With quick championing of a beloved poet, I at once thought of
+the radiant garden of flowers in Keats's heart and poems. Then I reread
+the _Sensitive Plant_ in a spirit of utmost fairness and critical
+friendliness, and I am willing to yield the Shelley Garden to Sylvana,
+while I keep, for my own delight, my Keats garden of sunshine, color,
+and warmth.
+
+That Keats had a profound knowledge and love of flowers is shown in his
+letters as well as his poems. Only a few months before his death, when
+stricken with and fighting a fatal disease, he wrote:--
+
+     "How astonishingly does the chance of leaving the world impress a
+     sense of its natural beauties upon me! Like poor Falstaff, though I
+     do not babble, I think of green fields. I muse with greatest
+     affection on every flower I have known from my infancy--their
+     shapes and colors are as new to me as if I had just created them
+     with a superhuman fancy. It is because they are connected with the
+     most thoughtless and the happiest moments of my life."
+
+Near the close of his _Endymion_ he wrote:--
+
+                "Nor much it grieves
+    To die, when summer dies on the cold sward.
+    Why, I have been a butterfly, a lord
+    Of flowers, garlands, love-knots, silly posies,
+    Groves, meadows, melodies, and arbor roses;
+    My kingdom's at its death, and just it is
+    That I should die with it."
+
+In the summer of 1816, under the influence of a happy day at Hampstead,
+he wrote that lovely poem, "I stood tiptoe upon a little hill." After a
+description of the general scene, a special corner of beauty is thus
+told:--
+
+    "A bush of May flowers with the bees about them--
+     Ah, sure no bashful nook could be without them--
+     And let a lush Laburnum oversweep them,
+     And let long grass grow round the roots to keep them
+     Moist, cool, and green; and shade the Violets
+     That they may bind the moss in leafy nets.
+     A Filbert hedge with Wild-brier over trim'd,
+     And clumps of Woodbine taking the soft wind,
+     Upon their summer thrones...."
+
+Then come these wonderful lines, which belittle all other descriptions
+of Sweet Peas:--
+
+    "Here are Sweet Peas, on tiptoe for a flight,
+     With wings of gentle flush o'er delicate white,
+     And taper fingers catching at all things
+     To bind them all about with tiny wings."
+
+Keats states in his letters that his love of flowers was wholly for
+those of the "common garden sort," not for flowers of the greenhouse or
+difficult cultivation, nor do I find in his lines any evidence of
+extended familiarity with English wild flowers. He certainly does not
+know the flowers of woods and fields as does Matthew Arnold.
+
+[Illustration: The Parson's Walk.]
+
+The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table says: "Did you ever hear a poet who
+did not talk flowers? Don't you think a poem which for the sake of being
+original should leave them out, would be like those verses where the
+letter _a_ or _e_, or some other, is omitted? No; they will bloom over
+and over again in poems as in the summer fields, to the end of time,
+always old and always new." The Autocrat himself knew well a poet who
+never talked flowers in his poems, a poet beloved of all other
+poets,--Arthur Hugh Clough,--though he loved and knew all flowers. From
+Matthew Arnold's beautiful tribute to him, are a few of his wonderful
+flower lines, cut out from their fellows:--
+
+    "Through the thick Corn the scarlet Poppies peep,
+     And round green roots and yellowing stalks I see
+       Pale blue Convolvulus in tendrils creep,
+         And air-swept Lindens yield
+       Their scent, and rustle down their perfumed showers
+       Of bloom...,
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    "Soon will the high midsummer pomps come on,
+       Soon will the Musk Carnations break and swell.
+     Soon shall we have gold-dusted Snapdragon,
+       Sweet-william with his homely cottage smell,
+         And Stocks in fragrant blow."
+
+Oh, what a master hand! Where in all English verse are fairer flower
+hues? And where is a more beautiful description of a midsummer evening,
+than Arnold's exquisite lines beginning:--
+
+    "The evening comes; the fields are still;
+     The tinkle of the thirsty rill."
+
+Dr. Holmes was also a master in the description of garden flowers. I
+should know, had I never been told save from his verses, just the kind
+of a Cambridge garden he was reared in, and what flowers grew in it.
+Lowell, too, gives ample evidence of a New England childhood in a
+garden.
+
+The gardens of Shenstone's _Schoolmistress_ and of Thomson's poems come
+to our minds without great warmth of welcome from us; while Clare's
+lines are full of charm:--
+
+    "And where the Marjoram once, and Sage and Rue,
+     And Balm, and Mint, with curl'd leaf Parsley grew,
+     And double Marigolds, and silver Thyme,
+     And Pumpkins 'neath the window climb.
+     And where I often, when a child, for hours
+     Tried through the pales to get the tempting flowers,
+     As Lady's Laces, everlasting Peas,
+     True-love-lies-bleeding, with the Hearts-at-ease
+     And Goldenrods, and Tansy running high,
+     That o'er the pale tops smiled on passers by."
+
+A curious old seventeenth-century poet was the Jesuit, Rene Rapin. The
+copy of his poem entitled _Gardens_ which I have seen, is the one in my
+daughter's collection of garden books; it was "English'd by the
+Ingenious Mr. Gardiner," and published in 1728. Hallam in his
+_Introduction to the Literature of Europe_ gives a capital estimate of
+this long poem of over three thousand lines. I find them pretty dull
+reading, with much monotony of adjectives, and very affected notions for
+plant names. I fancy he manufactured all his tedious plant traditions
+himself.
+
+[Illustration: Garden of Mary Washington.]
+
+A pleasing little book entitled _Dante's Garden_ has collected evidence,
+from his writings, of Dante's love of green, growing things. The title
+is rather strained, since he rarely names individual flowers, and only
+refers vaguely to their emblematic significance. I would have entitled
+the book _Dante's Forest_, since he chiefly refers to trees; and the
+Italian gardens of his days were of trees rather than flowers. There are
+passages in his writings which have led some of his worshippers to
+believe that his childhood was passed in a garden; but these references
+are very indeterminate.
+
+The picture of a deserted garden, with its sad sentiment has charmed the
+fancy of many a poet. Hood, a true flower-lover, wrote this jingle in
+his _Haunted House_:--
+
+    "The Marigold amidst the nettles blew,
+       The Gourd embrac'd the Rose bush in its ramble.
+     The Thistle and the Stock together grew,
+       The Hollyhock and Bramble.
+
+    "The Bearbine with the Lilac interlaced,
+       The sturdy Burdock choked its tender neighbor,
+     The spicy Pink. All tokens were effaced
+       Of human care and labor."
+
+These lines are a great contrast to the dignified versification of The
+Old Garden, by Margaret Deland, a garden around which a great city has
+grown.
+
+    "Around it is the street, a restless arm
+     That clasps the country to the city's heart."
+
+No one could read this poem without knowing that the author is a true
+garden lover, and knowing as well that she spent her childhood in a
+garden.
+
+Another American poet, Edith Thomas, writes exquisitely of old gardens
+and garden flowers.
+
+    "The pensile Lilacs still their favors throw.
+     The Star of Lilies, plenteous long ago,
+     Waits on the summer dusk, and faileth not.
+     The legions of the grass in vain would blot
+     The spicy Box that marks the garden row.
+     Let but the ground some human tendance know,
+     It long remaineth an engentled spot."
+
+Let me for a moment, through the suggestion of her last two lines, write
+of the impress left on nature through flower planting. "The garden long
+remaineth an engentled spot." You cannot for years stamp out the mark of
+a garden; intentional destruction may obliterate the garden borders, but
+neglect never. The delicate flowers die, but some sturdy things spring
+up happily and seem gifted with everlasting life. Fifteen years ago a
+friend bought an old country seat on Long Island; near the site of the
+new house, an old garden was ploughed deep and levelled to a lawn. Every
+year since then the patient gardeners pull up, on this lawn, in
+considerable numbers, Mallows, Campanulas, Star of Bethlehem,
+Bouncing-bets and innumerable Asparagus shoots, and occasionally the
+seedlings of other flowers which have bided their time in the dark
+earth. Traces of the residence of Sir Walter Raleigh in Ireland may
+still be seen in the growth of richly perfumed wall-flowers which he
+brought from the Azores. The Affane Cherry is found where he planted it,
+and some of his Cedars are living. The summer-house of Yew trees
+sheltered him when he smoked in the garden, and in this garden he
+planted Tobacco. Near by is the famous spot where he planted what were
+then called Virginian Potatoes. By that planting they acquired the name
+of Irish Potatoes.
+
+I have spoken of the Prince Nurseries in Flushing; the old nurserymen
+left a more lasting mark than their Nurseries, in the rare trees and
+plants now found on the roads, and in the fields and gardens for many
+miles around Flushing. With the Parsons family, who have been, since
+1838, distributors of unusual plants, especially the splendid garden
+treasures from China and Japan, they have made Flushing a delightful
+nature-study.
+
+In the humblest dooryard, and by the wayside in outlying parts of the
+town, may be seen rare and beautiful old trees: a giant purple Beech is
+in a laborer's yard; fine Cedars, Salisburias, red-flowered
+Horse-chestnuts, Japanese flowering Quinces and Cherries, and even rare
+Japanese Maples are to be found; a few survivors of the Chinese Mulberry
+have a romantic interest as mementoes of a giant bubble of ruin. The
+largest Scotch Laburnum I ever saw, glorious in golden bloom, is behind
+an unkempt house. On the Parsons estate is a weeping Beech of unusual
+size. Its branches trail on the ground in a vast circumference of 222
+feet, forming a great natural arbor. The beautiful vernal light in this
+tree bower may be described in Andrew Marvell's words:--
+
+    "Annihilating all that's made
+     To a green thought in a green shade."
+
+[Illustration: Box and Phlox.]
+
+The photograph of it, shown opposite page 232, gives some scant idea of
+its leafy walls; it has been for years the fit trysting-place of lovers,
+as is shown by the initials carved on the great trunk. Great Judas
+trees, sadly broken yet bravely blooming; decayed hedges of several
+kinds of Lilacs, Syringas, Snowballs, and Yuccas of princely size and
+bearing still linger. Everywhere are remnants of Box hedges. One unkempt
+dooryard of an old Dutch farm-house was glorified with a broad double
+row of yellow Lily at least sixty feet in length. Everywhere is
+Wistaria, on porches, fences, houses, and trees; the abundant Dogwood
+trees are often overgrown with Wistaria. The most exquisite sight of the
+floral year was the largest Dogwood tree I have ever seen, radiant with
+starry white bloom, and hung to the tip of every white-flowered branch
+with the drooping amethystine racemes of Wistaria of equal luxuriance.
+Golden-yellow Laburnum blooms were in one case mingled with both purple
+and white Wistaria. These yellow, purple, and white blooms of similar
+shape were a curious sight, as if a single plant had been grafted. As I
+rode past so many glimpses of loveliness mingled with so much present
+squalor, I could but think of words of the old hymn:--
+
+    "Where every prospect pleases
+     And only man is vile."
+
+Could the hedges, trees, and vines which came from the Prince and
+Parsons Nurseries have been cared for, northeastern Long Island, which
+is part of the city of Greater New York, would still be what it was
+named by the early explorers, "The Pearl of New Netherland."
+
+[Illustration: Within the Weeping Beech.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE CHARM OF COLOR
+
+    "How strange are the freaks of memory,
+       The lessons of life we forget.
+     While a trifle, a trick of color,
+       In the wonderful web is set."
+
+    --JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.
+
+
+The quality of charm in color is most subtle; it is like the human
+attribute known as fascination, "whereof," says old Cotton Mather, "men
+have more Experience than Comprehension." Certainly some alliance of
+color with a form suited or wonted to it is necessary to produce a
+gratification of the senses. Thus in the leaves of plants every shade of
+green is pleasing; then why is there no charm in a green flower? The
+green of Mignonette bloom would scarcely be deemed beautiful were it not
+for our association of it with the delicious fragrance. White is the
+absence of color. In flowers a pure chalk-white, and a snow-white (which
+is bluish) is often found; but more frequently the white flower blushes
+a little, or is warmed with yellow, or has green veins.
+
+Where green runs into the petals of a white flower, its beauty hangs by
+a slender thread. If the green lines have any significance, as have the
+faint green checkerings of the Fritillary, which I have described
+elsewhere in this book, they add to its interest; but ordinarily they
+make the petals seem undeveloped. The Snowdrop bears the mark of one of
+the few tints of green which we like in white flowers; its "heart-shaped
+seal of green," sung by Rossetti, has been noted by many other poets.
+Tennyson wrote:--
+
+    "Pure as lines of green that streak the white
+     Of the first Snowdrop's inner leaves."
+
+[Illustration: Spring Snowflake.]
+
+A cousin of the Snowdrop, is the "Spring Snowflake" or Leucojum, called
+also by New England country folk "High Snowdrop." It bears at the end of
+each snowy petal a tiny exact spot of green; and I think it must have
+been the flower sung by Leigh Hunt:--
+
+    "The nice-leaved lesser Lilies,
+     Shading like detected light
+     Their little green-tipt lamps of white."
+
+The illustration on page 234 shows the graceful growth of the flower and
+its exquisitely precise little green-dotted petals, but it has not
+caught its luminous whiteness, which seems almost of phosphorescent
+brightness in each little flower.
+
+The Star of Bethlehem is a plant in which the white and green of the
+leaf is curiously repeated in the flower. Gardeners seldom admit this
+flower now to their gardens, it so quickly crowds out everything else;
+it has become on Long Island nothing but a weed. The high-growing Star
+of Bethlehem is a pretty thing. A bed of it in my sister's garden is
+shown on page 237.
+
+It is curious that when all agree that green flowers have no beauty and
+scant charm, that a green flower should have been one of the best-loved
+flowers of my home garden. But this love does not come from any thought
+of the color or beauty of the flower, but from association. It was my
+mother's favorite, hence it is mine. It was her favorite because she
+loved its clear, pure, spicy fragrance. This ever present and ever
+welcome scent which pervades the entire garden if leaf or flower of the
+loved Ambrosia be crushed, is curious and characteristic, a true
+"ambrosiack odor," to use Ben Jonson's words.
+
+A vivid description of Ambrosia is that of Gerarde in his delightful
+_Herball_.
+
+     "Oke of Jerusalem, or Botrys, hath sundry small stems a foote and a
+     halfe high dividing themselves into many small branches. The leafe
+     very much resembling the leafe of an Oke, which hath caused our
+     English women to call it Oke of Jerusalem. The upper side of the
+     leafe is a deepe greene and somewhat rough and hairy, but
+     underneath it is of a darke reddish or purple colour. The seedie
+     floures grow clustering about the branches like the yong clusters
+     or blowings of the Vine. The roote is small and thriddy. The whole
+     herbe is of a pleasant smell and savour, and the whole plant dieth
+     when the seed is ripe. Oke of Jerusalem is of divers called
+     Ambrosia."
+
+Ambrosia has been loved for many centuries by Englishwomen; it is in the
+first English list of names of plants, which was made in 1548 by one Dr.
+Turner; and in this list it is called "Ambrose." He says of it:--
+
+     "Botrys is called in englishe, Oke of Hierusalem, in duche, trauben
+     kraute, in french pijmen. It groweth in gardines muche in England."
+
+Ambrosia has now died out "in gardines muche in England." I have had
+many letters from English flower lovers telling me they know it not; and
+I have had the pleasure of sending the seeds to several old English and
+Scotch gardens, where I hope it will once more grow and flourish, for I
+am sure it must feel at home.
+
+[Illustration: Star of Bethlehem.]
+
+The seeds of this beloved Ambrosia, which filled my mother's garden in
+every spot in which it could spring, and which overflowed with cheerful
+welcome into the gardens of our neighbors, was given her from the garden
+of a great-aunt in Walpole, New Hampshire. This Walpole garden was a
+famous gathering of old-time favorites, and it had the delightful
+companionship of a wild garden. On a series of terraces with shelving
+banks, which reached down to a stream, the boys of the family planted,
+seventy years ago, a myriad of wild flowers, shrubs, and trees, from the
+neighboring woods. By the side of the garden great Elm trees sheltered
+scores of beautiful gray squirrels; and behind the house and garden an
+orchard led to the wheat fields, which stretched down to the broad
+Connecticut River. All flowers thrived there, both in the Box-bordered
+beds and in the wild garden, perhaps because the morning mists from the
+river helped out the heavy buckets of water from the well during the hot
+summer weeks. Even in winter the wild garden was beautiful from the
+brilliant Bittersweet which hung from every tree.
+
+[Illustration: "The Pearl."]
+
+Here Ambrosia was plentiful, but is plentiful no longer; and Walpole
+garden lovers seek seeds of it from the Worcester garden. I think it
+dies out generally when all the weeding and garden care is done by
+gardeners; they assume that the little plants of such modest bearing
+are weeds, and pull them up, with many other precious seedlings of the
+old garden, in their desire to have ample expanse of naked dirt. One of
+the charms which was permitted to the old garden was its fulness. Nature
+there certainly abhorred a vacant space. The garden soil was full of
+resources; it had a seed for every square inch; it seemed to have a
+reserve store ready to crowd into any space offered by the removal or
+dying down of a plant at any time.
+
+Let me tell of a curious thing I found in an old book, anent our
+subject--green flowers. It shows that we must not accuse our modern
+sensation lovers, either in botany or any other science, of being the
+only ones to add artifice to nature. The green Carnation has been chosen
+to typify the decadence and monstrosity of the end of the nineteenth
+century; but nearly two hundred years ago a London fruit and flower
+grower, named Richard Bradley, wrote a treatise upon field husbandry and
+garden culture, and in it he tells of a green Carnation which "a certayn
+fryar" produced by grafting a Carnation upon a Fennel stalk. The flowers
+were green for several years, then nature overcame decadent art.
+
+There be those who are so enamoured of the color green and of foliage,
+that they care little for flowers of varied tint; even in a garden, like
+the old poet Marvell, they deem,--
+
+    "No white nor red was ever seen
+     So amorous as this lovely green."
+
+Such folk could scarce find content in an American garden; for our
+American gardeners must confess, with Shakespeare's clown: "I am no
+great Nebuchadnezzar, sir, I have not much skill in grass." Our lawns
+are not old enough.
+
+A charming greenery of old English gardens was the bowling-green. We
+once had them in our colonies, as the name of a street in our greatest
+city now proves; and I deem them a garden fashion well-to-be-revived.
+
+The laws of color preference differ with the size of expanses. Our broad
+fields often have pleasing expanses of leafage other than green, and
+flowers that are as all-pervading as foliage. Many flowers of the field
+have their day, when each seems to be queen, a short day, but its rights
+none dispute. Snow of Daisies, yellow of Dandelions, gold of Buttercups,
+purple pinkness of Clover, Innocence, Blue-eyed Grass, Milkweed, none
+reign more absolutely in every inch of the fields than that poverty
+stricken creature, the Sorrel. William Morris warns us that "flowers in
+masses are mighty strong color," and must be used with much caution in a
+garden. But there need be no fear of massed color in a field, as being
+ever gaudy or cloying. An approach to the beauty and satisfaction of
+nature's plentiful field may be artificially obtained as an adjunct to
+the garden in a flower-close sown or set with a solid expanse of bloom
+of some native or widely adopted plant. I have seen a flower-close of
+Daisies, another of Buttercups, one of Larkspur, one of Coreopsis. A new
+field tint, and a splendid one, has been given to us within a few
+years, by the introduction of the vivid red of Italian clover. It is
+eagerly welcomed to our fields, so scant of scarlet. This clover was
+brought to America in the years 1824 _et seq._, and is described in
+contemporary publications in alluring sentences. I have noted the
+introduction of several vegetables, grains, fruits, berries, shrubs, and
+flowers in those years, and attribute this to the influence of the visit
+of Lafayette in 1824. Adored by all, his lightest word was heeded; and
+he was a devoted agriculturist and horticulturist, ever exchanging
+ideas, seeds, and plants with his American fellow-patriots and
+fellow-farmers. I doubt if Italian clover then became widely known; but
+our modern farmers now think well of it, and the flower lover revels in
+it.
+
+The exigencies of rhyme and rhythm force us to endure some very curious
+notions of color in the poets. I think no saying of poet ever gave
+greater check to her lovers than these lines of Emily Dickinson:--
+
+    "Nature rarer uses yellow
+       Than another hue;
+     Saves she all of that for sunsets,
+       Prodigal of blue.
+     Spending scarlet like a woman,
+       Yellow she affords
+     Only scantly and selectly,
+       Like a lover's words."
+
+I read them first with a sense of misapprehension that I had not seen
+aright; but there the words stood out, "Nature rarer uses yellow than
+another hue." The writer was such a jester, such a tricky elf that I
+fancy she wrote them in pure "contrariness," just to see what folks
+would say, how they would dispute over her words. For I never can doubt
+that, with all her recluse life, she knew intuitively that some time her
+lines would be read by folks who would love them.
+
+[Illustration: Pyrethrum.]
+
+The scarcity of red wild flowers is either a cause or an effect; at any
+rate it is said to be connected with the small number of humming-birds,
+who play an important part in the fertilization of many of the red
+flowers. There are no humming-birds in Europe; and the Aquilegia, red
+and yellow here, is blue there, and is then fertilized by the assistance
+of the bumblebee. Without humming-birds the English successfully
+accomplish one glorious sweep of red in the Poppies of the field;
+Parkinson called them "a beautiful and gallant red"--a very happy
+phrase. Ruskin, that master of color and of its description, and above
+all master of the description of Poppies, says:--
+
+     "The Poppy is the most transparent and delicate of all the blossoms
+     of the field. The rest, nearly all of them, depend on the texture
+     of their surface for color. But the Poppy is painted glass; it
+     never glows so brightly as when the sun shines through it. Whenever
+     it is seen, against the light or with the light, it is a flame, and
+     warms the wind like a blown ruby."
+
+There is one quality of the Oriental Poppies which is very palpable to
+me. They have often been called insolent--Browning writes of the
+"Poppy's red affrontery"; to me the Poppy has an angry look. It is
+wonderfully haughty too, and its seed-pod seems like an emblem of its
+rank. This great green seed-pod stands one inch high in the centre of
+the silken scarlet robe, and has an antique crown of purple bands with
+filling of lilac, just like the crown in some ancient kingly portraits,
+when the bands of gold and gems radiating from a great jewel in the
+centre are filled with crimson or purple velvet. Around this splendid
+crowned seed-vessel are rows of stamens and purple anthers of richest
+hue.
+
+We must not let any scarlet flower be dropped from the garden, certainly
+not the Geranium, which just at present does not shine so bravely as a
+few years ago. The general revulsion of feeling against "bedding out"
+has extended to the poor plants thus misused, which is unjust. I find I
+have spoken somewhat despitefully of the Coleus, Lobelia, and
+Calceolaria, so I hasten to say that I do not include the Geranium with
+them. I love its clean color, in leaf and blossom; its clean fragrance;
+its clean beauty, its healthy growth; it is a plant I like to have near
+me.
+
+It has been the custom of late to sneer at crimson in the garden,
+especially if its vivid color gets a dash of purple and becomes what
+Miss Jekyll calls "malignant magenta." It is really more vulgar than
+malignant, and has come to be in textile products a stamp and symbol of
+vulgarity, through the forceful brilliancy of our modern aniline dyes.
+But this purple crimson, this amarant, this magenta, especially in the
+lighter shades, is a favorite color in nature. The garden is never weary
+of wearing it. See how it stands out in midsummer! It is rank in Ragged
+Robin, tall Phlox, and Petunias; you find it in the bed of Drummond
+Phlox, among the Zinnias; the Portulacas, Balsams, and China Asters
+prolong it. Earlier in the summer the Rhododendrons fill the garden with
+color that on some of the bushes is termed sultana and crimson, but it
+is in fact plain magenta. One of the good points of the Peony is that
+you never saw a magenta one.
+
+This color shows that time as well as place affects our color notions,
+for magenta is believed to be the honored royal purple of the ancients.
+Fifty years ago no one complained of magenta. It was deemed a cheerful
+color, and was set out boldly and complacently by the side of pink or
+scarlet, or wall flower colors. Now I dislike it so that really the
+printed word, seen often as I glance back through this page, makes the
+black and white look cheap. If I could turn all magenta flowers pink or
+purple, I should never think further about garden harmony, all other
+colors would adjust themselves.
+
+It has been the fortune of some communities to be the home of men in
+nature like Thoreau of Concord and Gilbert White of Selborne, men who
+live solely in love of out-door things, birds, flowers, rocks, and
+trees. To all these nature lovers is not given the power of writing down
+readily what they see and know, usually the gift of composition is
+denied them; but often they are just as close and accurate observers as
+the men whose names are known to the world by their writings. Sometimes
+these naturalists boldly turn to nature, their loved mother, and earn
+their living in the woods and fields. Sometimes they have a touch of the
+hermit in them, they prefer nature to man; others are genial, kindly
+men, albeit possessed of a certain reserve. I deem the community blest
+that has such a citizen, for his influence in promoting a love and study
+of nature is ever great. I have known one such ardent naturalist, Arba
+Peirce, ever since my childhood. He lives the greater part of his waking
+hours in the woods and fields, and these waking hours are from sunrise.
+From the earliest bloom of spring to the gay berry of autumn, he knows
+all beautiful things that grow, and where they grow, for hundreds of
+miles around his home.
+
+[Illustration: Terraced Garden of Misses Nichols, Salem, Massachusetts.]
+
+I speak of him in this connection because he has acquired through his
+woodland life a wonderful power of distinguishing flowers at great
+distance with absolute accuracy. Especially do his eyes have the power
+of detecting those rose-lilac tints which are characteristic of our
+rarest, our most delicate wild flowers, and which I always designate to
+myself as Arethusa color. He brought me this June a royal gift--a great
+bunch of wild fringed Orchids, another of Calopogon, and one of
+Arethusa. What a color study these three made! At the time their
+lilac-rose tints seemed to me far lovelier than any pure rose colors. In
+those wild princesses were found every tone of that lilac-rose from the
+faint blush like the clouds of a warm sunset, to a glow on the lip of
+the Arethusa, like the crimson glow of Mullein Pink.
+
+My friend of the meadow and wildwood had gathered that morning a
+glorious harvest, over two thousand stems of Pogonia, from his own
+hidden spot, which he has known for forty years and from whence no other
+hand ever gathers. For a little handful of these flower heads he easily
+obtains a dollar. He has acquired gradually a regular round of
+customers, for whom he gathers a successive harvest of wild flowers from
+Pussy Willows and Hepatica to winter berries. It is not easily earned
+money to stand in heavy rubber boots in marsh mud and water reaching
+nearly to the waist, but after all it is happy work. Jeered at in his
+early life by fools for his wood-roving tastes, he has now the pleasure
+and honor of supplying wild flowers to our public schools, and being the
+authority to whom scholars and teachers refer in vexed questions of
+botany.
+
+I think the various tints allied to purple are the most difficult to
+define and describe of any in the garden. To begin with, all these
+pinky-purple, these arethusa tints are nameless; perhaps orchid color is
+as good a name as any. Many deem purple and violet precisely the same.
+Lavender has much gray in its tint. Miss Jekyll deems mauve and lilac
+the same; to me lilac is much pinker, much more delicate. Is heliotrope
+a pale bluish purple? Some call it a blue faintly tinged with red. Then
+there are the orchid tints, which have more pink than blue. It is a
+curious fact that, with all these allied tints which come from the union
+of blue with red, the color name comes from a flower name. Violet,
+lavender, lilac, heliotrope, orchid, are examples; each is an exact
+tint. Rose and pink are color names from flowers, and flowers of much
+variety of colors, but the tint name is unvarying.
+
+Edward de Goncourt, of all writers on flowers and gardens, seems to have
+been most frankly pleased with the artificial side of the gardener's
+art. He viewed the garden with the eye of a colorist, setting a palette
+of varied greens from the deep tones of the evergreens, the Junipers and
+Cryptomerias through the variegated Hollies, Privets and Spindle trees;
+and he said that an "elegantly branched coquettishly variegated bush"
+seemed to him like a piece of bric-a-brac which should be hunted out and
+praised like some curio hidden on the shelf of a collector.
+
+A lack of color perception seems to have been prevalent of ancient days,
+as it is now in some Oriental countries. The Bible offers evidence of
+this, and it has also been observed that the fragrance of flowers is
+nowhere noted until we reach the Song of Solomon. It is believed that in
+earliest time archaic men had no sense of color; that they knew only
+light and darkness. Mr. Gladstone wrote a most interesting paper on the
+lack of color sense in Homer, whose perception of brilliant light was
+good, especially in the glowing reflections of metals, but who never
+names blue or green even in speaking of the sky, or trees, while his
+reds and purples are hopelessly mixed. Some German scientists have
+maintained that as recently as Homer's day, our ancestors were (to use
+Sir John Lubbock's word) blue-blind, which fills me, as it must all blue
+lovers, with profound pity.
+
+[Illustration: Arbor in a Salem Garden.]
+
+The influence of color has ever been felt by other senses than that of
+sight. In the _Cotton Manuscripts_, written six hundred years ago, the
+relations and effects of color on music and coat-armor were laboriously
+explained: and many later writers have striven to show the effect of
+color on the health, imagination, or fortune. I see no reason for
+sneering at these notions of sense-relation; I am grateful for borrowed
+terms of definition for these beautiful things which are so hard to
+define. When an artist says to me, "There is a color that sings," I know
+what he means; as I do when my friend says of the funeral music in
+_Tristan_ that "it always hurts her eyes." Musicians compose symphonies
+in color, and artists paint pictures in symphonies. Musicians and
+authors acknowledge the domination of color and color terms; a glance at
+a modern book catalogue will prove it. Stephen Crane and other modern
+extremists depend upon color to define and describe sounds, smells,
+tastes, feelings, ideas, vices, virtues, traits, as well as sights.
+Sulphur-yellow is deemed an inspiring color, and light green a clean
+color; every one knows the influence of bright red upon many animals and
+birds; it is said all barnyard fowl are affected by it. If any one can
+see a sunny bed of blue Larkspur in full bloom without being moved
+thereby, he must be color blind and sound deaf as well, for that indeed
+is a sight full of music and noble inspiration, a realization of Keats'
+beautiful thought:--
+
+    "Delicious symphonies, like airy flowers
+     Budded, and swell'd, and full-blown, shed full showers
+     Of light, soft unseen leaves of sound divine."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE BLUE FLOWER BORDER
+
+    "Blue thou art, intensely blue!
+     Flower! whence came thy dazzling hue?
+     When I opened first mine eye,
+     Upward glancing to the sky,
+     Straightway from the firmament
+     Was the sapphire brilliance sent."
+
+    --JAMES MONTGOMERY.
+
+
+Questions of color relations in a garden are most opinion-making and
+controversy-provoking. Shall we plant by chance, or by a flower-loving
+instinct for sheltered and suited locations, as was done in all old-time
+gardens, and with most happy and most unaffected results? or shall we
+plant severely by colors--all yellow flowers in a border together? all
+red flowers side by side? all pink flowers near each other? This might
+be satisfactory in small gardens, but I am uncertain whether any
+profound gratification or full flower succession would come from such
+rigid planting in long flower borders.
+
+William Morris warns us that flowers in masses are "mighty strong
+color," and must be used with caution. A still greater cause for
+hesitation would be the ugly jarring of juxtaposing tints of the same
+color. Yellows do little injury to each other; but I cannot believe that
+a mixed border of red flowers would ever be satisfactory or scarcely
+endurable; and few persons would care for beds of all white flowers. But
+when I reach the Blue Border, then I can speak with decision; I know
+whereof I write, I know the variety and beauty of a garden bed of blue
+flowers. In blue you may have much difference in tint and quality
+without losing color effect. The Persian art workers have accomplished
+the combining of varying blues most wonderfully and successfully:
+purplish blues next to green-blues, and sapphire-blues alongside; and
+blues seldom clash in the flower beds.
+
+Blue is my best beloved color; I love it as the bees love it. Every blue
+flower is mine; and I am as pleased as with a tribute of praise to a
+friend to learn that scientists have proved that blue flowers represent
+the most highly developed lines of descent. These learned men believe
+that all flowers were at first yellow, being perhaps only developed
+stamens; then some became white, others red; while the purple and blue
+were the latest and highest forms. The simplest shaped flowers, open to
+be visited by every insect, are still yellow or white, running into red
+or pink. Thus the Rose family have simple open symmetrical flowers; and
+there are no blue Roses--the flower has never risen to the blue stage.
+In the Pea family the simpler flowers are yellow or red; while the
+highly evolved members, such as Lupines, Wistaria, Everlasting Pea, are
+purple or blue, varying to white. Bees are among the highest forms of
+insect life, and the labiate flowers are adapted to their visits; these
+nearly all have purple or blue petals--Thyme, Sage, Mint, Marjoram,
+Basil, Prunella, etc.
+
+Of course the Blue Border runs into tints of pale lilac and purple and
+is thereby the gainer; but I would remove from it the purple Clematis,
+Wistaria, and Passion-flower, all of which a friend has planted to cover
+the wall behind her blue flower bed. Sometimes the line between blue and
+purple is hard to define. Keats invented a word, _purplue_, which he
+used for this indeterminate color.
+
+I would not, in my Blue Border, exclude an occasional group of flowers
+of other colors; I love a border of all colors far too well to do that.
+Here, as everywhere in my garden, should be white flowers, especially
+tall white flowers: white Foxgloves, white Delphinium, white Lupine,
+white Hollyhock, white Bell-flower, nor should I object to a few spires
+at one end of the bed of sulphur-yellow Lupines, or yellow Hollyhocks,
+or a group of Paris Daisies. I have seen a great Oriental Poppy growing
+in wonderful beauty near a mass of pale blue Larkspur, and Shirley
+Poppies are a delight with blues; and any one could arrange the
+pompadour tints of pink and blue in a garden who could in a gown.
+
+[Illustration: Scilla.]
+
+Let me name some of the favorites of the Blue Border. The earliest but
+not the eldest is the pretty spicy Scilla in several varieties, and most
+satisfactory it is in perfection of tint, length of bloom, and great
+hardiness. It would be welcomed as we eagerly greet all the early spring
+blooms, even if it were not the perfect little blossom that is pictured
+on page 254, the very little Scilla that grew in my mother's garden.
+
+The early spring blooming of the beloved Grape Hyacinth gives us an
+overflowing bowl of "blue principle"; the whole plant is imbued and
+fairly exudes blue. Ruskin gave the beautiful and appropriate term
+"blue-flushing" to this plant and others, which at the time of their
+blossoming send out through their veins their blue color into the
+surrounding leaves and the stem; he says they "breathe out" their color,
+and tells of a "saturated purple" tint.
+
+[Illustration: Sweet Alyssum Edging.]
+
+Not content with the confines of the garden border, the Grape Hyacinth
+has "escaped the garden," and become a field flower. The "seeing eye,"
+ever quick to feel a difference in shade or color, which often proves
+very slight upon close examination, viewed on Long Island a splendid sea
+of blue; and it seemed neither the time nor tint for the expected
+Violet. We found it a field of Grape Hyacinth, blue of leaf, of stem, of
+flower. While all flowers are in a sense perfect, some certainly do not
+appear so in shape, among the latter those of irregular sepals. Some
+flowers seem imperfect without any cause save the fancy of the one who
+is regarding them; thus to me the Balsam is an imperfect flower. Other
+flowers impress me delightfully with a sense of perfection. Such is the
+Grape Hyacinth, doubly grateful in this perfection in the time it comes
+in early spring. The Grape Hyacinth is the favorite spring flower of my
+garden--but no! I thought a minute ago the Scilla was! and what place
+has the Violet? the Flower de Luce? I cannot decide, but this I know--it
+is some blue flower.
+
+Ruskin says of the Grape Hyacinth, as he saw it growing in southern
+France, its native home, "It was as if a cluster of grapes and a hive of
+honey had been distilled and pressed together into one small boss of
+celled and beaded blue." I always think of his term "beaded blue" when I
+look at it. There are several varieties, from a deep blue or purple to
+sky-blue, and one is fringed with the most delicate feathery petals.
+Some varieties have a faint perfume, and country folk call the flower
+"Baby's Breath" therefrom.
+
+[Illustration: Bachelor's Buttons in a Salem Garden.]
+
+Purely blue, too, are some of our garden Hyacinths, especially a rather
+meagre single Hyacinth which looks a little chilly; and Gavin Douglas
+wrote in the springtime of 1500, "The Flower de Luce forth spread his
+heavenly blue." It always jars upon my sense of appropriateness to hear
+this old garden favorite called Fleur de Lis. The accepted derivation
+of the word is that given by Grandmaison in his _Heraldic Dictionary_.
+Louis VII. of France, whose name was then written Loys, first gave the
+name to the flower, "Fleur de Loys"; then it became Fleur de Louis, and
+finally, Fleur de Lis. Our flower caught its name from Louis. Tusser in
+his list of flowers for windows and pots gave plainly Flower de Luce;
+and finally Gerarde called the plant Flower de Luce, and he advised its
+use as a domestic remedy in a manner which is in vogue in country homes
+in New England to-day. He said that the root "stamped plaister-wise,
+doth take away the blewnesse or blacknesse of any stroke" that is, a
+black and blue bruise. Another use advised of him is as obsolete as the
+form in which it was rendered. He said it was "good in a loch or licking
+medicine for shortness of breath." Our apothecaries no longer make, nor
+do our physicians prescribe, "licking medicines." The powdered root was
+urged as a complexion beautifier, especially to remove morphew, and as
+orris-root may be found in many of our modern skin lotions.
+
+Ruskin most beautifully describes the Flower de Luce as the flower of
+chivalry--"with a sword for its leaf, and a Lily for its heart." These
+grand clumps of erect old soldiers, with leafy swords of green and
+splendid cuirasses and plumes of gold and bronze and blue, were planted
+a century ago in our grandmothers' garden, and were then Flower de Luce.
+A hundred years those sturdy sentinels have stood guard on either side
+of the garden gates--still Flower de Luce. There are the same clean-cut
+leaf swords, the same exquisite blossoms, far more beautiful than our
+tropical Orchids, though similar in shape; let us not change now their
+historic name, they still are Flower de Luce--the Flower de Louis.
+
+The Violet family, with its Pansies and Ladies' Delights, has honored
+place in our Blue Border, though the rigid color list of a prosaic
+practical dyer finds these Violet allies a debased purple instead of
+blue.
+
+Our wild Violets, the blue ones, have for me a sad lack for a Violet,
+that of perfume. They are not as lovely in the woodlands as their
+earlier coming neighbor, the shy, pure Hepatica. Bryant, calling the
+Hepatica Squirrelcups (a name I never heard given them elsewhere), says
+they form "a graceful company hiding in their bells a soft aerial blue."
+Of course, they vary through blue and pinky purple, but the blue is well
+hidden, and I never think of them save as an almost white flower. Nor
+are the Violets as lovely on the meadow and field slopes, as the mild
+Innocence, the Houstonia, called also Bluets, which is scarcely a
+distinctly blue expanse, but rather "a milky way of minute stars." An
+English botanist denies that it is blue at all. A field covered with
+Innocence always looks to me as if little clouds and puffs of blue-white
+smoke had descended and rested on the grass.
+
+[Illustration: A "Sweet Garden-side" in Salem, Massachusetts.]
+
+I well recall when the Aquilegia, under the name of California
+Columbine, entered my mother's garden, to which its sister, the red and
+yellow Columbine, had been brought from a rocky New England pasture when
+the garden was new. This Aquilegia came to us about the year 1870. I
+presume old catalogues of American florists would give details and dates
+of the journey of the plant from the Pacific to the Atlantic. It chanced
+that this first Aquilegia of my acquaintance was of a distinct light
+blue tint; and it grew apace and thrived and was vastly admired, and
+filled the border with blueness of that singular tint seen of late years
+in its fullest extent and most prominent position in the great masses of
+bloom of the blue Hydrangea, the show plant of such splendid summer
+homes as may be found at Newport. These blue Hydrangeas are ever to me a
+color blot. They accord with no other flower and no foliage. I am
+ever reminded of blue mould, of stale damp. I looked with inexpressible
+aversion on a photograph of Cecil Rhodes' garden at Cape Town--several
+solid acres set with this blue Hydrangea and nothing else, unbroken by
+tree or shrub, and scarce a path, growing as thick as a field sown with
+ensilage corn, and then I thought what would be the color of that mass!
+that crop of Hydrangeas! Yet I am told that Rhodes is a flower-lover and
+flower-thinker. Now this Aquilegia was of similar tint; it was blue, but
+it was not a pleasing blue, and additional plants of pink, lilac, and
+purple tints had to be added before the Aquilegia was really included in
+our list of well-beloveds.
+
+[Illustration: Salpiglossis.]
+
+There are other flowers for the blue border. It is pleasant to plant
+common Flax, if you have ample room; it is a superb blue; to many
+persons the blossom is unfamiliar, and is always of interest. Its lovely
+flowers have been much sung in English verse. The Salpiglossis, shown on
+the opposite page, is in its azure tint a lovely flower, though it is a
+kinsman of the despised Petunia.
+
+How the Campanulaceae enriched the beauty and the blueness of the garden.
+We had our splendid clusters of Canterbury Bells, both blue and white. I
+have told elsewhere of our love for them in childhood. Equally dear to
+us was a hardy old Campanula whose full name I know not, perhaps it is
+the Pyramidalis; it is shown on page 263, the very plant my mother set
+out, still growing and blooming; nothing in the garden is more gladly
+welcomed from year to year. It partakes of the charm shared by every
+bell-shaped flower, a simple form, but an ever pleasing one. We had also
+the _Campanula persicifolia_ and _trachelium_, and one we called
+Bluebells of Scotland, which was not the correct name. It now has died
+out, and no one recalls enough of its exact detail to learn its real
+name. The showiest bell-flower was the _Platycodon grandiflorum_, the
+Chinese or Japanese Bell-flower, shown on page 264. Another name is the
+Balloon-flower, this on account of the characteristic buds shaped like
+an inflated balloon. It is a lovely blue in tint, though this photograph
+was taken from a white-flowered plant in the white border at Indian
+Hill. The Giant Bell-flower is a _fin de siecle_ blossom named
+_Ostrowskia_, with flowers four inches deep and six inches in diameter;
+it has not yet become common in our gardens, where the _Platycodon_
+rules in size among its bell-shaped fellows.
+
+[Illustration: The Old Campanula.]
+
+There are several pretty low-growing blue flowers suitable for edgings,
+among them the tiny stars of the Swan River Daisy (_Brachycome
+iberidifolia_) sold as purple, but as brightly blue as Scilla. The
+dwarf Ageratum is also a long-blossoming soft-tinted blue flower; it
+made a charming edging in my sister's garden last summer; but I should
+never put either of them on the edge of the blue border.
+
+[Illustration: Chinese Bell-flower.]
+
+The dull blue, sparsely set flowers of the various members of the Mint
+family have no beauty in color, nor any noticeable elegance; the Blue
+Sage is the only vivid-hued one, and it is a true ornament to the
+border. Prunella was ever found in old gardens, now it is a wayside
+weed. Thoreau loved the Prunella for its blueness, its various lights,
+and noted that its color deepened toward night. This flower, regarded
+with indifference by nearly every one, and distaste by many, always to
+him suggested coolness and freshness by its presence. The Prunella was
+beloved also by Ruskin, who called it the soft warm-scented Brunelle,
+and told of the fine purple gleam of its hooded blossom: "the two
+uppermost petals joined like an old-fashioned enormous hood or bonnet;
+the lower petal torn deep at the edges into a kind of fringe,"--and he
+said it was a "Brownie flower," a little eerie and elusive in its
+meaning. I do not like it because it has such a disorderly, unkempt
+look, it always seems bedraggled.
+
+The pretty ladder-like leaf of Jacob's Ladder is most delicate and
+pleasing in the garden, and its blue bell-flowers are equally refined.
+This is truly an old-fashioned plant, but well worth universal
+cultivation.
+
+In answer to the question, What is the bluest flower in the garden or
+field? one answered Fringed Gentian; another the Forget-me-not, which
+has much pink in its buds and yellow in its blossoms; another Bee
+Larkspur; and the others _Centaurea cyanus_ or Bachelor's Buttons, a
+local American name for them, which is not even a standard folk name,
+since there are twenty-one English plants called Bachelor's Buttons.
+Ragged Sailor is another American name. Corn-flower, Blue-tops, Blue
+Bonnets, Bluebottles, Loggerheads are old English names. Queerer still
+is the title Break-your-spectacles. Hawdods is the oldest name of all.
+Fitzherbert, in his _Boke of Husbandry_, 1586, thus describes briefly
+the plant:--
+
+     "Hawdod hath a blewe floure, and a few lytle leaves, and hath fyve
+     or syxe branches floured at the top."
+
+In varied shades of blue, purple, lilac, pink, and white, Bachelor's
+Buttons are found in every old garden, growing in a confused tangle of
+"lytle leaves" and vari-colored flowers, very happily and with very good
+effect. The illustration on page 258 shows their growth and value in the
+garden.
+
+In _The Promise of May_ Dora's eyes are said to be as blue as the
+Bluebell, Harebell, Speedwell, Bluebottle, Succory, Forget-me-not, and
+Violets; so we know what flowers Tennyson deemed blue.
+
+Another poet named as the bluest flower, the Monk's-hood, so wonderful
+of color, one of the very rarest of garden tints; graceful of growth,
+blooming till frost, and one of the garden's delights. In a list of
+garden flowers published in Boston, in 1828, it is called Cupid's Car.
+Southey says in _The Doctor_, of Miss Allison's garden: "The Monk's-hood
+of stately growth Betsey called 'Dumbledores Delight,' and was not aware
+that the plant, in whose helmet--rather than cowl-shaped flowers, that
+busy and best-natured of all insects appears to revel more than any
+other, is the deadly Aconite of which she read in poetry." The
+dumbledore was the bumblebee, and this folk name was given, as many
+others have been, from a close observance of plant habits; for the
+fertilization of the Monk's-hood is accomplished only by the aid of the
+bumblebee.
+
+[Illustration: Garden at Tudor Place.]
+
+Many call Chicory or Succory our bluest flower. Thoreau happily termed
+it "a cool blue." It is not often the fortune of a flower to be brought
+to notice and affection because of a poem; we expect the poem to
+celebrate the virtues of flowers already loved. The Succory is an
+example of a plant, known certainly to flower students, yet little
+thought of by careless observers until the beautiful poem of Margaret
+Deland touched all who read it. I think this a gem of modern poesy,
+having in full that great element of a true poem, the most essential
+element indeed of a short poem--the power of suggestion. Who can read it
+without being stirred by its tenderness and sentiment, yet how few are
+the words.
+
+    "Oh, not in ladies' gardens,
+       My peasant posy,
+     Shine thy dear blue eyes;
+     Nor only--nearer to the skies
+       In upland pastures, dim and sweet,
+     But by the dusty road,
+       Where tired feet
+     Toil to and fro,
+       Where flaunting Sin
+     May see thy heavenly hue,
+       Or weary Sorrow look from thee
+     Toward a tenderer blue."
+
+I recall perfectly every flower I saw in pasture, swamp, forest, or lane
+when I was a child; and I know I never saw Chicory save in old gardens.
+It has increased and spread wonderfully along the roadside within twenty
+years. By tradition it was first brought to us from England by Governor
+Bowdoin more than a century ago, to plant as forage.
+
+In our common Larkspur, the old-fashioned garden found its most constant
+and reliable blue banner, its most valuable color giver. Self-sown,
+this Larkspur sprung up freely every year; needing no special cherishing
+or nourishing, it grew apace, and bloomed with a luxuriance and length
+of flowering that cheerfully blued the garden for the whole summer. It
+was a favorite of children in their floral games, and pretty in the
+housewife's vases, but its chief hold on favor was in its democracy and
+endurance. Other flowers drew admirers and lost them; some grew very
+ugly in their decay; certain choice seedlings often had stunted
+development, garden scourges attacked tender beauties; fierce July suns
+dried up the whole border, all save the Larkspur, which neither withered
+nor decayed; and often, unaided, saved the midsummer garden from scanty
+unkemptness and dire disrepute.
+
+The graceful line of Dr. Holmes, "light as a loop of Larkspur," always
+comes to my mind as I look at a bed of Larkspur; and I am glad to show
+here a "loop of Larkspur," growing by the great boulder which he loved
+in the grounds of his country home at Beverly Farms. I liked to fancy
+that Dr. Holmes's expression was written by him from his memory of the
+little wreaths and garlands of pressed Larkspur that have been made so
+universally for over a century by New England children. But that careful
+flower observer, Mrs. Wright, notes that in a profuse growth of the Bee
+Larkspur, the strong flower spikes often are in complete loops before
+full expansion into a straight spire; some are looped thrice. Dr. Holmes
+was a minute observer of floral characteristics, as is shown in his poem
+on the _Coming of Spring_, and doubtless saw this curious growth of the
+Larkspur.
+
+[Illustration: "Light as a Loop of Larkspur."]
+
+Common annual Larkspurs now are planted in every one's garden, and
+deservedly grow in favor yearly. The season of their flowering can be
+prolonged, renewed in fact, by cutting away the withered flower stems.
+They respond well to all caretaking, to liberal fertilizing and
+watering, just as they dwindle miserably with neglect. There are a
+hundred varieties in all; among them the "Rocket-flowered" and
+"Ranunculus flowered" Larkspurs or Delphiniums are ever favorites. A
+friend burst forth in railing at being asked to admire a bed of
+Delphinium. "Why can't she call them the good old-time name of Larkspur,
+and not a stiff name cooked up by the botanists." I answered naught, but
+I remembered that Parkinson in his _Garden of Pleasant Flowers_ gives a
+chapter to Delphinium, with Lark's-heel as a second thought. "Their most
+usual name with us," he states, "is Delphinium." There is meaning in the
+name: the flower is dolphin-like in shape. Of the perennial varieties
+the _Delphinium brunonianum_ has lovely clear blue, musk-scented
+flowers; the Chinese or Branching Larkspur is of varied blue tints and
+tall growth, and blooms from midsummer until frost. And loveliest of
+all, an old garden favorite, the purely blue Bee Larkspur, with a bee in
+the heart of each blossom. In an ancient garden in Deerfield I saw this
+year a splendid group of plants of the old _Delphinium Belladonna_: it
+is a weak-kneed, weak-backed thing; but give it unobtrusive crutches and
+busks and backboards (in their garden equivalents), and its incomparable
+blue will reward your care. There is something singular in the blue of
+Larkspur. Even on a dark night you can see it showing a distinct blue
+in the garden like a blue lambent flame.
+
+    "Larkspur lifting turquoise spires
+     Bluer than the sorcerer's fires."
+
+Mrs. Milne-Home says her old Scotch gardener called the white Delphinium
+Elijah's Chariot--a resounding, stately title. Helmet-flower is another
+name. I think the Larkspur Border, and the Blue Border both gain if a
+few plants of the pure white Delphinium, especially the variety called
+the Emperor, bloom by the blue flowers. In our garden the common blue
+Larkspur loves to blossom by the side of the white Phlox. A bit of the
+border is shown on page 162. In another corner of the garden the pink
+and lilac Larkspur should be grown; for their tints, running into blue,
+are as varied as those of an opal.
+
+I have never seen the wild Larkspur which grows so plentifully in our
+middle Southern states; but I have seen expanses of our common garden
+Larkspur which has run wild. Nor have I seen the glorious fields of
+Wyoming Larkspur, so poisonous to cattle; nor the magnificent Larkspur,
+eight feet high, described so radiantly to us by John Muir, which blues
+those wonders of nature, the hanging meadow gardens of California.
+
+I am inclined to believe that Lobelia is the least pleasing blue flower
+that blossoms. I never see it in any place or juxtaposition that it
+satisfies me. When you take a single flower of it in your hand, its
+single little delicate bloom is really just as pretty as Blue-eyed
+Grass, or Innocence, or Scilla, and the whole plant regarded closely by
+itself isn't at all bad; but whenever and wherever you find it growing
+in a garden, you never want it in _that_ place, and you shift it here
+and there. I am convinced that the Lobelia is simply impossible; it is
+an alien, wrong in some subtle way in tint, in habit of growth, in time
+of blooming. The last time I noted it in any large garden planting, it
+was set around the roots of some standard Rose bushes; and the gardener
+had displayed some thought about it; it was only at the base of white or
+cream-yellow Roses; but it still was objectionable. I think I would
+exterminate Lobelia if I could, banish it and forget it. In the minds of
+many would linger a memory of certain ornate garden vases, each crowded
+with a Pandanus-y plant, a pink Begonia, a scarlet double Geranium, a
+purple Verbena or a crimson Petunia, all gracefully entwined with
+Nasturtiums and Lobelia--while these folks lived, the Lobelia would not
+be forgotten.
+
+You will have some curious experiences with your Blue Border; kindly
+friends, pleased with its beauty or novelty, will send to you plants and
+seeds to add to its variety of form "another bright blue flower." You
+will usually find you have added variety of tint as well, ranging into
+crimson and deep purple, for color blindness is far more general than is
+thought.
+
+The loveliest blue flowers are the wild ones of fields and meadows;
+therefore the poor, says Alphonse Karr, with these and the blue of the
+sky have the best and the most of all blueness. Yet we are constantly
+hearing folks speak of the lack of the color blue among wild flowers,
+which always surprises me; I suppose I see blue because I love blue. In
+pure cobalt tint it is rare; in compensation, when it does abound, it
+makes a permanent imprint on our vision, which never vanishes. Recalling
+in midwinter the expanses of color in summer waysides, I do not see them
+white with Daisies, or yellow with Goldenrod, but they are in my mind's
+vision brightly, beautifully blue. One special scene is the blue of
+Fringed Gentians, on a sunny October day, on a rocky hill road in
+Royalston, Massachusetts, where they sprung up, wide open, a solid mass
+of blue, from stone wall to stone wall, with scarcely a wheel rut
+showing among them. Even thus, growing in as lavish abundance as any
+weed, the Fringed Gentian still preserved in collective expanse, its
+delicate, its distinctly aristocratic bearing.
+
+Bryant asserts of this flower:--
+
+    "Thou waitest late, and com'st alone
+     When woods are bare, and birds are flown."
+
+But by this roadside the woods were far from bare. Many Asters,
+especially the variety I call Michaelmas Daisies, Goldenrod,
+Butter-and-eggs, Turtle Head, and other flowers, were in ample bloom.
+And the same conditions of varied flower companionship existed when I
+saw the Fringed Gentian blooming near Bryant's own home at Cummington.
+
+[Illustration: Viper's Bugloss.]
+
+Another vast field of blue, ever living in my memory, was that of the
+Viper's Bugloss, which I viewed with surprise and delight from the
+platform of a train, returning from the Columbian Exposition; when I
+asked a friendly brakeman what the flower was called, he answered
+"Vilets," as nearly all workingmen confidently name every blue flower;
+and he sprang from the train while the locomotive was swallowing water,
+and brought to me a great armful of blueness. I am not wont to like new
+flowers as well as my childhood's friends, but I found this new friend,
+the Viper's Bugloss, a very welcome and pleasing acquaintance. Curious,
+too, it is, with the red anthers exserted beyond the bright blue
+corolla, giving the field, when the wind blew across it, a new aspect
+and tint, something like a red and blue changeable silk. The Viper's
+Bugloss seems to have the pervasive power of many another blue and
+purple flower, Lupine, Iris, Innocence, Grape Hyacinth, Vervain, Aster,
+Spiked Loosestrife; it has become in many states a tiresome weed. On the
+Esopus Creek (which runs into the Hudson River) and adown the Hudson,
+acre after acre of meadow and field by the waterside are vivid with its
+changeable hues, and the New York farmers' fields are overrun by the
+newcomer.
+
+I have seen the Viper's Bugloss often since that day on the railroad
+train, now that I know it, and think of it. Thoreau noted the fact that
+in a large sense we find only what we look for. And he defined well our
+powers of perception when he said that many an object will not be seen,
+even when it comes within the range of our visual ray, because it does
+not come within the range of our intellectual ray.
+
+Last spring, having to spend a tiresome day riding the length of Long
+Island, I beguiled the hours by taking with me Thoreau's _Summer_ to
+compare his notes of blossomings with those we passed. It was June 5,
+and I read:--
+
+     "The Lupine is now in its glory. It is the more important because
+     it occurs in such extensive patches, even an acre or more
+     together.... It paints a whole hillside with its blue, making such
+     a field, if not a meadow, as Proserpine might have wandered in. Its
+     leaf was made to be covered with dewdrops. I am quite excited by
+     this prospect of blue flowers in clumps, with narrow intervals;
+     such a profusion of the heavenly, the Elysian color, as if these
+     were the Elysian Fields. That is the value of the Lupine. The earth
+     is blued with it.... You may have passed here a fortnight ago and
+     the field was comparatively barren. Now you come, and these
+     glorious redeemers appear to have flashed out here all at once. Who
+     plants the seeds of Lupines in the barren soil? Who watereth the
+     Lupines in the field?"
+
+[Illustration: The Precision of Leaf and Flower of Lupine.]
+
+I looked from a car window, and lo! the Long Island Railroad ran also
+through an Elysian Field of Lupines, nay, we sailed a swift course
+through a summer sea of blueness, and I seem to see it still, with its
+prim precision of outline and growth of both leaf and flower. The Lupine
+is beautiful in the garden border as it is in the landscape, whether the
+blossom be blue, yellow, or white.
+
+Thoreau was the slave of color, but he was the master of its
+description. He was as sensitive as Keats to the charm of blue, and left
+many records of his love, such as the paragraphs above quoted. He noted
+with delight the abundance of "that principle which gives the air its
+azure color, which makes the distant hills and meadows appear blue," the
+"great blue presence" of Monadnock and Wachusett with its "far blue
+eye." He loved Lowell's
+
+      "Sweet atmosphere of hazy blue,
+    So leisurely, so soothing, so forgiving,
+    That sometimes makes New England fit for living."
+
+He revelled in the blue tints of water, of snow, of ice; in "the
+blueness and softness of a mild winter day." The constant blueness of
+the sky at night thrilled him with "an everlasting surprise," as did the
+blue shadows within the woods and the blueness of distant woods. How he
+would have rejoiced in Monet's paintings, how true he would have found
+their tones. He even idealized blueberries, "a very innocent ambrosial
+taste, as if made of ether itself, as they are colored with it."
+
+Thoreau was ever ready in thought of Proserpina gathering flowers. He
+offers to her the Lupine, the Blue-eyed Grass, and the Tufted Vetch,
+"blue, inclining in spots to purple"; it affected him deeply to see such
+an abundance of blueness in the grass. "Celestial color, I see it afar
+in masses on the hillside near the meadow--so much blue."
+
+I usually join with Thoreau in his flower loves; but I cannot understand
+his feeling toward the blue Flag; that, after noting the rich fringed
+recurved parasols over its anthers, and its exquisite petals, that he
+could say it is "a little too showy and gaudy, like some women's
+bonnets." I note that whenever he compares flowers to women it is in no
+flattering humor to either; which is, perhaps, what we expect from a man
+who chose to be a bachelor and a hermit. His love of obscure and small
+flowers might explain his sentiment toward the radiant and dominant blue
+Flag.
+
+The most valued flower of my childhood, outside the garden, was a little
+sister of the Iris--the Blue-eyed Grass. To find it blooming was a
+triumph, for it was not very profuse of growth near my home; to gather
+it a delight; why, I know not, since the tiny blooms promptly closed and
+withered as soon as we held them in our warm little hands. Colonel
+Higginson writes wittily of the Blue-eyed Grass, "It has such an
+annoying way of shutting up its azure orbs the moment you gather it; and
+you reach home with a bare stiff blade which deserves no better name
+than _Sisyrinchium anceps_."
+
+The only time I ever played truant was to run off one June morning to
+find "the starlike gleam amid the grass and dew"; to pick Blue-eyed
+Grass in a field to which I was conducted by another naughty girl. I was
+simple enough to come home at mid-day with my hands full of the stiff
+blades and tightly closed blooms; and at my mother's inquiry as to my
+acquisition of these treasures, I promptly burst into tears. I was then
+told, in impressive phraseology adapted to my youthful comprehension,
+and with the flowers as eloquent proof, that all stolen pleasures were
+ever like my coveted flowers, withered and unsightly as soon as
+gathered--which my mother believed was true.
+
+The blossoms of this little Iris seem to lie on the surface of the grass
+like a froth of blueness; they gaze up at the sky with a sort of
+intimacy as if they were a part of it. Thoreau called it an "air of easy
+sympathy." The slightest clouding or grayness of atmosphere makes them
+turn away and close.
+
+The naming of Proserpina leads me to say this: that to grow in love and
+knowledge of flowers, and above all of blue flowers, you must read
+Ruskin's _Proserpina_. It is a book of botany, of studies of plants, but
+begemmed with beautiful sentences and thoughts and expressions, with
+lessons of pleasantness which you can never forget, of pictures which
+you never cease to see, such sentences and pictures as this:--
+
+     "Rome. My father's Birthday. I found the loveliest blue Asphodel I
+     ever saw in my life in the fields beyond Monte Mario--a spire two
+     feet high, of more than two hundred stars, the stalks of them all
+     deep blue as well as the flowers. Heaven send all honest people the
+     gathering of the like, in the Elysian Fields, some day!"
+
+Oh, the power of written words! when by these few lines I can carry
+forever in my inner vision this spire of starry blueness. To that
+writer, now in the Elysian Fields, an honest teacher if ever one lived,
+I send my thanks for this beautiful vision of blueness.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+PLANT NAMES
+
+     "The fascination of plant names is founded on two instincts,--love
+     of Nature and curiosity about Language."
+
+     --_English Plant Names_, REV. JOHN EARLE, 1880.
+
+
+Verbal magic is the subtle mysterious power of certain words. This power
+may come from association with the senses; thus I have distinct sense of
+stimulation in the word scarlet, and pleasure in the words lucid and
+liquid. The word garden is a never ceasing delight; it seems to me
+Oriental; perhaps I have a transmitted sense from my grandmother Eve of
+the Garden of Eden. I like the words, a Garden of Olives, a Garden of
+Herbs, the Garden of the Gods, a Garden enclosed, Philosophers of the
+Garden, the Garden of the Lord. As I have written on gardens, and
+thought on gardens, and walked in gardens, "the very music of the name
+has gone into my being." How beautiful are Cardinal Newman's words:--
+
+     "By a garden is meant mystically a place of spiritual repose,
+     stillness, peace, refreshment, delight."
+
+There was, in Gerarde's day, no fixed botanical nomenclature of any of
+the parts or attributes of a plant. Without using botanical terms, try
+to describe a plant so as to give an exact notion of it to a person who
+has never seen it, then try to find common words to describe hundreds of
+plants; you will then admire the vocabulary of the old herbalist, his
+"fresh English words," for you will find that it needs the most dextrous
+use of words to convey accurately the figure of a flower. That felicity
+and facility Gerarde had; "a bleak white color"--how clearly you see it!
+The Water Lily had "great round leaves like a buckler." The Cat-tail
+Flags "flower and bear their mace or torch in July and August." One
+plant had "deeply gashed leaves." The Marigold had "fat thick crumpled
+leaves set upon a gross and spongious stalke." Here is the Wake-robin,
+"a long hood in proportion like the ear of a hare, in middle of which
+hood cometh forth a pestle or clapper of a dark murry or pale purple
+color." The leaves of the Corn-marigold are "much hackt and cut into
+divers sections and placed confusedly." Another plant had leaves of "an
+overworne green," and Pansy leaves were "a bleak green." The leaves of
+Tansy are also vividly described as "infinitely jagged and nicked and
+curled with all like unto a plume of feathers."
+
+[Illustration: The Garden's Friend.]
+
+The classification and naming of flowers was much thought and written
+upon from Gerarde's day, until the great work of Linnaeus was finished.
+Some very original schemes were devised. _The Curious and Profitable
+Gardner_, printed in 1730, suggested this plan: That all plants should
+be named to indicate their color, and that the initials of their names
+should be the initials of their respective colors; thus if a plant were
+named William the Conqueror it would indicate that the name was of a
+white flower with crimson lines or shades. "Virtuous Oreada would
+indicate a violet and orange flower; Charming Phyllis or Curious
+Plotinus a crimson and purple blossom." S. was to indicate Black or
+Sable, and what letter was Scarlet to have? The "curious ingenious
+Gentleman" who published this plan urged also the giving of "pompous
+names" as more dignified; and he made the assertion that French and
+Flemish "Flowerists" had adopted his system.
+
+[Illustration: Edging of Striped Lilies in a Salem Garden.]
+
+These were all forerunners of Ruskin, with his poetical notions of plant
+nomenclature, such as this; that feminine forms of names ending in _a_
+(as Prunella, Campanula, Salvia, Kalmia) and _is_ (Iris, Amarylis)
+should be given only to plants "that are pretty and good"; and that real
+names, Lucia, Clarissa, etc., be also given. Masculine names in _us_
+should be given to plants of masculine qualities,--strength, force,
+stubbornness; neuter endings in _um_, given to plants indicative of evil
+or death.
+
+I have a fancy anent many old-time flower names that they are also the
+names of persons. I think of them as persons bearing various traits and
+characteristics. On the other hand, many old English Christian names
+seem so suited for flowers, that they might as well stand for flowers as
+for persons. Here are a few of these quaint old names, Collet, Colin,
+Emmot, Issot, Doucet, Dobinet, Cicely, Audrey, Amice, Hilary, Bryde,
+Morrice, Tyffany, Amery, Nowell, Ellice, Digory, Avery, Audley, Jacomin,
+Gillian, Petronille, Gresel, Joyce, Lettice, Cibell, Avice, Cesselot,
+Parnell, Renelsha. Do they not "smell sweet to the ear"? The names of
+flowers are often given as Christian names. Children have been
+christened by the names Dahlia, Clover, Hyacinth, Asphodel, Verbena,
+Mignonette, Pansy, Heartsease, Daisy, Zinnia, Fraxinella, Poppy,
+Daffodil, Hawthorn.
+
+What power have the old English names of garden flowers, to unlock old
+memories, as have the flowers themselves! Dr. Earle writes, "The
+fascination of plant names is founded on two instincts; love of Nature,
+and curiosity about Language." To these I should add an equally strong
+instinct in many persons--their sensitiveness to associations.
+
+I am never more filled with a sense of the delight of old English
+plant-names than when I read the liquid verse of Spenser:--
+
+    "Bring hether the pincke and purple Cullembine
+            ... with Gellifloures,
+     Bring hether Coronations and Sops-in-wine
+            Worne of paramours.
+     Sow me the ground with Daffadowndillies
+     And Cowslips and Kingcups and loved Lilies,
+            The pretty Pawnce
+            The Chevisaunce
+     Shall match with the fayre Flour Delice."
+
+Why, the names are a pleasure, though you know not what the Sops-in-wine
+or the Chevisaunce were. Gilliflowers were in the verses of every poet.
+One of scant fame, named Plat, thus sings:--
+
+    "Here spring the goodly Gelofors,
+       Some white, some red in showe;
+     Here pretie Pinks with jagged leaves
+       On rugged rootes do growe;
+     The Johns so sweete in showe and smell,
+       Distinct by colours twaine,
+     About the borders of their beds
+       In seemlie sight remaine."
+
+If there ever existed any difference between Sweet-johns and
+Sweet-williams, it is forgotten now. They have not shared a revival of
+popularity with other old-time favorites. They were one of the "garland
+flowers" of Gerarde's day, and were "esteemed for beauty, to deck up the
+bosoms of the beautiful, and for garlands and crowns of pleasure." In
+the gardens of Hampton Court in the days of King Henry VIII., were
+Sweet-williams, for the plants had been bought by the bushel.
+Sweet-williams are little sung by the poets, and I never knew any one
+to call the Sweet-william her favorite flower, save one person. Old
+residents of Worcester will recall the tiny cottage that stood on the
+corner of Chestnut and Pleasant streets, since the remote years when the
+latter-named street was a post-road. It was occupied during my childhood
+by friends of my mother--a century-old mother, and her ancient unmarried
+daughter. Behind the house stretched one of the most cheerful gardens I
+have ever seen; ever, in my memory, bathed in glowing sunlight and
+color. Of its glories I recall specially the long spires of vivid Bee
+Larkspur, the varied Poppies of wonderful growth, and the rioting
+Sweet-williams. The latter flowers had some sentimental association to
+the older lady, who always asserted with emphasis to all visitors that
+they were her favorite flower. They overran the entire garden, crowding
+the grass plot where the washed garments were hung out to dry, even
+growing in the chinks of the stone steps and between the flat stone
+flagging of the little back yard, where stood the old well with its
+moss-covered bucket. They spread under the high board fence and appeared
+outside on Chestnut Street; and they extended under the dense Lilac
+bushes and Cedars and down the steep grass bank and narrow steps to
+Pleasant Street. The seed was carefully gathered, especially of one
+glowing crimson beauty, the color of the Mullein Pink, and a gift of it
+was highly esteemed by other garden owners. Old herbals say the
+Sweet-williams are "worthy the Respect of the Greatest Ladies who are
+Lovers of Flowers." They certainly had the respect and love of these
+two old ladies, who were truly Lovers of Flowers.
+
+[Illustration: Garden Seat at Avonwood Court.]
+
+I recall an objection made to Sweet-williams, by some one years ago,
+that they were of no use or value save in the garden; that they could
+never be combined in bouquets, nor did they arrange well in vases. It is
+a place of honor, some of us believe, to be a garden flower as well as a
+vase flower. This garden was the only one I knew when a child which
+contained plants of Love-lies-bleeding--it had even then been deemed
+old-fashioned and out of date. And it also held a few Sunflowers, which
+had not then had a revival of attention, and seemed as obsolete as the
+Love-lies-bleeding. The last-named flower I always disliked, a
+shapeless, gawky creature, described in florists' catalogues and like
+publications as "an effective plant easily attaining to a splendid form
+bearing many plume-tufts of rich lustrous crimson." It is the "immortal
+amarant" chosen by Milton to crown the celestial beings in _Paradise
+Lost_. Poor angels! they have had many trying vagaries of attire
+assigned to them.
+
+I can contribute to plant lore one fantastic notion in regard to
+Love-lies-bleeding--though I can find no one who can confirm this memory
+of my childhood. I recall distinctly expressions of surprise and regret
+that these two old people in Worcester should retain the
+Love-lies-bleeding in their garden, because "the house would surely be
+struck with lightning." Perhaps this fancy contributed to the exile of
+the flower from gardens.
+
+[Illustration: Terraced Garden of the Misses Nichols, Salem,
+Massachusetts.]
+
+There be those who write, and I suppose they believe, that a love of
+Nature and perception of her beauties and a knowledge of flowers, are
+the dower of those who are country born and bred; by which is meant
+reared upon a farm. I have not found this true. Farm children have
+little love for Nature and are surprisingly ignorant about wild flowers,
+save a very few varieties. The child who is garden bred has a happier
+start in life, a greater love and knowledge of Nature. It is a principle
+of Froebel that one must limit a child's view in order to coordinate his
+perceptions. That is precisely what is done in a child's regard of
+Nature by his life in a garden; his view is limited and he learns to
+know garden flowers and birds and insects thoroughly, when the vast and
+bewildering variety of field and forest would have remained
+unappreciated by him.
+
+It is a distressing condition of the education of farmers, that they
+know so little about the country. The man knows about his crops and his
+wife about the flowers, herbs, and vegetables of her garden; but no
+countrymen know the names of wild flowers--and few countrywomen, save of
+medicinal herbs. I asked one farmer the name of a brilliant autumnal
+flower whose intense purple was then unfamiliar to me--the Devil's-bit.
+He answered, "Them's Woilets." Violet is the only word in which the
+initial V is ever changed to W by native New Englanders. Every pink or
+crimson flower is a Pink. Spring blossoms are "Mayflowers." A frequent
+answer is, "Those ain't flowers, they're weeds." They are more knowing
+as to trees, though shaky about the evergreen trees, having little idea
+of varieties and inclined to call many Spruce. They know little about
+the reasons for names of localities, or of any historical traditions
+save those of the Revolution. One exclaims in despair, "No one in the
+country knows anything about the country."
+
+This is no recent indifference and ignorance; Susan Cooper wrote in her
+_Rural Hours_ in 1848:--
+
+     "When we first made acquaintance with the flowers of the
+     neighborhood we asked grown persons--learned perhaps in many
+     matters--the common names of plants they must have seen all their
+     lives, and we found they were no wiser than the children or
+     ourselves. It is really surprising how little country people know
+     on such subjects. Farmers and their wives can tell you nothing on
+     these matters. The men are at fault even among the trees on their
+     own farms, if they are at all out of the common way; and as for
+     smaller native plants, they know less about them than Buck or
+     Brindle, their own oxen."
+
+[Illustration: Kitchen Dooryard at Wilbour Farm, Kingston, Rhode
+Island.]
+
+In that delightful book, _The Rescue of an Old Place_, the author has a
+chapter on the love of flowers in America. It was written anent the
+everpresent statements seen in metropolitan print that Americans do not
+love flowers because they are used among the rich and fashionable in
+large cities for extravagant display rather than for enjoyment; and that
+we accept botanical names for our indigenous plants instead of calling
+them by homely ones such as familiar flowers are known by in older
+lands.
+
+Two more foolish claims could scarcely be made. In the first place, the
+doings of fashionable folk in large cities are fortunately far from
+being a national index or habit. Secondly, in ancient lands the people
+named the flowers long before there were botanists, here the botanists
+found the flowers and named them for the people. Moreover, country folk
+in New England and even in the far West call flowers by pretty
+folk-names, if they call them at all, just as in Old England.
+
+The fussing over the use of the scientific Latin names for plants
+apparently will never cease; many of these Latin names are very
+pleasant, have become so from constant usage, and scarcely seem Latin;
+thus Clematis, Tiarella, Rhodora, Arethusa, Campanula, Potentilla,
+Hepatica. When I know the folk-names of flowers I always speak thus of
+them--and _to them_; but I am grateful too for the scientific
+classification and naming, as a means of accurate distinction. For any
+flower student quickly learns that the same English folk-name is given
+in different localities to very different plants. For instance, the name
+Whiteweed is applied to ten different plants; there are in England ten
+or twelve Cuckoo-flowers, and twenty-one Bachelor's Buttons. Such names
+as Mayflower, Wild Pink, Wild Lily, Eyebright, Toad-flax, Ragged Robin,
+None-so-pretty, Lady's-fingers, Four-o'clocks, Redweed, Buttercups,
+Butterflower, Cat's-tail, Rocket, Blue-Caps, Creeping-jenny, Bird's-eye,
+Bluebells, apply to half a dozen plants.
+
+The old folk-names are not definite, but they are delightful; they tell
+of mythology and medicine, of superstitions and traditions; they show
+trains of relationship, and associations; in fact, they appeal more to
+the philologist and antiquarian than to the botanist. Among all the
+languages which contribute to the variety and picturesqueness of English
+plant names, Dr. Prior deems Maple the only one surviving from the
+Celtic language. Gromwell and Wormwood may possibly be added.
+
+[Illustration: "A running ribbon of perfumed snow which the sun is
+melting rapidly."]
+
+There are some Anglo-Saxon words; among them Hawthorn and Groundsel.
+French, Dutch, and Danish names are many, Arabic and Persian are more.
+Many plant names are dedicatory; they embody the names of the saints and
+a few the names of the Deity. Our Lady's Flowers are many and
+interesting; my daughter wrote a series of articles for the _New York
+Evening Post_ on Our Lady's Flowers, and the list swelled to a
+surprising number. The devil and witches have their shares of flowers,
+as have the fairies.
+
+I have always regretted deeply that our botanists neglected an
+opportunity of great enrichment in plant nomenclature when they ignored
+the Indian names of our native plants, shrubs, and trees. The first
+names given these plants were not always planned by botanists; they were
+more often invented in loving memory of English plants, or sometimes
+from a fancied resemblance to those plants. They did give the
+wonderfully descriptive name of Moccasin-flower to that creature of the
+wild-woods; and a far more appropriate title it is than Lady's-slipper,
+but it is not as well known. I have never found the Lady's-slipper as
+beautiful a flower as do nearly all my friends, as did my father and
+mother, and I was pleased at Ruskin's sharp comment that such a slipper
+was only fit for very gouty old toes.
+
+Pappoose-root utilizes another Indian word. Very few Indian plant names
+were adopted by the white men, fewer still have been adopted by the
+scientists. The _Catalpa speciosa_ (Catalpa); the _Zea mays_ (Maize);
+and _Yucca filamentosa_ (Yucca), are the only ones I know. Chinkapin,
+Cohosh, Hackmatack, Kinnikinnik, Tamarack, Persimmon, Tupelo, Squash,
+Puccoon, Pipsissewa, Musquash, Pecan, the Scuppernong and Catawba
+grapes, are our only well-known Indian plant names that survive. Of
+these Maize, the distinctive product of the United States, will ever
+link us with the vanishing Indian. It will be noticed that only Puccoon,
+Cohosh, Pipsissewa, Hackmatack, and Yucca are names of flowering plants;
+of these Yucca is the only one generally known. I am glad our stately
+native trees, Tupelo, Hickory, Catalpa, bear Indian names.
+
+A curious example of persistence, when so much else has perished, is
+found in the word "Kiskatomas," the shellbark nut. This Algonquin word
+was heard everywhere in the state of New York sixty years ago, and is
+not yet obsolete in families of Dutch descent who still care for the nut
+itself.
+
+We could very well have preserved many Indian names, among them
+Hiawatha's
+
+    "Beauty of the springtime,
+     The Miskodeed in blossom,"
+
+I think Miskodeed a better name than Claytonia or Spring Beauty. The
+Onondaga Indians had a suggestive name for the Marsh Marigold,
+"It-opens-the-swamps," which seems to show you the yellow stars "shining
+in swamps and hollows gray." The name Cowslip has been transferred to it
+in some localities in New England, which is not strange when we find
+that the flower has fifty-six English folk-names; among them are
+Drunkards, Crazy Bet, Meadow-bright, Publicans and Sinners, Soldiers'
+Buttons, Gowans, Kingcups, and Buttercups. Our Italian street venders
+call them Buttercups. In erudite Boston, in sight of Boston Common, the
+beautiful Fringed Gentian is not only called, but labelled, French
+Gentian. To hear a lovely bunch of the Arethusa called Swamp Pink is not
+so strange. The Sabbatia grows in its greatest profusion in the vicinity
+of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and is called locally, "The Rose of
+Plymouth." It is sold during its season of bloom in the streets of that
+town and is used to dress the churches. Its name was given to honor an
+early botanist, Tiberatus Sabbatia, but in Plymouth there is an almost
+universal belief that it was named because the Pilgrims of 1620 first
+saw the flower on the Sabbath day. It thus is regarded as a religious
+emblem, and strong objection is made to mingling other flowers with it
+in church decoration. This legend was invented about thirty years ago by
+a man whose name is still remembered as well as his work.
+
+[Illustration: Fountain Garden at Sylvester Manor.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+TUSSY-MUSSIES
+
+     "There be some flowers make a delicious Tussie-Mussie or Nosegay
+     both for Sight and Smell."
+
+     --JOHN PARKINSON, _A Garden of all Sorts of Pleasant Flowers_, 1629.
+
+
+No following can be more productive of a study and love of word
+derivations and allied word meanings than gardening. An interest in
+flowers and in our English tongue go hand in hand. The old mediaeval word
+at the head of this chapter has a full explanation by Nares as "A
+nosegay, a tuzzie-muzzie, a sweet posie." The old English form,
+_tussy-mose_ was allied with _tosty_, a bouquet, _tuss_ and _tusk_, a
+wisp, as of hay, _tussock_, and _tutty_, a nosegay. Thomas Campion
+wrote:--
+
+    "Joan can call by name her cows,
+     And deck her windows with green boughs;
+     She can wreathes and tuttyes make,
+     And trim with plums a bridal cake."
+
+Tussy-mussy was not a colloquial word; it was found in serious, even in
+religious, text. A tussy-mussy was the most beloved of nosegays, and was
+often made of flowers mingled with sweet-scented leaves.
+
+My favorite tussy-mussy, if made of flowers, would be of Wood Violet,
+Cabbage Rose, and Clove Pink. These are all beautiful flowers, but many
+of our most delightful fragrances do not come from flowers of gay dress;
+even these three are not showy flowers; flowers of bold color and growth
+are not apt to be sweet-scented; and all flower perfumes of great
+distinction, all that are unique, are from blossoms of modest color and
+bearing. The Calycanthus, called Virginia Allspice, Sweet Shrub, or
+Strawberry bush, has what I term a perfume of distinction, and its
+flowers are neither fine in shape, color, nor quality.
+
+I have often tried to define to myself the scent of the Calycanthus
+blooms; they have an aromatic fragrance somewhat like the ripest
+Pineapples of the tropics, but still richer; how I love to carry them in
+my hand, crushed and warm, occasionally holding them tight over my mouth
+and nose to fill myself with their perfume. The leaves have a similar,
+but somewhat varied and sharper, scent, and the woody stems another; the
+latter I like to nibble. This flower has an element of mystery in
+it--that indescribable quality felt by children, and remembered by
+prosaic grown folk. Perhaps its curious dark reddish brown tint may have
+added part of the queerness, since the "Mourning Bride," similar in
+color, has a like mysterious association. I cannot explain these
+qualities to any one not a garden-bred child; and as given in the
+chapter entitled The Mystery of Flowers, they will appear to many,
+fanciful and unreal--but I have a fraternity who will understand, and
+who will know that it was this same undefinable quality that made a
+branch of Strawberry bush, or a handful of its stemless blooms, a gift
+significant of interest and intimacy; we would not willingly give
+Calycanthus blossoms to a child we did not like, or to a stranger.
+
+[Illustration: Hawthorn Arch at Holly House, Peace Dale, Rhode Island.
+Home of Rowland G. Hazard, Esq.]
+
+A rare perfume floats from the modest yellow Flowering Currant. I do not
+see this sweet and sightly shrub in many modern gardens, and it is our
+loss. The crowding bees are goodly and cheerful, and the flowers are
+pleasant, but the perfume is of the sort you can truly say you love it;
+its aroma is like some of the liqueurs of the old monks.
+
+The greatest pleasure in flower perfumes comes to us through the first
+flowers of spring. How we breathe in their sweetness! Our native wild
+flowers give us the most delicate odors. The Mayflower is, I believe,
+the only wild flower for which all country folk of New England have a
+sincere affection; it is not only a beautiful, an enchanting flower, but
+it is so fresh, so balmy of bloom. It has the delicacy of texture and
+form characteristic of many of our native spring blooms, Hepatica,
+Anemone, Spring Beauty, Polygala.
+
+The Arethusa was one of the special favorites of my father and mother,
+who delighted in its exquisite fragrance. Hawthorne said of it: "One of
+the delicatest, gracefullest, and in every manner sweetest of the whole
+race of flowers. For a fortnight past I have found it in the swampy
+meadows, growing up to its chin in heaps of wet moss. Its hue is a
+delicate pink, of various depths of shade, and somewhat in the form of a
+Grecian helmet."
+
+It pleases me to fancy that Hawthorne was like the Arethusa, that it was
+a fit symbol of the nature of our greatest New England genius. Perfect
+in grace and beauty, full of sentiment, classic and elegant of shape, it
+has a shrinking heart; the sepals and petals rise over it and shield it,
+and the whole flower is shy and retiring, hiding in marshes and quaking
+bogs.
+
+It is one of our flowers which we ever regard singly, as an individual,
+a rare and fine spirit; we never think of it as growing in an expanse or
+even in groups. This lovely flower has, as Landor said of the flower of
+the vine, "a scent so delicate that it requires a sigh to inhale it."
+
+The faintest flower scents are the best. You find yourself longing for
+just a little more, and you bury your face in the flowers and try to
+draw out a stronger breath of balm. Apple blossoms, certain Violets, and
+Pansies have this pale perfume.
+
+In the front yard of my childhood's home grew a Larch, an exquisitely
+graceful tree, one now little planted in Northern climates. I recall
+with special delight the faint fragrance of its early shoots. The next
+tree was a splendid pink Hawthorn. What a day of mourning it was when it
+had to be cut down, for trees had been planted so closely that many must
+be sacrificed as years went on and all grew in stature.
+
+There are some smells that are strangely pleasing to the country lover
+which are neither from fragrant flower nor leaf; one is the scent of the
+upturned earth, most heartily appreciated in early spring. The smell of
+a ploughed field is perhaps the best of all earthy scents, though what
+Bliss Carman calls "the racy smell of the forest loam" is always good.
+Another is the burning of weeds of garden rakings,
+
+                    "The spicy smoke
+    Of withered weeds that burn where gardens be."
+
+A garden "weed-smother" always makes me think of my home garden, and my
+father, who used to stand by this burning weed-heap, raking in the
+withered leaves. Many such scents are pleasing chiefly through the power
+of association.
+
+[Illustration: Thyme-covered Graves.]
+
+The sense of smell in its psychological relations is most subtle:--
+
+    "The subtle power in perfume found,
+       Nor priest nor sibyl vainly learned;
+     On Grecian shrine or Aztec mound
+       No censer idly burned.
+
+    "And Nature holds in wood and field
+       Her thousand sunlit censers still;
+     To spells of flower and shrub we yield
+       Against or with our will."
+
+Dr. Holmes notes that memory, imagination, sentiment, are most readily
+touched through the sense of smell. He tells of the associations borne
+to him by the scent of Marigold, of Life-everlasting, of an herb
+closet.
+
+Notwithstanding all these tributes to sweet scents and to the sense of
+smell, it is not deemed, save in poetry, wholly meet to dwell much on
+smells, even pleasant ones. To all who here sniff a little disdainfully
+at a whole chapter given to flower scents, let me repeat the Oriental
+proverb:--
+
+    "To raise Flowers is a Common Thing,
+     God alone gives them Fragrance."
+
+Balmier far, and more stimulating and satisfying than the perfumes of
+most blossoms, is the scent of aromatic or balsamic leaves, of herbs, of
+green growing things. Sweetbrier, says Thoreau, is thus "thrice crowned:
+in fragrant leaf, tinted flower, and glossy fruit." Every spring we
+long, as Whittier wrote--
+
+    "To come to Bayberry scented slopes,
+       And fragrant Fern and Groundmat vine,
+     Breathe airs blown o'er holt and copse,
+       Sweet with black Birch and Pine."
+
+All these scents of holt and copse are dear to New Englanders.
+
+I have tried to explain the reason for the charm to me of growing Thyme.
+It is not its beautiful perfume, its clear vivid green, its tiny fresh
+flowers, or the element of historic interest. Alphonse Karr gives
+another reason, a sentiment of gratitude. He says:--
+
+     "Thyme takes upon itself to embellish the parts of the earth which
+     other plants disdain. If there is an arid, stony, dry soil, burnt
+     up by the sun, it is there Thyme spreads its charming green beds,
+     perfumed, close, thick, elastic, scattered over with little balls
+     of blossom, pink in color, and of a delightful freshness."
+
+Thyme was, in older days, spelt Thime and Time. This made the poet call
+it "pun-provoking Thyme." I have an ancient recipe from an old herbal
+for "Water of Time to ease the Passions of the Heart." This remedy is
+efficacious to-day, whether you spell it time or thyme.
+
+There are shown on page 301 some lonely graves in the old Moravian
+burying-ground in Bethlehem, overgrown with the pleasant perfumed Thyme.
+And as we stand by their side we think with a half smile--a tender
+one--of the never-failing pun of the old herbalists.
+
+Spenser called Thyme "bee-alluring," "honey-laden." It was the symbol of
+sweetness; and the Thyme that grew on the sunny slopes of Mt. Hymettus
+gave to the bees the sweetest and most famed of all honey. The plant
+furnished physic as well as perfume and puns and honey. Pliny named
+eighteen sovereign remedies made from Thyme. These cured everything from
+the "bite of poysonful spidars" to "the Apoplex." There were so many
+recipes in the English _Compleat Chirurgeon_, and similar medical books,
+that you would fancy venomous spiders were as thick as gnats in England.
+These spider cure-alls are however simply a proof that the recipes were
+taken from dose-books of Pliny and various Roman physicians, with whom
+spider bites were more common and more painful than in England.
+
+_The Haven of Health_, written in 1366, with a special view to the
+curing of "Students," says that Wild Thyme has a great power to drive
+away heaviness of mind, "to purge melancholly and splenetick humours."
+And the author recommends to "sup the leaves with eggs." The leaves were
+used everywhere "to be put in puddings and such like meates, so that in
+divers places Thime was called Pudding-grass." Pudding in early days was
+the stuffing of meat and poultry, while concoctions of eggs, milk,
+flour, sugar, etc., like our modern puddings, were called whitpot.
+
+Many traditions hang around Thyme. It was used widely in incantations
+and charms. It was even one of the herbs through whose magic power you
+could see fairies. Here is a "Choice Proven Secret made Known" from the
+Ashmolean Mss.
+
+     How to see Fayries
+
+     "Rx. A pint of Sallet-Oyle and put it into a
+     vial-glasse but first wash it with Rose-water and Marygolde-water
+     the Flowers to be gathered toward the East. Wash it until teh Oyle
+     come white. Then put it in the glasse, _ut supra_: Then put thereto
+     the budds of Holyhocke, the flowers of Marygolde, the flowers or
+     toppers of Wild Thyme, the budds of young Hazle: and the time must
+     be gathered neare the side of a Hill where Fayries used to be: and
+     take the grasse off a Fayrie throne. Then all these put into the
+     Oyle into the Glasse, and sette it to dissolve three dayes in the
+     Sunne and then keep for thy use _ut supra_."
+
+[Illustration: "White Umbrellas of Elder."]
+
+"I know a bank whereon the Wild Thyme blows"--it is not in old England,
+but on Long Island; the dense clusters of tiny aromatic flowers form a
+thick cushioned carpet under our feet. Lord Bacon says in his essay on
+Gardens:--
+
+     "Those which perfume the air most delightfully, not passed by as
+     the rest, but being trodden upon and crushed are three: that is,
+     Burnet, Wild Thyme, and Water-Mints. Therefore you are to set whole
+     alleys of them, to have the pleasure when you walk or tread."
+
+Here we have an alley of Thyme, set by nature, for us to tread upon and
+enjoy, though Thyme always seems to me so classic a plant, that it is
+far too fine to walk upon; one ought rather to sleep and dream upon it.
+
+Great bushes of Elder, another flower of witchcraft, grow and blossom
+near my Thyme bank. Old Thomas Browne, as long ago as 1685 called the
+Elder bloom "white umbrellas"--which has puzzled me much, since we are
+told to assign the use and knowledge of umbrellas in England to a much
+later date; perhaps he really wrote umbellas. Now it is a well-known
+fact--sworn to in scores of old herbals, that any one who stands on Wild
+Thyme, by the side of an Elder bush, on Midsummer Eve, will "see great
+experiences"; his eyes will be opened, his wits quickened, his vision
+clarified; and some have even seen fairies, pixies--Shakespeare's
+elves--sporting over the Thyme at their feet.
+
+I shall not tell whom I saw walking on my Wild Thyme bank last Midsummer
+Eve. I did not need the Elder bush to open my eyes. I watched the twain
+strolling back and forth in the half-light, and I heard snatches of talk
+as they walked toward me, and I lost the responses as they turned from
+me. At last, in a louder voice:--
+
+     HE. "What is this jolly smell all around here? Just like a
+     mint-julep! Some kind of a flower?"
+
+     SHE. "It's Thyme, Wild Thyme; it has run into the edge of the lawn
+     from the field, and is just ruining the grass."
+
+     HE (_stooping to pick it_). "Why, so it is. I thought it came from
+     that big white flower over there by the hedge."
+
+     SHE. "No, that is Elder."
+
+     HE (_after a pause_). "I had to learn a lot of old Arnold's poetry
+     at school once, or in college, and there was some just like
+     to-night:--
+
+    "'The evening comes--the fields are still,
+     The tinkle of the thirsty rill,
+     Unheard all day, ascends again.
+     Deserted is the half-mown plain,
+     And from the Thyme upon the height,
+     And from the Elder-blossom white,
+     And pale Dog Roses in the hedge,
+     And from the Mint-plant in the sedge,
+     In puffs of balm the night air blows
+     The perfume which the day foregoes--
+     And on the pure horizon far
+     See pulsing with the first-born star
+     The liquid light above the hill.
+     The evening comes--the fields are still.'"
+
+Then came the silence and half-stiffness which is ever apt to follow any
+long quotation, especially any rare recitation of verse by those who are
+notoriously indifferent to the charms of rhyme and rhythm, and are of
+another sex than the listener. It seems to indicate an unusual condition
+of emotion, to be a sort of barometer of sentiment, and the warning of
+threatening weather was not unheeded by her; hence her response was
+somewhat nervous in utterance, and instinctively perverse and
+contradictory.
+
+     SHE. "That line, 'The liquid light above the hill,' is very lovely,
+     but I can't see that it's any of it at all like to-night."
+
+     HE (_stoutly and resentfully_). "Oh, no! not at all! There's the
+     field, all still, and here's Thyme, and Elder, and there are wild
+     Roses!--and see! the moon is coming up--so there's your liquid
+     light."
+
+     SHE. "Well! Yes, perhaps it is; at any rate it is a lovely night.
+     You've read _Lavengro_? No? Certainly you must have heard of it.
+     The gipsy in it says: 'Life is sweet, brother. There's day and
+     night, brother, both sweet things; sun, moon, and stars, brother,
+     all sweet things; there is likewise a wind on the heath.'"
+
+     HE (_dubiously_). "That's rather queer poetry, if it is poetry--and
+     you must know I do not like to hear you call me brother."
+
+Whereupon I discreetly betrayed my near presence on the piazza, to prove
+that the field, though still, was not deserted. And soon the twain said
+they would walk to the club house to view the golf prizes; and they left
+the Wild Thyme and Elder blossoms white, and turned their backs on the
+moon, and fell to golf and other eminently unromantic topics, far safer
+for Midsummer Eve than poesy and other sweet things.
+
+[Illustration: Lower Garden at Sylvester Manor.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+JOAN SILVER-PIN
+
+     "Being of many variable colours, and of great beautie, although of
+     evill smell, our gentlewomen doe call them Jone Silver-pin."
+
+     --JOHN GERARDE, _Herball_, 1596.
+
+
+Garden Poppies were the Joan Silver-pin of Gerarde, stigmatized also by
+Parkinson as "Jone Silver-pinne, _subauditur_; faire without and foule
+within." In Elizabeth's day Poppies met universal distrust and aversion,
+as being the source of the dreaded opium. Spenser called the flower
+"dead-sleeping" Poppy; Morris "the black heart, amorous Poppy"--which
+might refer to the black spots in the flower's heart.
+
+Clare, in his _Shepherd's Calendar_ also asperses them:--
+
+    "Corn-poppies, that in crimson dwell,
+     Called Head-aches from their sickly smell."
+
+Forby adds this testimony: "Any one by smelling of it for a very short
+time may convince himself of the propriety of the name." Some fancied
+that the dazzle of color caused headaches--that vivid scarlet, so fine
+a word as well as color that it is annoying to hear the poets change it
+to crimson.
+
+[Illustration: "Black Heart, Amorous Poppies."]
+
+This regard of and aversion to the Poppy lingered among elderly folks
+till our own day; and I well recall the horror of a visitor of antique
+years in our mother's garden during our childhood, when we were found
+cheerfully eating Poppy seeds. She viewed us with openly expressed
+apprehension that we would fall into a stupor; and quite terrified us
+and our relatives, in spite of our assertions that we "always ate them,"
+which indeed we always did and do to this day; and very pleasant of
+taste they are, and of absolutely no effect, and not at all of evil
+smell to our present fancy, either in blossom or seed, though distinctly
+medicinal in odor.
+
+Returned missionaries were frequent and honored visitors in our town and
+our house in those days; and one of these good men reassured us and
+reinstated in favor our uncanny feast by telling us that in the East,
+Poppy seeds were eaten everywhere, and were frequently baked with
+wheaten flour into cakes. A dislike of the scent of Field Poppies is
+often found among English folk. The author of _A World in a Garden_
+speaks in disgust of "the pungent and sickly odor of the flaring
+Poppies--they positively nauseate me"; but then he disliked their color
+too.
+
+There is something very fine about a Poppy, in the extraordinary
+combination of boldness of color and great size with its slender
+delicacy of stem, the grace of the set of the beautiful buds, the fine
+turn of the flower as it opens, and the wonderful airiness of poise of
+so heavy a flower. The silkiness of tissue of the petals, and their
+semi-transparency in some colors, and the delicate fringes of some
+varieties, are great charms.
+
+    "Each crumpled crepe-like leaf is soft as silk;
+       Long, long ago the children saw them there,
+     Scarlet and rose, with fringes white as milk,
+       And called them 'shawls for fairies' dainty wear';
+     They were not finer, those laid safe away
+       In that low attic, neath the brown, warm eaves."
+
+And when the flowers have shed, oh, so lightly! their silken petals,
+there is still another beauty, a seed vessel of such classic shape that
+it wears a crown.
+
+I have always rejoiced in the tributes paid to the Poppy by Ruskin and
+Mrs. Thaxter. She deemed them the most satisfactory flower among the
+annuals "for wondrous variety, certain picturesque qualities, for color
+and form, and a subtle air of mystery."
+
+There is a line of Poppy colors which is most entrancing; the gray,
+smoke color, lavender, mauve, and lilac Poppies, edged often and freaked
+with tints of red, are rarely beautiful things. There are fine white
+Poppies, some fringed, some single, some double--the Bride is the
+appropriate name of the fairest. And the pinks of Poppies, that
+wonderful red-pink, and a shell-pink that is almost salmon, and the
+sunset pinks of our modern Shirley Poppies, with quality like finest
+silken gauze! The story of the Shirley Poppies is one of magic, that a
+flower-loving clergyman who in 1882 sowed the seed of one specially
+beautiful Poppy which had no black in it, and then sowed those of its
+fine successors, produced thus a variety which has supplied the world
+with beauty. Rev. Mr. Wilks, their raiser, gives these simply worded
+rules anent his Shirley Poppies:--
+
+     "1, They are single; 2, always have a white base; 3, with yellow or
+     white stamens, anthers, or pollen; 4, and never have the smallest
+     particle of black about them."
+
+The thought of these successful and beautiful Poppies is very
+stimulating to flower raisers of moderate means, with no profound
+knowledge of flowers; it shows what can be done by enthusiasm and
+application and patience. It gives something of the same comfort found
+in Keats's fine lines to the singing thrush:--
+
+        "Oh! fret not after knowledge.
+    I have none, _and yet the evening listens_."
+
+Notwithstanding all this distinction and beauty, these fine things of
+the garden were dubbed Joan Silver-pin. I wonder who Joan Silver-pin
+was! I have searched faithfully for her, but have not been able to get
+on the right scent. Was she of real life, or fiction? I have looked
+through the lists of characters of contemporary plays, and read a few
+old jest books and some short tales of that desperately colorless sort,
+wherein you read page after page of the printed words with as little
+absorption of signification as if they were Choctaw. But never have I
+seen Joan Silver-pin's name; it was a bit of Elizabethan slang, I
+suspect,--a cant term once well known by every one, now existing solely
+through this chance reference of the old herbalists.
+
+[Illustration: Valerian.]
+
+No garden can aspire to be named An Old-fashioned Garden unless it
+contains that beautiful plant the Garden Valerian, known throughout New
+England to-day as Garden Heliotrope; as Setwall it grew in every old
+garden, as it was in every pharmacopoeia. It was termed
+"drink-quickening Setuale" by Spenser, from the universal use of its
+flowers to flavor various enticing drinks. Its lovely blossoms are
+pinkish in bud and open to pure white; its curiously penetrating
+vanilla-like fragrance is disliked by many who are not cats. I find it
+rather pleasing of scent when growing in the garden, and not at all like
+the extremely nasty-smelling medicine which is made from it, and which
+has been used for centuries for "histerrick fits," and is still
+constantly prescribed to-day for that unsympathized-with malady. Dr.
+Holmes calls it, "Valerian, calmer of hysteric squirms." It is a
+stately plant when in tall flower in June; my sister had great clumps of
+bloom like the ones shown above, but alas! the cats caught them before
+the photographer did. The cats did not have to watch the wind and sun
+and rain, to pick out plates and pack plate-holders, and gather
+ray-fillers and cloth and lens, and adjust the tripod, and fix the
+camera and focus, and think, and focus, and think, and then wait--till
+the wind ceased blowing. So when they found it, they broke down every
+slender stalk and rolled in it till the ground was tamped down as hard
+as if one of our lazy road-menders had been at it. Valerian has in
+England as an appropriate folk name, "Cats'-fancy." The pretty little
+annual, Nemophila, makes also a favorite rolling-place for our cat;
+while all who love cats have given them Catnip and seen the singular
+intoxication it brings. The sight of a cat in this strange ecstasy over
+a bunch of Catnip always gives me a half-sense of fear; she becomes such
+a truly wild creature, such a miniature tiger.
+
+In _The Art of Gardening_, by J. W., Gent., 1683, the author says of
+Marigolds: "There are divers sorts besides the common as the African
+Marigold, a Fair bigge Yellow Flower, but of a very Naughty Smell." I
+cannot refrain, ere I tell more of the Marigold's naughtiness, to copy a
+note written in this book by a Massachusetts bride whose new husband
+owned and studied the book two hundred years ago; for it gives a little
+glimpse of old-time life. In her exact little handwriting are these
+words:--
+
+     "Planted in Potts, 1720: An Almond Stone, an English Wallnut,
+     Cittron Seeds, Pistachica nutts, Red Damsons, Leamon seeds, Oring
+     seeds and Daits."
+
+Poor Anne! she died before she had time to become any one's grandmother.
+I hope her successor in matrimony, our forbear, cherished her little
+seedlings and rejoiced in the Lemon and Almond trees, though Anne
+herself was so speedily forgotten. She is, however, avenged by Time; for
+she is remembered better than the wife who took her place, through her
+simple flower-loving words.
+
+I am surprised at this aspersion on the Marigold as to its smell, for
+all the traditions of this flower show it to have been a great favorite
+in kitchen gardens; and I have found that elderly folk are very apt to
+like its scent. My father loved the flower and the fragrance, and liked
+to have a bowl of Marigolds stand beside him on his library table. It
+was constantly carried to church as a "Sabbath-day posy," and its petals
+used as flavoring in soups and stews. Charles Lamb said it poisoned
+them. Canon Ellacombe writes that it has been banished in England to the
+gardens of cottages and old farm-houses; it had a waning popularity in
+America, but was never wholly despised.
+
+How Edward Fitzgerald loved the African Marigold! "Its grand color is so
+comfortable to us Spanish-like Paddies," he writes to Fanny Kemble in
+letters punctuated with little references to his garden flowers: letters
+so cheerful, too, with capitals; "I love the old way of Capitals for
+Names," he says--and so do I; letters bearing two surprises, namely, the
+infrequent references to Omar Khayyam; and the fact that Nasturtiums,
+not Roses, were his favorite flower.
+
+The question of the agreeableness of a flower scent is a matter of
+public opinion as well as personal choice. Environment and education
+influence us. In olden times every one liked certain scents deemed
+odious to-day. Parkinson's praise of Sweet Sultans was, "They are of so
+exceeding sweet a scent as it surpasses the best civet that is." Have
+you ever smelt civet? You will need no words to tell you that the civet
+is a little cousin of the skunk. Cowper could not talk with civet in the
+room; most of us could not even breathe. The old herbalists call Privet
+sweet-scented. I don't know that it is strange to find a generation who
+loved civet and musk thinking Privet pleasant-scented. Nearly all our
+modern botanists have copied the words of their predecessors; but I
+scarcely know what to say or to think when I find so exact an observer
+as John Burroughs calling Privet "faintly sweet-scented." I find it
+rankly ill-scented.
+
+The men of Elizabethan days were much more learned in perfumes and
+fonder of them than are most folk to-day. Authors and poets dwelt
+frankly upon them without seeming at all vulgar. Of course herbalists,
+from their choice of subject, were free to write of them at length, and
+they did so with evident delight. Nowadays the French realists are the
+only writers who boldly reckon with the sense of smell. It isn't deemed
+exactly respectable to dwell too much on smells, even pleasant ones; so
+this chapter certainly must be brief.
+
+I suppose nine-tenths of all who love flower scents would give Violets
+as their favorite fragrance; yet how quickly, in the hothouse Violets,
+can the scent become nauseous. I recall one formal luncheon whereat the
+many tables were mightily massed with violets; and though all looked as
+fresh as daybreak to the sight, some must have been gathered for a day
+or more, and the stale odor throughout the room was unbearable. But it
+is scarcely fair to decry a flower because of its scent in decay.
+Shakespeare wrote:--
+
+    "Lilies festered smell far worse than weeds."
+
+Many of our Compositae are vile after standing in water in vases; Ox-eye
+Daisies, Rudbeckia, Zinnia, Sunflower, and even the wholesome Marigold.
+Delicate as is the scent of the Pansy, the smell of a bed of ancient
+Pansy plants is bad beyond words. The scent of the flowers of
+fruit-bearing trees is usually delightful; but I cannot like the scent
+of Pear blossoms.
+
+I dislike much the rank smell of common yellow Daffodils and of many of
+that family. I can scarcely tolerate them even when freshly picked, upon
+a dinner table. Some of the Jonquils are as sickening within doors as
+the Tuberose, though in both cases it is only because the scent is
+confined that it is cloying. In the open air, at a slight distance, they
+smell as well as many Lilies, and the Poet's Narcissus is deemed by many
+delightful.
+
+[Illustration: Old "War Office."]
+
+I have ever found the scent of Lilacs somewhat imperfect, not well
+rounded, not wholly satisfying; but one of my friends can never find in
+a bunch of our spring Lilacs any odor save that of illuminating gas. I
+do wish he had not told me this! Now when I stand beside my Lilac bush I
+feel like looking around anxiously to see where the gas is escaping.
+Linnaeus thought the perfume of Mignonette the purest ambrosia. Another
+thinks that Mignonette has a doggy smell, as have several flowers; this
+is not wholly to their disparagement. Our cocker spaniel is sweeter than
+some flowers, but he is not a Mignonette. There be those who love most
+of all the scent of Heliotrope, which is to me a close, almost musty
+scent. I have even known of one or two who disliked the scent of Roses,
+and the Rose itself has been abhorred. Marie de' Medici would not even
+look at a painting or carving of a Rose. The Chevalier de Guise had a
+loathing for Roses. Lady Heneage, one of the maids of honor to Queen
+Elizabeth, was made very ill by the presence or scent of Roses. This
+illness was not akin to "Rose cold," which is the baneful companion of
+so many Americans, and which can conquer its victims in the most sudden
+and complete manner.
+
+Even my affection for Roses, and my intense love of their fragrance,
+shown in its most ineffable sweetness in the old pink Cabbage Rose, will
+not cause me to be silent as to the scent of some of the Rose sisters.
+Some of the Tea Roses, so lovely of texture, so delicate of hue, are
+sickening; one has a suggestion of ether which is most offensive. "A
+Rose by any other name would smell as sweet," but not if its name (and
+its being) was the Persian Yellow. This beautiful double Rose of rich
+yellow was introduced to our gardens about 1830. It is infrequent now,
+though I find it in florists' lists; and I suspect I know why. Of late
+years I have not seen it, but I have a remembrance of its uprootal from
+our garden. Mrs. Wright confirms my memory by calling it "a horrible
+thing--the Skunk Cabbage of the garden." It smells as if foul insects
+were hidden within it, a disgusting smell. I wonder whether poor Marie
+de' Medici hadn't had a whiff of it. A Persian Rose! it cannot be
+possible that Omar Khayyam ever smelt it, or any of the Rose singers of
+Persia, else their praises would have turned to loathing as they fled
+from its presence. There are two or three yellow Roses which are not
+pleasing, but are not abhorrent as is the Persian Yellow.
+
+One evening last May I walked down the garden path, then by the shadowy
+fence-side toward the barn. I was not wandering in the garden for sweet
+moonlight, for there was none; nor for love of flowers, nor in
+admiration of any of nature's works, for it was very cold; we even spoke
+of frost, as we ever do apprehensively on a chilly night in spring. The
+kitten was lost. She was in the shrubbery at the garden end, for I could
+hear her plaintive yowling; and I thus traced her. I gathered her up,
+purring and clawing, when I heard by my side a cross rustling of leaves
+and another complaining voice. It was the Crown-imperial, unmindful or
+unwitting of my presence, and muttering peevishly: "Here I am, out of
+fashion, and therefore out of the world! torn away from the honored
+border by the front door path, and even set away from the broad garden
+beds, and thrust with sunflowers and other plants of no social position
+whatever down here behind the barn, where, she dares to say, we 'can all
+smell to heaven together.'
+
+"What airs, forsooth! these twentieth century children put on! Smell to
+heaven, indeed! I wish her grandfather could have heard her! He didn't
+make such a fuss about smells when I was young, nor did any one else; no
+one's nose was so over-nice. Every spring when I came up, glorious in my
+dress of scarlet and green, and hung with my jewels of pearls, they were
+all glad to see me and to smell me, too; and well they might be, for
+there was a rotten-appley, old-potatoey smell in the cellar which
+pervaded the whole house when doors were closed. And when the frost came
+up from the ground the old sink drain at the kitchen door rendered up
+to the spring sunshine all the combined vapors of all the dish-water of
+all the winter. The barn and hen-house and cow-house reeked in the
+sunlight, but the pigpen easily conquered them all. There was an ancient
+cesspool far too near the kitchen door, underground and not to be seen,
+but present, nevertheless. A hogshead of rain-water stood at the cellar
+door, and one at the end of the barn--to water the flowers with--they
+fancied rotten rain-water made flowers grow! A foul dye-tub was ever
+reeking in every kitchen chimney corner, a culminating horror in
+stenches; and vessels of ancient soap grease festered in the outer shed,
+the grease collected through the winter and waiting for the spring
+soap-making. The vapor of sour milk, ever present, was of little
+moment--when there was so much else so much worse. There wasn't a
+bath-tub in the grandfather's house, nor in any other house in town, nor
+any too much bathing in winter, either, I am sure, in icy well-water in
+icier sleeping rooms. The windows were carefully closed all winter long,
+but the open fireplaces managed to save the life of the inmates, though
+the walls and rafters were hung with millions of germs which every one
+knows are all the wickeder when they don't smell, because you take no
+care, fancying they are not there. But the grandfather knew naught of
+germs--and was happy. The trees shaded the house so that the roof was
+always damp. Oh, how those germs grew and multiplied in the grateful
+shade of those lovely trees, and how mould and rust rejoiced. Well might
+people turn from all these sights and scents to me. The grandfather and
+his wife, when they were young, as when they were in middle age, and
+when they were old, walked every early spring day at set of sun, slowly
+down the front path, looking at every flower, every bud; pulling a tiny
+weed, gathering a choice flower, breaking a withered sprig; and they
+ever lingered long and happily by my side. And he always said, 'Wife!
+isn't this Crown-imperial a glorious plant? so stately, so perfect in
+form, such an expression of life, and such a personification of spring!'
+'Yes, father,' she would answer quickly, 'but don't pick it.' Why, I
+should have resented even that word had she referred to my perfume. She
+meant that the garden border could not spare me. The children never
+could pick me, even the naughtiest ones did not dare to; but they could
+pull all the little upstart Ladies' Delights and Violets they wished.
+And yet, with all this family homage which should make me a family
+totem, here I am, stuck down by the barn--I, who sprung from the blood
+of a king, the great Gustavus Adolphus--and was sung by a poet two
+centuries ago in the famous _Garland of Julia_. The old Jesuit poet
+Rapin said of me, 'No flower aspires in pomp and state so high.'
+
+"Read this page from that master-herbalist, John Gerarde, telling of the
+rare beauties within my golden cup.
+
+"A very intelligent and respectable old gentleman named Parkinson, who
+knew far more about flowers than flighty folk do nowadays, loved me well
+and wrote of me, 'The Crown-imperial, for its stately beautifulnesse
+deserveth the first place in this our garden of delight to be here
+entreated of before all other Lilies.' He had good sense. It was not I
+who was stigmatized by him as Joan Silver-pin. He spoke very plainly and
+very sensibly of my perfume; there was no nonsense in his notions, he
+told the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth: 'The whole
+plant and every part thereof, as well as rootes as leaves and floures
+doe smell somewhat strong, as it were the savour of a foxe, so that if
+any doe but near it, he can but smell it, yet is not unwholesome.'
+
+"How different all is to-day in literature, as well as in flower
+culture. Now there are low, coarse attempts at wit that fairly wilt a
+sensitive nature like mine. There is one miserable Man who comes to this
+garden, and who _thinks_ he is a Poet; I will not repeat his wretched
+rhymes. But only yesterday, when he stood looking superciliously down
+upon us, he said sneeringly, 'Yes, spring is here, balmy spring; we know
+her presence without seeing her face or hearing her voice; for the Skunk
+Cabbage is unfurled in the swamps, and the Crown-imperial is blooming in
+the garden.' Think of his presuming to set me alongside that low Skunk
+Cabbage--me with my 'stately beautifulness.'
+
+[Illustration: Crown Imperial. A Page from Gerarde's _Herball_.]
+
+"Little do people nowadays know about scents anyway, when their
+botanists and naturalists write that the Privet bloom is 'pleasingly
+fragrant,' and one dame set last summer a dish of Privet on her dining
+table before many guests. Privet! with its ancient and fishlike smell!
+And another tells of the fragrant delight of flowering Buckwheat--may
+the breezes blow such fragrance far from me! But why dwell on perfumes;
+flowers were made to look at, not to smell; sprays of Sweet Balm or
+Basil leaves outsweeten every flower, and make no pretence or thought of
+beauty; render to each its own virtues, and try not to engross the charm
+of another.
+
+"I was indeed the queen of the garden, and here I am exiled behind the
+barn. Life is not worth living. I won't come up again. She will walk
+through the garden next May and say, 'How dull and shabby the garden
+looks this year! the spring is backward, everything has run to leaves,
+nothing is in bloom, we must buy more fertilizer, we must get a new
+gardener, we must get more plants and slips and seeds and bulbs, it is
+fearfully discouraging, I never saw anything so gone off!' then perhaps
+she will remember, and regret the friend of her grandparents, the
+Crown-imperial--whom she thrust from her Garden of Delight."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+CHILDHOOD IN A GARDEN
+
+    "I see the garden thicket's shade
+     Where all the summer long we played,
+     And gardens set and houses made,
+         Our early work and late."
+
+    --MARY HOWITT.
+
+
+How we thank God for the noble traits of our ancestors; and our hearts
+fill with gratitude for the tenderness, the patience, the loving
+kindness of our parents; I have an infinite deal for which to be
+sincerely grateful; but for nothing am I now more happy than that there
+were given to me a flower-loving father and mother. To that
+flower-loving father and mother I offer in tenderest memory equal
+gratitude for a childhood spent in a garden.
+
+Winter as well as summer gave us many happy garden hours. Sometimes a
+sudden thaw of heavy snow and an equally quick frost formed a miniature
+pond for sheltered skating at the lower end of the garden. A frozen
+crust of snow (which our winters nowadays so seldom afford) gave other
+joys. And the delights of making a snow man, or a snow fort, even of
+rolling great globes of snow, were infinite and varied. More subtle was
+the charm of shaping certain _things_ from dried twigs and evergreen
+sprigs, and pouring water over them to freeze into a beautiful
+resemblance of the original form. These might be the ornate initials or
+name of a dear girl friend, or a tiny tower or pagoda. I once had a real
+winter garden in miniature set in twigs of cedar and spruce, and frozen
+into a fairy garden.
+
+In summertime the old-fashioned garden was a paradise for a child; the
+long warm days saw the fresh telling of child to child, by that
+curiously subtle system of transmission which exists everywhere among
+happy children, of quaint flower customs known to centuries of
+English-speaking children, and also some newer customs developed by the
+fitness of local flowers for such games and plays.
+
+The Countess Potocka says the intense enjoyment of nature is a sixth
+sense. We are not born with this good gift, nor do we often acquire it
+in later life; it comes through our rearing. The fulness of delight in a
+garden is the bequest of a childhood spent in a garden. No study or
+possession of flowers in mature years can afford gratification equal to
+that conferred by childish associations with them; by the sudden
+recollection of flower lore, the memory of child friendships, the
+recalling of games or toys made of flowers: you cannot explain it; it
+seems a concentration, an extract of all the sunshine and all the beauty
+of those happy summers of our lives when the whole day and every day was
+spent among flowers. The sober teachings of science in later years can
+never make up the loss to children debarred of this inheritance, who
+have grown up knowing not when "the summer comes with bee and flower."
+
+[Illustration: Milkweed Seed.]
+
+A garden childhood gives more sources of delight to the senses in after
+life than come from beautiful color and fine fragrance. Have you
+pleasure in the contact of a flower? Do you like its touch as well as
+its perfume? Do you love to feel a Lilac spray brush your cheek in the
+cool of the evening? Do you like to bury your face in a bunch of Roses?
+How frail and papery is the Larkspur! And how silky is the Poppy! A
+Locust bloom is a fringe of sweetness; and how very doubtful is the
+touch of the Lily--an unpleasant thick sleekness. The Clove Carnation is
+the best of all. It feels just as it smells. These and scores more give
+me pleasure through their touch, the result of constant handling of
+flowers when I was a child.
+
+There were harmful flowers in the old garden--among them the
+Monk's-hood; we never touched it, except warily. Doubtless we were
+warned, but we knew it by instinct and did not need to be told. I always
+used to see in modest homes great tubs each with a flourishing Oleander
+tree. I have set out scores of little slips of Oleander, just as I
+planted Orange seeds. I seldom see Oleanders now; I wonder whether the
+plant has been banished on account of its poisonous properties. I heard
+of but one fatal case of Oleander poisoning--and that was doubtful. A
+little child, the sister of one of my playmates, died suddenly in great
+distress. Several months after her death the mother was told that the
+leaves of the Oleander were poisonous, when she recalled that the child
+had eaten them on the day of her death.
+
+Oleander blossoms were lovely in shape and color. Edward Fitzgerald
+writes to Fanny Kemble: "Don't you love the Oleander? So clean in its
+Leaves and Stem, as so beautiful in its Flower; loving to stand in water
+which it drinks up fast. I have written all my best Mss. with a Pen that
+has been held with its nib in water for more than a fortnight--Charles
+Keene's recipe for keeping Pens in condition--Oleander-like." This,
+written in 1882, must, even at that recent date, refer to quill pens.
+
+The lines of Mary Howitt's, quoted at the beginning of this chapter,
+ring to me so true; there is in them no mock sentiment, it is the real
+thing,--"the garden thicket's shade," little "cubby houses" under the
+close-growing stems of Lilac and Syringa, with an old thick shawl
+outspread on the damp earth for a carpet. Oh, how hot and scant the air
+was in the green light of those close "garden-thickets," those "Lilac
+ambushes," which were really not half so pleasant as the cooler seats on
+the grass under the trees, but which we clung to with a warmth equal to
+their temperature.
+
+[Illustration: The Children's Garden.]
+
+Let us peer into these garden thickets at these happy little girls,
+fantastic in their garden dress. Their hair is hung thick with Dandelion
+curls, made from pale green opal-tinted stems that have grown long under
+the shrubbery and Box borders. Around their necks are childish wampum,
+strings of Dandelion beads or Daisy chains. More delicate wreaths for
+the neck or hair were made from the blossoms of the Four-o'clock or
+the petals of Phlox or Lilacs, threaded with pretty alternation of
+color. Fuchsias were hung at the ears for eardrops, green leaves were
+pinned with leaf stems into little caps and bonnets and aprons,
+Foxgloves made dainty children's gloves. Truly the garden-bred child
+went in gay attire.
+
+That exquisite thing, the seed of Milkweed (shown on page 328),
+furnished abundant playthings. The plant was sternly exterminated in our
+garden, but sallies into a neighboring field provided supplies for fairy
+cradles with tiny pillows of silvery silk.
+
+One of the early impulses of infancy is to put everything in the mouth;
+this impulse makes the creeping days of some children a period of
+constant watchfulness and terror to their apprehensive guardians. When
+the children are older and can walk in the garden or edge of the woods,
+a fresh anxiety arises; for a certain savagery in their make-up makes
+them regard every growing thing, not as an object to look at or even to
+play with, but to eat. It is a relief to the mother when the child grows
+beyond the savage, and falls under the dominion of tradition and
+folk-lore, communicated to him by other children by that subtle power of
+enlightenment common to children, which seems more like instinct than
+instruction. The child still eats, but he makes distinctions, and seldom
+touches harmful leaves or seeds or berries. He has an astonishing range:
+roots, twigs, leaves, bark, tendrils, fruit, berries, flowers, buds,
+seeds, all alike serve for food. Young shoots of Sweetbrier and
+Blackberry are nibbled as well as the branches of young Birch. Grape
+tendrils, too, have an acid zest, as do Sorrel leaves. Wild Rose hips
+and the drupes of dwarf Cornel are chewed. The leaf buds of Spruce and
+Linden are also tasted. I hear that some children in some places eat the
+young fronds of Cinnamon Fern, but I never saw it done. Seeds of
+Pumpkins and Sunflowers were edible, as well as Hollyhock cheeses. There
+was one Slippery Elm tree which we know in our town, and we took ample
+toll of it. Cherry gum and Plum gum are chewed, as well as the gum of
+Spruce trees. There was a boy who used sometimes to intrude on our
+girl's paradise, since he was the son of a neighbor, and he said he ate
+raw Turnips, and something he called Pig-nuts--I wonder what they were.
+
+Those childish customs linger long in our minds, or rather in our
+subconsciousness. I never walk through an old garden without wishing to
+nibble and browse on the leaves and stems which I ate as a child,
+without sucking a drop of honey from certain flowers. I do it not with
+intent, but I waken to realization with the petal of Trumpet Honeysuckle
+in my hand and its drop of ambrosia on my lips.
+
+[Illustration: Foxgloves in a Narragansett Garden.]
+
+Children care far less for scent and perfection in a flower than they do
+for color, and, above all, for desirability and adaptability of form,
+this desirability being afforded by the fitness of the flower for the
+traditional games and plays. The favorite flowers of my childhood were
+three noble creatures, Hollyhocks, Canterbury Bells, and Foxgloves, all
+three were scentless. I cannot think of a child's summer in a garden
+without these three old favorites of history and folk-lore. Of course we
+enjoyed the earlier flower blooms and played happily with them ere our
+dearest treasures came to us; but never had we full variety, zest, and
+satisfaction till this trio were in midsummer bloom. There was a little
+gawky, crudely-shaped wooden doll of German manufacture sold in
+Worcester which I never saw elsewhere; they were kept for sale by old
+Waxler, the German basket maker, a most respected citizen, whose name I
+now learn was not Waxler but Weichsler. These dolls came in three
+sizes, the five-cent size was a midsummer favorite, because on its
+featureless head the blossoms of the Canterbury Bells fitted like a high
+azure cap. I can see rows of these wooden creatures sitting, thus
+crowned, stiffly around the trunk of the old Seckel Pear tree at a
+doll's tea-party.
+
+By the constant trampling of our childish feet the earth at the end of
+the garden path was hard and smooth under the shadow of the Lilac trees
+near our garden fence; and this hard path, remote from wanderers in the
+garden, made a splendid plateau to use for flower balls. Once we fitted
+it up as a palace; circular walls of Balsam flowers set closely together
+shaped the ball-room. The dancers were blue and white Canterbury Bells.
+Quadrilles were placed of little twigs, or strong flower stalks set
+firmly upright in the hard trodden earth, and on each of these a flower
+bell was hung so that the pretty reflexion of the scalloped edges of the
+corolla just touched the ground as the hooped petticoats swayed lightly
+in the wind.
+
+[Illustration: Hollyhocks in Garden of Kimball Homestead, Portsmouth,
+New Hampshire.]
+
+We used to catch bumblebees in the Canterbury Bells, and hear them buzz
+and bump and tear their way out to liberty. We held the edges of the
+flower tightly pinched together, and were never stung. Besides its
+adaptability as a toy for children, the Canterbury Bell was beloved for
+its beauty in the garden. An appropriate folk name for it is
+Fair-in-sight. Healthy clumps grow tall and stately, towering up as high
+as childish heads; and the firm stalks are hung so closely in bloom.
+Nowadays people plant expanses of Canterbury Bells; one at the
+beautiful garden at White Birches, Elmhurst, Illinois, is shown on page
+111. I do not like this as well as the planting in our home garden when
+they are set in a mixed border, as shown opposite page 416. Our tastes
+in the flower world are largely influenced by what we were wonted to in
+childhood, not only in the selection of flowers, but in their placing in
+our gardens. The Canterbury Bell has historical interest through its
+being named for the bells borne by pilgrims to the shrine at Canterbury.
+I have been delighted to see plants of these sturdy garden favorites
+offered for sale of late years in New York streets in springtime, by
+street venders, who now show a tendency to throw aside Callas, Lilies,
+Tuberoses, and flowers of such ilk, and substitute shrubs and seedlings
+of hardy growth and satisfactory flowering. But it filled me with
+regret, to hear the pretty historic name--Canterbury Bells--changed in
+so short a residence in the city, by these Italian and German tongues to
+Gingerbread Bells--a sad debasement. Native New Englanders have seldom
+forgotten or altered an old flower name, and very rarely transferred it
+to another plant, even in two centuries of everyday usage. But I am glad
+to know that the flower will bloom in the flower pot or soap box in the
+dingy window of the city poor, or in the square foot of earth of the
+city squatter, even if it be called Gingerbread Bells.
+
+I think we may safely affirm that the Hollyhock is the most popular, and
+most widely known, of all old-fashioned flowers. It is loved for its
+beauty, its associations, its adaptiveness. It is such a decorative
+flower, and looks of so much distinction in so many places. It is
+invaluable to the landscape gardener and to the architect; and might be
+named the wallflower, since it looks so well growing by every wall. I
+like it there, or by a fence-side, or in a corner, better than in the
+middle of flower beds. How many garden pictures have Hollyhocks? Sir
+Joshua Reynolds even used them as accessories of his portraits. They
+usually grow so well and bloom so freely. I have seen them in
+Connecticut growing wild--garden strays, standing up by ruined stone
+walls in a pasture with as much grace of grouping, as good form, as if
+they had been planted by our most skilful gardeners or architects. Many
+illustrations of them are given in this book; I need scarcely refer to
+them; opposite page 334 is shown a part of the four hundred stalks of
+rich bloom in a Portsmouth garden. There is a pretty semidouble
+Hollyhock with a single row of broad outer petals and a smaller double
+rosette for the centre; but the single flowers are far more effective. I
+like well the old single crimson flower, but the yellow ones are, I
+believe, the loveliest; a row of the yellow and white ones against an
+old brick wall is perfection. I can never repay to the Hollyhock the
+debt of gratitude I owe for the happy hours it furnished to me in my
+childhood. Its reflexed petals could be tied into such lovely
+silken-garbed dolls; its "cheeses" were one of the staple food supplies
+of our dolls' larder. I am sure in my childhood I would have warmly
+chosen the Hollyhock as my favorite flower.
+
+The sixty-two folk names of the Foxglove give ample proof of its
+closeness to humanity; it is a familiar flower, a home flower. Of these
+many names I never heard but two in New England, and those but once; an
+old Irish gardener called the flowers Fairy Thimbles, and an English
+servant, Pops--this from the well-known habit of popping the petals on
+the palm of the hand. We used to build little columns of these Foxgloves
+by thrusting one within another, alternating purple and white; and we
+wore them for gloves, and placed them as foolscaps on the heads of tiny
+dolls. The beauty of the Foxglove in the garden is unquestioned; the
+spires of white bloom are, as Cotton Mather said of a pious and painful
+Puritan preacher, "a shining and white light in a golden candlestick
+improved for the sweet felicity of Mankind and to the honour of our
+Maker."
+
+Opposite page 340 is a glimpse of a Box-edged garden in Worcester, whose
+blossoming has been a delight to me every summer of my entire life. In
+my childhood this home was that of flower-loving neighbors who had an
+established and constant system of exchange with my mother and other
+neighbors of flowers, plants, seeds, slips, and bulbs. The garden was
+serene with an atmosphere of worthy old age; you wondered how any man so
+old could so constantly plant, weed, prune, and hoe until you saw how he
+loved his flowers, and how his wife loved them. The Roses, Peonies, and
+Flower de Luce in this garden are sixty years old, and the Box also; the
+shrubs are almost trees. Nothing seems to be transplanted, yet all
+flourish; I suppose some plants must be pulled up, sometimes, else the
+garden would be a thicket. The varying grading of city streets has left
+this garden in a little valley sheltered from winds and open to the
+sun's rays. Here bloom Crocuses, Snowdrops, Grape Hyacinths, and
+sometimes Tulips, before any neighbor has a blossom and scarce a leaf.
+On a Sunday noon in April there are always flower lovers hanging over
+the low fences, and gazing at the welcome early blooms. Here if ever,
+
+    "Winter, slumbering in the open air,
+     Wears on his smiling face a dream of spring."
+
+A close cloud of Box-scent hangs over this garden, even in midwinter;
+sometimes the Box edgings grow until no one can walk between; then
+drastic measures have to be taken, and the rows look ragged for a time.
+
+[Illustration: An Autumn Path in a Worcester Garden.]
+
+I think much of my love of Box comes from happy associations with this
+garden. I used to like to go there with my mother when she went on what
+the Japanese would call "garden-viewing" visits, for at the lower end of
+the garden was a small orchard of the finest playhouse Apple trees I
+ever climbed (and I have had much experience), and some large trees
+bearing little globular early Pears; and there were rows of bushes of
+golden "Honeyblob" Gooseberries. The Apple trees are there still, but
+the Gooseberry bushes are gone. I looked for them this summer eagerly,
+but in vain; I presume the berries would have been sour had I found
+them.
+
+[Illustration: Hollyhocks at Tudor Place.]
+
+In many old New England gardens the close juxtaposition and even
+intermingling of vegetables and fruits with the flowers gave a sense of
+homely simplicity and usefulness which did not detract from the garden's
+interest, and added much to the child's pleasure. At the lower end of
+the long flower border in our garden, grew "Mourning Brides," white,
+pale lavender, and purple brown in tint. They opened under the shadow of
+a row of Gooseberry bushes. I seldom see Gooseberry bushes nowadays in
+any gardens, whether on farms or in nurseries; they seem to be an
+antiquated fruit.
+
+I have in my memory many other customs of childhood in the garden; some
+of them I have told in my book _Child Life in Colonial Days_, and there
+are scores more which I have not recounted, but most of them were
+peculiar to my own fanciful childhood, and I will not recount them here.
+
+One of the most exquisite of Mrs. Browning's poems is _The Lost Bower_;
+it is endeared to me because it expresses so fully a childish
+bereavement of my own, for I have a lost garden. Somewhere, in my
+childhood, I saw this beautiful garden, filled with radiant blossoms,
+rich with fruit and berries, set with beehives, rabbit hutches, and a
+dove cote, and enclosed about with hedges; and through it ran a purling
+brook--a thing I ever longed for in my home garden. All one happy summer
+afternoon I played in it, and gathered from its beds and borders at
+will--and I have never seen it since. When I was still a child I used to
+ask to return to it, but no one seemed to understand; and when I was
+grown I asked where it was, describing it in every detail, and the only
+answer was that it was a dream, I had never seen and played in such a
+garden. This lost garden has become to me an emblem, as was the lost
+bower to Mrs. Browning, of the losses of life; but I did not lose all;
+while memory lasts I shall ever possess the happiness of my childhood
+passed in our home garden.
+
+[Illustration: An Old Worcester Garden.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+MEETIN' SEED AND SABBATH DAY POSIES
+
+      "I touched a thought, I know
+     Has tantalized me many times.
+     Help me to hold it! First it left
+     The yellowing Fennel run to seed."
+
+    --ROBERT BROWNING.
+
+
+My "thought" is the association of certain flowers with Sunday; the fact
+that special flowers and leaves and seeds, Fennel, Dill, and
+Southernwood, were held to be fitting and meet to carry to the Sunday
+service. "Help me to hold it"--to record those simple customs of the
+country-side ere they are forgotten.
+
+In the herb garden grew three free-growing plants, all three called
+indifferently in country tongue, "meetin' seed." They were Fennel, Dill,
+and Caraway, and similar in growth and seed. Caraway is shown on page
+342. Their name was given because, in summer days of years gone by,
+nearly every woman and child carried to "meeting" on Sundays, bunches of
+the ripe seeds of one or all of these three plants, to nibble throughout
+the long prayers and sermon.
+
+It is fancied that these herbs were anti-soporific, but I find no record
+of such power. On the contrary, Galen says Dill "procureth sleep,
+wherefore garlands of Dill are worn at feasts." A far more probable
+reason for its presence at church was the quality assigned to it by
+Pliny and other herbalists down to Gerarde, that of staying the "yeox or
+hicket or hicquet," otherwise the hiccough. If we can judge by the
+manifold remedies offered to allay this affliction, it was certainly
+very prevalent in ancient times. Cotton Mather wrote a bulky medical
+treatise entitled _The Angel of Bethesda_. It was never printed; the
+manuscript is owned by the American Antiquarian Society. The character
+of this medico-religious book may be judged by this opening sentence of
+his chapter on the hiccough:--
+
+     "The Hiccough or the Hicox rather, for it's a Teutonic word that
+     signifies to sob, appears a Lively Emblem of the battle between the
+     Flesh and the Spirit in the Life of Piety. The Conflict in the
+     Pious Mind gives all the Trouble and same uneasiness as Hickox.
+     Death puts an end to the Conflict."
+
+[Illustration: Caraway.]
+
+Parson Mather gives Tansy and Caraway as remedies for the hiccough, but
+far better still--spiders, prepared in various odious ways; I prefer
+Dill.
+
+Peter Parley said that "a sprig of Fennel was the theological
+smelling-bottle of the tender sex, and not unfrequently of the men, who
+from long sitting in the sanctuary, after a week of labor in the field,
+found themselves tempted to sleep, would sometimes borrow a sprig of
+Fennel, to exorcise the fiend that threatened their spiritual welfare."
+
+Old-fashioned folk kept up a constant nibbling in church, not only of
+these three seeds, but of bits of Cinnamon or Lovage root, or, more
+commonly still, the roots of Sweet Flag. Many children went to
+brooksides and the banks of ponds to gather these roots. This pleasure
+was denied to us, but we had a Flag root purveyor, our milkman's
+daughter. This milkman, who lived on a lonely farm, used often to take
+with him on his daily rounds his little daughter. She sat with him on
+the front seat of his queer cart in summer and his queerer pung in
+winter, an odd little figure, with a face of gypsylike beauty which
+could scarcely be seen in the depths of the Shaker sunbonnet or pumpkin
+hood. If my mother chanced to see her, she gave the child an orange, or
+a few figs, or some little cakes, or almonds and raisins; in return the
+child would throw out to us violently roots of Sweet Flag, Wild Ginger,
+Snakeroot, Sassafras, and Apples or Pears, which she carried in a deep
+detached pocket at her side. She never spoke, and the milkman confided
+to my mother that he "took her around because she was so wild," by
+which he meant timid. We were firmly convinced that the child could not
+walk nor speak, and had no ears; and we were much surprised when she
+walked down the aisle of our church one Sunday as actively as any child
+could, displaying very natural ears. Her father had bought a home in the
+town that she might go to school. He was rewarded by her development
+into one of those scholars of phenomenal brilliancy, such as are
+occasionally produced from New England farmers' families. She also
+became a beauty of most unusual type. At her father's death she "went
+West." I have always expected to read of her as of marked life in some
+way, but I never have. Of course her family name may have been changed
+by marriage; but her Christian name, Appoline, was so unusual I could
+certainly trace her. If my wild and beautiful little milk girl reads
+these lines, I hope she will forgive me, for she certainly was queer.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial of Jonathan Fairbanks.]
+
+When her residence was in town, Appoline did not cease her gifts of
+country treasures. She brought on spring Sundays a very delightful
+addition to our Sabbath day nibblings and browsings, the most delicious
+mouthful of all the treasures of New England woods, what we called
+Pippins, the first tender leaves of the aromatic Checkerberry. In the
+autumn the spicy berries of the same plant filled many a paper
+cornucopia which was secretly conveyed to us.
+
+It was also a universal custom among the elder folk to carry a Sunday
+posy; the stems were discreetly enwrapped with the folded handkerchief
+which also concealed the sprig of Fennel. Dean Hole tells us that a
+sprig of Southernwood was always seen in the Sunday smocks of English
+farm folk. Mary Howitt, in her poem, _The Poor Man's Garden_, has this
+verse:--
+
+    "And here on Sabbath mornings
+     The goodman comes to get
+     His Sunday nosegay--Moss Rose bud,
+     White Pink, and Mignonette."
+
+This shows to me that the church posy was just as common in England as
+in America; in domestic and social customs we can never disassociate
+ourselves from England; our ways, our deeds, are all English.
+
+Thoreau noted with pleasure when, at the last of June, the young men of
+Concord "walked slowly and soberly to church, in their best clothes,
+each with a Pond Lily in his hand or bosom, with as long a stem as he
+could get." And he adds thereto almost the only decorous and
+conventional picture he gives of himself, that he used in early life to
+go thus to church, smelling a Pond Lily, "its odor contrasting with and
+atoning for that of the sermon." He associated this universal bearing of
+the Lily with a very natural act, that of the first spring swim and
+bath, and pictured with delight the quiet Sabbath stillness and the pure
+opening flowers. He said the flower had become typical to him equally of
+a Sunday morning swim and of church-going. He adds that the young women
+carried on this floral Sunday, as a companion flower, their first Rose.
+
+[Illustration: Bronze Sun-dial on Dutch Reformed Church. West End
+Avenue, New York.]
+
+This Sabbath bearing of the early Water Lilies may have been a local
+custom; a few miles from Walden Pond and Concord an old kinsman of mine
+throughout his long life (which closed twenty years ago) carried Water
+Lilies on summer Sundays to church; and starting with neighborly intent
+a short time before the usual hour of church service, he placed a
+single beautiful Lily in the pew of each of his old friends. All knew
+who was the flower bearer, and gentle smiles and nods of thanks would
+radiate across the old church to him. These lilies were gathered for him
+freshly each Sabbath morning by the young men of his family, who, as
+Thoreau tells, all took their morning bath in the pond throughout the
+summer.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial on Boulder, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania.]
+
+There were conventions in these Sunday posies. I never heard of carrying
+sprays of Lemon Verbena or Rose Geranium, or any of the strong-scented
+herbs of the Mint family; but throughout eastern Massachusetts,
+especially in Concord and Wayland, a favorite posy was a spray of the
+refreshing, soft-textured leaves from what country folk called the
+Tongue plant--which was none other than Costmary, also called Beaver
+tongue, and Patagonian mint. As there has been recently much interest
+and discussion anent this Tongue plant, I here give its botanical name
+_Chrysanthemum balsamita_, var. _tanacetoides_. A far more popular
+Sunday posy than any blossom was a sprig of Southernwood, known also
+everywhere as Lad's-love, and occasionally as Old Man and
+Kiss-me-quick-and-go. It was also termed Meeting plant from this
+universal Sunday use.
+
+A restless little child was once handed during the church services in
+summer a bunch of Caraway seeds, and a goodly sprig of Southernwood. The
+little girl's mother listened earnestly to the long sermon, and was
+horrified at its close to find that her child had eaten the entire bunch
+of Caraway, stems and seeds, and all the bitter Southernwood. She was
+hurried out of church to the village doctor's, and spent a very unhappy
+hour or two as the result of her Nebuchadnezzar-like gorging.
+
+Like many New Englanders, I dearly love the scent of Southernwood:--
+
+                  "I'll give to him
+    Who gathers me, more sweetness than he knows
+    Without me--more than any Lily could,
+    I, that am flowerless, being Southernwood."
+
+Southernwood bears a balmier breath than is ever borne by many blossoms,
+for it is sweet with the fragrance of memory. The scent that has been
+loved for centuries, the leaves that have been pressed to the hearts of
+fair maids, as they questioned of love, are indeed endeared.
+
+[Illustration: Buckthorn Arch in an Old Salem Garden.]
+
+Southernwood was a plant of vast powers. It was named in the fourteenth
+century as potent to cure talking in sleep, and other "vanityes of
+the heade." An old Salem sea captain had this recipe for baldness: "Take
+a quantitye of Suthernwoode and put it upon kindled coale to burn and
+being made into a powder mix it with oyl of radiches, and anoynt a bald
+head and you shall see great experiences." The lying old _Dispensatory_
+of Culpepper gave a rule to mix the ashes of Southernwood with "Old
+Sallet Oyl" which "helpeth those that are hair-fallen and bald."
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Emery Place, Brightwood, District of
+Columbia.]
+
+Far pleasanter were the uses of the plant as a love charm. Pliny did not
+disdain to counsel putting Southernwood under the pillow to make one
+dream of a lover. A sprig of Southernwood in an unmarried girl's shoe
+would bring to her the sight of her husband-to-be before night.
+
+Sixty years ago two young country folk of New England were married. The
+twain built them a house and established their home. Since a sprig of
+Southernwood had played a romantic part in their courtship, each planted
+a bush at the side of the broad doorstone; and the husband, William,
+often thrust a bit of this Lad's-love from the flourishing bushes in the
+buttonhole of his woollen shirt, for he fancied the fresh scent of the
+leaves.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Traveller's Rest.]
+
+The twain had no children, and perhaps therefrom grew and increased in
+Hetty a fairly passionate love of exact order and neatness in her
+home--a trait which is not so common in New England housewives as many
+fancy, and which does not always find equal growth and encouragement in
+New England husbands. William chafed under the frequent and bitter
+reproofs for the muddy shoes, dusty garments, hanging straws and seeds
+which he brought into his wife's orderly paradise, and the jarring
+culminated one night over such a trifle, a green sprig of Lad's-love
+which he had dropped and trodden into the freshly washed floor of the
+kitchen, where it left a green stain on the spotless boards.
+
+The quarrel flamed high, and was followed by an ominous calm which was
+not broken at breakfast. It would be impossible to express in words
+Hetty's emotions when she crossed her threshold to set her shining milk
+tins in the morning sunlight, and saw on one side of the doorstone a
+yawning hole where had grown for ten years William's bunch of
+Lad's-love. He had driven to the next village to sell some grain, so she
+could search unseen for the vanished emblem of domestic felicity, and
+soon she found it, in the ditch by the public road, already withered in
+the hot sun.
+
+When her husband went at nightfall to feed and water his cattle, he
+found the other bush of Lad's-love, which had been planted with such
+affectionate sentiment, trodden in the mire of the pigpen, under the
+feet of the swine.
+
+They lived together for thirty years after this crowning indignity. The
+grass grew green over the empty holes by the doorside, but he never
+forgave her, and they never spoke to each other save in direst
+necessity, and then in fewest words. Yet they were not wicked folk. She
+cared for his father and mother in the last years of their life with a
+devotion that was fairly pathetic when it was seen that the old man was
+untidy to a degree, and absolutely oblivious of all her orderly ways and
+wishes. At their death he sent for and "homed," as the expression ran, a
+brother of hers who was almost blind, and paid the expenses of her
+nephew through college--but he died unforgiving; the sight of that
+beloved Southernwood--in the pigpen--forever killed his affection.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+SUN-DIALS
+
+    "'Tis an old dial, dark with many a stain,
+     In summer crowned with drifting orchard bloom,
+     Tricked in the autumn with the yellow rain,
+     And white in winter like a marble tomb.
+
+    "And round about its gray, time-eaten brow
+     Lean letters speak--a worn and shattered row:--
+     'I am a Shade; A Shadowe too arte thou;
+     I mark the Time; saye, Gossip, dost thou soe?'"
+
+    --AUSTIN DOBSON.
+
+
+A century or more ago, in the heart of nearly all English gardens, and
+in the gardens of our American colonies as well, there might be seen a
+pedestal of varying material, shape, and pretension, surmounted by the
+most interesting furnishing in "dead-works" of the garden, a sun-dial.
+In public squares, on the walls of public buildings, on bridges, and by
+the side of the way, other and simpler dials were found. On the walls of
+country houses and churches vertical sun-dials were displayed; every
+English town held them by scores. In Scotland, and to some extent in
+England, these sun-dials still are found; in fine old gardens the most
+richly carved dials are standing; but in America they have become so
+rare that many people have never seen one. In many of the formal gardens
+planned by our skilled architects, sun-dials are now springing afresh
+like mushroom growth of a single night, and some are objects of the
+greatest beauty and interest.
+
+[Illustration: Two Old Cronies, the Sun-dial and Bee Skepe.]
+
+If the claims of antiquity and historical association have aught to
+charm us, every sun-dial must be assured of our interest. The most
+primitive mode of knowing of the midday hour was by a "noon mark," a
+groove cut or line drawn on door or window sill which indicated the
+meridian hour through a shadow thrown on this noon mark. A good guess as
+to the hours near noon could be made by noting the distance of the
+shadow from the noon mark. I chanced to be near an old noon mark this
+summer as the sun warned that noon approached; I noted that the marking
+shadow crossed the line at twenty minutes before noon by our
+watches--which, I suppose, was near enough to satisfy our "early to
+rise" ancestors. Meridian lines were often traced with exactness on the
+floors of churches in Continental Europe.
+
+An advance step in accuracy and elegance was made when a simple metal
+sun-dial was affixed to the window sill instead of cutting the rude noon
+mark. Soon the sun-dial was set on a simple pedestal near the kitchen
+window, so that the active worker within might glance at the dial face
+without ceasing in her task. Such a sun-dial is shown on page 354, as it
+stands under the "buttery" window cosily hobnobbing with its old crony
+of many years, the bee skepe. One could wish to be a bee, and live in
+that snug home under the Syringa bush.
+
+Portable sun-dials succeeded fixed dials; they have been known as long
+as the Christian era; shepherds' dials were the "Kalendars" or
+"Cylindres" about which treatises were written as early as the
+thirteenth century. They were small cylinders of wood or ivory, having
+at the top a kind of stopper with a hinged gnomon; they are still used
+in the Pyrenees. Pretty little "ring-dials" of brass, gold, or silver,
+are constructed on the same principle. The exquisitely wrought portable
+dial shown on this page is a very fine piece of workmanship, and must
+have been costly. It is dated 1764, and is eleven inches in diameter. It
+is a perfect example of the advanced type of dial made in Italy, which
+had a simpler form as early certainly as A.D. 300. The compass was added
+in the thirteenth century. The compass-needle is missing on this dial,
+its only blemish. The Italians excelled in dial-making; among their
+interesting forms were the cross-shaped dials evidently a reliquary.
+
+[Illustration: Portable Sun-dial.]
+
+Portable dials were used instead of watches. There is at the Washington
+headquarters at Morristown a delicately wrought oval silver case, with
+compass and sun-dial, which was carried by one of the French officers
+who came here with Lafayette; George Washington owned and carried one.
+
+The colonists came here from a land set with dials, whether they sailed
+from Holland or England. Charles I had a vast fancy for dials, and had
+them placed everywhere; the finest and most curious was the splendid
+master dial placed in his private gardens at Whitehall; this had five
+dials set in the upper part, four in the four corners, and a great
+horizontal concave dial; among these were scattered equinoctial dials,
+vertical dials, declining dials, polar dials, plane dials, cylindrical
+dials, triangular dials; each was inscribed with explanatory verses in
+Latin. Equally beautiful and intricate were the dials of Charles II, the
+most marvellous being the vast pyramid dial bearing 271 different dial
+faces.
+
+Those who wish to learn of English sun-dials should read Mrs. Gatty's
+_Book of Sun-dials_, a massive and fascinating volume. No such extended
+record could be made of American sun-dials; but it pleases me that I
+know of over two hundred sun-dials in America, chiefly old ones; that I
+have photographs of many of them; that I have copies of many hundred
+dial mottoes, and also a very fair collection of the old dial faces, of
+various metals and sizes.
+
+I know of no public collection of sun-dials in America save that in the
+Smithsonian Institution, and that is not a large one. Several of our
+Historical Societies own single sun-dials. In the Essex Institute is the
+sun-dial of Governor Endicott; another, shown on page 344, was once the
+property of my far-away grandfather, Jonathan Fairbanks; it is in the
+Dedham Historical Society.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Garden of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq.]
+
+All forms of sun-dials are interesting. A simple but accurate one was
+set on Robins Island by the late Samuel Bowne Duryea, Esq., of Brooklyn.
+Taking the flagpole of the club house as a stylus, he laid the lines and
+figures of the dial-face with small dark stones on a ground of
+light-hued stones, all set firmly in the earth at the base of the pole.
+Thus was formed, with the simplest materials, by one who ever strove to
+give pleasure and stimulate knowledge in all around him, an object which
+not only told the time o' the day, but afforded gratification, elicited
+investigation, and awakened sentiment in all who beheld it.
+
+A similar use of a vertical pole as a primitive gnomon for a sun-dial
+seems to have been common to many uncivilized peoples. In upper Egypt
+the natives set up a palm rod in open ground, and arrange a circle of
+stones or pegs around it, calling it an _alka_, and thus mark the hours.
+The ploughman leaves his buffalo standing in the furrow while he learns
+the progress of time from this simple dial--and we recall the words of
+Job, "As a servant earnestly desireth a shadow."
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Morristown, New Jersey.]
+
+The Labrador Indians, when on the hunt or the march, set an upright
+stick or spear in the snow, and draw the line of the shadow thus cast.
+They then stalk on their way; and the women, heavily laden with
+provisions, shelter, and fuel, come slowly along two or three hours
+later, note the distance between the present shadow and the line drawn
+by their lords, and know at once whether they must gather up the stick
+or spear and hurry along, or can rest for a short time on their weary
+march. This is a primitive but exact chronometer.
+
+There are serious objections to quoting from Charles Lamb: you are never
+willing to end the transcription--you long to add just one phrase, one
+clause more. Then, too, the purity of the pearl which you choose seems
+to render duller than their wont the leaden sentences with which you
+enclose it as a setting. Still, who could write of sun-dials without
+choosing to transcribe these words of Lamb's?
+
+     "What a dead thing is a clock, with its ponderous embowelments of
+     lead or brass, its pert or solemn dulness of communication,
+     compared with the simple altar-like structure and silent
+     heart-language of the old dial! It stood as the garden god of
+     Christian gardens. Why is it almost everywhere banished? If its
+     business use be suspended by more elaborate inventions, its moral
+     uses, its beauty, might have pleaded for its continuance. It spoke
+     of moderate labors, of pleasures not protracted after sunset, of
+     temperance and good hours. It was the primitive clock, the horologe
+     of the first world. Adam could scarce have missed it in Paradise.
+     The 'shepherd carved it out quaintly in the sun,' and turning
+     philosopher by the very occupation, provided it with mottoes more
+     touching than tombstones."
+
+[Illustration: Yes, Toby! It's Three O'clock.]
+
+Sun-dial mottoes still can be gathered by hundreds; and they are one
+record of a force in the development of our literate people. For it was
+long after we had printing ere we had any general class of folk, who, if
+they could read, read anything save the Bible. To many the knowledge of
+reading came from the deciphering of what has been happily termed the
+Literature of the Bookless. This literature was placed that he who ran
+might read; and its opening chapters were in the form of inscriptions
+and legends and mottoes which were placed, not only on buildings and
+walls, and pillars and bridges, but on household furniture and table
+utensils.
+
+The inscribing of mottoes on sun-dials appears to have sprung up with
+dial-making; and where could a strict moral lesson, a suggestive or
+inspiring thought, be better placed? Even the most heedless or
+indifferent passer-by, or the unwilling reader could not fail to see the
+instructive words when he cast his glance to learn the time.
+
+The mottoes were frequently in Latin, a few in Greek or Hebrew; but the
+old English mottoes seem the most appealing.
+
+    ABUSE ME NOT I DO NO ILL
+    I STAND TO SERVE THEE WITH GOOD WILL
+    AS CAREFUL THEN BE SURE THOU BE
+    TO SERVE THY GOD AS I SERVE THEE.
+
+    A CLOCK THE TIME MAY WRONGLY TELL
+    I NEVER IF THE SUN SHINE WELL.
+
+    AS A SHADOW SUCH IS LIFE.
+
+    I COUNT NONE BUT SUNNY HOURS.
+
+    BE THE DAY WEARY, BE THE DAY LONG
+    SOON IT SHALL RING TO EVEN SONG.
+
+Scriptural verses have ever been favorites, especially passages from the
+Psalms: "Man is like a thing of nought, his time passeth away like a
+shadow." "My time is in Thy hand." "Put not off from day to day." "Oh,
+remember how short my time is." Some of the Latin mottoes are very
+beautiful.
+
+[Illustration: Face of Dial at Sag Harbor, Long Island.]
+
+Poets have written special verses for sun-dials. These noble lines are
+by Walter Savage Landor:--
+
+    IN HIS OWN IMAGE THE CREATOR MADE,
+    HIS OWN PURE SUNBEAM QUICKENED THEE, O MAN!
+    THOU BREATHING DIAL! SINCE THE DAY BEGAN
+    THE PRESENT HOUR WAS EVER MARKED WITH SHADE.
+
+The motto, _Horas non numero nisi serenas_, in various forms and
+languages, has ever been a favorite. From an old album I have received
+this poem written by Professor S. F. B. Morse; there is a note with it
+in Professor Morse's handwriting, saying he saw the motto on a sun-dial
+at Worms:--
+
+    TO A. G. E.
+
+    _Horas non numero nisi serenas._
+
+    The sun when it shines in a clear cloudless sky
+      Marks the time on my disk in figures of light;
+    If clouds gather o'er me, unheeded they fly,
+      I note not the hours except they be bright.
+
+    So when I review all the scenes that have past
+      Between me and thee, be they dark, be they light,
+    I forget what was dark, the light I hold fast;
+      I note not the hours except they be bright.
+
+    SAMUEL F. B. MORSE,
+    Washington, March, 1845.
+
+The sun-dial seems too classic an object, and too serious a teacher, to
+bear a jesting motto. This sober pun was often seen:--
+
+    LIFE'S BUT A SHADOWE
+      MAN'S BUT DUST
+    THIS DYALL SAYES
+      DY ALL WE MUST.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Garden of Grace Church Rectory, New York.]
+
+The sun-dial does not lure to "idle dalliance." Nine-tenths of the
+sun-dial mottoes tersely warn you not to linger, to haste away, that
+time is fleeting, and your hours are numbered, and therefore to "be
+about your business." In a single moment and at a single glance the
+sun-dial has said its lesson, has told its absolute message, and there
+is no reason for you to gaze at it longer. Its very position, too, in
+the unshaded rays of the sun, does not invite you to long companionship,
+as do the shady lengths of a pergola, or a green orchard seat. Still, I
+would ever have a garden seat near a sun-dial, especially when it is a
+work of art to be studied, and with mottoes to be remembered. For even
+in hurrying America the sun-dial seems--like a guide-post--a half-human
+thing, for which we can feel an almost personal interest.
+
+[Illustration: Fugio Bank-note.]
+
+The figure of a sun-dial played an interesting part in the early history
+of the United States. In the first set of notes issued for currency by
+the American Congress was one for the value of one third of a dollar.
+One side has the chain of links bearing the names of the thirteen
+states, enclosing a sunburst bearing the words, _American Congress, We
+are One_. The reverse side is shown on this page. It bears a print of a
+sun-dial, with the motto, _Fugio, Mind Your Business_. The so-called
+"Franklin cent" has a similar design of a sun-dial with the same motto,
+and there was a beautiful "Fugio dollar" cast in silver, bronze, and
+pewter. Though this design and motto were evidently Franklin's taste,
+the motto in its use on a sun-dial was not original with Franklin, nor
+with any one else in the Congress, for it had been seen on dials on many
+English churches and houses. In the form, "Begone about Your Business,"
+it was on a house in the Inner Temple; this is the tradition of the
+origin of this motto. The dialler sent for a motto to place under the
+dial, as he had been instructed by the Benchers; when the man arrived at
+the Library, he found but one surly old gentleman poring over a musty
+book. To him he said, "Please, sir, the gentlemen told me to call this
+hour for a motto for the sun-dial." "Begone about your business," was
+the testy answer. So the man painted the words under the dial; and the
+chance words seemed so appropriate to the Benchers that they were never
+removed. It is told of Dean Cotton of Bangor that he had a cross old
+gardener who always warded off unwelcome visitors to the deanery by
+saying to every one who approached, "Go about your business!" After the
+gardener's death the dean had this motto engraved around the sun-dial in
+the garden, "Goa bou tyo urb us in ess, 1838." Thus the gardener's growl
+became his epitaph. Another form was, "Be about Your Business," and it
+is a suggestive fact that it was on a dial on the General Post-office in
+London in 1756. Franklin's interest in and knowledge of postal matters,
+his long residence in London, and service under the crown as American
+postmaster general, must have familiarized him with this dial, and I am
+convinced it furnished to him the notion for the design on the first
+bank-note and coins of the new nation.
+
+An interesting bit of history allied to America is given to us in the
+finding of a sun-dial which gives to American students of heraldic
+antiquities another dated shield of the Washington "stars and stripes."
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at "Washington House," Little Brington,
+England.]
+
+In Little Brington, Northamptonshire, stands a house known as "The
+Washington House," which gave shelter to the Washingtons of Sulgrave
+after the fall of their fortunes. Within a stone's throw of the house
+has recently been found a sun-dial having the Washington arms (argent)
+two bars, and in chief three mullets (gules) carved upon it, with the
+date 1617. The existence of this stone has been known for forty years;
+but it has never been closely examined and noted till recently. It is a
+circular slab of sandstone three inches thick and sixteen inches in
+diameter. The gnomon is lacking. The lines, figures, and shield are
+incised, and the letters R. W. can be dimly seen. These were probably
+the initials of Robert Washington, great uncle of the two emigrants to
+Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: Dial-face from Mount Vernon.]
+
+Through the kindness of Mr. A. L. Y. Morley, a faithful antiquary of
+Great Barrington, I have the pleasure of giving, on page 367, a
+representation of this interesting dial. It is shown leaning against
+the "pump-stand" in the yard of the "Washington House"; and the pump
+seems as ancient as the dial.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, Virginia.]
+
+In this book are three other sun-dials associated with George
+Washington. At Mount Vernon there stands at the front of the entrance
+door a modern sun-dial. The fine old metal dial-face, about ten inches
+in diameter, which in Washington's day was placed on the same site, is
+now the property of Mr. William F. Havemeyer, Jr., of New York. It was
+given to him by Mr. Custis; a picture of it is shown on page 368. This
+dial-face is a splendid relic; one closely associated with Washington's
+everyday life, and full of suggestion and sentiment to every thoughtful
+beholder. The sun-dial which stood in the old Fredericksburg garden of
+Mary Washington, the mother of George Washington, still stands in
+Fredericksburg, in the grounds of Mr. Doswell. A photograph of it is
+reproduced on page 369. The fourth historic dial is on page 371. It is
+the one at Kenmore, the home built by Fielding Lewis for his bride,
+Betty Washington, the sister of George Washington, on ground adjoining
+her mother's home. A part of the garden which connected these two
+Washington homes is shown on page 228. These three American sun-dials
+afford an interesting proof of the universal presence of sun-dials in
+Virginian homes of wealth, and they also show the kind of dial-face
+which was generally used. Another ancient dial (page 350) at Travellers'
+Rest, a near-by Virginian country seat, is similar in shape to these
+three, and differs but little in mounting.
+
+In Pennsylvania and Virginia sun-dials have lingered in use in front of
+court-houses, on churches, and in a few old garden dials. In New England
+I scarcely know an old garden dial still standing in its original place
+on its original pedestal. Four old ones of brass or pewter are shown in
+the illustration on page 379. These once stood in New England gardens or
+on the window sills of old houses; one was taken from a sunny window
+ledge to give to me.
+
+Perhaps the attention paid the doings of the American Philosophical
+Society, and the number of scientists living near Philadelphia, may
+account for the many sun-dials set up in the vicinity of the town.
+Godfrey, the maker of Godfrey's Quadrant, was one of those scientific
+investigators, and must have been a famous "dialler."
+
+[Illustration: Kenmore, the Home of Betty Washington Lewis.]
+
+On page 373 is shown an ancient sun-dial in the garden of Charles F.
+Jenkins, Esq., in Germantown, Pennsylvania. This sun-dial originally
+belonged to Nathan Spencer, who lived in Germantown prior to and during
+the Revolutionary War. Hepzibah Spencer, his daughter, married, and took
+the sun-dial to Byberry. Her daughter carried the sun-dial to Gwynedd
+when her name was changed to Jenkins; and their grandson, the present
+owner, rescued it from the chicken house with the gnomon missing, which
+was afterward found. Its inscription, "Time waits for No Man," is an old
+punning device on the word gnomon.
+
+At one time dialling was taught by many a country schoolmaster, and
+excellent and accurate sun-dials were made and set up by country
+workmen, usually masons of slight education. In Scotland the making of
+sun-dials has never died out. In America many pewter sun-dials were cast
+in moulds of steatite or other material. A few dial-makers still remain;
+one in lower New York makes very interesting-looking sun-dials of brass,
+which, properly discolored and stained, find a ready sale in uptown
+shops. I doubt if these are ever made for any special geographical
+point, but there is in a small Pennsylvania town an old Quaker who makes
+carefully calculated and accurate sun-dials, computed by logarithms for
+special places. I should like to see him "sit like a shepherd carving
+out dials, quaintly point by point." I have a very pretty circular brass
+dial of his making, about eight inches in diameter. He writes me that
+"the dial sent thee is a good students' dial, fit to set outside the
+window for a young man to use and study by in college," which would
+indicate to me that my Quaker dialler knows another type of collegian
+from those of my acquaintance, who would find the time set by a sun-dial
+rather slow.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial in Garden of Charles F. Jenkins, Esq.,
+Germantown, Pennsylvania.]
+
+There have been those who truly loved sun-dials. Sir William Temple
+ordered that after his death his heart should be buried under the
+sun-dial in his garden--where his heart had been in life. 'Tis not
+unusual to see a sun-dial over the gate to a burial ground, and a noble
+emblem it is in that place; one at Mount Auburn Cemetery, near Boston,
+bears a pleasing motto written originally by John G. Whittier for his
+friend, Dr. Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, and inscribed on a beautiful
+silver sun-dial now owned by Dr. Vincent Y. Bowditch of Boston,
+Massachusetts. A facsimile of this dial was also placed before the Manor
+House on the island of Naushon by Mr. John M. Forbes in memory of Dr.
+Bowditch. The lines run thus:--
+
+    WITH WARNING HAND I MARK TIME'S RAPID FLIGHT
+    FROM LIFE'S GLAD MORNING TO ITS SOLEMN NIGHT.
+    YET, THROUGH THE DEAR GOD'S LOVE I ALSO SHOW
+    THERE'S LIGHT ABOVE ME, BY THE SHADE BELOW.
+
+A sun-dial is to me, in many places, a far more inspiring memorial than
+a monument or tablet. Let me give as an example the fine sun-dial,
+designed by W. Gedney Beatty, Esq., and shown on page 359, which was
+erected on the grounds of the Memorial Hospital at Morristown, New
+Jersey, by the Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, to
+mark the spot where Washington partook of the Communion.
+
+What dignified and appropriate church appointments sun-dials are. A
+simple and impressive bronze vertical dial on the wall of the Dutch
+Reformed Church on West End Avenue, New York, is shown on page 346. The
+sun-dial standing before the rectory of Grace Church on Broadway, New
+York, is on page 364.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Ophir Farm, White Plains, New York,
+Country-seat of Hon. Whitelaw Reid.]
+
+There is ever much question as to a suitable pedestal for garden
+sun-dials: it must not stand so high that the dial-face cannot be looked
+down upon by grown persons; it must not be so light as to seem rickety,
+nor so heavy as to be clumsy. A very good rule is to err on the side of
+simplicity in sun-dials for ordinary gardens. What I regard as a very
+satisfactory pedestal and mounting in every particular may be seen in
+the illustration facing page 80, showing the sun-dial in the garden of
+Charles E. Mather, Esq., at Avonwood Court, Haverford, Pennsylvania.
+Sometimes the pillars of old balustrades, old fence posts, and even
+parts of old tombs and monuments, have been used as pedestals for
+sun-dials. How pleasantly Sylvana in her _Letters to an Unknown Friend_,
+tells us and shows to us her cheerful sun-dial mounted on the four
+corners of an old tombstone with this fine motto cut into the upper
+step, _Lux et umbra vicissim sed semper amor_. I mean to search the
+stone-cutters' waste heap this summer and see whether I cannot rob the
+grave to mark the hours of my life. Charles Dickens had at Gadshill a
+sun-dial set on one of the pillars of the balustrade of Old Rochester
+Bridge. From Italy and Greece marble pillars have been sent from ancient
+ruins to be set up as dial pedestals.
+
+If possible, the pedestal as well as the dial-face of a handsome
+sun-dial should have some significance through association, suggestion,
+or history. At Ophir Farm, White Plains, New York, the country-seat of
+Hon. Whitelaw Reid, may be seen a sun-dial full of exquisite
+significance. It is shown on page 375. The signs of the Zodiac in finely
+designed bronze are set on the symmetrical marble pedestal, and seem
+wonderfully harmonious and appropriate. This sun-dial is a literal
+exemplification of the words of Emerson:--
+
+              "A calendar
+    Exact to days, exact to hours,
+    Counted on the spacious dial
+    Yon broidered Zodiac girds."
+
+The dial-face is upheld by a carefully modelled tortoise in bronze,
+which is an equally suggestive emblem, connected with the tradition,
+folk-lore, and religious beliefs of both primitive and cultured peoples;
+it is specially full of meaning in this place. The whole sun-dial shows
+much thought and aesthetic perception in the designer and owner, and
+cannot fail to prove gratifying to all observers having either
+sensibility or judgment.
+
+Occasionally a very unusual and beautiful sun-dial standard may be seen,
+like the one in the Rose garden at Yaddo, Saratoga, New York, a copy of
+rarely beautiful Pompeian carvings. A representation of this is shown on
+page 86. Copies of simpler antique carvings make excellent sun-dial
+pedestals; a safe rule to follow is to have a reproduction made of some
+well-proportioned English or Scotch pedestal. The latter are well suited
+to small gardens. I have drawings of several Scotch sun-dials and
+pedestals which would be charming in American gardens. In the gardens at
+Hillside, by the side of the Shakespeare Border is a sun-dial (page 378)
+which is an exact reproduction of the one in the garden at Abbotsford,
+the home of Sir Walter Scott. This pedestal is suited to its
+surroundings, is well proportioned; and has historic interest. It forms
+an excellent example of Charles Lamb's "garden-altar."
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial at Hillside, Menand's, near Albany, New York.]
+
+On a lawn or in any suitable spot the dial-face can be mounted on a
+boulder; one is here shown. I prefer a pedestal. For gardens of limited
+size, much simplicity of design is more pleasing and more fitting than
+any elaborate carving. In an Italian garden, or in any formal garden
+whose work in stone or marble is costly and artistic, the sun-dial
+pedestal should be the climax in richness of carving of all the garden
+furnishing. I like the pedestal set on a little platform, so two or
+three steps may be taken up to it from the garden level; but after all,
+no rules can be given for the dial's setting. It may be planted with
+vines, or stand unornamented; it may be set low, and be looked down
+upon, or it may be raised high up on a side wall; but wherever it is, it
+must not be for a single minute in shadow; no trees or overhanging
+shrubs should be near it; it is a child of the sun, and lives only in
+the sun's full rays.
+
+[Illustration: Old Brass and Pewter Dial-faces.]
+
+In the lovely old garden at the home of Frederick J. Kingsbury, Esq., at
+Waterbury, Conn., is a sun-dial bearing the motto, "_Horas non numero
+nisi serenas_," and the dates 1739-1751,--the dates of the building of
+the old and new houses on land that has been in the immediate family
+since 1739. Around this dial is a crescent-shaped bed of Zinnias, and
+very satisfactory do they prove. This garden has fine Box edgings; one
+is shown on page 173, a Box walk, set in 1851 with ancient Box brought
+from the garden of Mr. Kingsbury's great-great-grandfather.
+
+The gnomon of a sun-dial is usually a simple plate of metal in the
+general shape of a right-angled triangle, cut often in some pierced
+design, and occasionally inscribed with a motto, name, or date.
+Sometimes the dial-maker placed on the gnomon various Masonic
+symbols--the compass, square, and triangle, or the coat of arms of the
+dial owner.
+
+One old English dial fitting we have never copied in America. It was the
+taste of the days of the Stuart kings, days of constant jesting and
+amusement and practical jokes. Concealed water jets were placed which
+wet the clothing of the unwary one who lingered to consult the
+dial-face.
+
+The significance of the sun-dial, as well as its classicism, was sure to
+be felt by artists. In the paintings of Holbein, of Albert Duerer, dials
+may be seen, not idly painted, but with symbolic meaning. The mystic
+import of a sun-dial is shown in full effect in that perfect picture,
+_Beata Beatrix_, by Dante Gabriel Rossetti. I have chosen to show here
+(facing page 380) the _Beata Beatrix_ owned by Charles L. Hutchinson,
+Esq., of Chicago, as being less photographed and known than the one of
+the British Gallery, from which it varies slightly and also because it
+has the beautiful predella. In this picture, in the words of its
+poet-painter:--
+
+    "Love's Hour stands.
+            Its eyes invisible
+     Watch till the dial's thin brown shade
+     Be born--yea, till the journeying line be laid
+     Upon the point."
+
+[Illustration: Beata Beatrix.]
+
+Andrew Marvell wrote two centuries ago of the floral sun-dials which
+were the height of the gardening mode of his day:--
+
+      "How well the skilful gardener drew
+       Of flowers and herbs this dial new.
+       When from above the milder sun
+       Does through a fragrant zodiac run;
+       And as it works the industrious bee
+       Computes its time as well as we!
+    How could such sweet and wholesome hours
+    Be reckoned but with herbs and flowers!"
+
+These were sometimes set of diverse flowers, sometimes of Mallows. Two
+of growing Box are described and displayed in the chapter on Box
+edgings.
+
+[Illustration: The Faithful Gardener.]
+
+Linnaeus made a list of forty-six flowers which constituted what he
+termed the Horologe or Watch of Flora, and he gave what he called their
+exact hours of rising and setting. He divided them into three classes:
+Meteoric, Tropical, and Equinoctial flowers. Among those which he named
+are:--
+
+  ===========================================================
+                             | OPENING HOUR. | CLOSING HOUR.
+  -----------------------------------------------------------
+  Dandelion                  |    5-6 A.M.   |    8-9 P.M.
+  Mouse-ear Hawkweed         |      8 A.M.   |      2 P.M.
+  Sow Thistle                |      5 A.M.   |  11-12 P.M.
+  Yellow Goat-beard          |    3-5 A.M.   |   9-10 (?)
+  White Water Lily           |      7 A.M.   |      7 P.M.
+  Day Lily                   |      5 A.M.   |    7-8 P.M.
+  Convolvulus                |    5-6 A.M.   |
+  Mallow                     |   9-10 A.M.   |
+  Pimpernel                  |    7-8 A.M.   |
+  Portulaca                  |   9-10 A.M.   |
+  Pink (_Dianthus prolifer_) |      8 A.M.   |      1 P.M.
+  Succory                    |    4-5 A.M.   |
+  Calendula                  |      7 A.M.   |    3-4 P.M.
+  ===========================================================
+
+Of course these hours would vary in this country. And I must say very
+frankly that I think we should always be behind time if we trusted to
+Flora's Horologe. This floral clock of Linnaeus was calculated for
+Upsala, Sweden; De Candolle gave another for Paris, and one has been
+arranged for our Eastern states.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+GARDEN FURNISHINGS
+
+     "Furnished with whatever may make the place agreeable, melancholy,
+     and country-like."
+
+     --_Forest Trees_, JOHN EVELYN, 1670.
+
+
+Quaint old books of garden designers show us that much more was
+contained in a garden two centuries ago, than now; it had many more
+adjuncts, more furnishings; a very full list of them has been given by
+Batty Langley in his _New Principles of Gardening_, etc., 1728. Some
+seem amusing--as haystacks and woodpiles, which he terms "rural
+enrichments." Of water adornments there were to be purling streams,
+basins, canals, fountains, cascades, cold baths. There were to be
+aviaries, hare warrens, pheasant grounds, partridge grounds, dove-cotes,
+beehives, deer paddocks, sheep walks, cow pastures, and "manazeries"
+(menageries?); physic gardens, orchards, bowling-greens, hop gardens,
+orangeries, melon grounds, vineyards, parterres, fruit yards, nurseries,
+sun-dials, obelisks, statues, cabinets, etc., decorated the garden
+walks. There were to be land gradings of mounts, winding valleys, dales,
+terraces, slopes, borders, open plains, labyrinths, wildernesses,
+"serpentine meanders," "rude-coppices," precipices, amphitheatres. His
+"serpentine meanders" had large opening spaces at proper distances, in
+one of which might be placed a small fruit garden, a "cone of
+evergreens," or a "Paradice-Stocks,"--about which latter mysterious
+garden adornment I think we must be content to remain in ignorance,
+since he certainly has given us ample variety to choose from without it.
+
+Other "landscapists" placed in their gardens old ruins, misshapen rocks,
+and even dead trees, in order to look "natural."
+
+In 1608 Henry Ballard brought out _The Gardener's Labyrinth_--a pretty
+good book, shut away from the most of us by being printed in black
+letter. He says:--
+
+     "The framing of sundry herbs delectable, with waies and allies
+     artfully devised is an upright herbar."
+
+Herbars, or arbors, were of two kinds: an upright arbor, which was
+merely a covered lean-to attached to a fence or wall; and a winding or
+"arch-arbor" standing alone. He names "archherbs," which are simply
+climbing vines to set "winding in arch-manner on withie poles." "Walker
+and sitters there-under" are thereby comfortably protected from the heat
+of the sun. These upright arbors were in high favor; Ballard says they
+offered "fragrant savours, delectable sights, and sharpening of the
+memory."
+
+[Illustration: A Garden Lyre at Waterford, Virginia.]
+
+Tree arbors were in use in Elizabethan times, platforms built in the
+branches of large trees. Parkinson called one that would hold fifty men,
+"the goodliest spectacle that ever his eyes beheld." A distinction was
+made between arbors and bowers. The arbor might be round or square, and
+was domed over the top; while the long arched way was a bower. In our
+Southern states that special use of the word bower is still universal,
+especially in the term Rose bowers. A quaint and universal furnishing of
+old Southern gardens were the trellises known as garden lyres. Two are
+shown in this chapter, from Waterford, Virginia; one bearing little
+foliage and another embowered in vines, in order to show what a really
+good vine support they were. Garden lyres and Rose bowers are rotting on
+the ground in old Virginia gardens, and I fear they will never be
+replaced.
+
+The word pergola was seldom heard here a century ago, save as used by
+the few who had travelled in Italy; but pergolas were to be found in
+many an old American garden. An ancient oval pergola still stands at
+Arlington, that beautiful spot which was once the home of the Virginia
+Lees, and is now the home of the honored dead of our Civil War. This old
+pergola has remained unharmed through fierce conflict, and is wreathed
+each spring with the verdure of vines of many kinds. It is twenty feet
+wide between the pillars, and forms an oval one hundred feet long and
+seventy wide, and when in full greenery is a lovely thing. It was
+called--indeed it is still termed in the South--a "green gallery," a
+word and thing of mediaeval days.
+
+[Illustration: A Virginia Lyre with Vines.]
+
+There are many pretty trellises and vine supports and arbors which can
+be made of light poles and rails, but I do not like to hear the
+pretentious name, pergola, applied to them. A pergola must not be a
+mean, light-built affair. It should be of good proportions and
+substantial materials. It need not be made with brick or marble pillars;
+natural tree trunks of good size serve as well. It should look as if it
+had been built with care and stability, and that the vines had been
+planted and trained by skilled gardeners. A pergola may have a
+dilapidated Present and be endurable; but it should show evidences of a
+substantial Past.
+
+Little sisters of the pergola are the _charmilles_, or bosquets, arches
+of growing trees, whose interlaced boughs have no supports of wood as
+have the pergolas. When these arches are carefully trained and pruned,
+and the ground underneath is laid with turf or gravel, they form a
+delightful shady walk.
+
+Charming covered ways can be easily made by polling and training Plum or
+Willow trees. Arches are far too rare in American gardens. The few we
+have are generally old ones. In Mrs. Pierson's garden in Salem the
+splendid arch of Buckthorn is a hundred and twenty five years old.
+Similar ones are at Indian Hill. Cedar was an old choice for hedges and
+arches. It easily winter-kills at the base, and that is ample reason for
+its rejection and disuse.
+
+The many garden seats of the old English garden were perhaps its chief
+feature in distinction from American garden furnishings to-day. In a
+letter written from Kenilworth in 1575 the writer told of garden seats
+where he sat in the heat of summer, "feeling the pleasant whisking
+wynde." I have walked through many a large modern garden in the summer
+heat, and longed in vain for a shaded seat from which to regard for a
+few moments the garden treasures and feel the whisking wind, and would
+gladly have made use of the temporary presence of a wheelbarrow.
+
+[Illustration: Old Iron Gate at Westover-on-James.]
+
+Seats of marble and stone are in many of our modern formal gardens; a
+pretty one is in the garden at Avonwood Court.
+
+Grottoes, arbors, and summer-houses were all of importance in those
+days, when in our latitude and climate men had not thought to build
+piazzas surrounding the house and shadowing all the ground floor rooms.
+We are beginning to think anew of the value of sunlight in the parlors
+and dining rooms of our summer homes, which for the past thirty or forty
+years have been so darkened by our wide piazzas. Now we have fewer
+piazzas and more peristyles, and soon we shall have summer-houses and
+garden houses also.
+
+There are preserved in the South, in spite of war and earthquake, a
+number of fine examples of old wrought-iron garden gates. King William
+of England introduced these artistic gates into England, and they were
+the height of garden fashion. Among them were the beautiful gates still
+at Hampton Court, and those of Bulwich, Northamptonshire. They were
+called _clair-voyees_ on account of the uninterrupted view they
+permitted to those without and within the walls. These were often
+painted blue; but in America they were more sober of tint, though
+portions were gilded. One of the old gates at Westover-on-James is here
+shown, and on page 390 the rich wrought-iron work in the courtyard at
+the home of Colonel Colt in Bristol, Rhode Island. This is as fine as
+the house, and that is a splendid example of the best work of the first
+years of the nineteenth century.
+
+Fountains were seen usually in handsome gardens in the South; simple
+water jets falling in a handsome basin of marble or stone. Statuary of
+marble or lead was never common in old American gardens, though
+pretentious gardens had examples. To-day, in our carefully thought-out
+gardens, the garden statuary is a thing of beauty and often of meaning,
+as the figure shown on page 84. Usually our statues are of marble,
+sometimes a Japanese bronze is seen.
+
+[Illustration: Iron-work in Court of Colt Mansion, Bristol, Rhode
+Island.]
+
+In the old black letter _Gardener's Labyrinth_, a very full description
+is given of old modes of watering a garden. There was a primitive and
+very limited system of irrigation, the water being raised by
+"well-swipes"; there were very handy puncheons, or tubs on wheels, which
+could be trundled down the garden walk. There was also a formidable
+"Great Squirt of Tin," which was said to take "mighty strength" to
+handle, and which looked like a small cannon; with it was an ingenious
+bent tube of tin by which the water could be thrown in "great droppes"
+like a fountain. The author says of ordinary means of garden watering:--
+
+     "The common Watring Pot with us hath a narrow Neck, a Big Belly,
+     Somewhat large Bottome, and full of little holes with a proper hole
+     forced in the head to take in the water; which filled full and the
+     Thumbe laid on the hole to keep in the aire may in such wise be
+     carried in handsome Manner."
+
+Garden tools have changed but little since Tudor days; spade and rake
+were like ours to-day, so were dibble and mattock. Even grafting and
+pruning tools, shown in books of husbandry, were surprisingly like our
+own. Scythes were much heavier and clumsier. An old fellow is here shown
+sharpening in the ancient manner a scythe about three hundred years old.
+
+The art of grafting, known since early days, formed an important part of
+the gardener's craft. Large share of ancient garden treatises is devoted
+to minute instructions therein. To this day in New England towns a good
+grafter is a local autocrat.
+
+[Illustration: Summer-house at Ravensworth.]
+
+Beehives were once found in every garden; bee-skepes they were called
+when made of straw. Picturesque and homely were the old straw beehives,
+and still are they used in England; the old one shown in the chapter on
+sun-dials can scarcely be mated in America. They served as a
+conventional emblem of industry. They were made of welts or ropes of
+twisted straw, as were the heavy winnowing skepes once used for
+winnowing grain. In Maine, in a few out-of-the-way communities, ancient
+men still winnow grain with these skepes. I saw a man last autumn, a
+giant in stature, standing in a dull light on the crown of a hill
+winnowing wheat in one of these great skepes with an indescribably
+free and noble gesture. He was a classic, a relic of Homer's age, no
+longer a farmer, but a husbandman. Bees and honey were of much value in
+ancient days. Honey was the chief ingredient in many wholesome and
+pleasing drinks--mead, metheglin, bragget (or braket), morat,
+erboule--all very delightful in their ingredients, redolent of meadows
+and hedge-rows; thus Cowslip mead was made of Cowslip "pips," honey,
+Lemon juice, and "a handful of Sweetbrier." "Athol porridge," demure of
+name, was as potent as pleasing--potent as good honey, good cream, and
+good whiskey could make it.
+
+[Illustration: Sharpening the Old Dutch Scythe.]
+
+Rows of typical Southern beehives are shown in the two succeeding
+illustrations. From their home by the side of a White Rose and under an
+old Sweet Apple tree these Waterford bees did not wish to swarm out in a
+hurry to find a new home. These beehives are not very ancient in shape,
+but when I see a row of them set thus under the trees, or in a
+hive-shelter, they seem to tell of olden days. The very bees flying in
+and out seem steady-going, respectable old fellows. Such hives have a
+cosy look, with rows of Hollyhocks behind them, and hundreds of spires
+of Larkspur for these old bees to bury their heads in.
+
+[Illustration: Beehives at Waterford, Virginia.]
+
+The sadly picturesque old superstition of "telling the bees" of a death
+in a family and hanging a bit of black cloth on the hives as a
+mourning-weed still is observed in some country communities. Whittier's
+poem on the subject is wonderfully "countrified" in atmosphere, using
+the word chore-girl, so seldom heard even in familiar speech to-day and
+never found in verse elsewhere than in this rustic poem. I saw one
+summer in Narragansett, on Stony Lane, not far from the old
+Six-Principle Church, a row of beehives hung with strips of black cloth;
+the house mistress was dead--the friend of bird and beast and bee--who
+had reared the guardian of the garden told of on page 396 _et seq._
+
+[Illustration: Beehives under the Trees.]
+
+A pretty and appropriate garden furnishing was the dove-cote. The
+possession of a dove-cote in England, and the rearing of pigeons, was
+free only to lords of the manor and noblemen. When the colonists came to
+America, many of them had never been permitted to keep pigeons. In
+Scotland persistent attempts at pigeon-raising by folks of humble
+station might be punished with death. The settlers must have revelled in
+the freedom of the new land, as well as in the plenty of pigeons, both
+wild and domestic. In old England the dove-cote was often built close to
+the kitchen door, that squab and pigeon might be near the hand of the
+cook. Dove-cotes in America were often simple boxes or houses raised on
+stout posts. Occasionally might be seen a fine brick dove-cote like the
+one still standing at Shirley-on-the-James, in Virginia, which is shaped
+without and within like several famous old dove-cotes in England, among
+them the one at Athelhampton Hall, Dorchester, England. The English
+dove-cote has within a revolving ladder hung from a central post while
+the Virginian squab catcher uses an ordinary ladder. The shelves for the
+birds to rest upon and the square recesses for the nests made by the
+ingenious placing of the bricks are alike in both cotes.
+
+[Illustration: Spring House at Johnson Homestead, Germantown,
+Pennsylvania.]
+
+A beautiful and fitting tenant of old formal gardens was the peacock,
+"with his aungelis federys bryghte." On large English estates peacocks
+were universally kept. A fine peacock, with full-spread tail, makes many
+a gay flower bed pale before his panoply of iridescence and color. The
+peahen is a demurely pretty creature. Peacocks are not altogether
+grateful to garden owners; on the old Narragansett farm whose garden is
+shown on page 35, they were always kept, and it was one of the prides
+and pleasures of formal hospitality to offer a roasted peacock to
+visitors. But, save when roasted, the vain creatures would not keep
+silence, and when they squawked the glory of their plumage was
+forgotten. They had an odious habit, too, of wandering off to distant
+groves on the farm, usually selecting the nights of bitterest cold, and
+roosting in some very high tree, in some very inaccessible spot. They
+could not be left in this ill-considered sleeping-place, else they would
+all freeze to death; and words fail to tell the labor in lowering
+twilight and temperature of discovering their retreat, the dislodging,
+capturing, and imprisoning them.
+
+[Illustration: Dove-cote at Shirley-on-James.]
+
+In Narragansett there is a charming old farm garden, which I often visit
+to note and admire its old-time blossoms. This garden has a guardian,
+who haunts the garden walks as did the terrace peacock of old England;
+no watch-dog ever was so faithful, and none half so acute. When I visit
+the garden I always ask "Where is Job?" I am answered that he is in the
+field with the cattle. Sometimes this is true, but at other times Job
+has left the field and is attending to his assumed duties. As he is not
+encouraged, he has learned great slyness and dissimulation. Immovable,
+and in silence, Job is concealed behind a Syringa hedge or in a Lilac
+ambush, and as you stroll peacefully and unwittingly down the paths,
+sniffing the honeyed sweetness of the dense edging of Sweet Alyssum, all
+is as balmy as the blossoms. But stoop for an instant, to gather some
+leaves of Sweet Basil or Sweet Brier, or to collect a dozen seed-pods of
+that specially delicate Sweet Pea, and lo! the enemy is upon you,
+like a fierce whirlwind. He looks mild and demure enough in his kitchen
+yard retreat, whereto, upon piercing outcry for help, the farmer and his
+two sons have haled him, and where the camera has caught him. But far
+from meek is his aspect when you are dodging him around the great Tree
+Peony, or flying frantically before him down the side path to the garden
+gate. This fierce wild beast was once that mildest of creatures--a pet
+lamb; the constant companion of the farm-wife, as she weeded and watered
+her loved garden. Her husband says, "He seems to think folks are
+stealing her flowers, if they stop to look." The wife and mother of
+these three great men has gone from her garden forever; but a tenderness
+for all that she loved makes them not only care for her flowers, but
+keeps this rampant guardian of the garden at the kitchen door, just as
+she kept him when he was a little lamb. I knew this New England farmer's
+wife, a noble woman, of infinite tenderness, strength, and endurance; a
+lover of trees and flowers and all living things, and I marvel not that
+they keep her memory green.
+
+[Illustration: The Peacock in His Pride.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+GARDEN BOUNDARIES
+
+    "A garden fair ... with Wandis long and small
+     Railed about, and so with trees set
+     Was all the place; and Hawthorne hedges knet,
+     That lyf was none walking there forbye
+     That might within scarce any wight espy."
+
+    --_Kings Qubair_, KING JAMES I OF SCOTLAND.
+
+
+One who reads what I have written in these pages of a garden enclosed,
+will scarcely doubt that to me every garden must have boundaries,
+definite and high. Three old farm boundaries were of necessity garden
+boundaries in early days--our stone walls, rail fences, and hedge-rows.
+The first two seem typically American; the third is an English hedge
+fashion. Throughout New England the great boulders were blasted to clear
+the rocky fields; and these, with the smaller loose stones, were
+gathered into vast stone walls. We still see these walls around fields
+and as the boundaries of kitchen gardens and farm flower gardens, and
+delightful walls they are, resourceful of beauty to the inventive
+gardener. I know one lovely garden in old Narragansett, on a farm which
+is now the country-seat of folk of great wealth, where the old stone
+walls are the pride of the place; and the carefully kept garden seems
+set in a beautiful frame of soft gray stones and flowering vines. These
+walls would be more beautiful still if our climate would let us have the
+wall gardens of old England, but everything here becomes too dry in
+summer for wall gardens to flourish.
+
+[Illustration: The Guardian of the Garden.]
+
+Rhode Island farmers for two centuries have cleared and sheltered the
+scanty soil of their state by blasting the ledges, and gathering the
+great stones of ledge and field into splendid stone walls. Their beauty
+is a gift to the farmer's descendants in reward for his hours of bitter
+and wearying toil. One of these fine stone walls, six feet in height,
+has stood secure and unbroken through a century of upheavals of winter
+frosts--which it was too broad and firmly built to heed. It stretches
+from the Post Road in old Narragansett, through field and meadow, and by
+the side of the oak grove, to the very edge of the bay. To the waterside
+one afternoon in June there strolled, a few years ago, a beautiful young
+girl and a somewhat conscious but determined young man. They seated
+themselves on the stone wall under the flickering shadow of a great
+Locust tree, then in full bloom. The air was sweet with the honeyed
+fragrance of the lovely pendent clusters of bloom, and bird and bee and
+butterfly hovered around,--it was paradise. The beauty and fitness of
+the scene so stimulated the young man's fancy to thoughts and words of
+love that he soon burst forth to his companion in an impassioned avowal
+of his desire to make her his wife. He had often pictured to himself
+that some time he would say to her these words, and he had seen also in
+his hopes the looks of tender affection with which she would reply. What
+was his amazement to behold that, instead of blushes and tender glances,
+his words of love were met by an apparently frenzied stare of horror and
+disgust, that seemed to pierce through him, as his beloved one sprung at
+one bound from her seat by his side on the high stone wall, and ran away
+at full speed, screaming out, "Oh, kill him! kill him!"
+
+Now that was certainly more than disconcerting to the warmest of lovers,
+and with a half-formed dread that the suddenness of his proposal of love
+had turned her brain, he ran after her, albeit somewhat coolly, and soon
+learned the reason for her extraordinary behavior. Emulous of the
+tempting serpent of old, a great black snake, Mr. _Bascanion
+constrictor_, had said complaisantly to himself: "Now here are a fair
+young Adam and Eve who have entered uninvited my Garden of Eden, and the
+man fancies it is not good for him to be alone, but I will have a word
+to say about that. I will come to her with honied words." So he thrust
+himself up between the stones of the wall, and advanced persuasively
+upon them, behind the man's back. But a Yankee Eve of the year 1890 A.D.
+is not that simple creature, the Eve of the year ---- B.C.; and even the
+Father of Evil would have to be great of guile to succeed in his wiles
+with her.
+
+A farm servant was promptly despatched to watch for the ill-mannered and
+intrusive snake who--as is the fashion of a snake--had grown to be as
+big as a boa-constrictor after he vanished; and at the end of the week
+once more the heel of man had bruised the serpent's head, and the third
+party in this love episode lay dead in his six feet of ugliness, a
+silent witness to the truth of the story.
+
+Throughout Narragansett, Locust trees have a fashion of fringing the
+stone walls with close young growth, and shading them with occasional
+taller trees.
+
+[Illustration: Terrace Wall at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+These form an ideal garden boundary. The stone walls also gather a
+beautiful growth of Clematis, Brier, wild Peas, and Grapes; but they
+form a clinging-place for that devil's brood, Poison Ivy, which is so
+persistent in growth and so difficult to exterminate.
+
+The old worm fence was distinctly American; it had a zigzag series of
+chestnut rails, with stakes of twisted cedar saplings which were
+sometimes "chunked" by moss-covered boulders just peeping from the
+earth. This worm fence secured to the nature lover and to wild life a
+strip of land eight or ten feet wide, whereon plant, bird, beast,
+reptile, and insect flourished and reproduced. It has been, within a few
+years, a gardening fashion to preserve these old "Virginia" fences on
+country places of considerable elegance. Planted with Clematis,
+Honeysuckle, Trumpet vine, Wistaria, and the free-growing new Japanese
+Roses, they are wonderfully effective.
+
+[Illustration: Rail Fence Corner.]
+
+On Long Island, east of Riverhead, where there are few stones to form
+stone walls, are curious and picturesque hedge-rows, which are a most
+interesting and characteristic feature of the landscape, and they are
+beautiful also, as I have seen them once or twice, at the end of an old
+garden. These hedge-rows were thus formed: when a field was cleared, a
+row of young saplings of varied growth, chiefly Oak, Elder, and Ash, was
+left to form the hedge. These young trees were cut and bent over
+parallel to the ground, and sometimes interlaced together with dry
+branches and vines. Each year these trees were lopped, and new sprouts
+and branches permitted to grow only in the line of the hedge. Soon a
+tangle of briers and wild vines overgrew and netted them all into a
+close, impenetrable, luxuriant mass. They were, to use Wordsworth's
+phrase, "scarcely hedge-rows, but lines of sportive woods run wild." In
+this close green wall birds build their nests, and in their shelter
+burrow wild hares, and there open Violets and other firstlings of the
+spring. The twisted tree trunks in these old hedges are sometimes three
+or four feet in diameter one way, and but a foot or more the other; they
+were a shiftless field-border, as they took up so much land, but they
+were sheep-proof. The custom of making a dividing line by a row of bent
+and polled trees still remains, even where the close, tangled hedge-row
+has disappeared with the flocks of sheep.
+
+[Illustration: Topiary Work at Levens Hall.]
+
+These hedge-rows were an English fashion seen in Hertfordshire and
+Suffolk. On commons and reclaimed land they took the place of the
+quickset hedges seen around richer farm lands. The bending and
+interlacing was called plashing; the polling, shrouding. English farmers
+and gardeners paid infinite attention to their hedges, both as a
+protection to their fields and as a means of firewood.
+
+There is something very pleasant in the thought that these English
+gentlemen who settled eastern Long Island, the Gardiners, Sylvesters,
+Coxes, and others, retained on their farm lands in the new world the
+customs of their English homes, pleasanter still to know that their
+descendants for centuries kept up these homely farm fashions. The old
+hedge-rows on Long Island are an historical record, a landmark--long may
+they linger. On some of the finest estates on the island they have been
+carefully preserved, to form the lower boundary of a garden, where,
+laid out with a shaded, grassy walk dividing it from the flower beds,
+they form the loveliest of garden limits. Planted skilfully with great
+Art to look like great Nature, with edging of Elder and Wild Rose, with
+native vines and an occasional congenial garden ally, they are truly
+unique.
+
+[Illustration: Oval Pergola at Arlington.]
+
+Yew was used for the most famous English hedges; and as neither Yew nor
+Holly thrive here--though both will grow--I fancy that is why we have
+ever had in comparison so few hedges, and have really no very ancient
+ones, though in old letters and account books we read of the planting of
+hedges on fine estates. George Washington tried it, so did Adams, and
+Jefferson, and Quincy. Osage Orange, Barberry, and Privet were in
+nurserymen's lists, but it has not been till within twenty or thirty
+years that Privet has become so popular. In Southern gardens, Cypress
+made close, good garden hedges; and Cedar hedges fifty or sixty years
+old are seen. Lilac hedges were unsatisfactory, save in isolated cases,
+as the one at Indian Hill. The Japan Quinces, and other of the Japanese
+shrubs, were tried in hedges in the mid-century, with doubtful success
+as hedges, though they form lovely rows of flowering shrubs. Snowballs
+and Snowberries, Flowering Currant, Altheas, and Locust, all have been
+used for hedge-planting, so we certainly have tried faithfully enough to
+have hedges in America. Locust hedges are most graceful, they cannot be
+clipped closely. I saw one lovely creation of Locust, set with an
+occasional Rose Acacia--and the Locust thus supported the brittle
+Acacia. If it were successful, it would be, when in bloom, a dream of
+beauty. Hemlock hedges are ever fine, as are hemlock trees everywhere,
+but will not bear too close clipping. Other evergreens, among them the
+varied Spruces, have been set in hedges, but have not proved
+satisfactory enough to be much used.
+
+[Illustration: French Homestead with old Stone Terrace, Kingston, Rhode
+Island.]
+
+Buckthorn was a century ago much used for hedges and arches. When Josiah
+Quincy, President of Harvard College, was in Congress in 1809, he
+obtained from an English gardener, in Georgetown, Buckthorn plants for
+hedges in his Massachusetts home, which hedges were an object of great
+beauty for many years.
+
+The traveller Kalm found Privet hedges in Pennsylvania in 1760. In
+Scotland Privet is called Primprint. Primet and Primprivet were other
+old names. Box was called Primpe. These were all derivative of prim,
+meaning precise. Our Privet hedges, new as they are, are of great beauty
+and satisfaction, and soon will rival the English Yew hedges.
+
+I have never yet seen the garden in which there was not some boundary or
+line which could be filled to advantage by a hedge. In garden great or
+garden small, the hedge should ever have a place. Often a featureless
+garden, blooming well, yet somehow unattractive, has been completely
+transformed by the planting of hedges. They seem, too, to give such an
+orderly aspect to the garden. In level countries hedges are specially
+valuable. I cannot understand why some denounce clipped hedges and trees
+as against nature. A clipped hedge is just as natural as the cut grass
+of a lawn, and is closely akin to it. Others think hedges "too set"; to
+me their finality is their charm.
+
+Hedges need to be well kept to be pleasing. Chaucer in his day in
+praising a "hegge" said that:--
+
+    "Every branche and leaf must grow by mesure
+     Pleine as a bord, of an height by and by."
+
+In England, hedge-clipping has ever been a gardening art.
+
+[Illustration: Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts.]
+
+In the old English garden the topiarist was an important functionary.
+Besides his clipping shears he had to have what old-time cooks called
+_judgment_ or _faculty_. In English gardens many specimens of topiary
+work still exist, maintained usually as relics of the past rather than
+as a modern notion of the beautiful. The old gardens at Levens Hall,
+page 404, contain some of the most remarkable examples.
+
+In a few old gardens in America, especially in Southern towns, traces of
+the topiary work of early years can be seen; these overgrown, uncertain
+shapes have a curious influence, and the sentiment awakened is
+beautifully described by Gabriele d' Annunzio:--
+
+     "We walked among evergreens, among ancient Box trees, Laurels,
+     Myrtles, whose wild old age had forgotten its early discipline. In
+     a few places here and there was some trace of the symmetrical
+     shapes carved once upon a time by the gardener's shears, and with a
+     melancholy not unlike his who searches on old tombstones for the
+     effigies of the forgotten dead, I noted carefully among the silent
+     plants those traces of humanity not altogether obliterated."
+
+The height of topiary art in America is reached in the lovely garden,
+often called the Italian garden, of Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq., at
+Wellesley, Massachusetts. Vernon Lee tells in her charming essay on
+"Italian Gardens" of the beauty of gardens without flowers, and this
+garden of Mr. Hunnewell is an admirable example. Though the effect of
+the black and white of the pictured representations shown on these pages
+is perhaps somewhat sombre, there is nothing sad or sombre in the garden
+itself. The clear gleam of marble pavilions and balustrades, the formal
+rows of flower jars with their hundreds of Century plants, and the
+lovely light on the lovely lake, serve as a delightful contrast to the
+clear, clean lusty green of the clipped trees. This garden is a
+beautiful example of the art of the topiarist, not in its grotesque
+forms, but in the shapes liked by Lord Bacon, pyramids, columns, and
+"hedges in welts," carefully studied to be both stately and graceful. I
+first saw this garden thirty years ago; it was interesting then in its
+well thought-out plan, and in the perfection of every inch of its slow
+growth; but how much more beautiful now, when the garden's promise is
+fulfilled.
+
+[Illustration: Steps in Italian Garden at Wellesley, Massachusetts.]
+
+The editor of _Country Life_ says that the most notable attempt at
+modern topiary work in England is at Ascott, the seat of Mr. Leopold de
+Rothschild, but the examples there have not attained a growth at all
+approaching those at Wellesley. Mr. Hunnewell writes thus of his
+garden:--
+
+     "It was after a visit to Elvaston nearly fifty years ago that I
+     conceived the idea of making a collection of trees for topiary work
+     in imitation of what I had witnessed at that celebrated estate. As
+     suitable trees for that purpose could not be obtained at the
+     nurseries in this country, and as the English Yew is not reliable
+     in our New England climate, I was obliged to make the best
+     selection possible from such trees as had proved hardy here--the
+     Pines, Spruces, Hemlocks, Junipers, Arbor-vitae, Cedars, and
+     Japanese Retinosporas. The trees were all very small, and for the
+     first twenty years their growth was shortened twice annually,
+     causing them to take a close and compact habit, comparing favorably
+     in that respect with the Yew. Many of them are now more than forty
+     feet in height and sixty feet in circumference, the Hemlocks
+     especially proving highly successful."
+
+This beautiful example of art in nature is ever open to visitors, and
+the number of such visitors is very large. It is, however, but one of
+the many beauties of the great estate, with its fine garden of Roses,
+its pavilion of splendid Rhododendrons and Azaleas, its uncommon and
+very successful rock garden, and its magnificent plantation of rare
+trees. There are also many rows of fine hedges and arches in various
+portions of the grounds, hedges of clipped Cedar and Hemlock, many of
+them twenty feet high, which compare well in condition, symmetry, and
+extent with the finest English hedges on the finest English estates.
+
+[Illustration: Topiary Work in California.]
+
+Through the great number of formal gardens laid out within a few years
+in America, the topiary art has had a certain revival. In California,
+with the lavish foliage, it may be seen in considerable perfection,
+though of scant beauty, as here shown.
+
+[Illustration: Serpentine Brick Wall at University of Virginia,
+Charlottesville.]
+
+Happy is the garden surrounded by a brick wall or with terrace wall of
+brick. How well every color looks by the side of old brick; even
+scarlet, bright pink, and rose-pink flowers, which seem impossible, do
+very well when held to the wall by clear green leaves. Flowering vines
+are perfect when trained on old soft-red brick enclosing walls;
+white-flowered vines are specially lovely thereon, Clematis, white
+Roses, and the rarely beautiful white Wistaria. How lovely is my
+Virgin's-bower when growing on brick; how Hollyhocks stand up beside it.
+Brick posts, too, are good in a fence, and, better still, in a pergola.
+A portion of the fine terrace wall at Van Cortlandt Manor is shown
+facing page 286. This wall was put in about fifty years ago; ere that
+there had been a grass bank, which is ever a trial in a garden; for it
+is hard to mow the grass on such a bank, and it never looks neat; it
+should be planted with some vine.
+
+A very curious garden wall is the serpentine brick wall still standing
+at the University of Virginia, at Charlottesville. It is about seven
+feet high, and closes in the garden and green of the row of houses
+occupied by members of the faculty; originally it may have extended
+around the entire college grounds. I present a view from the street in
+order to show its contour distinctly; within the garden its outlines are
+obscured by vines and flowers. The first thought in the mind of the
+observer is that its reason for curving is that it could be built much
+more lightly, and hence more cheaply, than a straight wall; then it
+seems a possible idealization in brick of the old Virginia rail fence.
+But I do not look to domestic patterns and influences for its
+production; it is to me a good example of the old-time domination of
+French ideas which was so marked and so disquieting in America. In
+France, after the peace of 1762, the Marquis de Geradin was
+revolutionizing gardening. His own garden at Ermenonville and his
+description of it exercised important influence in England and America,
+as in France. Jefferson was the planner and architect of the University
+of Virginia; and it is stated that he built this serpentine wall.
+Whether he did or not, it is another example of French influences in
+architecture in the United States. This French school, above everything
+else, replaced straight lines with carefully curving and winding lines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+A MOONLIGHT GARDEN
+
+        "How sweetly smells the Honeysuckle
+    In the hush'd night, as if the world were one
+    Of utter peace and love and gentleness."
+
+    --WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR
+
+
+Gardens fanciful of name, a Saint's Garden, a Friendship Garden, have
+been planted and cherished. I plant a garden like none other; not an
+everyday garden, nor indeed a garden of any day, but a garden for "brave
+moonshine," a garden of twilight opening and midnight bloom, a garden of
+nocturnal blossoms, a garden of white blossoms, and the sweetest garden
+in the world. It is a garden of my dreams, but I know where it lies, and
+it now is smiling back at this very harvest moon.
+
+The old house of Hon. Ben. Perley Poore--Indian Hill--at Newburyport,
+Massachusetts, has been for many years one of the loveliest of New
+England's homes. During his lifetime it had extraordinary charms, for on
+the noble hillside, where grew scattered in sunny fields and pastures
+every variety of native tree that would winter New England's snow and
+ice, there were vast herds of snow-white cows, and flocks of white
+sheep, and the splendid oxen were white. White pigeons circled in the
+air around ample dove-cotes, and the farmyard poultry were all white; an
+enthusiastic chronicler recounts also white peacocks on the wall, but
+these are also denied.
+
+On every side were old terraced walls covered with Roses and flowering
+vines, banked with shrubs, and standing in beds of old-time flowers
+running over with bloom; but behind the house, stretching up the lovely
+hillside, was The Garden, and when we entered it, lo! it was a White
+Garden with edgings of pure and seemly white Candytuft from the forcing
+beds, and flowers of Spring Snowflake and Star of Bethlehem and
+Jonquils; and there were white-flowered shrubs of spring, the earliest
+Spiraeas and Deutzias; the doubled-flowered Cherries and Almonds and old
+favorites, such as Peter's Wreath, all white and wonderfully expressive
+of a simplicity, a purity, a closeness to nature.
+
+I saw this lovely farmstead and radiant White Garden first in glowing
+sunlight, but far rarer must have been its charm in moonlight; though
+the white beasts (as English hinds call cattle) were sleeping in careful
+shelter; and the white dog, assured of their safety, was silent; and the
+white fowl were in coop and cote; and
+
+    "Only the white sheep were sometimes seen
+     To cross the strips of moon-blanch'd green."
+
+But the White Garden, ah! then the garden truly lived; it was like
+lightest snow wreaths bathed in silvery moonshine, with every radiant
+flower adoring the moon with wide-open eyes, and pouring forth incense
+at her altar. And it was peopled with shadowy forms shaped of pearly
+mists and dews; and white night moths bore messages for them from flower
+to flower--this garden then was the garden of my dreams.
+
+Thoreau complained to himself that he had not put duskiness enough into
+his words in his description of his evening walks. He longed to have the
+peculiar and classic severity of his sentences, the color of his style,
+tell his readers that his scene was laid at night without saying so in
+exact words. I, too, have not written as I wished, by moonlight; I can
+tell of moonlight in the garden, but I desire more; I want you to see
+and feel this moonlight garden, as did Emily Dickinson her garden by
+moonlight:--
+
+    "And still within the summer's night
+     A something so transporting bright
+     I clap my hands to see."
+
+But perhaps I can no more gather it into words than I can bottle up the
+moonlight itself.
+
+This lovely garden, varied in shape, and extending in many and diverse
+directions and corners, bears as its crown a magnificent double flower
+border over seven hundred feet long; with a broad straight path trimly
+edged with Box adown through its centre, and with a flower border twelve
+feet wide on either side. This was laid out and planted in 1833 by the
+parents of Major Poore, after extended travel in England, and doubtless
+under the influences of the beautiful English flower gardens they had
+seen. Its length was originally broken halfway up the hill and crowned
+at the top of the hill by some formal parterres of careful design, but
+these now are removed. There are graceful arches across the path, one of
+Honeysuckle on the crown of the hill, from which you look out perhaps
+into Paradise--for Indian Hill in June is a very close neighbor to
+Paradise; it is difficult to define the boundaries between the two, and
+to me it would be hard to choose between them.
+
+Standing in this arch on this fair hill, you can look down the long
+flower borders of color and perfume to the old house, lying in the heart
+of the trees and vines and flowers. To your left is the hill-sweep,
+bearing the splendid grove, an arboretum of great native trees, planted
+by Major Poore, and for which he received the prize awarded by his
+native state to the finest plantation of trees within its bounds. Turn
+from the house and garden, and look through this frame of vines formed
+by the arch upon this scene,--the loveliest to me of any on earth,--a
+fair New England summer landscape. Fields of rich corn and grain, broken
+at times with the gray granite boulders which show what centuries of
+grand and sturdy toil were given to make these fertile fields; ample
+orchards full of promise of fruit; placid lakes and mill-dams and narrow
+silvery rivers, with low-lying red brick mills embowered in trees; dark
+forests of sombre Pine and Cedar and Oak; narrow lanes and broad
+highways shaded with the livelier green of Elm and Maple and Birch;
+gray farm-houses with vast barns; little towns of thrifty white houses
+clustered around slender church-spires which, set thickly over this
+sunny land, point everywhere to heaven, and tell, as if speaking, the
+story of New England's past, of her foundation on love of God, just as
+the fields and orchards and highways speak of thrift and honesty and
+hard labor; and the houses, such as this of Indian Hill, of kindly
+neighborliness and substantial comfort; and as this old garden speaks of
+a love of the beautiful, a refinement, an aesthetic and tender side of
+New England character which _we_ know, but into which--as Mr. Underwood
+says in _Quabbin_, that fine study of New England life--"strangers and
+Kiplings cannot enter."
+
+Seven hundred feet of double flower border, fourteen hundred feet of
+flower bed, twelve feet wide! "It do swallow no end of plants," says the
+gardener.
+
+[Illustration: Chestnut Path in Garden at Indian Hill.]
+
+In spite of the banishing dictum of many artists in regard to white
+flowers in a garden, the presence of ample variety of white flowers is
+to me the greatest factor in producing harmony and beauty both by night
+and day. White seems to be as important a foil in some cases as green.
+It may sometimes be given to the garden in other ways than through
+flower blossoms, by white marble statues, vases, pedestals, seats.
+
+We all like the approval of our own thoughts by men of genius; with my
+love of white flowers I had infinite gratification in these words of
+Walter Savage Landor's, written from Florence in regard to a friend's
+garden:--
+
+     "I like white flowers better than any others; they resemble fair
+     women. Lily, Tuberose, Orange, and the truly English Syringa are my
+     heart's delight. I do not mean to say that they supplant the Rose
+     and Violet in my affections, for these are our first loves, before
+     we grew _too fond of considering_; and too fond of displaying our
+     acquaintance with others of sounding titles."
+
+In Japan, where flowers have rank, white flowers are the aristocrats. I
+deem them the aristocrats in the gardens of the Occident also.
+
+Having been informed of Tennyson's dislike of white flowers, I have
+amused myself by trying to discover in his poems evidence of such
+aversion. I think one possibly might note an indifference to white
+blossoms; but strong color sense, his love of ample and rich color,
+would naturally make him name white infrequently. A pretty line in
+_Walking to the Mail_ tells of a girl with "a skin as clean and white as
+Privet when it flowers"; and there were White Lilies and Roses and
+milk-white Acacias in Maud's garden.
+
+In _The Last Tournament_ the street-ways are depicted as hung with white
+samite, and "children sat in white," and the dames and damsels were all
+"white-robed in honor of the stainless child." A "swarthy one" cried out
+at last:--
+
+    "The snowdrop only, flowering thro' the year,
+     Would make the world as blank as wintertide.
+     Come!--let us gladden their sad eyes
+     With all the kindlier colors of the field.
+     So dame and damsel glitter'd at the feast
+     Variously gay....
+     So dame and damsel cast the simple white,
+     And glowing in all colors, the live grass,
+     Rose-campion, King-cup, Bluebell, Poppy, glanced
+     About the revels."
+
+[Illustration: Foxgloves in Lower Garden at Indian Hill.]
+
+In the garden borders is a commonplace little plant, gray of foliage,
+with small, drooping, closed flowers of an indifferently dull tint, you
+would almost wonder at its presence among its gay garden fellows. Let us
+glance at it in the twilight, for it seems like the twilight, a soft,
+shaded gray; but the flowers have already lifted their heads and opened
+their petals, and they now seem like the twilight clouds of palest pink
+and lilac. It is the Night-scented Stock, and lavishly through the still
+night it pours forth its ineffable fragrance. A single plant, thirty
+feet from an open window, will waft its perfume into the room. This
+white Stock was a favorite flower of Marie Antoinette, under its French
+name the Julienne. "Night Violets," is its appropriate German name.
+Hesperis! the name shows its habit. Dame's Rocket is our title for this
+cheerful old favorite of May, which shines in such snowy beauty at
+night, and throws forth such a compelling fragrance. It is rarely found
+in our gardens, but I have seen it growing wild by the roadside in
+secluded spots; not in ample sheets of growth like Bouncing Bet, which
+we at first glance thought it was; it is a shyer stray, blossoming
+earlier than comely Betsey.
+
+The old-fashioned single, or slightly double, country Pink, known as
+Snow Pink or Star Pink, was often used as an edging for small borders,
+and its bluish green, almost gray, foliage was quaint in effect and
+beautiful in the moonlight. When seen at night, the reason for the
+folk-name is evident. Last summer, on a heavily clouded night in June,
+in a cottage garden at West Hampton, borders of this Snow Pink shone out
+of the darkness with a phosphorescent light, like hoar-frost, on every
+grassy leaf; while the hundreds of pale pink blossoms seemed softly
+shining stars. It was a curious effect, almost wintry, even in
+midsummer. The scent was wafted down the garden path, and along the
+country road, like a concentrated essence, rather than a fleeting breath
+of flowers. One of these cottage borders is shown on page 292, and I
+have named it from these lines from _The Garden that I Love_:--
+
+    "A running ribbon of perfumed snow
+     Which the sun is melting rapidly."
+
+At sundown the beautiful white Day Lily opens and gives forth all night
+an overwhelming sweetness; I have never seen night moths visiting it,
+though I know they must, since a few seed capsules always form. In the
+border stand--
+
+                "Clumps of sunny Phlox
+    That shine at dusk, and grow more deeply sweet."
+
+These, with white Petunias, are almost unbearably cloying in their heavy
+odor. It is a curious fact that some of these night-scented flowers are
+positively offensive in the daytime; try your _Nicotiana affinis_ next
+midday--it outpours honeyed sweetness at night, but you will be glad it
+withholds its perfume by day. The plants of Nicotiana were first
+introduced to England for their beauty, sweet scent, and medicinal
+qualities, not to furnish smoke. Parkinson in 1629 writes of Tobacco,
+"With us it is cherished for medicinal qualities as for the beauty of
+its flowers," and Gerarde, in 1633, after telling of the beauty, etc.,
+says that the dried leaves are "taken in a pipe, set on fire, the smoke
+suckt into the stomach, and thrust forth at the noshtrils."
+
+Snake-root, sometimes called Black Cohosh (_Cimicifuga racemosa_), is
+one of the most stately wild flowers, and a noble addition to the
+garden. A picture of a single plant gives little impression of its
+dignity of habit, its wonderfully decorative growth; but the succession
+of pure white spires, standing up several feet high at the edge of a
+swampy field, or in a garden, partake of that compelling charm which
+comes from tall trees of slender growth, from repetition and
+association, such as pine trees, rows of bayonets, the gathered masts of
+a harbor, from stalks of corn in a field, from rows of Foxglove--from
+all "serried ranks." I must not conceal the fact of its horrible odor,
+which might exile it from a small garden.
+
+[Illustration: Dame's Rocket.]
+
+Among my beloved white flowers, a favorite among those who are all
+favorites, is the white Columbine. Some are double, but the common
+single white Columbines picture far better the derivation of their
+name; they are like white doves, they seem almost an emblematic flower.
+William Morris says:--
+
+     "Be very shy of double flowers; choose the old Columbine where the
+     clustering doves are unmistakable and distinct, not the double one,
+     where they run into mere tatters. Don't be swindled out of that
+     wonder of beauty, a single Snowdrop; there is no gain and plenty of
+     loss in the double one."
+
+There are some extremists, such as Dr. Forbes Watson, who condemn all
+double flowers. One thing in the favor of double blooms is that their
+perfume is increased with their petals. Double Violets, Roses, and Pinks
+seem as natural now as single flowers of their kinds. I confess a
+distinct aversion to the thought of a double Lilac. I have never seen
+one, though the Ranoncule, said to be very fine, costs but forty cents a
+plant, and hence must be much grown.
+
+[Illustration: Snake-root.]
+
+There is a curious influence of flower-color which I can only explain by
+giving an example. We think of Iris, Gladiolus, Lupine, and even
+Foxglove and Poppy as flowers of a warm and vivid color; so where we see
+them a pure white, they have a distinct and compelling effect on us,
+pleasing, but a little eerie; not a surprise, for we have always known
+the white varieties, yet not exactly what we are wonted to. This has
+nothing of the grotesque, as is produced by the albino element in the
+animal world; it is simply a trifle mysterious. White Pansies and White
+Violets possess this quality to a marked degree. I always look and look
+again at growing White Violets. A friend says: "Do you think they will
+speak to you?" for I turn to them with such an expectancy of something.
+
+The "everlasting" white Pea is a most satisfactory plant by day or
+night. Hedges covered with it are a pure delight. Do not fear to plant
+it with liberal hand. Be very liberal, too, in your garden of white
+Foxgloves. Even if the garden be small, there is room for many graceful
+spires of the lovely bells to shine out everywhere, piercing up through
+green foliage and colored blooms of other plants. They are not only
+beautiful, but they are flowers of sentiment and association, endeared
+to childhood, visited of bees, among the best beloved of old-time
+favorites. They consort well with nearly every other flower, and
+certainly with every other color, and they seem to clarify many a
+crudely or dingily tinted flower; they are as admirable foils as they
+are principals in the garden scheme. In England, where they readily grow
+wild, they are often planted at the edge of a wood, or to form vistas in
+a copse. I doubt whether they would thrive here thus planted, but they
+are admirable when set in occasional groups to show in pure whiteness
+against a hedge. I say in occasional groups, for the Foxglove should
+never be planted in exact rows. The White Iris, the Iris of the
+Florentine Orris-root, is one of the noblest plants of the whole world;
+its pure petals are truly hyaline like snow-ice, like translucent white
+glass; and the indescribably beautiful drooping lines of the flowers are
+such a contrast with the defiant erectness of the fresh green leaves.
+Small wonder that it was a sacred flower of the Greeks. It was called
+by the French _la flambe blanche_, a beautiful poetic title--the White
+Torch of the Garden.
+
+A flower of mystery, of wonderment to children, was the Evening
+Primrose; I knew the garden variety only with intimacy. Possibly the
+wild flower had similar charms and was equally weird in the gloaming,
+but it grew by country roadsides, and I was never outside our garden
+limits after nightfall, so I know not its evening habits. We had in our
+garden a variety known as the California Evening Primrose--a giant
+flower as tall as our heads. My mother saw its pale yellow stars shining
+in the early evening in a cottage garden on Cape Ann, and was there
+given, out of the darkness, by a fellow flower lover, the seeds which
+have afforded to us every year since so much sentiment and pleasure. The
+most exquisite description of the Evening Primrose is given by Margaret
+Deland in her _Old Garden_:--
+
+    "There the primrose stands, that as the night
+     Begins to gather, and the dews to fall,
+     Flings wide to circling moths her twisted buds,
+     That shine like yellow moons with pale cold glow,
+     And all the air her heavy fragrance floods,
+     And gives largess to any winds that blow.
+     Here in warm darkness of a night in June, ... children came
+     To watch the primrose blow. Silently they stood
+     Hand clasped in hand, in breathless hush around,
+     And saw her slyly doff her soft green hood
+     And blossom--with a silken burst of sound."
+
+[Illustration: The Title-page of Parkinson's _Paradisi in Solis_,
+etc.]
+
+The wild Primrose opens slowly, hesitatingly, it trembles open, but the
+garden Primrose flares open.
+
+The Evening Primrose is usually classed with sweet-scented flowers, but
+that exact observer, E. V. B., tells of its "repulsive smell. At night
+if the stem be shaken, or if the flower-cup trembles at the touch of a
+moth as it alights, out pours the dreadful odor." I do not know that any
+other garden flower opens with a distinct sound. Owen Meredith's poem,
+_The Aloe_, tells that the Aloe opened with such a loud explosive report
+that the rooks shrieked and folks ran out of the house to learn whence
+came the sound.
+
+The tall columns of the Yucca or Adam's Needle stood like shafts of
+marble against the hedge trees of the Indian Hill garden. Their
+beautiful blooms are a miniature of those of the great Century Plant. In
+the daytime the Yucca's blossoms hang in scentless, greenish white
+bells, but at night these bells lift up their heads and expand with
+great stars of light and odor--a glorious plant. Around their spire of
+luminous bells circle pale night moths, lured by the rich fragrance.
+Even by moonlight we can see the little white detached fibres at the
+edge of the leaves, which we are told the Mexican women used as thread
+to sew with. And we children used to pull off the strong fibres and put
+them in a needle and sew with them too.
+
+When I see those Yuccas in bloom I fully believe that they are the
+grandest flowers of our gardens; but happily, I have a short garden
+memory, so I mourn not the Yucca when I see the _Anemone japonica_ or
+any other noble white garden child.
+
+[Illustration: Yucca, like White Marble against the Evergreens.]
+
+Here at the end of the garden walk is an arbor dark with the shadow of
+great leaves, such as Gerarde calls "leaves round and big like to a
+buckler." But out of that shadowed background of leaf on leaf shine
+hundreds of pure, pale stars of sweetness and light,--a true flower of
+the night in fragrance, beauty, and name,--the Moon-vine. It is a flower
+of sentiment, full of suggestion.
+
+Did you ever see a ghost in a garden? I do so wish I could. If I had the
+placing of ghosts, I would not make them mope round in stuffy old
+bedrooms and garrets; but would place one here in this arbor in my
+Moonlight Garden. But if I did, I have no doubt she would take up a hoe
+or a watering-pot, and proceed to do some very unghostlike
+deed--perhaps, grub up weeds. Longfellow had a ghost in his garden (page
+142). He must have mourned when he found it was only a clothes-line and
+a long night-gown.
+
+It was the favorite tale of a Swedish old lady who lived to be
+ninety-six years old, of a discovery of her youth, in the year 1762, of
+strange flashes of light which sparkled out of the flowers of the
+Nasturtium one sultry night. I suppose the average young woman of the
+average education of the day and her country might not have heeded or
+told of this, but she was the daughter of Linnaeus, the great botanist,
+and had not the everyday education.
+
+Then great Goethe saw and wrote of similar flashes of light around
+Oriental Poppies; and soon other folk saw them also--naturalists and
+everyday folk. Usually yellow flowers were found to display this
+light--Marigolds, orange Lilies, and Sunflowers. Then the daughter of
+Linnaeus reported another curious discovery; she certainly turned her
+nocturnal rambles in her garden to good account. She averred she had
+set fire to a certain gas which formed and hung around the Fraxinella,
+and that the ignition did not injure the plant. This assertion was met
+with open scoffing and disbelief, which has never wholly ceased; yet the
+popular name of Gas Plant indicates a widespread confidence in this
+quality of the Fraxinella and it is easily proved true.
+
+Another New England name for the Fraxinella, given me from the owner of
+the herb-garden at Elmhurst, is "Spitfire Plant," because the seed-pods
+sizzle so when a lighted match is applied to them.
+
+The Fraxinella is a sturdy, hardy flower. There are some aged plants in
+old New England gardens; I know one which has outlived the man who
+planted it, his son, grandson, and great-grandson. The Fraxinella bears
+a tall stem with Larkspur-like flowers of white or a curious dark pink,
+and shining Ash-like leaves, whence its name, the little Ash. It is one
+of the finest plants of the old-fashioned garden; fine in bloom, fine in
+habit of growth, and it even has decorative seed vessels. It is as ready
+of scent as anything in the garden; if you but brush against leaf, stem,
+flower, or seed, as you walk down the garden path, it gives forth a
+penetrating perfume, that you think at first is like Lemon, then like
+Anise, then like Lavender; until you finally decide it is like nothing
+save Fraxinella. As with the blossoms of the Calycanthus shrub, you can
+never mistake the perfume, when once you know it, for anything else. It
+is a scent of distinction. Through this individuality it is, therefore,
+full of associations, and correspondingly beloved.
+
+[Illustration: Fraxinella.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+FLOWERS OF MYSTERY
+
+    "Let thy upsoaring vision range at large
+     This garden through: for so by ray divine
+     Kindled, thy ken a magic flight shall mount."
+
+    --CARY'S Translation of Dante.
+
+
+Bogies and fairies, a sense of eeriness, came to every garden-bred child
+of any imagination in connection with certain flowers. These flowers
+seemed to be regarded thus through no special rule or reason. With some
+there may have been slight associations with fairy lore, or medicinal
+usage, or a hint of meretriciousness. Sometimes the child hardly
+formulated his thought of the flower, yet the dread or dislike or
+curiosity existed. My own notions were absolutely baseless, and usually
+absurd. I doubt if we communicated these fancies to each other save in a
+few cases, as of the Monk's-hood, when we had been warned that the
+flower was poisonous.
+
+I have read with much interest Dr. Forbes Watson's account of plants
+that filled his childish mind with mysterious awe and wonder; among them
+were the Spurge, Henbane, Rue, Dogtooth Violet, Nigella, and pink Marsh
+Mallow. The latter has ever been to me one of the most cheerful of
+blossoms. I did not know it in my earliest childhood, and never saw it
+in gardens till recent years. It is too close a cousin of the Hollyhock
+ever to seem to me aught but a happy flower. Henbane and Rue I did not
+know, but I share his feeling toward the others, though I could not
+carry it to the extent of fancying these the plants which a young man
+gathered, distilled, and gave to his betrothed as a poison.
+
+There has ever been much uncanny suggestion in the Cypress Spurge. I
+never should have picked it had I found it in trim gardens; but I saw it
+only in forlorn and neglected spots. Perhaps its sombre tinge may come
+now from association, since it is often seen in country graveyards; and
+I heard a country woman once call it "Graveyard Ground Pine." But this
+association was not what influenced my childhood, for I never went then
+to graveyards.
+
+In driving along our New England roads I am ever reminded of Parkinson's
+dictum that "Spurge once planted will hardly be got rid out again." For
+by every decaying old house, in every deserted garden, and by the
+roadside where houses may have been, grows and spreads this Cypress
+Spurge. I know a large orchard in Narragansett from which grass has
+wholly vanished; it has been crowded out by the ugly little plant, which
+has even invaded the adjoining woods.
+
+I wonder why every one in colonial days planted it, for it is said to
+be poisonous in its contact to some folks, and virulently poisonous to
+eat--though I am sure no one ever wanted to eat it. The colonists even
+brought it over from England, when we had here such lovely native
+plants. It seldom flowers. Old New England names for it are
+Love-in-a-huddle and Seven Sisters; not over significant, but of
+interest, as folk-names always are.
+
+I join with Dr. Forbes Watson in finding the Nigella uncanny. It has a
+half-spidery look, that seems ungracious in a flower. Its names are
+curious: Love-in-a-mist, Love-in-a-puzzle, Love-in-a-tangle,
+Puzzle-love, Devil-in-a-bush, Katherine-flowers--another of the many
+allusions to St. Katherine and her wheel; and the persistent styles do
+resemble the spokes of a wheel. A name given it in a cottage garden in
+Wayland was Blue Spider-flower, which seems more suited than that of
+Spiderwort for the Tradescantia. Spiderwort, like all "three-cornered"
+flowers, is a flower of mystery; and so little cared for to-day that it
+is almost extinct in our gardens, save where it persists in
+out-of-the-way spots. A splendid clump of it is here shown, which grows
+still in the Worcester garden I so loved in my childhood. In this plant
+the old imagined tracings of spider's legs in the leaves can scarce be
+seen. With the fanciful notion of "like curing like" ever found in old
+medical recipes, Gerarde says, vaguely, the leaves are good for "the
+Bite of that Great Spider," a creature also of mystery.
+
+Perhaps if the clear blue flowers kept open throughout the day, the
+Spiderwort would be more tolerated, for this picture certainly has a
+Japanesque appearance, and what we must acknowledge was far more
+characteristic of old-time flowers than of many new ones, a wonderful
+individuality; there was no sameness of outline. I could draw the
+outline of a dozen blossoms of our modern gardens, and you could not in
+a careless glance distinguish one from the other: Cosmos, _Anemone
+japonica_, single Dahlias, and Sunflowers, Gaillardia, Gazanias, all
+such simple Rose forms.
+
+[Illustration: Love-in-a-mist.]
+
+There was a quaint and mysterious annual in ancient gardens, called
+Shell flower, or Molucca Balm, which is not found now even on seedsmen's
+special lists of old-fashioned plants. The flower was white,
+pink-tipped, and set in a cup-shaped calyx an inch long, which was
+bigger than the flower itself. The plant stood two or three feet high,
+and the sweet-scented flowers were in whorls of five or six on a stem.
+It is a good example of my assertion that the old flowers had queerer
+shapes than modern ones, and were made of queer materials; the calyx of
+this Shell flower is of such singular quality and fibre.
+
+The Dog-tooth Violet always had to me a sickly look, but its leaves give
+it its special offensiveness; all spotted leaves, or flower petals which
+showed the slightest resemblance to the markings of a snake or lizard,
+always filled me with dislike. Among them I included Lungwort
+(Pulmonaria), a flower which seems suddenly to have disappeared from
+many gardens, even old-fashioned ones, just as it has disappeared from
+medicine. Not a gardener could be found in our public parks in New York
+who had ever seen it, or knew it, though there is in Prospect Park a
+well-filled and noteworthy "Old-fashioned Garden." Let me add, in
+passing, that nothing in the entire park system--greenhouses, water
+gardens, Italian gardens--affords such delight to the public as this
+old-fashioned garden.
+
+The changing blue and pink flowers of the Lungwort, somewhat
+characteristic of its family, are curious also. This plant was also
+known by the singular name of Joseph-and-Mary; the pink flowers being
+the emblem of Joseph; the blue of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Lady's-tears
+was an allied name, from a legend that the Virgin Mary's tears fell on
+the leaves, causing the white spots to grow in them, and that one of
+her blue eyes became red from excessive weeping. It was held to be
+unlucky even to destroy the plant. Soldier-and-his-wife also had
+reference to the red and blue tints of the flower.
+
+A cousin of the Lungwort, our native _Mertensia virginica_, has in the
+young plant an equally singular leafage; every ordinary process of leaf
+progress is reversed: the young shoots are not a tender green, but are
+almost black, and change gradually in leaf, stem, and flower calyx to an
+odd light green in which the dark color lingers in veins and spots until
+the plant is in its full flower of tender blue, lilac, and pink. "Blue
+and pink ladies" we used to call the blossoms when we hung them on pins
+for a fairy dance.
+
+The Alstroemeria is another spotted flower of the old borders, curious
+in its funnel-shaped blooms, edged and lined with tiny brown and green
+spots. It is more grotesque than beautiful, but was beloved in a day
+that deemed the Tiger Lily the most beautiful of all lilies.
+
+[Illustration: Spiderwort.]
+
+The aversion I feel for spotted leaves does not extend to striped ones,
+though I care little for variegated or striped foliage in a garden. I
+like the striped white and green leaves of one variety of our garden
+Iris, and of our common Sweet Flag (Calamus), which are decorative to a
+most satisfactory degree. The firm ribbon leaves of the striped Sweet
+Flag never turn brown in the driest summer, and grow very tall; a tub of
+it kept well watered is a thing of surprising beauty, and the plants are
+very handsome in the rock garden. I wonder what the bees seek in the
+leaves! they throng its green and white blades in May, finding
+something, I am sure, besides the delightful scent; though I do not note
+that they pierce the veins of the plant for the sap, as I have known
+them to do along the large veins of certain palm leaves. I have seen
+bees often act as though they were sniffing a flower with appreciation,
+not gathering honey. The only endeared striped leaf was that of the
+Striped Grass--Gardener's Garters we called it. Clumps of it growing at
+Van Cortlandt Manor are here shown. We children used to run to the great
+plants of Striped Grass at the end of the garden as to a toy ribbon
+shop. The long blades of Grass looked like some antique gauze ribbons.
+They were very modish for dolls' wear, very useful to shape
+pin-a-sights, those very useful things, and very pretty to tie up
+posies. Under favorable circumstances this garden child might become a
+garden pest, a spreading weed. I never saw a more curious garden stray
+than an entire dooryard and farm garden--certainly two acres in extent,
+covered with Striped Grass, save where a few persistent Tiger Lilies
+pierced through the striped leaves. Even among the deserted hearthstones
+and tumble-down chimneys the striped leaves ran up among the roofless
+walls.
+
+Let me state here that the suggestion of mystery in a flower did not
+always make me dislike it; sometimes it added a charm. The
+Periwinkle--Ground Myrtle we used to call it--was one of the most
+mysterious and elusive flowers I knew, and other children thus regarded
+it; but I had a deep affection for its lovely blue stars and clean,
+glossy leaves, a special love, since it was the first flower I saw
+blooming out of doors after a severe illness, and it seemed to welcome
+me back to life.
+
+[Illustration: Gardener's Garters, at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+The name is from the French Pervenche, which suffers sadly by being
+changed into the clumsy Periwinkle. Everywhere it is a flower of
+mystery; it is the "Violette des Sorciers" of the French. Sadder is its
+Tuscan name, "Flower of death," for it is used there as garlands at the
+burial of children; and is often planted on graves, just as it is here.
+A far happier folk-name was Joy-of-the-ground, and to my mind better
+suited to the cheerful, healthy little plant.
+
+An ancient medical manuscript gives this description of the Periwinkle,
+which for directness and lucidity can scarcely be excelled:--
+
+    "Parwyke is an erbe grene of colour,
+     In tyme of May he bereth blue flour.
+     Ye lef is thicke, schinede and styf,
+     As is ye grene jwy lefe.
+     Vnder brod and uerhand round,
+     Men call it ye joy of grownde."
+
+On the list of the Boston seedsman (given on page 33 _et seq._) is
+Venus'-navelwort. I lingered this summer by an ancient front yard in
+Marblehead, and in the shade of the low-lying gray-shingled house I saw
+a refined plant with which I was wholly unacquainted, lying like a
+little dun cloud on the border, a pleasing plant with cinereous foliage,
+in color like the silvery gray of the house, shaded with a bluer tint
+and bearing a dainty milk-white bloom. This modest flower had that power
+of catching the attention in spite of the high and striking colors of
+its neighbors, such as a simple gown of gray and white, if of graceful
+cut and shape, will have among gay-colored silk attire--the charm of
+Quaker garb, even though its shape be ugly. You know how ready is the
+owner of such a garden to talk of her favorites, and soon I was told
+that this plant was "Navy-work." I accepted this name in this old
+maritime town as possibly a local folk-name, yet I was puzzled by a
+haunting memory of having heard some similar title. A later search in a
+botany revealed the original, Venus'-navelwort.
+
+I deem it right to state in this connection that any such corruption of
+the old name of a flower is very unusual in Massachusetts, where the
+English tongue is spoken by all of Massachusetts descent in much purity
+of pronunciation.
+
+There is no doubt that all the flowers of the old garden were far more
+suggestive, more full of meaning, than those given to us by modern
+florists. This does not come wholly from association, as many fancy, but
+from an inherent quality of the flower itself. I never saw Honeywort
+(Cerinthe) till five years ago, and then it was not in an old-fashioned
+garden; but the moment I beheld the graceful, drooping flowers in the
+flower bed, the yellow and purple-toothed corolla caught my eye, as it
+caught my fancy; it seemed to mean something. I was not surprised to
+learn that it was an ancient favorite of colonial days. The leaves of
+Honeywort are often lightly spotted, which may be one of its elements of
+mystery. Honeywort is seldom seen even in our oldest gardens; but it is
+a beautiful flower and a most hardy annual, and deserves to be
+reintroduced.
+
+[Illustration: Garden Walk at The Manse, Deerfield, Massachusetts.]
+
+A great favorite in the old garden was the splendid scarlet Lychnis, to
+which in New England is given the name of London Pride. There are two
+old varieties: one has four petals with squared ends, and is called,
+from the shape of the expanded flower, the Maltese Cross; the other,
+called Scarlet Lightning, is shown on a succeeding page; it has five
+deeply-nicked petals. It is a flower of midsummer eve and magic power,
+and I think it must have some connection with the Crusaders, being
+called by Gerarde Floure of Jerusalem, and Flower of Candy. The
+five-petalled form is rarely seen; in one old family I know it is so
+cherished, and deemed so magic a home-maker, that every bride who has
+gone from that home for over a hundred years has borne away a plant of
+that London Pride; it has really become a Family Pride.
+
+Another plant of mysterious suggestion was the common Plantain. This was
+not an unaided instinct of my childhood, but came to me through an
+explanation of the lines in the chapter, "The White Man's Foot," in
+_Hiawatha_:--
+
+    "Whereso'er they tread, beneath them
+     Springs a flower unknown among us;
+     Springs the White Man's Foot in blossom."
+
+After my father showed me the Plantain as the "White Man's Foot," I ever
+regarded it with a sense of its unusual power; and I used often to
+wonder, when I found it growing in the grass, who had stepped there. I
+have permanently associated with the Plantain or Waybred a curious and
+distasteful trick of my memory. We recall our American humorist's
+lament over the haunting lines from the car-conductor's orders, which
+filled his brain and ears from the moment he read them, wholly by
+chance, and which he tried vainly to forget. A similar obsession filled
+me when I read the spirited apostrophe to the Plantain or Waybred, in
+Cockayne's translation of AElfric's _Lacunga_, a book of leech-craft of
+the eleventh century:--
+
+    "And thou Waybroad,
+     Mother of worts,
+     Over thee carts creaked,
+     Over thee Queens rode,
+     Over thee brides bridalled,
+     Over thee bulls breathed,
+     All these thou withstoodst,
+     Venom and vile things,
+     And all the loathly things,
+     That through the land rove."
+
+I could not thrust them out of my mind; worse still, I kept
+manufacturing for the poem scores of lines of similar metre. I never
+shall forget the Plantain, it won't let me forget it.
+
+[Illustration: London Pride.]
+
+The Orpine was a flower linked with tradition and mystery in England,
+there were scores of fanciful notions connected with it. It has grown to
+be a spreading weed in some parts of New England, but it has lost both
+its mystery and its flowers. The only bed of flowering Orpine I ever saw
+in America was in the millyard of Miller Rose at Kettle Hole--and a
+really lovely expanse of bloom it was, broken only by old worn
+millstones which formed the doorsteps. He told with pride that his
+grandmother planted it, and "it was the flowering variety that no one
+else had in Rhode Island, not even in greenhouses in Newport." Miller
+Rose ground corn meal and flour with ancient millstones, and infinitely
+better were his grindings than "store meal." He could tell you, with
+prolonged detail, of the new-fangled roller he bought and used one week,
+and not a decent Johnny-cake could be made from the meal, and it shamed
+him. So he threw away all the meal he hadn't sold; and then the new
+machinery was pulled out and the millstones replaced, "to await the
+Lord's coming," he added, being a Second Adventist--or by his own title
+a "Christadelphian and an Old Bachelor." He was a famous preacher,
+having a pulpit built of heavy stones, in the woods near his mill. A
+little trying it was to hear the outpourings of his long sermons on
+summer afternoons, while you waited for him to come down from his pulpit
+and his prophesyings to give you your bag of meal. A tithing of time he
+gave each day to the Lord, two hours and a half of preaching--and
+doubtless far more than a tithe of his income to the poor. In
+sentimental association with his name, he had a few straggling Roses
+around his millyard--all old-time varieties; and, with Orpine and
+Sweetbrier, he could gather a very pretty posy for all who came to
+Kettle Hole.
+
+We constantly read of Fritillaries in the river fields sung of Matthew
+Arnold. In a charming book of English country life, _Idlehurst_, I read
+how closely the flower is still associated with Oxford life, recalling
+ever the Iffley and Kensington meadows to all Oxford men. The author
+tells that "quite unlikely sorts of men used to pick bunches of the
+flowers, and we would come up the towpath with our spoils." Fritillaries
+grew in my mother's garden; I cannot now recall another garden in
+America where I have ever seen them in bloom. They certainly are not
+common. On a succeeding page are shown the blossoms of the white
+Fritillary my mother planted and loved. Can you not believe that we love
+them still? They have spread but little, neither have they dwindled nor
+died. Each year they seem to us the very same blossoms she loved.
+
+Our cyclopaedias of gardening tell us that the Fritillaries spread
+freely; but E. V. B. writes of them in her exquisite English: "Slow in
+growth as the Fritillaries are, they are ever sure. When they once take
+root, there they stay forever, with a constancy unknown in our human
+world. They may be trusted, however late their coming. In the fresh
+vigor of its youth was there ever seen any other flower planned so
+exquisitely, fashioned so slenderly! The pink symmetry of Kalmia perhaps
+comes nearest this perfection, with the delicately curved and rounded
+angles of its bloom."
+
+In no garden, no matter how modern, could the Fritillaries ever look to
+me aught but antique and classic. They are as essentially of the past,
+even to the careless eye, as an antique lamp or brazier. Quaint, too, is
+the fabric of their coats, like some old silken stuff of paduasoy or
+sarsenet. All are checkered, as their name indicates. Even the white
+flowers bear little birthmarks of checkered lines. They were among the
+famous dancers in my mother's garden, and I can tell you that a country
+dance of Fritillaries in plaided kirtles and green caps is a lively
+sight. Another name for this queer little flower is Guinea-hen Flower.
+Gerarde, with his felicity of description, says:--
+
+     "One square is of a greenish-yellow colour, the other purple,
+     keeping the same order as well on the back side of the flower as on
+     the inside; although they are blackish in one square, and of a
+     violet colour in another: in so much that every leafe (of the
+     flower) seemeth to be the feather of a Ginnie hen, whereof it took
+     its name."
+
+A strong personal trait of the Fritillaries (for I may so speak of
+flowers I love) is their air of mystery. They mean something I cannot
+fathom; they look it, but cannot tell it. Fritillaries were a flower of
+significance even in Elizabethan days. They were made into little
+buttonhole posies, and, as Parkinson says, "worn abroad by curious
+lovers of these delights." In California grow wild a dozen varieties;
+the best known of these is recurved, but it does not droop, and is to
+all outward glance an Anemone, and has lost in that new world much the
+mystery of the old herbalist's "Checker Lily," save the checkers; these
+always are visible.
+
+[Illustration: White Fritillaria.]
+
+The Cyclamen and Dodecatheon lay their ears back like a vicious horse.
+Both have an eerie aspect, as if turned upside down, as has also the
+Nightshade. I knew a little child, a flower lover from babyhood, who
+feared to touch the Cyclamen, and even cried if any attempt was made to
+have her touch the flower. When older, she said that she had feared the
+flower would sting her.
+
+I have often a sense of mysterious meaning in a vine, it seems so
+plainly to reach out to attract your attention. I recall once being
+seated on the doorstep of a deserted farm-house, musing a little over
+the sad thought of this lost home, when suddenly some one tapped me on
+the cheek--I suppose I ought to say some thing, though it seemed a human
+touch. It was a spray of Matrimony vine, twenty feet long or more, that
+had reached around a corner, and helped by a breeze, had appealed to me
+for sympathy and companionship. I answered by following it around the
+corner. It had been trained up to a little shelf-like ledge or roof,
+over what had been a pantry window, and hung in long lines of heavy
+shade. It said to me: "Here once lived a flower-loving woman and a man
+who cared for her comfort and pleasure. She planted me when she, and the
+man, and the house were young, and he made the window shelter, and
+trained me over it, to make cool and green the window where she worked.
+I was the symbol of their happy married love. See! there they lie, under
+the gray stone beneath those cedars. Their children all are far away,
+but every year I grow fresh and green, though I find it lonely here
+now." To me, the Matrimony vine is ever a plant of interest, and it may
+be very beautiful, if cared for. On page 186 is shown the lovely growth
+on the porch at Van Cortlandt Manor.
+
+With a sentiment of wonder and inquiry, not unmixed with mystery, do we
+regard many flowers, which are described in our botanies as Garden
+Escapes. This Matrimony vine is one of the many creeping, climbing
+things that have wandered away from houses. Honeysuckles and
+Trumpet-vines are far travellers. I saw once in a remote and wild spot
+a great boulder surrounded with bushes and all were covered with the old
+Coral or Trumpet Honeysuckle; it had such a familiar air, and yet seemed
+to have gained a certain knowingness by its travels.
+
+This element of mystery does not extend to the flowers which I am told
+once were in trim gardens, but which I have never seen there, such as
+Ox-eye Daisies, Scotch Thistles, Chamomile, Tansy, Bergamot, Yarrow, and
+all of the Mint family; they are to me truly wild. But when I find
+flowers still cherished in our gardens, growing also in some wild spot,
+I regard them with wonder. A great expanse of Coreopsis, a field of
+Grape Hyacinth or Star of Bethlehem, roadsides of Coronilla or
+Moneywort, rows of red Day Lily and Tiger Lily, patches of Sunflowers or
+Jerusalem Artichokes, all are matters of thought; we long to trace their
+wanderings, to have them tell whence and how they came. Bouncing Bet is
+too cheerful and rollicking a wanderer to awaken sentiment. How gladly
+has she been welcomed to our fields and roadsides. I could not willingly
+spare her in our country drives, even to become again a cherished garden
+dweller. She rivals the Succory in beautifying arid dust heaps and
+barren railroad cuts, with her tender opalescent pink tints. How
+wholesome and hearty her growth, how pleasant her fragrance. We can
+never see her too often, nor ever stigmatize her, as have been so many
+of our garden escapes, as "Now a dreaded weed."
+
+[Illustration: Bouncing Bet.]
+
+One of the weirdest of all flowers to me is the Butter-and-eggs, the
+Toad-flax, which was once a garden child, but has run away from gardens
+to wander in every field in the land. I haven't the slightest reason for
+this regard of Butter-and-eggs, and I believe it is peculiar to myself,
+just as is Dr. Forbes Watson's regard of the Marshmallow to him. I have
+no uncanny or sad associations with it, and I never heard anything
+"queer" about it. Thirty years ago, in a locality I knew well in central
+Massachusetts, Butter-and-eggs was far from common; I even remember the
+first time I saw it and was told its quaint name; now it grows there and
+everywhere; it is a persistent weed. John Burroughs calls it "the
+hateful Toad-flax," and old Manasseh Cutler, in a curious mixture of
+compliment and slur, "a common, handsome, tedious weed." It travels
+above ground and below ground, and in some soils will run out the grass.
+It knows how to allure the bumblebee, however, and has honey in its
+heart. I think it a lovely flower, though it is queer; and it is a
+delight to the scientific botanist, in the delicate perfection of its
+methods and means of fertilization.
+
+The greatest beauty of this flower is in late autumn, when it springs up
+densely in shaven fields. I have seen, during the last week in October,
+fields entirely filled with its exquisite sulphur-yellow tint, one of
+the most delicate colors in nature; a yellow that is luminous at night,
+and is rivalled only by the pale yellow translucent leaves of the
+Moosewood in late autumn, which make such a strange pallid light in old
+forests in the North--a light which dominates over every other autumn
+tint, though the trees which bear them are so spindling and low, and
+little noted save in early spring in their rare pinkness, and in this
+their autumn etherealization. And the Moosewood shares the mystery of
+the Butter-and-eggs as well as its color. I should be afraid to drive or
+walk alone in a wood road, when the Moosewood leaves were turning yellow
+in autumn. I shall never forget them in Dublin, New Hampshire, driving
+through what our delightful Yankee charioteer and guide called "only a
+cat-road."
+
+This was to me a new use of the word cat as a praenomen, though I knew,
+as did Dr. Holmes and Hosea Biglow, and every good New Englander, that
+"cat-sticks" were poor spindling sticks, either growing or in a load of
+cut wood. I heard a country parson say as he regarded ruefully a gift of
+a sled load of firewood, "The deacon's load is all cat-sticks." Of
+course a cat-stick was also the stick used in the game of ball called
+tip-cat. Myself when young did much practise another loved ball game,
+"one old cat," a local favorite, perhaps a local name. "Cat-ice," too,
+is a good old New England word and thing; it is the thin layer of
+brittle ice formed over puddles, from under which the water has
+afterward receded. If there lives a New Englander too old or too hurried
+to rejoice in stepping upon and crackling the first "cat-ice" on a late
+autumn morning, then he is a man; for no New England girl, a century
+old, could be thus indifferent. It is akin to rustling through the
+deep-lying autumn leaves, which affords a pleasure so absurdly
+disproportioned and inexplicable that it is almost mysterious. Some of
+us gouty ones, alas! have had to give up the "cat-slides" which were
+also such a delight; the little stretches of glare ice to which we ran a
+few steps and slid rapidly over with the impetus. But I must not let my
+New England folk-words lure me away from my subject, even on a tempting
+"cat-slide."
+
+[Illustration: Overgrown Garden at Llanerck, Pennsylvania.]
+
+Though garden flowers run everywhere that they will, they are not easily
+forced to become wild flowers. We hear much of the pleasure of sowing
+garden seeds along the roadside, and children are urged to make
+beautiful wild gardens to be the delight of passers-by. Alphonse Karr
+wrote most charmingly of such sowings, and he pictured the delight and
+surprise of country folk in the future when they found the choice
+blooms, and the confusion of learned botanists in years to come. The
+delight and surprise and confusion would have been if any of his seeds
+sprouted and lived! A few years ago a kindly member of our United States
+Congress sent to me from the vast seed stores of our national
+Agricultural Department, thousands of packages of seeds of common garden
+flowers to be given to the poor children in public kindergartens and
+primary schools in our great city. The seeds were given to hundreds of
+eager flower lovers, but starch boxes and old tubs and flower pots
+formed the limited gardens of those Irish and Italian children, and the
+Government had sent to me such "hats full, sacks full, bushel-bags
+full," that I was left with an embarrassment of riches. I sent them to
+Narragansett and amused myself thereafter by sowing several pecks of
+garden seeds along the country roadsides; never, to my knowledge, did
+one seed live and produce a plant. I watched eagerly for certain
+plantings of Poppies, Candytuft, Morning-glories, and even the
+indomitable Portulaca; not one appeared. I don't know why I should think
+I could improve on nature; for I drove through that road yesterday and
+it was radiant with Wild Rose bloom, white Elder, and Meadow Beauty; a
+combination that Thoreau thought and that I think could not be excelled
+in a cultivated garden. Above all, these are the right things in the
+right place, which my garden plants would not have been. I am sure
+that if they had lived and crowded out these exquisite wild flowers I
+should have been sorry enough.
+
+[Illustration: Fountain at Yaddo.]
+
+The hardy Colchicum or Autumnal Crocus is seldom seen in our gardens;
+nor do I care for its increase, even when planted in the grass. It bears
+to me none of the delight which accompanies the spring Crocus, but seems
+to be out of keeping with the autumnal season. Rising bare of leaves, it
+has but a seminatural aspect, as if it had been stuck rootless in the
+ground like the leafless, stemless blooms of a child's posy bed. Its
+English name--Naked Boys--seems suited to it. The Colchicum is
+associated in my mind with the Indian Pipe and similar growths; it is
+curious, but it isn't pleasing. As the Indian Pipe could not be lured
+within garden walls, I will not write of it here, save to say that no
+one could ever see it growing in its shadowy home in the woods without
+yielding to its air of mystery. It is the weirdest flower that grows, so
+palpably ghastly that we feel almost a cheerful satisfaction in the
+perfection of its performance and our own responsive thrill, just as we
+do in a good ghost story.
+
+[Illustration: Avenue of White Pines at Wellesley, Mass., the
+Country-seat of Hollis H. Hunnewell, Esq.]
+
+Many wild flowers which we have transplanted to our gardens are full of
+magic and charm. In some, such as Thyme and Elder, these elements come
+from English tradition. In other flowers the quality of mystery is
+inherent. In childhood I absolutely abhorred Bloodroot; it seemed to me
+a fearsome thing when first I picked it. I remember well my dismay, it
+was so pure, so sleek, so innocent of face, yet bleeding at a touch,
+like a murdered man in the Blood Ordeal.
+
+The Trillium, Wake-robin, is a wonderful flower. I have seen it growing
+in a luxuriance almost beyond belief in lonely Canadian forests on the
+Laurentian Mountains. At this mining settlement, so remote that it was
+unvisited even by the omnipresent and faithful Canadian priest, was a
+wealth of plant growth which seemed fairly tropical. The starry flowers
+of the Trillium hung on long peduncles, and the two-inch diameter of the
+ordinary blossom was doubled. The Painted Trillium bore rich flowers of
+pink and wine color, and stood four or five feet from the ground. I
+think no one had ever gathered their blooms, for there were no women in
+this mining camp save a few French-Indian servants and one Irish cook,
+and no educated white woman had ever been within fifty, perhaps a
+hundred, miles of the place. Every variety of bloom seemed of
+exaggerated growth, but the Trillium exceeded all. An element of mystery
+surrounds this plant, a quality which appertains to all "three-cornered"
+flowers; perhaps there may be some significance in the three-sided
+form. I felt this influence in the extreme when in the presence of this
+Canadian Trillium, so much so that I was depressed by it when wandering
+alone even in the edge of the forest; and when by light o' the moon I
+peered in on this forest garden, it was like the vision of a troop of
+trembling white ghosts, stimulating to the fancy. It was but a part of
+the whole influence of that place, which was full of eerie mystery. For
+after the countless eons of time during which "the earth was without
+form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the earth," the waters
+at last were gathered together and dry land appeared. And that dry land
+which came up slowly out of the face of the waters was this Laurentian
+range. And when at God's command "on the third day" the earth brought
+forth grass, and herb yielded seed--lo, among the things which were good
+and beautiful there shone forth upon the earth the first starry flowers
+of the white Trillium.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+ROSES OF YESTERDAY
+
+    "Each morn a thousand Roses brings, you say;
+     Yes, but where leaves the Rose of Yesterday?"
+
+    --_Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam_, translated by EDWARD FITZGERALD, 1858.
+
+
+The answer can be given the Persian poet that the Rose of Yesterday
+leaves again in the heart. The subtle fragrance of a Rose can readily
+conjure in our minds a dream of summers past, and happy summers to come.
+Many a flower lover since Chaucer has felt as did the poet:--
+
+    "The savour of the Roses swote
+     Me smote right to the herte rote."
+
+The old-time Roses possess most fully this hidden power. Sweetest of all
+was the old Cabbage Rose--called by some the Provence Rose--for its
+perfume "to be chronicled and chronicled, and cut and chronicled, and
+all-to-be-praised." Its odor is perfection; it is the standard by which
+I compare all other fragrances. It is not too strong nor too cloying, as
+are some Rose scents; it is the idealization of that distinctive
+sweetness of the Rose family which other Roses have to some degree. The
+color of the Cabbage Rose is very warm and pleasing, a clear, happy
+pink, and the flower has a wholesome, open look; but it is not a
+beautiful Rose by florists' standards,--few of the old Roses are,--and
+it is rather awkward in growth. The Cabbage Rose is said to have been a
+favorite in ancient Rome. I wish it had a prettier name; it is certainly
+worthy one.
+
+The Hundred-leaved Rose was akin to the Cabbage Rose, and shared its
+delicious fragrance. In its rather irregular shape it resembled the
+present Duke of Sussex Rose.
+
+One of the rarest of old-time Roses in our gardens to-day is the red and
+white mottled York and Lancaster. It is as old as the sixteenth century.
+Shakespeare writes in the _Sonnets_:--
+
+    "The Roses fearfully in thorns did stand
+     One blushing shame, another white despair.
+     A third, nor red, nor white, had stol'n of both."
+
+They are what Chaucer loved, "sweitie roses red, brode, and open also."
+Roses of a broad, flat expanse when in full bloom; they have a cheerier,
+heartier, more gracious look than many of the new Roses that never open
+far from bud, that seem so pinched and narrow. What ineffable fragrance
+do they pour out from every wide-open flower, a fragrance that is the
+very spirit of the Oriental Attar of Roses; all the sensuous sweetness
+of the attar is gone, and only that which is purest and best remains. I
+believe, in thinking of it, that it equals the perfume of the Cabbage
+Rose, which, ere now, I have always placed first. This York and
+Lancaster Rose is the _Rosa mundi_,--the rose of the world. A fine plant
+is growing in Hawthorne's old home in Salem.
+
+[Illustration: Violets in Silver Double Coaster.]
+
+Opposite page 462 is an unusual depiction of the century-old York and
+Lancaster Rose still growing and flourishing in the old garden at Van
+Cortlandt Manor. It is from one of the few photographs which I have ever
+seen which make you forgive their lack of color. The vigor, the grace,
+the richness of this wonderful Rose certainly are fully shown, though
+but in black and white. I have called this Rose bush a century old; it
+is doubtless much older, but it does not seem old; it is gifted with
+everlasting youth. We know how the Persians gather before a single plant
+in flower; they spread their rugs, and pray before it; and sit and
+meditate before it; sip sherbet, play the lute and guitar in the
+moonlight; bring their friends and stand as in a vision, then talk in
+praises of it, and then all serenade it with an ode from Hafiz and
+depart. So would I gather my friends around this lovely old Rose, and
+share its beauty just as my friends at the manor-house share it with me;
+and as the Persians, we would praise it in sunlight and by moonlight,
+and sing its beauty in verses. This York and Lancaster Rose was known to
+Parkinson in his day; it is his _Rosa versicolor_. I wonder why so few
+modern gardens contain this treasure. I know it does not rise to all the
+standards of the modern Rose growers; but it possesses something
+better--it has a living spirit; it speaks of history, romance,
+sentiment; it awakens inspiration and thought, it has an ever living
+interest, a significance. I wonder whether a hundred years from now any
+one will stand before some Crimson Rambler, which will then be ancient,
+and feel as I do before this York and Lancaster goddess.
+
+[Illustration: York and Lancaster Rose.]
+
+The fragrance of the sweetest Roses--the Damask, the Cabbage, the York
+and Lancaster--is beyond any other flower-scent, it is irresistible,
+enthralling; you cannot leave it. You can push aside a Syringa, a
+Honeysuckle, even a Mignonette, but there is a magic something which
+binds you irrevocably to the Rose. I have never doubted that the Rose
+has some compelling quality shared not by other flowers. I know not
+whether it comes from centuries of establishment as a race-symbol, or
+from some inherent witchery of the plant, but it certainly exists.
+
+The variety of Roses known to old American gardens, as to English
+gardens, was few. The English Eglantine was quickly established here in
+gardens and spread to roadsides. The small, ragged, cheerful little
+Cinnamon Rose, now chiefly seen as a garden stray, is undoubtedly old.
+This Rose diffuses its faint "sinamon smelle" when the petals are dried.
+Nearly all of the Roses vaguely thought to be one or two hundred years
+old date only, within our ken, to the earlier years of the nineteenth
+century. The Seven Sisters Rose, imagined by the owner of many a
+Southern garden to belong to colonial days, is one of the family _Rosa
+multiflora_, introduced from Japan to England by Thunberg. Its catalogue
+name is Greville. I think the Seven Sisters dates back to 1822. The
+clusters of little double blooms of the Seven Sisters are not among our
+beautiful Roses, but are planted by the house mistress of every Southern
+home from power of association, because they were loved by her
+grandmothers, if not by more distant forbears. The crimson Boursaults
+are no older. They came from the Swiss Alps and therefore are hardy, but
+they are fussy things, needing much pruning and pulling out. I recall
+that they had much longer prickles than the other roses in our garden.
+The beloved little Banksia Rose came from China in 1807. The Madame
+Plantier is a hybrid China Rose of much popularity. We have had it about
+seventy or eighty years. In the lovely garden of Mrs. Mabel Osgood
+Wright, author of _Flowers and Trees in their Haunts_, I saw, this
+spring, a giant Madame Plantier which had over five thousand buds, and
+which could scarcely be equalled in beauty by any modern Roses. Its
+photograph gives scant idea of its size.
+
+What gratitude we have in spring to the Sweetbrier! How early in the
+year, from sprouting branch and curling leaf, it begins to give forth
+its pure odor! Gracious and lavish plant, beloved in scent by every one,
+you have no rival in the spring garden with its pale perfumes. The
+Sweetbrier and Shakespeare's Musk Rose (_Rosa moschata_) are said to be
+the only Roses that at evening pour forth their perfume; the others are
+what Bacon called "fast of their odor."
+
+The June Rose, called by many the Hedgehog Rose, was, I think, the first
+Rose of summer. A sturdy plant, about three feet in height; set thick
+with briers, it well deserved its folk name. The flowers opened into a
+saucer of richest carmine, as fragrant as an American Beauty, and the
+little circles of crimson resembling the _Rosa rugosa_ were seen in
+every front dooryard.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Roses.]
+
+In the Walpole garden from whence came to us our beloved Ambrosia, was
+an ample Box-edged flower bed which my mother and the great-aunt called
+The Rosery. One cousin, now living, recalls with distinctness its charms
+in 1830; for it was beautiful, though the vast riches of the Rose-world
+of China and Japan had not reached it. There grew in it, he remembers,
+Yellow Scotch Roses, Sweetbrier (or Eglantine), Cinnamon Roses, White
+Scotch Roses, Damask Roses, Blush Roses, Dog Roses (the Canker-bloom of
+Shakespeare), Black Roses, Burgundy Roses, and Moss Roses. The
+last-named sensitive creatures, so difficult to rear with satisfaction
+in such a climate, found in this Rosery by the river-side some exact
+fitness of soil or surroundings, or perhaps of fostering care, which in
+spite of the dampness and the constant tendency of all Moss Roses to
+mildew, made them blossom in unrivalled perfection. I remember their
+successors, deplored as much inferior to the Roses of 1830, and they
+were the finest Moss Roses I ever saw blooming in a garden. An amusing
+saying of some of the village passers-by (with smaller gardens and
+education) showed the universal acknowledgment of the perfection of
+these Roses. These people thought the name was Morse Roses and always
+thus termed them, fancying they were named for the family for whom the
+flowers bloomed in such beauty and number.
+
+Among the other Roses named by my cousin I recall the White Scotch Rose,
+sometimes called also the Burnet-leaved Rose. It was very fragrant, and
+was often chosen for a Sunday posy. There were both single and double
+varieties.
+
+The Blush Rose (_Rosa alba_), known also as Maiden's blush, was much
+esteemed for its exquisite color; it could be distinguished readily by
+the glaucous hue of the foliage, which always looked like the leaves of
+artificial roses. It was easily blighted; and indeed we must acknowledge
+that few of the old Roses were as certain as their sturdy descendants.
+
+The Damask Rose was the only one ever used in careful families and by
+careful housekeepers for making rose-water. There was a Velvet Rose,
+darker than the Damask and low-growing, evidently the same Rose. Both
+showed plentiful yellow stamens in the centres, and had exquisite rich
+dark leaves.
+
+The old Black Rose of The Rosery was so suffused with color-principle,
+so "color-flushing," that even the wood had black and dark red streaks.
+Its petals were purple-black.
+
+The Burgundy Rose was of the Cabbage Rose family; its flowers were very
+small, scarce an inch in diameter. There were two varieties: the one my
+cousin called Little Burgundy had clear dark red blossoms; the other,
+white with pink centres. Both were low-growing, small bushes with small
+leaves. They are practically vanished Roses--wholly out of cultivation.
+
+We had other tiny roses; one was a lovely little Rose creature called a
+Fairy Rose. I haven't seen one for years. As I recall them, the Rose
+plants were never a foot in height, and had dainty little flower
+rosettes from a quarter to half an inch in diameter set in thick
+clusters. But the recalled dimensions of youth vary so when seen
+actually in the cold light of to-day that perhaps I am wrong in my
+description. This was also called a Pony Rose. This Fairy Rose was not
+the Polyantha which also has forty or fifty little roses in a cluster.
+The single Polyantha Rose looks much like its cousin, the Blackberry
+blossom.
+
+Another small Rose was the Garland Rose. This was deemed extremely
+elegant, and rightfully so. It has great corymbs of tiny white blossoms
+with tight little buff buds squeezing out among the open Roses.
+
+Another old favorite was the Rose of Four Seasons--known also by its
+French name, _Rose de Quartre Saisons_--which had occasional blooms
+throughout the summer. It may have been the foundation of our Hybrid
+Perpetual Roses. The Bourbon Roses were vastly modish; their round
+smooth petals and oval leaves easily distinguish them from other
+varieties.
+
+Among the several hundred things I have fully planned out to do, to
+solace my old age after I have become a "centurion," is a series of
+water-color drawings of all these old-time Roses, for so many of them
+are already scarce.
+
+The Michigan Rose which covered the arches in Mr. Seward's garden, has
+clusters of deep pink, single, odorless flowers, that fade out nearly
+white after they open. It is our only native Rose that has passed into
+cultivation. From it come many fine double-flowered Roses, among them
+the beautiful Baltimore Belle and Queen of the Prairies, which were
+named about 1836 by a Baltimore florist called Feast. All its vigorous
+and hardy descendants are scentless save the Gem of the Prairies. It is
+one of the ironies of plant-nomenclature when we have so few plant names
+saved to us from the picturesque and often musical speech of the
+American Indians, that the lovely Cherokee Rose, Indian of name, is a
+Chinese Rose. It ought to be a native, for everywhere throughout our
+Southern states its pure white flowers and glossy evergreen leaves love
+to grow till they form dense thickets.
+
+People who own fine gardens are nowadays unwilling to plant the old
+"Summer Roses" which bloom cheerfully in their own Rose-month and then
+have no more blossoming till the next year; they want a Remontant Rose,
+which will bloom a second time in the autumn, or a Perpetual Rose, which
+will give flowers from June till cut off by the frost. But these
+latter-named Roses are not only of fine gardens but of fine gardeners;
+and folk who wish the old simple flower garden which needs no
+highly-skilled care, still are happy in the old Summer Roses I have
+named.
+
+[Illustration: Cottage Garden with Roses.]
+
+A Rose hedge is the most beautiful of all garden walls and the most
+ancient. Professor Koch says that long before men customarily surrounded
+their gardens with walls, that they had Rose hedges. He tells us that
+each of the four great peoples of Asia owned its own beloved Rose,
+carried in all wanderings, until at last the four became common to all
+races of men. Indo-Germanic stock chose the hundred-leaved red Rose,
+_Rosa gallica_ (the best Rose for conserves). _Rosa damascena_, which
+blooms twice a year, and the Musk Rose were cherished by the Semitic
+people; these were preferred for attar of Roses and Rose water. The
+yellow Rose, _Rosa lutea_, or Persian Rose, was the flower of the
+Turkish Mongolian people. Eastern Asia is the fatherland of the Indian
+and Tea Roses. The Rose has now become as universal as sunlight. Even in
+Iceland and Lapland grows the lovely _Rosa nitida_.
+
+We say these Roses are common to all peoples, but we have never in
+America been able to grow yellow Roses in ample bloom in our gardens.
+Many that thrive in English gardens are unknown here. The only yellow
+garden Rose common in old gardens was known simply as the "old yellow
+Rose," or Scotch Rose, but it came from the far East. In a few
+localities the yellow Eglantine was seen.
+
+The picturesque old custom of paying a Rose for rent was known here. In
+Manheim, Pennsylvania, stands the Zion Lutheran Church, which was
+gathered together by Baron William Stiegel, who was the first glass and
+iron manufacturer of note in this country. He came to America in 1750,
+with a fortune which would be equal to-day to a million dollars, and
+founded and built and named Manheim. He was a man of deep spiritual and
+religious belief, and of profound sentiment, and when in 1771 he gave
+the land to the church, this clause was in the indenture:--
+
+     "Yielding and paying therefor unto the said Henry William Stiegel,
+     his heirs or assigns, at the said town of Manheim, in the Month of
+     June Yearly, forever hereafter, the rent of _One Red Rose_, if the
+     same shall be lawfully demanded."
+
+Nothing more touching can be imagined than the fulfilment each year of
+this beautiful and symbolic ceremony of payment. The little town is rich
+in Roses, and these are gathered freely for the church service, when One
+Red Rose is still paid to the heirs of the sainted old baron, who died
+in 1778, broken in health and fortunes, even having languished in jail
+some time for debt. A new church was erected on the site of the old one
+in 1892, and in a beautiful memorial window the decoration of the Red
+Rose commemorates the sentiment of its benefactor.
+
+The Rose Tavern, in the neighboring town of Bethlehem, stands on land
+granted for the site of a tavern by William Penn, for the yearly rental
+of One Red Rose.
+
+In England the payment of a Rose as rent was often known. The Bishop of
+Ely leased Ely house in 1576 to Sir Christopher Hatton, Queen
+Elizabeth's handsome Lord Chancellor, for a Red Rose to be paid on
+Midsummer Day, ten loads of hay and ten pounds per annum, and he and his
+Episcopal successors reserved the right of walking in the gardens and
+gathering twenty bushels of Roses yearly. In France there was a feudal
+right to demand a payment of Roses for the making of Rose water.
+
+Two of our great historians, George Bancroft and Francis Parkman, were
+great rose-growers and rose-lovers. I never saw Mr. Parkman's Rose
+Garden, but I remember Mr. Bancroft's well; the Tea Roses were
+especially beautiful. Mr. Bancroft's Rose Garden in its earliest days
+had no rivals in America.
+
+The making of potpourri was common in my childhood. While the petals of
+the Cabbage Rose were preferred, all were used. Recipes for making
+potpourri exist in great number; I have seen several in manuscript in
+old recipe books, one dated 1690. The old ones are much simpler than the
+modern ones, and have no strong spices such as cinnamon and clove, and
+no bergamot or mints or strongly scented essences or leaves. The best
+rules gave ambergris as one of the ingredients; this is not really a
+perfume, but gives the potpourri its staying power. There is something
+very pleasant in opening an old China jar to find it filled with
+potpourri, even if the scent has wholly faded. It tells a story of a day
+when people had time for such things. I read in a letter a century and
+a half old of a happy group of people riding out to the house of the
+provincial governor of New York; all gathered Rose leaves in the
+governor's garden, and the governor's wife started the distilling of
+these Rose leaves, in her new still, into Rose water, while all drank
+syllabubs and junkets--a pretty Watteau-ish scene.
+
+The hips of wild Roses are a harvest--one unused in America in modern
+days, but in olden times they were stewed with sugar and spices, as were
+other fruits. Sauce Saracen, or Sarzyn, was made of Rose hips and
+Almonds pounded together, cooked in wine and sweetened. I believe they
+are still cooked by some folks in England, but I never heard of their
+use in America save by one person, an elderly Irish woman on a farm in
+Narragansett. Plentiful are the references and rules in old cookbooks
+for cooking Rose hips. Parkinson says: "Hippes are made into a conserve,
+also a paste like licoris. Cooks and their Mistresses know how to
+prepare from them many fine dishes for the Table." Gerarde writes
+characteristically of the Sweetbrier, "The fruit when it is ripe maketh
+most pleasant meats and banqueting dishes, as tarts and such-like; the
+making whereof I commit to the cunning cooke, and teeth to eat them in
+the rich man's mouth."
+
+Children have ever nibbled Rose hips:--
+
+    "I fed on scarlet hips and stony haws--
+     Hard fare, but such as boyish appetite
+     Disdains not."
+
+The Rose bush furnished another comestible for the children's larder,
+the red succulent shoots of common garden and wild Roses. These were
+known by the dainty name of "brier candy," a name appropriate and
+characteristic, as the folk-names devised by children frequently are.
+
+[Illustration: Madame Plantier Rose.]
+
+On the post-road in southern New Hampshire stands an old house, which
+according to its license was once "improved" as a tavern, and was famous
+for its ghost and its Roses. The tavern was owned by a family of two
+brothers and two sisters, all unmarried, as was rather a habit in the
+Mason family; though when any of the tribe did marry, a vast throng of
+children quickly sprung up to propagate the name and sturdy qualities of
+the race. The men were giants, and both men and women were hard-working
+folk of vast endurance and great thrift, and, like all of that ilk in
+New England, they prospered and grew well-to-do; great barns and
+out-buildings, all well filled, stretched down along the roadside below
+the house. Joseph Mason could lay more feet of stone wall in a day,
+could plough more land, chop down more trees, pull more stumps, than any
+other man in New Hampshire. His sisters could bake and brew, make soap,
+weed the garden, spin and weave, unceasingly and untiringly. Their
+garden was a source of purest pleasure to them, as well as of hard work;
+its borders were so stocked with medicinal herbs that it could supply a
+township; and its old-time flowers furnished seeds and slips and bulbs
+to every other garden within a day's driving distance; but its glory was
+a garden side to gladden the heart of Omar Khayyam, where two or three
+acres of ground were grown over heavily with old-fashioned Roses. These
+were only the common Cinnamon Rose, the beloved Cabbage Rose, and a pale
+pink, spicily scented, large-petalled, scarcely double Rose, known to
+them as the Apothecaries' Rose. Farmer-neighbors wondered at this waste
+of the Masons' good land in this unprofitable Rose crop, but it had a
+certain use. There came every June to this Rose garden all the children
+of the vicinity, bearing milk-pails, homespun bags, birch baskets, to
+gather Rose petals. They nearly all had Roses at their homes, but not
+the Mason Roses. These Rose leaves were carried carefully to each home,
+and were packed in stone jars with alternate layers of brown or scant
+maple sugar. Soon all conglomerated into a gummy, brown, close-grained,
+not over alluring substance to the vision, which was known among the
+children by the unromantic name of "Rose tobacco." This cloying
+confection was in high repute. It was chipped off and eaten in tiny
+bits, and much treasured--as a love token, or reward of good behavior.
+
+The Mason house was a tavern. It was not one of the regular
+stopping-places on the turnpike road, being rather too near the town to
+gather any travel of teamsters or coaches; but passers-by who knew the
+house and the Masons loved to stop there. Everything in the well-kept,
+well-filled house and barns contributed to the comfort of guests, and it
+was known that the Masons cared more for the company of the traveller
+than for his pay.
+
+There was a shadow on this house. The youngest of the family, Hannah,
+had been jilted in her youth, "shabbed" as said the country folks. After
+several years of "constant company-keeping" with the son of a neighbor,
+during which time many a linen sheet and tablecloth, many a fine
+blanket, had been spun and woven, and laid aside with the tacit
+understanding that it was part of her wedding outfit, the man had fallen
+suddenly and violently in love with a girl who came from a neighboring
+town to sing a single Sunday in the church choir. He had driven to her
+home the following week, carried her off to a parson in a third town,
+married her, and brought her to his home in a triumph of enthusiasm and
+romance, which quickly fled before the open dislike and reprehension of
+his upright neighbors, who abhorred his fickleness, and before the years
+of ill health and ill temper of the hard-worked, faded wife. Many
+children were born to them; two lived, sickly little souls, who,
+unconscious of the blemish on their parents' past, came with the other
+children every June, and gathered Rose leaves under Hannah Mason's
+window.
+
+Hannah Mason was called crazy. After her desertion she never entered any
+door save that of her own home, never went to a neighbor's house either
+in time of joy or sorrow; queerer still, never went to church. All her
+life, her thoughts, her vast strength, went into hard work. No labor was
+too heavy or too formidable for her. She would hetchel flax for weeks,
+spin unceasingly, and weave on a hand loom, most wearing of women's
+work, without thought of rest. No single household could supply work for
+such an untiring machine, especially when all labored industriously--so
+work was brought to her from the neighbors. Not a wedding outfit for
+miles around was complete without one of Hannah Mason's fine
+tablecloths. Every corpse was buried in one of her linen shrouds.
+Sailmakers and boat-owners in Portsmouth sent up to her for strong duck
+for their sails. Lads went up to Dartmouth College in suits of her
+homespun. Many a teamster on the road slept under Hannah Mason's heavy
+gray woollen blankets, and his wagon tilts were covered with her canvas.
+Her bank account grew rapidly--she became rich as fast as her old
+lover became poor. But all this cast a shadow on the house. Sojourners
+would waken and hear throughout the night some steady sound, a
+scratching of the cards, a whirring of the spinning-wheel, the
+thump-thump of the loom. Some said she never slept, and could well grow
+rich when she worked all night.
+
+[Illustration: Sun-dial and Roses at Van Cortlandt Manor.]
+
+At last the woman who had stolen her lover--the poor, sickly wife--died.
+The widower, burdened hopelessly with debts, of course put up in her
+memory a fine headstone extolling her virtues. One wakeful night, with a
+sentiment often found in such natures, he went to the graveyard to view
+his proud but unpaid-for possession. The grass deadened his footsteps,
+and not till he reached the grave did there rise up from the ground a
+tall, ghostly figure dressed all in undyed gray wool of her own weaving.
+It was Hannah Mason. "Hannah," whimpered the widower, trying to take her
+hand,--with equal thought of her long bank account and his unpaid-for
+headstone,--"I never really loved any one but you." She broke away from
+him with an indescribable gesture of contempt and dignity, and went
+home. She died suddenly four days later of pneumonia, either from the
+shock or the damp midnight chill of the graveyard.
+
+As months passed on travellers still came to the tavern, and the story
+began to be whispered from one to another that the house was haunted by
+the ghost of Hannah Mason. Strange sounds were heard at night from the
+garret where she had always worked; most plainly of all could be heard
+the whirring of her great wool wheel. When this rumor reached the
+brothers' ears, they determined to investigate the story and end it
+forever. That night their vigil began, and soon the sound of the wheel
+was heard. They entered the garret, and to their surprise found the
+wheel spinning round. Then Joseph Mason went to the garret and seated
+himself for closer and more determined watch. He sat in the dark till
+the wheel began to revolve, then struck a sudden light and found the
+ghost. A great rat had run out on the spoke of the wheel and when he
+reached the broad rim had started a treadmill of his own--which made the
+ghostly sound as it whirred around. Soon this rat grew so tame that he
+would come out on the spinning-wheel in the daytime, and several others
+were seen to run around in the wheel as if it were a pleasant
+recreation.
+
+The old brick house still stands with its great grove of Sugar Maples,
+but it is silent, for the Masons all sleep in the graveyard behind the
+church high up on the hillside; no travellers stop within the doors, the
+ghost rats are dead, the spinning-wheel is gone, but the garden still
+blossoms with eternal youth. Though children no longer gather rose
+leaves for Rose tobacco, the "Roses of Yesterday" bloom every year; and
+each June morn, "a thousand blossoms with the day awake," and fling
+their spicy fragrance on the air.
+
+
+
+
+Index
+
+
+  Abbotsford, Ivy from, 62;
+    sun-dial from, 219, 377.
+
+  Achillaea, 238.
+
+  Aconite, 266.
+
+  Acrelius, Dr., quoted, 208.
+
+  Adam's Needle. _See_ Yucca.
+
+  Adlumia, 183.
+
+  Agapanthus, 52.
+
+  Ageratum, as edging, 60, 264.
+
+  Ague-weed, 146.
+
+  Akers, Elizabeth, quoted, 152.
+
+  Alcott, A. B., cited, 120.
+
+  Alka, 359.
+
+  Alleghany Vine. _See_ Adlumia.
+
+  Allen, James Lane, quoted, 195.
+
+  Almond, flowering, 39, 41, 159.
+
+  Aloe, 429.
+
+  Alpine Strawberries, 62.
+
+  Alstroemeria, 438.
+
+  Alyssum, sweet, 59-60, 179;
+    yellow, 137.
+
+  Ambrosia, 48, 235 _et seq._
+
+  _Anemone japonica_, 67, 187.
+
+  Annunzio, G. d', quoted, 94.
+
+  Apple betty, 211.
+
+  Apple butter, 212-213.
+
+  Apple frolic, 211 _et seq._
+
+  Apple hoglin, 211.
+
+  Apple-luns, 209.
+
+  Apple mose, 209.
+
+  Apple moy, 209.
+
+  Apple paring, 207.
+
+  Apple pie, 208.
+
+  Apple sauce, 213.
+
+  Apple slump, 211.
+
+  Apple stucklin, 211.
+
+  Apple tansy, 209.
+
+  Aquilegia, 260.
+
+  Arabis, 47.
+
+  Arbors, 384.
+
+  Arbutus, trailing, 166, 291, 299.
+
+  Arches, 384, 387, 418.
+
+  Arch-herbs, 384.
+
+  Arethusa, 247 _et seq._, 295, 299 _et seq._
+
+  Arlington, pergola at, 385.
+
+  Arnold, Matthew, quoted, 225, 226.
+
+  Ascott, sun-dial at, 98.
+
+  Asters, 179, 180.
+
+  Athol porridge, 393.
+
+  Azalea, 16.
+
+
+  Baby's Breath, 257.
+
+  Bachelor's Buttons, 52, 176, 265, 291.
+
+  Back-yard, flowers in, 154.
+
+  Bacon-and-eggs, 138.
+
+  Bacon, Lord, cited, 44-45, 55, 56, 144.
+
+  Balloon Flower. _See_ _Platycodon grandiflorum_.
+
+  Balloon Vine, 183-184.
+
+  Balsams, 257.
+
+  Baltimore Belle Rose, 468.
+
+  Bancroft, George, Rose Garden of, 471.
+
+  Banksia Rose, 463.
+
+  Bare-dames, 17.
+
+  Barney, Major, landscape art of, 101.
+
+  Bartram, John, 12.
+
+  Basil, sweet, 121 _et seq._
+
+  Battle of Princeton, 78.
+
+  Batty Langley, cited, 383.
+
+  Bayberry, 302.
+
+  Beata Beatrix, 380.
+
+  Beaver-tongue, 347-348.
+
+  Beech, weeping, 231.
+
+  Bee-hives, 354, 391 _et seq._
+
+  Beekman, James, greenhouse of, 19.
+
+  Bee Larkspur, 265, 268.
+
+  Bell-bind, 181, 182.
+
+  Bell Flower, Chinese or Japanese. _See_ _Platycodon grandiflorum_.
+
+  Belvoir Castle, Lunaria at, 171-172.
+
+  Bergamot, 166.
+
+  Bergen Homestead, garden of, 23.
+
+  Berkeley, Bishop, Apple trees of, 194-195.
+
+  Bitter Buttons. _See_ Tansy.
+
+  Bitter-sweet, 25, 238.
+
+  Black Cohosh, 423-424.
+
+  Black Roses, 466.
+
+  Bleeding-heart. _See_ Dielytra.
+
+  Blind, herb-garden for, 131.
+
+  Bloodroot, 154, 457.
+
+  Bluebottles, 265.
+
+  Blue-eyed Grass, 278-279.
+
+  Blue-pipe tree, 144.
+
+  Blue Roses, 253.
+
+  Blue Sage, 264.
+
+  Blue Spider-flower, 435.
+
+  Bluetops, 265.
+
+  Bluets, 260.
+
+  Blue-weed. _See_ Viper's Bugloss.
+
+  Blush Roses, 466.
+
+  Bocconia. _See_ Plume Poppy.
+
+  Boneset, 145 _et seq._
+
+  Bosquets, 387.
+
+  Botrys. _See_ Ambrosia.
+
+  Boulder, sun-dial mounted on, 377.
+
+  Bouncing Bet, 52, 450.
+
+  Bourbon Roses, 467.
+
+  Boursault Roses, 48, 463.
+
+  Bowers, 385.
+
+  Bowling greens, 240.
+
+  Bowne, Eliza Southgate, diary of, 31.
+
+  Box. _See_ Chapter IV.;
+    also 29, 47, 48, 54, 59, 71, 80, 112, 338.
+
+  Break-your-spectacles, 265.
+
+  Brecknock Hall, Box at, 103-104.
+
+  Bricks for edging, 59, 71;
+    for walls, 71-72, 412 _et seq._
+
+  Brier candy, 473.
+
+  British soldiers, graves of, 77 _et seq._
+
+  Broom. _See_ Woad-waxen.
+
+  Broughton Castle, Box sun-dial at, 97, 98.
+
+  Brown, Dr. John, cited, 103.
+
+  Browne, Sir Thomas, quoted, 306.
+
+  Brunelle. _See_ Prunella.
+
+  Buck-thorn, 387, 407.
+
+  Bulbs, 157.
+
+  Burgundy Roses, 465, 466, 467.
+
+  Burnet, 305.
+
+  Burnet-leaved Rose, 466.
+
+  Burroughs, J., quoted, 195, 451-452.
+
+  Burying-grounds,
+    Box in, 94;
+    Dogwood in, 155;
+    Thyme in, 303;
+    Spurge in, 434.
+
+  Butter-and-eggs. _See_ Toad-flax.
+
+  Buttercups, 166, 291, 294.
+
+
+  Cabbage Rose, 297, 320, 459, 460, 471.
+
+  Calceolarias, 179.
+
+  Calopogon, 247.
+
+  Calycanthus, 297.
+
+  Cambridge University, sun-dial at, 97.
+
+  Camden, South Carolina, gardens at, 15.
+
+  Camellia Japonica, 16.
+
+  Camomile, 192.
+
+  Campanula, 52, 262.
+
+  Candy-tuft, as edging, 59.
+
+  Canker-bloom, 465.
+
+  Canterbury Bells, 34, 162, 262, 333 _et seq._
+
+  Caraway, 341, 342.
+
+  Carnation, green, 239.
+
+  Catalpas, 26, 31, 293.
+
+  Cat-ice, 453.
+
+  Catnip, 315.
+
+  Cat road, 452.
+
+  Cat's-fancy, 315.
+
+  Cat-slides, 453.
+
+  Cat-sticks, 453.
+
+  Cedar hedges, 387.
+
+  Cedar of Lebanon, 29.
+
+  Centaurea Cyanus. _See_ Bachelor's Buttons.
+
+  Cerinthe. _See_ Honeywort.
+
+  Charles I. sun-dials of, 357.
+
+  Charles II. sun-dials of, 357.
+
+  Charlottesville, Virginia, wall at, 414.
+
+  Charmilles, 387.
+
+  Chaucer, Geoffrey, quoted, flowers of, 215.
+
+  Checkerberry, 345.
+
+  Checker lily. _See_ Fritillaria.
+
+  Chenopodium Botrys. _See_ Ambrosia.
+
+  Cherokee Rose, 468.
+
+  Cherry blossoms, 158, 193, 197.
+
+  Cheshire, Connecticut, Apple tree in, 194.
+
+  Chicory, 266 _et seq._
+
+  Chinese Bell Flower. _See_ _Platycodon grandiflorum_.
+
+  Chionodoxa, 137.
+
+  Chore-girl, 393.
+
+  Christalan, statue of, 84, 85.
+
+  Chrysanthemums, 179.
+
+  Cider, manufacture of, 202 _et seq._
+
+  Cider soup, 212.
+
+  Cinnamon Fern, 332.
+
+  Cinnamon Roses, 463, 465.
+
+  Civet, 317.
+
+  Clair-voyees, 389.
+
+  Clare, John, quoted, 227, 309.
+
+  Claymont, Virginia, garden at, 181, 182.
+
+  Claytonia, 294.
+
+  Clematis, Jackmanni, 182.
+
+  Clove apple, 210.
+
+  Clover, 165.
+
+  Clover, Italian, 241.
+
+  Codlins and Cream, 138.
+
+  Cohosh. _See_ Snakeroot.
+
+  Colchicum, 455.
+
+  Columbia, South Carolina, gardens at, 15.
+
+  Columbine, 260, 424-425.
+
+  Comfort Apple, 210.
+
+  Concord, Massachusetts, British dead at, 78;
+    Sunday observance in, 345 _et seq._
+
+  Cooper, Susan, quoted, 289.
+
+  Corchorus, 190.
+
+  Cornel, 332.
+
+  Cornelian Rose, 17.
+
+  Cornuti, Dr., list of plants, 10.
+
+  Corydalis, 154.
+
+  Costmary, 347-348.
+
+  Covert walks, 59.
+
+  Cowslips, 294.
+
+  Cowslip mead, 393.
+
+  Crab Apple trees, 192.
+
+  Craigie House, 141.
+
+  Crape Myrtle, 16, 71.
+
+  Creeping Jenny, 60.
+
+  Crocus, 136.
+
+  Crown Imperial, 40;
+    _loquitur_, 322 _et seq._
+
+  Culpepper, N., cited, 349.
+
+  Cupid's Car, 266.
+
+  Currant, flowering, 298.
+
+  Cyanus, 33.
+
+  Cyclamens, 448.
+
+  Cylindres, 355.
+
+  Cypress, 406.
+
+
+  Daffodil Dell, 84.
+
+  Daffodils, 137 _et seq._;
+    318.
+
+  Dahlias, 176 _et seq._
+
+  Daisies, 165.
+
+  Damask Roses, 462, 465, 466.
+
+  Dames' Rocket, 422.
+
+  Dandelion, 117, 135, 154-155, 330.
+
+  Dante's Garden, 228.
+
+  Deland, Margaret, quoted, 64, 229, 267, 429.
+
+  Delphinum. _See_ Larkspur.
+
+  Derby family, gardens of, 30-31.
+
+  Deutzias, 189.
+
+  Devil-in-a-bush, 435.
+
+  Devil's-bit, 289.
+
+  Dialling, taught, 372.
+
+  Dicentra. _See_ Dielytra.
+
+  Dickens, Charles, sun-dial of, 376.
+
+  Dickinson, Emily, quoted, 341, 417.
+
+  Dielytra, 185 _et seq._
+
+  Dill, 5, 341-343.
+
+  Dodocatheon, 448.
+
+  Dog Roses, 465.
+
+  Dogtooth Violet, 434, 437.
+
+  Dogwood, 155.
+
+  Double Buttercups, 176.
+
+  Double flowers, 425.
+
+  Douglas, Gavin, quoted, 257.
+
+  Dovecotes in England, 394;
+    at Shirley-on-James, 394 _et seq._
+
+  Draytons, garden of, 16.
+
+  Drumthwacket, garden at, 76 _et seq._
+
+  Drying Apples, 207.
+
+  Dudgeon, 99-100.
+
+  Dutch gardens, 19, 20 _et seq._, 71 _et seq._
+
+  Dutchman's Pipe, 184.
+
+  Dumbledore's Delight, 266.
+
+  Dyer's Weed. _See_ Woad-waxen.
+
+
+  Egyptians, sun-dials of, 359.
+
+  Elder, 304.
+
+  Election Day, lilacs bloom on, 148.
+
+  Elijah's Chariot, 271.
+
+  Ely Place, rental of, 471.
+
+  Emerson, R. W., quoted, 138, 376.
+
+  Endicott, Governor, garden of, 3;
+    nursery of, 24;
+    bequest of Woad-waxen, 24, 25;
+    sun-dial of, 358.
+
+  Erasmus quoted, 109.
+
+  Evening Primrose, 10, 428, 429.
+
+  Everlasting Pea, 427.
+
+
+  Fairbanks, Jonathan, sun-dial of, 344, 358.
+
+  Fairies, charm to see, 304.
+
+  Fair-in-sight, 334.
+
+  Fairy Roses, 467.
+
+  Fairy Thimbles, 337.
+
+  Faneuil, Andrew, glass house of, 19.
+
+  Fennel, 5, 341 _et seq._
+
+  Fitchburg, Massachusetts, garden at jail, 101, 102.
+
+  Fitzgerald, Edward, quoted, 316, 330.
+
+  Flag, sweet, striped, 438;
+    blue, 278.
+
+  Flagroot, 343 _et seq._
+
+  Flax, 262.
+
+  Flower closes, 240.
+
+  Flower de Luce, 257 _et seq._
+
+  Flowering Currant, 64.
+
+  Flower-of-death, 441.
+
+  Flower-of-prosperity, 42.
+
+  Flower toys, 156.
+
+  Flushing, Long Island, nurseries at, 26;
+    _et seq._, 156, 230 _et seq._
+
+  Fore court, 40.
+
+  Forget-me-not, 265.
+
+  Formal garden, 78 _et seq._
+
+  Forsythia, 133, 189, 190.
+
+  Forth rights, 58.
+
+  Fortune, Robert, 187 _et seq._
+
+  Fountains, 69, 85-86, 380, 389.
+
+  Fox, George, bequest of, 11;
+    at Sylvester Manor, 105.
+
+  Foxgloves, 162, 427.
+
+  Frankland, Sir Henry, 29.
+
+  Franklin cent, 365.
+
+  Fraxinella, 432.
+
+  Fringed Gentian, 265, 273, 294.
+
+  Fritillaria, 81, 165, 446 _et seq._
+
+  Fuchsias, 52, 331.
+
+  Fugio bank note, 364, 365.
+
+  Fumitory, Climbing, 183.
+
+  Funerals, in front yard, 51;
+    Tansy at, 128 _et seq._
+
+  Funkias, 70.
+
+
+  Gardener's Garters, 438.
+
+  Garden Heliotrope, 313.
+
+  Garden of Sentiment, 110.
+
+  Garden Pink. _See_ Pinks.
+
+  Garden, Significance of name, 280.
+
+  Garden-viewing, 338.
+
+  Gardiner, Grissel, 104.
+
+  Garland of Julia, 323.
+
+  Garland Roses, 467.
+
+  Garrets with herbs, 115.
+
+  Garth, 39.
+
+  Gas-plant. _See_ Fraxinella.
+
+  Gate of Yaddo, 81, 82;
+    at Westover-on-James, 388, 389;
+    at Bristol, Rhode Island, 389.
+
+  Gatherer of simples, 118.
+
+  Gaultheria, 118.
+
+  Gem of the Prairies Rose, 468.
+
+  Genista tinctoria. _See_ Woad-waxen.
+
+  Geraniums, 244.
+
+  Germander, 59.
+
+  Germantown, Pennsylvania, gardens at, 11, 12;
+    sun-dial at, 371 _et seq._
+
+  Ghosts in gardens, 431.
+
+  Gilly flowers, 5.
+
+  Ginger, Wild, 343.
+
+  _Girls' Life Eighty Years Ago_, 31.
+
+  Glory-of-the-snow, 137.
+
+  Gnomon of sun-dial, 379 _et seq._
+
+  Goethe, cited, 431.
+
+  Goncourt, Edmond de, quoted, 248, 249.
+
+  Gooseberries, 338, 339 _et seq._
+
+  Goosefoot, 59.
+
+  Gorse, 221, 222.
+
+  Grace Church Rectory, sun-dial of, 364, 374.
+
+  Grafting, 391.
+
+  Grape Hyacinth, 255 _et seq._
+
+  Graveyard Ground-pine, 434.
+
+  Green apples, 200 _et seq._
+
+  Green, color, 138, 233 _et seq._
+
+  Green galleries, 385.
+
+  Greenhouse, of James Beekman, 19;
+    of T. Hardenbrook, 19.
+
+  Ground Myrtle, 439.
+
+  Groundsel, 292.
+
+  Guinea-hen flower, 447.
+
+  Gypsophila, 175.
+
+
+  Hair-dye, of Box, 99.
+
+  Hampton Court, Box at, 94.
+
+  Hampton, garden at, 14, 58, 60, 95, 101.
+
+  Hancock garden, 30.
+
+  Hawdods, 265.
+
+  Hawthorn, 292, 300.
+
+  Hawthorne, Nathaniel, quoted, 153, 299.
+
+  Headaches, 309.
+
+  Heart pea, 184.
+
+  Heather, 221, 222.
+
+  Hedgehog Roses, 464.
+
+  Hedgerows, 399 _et seq._, 403 _et seq._
+
+  Hedges, of Box, 99;
+    of Lilac, 143-144, 406;
+    of Privet, 406, 408;
+    of Locust, 406.
+
+  Heliotrope, scent of, 319.
+
+  Hermerocallis. _See_ Lemon Lily.
+
+  Hemlock hedges, 406.
+
+  Henbane, 434.
+
+  Hepatica, 259.
+
+  Herbaceous border, 113 _et seq._
+
+  Herber, 113, 384.
+
+  Herbert, George, quoted, 114.
+
+  Herb twopence, 61.
+
+  Hermits, 245.
+
+  Herrick, flowers of, 216.
+
+  Hesperis, 421-422.
+
+  Hiccough, 342.
+
+  Higginson, T. W., quoted, 74.
+
+  Hips of Roses, 472.
+
+  Holly, 406.
+
+  Holmes, Oliver Wendell, quoted, 91, 139-140, 226, 268, 301, 313.
+
+  Hollyhocks, 5, 6, 33, 52, 332 _et seq._, 336.
+
+  Honesty. _See_ Lunaria.
+
+  Honeyblob gooseberries, 338.
+
+  Honey, from Thyme, 303;
+    in drinks, 393.
+
+  Honeysuckle, 182, 332, 450.
+
+  Honeywort, 33, 442.
+
+  Hood, quoted, 228-229.
+
+  Hopewell, Lilacs at, 148.
+
+  Houstonia, 260.
+
+  Howitt Garden, 223.
+
+  Howitt, Mary, quoted, 326, 330, 345.
+
+  Humming-birds, 243.
+
+  Hundred-leaved Rose, 460, 469.
+
+  Hutchinson, Governor, garden of, 54.
+
+  Hyacinths, 257.
+
+  Hydrangea, 182;
+    blue, 260;
+    at Capetown, 261.
+
+  Hyssop, 54.
+
+
+  Iberis. _See_ Candy-tuft.
+
+  Independence Trees. _See_ Catalpa.
+
+  Indian Hill, 144, 415 _et seq._
+
+  Indian Pipe, 455.
+
+  Indian plant names, 293 _et seq._
+
+  Innocence. _See_ Houstonia.
+
+  Iris, 427. _See_ also Flower de Luce.
+
+  Italian gardens, 75 _et seq._
+
+
+  Jack-in-the-pulpit, 154.
+
+  Jacob's Ladder, 265.
+
+  James I., quoted, 62.
+
+  Japan, flowers from, 40, 67, 157, 158, 406.
+
+  Jenoffelins, 17.
+
+  Jewett, S. O., quoted, 38, 49.
+
+  Joepye-weed, 145 _et seq._
+
+  Johnson, Dr. Samuel, dial motto of, 219.
+
+  Jonquils, 318.
+
+  Joseph and Mary, 437, 438.
+
+  Josselyn, John, quoted, 4 _et seq._, 8.
+
+  Joy-of-the-ground, 441.
+
+  Judas tree, 158.
+
+  June Roses, 464.
+
+
+  Kalendars, 355.
+
+  Kalm, cited, 128, 203, 408.
+
+  Karr, Alphonse, quoted, 272, 302, 453, 454.
+
+  Katherine flowers, 435.
+
+  Keats, cited, 223 _et seq._
+
+  Kiskatomas nut, 294.
+
+  Kiss-me-at-the-garden-gate, 135.
+
+  Kitchen door, 69.
+
+  Knots, described, 54 _et seq._
+
+
+  Labels, 217.
+
+  Labrador Indians, sun-dials of, 359.
+
+  Laburnum, 168, 169, 231.
+
+  Ladies' Delights, 48, 133 _et seq._
+
+  Lad's Love. _See_ Southernwood.
+
+  Lady's Slipper, 293.
+
+  Lafayette, influence of, 241;
+    dial of, 357.
+
+  Lamb, Charles quoted, 360.
+
+  Landor, Walter Savage, quoted, 140, 362-363, 415, 420.
+
+  Larch, 300.
+
+  Larkspur, 33, 162, 267 _et seq._
+
+  Latin names, 291.
+
+  Lavender, 5, 33, 121.
+
+  Lavender Cotton, 5, 61.
+
+  Lawns, 53, 240.
+
+  Lawson, William, quoted, 56.
+
+  Lebanon, Cedar of, 29.
+
+  Lemon Lily, 45, 80.
+
+  Lennox, Lady, Box sun-dial of, 97-98.
+
+  Leucojum, 234-235.
+
+  Lilacs, at Hopkinton, 29, also 140-153, 318 _et seq._, 406.
+
+  Lilies, 180.
+
+  Linen, drying of, 99;
+    bleaching of, 99.
+
+  Linnaeus, classification of, 282;
+    horologe of, 381-382;
+    discovery of daughter of, 431 _et seq._
+
+  Liricon-fancy, 45.
+
+  Little Burgundy Rose, 467.
+
+  Live-forever. _See_ Orpine.
+
+  Live Oaks, 16.
+
+  Lobelia, 33, 271-272.
+
+  Loch, 259.
+
+  Locust, as house friend, 22-23;
+    blossoms sold, 155;
+    on Long Island, 156;
+    in Narragansett, 401 _et seq._;
+    in a hedge, 406-407.
+
+  Loggerheads, 265.
+
+  Lombardy Poplars, 27.
+
+  London Pride, 45, 443.
+
+  Longfellow, quoted, 141;
+    garden of, 102, 431.
+
+  Lotus, 74.
+
+  Lovage-root, 343.
+
+  Love divination, with Lilacs, 150;
+    with Apples, 205 _et seq._;
+    with Southernwood, 349.
+
+  Love-in-a-huddle, 435.
+
+  Love-in-a-mist, 435.
+
+  Love lies bleeding, 287.
+
+  Love philtres, 118 _et seq._
+
+  Lowell, J. R., quoted, 48-49, 89, 227, 277.
+
+  Luck-lilac, 150.
+
+  Lunaria, 5, 33, 170 _et seq._
+
+  Lungwort, 437-438.
+
+  Lupines, 33, 163, 253, 275 _et seq._
+
+  Lychnis. _See_ Mullein Pink; also London Pride.
+
+  Lyre flower. _See_ Dielytra.
+
+  Lyres, 385, 386.
+
+
+  Madame Plantier Rose, 71, 463, 464.
+
+  Magnolia-on-the-Ashley, gardens at, 16.
+
+  Magnolias, 26, 71, 155-156.
+
+  Maiden's Blush Roses, 466.
+
+  Maize, 293-294.
+
+  Maltese Cross, 443.
+
+  Manheim, Rose for rent in, 470.
+
+  Maple, only Celtic plant name, 292.
+
+  Marigolds, 33, 52, 315 _et seq._
+
+  Maritoffles, 17.
+
+  Markham, Gervayse, cited, 40, 54, 115.
+
+  Marsh Mallow, 434.
+
+  Marsh Marigold, 294.
+
+  Marvell, Andrew, quoted, 231, 239, 381.
+
+  Mather, Cotton, quoted, 337, 342.
+
+  Matrimony Vine, 185, 449-450.
+
+  Mayflower, 166, 291, 299.
+
+  Maze, described, 54-55;
+    in America, 55;
+    at Sylvester Manor, 106.
+
+  Meadow Rue, 175-176.
+
+  Meet-her-in-the-entry, Kiss-her-in-the-buttery, 135.
+
+  Meeting-plant, 348.
+
+  Meet-me-at-the-garden-gate, 135.
+
+  Meredith, Owen, quoted, 166.
+
+  Meresteads, 3.
+
+  Meridian lines, 355.
+
+  Mertensia, 438.
+
+  Michigan Roses, 62, 468.
+
+  Mignonette, scent of, 319.
+
+  Milkweed silk, 328, 331.
+
+  Mills, for cider-making, 203.
+
+  Minnow-tansy, 127.
+
+  Mint family, 117-264.
+
+  Miskodeed, 294.
+
+  Missionary plant, 25.
+
+  Mitchell, Dr., disinterment of, 129 _et seq._
+
+  Mithridate, 123.
+
+  Moccasin flower, 293.
+
+  Mole cider, 212.
+
+  Molucca Balm, 436-437.
+
+  Money-in-both-pockets, 170 _et seq._
+
+  Moneywort, 60-61.
+
+  Monkshood, 266, 329, 433.
+
+  Moon vine, 430-431.
+
+  Moosewood, 452 _et seq._
+
+  Morning-glory, 181-182.
+
+  Morristown, sun-dial at, 359, 374.
+
+  Morris, William, quoted, 240, 425.
+
+  Morse, S. B. F., lines on sun-dial motto, 363.
+
+  Mosquitoes, 74.
+
+  Moss Roses, 345, 465, 466.
+
+  Mottoes on sun-dials, 88, 360, _et seq._
+
+  Mountain Fringe. _See_ Adlumia.
+
+  Mount Atlas Cedar, 29.
+
+  Mount Auburn Cemetery, sun-dial at, 373.
+
+  Mount Vernon, garden at, 11-12;
+    sun-dial at, 369.
+
+  Mourning Bride, 297, 339 _et seq._
+
+  Mulberries, 27.
+
+  Mullein Pink, 174.
+
+  Musk Roses, 464, 469.
+
+
+  Names, old English, 284 _et seq._
+
+  Naked Boys, 455.
+
+  Napanock, garden at, 69-70.
+
+  Naushon, Gorse on, 222;
+    sun-dial at, 374.
+
+  Nemophila, 315.
+
+  New Amsterdam, flowers of, 17-18.
+
+  _New England's Prospect_, 3.
+
+  New England's Rarities, 5.
+
+  Nicotiana, 423.
+
+  Nigella, 33, 434, 435.
+
+  Night-scented Stock, 421-422.
+
+  Nightshade, 448.
+
+  Night Violets, 422.
+
+  Noon-marks, 355.
+
+  None-so-pretty, 135.
+
+
+  Oak of Jerusalem. _See_ Ambrosia.
+
+  Obesity, cure for, 122.
+
+  Old Man. _See_ Southernwood.
+
+  Oleanders, 52, 329-330.
+
+  Olitory, 113.
+
+  Open knots, 57-58.
+
+  Ophir Farm, sun-dial at, 376 _et seq._
+
+  Opyn-tide, meaning of, 143.
+
+  Orange Lily, 50.
+
+  Orchard seats, 192.
+
+  Orpine, 444-445.
+
+  Orris-root, 259.
+
+  Osage Orange, 69, 406.
+
+  Ostrowskia, 262.
+
+  "Out-Landish Flowers," 58.
+
+  Oxeye Daisies, introduction to America, 25.
+
+  Oxford, sun-dial at, 97.
+
+
+  Pansies, 134, 318.
+
+  Pappoose-root, 293.
+
+  Parkman, Francis, Rose Garden of, 471.
+
+  Parley, Peter, quoted, 343.
+
+  Parsons, T. W., on Lilacs, 153.
+
+  Parterre, 58 _et seq._
+
+  Pastorius, Father, 11.
+
+  Patagonian Mint, 347-348.
+
+  Patience, 6.
+
+  Paulownias, 29.
+
+  Peach blossoms, 158.
+
+  Peacocks, 395 _et seq._
+
+  Pear blossoms, scent of, 318.
+
+  Pedestals for sun-dials, 374 _et seq._
+
+  Pennsylvania, sun-dials in, 370 _et seq._
+
+  Penn, William, encouraged gardens, 11.
+
+  Peony, 42 _et seq._
+
+  Peppermint, as medicine, 118.
+
+  Pergolas, 82-83, 385 _et seq._
+
+  Peristyle, 389.
+
+  Periwinkle, 62, 439 _et seq._
+
+  Perpetual Roses, 468.
+
+  Persians, colors of, 253;
+    plant names of, 292;
+    flower love of, 462.
+
+  Persian Lilac, 152.
+
+  Persian Yellow Rose, 320, 469.
+
+  Peter's Wreath, 41-42.
+
+  Petunias, 179, 423.
+
+  Phlox, 40, 45, 162, 423.
+
+  Piazzas, 388-389.
+
+  Pig-nuts, 332.
+
+  _Pilgrim's Progress_, quotations from, 201.
+
+  Pinckney, E. L., floriculture by, 14.
+
+  Pine at Yaddo, 90.
+
+  Pink-of-my-Joan, 135.
+
+  Pinks, as edgings, 34, 47, 61, 292, 422-423.
+
+  Pippins, 345.
+
+  Plane trees in Pliny's garden, 97.
+
+  Plantain, 197, 443-444.
+
+  Plant-of-twenty-days, 42.
+
+  _Platycodon grandiflorum_, 262.
+
+  Playhouse Apple tree, 199.
+
+  Pliny, quoted, 342, 349;
+    gardens of, 96-97.
+
+  Plum blossoms, 157-158.
+
+  Plume Poppy, 175 _et seq._
+
+  Plymouth, Massachusetts, early gardens at, 3.
+
+  Poet's Narcissus, 318.
+
+  Pogonia, 247.
+
+  Poison Ivy, 403.
+
+  Polling, of trees, 387.
+
+  Polyantha Rose, 467.
+
+  Polyanthus, as edging, 62.
+
+  Pomander, 212.
+
+  Pomatum, 209-210.
+
+  Pompeii, standards at, 87 _et seq._
+
+  Pond Lily, 345.
+
+  Pony Roses, 467.
+
+  Poppies, 163-164, 243-244, 309 _et seq._, 431.
+
+  Pops, 337.
+
+  Portable dials, 356-357.
+
+  Portulaca, 178-179.
+
+  Potatoes, planted by Raleigh, 230.
+
+  Potocka, Countess, quoted, 327.
+
+  Pot-pourri, 471.
+
+  Preston Garden, 15-16, 18, 24, 101.
+
+  Prick-song plant. _See_ Lunaria.
+
+  Primprint. _See_ Privet.
+
+  Prince Nurseries, 26 _et seq._, 230.
+
+  Privet, 54, 317, 406, 408.
+
+  Provence Roses, 459.
+
+  Prunella, 264-265.
+
+  Prygmen, 99.
+
+  Pudding, 304.
+
+  Pulmonaria, 437-438.
+
+  Pumps, old, 67-68.
+
+  Pussy Willows, 155, 247.
+
+  Puzzle-love, 435.
+
+  Pyrethrum, 242.
+
+
+  _Quabbin_, 419.
+
+  Queen Anne, hatred of Box, 94.
+
+  Queen's Maries, bower of, 103.
+
+  Queen of the Prairies Rose, 468.
+
+  Quincy, Josiah, 407.
+
+
+  Ragged Robin, 291.
+
+  Ragged Sailors, 265.
+
+  Rail fences, 399 _et seq._
+
+  Railings, 62.
+
+  Raleigh, Sir Walter, garden of, 230.
+
+  Rapin, Rene, quoted, 94, 323;
+    on gardens, 227.
+
+  Red, influence of, 251.
+
+  Remontant Roses, 468.
+
+  Rent, of a Rose, 469 _et seq._
+
+  _Rescue of an Old Place_, cited, 103, 290.
+
+  Rhodes, Cecil, garden of, 261.
+
+  Rhododendrons, 42, 182, 244, 245.
+
+  Ridgely Garden, 57, 60, 95, 101.
+
+  Ring dials, 356.
+
+  Rock Cress. _See_ Arabis.
+
+  Rocket. _See_ Dames' Rocket.
+
+  Rose Acacia, 185, 406.
+
+  Rose Campion, 33, 174, 175.
+
+  Rose Garden, at Yaddo, 81 _et seq._
+
+  Rosemary, 5, 55, 59, 110.
+
+  Rose of Four Seasons, 467.
+
+  Rose of Plymouth, 295.
+
+  Rose Tavern, 470.
+
+  Rose tobacco, 475.
+
+  Rose-water, 472.
+
+  Rossetti, D. G., picture by, 380;
+    quoted, 380.
+
+  Roxbury Waxwork. _See_ Bittersweet.
+
+  Rue, 5, 110, 123 _et seq_, 434.
+
+  Ruskin, John, quoted, 243, 283, 255, 279, 309.
+
+
+  Sabbatia, 295.
+
+  Saffron-tea, 118.
+
+  Sage, 125 _et seq._
+
+  Sag Harbor, sun-dial at, 362.
+
+  Salpiglossis, 262.
+
+  Salt Box House, 128.
+
+  Sand, in parterres, 56, 58.
+
+  Santolina. _See_ Lavender Cotton.
+
+  Sapson Apples, 201-202.
+
+  Sassafras, 343.
+
+  Satin-flower, 170 _et seq._
+
+  Sauce Saracen, 472.
+
+  Scarlet Lightning, 443.
+
+  Scilla, 255.
+
+  Scotch Roses, 48, 464, 469.
+
+  Scott, Sir Walter, sun-dial of, 219, 377.
+
+  Scythes, 391.
+
+  Seeds, sale of, 32 _et seq._
+
+  Serpentine Walls, 414.
+
+  Setwall. _See_ Valerian.
+
+  Seven Sisters, 435.
+
+  Seven Sisters Rose, 463.
+
+  Shade alleys, 59.
+
+  Shaded Walks, 64.
+
+  Shakespeare Border, 217 _et seq._
+
+  Sheep bones, as edgings, 57-58.
+
+  Shelley, Garden, 223.
+
+  Shell flower, 436-437.
+
+  Shirley Poppies, 255, 312.
+
+  Simples, 115.
+
+  Skepes, 354, 391 _et seq._
+
+  Slugs, in Box, 95.
+
+  Smithsonian Institution, sun-dials in, 357-358.
+
+  Snakeroot, 423-424.
+
+  Snapdragons, 33, 175.
+
+  Snowballs, 71.
+
+  Snowberry, 169.
+
+  Snowdrops, 234.
+
+  Snow in Summer, 47.
+
+  Snow Pink. _See_ Pinks.
+
+  Soldier and his Wife, 438.
+
+  Sops-o'-wine. _See_ Sapson.
+
+  Sorrel, 6, 240, 332.
+
+  South Carolina, gardens of, 14.
+
+  Southernwood, 5, 341, 348 _et seq._
+
+  Southey, Robert, quoted, 266.
+
+  Spenser, Edmund, quoted, 54;
+    flowers of, 215, 284.
+
+  Spider-flower. _See_ Love-in-a-mist.
+
+  Spiders in medicine, 303, 343.
+
+  Spiderwort, 435-436.
+
+  Spiraeas, 189.
+
+  Spitfire Plant. _See_ Fraxinella.
+
+  Spring Beauty, 294.
+
+  Spring Snowflake, 234, 235.
+
+  Spruce gum, 332.
+
+  Spurge, Cypress, 434 _et seq._
+
+  Squirrel Cups, 260.
+
+  Squirt, for water, 390.
+
+  Star of Bethlehem, 34, 235.
+
+  Star Pink. _See_ Pink.
+
+  Statues in garden, 85, 389.
+
+  Stockton, Richard, letter of, 30-31.
+
+  Stones, for edging, 58.
+
+  Stonecrop, 135.
+
+  Stone walls, 399 _et seq._
+
+  Strawberry Bush. _See_ Calycanthus.
+
+  Striped Grass, 438-439.
+
+  Striped Lily, 61.
+
+  Stuyvesant, Peter, garden of, 18-19.
+
+  Succory. _See_ Chicory.
+
+  Summer-houses, 392.
+
+  Summer Roses, 468.
+
+  Summer savory, 124.
+
+  Summer-sots, 17.
+
+  Sun-dials of Box, 62, 80, 87, 88, 97 _et seq._
+
+  Sun-flowers, 178, 287.
+
+  Sunken gardens, 72-73.
+
+  Sunshine Bush, 189.
+
+  Swan River Daisy, 263, 264.
+
+  Sweet Alyssum. _See_ Alyssum.
+
+  Sweet Brier, 6, 25, 48, 302, 464, 465.
+
+  Sweet Fern, 2.
+
+  Sweet Flag, 343.
+
+  Sweet Johns, 285.
+
+  Sweet Marjoram, 124.
+
+  Sweet Peas, 33, 178, 224.
+
+  Sweet Rocket, 34.
+
+  Sweet Shrub. _See_ Calycanthus.
+
+  Sweet Williams, 34, 162, 285 _et seq._
+
+  Sylvester Manor, gardens at, 104 _et seq._
+
+  Syringas, 71.
+
+
+  Tansy, 6, 126 _et seq._
+
+  Tansy bitters, 128.
+
+  Tansy cakes, 128.
+
+  Tasmania, Thistles in, 26.
+
+  Tea Roses, 320, 469.
+
+  Telling the bees, 393.
+
+  Temperance Reform, 204.
+
+  Tennyson, on blue, 266;
+    on white, 420-421.
+
+  Thaxter, Celia, cited, 311.
+
+  Thistles, in Tasmania, 26.
+
+  Thomas, Edith, quoted, 229.
+
+  Thoreau, H. D., quoted, 148, 197, 198, 199, 275, 276, 345, 346, 417.
+
+  Thoroughwort, 145 _et seq._
+
+  Thrift, sun-dials in, 97;
+    as edging, 61-62.
+
+  Thyme, 34, 60, 302 _et seq._
+
+  Tiger Lilies, 45, 162.
+
+  Toad-flax, 450 _et seq._
+
+  Tobacco. _See_ Nicotiana.
+
+  Tongue-plant, 347-348.
+
+  Topiary work in England, 408;
+    at Wellesley, 409 _et seq._;
+    in California, 412.
+
+  Tradescantia. _See_ Spiderwort.
+
+  Trailing Arbutus, 299.
+
+  Traveller's Rest, sun-dial at, 350, 370.
+
+  Tree arbors, 199, 384-385.
+
+  Tree Peony. _See_ Peony.
+
+  Trillium, 154, 457, 458.
+
+  Trumpet vine, 449-450.
+
+  Tuckahoe, Box at, 102, 105.
+
+  Tudor gardens, 55.
+
+  Tudor Place, garden at, 103.
+
+  Tulips, 18, 138, 168.
+
+  Turner, cited, 61, 236.
+
+  Tusser, Thomas, quoted, 115.
+
+  Twopenny Grass, 61.
+
+
+  Valerian, 34, 313 _et seq._
+
+  Van Cortlandt Manor, garden at, 20 _et seq._
+
+  Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 21.
+
+  Vancouver's Island, 26.
+
+  Van der Donck, Adrian, quoted, 17-18.
+
+  Velvet Roses, 466.
+
+  Vendue, 50-51.
+
+  Venus' Navelwort, 33, 441-442.
+
+  Versailles, Box at, 97.
+
+  Victoria Regia, 74-75.
+
+  Vinca. _See_ Periwinkle.
+
+  Viola tricolor, 134.
+
+  Violets, edgings of, 71;
+    in backyard, 154;
+    gallant grace of, 166;
+    scent of, 259, 317-318.
+
+  Viper's Bugloss, 273-274.
+
+  Virginia Allspice. _See_ Calycanthus.
+
+  Virginia, sun-dials in, 369-370;
+    Rose-bowers in, 385;
+    lyres in, 385.
+
+  Virgin's Bower. _See_ Adlumia.
+
+
+  Wake Robin. _See_ Trillium.
+
+  Walden Pond, 198, 345.
+
+  Walpole, New Hampshire, garden in, 237 _et seq._, 464 _et seq._
+
+  Walton, Izaak, 127.
+
+  Wandis, 62.
+
+  Warwick, Lady, sun-dial of, 98;
+    gardens of, 84, 85, 110;
+    Shakespeare Border of, 217.
+
+  Washings, semi-annual, 99.
+
+  Washington, Betty, sun-dial of, 370.
+
+  Washington Family, in England, 367;
+    sun-dial of, 367 _et seq._
+
+  Washington, George, sun-dials of, 357, 368.
+
+  Washington, Martha, garden of, 12-13.
+
+  Washington, Mary, sun-dial of, 369;
+    garden of, 370.
+
+  Wassailing, 206.
+
+  Waterbury, Connecticut, sun-dial at, 379.
+
+  Waterford, Virginia, bee-hives at, 393.
+
+  Water gardens, 73-74.
+
+  Watering-pot, 391.
+
+  Watson, Forbes, cited, 425, 433.
+
+  Waybred, 443-444.
+
+  Weed-smother, 300.
+
+  Weeds of old garden, 8, 48, 52.
+
+  Wellesley, gardens at, 409 _et seq._
+
+  Well-sweeps, 68, 390.
+
+  White animals on farm; 416 _et seq._
+
+  White Garden, 415 _et seq._
+
+  Whitehall, home of Bishop Berkeley, 194, 195.
+
+  White Man's Foot, 443-444.
+
+  White Satin, 170 _et seq._
+
+  White, value in garden, 157, 255, 419.
+
+  Whiteweed, 291. _See_ Oxeye Daisy.
+
+  Whitman, Walt, quoted, 152-153.
+
+  Whittier, J. G., sun-dial motto by, 373-374.
+
+  Wild gardens, 237 _et seq._, 453-454.
+
+  Wine-sap. _See_ Sapson.
+
+  Winter, in a garden, 327 _et seq._
+
+  Winter posy, 131.
+
+  Winthrop, John, quoted, 1, 3.
+
+  Wistaria, 166, 182, 188 _et seq._, 232.
+
+  Woad-waxen, 24, 25.
+
+  Wordsworth, W., quoted, 193.
+
+  Wort, 113.
+
+  Wort-cunning, 113.
+
+
+  Yaddo, garden at, 81 _et seq._
+
+  Yew, 406.
+
+  York and Lancaster Rose, 62, 460 _et seq._
+
+  Yucca, 293, 429-430.
+
+
+  Zodiac, signs of, on sun-dial, 376.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE:
+
+A prescription symbol on page 304 is represented in this text as "Rx".
+
+Obvious errors in spelling and punctuation have been corrected without
+comment. One example of an obvious error is on page 126 where the word
+"perservation" was changed to "preservation" in the phrase: "...
+preservation of all perishable food...."
+
+With the exception of obvious errors, inconsistencies in the author's
+spelling and use of punctuation and hyphenation are left unchanged,
+as in the original text.
+
+One error which has been retained in this version is on Page 415, where
+the attribution line for the poem reads "Walter Savage Landor" while the
+correct author of the poem is Alfred Lord Tennyson.
+
+Illustrations have been moved to the nearest, most appropriate paragraph
+break.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Old-Time Gardens, by Alice Morse Earle
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #39049 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39049)